Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0005-0011
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2004-03-08T05:00Z

Appendix
C,
Page
1
of
44
Appendix
C.

Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Life
history
characteristics
were
summarized
for
the
top
fifty
avian
species
which
were
found
in
field
studies
evaluating
the
effects
of
pesticide
on
non­
target
wildlife
species
in
corn
and
alfalfa
(
Best
et
al.
1989,
MRID
41110601,
MRID
40149501,
MRID
41742701,
MRID
41110701)
.
There
was
complete
overlap
in
the
species
for
each
crop,
so
the
number
of
birds
profiled
totaled
fifty
exactly.
Of
the
fifty
bird
species
researched,
one
was
of
the
order
Anseriformes,
one
Charadriiformes,
two
Columbiformes,
one
Cuculiformes,
two
Galliformes,
four
Piciformes,
and
the
remaining
forty
were
of
the
order
Passeriformes.
The
information
collected
for
each
included
the
food
source,
feeding
habits,
nesting
characteristics,
nesting
timeline,
body
weight,
habitat
preferences,
and
the
range
in
which
the
bird
forages.

The
food
source
information
all
came
from
the
Patuxent
Bird
Identification
InfoCenter,
which
contains
photographs,
songs,

identification
tips,
maps
and
life
history
for
all
North
American
birds.
Listed
in
the
life
history
information
for
all
birds
were
their
primary
and
supplementary
food
preferences.
The
source
of
information
from
this
section
was
cited
as
was
requested
by
the
website.

The
feeding
strategy
information
was
derived
from
a
few
separate
sources.
The
primary
source
that
encompassed
a
majority
of
the
focal
bird
species,
was
the
1989
paper
"
Use
of
cornfields
by
birds
during
the
breeding
season:
the
importance
of
edge
habitat"

by
Louis
Best.
In
this
paper,
an
appendix
included
a
list
of
significant
bird
species
and
their
feeding
strategies,
such
as
ground
feeding
or
aerial.
Those
species
which
were
not
included
in
the
appendix
of
Best's
paper
had
to
be
researched
individual,
and
the
source
is
appropriately
documented
in
the
reference
section
of
the
list
of
bird
profiles.

All
nesting
information,
including
both
habits
and
timeline,
was
found
at
the
Patuxent
Bird
Identification
InfoCenter
and
California's
Department
of
Fish
and
Game's
database
of
bird
information.
The
Patuxent
information
was
cited
as
coming
from
Erlich's
1988
book
The
Birder's
Handbook:
A
Field
Guide
to
the
Natural
History
of
North
American
Birds,
as
this
was
indicated
as
the
original
source
for
this
data
and
the
requested
method
of
citing
it.
In
the
California
Wildlife
database,
the
nesting
information
did
not
have
individual
literature
cited
for
those
pieces
of
data
selected,
as
the
database
does
for
most
other
categories
of
the
database.
It
is
requested
that
the
original
citation
be
listed
where
available,
but
since
the
individual
sources
were
not
available
for
nesting
data,
the
database
was
cited
as
requested
on
the
main
page.
The
bird
species
inadequately
covered
under
these
two
sources
had
to
be
researched
individually,
and
their
sources
are
cited
appropriately.

The
body
weights
of
the
birds
were
all
taken
from
the
same
source,
that
being
the
1984
article
by
Dunning
on
the
"
Body
Appendix
C,
Page
2
of
44
weights
of
686
species
of
North
American
birds."

For
the
preferred
habitat
for
each
species,
the
California
Bird
profile
database
and
the
University
of
Michigan
Animal
Diversity
Web
database
were
the
primary
sources.
For
each,
where
original
sources
were
able
to
be
cited
as
requested,
they
were.

The
information
at
the
University
of
Michigan
Animal
Diversity
Web
provided
the
original
literature
source
for
each
species'
habitat
information.
The
information
from
the
California
Bird's
database
included
the
habitat
information
in
the
general
profile
of
the
bird
and
did
not
include
specific
references,
so
the
general
database
citation
was
used
for
these.

It
was
not
always
possible
to
find
the
foraging
range
data
for
each
bird
species.
Therefore,
territory
range
had
to
be
substituted
as
a
proxy
for
foraging
range,
and
in
the
life
history
summaries
it
is
clearly
states
which
value
was
available.
For
most
of
the
bird
species
listed
in
the
California
Birds
database,
range
data
was
available
and
was
able
to
be
cited
by
original
source.
For
the
species
not
included
or
not
adequately
covered
in
the
database,
individual
literature
searches
had
to
be
conducted
for
each,
and
their
sources
are
documented
and
cited
appropriately.
Appendix
C,
Page
3
of
44
Anseriformes
(
Swans/
Geese/
Ducks)

Canada
Goose
(
Branta
canadensis)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
plant
matter
with
lesser
quantities
of
aquatic
invertebrates
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
low,
25­
30
day
incubation,
40­
73
days
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March
to
June,
1
brood
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
2800g
(
940­
5902g),
M
3261g
(
1240­
6265g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
swamps,
marshes,
meadows,
lakes
(
Van
Wormer
1968)

Range:
forage
up
to
1.6­
8km
(
105mi)
from
nest
(
Williams
and
Sooter
1941)

Charadriiformes
(
Shorebirds)

Killdeer
(
Charadrius
vociferus)

Feeding:
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
ground
nesting,
24­
28d
incubation,
25
days
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
February
to
August,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
101g
(
87.7­
121g),
M
92.1
±
10.4g
(
83.9­
109g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
shorelines,
savannahs,
parks,
agricultural
(
Hayman
et
al,
1986)

Range:
May
travel
to
feeding
locations
up
ton
1.5km
(
0.9mi)
from
nest
(
Phillips
1972)

Columbiformes
(
Doves)

Mourning
Dove
(
Zenaida
macroura)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
aboveground
in
tree
branches
(
Best
1989),
13­
14d
incubation,
12­
14d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
February­
September
eggs,
March­
October
nestlings,
peak
May­

June,
2­
6
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
115
±
1.76g,
M
123
±
1.85g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
farms,
small
towns,
open
wood,
scrub,
roadsides,
grasslands
(
Baskett
1993)
Appendix
C,
Page
4
of
44
Range:
most
feed
within
1.6km
(
1
mi)
of
nests,
with
a
home
range
of
no
more
than
10km2
(
4
mi2).
(
Tomlinson
et
al
1960)

Rock
Dove
(
Columba
livia)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds
(
corn
up
to
92%
of
diet),
lesser
amounts
of
green
plant
matter
and
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
above
ground
usually
human­
made
structures,
16­
19d
incubation,
25­
26d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
year­
round,
peak
in
March­
September,
several
broods
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
542
±
37.2g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
agriculture
or
open
shrub
vegetation,
rural,
urban
(
Johnston
1992)

Range:
nests
in
very
close
proximity
to
foraging
area,
usually
foraging
in
a
150ft
radius
of
the
nest
(
Nicholson
1937)

Cuculiformes
(
Cuckoos,
Roadrunners
and
Anis)

Yellow­
billed
Cuckoo
(
Coccyzus
americanus)

Feeding:
exclusively
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
gleans
insects
from
foliage
(
Bent
1940)

Nesting:
woodland,
with
ground
nesting,
9­
11d
incubation,
7­
8d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
June­
July
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
64
±
9.07g
(
50.0­
85.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
woodlands,
forest,
thickets
(
Erlich
1988)

Range:
need
at
least
10ha
(
Gaines
1974)

Galliformes
(
Grouse/
Turkey/
Quail)

Northern
Bobwhite
(
Colinus
virginianus)

Feeding:
primarily
seeds
(
85%),
lesser
quantities
of
green
plant
matter,
fruit
and
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
shrub,
ground
nesting,
23­
24d
incubation,
6­
7d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
September
eggs,
April­
October
nestlings,
June
peak,
2
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
5
of
44
Body
Weight:
178g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
temperate
forest
and
grassland
(
Dimmick
1992)

Range:
in
good
habitat,
one
bird
can
be
supported
by
an
acre
(
Zeiner
1988)

Ring­
necked
Pheasant
(
Phasianus
colchicus)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
plant
matter,
lesser
quantities
of
insects,
worms,
snails
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
grassland
on
ground,
23­
25d
incubation,
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
April,
one
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
female
953g
(
1453g
max),
male
619g
(
1861g
max)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
fertile
cropland
and
grain
fields,
grasslands
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
may
forage
over
an
area
as
large
as
3km2
(
1.2
mi2)
(
Johnsgard
1973)

Passeriformes
(
Perching
birds)

American
goldfinch
(
Carduelis
tristis)

Feeding:
primarily
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub
with
midstory/
canopy
nest,
10­
12d
incubation,
11­
17d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
July­
August
eggs,
July­
September
nestlings,
one
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
12.6
±
0.81g
(
10.0­
17.1g),
M
13.2
±
1.13g
(
8.6­
20.7g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
weedy
fields,
early
successional
growth,
flood
plains,
cultivated
lands,

roadsides,
orchards,
gardens
(
Middleton
1993)

Range:
have
been
noted
to
feed
between
274m
(
900ft)
from
nest
(
Nickell
1951)
up
to
0.8km
(
0.5mi)
from
nest
(
Coutlee
1967)

American
Robin
(
Turdus
migratorius)

Feeding:
mostly
fruit
(
60%),
lesser
quantities
of
worms
and
insects
(
40%)
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
5­
15'
high
midstory/
canopy
nest,
12­
14d
incubation,
14­
16d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
77.3
±
0.36g
(
63.5­
103g)
(
Dunning
1984)
Appendix
C,
Page
6
of
44
Habitat:
woodlands,
gardens,
orchards,
lawns,
fields;
needs
fields
to
forage,
but
trees
to
build
nest
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
home
range
400m
(
1320ft)
around
the
nest
(
Hirth
et
al
1969)

Barn
Swallow
(
Hirundo
rustica)

Feeding:
exclusively
insects
(
98.8%)
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
aerial
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nests,
prefer
buildings,
13­
17d
incubation,
18­
23d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
peak
in
May/
June,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
18.6
±
1.49g
(
13.4­
23.4g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
attracted
to
manmade
structures
for
nesting,
prefer
open
habitats
of
all
types
(
Bent)

Range:
most
foraging
done
within
400m
(
1300ft)
of
nest
(
Snapp
1976)

Black­
capped
Chickadee
(
Poecile
atricapilla)

Feeding:
mostly
insects
(
70%)
with
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
and
seeds
(
30%)

(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland
with
midstory/
canopy
nest,
11­
13d
incubation,
14­
18d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July,
peak
in
May,
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
10.8
±
1.38g
(
8.2­
13.6g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
deciduous
woodlands,
open
woods
and
parks,
prefer
edge
of
wooded
areas
(
Smith
1993)

Range:
territory
averages
4.5ha
(
Smith
1976)
to
5.3ha
(
Odum
1941)

Blue­
grey
Gnatcatcher
(
Polioptila
caerulea)

Feeding:
exclusively
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
gleans
insects,
spiders
and
other
small
invertebrates
from
foliage
of
shrubs
and
low
trees,
searching
the
outermost
foliage.
Will
make
short
flights
to
capture
airbourne
prey
(
Root
1967)

Nesting:
woodland
with
midstory/
canopy
nest,
13d
incubation,
10­
13d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
June,
2
broods
(
Erlich
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
7
of
44
Body
Weight:
6.0
±
0.13g
(
4.8­
8.9g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
woodland,
shrubland,
forests,
prefer
habitat
edges
(
Ellison
1992)

Range:
ranges
of
nesting
pairs
is
0.5­
0.9ha
(
Fitch
1958)

Blue
Jay
(
Cyanocitta
cristata)

Feeding:
mostly
nuts
and
seeds,
with
lesser
quantities
of
fruit,
insects
and
eggs
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nest,
16­
18d
incubation,
17­
21d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
March,­
August
nestlings,
peak
in
May
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
86.8
±
8.08g
(
64.1­
109g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
evergreen
forests,
farmlands,
groves,
suburbs
(
Reilly
1968)

Range:
territory
up
to
0.5mi
across
(
Palmer
et
al
1995)

Brown­
headed
Cowbird
(
Molothrus
ater)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds
(
75%),
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
25%)
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
parasitizes
aboveground
nests,
incubation
10
 
13d,
10­
11d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
30
eggs
per
season,

1­
2
in
each
host
nest
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
38.3
±
1.93g
(
30.5­
51.2g),
M
49.0
±
1.77g
(
32.4­
58.0g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
grassland,
prairies,
fields,
pastures,
orchards,
prefer
edge
habitat
(
Lowther
1993)

Range:
will
commute
up
to
2.7mi
(
6.7km)
to
feeding
sites
(
Rothstein
et
al
1984)

Brown
Thrasher
(
Toxostoma
rufum)

Feeding:
mostly
fruit
with
lesser
quantities
of
insects,
fruit,
reptiles
or
amphibians
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub
with
low
or
ground
nest,
11­
14d
incubation,
9­
13d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
peak
May­
June,
2
brood
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
68.8
±
2.96g
(
57.6­
89.0g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
shrubby
vegetation
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
average
1.4ha
territory
(
Kingery
1962)

Carolina
Wren
(
Thryothorus
ludovicianus)
Appendix
C,
Page
8
of
44
Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects
with
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
and
fruits
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
shrub
with
low/
ground
nesting,
12­
14d
incubation,
12­
14d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
April­
September
nestlings,
peak
May­
July,
2
broods
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
21.0
±
1.15g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
dense
shrub,
brush,
forest,
wooded
suburban
areas
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
home
range
and
territory
ranges
0.6
to
0.8ha
(
Armstrong
1955)

Cedar
Waxwing
(
Bombycilla
cedrorum)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
fruit
with
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
12d
incubation,
16d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
June,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
33.1
±
1.07g
(
28.0­
40.2g),
M
30.8
±
1.72g
(
25.5­
39.6g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
woodlands,
overgrown
fields,
farms,
orchards,
plantations,
suburbs
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
does
not
defend
a
feeding
territory,
only
a
small
area
around
the
nest.

Territory
range
is
from
0.02
to
0.09ha
with
and
average
of
0.04ha
(
Putnam
1949)

Common
Grackle
(
Quiscalus
quiscula)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects,
fruit,
worms,
eggs,
reptile
and
amphibians
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nest,
13­
14d
incubation,
16­
20d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
April­
July
nestlings,
May­
June
peak,
2
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
100g,
M
127g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
areas
with
scattered
trees,
farmlands,
orchards,
swamps,
common
in
developed
areas
(
Peer
and
Bollinger
1997)

Range:
forages
in
radius
of
45m
around
nest
(
Kok
1972)

Common
Yellowthroat
(
Geothlypis
trichas)
Appendix
C,
Page
9
of
44
Feeding:
primarily
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub
with
ground/
low
nesting,
12d
incubation,
10d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July,
peak
May/
June
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
9.9
±
0.78g
(
7.6­
15.3g),
M
10.3
±
0.66g
(
7.6­
15.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
briars,
weeds
or
grasses,
agricultural
(
Fisher
and
Acorn
1998)

Range:
home
ranges
for
single
is
1.4ha,
pairs
average
0.5ha,
varying
from
0.3
to
0.7ha
(
Stewart
1953)

Eastern
Bluebird
(
Sialia
sialis)

Feeding:
mostly
insects
(
68%),
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nests,
shrubland,
12­
14d
incubation,
15­
20d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
31.8
±
0.92g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
land
with
scattered
trees,
parks,
gardens,
hedges
(
Terres
1980)

Range:
will
travel
up
to
1,320ft
(
400m)
from
the
nest
on
feeding
trips
(
Goldman
1975)

Eastern
Kingbird
(
Tyrannus
tyrannus)

Feeding:
primarily
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
aerial
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nest,
16­
18d
incubation,
16­
18d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
July
eggs,
May­
August
nestlings
(
Erlich1988)

Body
Weight:
39.5
±
1.85g
(
35.8­
40.8g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
prairie,
oak
savanna,
agricultural
and
residential
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
foraging
reported
to
be
at
least
400m
(
1300ft)
from
the
nest
(
Hespenheide
1964)

Eastern
Meadowlark
(
Sturnella
magna)

Feeding:
primarily
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
grassland,
low/
ground
nests,
13­
15d
incubation,
11­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August
eggs,
May­
August
nestlings,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
Appendix
C,
Page
10
of
44
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
78.0g,
M
102
±
11.2g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
grassland,
pastures,
hayfields
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
territory
varies
from
1.2
to
6.1ha,
but
the
average
range
is
2.8­
3.2ha
(
Lanyon
1956b)

Eastern
Wood
Pewee
(
Contopus
virens)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
aerial
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
12­
13d
incubation,
14­
18d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
August
eggs,
May­
September
nestlings,
1
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
14.1
±
0.91g
(
10.4­
18.2g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
lowland
forest,
orchards,
woodland
edge
habitat
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
territories
range
from
2­
6
acres
(
Fergus
2001)

European
Starling
(
Sturnus
vulgaris)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nest,
shrubland,
12­
14d
incubation,
18­
21d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
79.9g,
M
84.7g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
any
non­
mountainous
terrain,
requires
fields
of
vegetation
(
Feare
1984)

Range:
in
agricultural
areas
will
forage
up
to
1.2km
(
0.75mi)
from
nest
(
Kessel
1957)

Field
Sparrow
(
Spizella
pusilla)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional­
scrub
ground/
low
nest,
12d
incubation,
7­
8d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
September,
2­
3
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
12.5
±
1.47g
(
10.2­
16.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
areas
with
scattered
trees,
brush
and
thorn
shrubs
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
territory
ranges
0.3­
2.4ha
(
Dechant
et
al
1999)

Gray
Catbird
(
Dumetella
carolinensis)

Feeding:
mostly
fruit,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)
Appendix
C,
Page
11
of
44
Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional­
scrub
ground/
low
nest,
12­
13d
incubation
10­
11d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
July
eggs,
May­
August
nestlings,
peak
May/
June,
2
or
more
broods
(
Hamel
1982)

Body
Weight:
38.9
±
3.12g
(
28.6­
56.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
woodland,
shrubland,
residential,
forest
edge
(
National
Geographic
Society
1999)

Range:
territory
of
one
nest
per
3.2ha
(
DeGraas
and
Rudis
1986)

Great­
crested
Flycatcher
(
Myiarchus
crinitus)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruits
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
aerial
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland,
midstory/
canopy
nest,
13­
15d
incubation,
12­
21d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
July
eggs
and
nestlings,
breeding
peak
in
July
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
33.5
±
3.01g
(
27.2­
39.6g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
wooded
areas,
groves
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
2.3ha
(
DeGraaf
1975)

Horned
Lark
(
Eremophila
alpestris)

Feeding:
primarily
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
grassland,
low/
ground
nest,
11­
12d
incubation,
9­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
February­
July
eggs,
March­
August
nestlings,
peak
in
May,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
30.8,
M
31.9g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
areas
such
as
prairies,
fields
and
shoreline
beaches
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
in
midwestern
farmland,
territory
reported
as
0.4
to
5.3ha
(
Beason
and
Franks
1974)

House
Sparrow
(
Passer
domesticus)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
seeds
(
96%),
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
4%)
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
buildings,
10­
13d
incubation,
14­
17d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
12
of
44
Month
of
Nesting:
March,
2­
3
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
27.4
±
2.24g
(
20.1­
34.5g),
M
28.0
±
1.55g
(
20.0­
34.0g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
farms,
residential,
urban,
preference
of
human­
modified
(
Lowther
1992)

Range:
nonbreeders
range
as
far
as
3.2km
(
2mi)
from
nest
to
feed,
nesters
seldom
travel
more
than
30m
(
100ft)
from
nest
(
Will
1973)

House
Wren
(
Troglodytes
aedon)

Feeding:
primarily
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
midstory/
canopy
nest,
13d
incubation,
12­
18d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August,
peak
May/
June,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
10.9
±
0.80g
(
8.9­
14.2g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
shrubby
woodlands,
prefer
suburbs
and
edge
habitat
(
Johnson
1998)

Range:
territory
range
averaged
0.4ha
with
a
range
of
0.03
to
1.5ha
(
Kendeigh
1941b)

Indigo
Bunting
(
Passerina
cyanea)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
and
fruits
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
ground/
low
nesting,
12­
13d
incubation,
9­
10d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
September
eggs,
June­
September
nestlings,
July
peak
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
14.1
±
1.41g
(
11.2­
18.6g),
M14.9
±
1.39g
(
12.3­
21.4g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
brush,
grasslands,
fields,
open
deciduous
woods,
swamps
(
Payne
1992)

Range:
territory
sizes
average
1.4ha
but
vary
from
0.4
to
8ha
(
Payne
1992)

Lark
Sparrow
(
Chondestes
grammacus)

Feeding:
primarily
insects
and
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
low/
ground
nesting,
11­
12d
incubation,
9­
10d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
peak
May,
single
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
29.0
±
1.94g
(
24.7­
33.3g)
(
Dunning
1984)
Appendix
C,
Page
13
of
44
Habitat:
prairie,
farmland,
open
woodland,
brushy
fields
(
Rising
1996)

Range:
territories
typically
poorly
defended,
range
of
1.4
to
3.6ha
(
Fitch
1958)

Northern
Cardinal
(
Cardinalis
cardinalis)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds
and
fruit
(
90%),
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
10%)
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional­
scrub,
ground/
low
nesting,
12­
13d
incubation,
9­
10d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
peak
May/
June,

multiple
broods
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
43.9
±
4.53g
(
33.6­
64.9g),
M
45.4
±
4.29g
(
33.7­
63.2g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
wood
edges,
hedgerows,
vegetation
around
houses
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
4
acres
per
pair
(
Texas
2000).

Northern
Mockingbird
(
Mimus
polyglottos)

Feeding:
exclusively
insects
and
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
will
drop
from
perch
to
take
prey
on
ground,
gleans
from
foliage,
hawks
from
air,
and
will
pick
fruit
form
trees
and
shrubs
(
Grinnell
and
Miller
1944)

Nesting:
urban,
ground/
low
nesting,
12­
13d
incubation,
11­
13d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
February­
August
eggs,
March­
September
nestlings,
May/
June
peak,
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
48.5g
(
36.2­
55.7g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
wood
edge
habitat,
farmland,
brush,
streamside
thickets,
urban
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
home
range
average
1.1ha
with
a
range
of
0.6
to
2.5ha
(
Howard
1974)

Orchard
Oriole
(
Icterus
spurius)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
upper
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
12d
incubation,
11­
14d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
June­
July
eggs,
June­
August
nestlings,
peak
June
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
19.6
±
1.77g
(
16.0­
25.1g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
woodlands,
orchards
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
home
range
of
about
0.85ha
(
Fitch
1958)

Palm
Warbler
(
Dendroica
palmarum)
Appendix
C,
Page
14
of
44
Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
feeds
in
shrubbery
and
low
canopy
(
Slud
1964)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
low/
ground
nest,
12d
incubation,
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
June,
2
broods
(
Erlich
1988)

Body
Weight:
10.3
±
0.47g
(
7.0­
12.9g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
shrubs,
thickets,
lowland
mixed
coniferous
and
deciduous
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
816ha
(
Degraaf
et
al
1975)

Red­
Winged
Blackbird
(
Agelaius
phoeniceus)

Feeding:
primarily
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
shrubland,
ground/
low
nest,
10­
12d
incubation,
11­
14d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
July
eggs,
April­
August
nestlings,
2­
3
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
41.5
±
2.74g
(
29.0­
55.0g),
M
63.6
±
4.43g
(
52.9­
81.1g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
marsh
or
prairie
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
1,625m2
in
marsh,
2,895m2
in
upland
are
mean
averages
of
territory
size
from
combination
of
many
studies
(
Searcy
and
Yasukawa
1995)

Rose­
Breasted
Grosbeak
(
Pheucticus
ludovicianus)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruits,
seeds
and
flowers
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
upper
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland,
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
13­
14d
incubation,
9­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
July
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
45.6
±
0.40g
(
35.4­
65.0g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
woods,
edge
habitat,
brush
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
territory
can
be
as
large
as
6.2ha
(
Odum
and
Kuenzler
1955)

Savannah
Sparrow
(
Passerculus
sandwichensis)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
grassland,
low/
ground
nests,
12­
13d
incubation,
7­
10d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July,
May/
June
peak,
2
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
19.5
±
2.29g,
M
20.6
±
1.35g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
prairie,
oak
savanna,
agricultural,
residential,
sand/
mud
marine
shoreline
(
Zeiner
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
15
of
44
Range:
0.05­
1.25ha
reported
(
Wheelwright
and
Rising
1993)

Song
Sparrow
(
Melospiza
melodia)

Feeding:
mostly
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
ground/
low
nesting,
12­
14d
incubation,
9­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April,
typically
2
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
20.5
±
1.54g
(
11.9­
26.1g),
M
21.0
±
1.17g
(
18.2­
29.8g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
brush,
pastures,
woodland
edge
(
Ryser
1985)

Range:
home
range
averages
2.8ha
(
Fitch
1958)

Swainson's
Thrush
(
Catharus
ustulatus)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
and
worms
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
searches
litter
under
shrubs
and
on
forest
floor,
gleans
from
shrubs,
rarely
flycatches
(
Zeiner
1988)

Nesting:
woodland,
low/
ground
nest,
12­
14d
incubation,
10­
13d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August,
May/
June
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
30.8
±
1.83g
(
21.9­
50.7g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
mixed
forest,
shrubs,
thickets,
deciduous
or
riparian
forest
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
territory
0.5­
0.9ha
(
Johnston
1949)

Tufted
Titmouse
(
Baeolophus
bicolor)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
nuts,
seeds
and
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland,
midstory/
canopy
nest,
13­
14d
incubation,
15­
18d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
eggs
April­
June,
nestlings
May­
June,
breeding
peak
April­
May,

single
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
21.6g
(
17.5­
26.1g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
deciduous
woodlands,
residential
woods
(
Terres
1980)

Range:
home
range
and
territory
averages
1.2ha
(
Laudenslayer
and
Balda
1976)

White­
Breasted
Nuthatch
(
Sitta
carolinensis)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
nuts
and
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
gleans
from
trunks
and
branches
of
live
trees
and
snags
(
Zeiner
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
16
of
44
Nesting:
woodland,
midstory/
canopy
nest,
12d
incubation,
14d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
eggs
April­
June,
nestlings
May­
June,
May
breeding
peak,
1
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
21.1
±
2.39g
(
18.5­
26.7g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
mixed
deciduous/
coniferous
forests,
prefers
edge
habitat
(
Pravosudov
1993)

Range:
foraging
territory
of
breeding
pairs
0.7­
0.9ha
(
Hering
1948)

White­
Crowned
Sparrow
(
Zonotrichia
leucophrys)

Feeding:
primarily
seeds,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional
scrub,
ground/
low
nesting,
12d
incubation,
7­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
September,
2­
3
broods
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
28.2
±
1.72g
(
21.0­
38.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
highly
variable
but
needs
coniferous
trees
of
edge
of
grassland
or
open
area
(
Chilton
et
al
1995)

Range:
pairs
occupy
home
ranges
1.5
to
2.0ha
(
Morton
et
al
1972)

Yellow­
rumped
Warbler
(
Dendroica
coronata)

Feeding:
primarily
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
forages
from
all
canopy
levels
by
hawking
insects
from
air,

gleaning
from
foliage,
twigs
and
branches,
and
by
searching
for
food
on
ground
(
Zeiner
1988)

Nesting:
woodland,
midstory/
canopy
nesting,
12­
13d
incubation,
10­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
May­
June
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
12.2
±
1.29g
(
9.9­
15.3g),
M12.9
±
0.76g
(
10.6­
16.7g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
coniferous
deciduous
or
mixed
forest,
and
forest
edges
(
Stokes
and
Stokes
1996)

Range:
territory
averages
about
0.8ha
(
Morse
1976)

Yellow
Warbler
(
Dendroica
petechia)

Feeding:
almost
exclusively
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
shrubs
or
lower
canopy
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
successional­
scrub,
midstory/
canopy
nest,
11­
12d
incubation,
9­
12d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
August,
peak
June
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
9.2
±
0.59g
(
7.4­
16.0g),
M
9.8
±
0.68g
(
7.9­
12.8g)
(
Dunning
1984)
Appendix
C,
Page
17
of
44
Habitat:
swamp/
marsh
edge,
farmland,
forest
edge,
orchards,
suburban
(
USGS
et
al
2000)

Range:
individuals
regularly
move
up
to
488m
(
1600ft)
to
feed
(
Kendeigh
1941)

Piciformes
(
Woodpeckers)

Downy
Woodpecker
(
Picoides
pubescens)

Feeding:
primarily
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
seeds
and
fruit
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
bark
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland
in
trees,
12d
incubation,
20­
25d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
March­
September,
May/
June
peak,
2
brood
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
27
±
0.19g
(
20.7­
32.2g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
woodlands
and
woodland
edge
(
Winkler
et
al
1995)

Range:
home
range
observed
to
be
between
2.0
and
3.2ha
(
Lawrence
1967)

Northern
Flicker
(
Colaptes
auratus)

Feeding:
mostly
insects,
lesser
quantities
of
fruits
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
ground
or
low
herbaceous
vegetation
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
elevated
nest
in
tree,
11­
14d
incubation,
25­
28d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July
eggs,
May­
August
nestlings
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
129
±
7.67g
(
106­
164g),
M
135
±
6.37g
(
114­
160g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
open
woodlands,
farmlands
and
pastures
(
Winkler
et
al
1995)

Range:
home
range
estimated
to
be
16ha
for
a
pair
(
Lawrence
1967)

Red­
Bellied
Woodpecker
(
Melanerpes
carolinus)

Feeding:
mostly
nuts
and
fruit,
lesser
quantities
of
insects
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
bark
of
trees
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
woodland
in
trees,
12­
14d
incubation,
24­
27d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
April­
July
eggs,
May­
July
nestlings
(
Zeiner
1988)

Body
Weight:
F
56g,
M
67
±
5.86g
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
deciduous
forest,
cultivated
areas
near
woods,
riverine
woodlands
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
one
pair
per
14
acres
(
Texas
2000)

Red­
headed
Woodpecker
(
Melanerpes
erythrocephalus)

Feeding:
mostly
nuts
and
seeds,
lesser
quantities
insects
and
fruits
(
Gough
et
al
1998)

Feeding
Strategy:
aerial
(
Best
1989)

Nesting:
dead
trees,
12­
13d
incubation,
27­
30d
to
fledge
(
Erlich
1988)

Month
of
Nesting:
June­
August
(
Erlich
1988)
Appendix
C,
Page
18
of
44
Body
Weight:
71.6
±
7.57g
(
56.1­
90.5g)
(
Dunning
1984)

Habitat:
forest
edges,
orchards,
open
pine
woods,
groves
(
Zeiner
1988)

Range:
average
territory
6.1ha
(
Thomas
1979)

Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Common
Nighthawk
ground
low
vegetation
May
July
May
July
savanna,
grassland,

fields,
riparian,

terrestrial,
lowland
Eastern
Meadowlark
ground/

low
grassland
April
August
May
August
2
grassland,
pastures,

hayfields
Killdeer
ground/

low
low
vegetation
February
August
February
August
2
savannahs,
agricultural,

shorelines
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Barn
Swallow
aboveground
buildings
April
July
April
August
May/
June
2
open
habitats
of
all
kinds
Eastern
Kingbird
aboveground
woodland
May
July
May
August
prairie,
agricultural,

residential,
savannah
Arcadian
Flycatcher
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
July
May
July
May/
June
riparian
habitat,

woodland
edge
Scissor­
Tailed
Flycatcher
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
July
April
August
May/
June
prairies,
shrubland
Downy
Woodpecker
aboveground
woodland
March
September
March
September
May/
June
2
woodlands,
woodland
edge
Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
19
of
44
Northern
Rough­
Winged
Swallow
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
July
May
August
May/
June
brushland,
woodland,

forest,
grassland,

meadows,
pasture,

croplands
Eastern
Phoebe
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
July
April
August
May/
June
woodlands,
edge
Blue
Grosbeak
ground/

low
successional
shrub
May
August
May
September
June/
July
low
riparian,

croplands,
herbaceous
habitats
Chimney
Swift
aboveground
woodland
or
on
manmade
structures
May
July
May
August
woodlands,
edges,

grasslands,
shrubs,

fields,
human
structures
Cliff
Swallow
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
August
April
August
open
habitats
Eastern
Bluebird
aboveground
shrub
or
woodland
April
July
April
July
2
open
land,
parks,

gardens,
hedges
European
Starling
aboveground
shrub
or
woodland
April
April
April
April
April
2
fields
with
vegetation
Common
Yellowthroat
ground/

low
successional
scrub
April
July
April
July
May/
June
briars,
weeds,

agricultural
Yellow
Warbler
aboveground
successional
scrub
April
August
April
August
June
farmland,
forest
edge,

suburb,
marsh
edge
Black­
Capped
Chickadee
aboveground
woodland
April
July
April
July
May
woodlands,
prefer
edge
habitat
Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
20
of
44
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
aboveground
woodland
May
June
May
June
2
woodland,
shrubland,

prefer
edges
House
Wren
aboveground
successional
scrub
April
August
April
August
May/
June
2
woodlands,
suburbs,

edge
habitat
Indigo
Bunting
aboveground
successional
scrub
May
September
June
September
July
scrub,
deciduous
woods,
swamp
Prairie
Warbler
ground/

low
successional
scrub
shrubland
habitat
Red­
Eyed
Vireo
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
August
April
August
June
prairies,
shrubland
Orchards
and
Tree
Crops
Species
Eastern
Wood
Pewee
aboveground
woodland
May
August
May
September
1
forest,
orchards,

woodland
edge
habitat
Great­
Crested
Flycatcher
aboveground
woodland
May
July
May
July
July
wooded
areas,
groves
Downy
Woodpecker
aboveground
woodland
March
September
March
September
May/
June
2
woodlands,
woodland
edge
White­
Breasted
Nuthatch
aboveground
woodland
April
June
May
June
May
1
mixed
deciduous/
coniferous
forest,
edge
Yellow­
Billed
Cuckoo
ground/

low
woodland
June
July
June
July
woodlands,
forests,

thickets
Wood
Thrush
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
March
July
May
August
June/
July
deciduous
and
mixed
forests
Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
21
of
44
Carolina
Chickadee
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
February
May
March
June
March­

May
dense
woodlands
Scarlet
Tanager
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
August
May
August
deciduous
and
mixed
forests
Yellow­
Throated
Vireo
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
July
June
July
June
water/
woodland
ecotone
Summer
Tanager
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
August
May
September
June
riparian
habitat
Bell's
Vireo
ground/

low
successional
shrub
April
July
April
August
May/
June
dense
riparian
thickets
Yellow­
Breasted
Chat
ground/

low
successional
shrub
May
August
May
August
June
thickets
near
water,

riparian
woodlands
Chipping
Sparrow
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
May
April
May
April/
May
wooded
habitats
with
low
herbaceous
or
shrub
layer
Northern
Parula
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
July
April
August
May/
June
riparian,
mature
forest
Kentucky
Warbler
ground/

low
shrub,
low
tree
or
ground
May
June
May
June
May/
June
woodlands
Northern
Flicker
aboveground
woodland
April
July
May
August
woodland,
woodland
edge
Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
22
of
44
Purple
Martin
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
April
June
May
August
May
open
forest
and
woodland,
riparian
Tree
Swallow
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
June
May
July
May/
June
riparian
habitat,

woodlands
Hairy
Woodpecker
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
March
April
March
April
May/
June
tree/
shrub,

tree/
herbaceous,

shrub/
herbaceous
ecotones
Pileated
Woodpecker
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
June
May
July
May/
June
mature
conifer
forest
Ladderbacked
Woodpecker
aboveground
midstory/

canopy
in
woodland
May
June
May
June
habitats
that
provide
large
shrubs
or
trees
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
aboveground
woodland
May
June
May
June
2
woodland,
shrubland,

prefer
edges
Carolina
Wren
ground/

low
successional
scrub
March
July
April
September
May/
June
2
dense
shrub,
brush,

forest,
wooded
suburb
Palm
Warbler
ground/

low
successional
scrub
May
June
May
June
2
shrub,
thicket,
mixed
coniferous/
deciduous
Swainson's
Thrush
ground/

low
woodland
April
August
April
August
May/
June
mixed
forest,
shrub,

thicket
Tufted
Titmouse
aboveground
woodland
April
June
May
June
April/
May
1
deciduous
woodland,

residential
woods
Appendix
C.
Avian
Data
to
Support
Guild
Selection
Insectivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
23
of
44
Orchard
Oriole
aboveground
woodland
June
July
June
August
June
open
woodlands,

orchards
Rose­
Breasted
Grosbeak
aboveground
woodland
May
July
May
July
open
woods,
edge
habitat,
brush
Yellow­
Rumped
Warbler
aboveground
woodland
May
June
May
June
mixed
deciduous/
coniferous
forest,
edge
White­
Eyed
Vireo
ground/

low
successional
shrub
April
July
April
August
May/
June
riparian,
deciduous
forestland,
residential
areas
Appendix
C,
Page
24
of
44
Insectivore
Body
Weight
Species
Female
Weight
(
g)
Male
Weight
(
g)

Average
SD
Min
Max
Average
SD
Min
Max
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Common
Nighthawk
64
60
Eastern
Meadowlark
78
102
11.2
Killdeer
101
87.7
121
92.1
10.4
83.9
109
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Barn
Swallow
18.6
1.49
13.4
23.4
19.6
1.49
13.4
23.4
Eastern
Kingbird
39.5
1.85
35.8
40.8
39.5
1.85
35.8
40.8
Arcadian
Flycatcher
12.9
0.77
9.9
16.1
12.9
0.77
9.9
16.1
Scissor­
Tailed
Flycatcher
43.2
4.5
36.3
56.3
43.2
4.5
36.3
56.3
Downy
Woodpecker
27
0.19
20.7
32.2
27
0.19
20.7
32.2
Northern
Rough­
Winged
Swallow
15.9
0.58
10.3
18.3
15.9
0.58
10.3
18.3
Eastern
Phoebe
19.8
7.47
11.4
24.4
19.8
7.47
11.4
24.4
Blue
Grosbeak
27.5
26.1
29.8
29.3
1.42
27
31.4
Chimney
Swift
23.6
0.3
17
29.8
23.6
0.3
17
29.8
Cliff
Swallow
21.6
2.04
17.5
26.7
21.6
2.04
17.5
26.7
Eastern
Bluebird
31.8
0.92
31.8
0.92
European
Starling
79.9
84.7
Common
Yellowthroat
9.9
0.78
7.6
15.9
10.3
0.66
7.6
15.5
Yellow
Warbler
9.2
0.59
7.4
16
9.8
0.68
7.9
12.8
Black­
Capped
Chickadee
10.8
1.38
8.2
13.6
10.8
1.38
8.2
13.6
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
6
0.13
4.8
8.9
6
0.13
4.8
8.9
House
Wren
10.9
0.8
8.9
14.2
10.9
0.8
8.9
14.2
Indigo
Bunting
14.1
1.41
11.2
18.6
14.9
1.39
12.3
21.4
Prairie
Warbler
7.3
0.88
5.7
10.8
8
0.87
6.1
10.1
Red­
Eyed
Vireo
17.9
0.66
16
21.1
17.9
0.66
16
21.1
Insectivore
Body
Weight
Species
Female
Weight
(
g)
Male
Weight
(
g)

Average
SD
Min
Max
Average
SD
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
25
of
44
Orchards
and
Tree
Crops
Species
Eastern
Wood
Pewee
14.1
0.91
10.4
18.2
14.1
0.91
10.4
18.2
Great­
Crested
Flycatcher
33.5
3.01
27.2
39.6
33.5
3.01
27.2
39.6
Downy
Woodpecker
27
0.19
20.7
32.2
27
0.19
20.7
32.2
White­
Breasted
Nuthatch
21.1
2.39
18.5
26.7
21.1
2.39
18.5
26.7
Yellow­
Billed
Cuckoo
64
9.07
50
85.5
64
9.07
50
85.5
Wood
Thrush
47.4
4.17
39.2
57.7
47.4
4.17
39.2
57.7
Carolina
Chickadee
9.8
0.59
10.5
0.72
Scarlet
Tanager
28.6
0.22
17.5
35.2
28.6
0.22
17.5
35.2
Yellow­
Throated
Vireo
18
1.63
15.6
21.4
18
1.63
15.6
21.4
Summer
Tanager
29.8
1.2
29.8
1.2
Bell's
Vireo
8.5
0.55
7.4
9.8
8.5
0.55
7.4
9.8
Yellow­
Breasted
Chat
25.1
1.54
20.2
33.9
25.5
1.43
20.3
31.7
Chipping
Sparrow
12
12
Northern
Parula
8.6
7.1
10.2
8.6
7.1
10.2
Kentucky
Warbler
13.7
0.59
11.4
16.5
14.3
0.59
12
20.6
Northern
Flicker
129
7.67
106
164
135
6.37
114
160
Purple
Martin
49.4
1.49
49.4
1.49
Tree
Swallow
20.1
1.58
15.6
25.4
20.1
1.59
15.6
25.4
Hairy
Woodpecker
62.5
1.98
59.3
65.9
70.3
3.2
60.8
79.6
Pileated
Woodpecker
266
250
284
308
308
309
Ladderbacked
Woodpecker
30.3
3.55
25
41.4
30.3
3.55
25
41.4
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
6
0.13
4.8
8.9
6
0.13
4.8
8.9
Carolina
Wren
21
1.15
21
1.15
Palm
Warbler
10.3
0.47
7
12.9
10.3
0.47
7
12.9
Swainson's
Thrush
30.8
1.83
21.9
50.7
30.8
1.83
21.9
50.7
Insectivore
Body
Weight
Species
Female
Weight
(
g)
Male
Weight
(
g)

Average
SD
Min
Max
Average
SD
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
26
of
44
Tufted
Titmouse
21.6
17.5
26.1
21.6
17.5
26.1
Orchard
Oriole
19.6
1.77
16
25.1
19.6
1.77
16
25.1
Rose­
Breasted
Grosbeak
45.6
0.4
35.4
65
45.6
0.4
35.4
65
Yellow­
Rumped
Warbler
12.2
1.29
9.9
15.3
12.9
0.76
10.6
16.7
White­
Eyed
Vireo
11.4
10
14.3
11.4
10
14.3
Appendix
C,
Page
27
of
44
Insectivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
1
%
Time
found
in
fields1
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Common
Nighthawk
insects
flycatches
1183
3724
16
84
savanna,
grassland,
fields,

riparian,
terrestrial,
lowland
Eastern
Meadowlark
insects
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
322
200
459
11
89
grassland,
pastures,
hayfields
Killdeer
insects
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
4752
0
100
savannahs,
agricultural,

shorelines
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Barn
Swallow
insects
aerial
1300
71
29
open
habitats
of
all
kinds
Eastern
Kingbird
insects
aerial
1300
55
45
prairie,
agricultural,

residential,
savannah
Arcadian
Flycatcher
insects
hawks
aerially
190
144
230
100
0
riparian
habitat,
woodland
edge
Scissor­
Tailed
Flycatcher
insects
hawks
aerially
220
298
50
50
prairies,
shrubland
Downy
Woodpecker
insects
bark
of
trees
264
333
93
7
woodlands,
woodland
edge
Northern
Rough­
Winged
Swallow
insects
flycatches
0
100
brushland,
woodland,
forest,

grassland,
meadows,
pasture,

croplands
Eastern
Phoebe
insects
flycatches
525
100
0
woodlands,
edge
Blue
Grosbeak
insects
forages
on
ground
or
in
low
shrub/
trees
458
275
461
71
29
low
riparian,
croplands,

herbaceous
habitats
Chimney
Swift
insects
gleans
from
canopy
30
70
woodlands,
edges,

grasslands,
shrubs,
fields,

human
structures
Cliff
Swallow
insects
gleans
from
ground,
low
foliage
10560
21120
1
99
open
habitats
Insectivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
1
%
Time
found
in
fields1
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
28
of
44
Eastern
Bluebird
insects
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
1320
24
76
open
land,
parks,
gardens,

hedges
European
Starling
insects
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
3960
49
51
fields
with
vegetation
Common
Yellowthroat
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
222
83
17
briars,
weeds,
agricultural
Yellow
Warbler
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
1600
100
0
farmland,
forest
edge,

suburb,
marsh
edge
Black­
Capped
Chickadee
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
391
428
92
8
woodlands,
prefer
edge
habitat
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
132
175
woodland,
shrubland,
prefer
edges
House
Wren
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
116
32
227
83
17
woodlands,
suburbs,
edge
habitat
Indigo
Bunting
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
222
116
523
70
30
scrub,
deciduous
woods,

swamp
Prairie
Warbler
insects
100
0
shrubland
habitat
Red­
Eyed
Vireo
insects
100
0
prairies,
shrubland
Orchards
and
Tree
Crops
Species
Eastern
Wood
Pewee
insects
aerial
169
290
forest,
orchards,
woodland
edge
habitat
Great­
Crested
Flycatcher
insects
aerial
280
96
4
wooded
areas,
groves
Downy
Woodpecker
insects
bark
of
trees
264
333
93
7
woodlands,
woodland
edge
White­
Breasted
Nuthatch
insects
bark
of
trees
153
174
mixed
deciduous/
coniferous
forest,
edge
Insectivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
1
%
Time
found
in
fields1
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
29
of
44
Yellow­
Billed
Cuckoo
insects
foliage
581
woodlands,
forests,
thickets
Wood
Thrush
insects
gleans
and
probes
ground
52
310
100
0
deciduous
and
mixed
forests
Carolina
Chickadee
insects
gleans
food
from
foliage
92
8
dense
woodlands
Scarlet
Tanager
insects
gleans
from
canopy,
shrubs
or
ground
100
0
deciduous
and
mixed
forests
Yellow­
Throated
Vireo
insects
gleans
from
foliage
and
branches
425
100
0
water/
woodland
ecotone
Summer
Tanager
insects
gleans
from
foliage/
bark,

hawks
aerially
241
100
0
riparian
habitat
Bell's
Vireo
insects
gleans
from
foliage
and
branches
167
204
100
0
dense
riparian
thickets
Yellow­
Breasted
Chat
insects
gleans
from
ground,
low
foliage
and
shrubs
131
185
91
9
thickets
near
water,
riparian
woodlands
Chipping
Sparrow
insects
gleans
from
ground/
low
foliage
82
118
100
0
wooded
habitats
with
low
herbaceous
or
shrub
layer
Northern
Parula
insects
gleans
from
vegetation
117
144
100
0
riparian,
mature
forest
Kentucky
Warbler
insects
gleans
insects
from
shrubs
and
small
trees
70
100
0
woodlands
Northern
Flicker
insects
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
739
71
29
woodland,
woodland
edge
Purple
Martin
insects
hawks
aerially
0
100
open
forest
and
woodland,

riparian
Tree
Swallow
insects
hawks
aerially
0
100
riparian
habitat,
woodlands
Hairy
Woodpecker
insects
probes
bark
310
288
333
100
0
tree/
shrub,
tree/
herbaceous,

shrub/
herbaceous
ecotones
Insectivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
1
%
Time
found
in
fields1
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
30
of
44
Pileated
Woodpecker
insects
probes
bark
2633
4079
100
0
mature
conifer
forest
Ladderbacked
Woodpecker
insects
probes
trees,
gleans
from
vegetation
100
0
habitats
that
provide
large
shrubs
or
trees
Blue­
Grey
Gnatcatcher
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
132
175
woodland,
shrubland,
prefer
edges
Carolina
Wren
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
143
164
83
17
dense
shrub,
brush,
forest,

wooded
suburb
Palm
Warbler
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
5370
84
16
shrub,
thicket,
mixed
coniferous/
deciduous
Swainson's
Thrush
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
132
174
mixed
forest,
shrub,
thicket
Tufted
Titmouse
insects
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
200
96
4
deciduous
woodland,

residential
woods
Orchard
Oriole
insects
upper
canopy
of
trees
169
67
33
open
woodlands,
orchards
Rose­
Breasted
Grosbeak
insects
upper
canopy
of
trees
459
50
50
open
woods,
edge
habitat,

brush
Yellow­
Rumped
Warbler
insects
variable
164
83
17
mixed
deciduous/
coniferous
forest,
edge
White­
Eyed
Vireo
insects
98
2
riparian,
deciduous
forestland,
residential
areas
1.
MRID
41110601
MRID
40149501
MRID
41742701
MRID
41110701
Appendix
C,
Page
31
of
44
Granivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Horned
Lark
ground/

low
grassland
February
July
March
August
May
2
prairies,
fields,

shoreline
beaches
Savannah
Sparrow
ground/

low
grassland
April
July
April
July
May/
June
2
prairie,
agricultural,

residential,
oak
savanna
Upland
Gamebird
Subsection
Ring­
Necked
Pheasant
ground/

low
grassland
March
April
March
April
1
cropland,
grain
fields,
grasslands
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Painted
Bunting
ground/

low
successional
shrub
April
August
April
August
May­
July
open
areas
with
brush,
thickets
and
shrub
American
Crow
aboveground
shrub
or
midstory/

canopy
March
July
March
July
May/
June
woodlands,
riparian,

orchards,
pastures,

grassland,
cropland
Common
Ground­
Dove
ground/

low
shrub,
low
tree
or
ground
January
November
January
November
shrubland,
agricultural,
undeveloped
areas
White
Throated
Sparrow
ground/

low
successional
shrub
May
August
May
August
riparian
areas,
weedy
fields,
residential
gardens
Abert's
Towhee
ground/

low
successional
shrub
March
August
April
September
May­
July
dense
riparian
thickets
Lazuli
Bunting
ground/

low
successional
shrub
April
August
April
August
open
brushlands,

thickets,
shrublands
Granivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
32
of
44
Brown­

Headed
Cowbird
aboveground
paratizes
aboveground
nests
April
August
April
August
30
eggs/

season
grassland,
fields,

pasture,
prefer
edges
Common
Grackle
aboveground
woodland
March
July
April
July
May/
June
2
farmlands,
orchards,

swamps,
open
areas
House
Sparrow
aboveground
buildings
or
woodland
March
March
March
March
March
2
or
3
farms,
residential,

urban,
humanmodified
Mourning
Dove
aboveground
shrub
or
woodland
February
September
March
October
May/
June
2
to
6
farms,
scrub,

grassland,
roadsides
Rock
Dove
aboveground
buildings
or
woodland
year­
round
year­
round
year­
round
year­
round
March­
September
multiple
agricultural,
open
shrub,
urban,
rural
Field
Sparrow
ground/

low
successional
scrub
April
September
April
September
2
or
3
brush,
shrubs,
areas
with
scattered
trees
Northern
Bobwhite
ground/

low
successional
scrub
March
September
April
October
June
2
temperate
forest,

grassland
Red­
Winged
Blackbird
ground/

low
shrub
or
woodland
March
July
April
August
2
or
3
marsh,
prairie
White­
Crowned
Sparrow
ground/

low
successional
scrub
May
September
May
September
2
or
3
coniferous
trees
at
edge
of
open
area
Northern
Cardinal
ground/

low
successional
scrub
March
July
April
August
May/
June
multiple
wood
edges,

hedgerows,

vegetation
in
suburb
Yellow­

Headed
blackbird
low/
ground
dense
emergent
vegetation
April
July
April
July
wetlands,
shorelines
and
in
nearby
open
fields
Granivore
Nesting
Behavior
Species
Nesting
Habit
Nesting
Location
Start
nesting
w/
eggs
End
nesting
w/

eggs
Start
nesting
w/

nestlings
End
nesting
w/

nestling
Peak
of
nesting
season
Brood
Numbers
Habitat
Appendix
C,
Page
33
of
44
American
Goldfinch
aboveground
successional
scrub
July
August
July
September
1
weedy
fields,

cultivated
lands,

roadsides
Song
Sparrow
ground/

low
successional
scrub
April
April
April
April
April
2
open
brush,
pastures,

woodland
edge
Appendix
C,
Page
34
of
44
Granivore
Body
Weight
Species
Female
Weight
(
g)
Male
Weight
(
g)

Average
SD
Min
Max
Average
SD
Min
Max
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Horned
Lark
30.8
31.9
Savannah
Sparrow
19.5
2.29
20.6
13.5
Upland
Gamebird
Subsection
Ring­
Necked
Pheasant
953
1453
619
1861
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Painted
Bunting
15
12.9
19
16.1
13.3
19
American
Crow
438
458
Common
Ground­
Dove
30.1
0.35
22.4
41.2
30.1
0.35
22.4
41.2
White
Throated
Sparrow
29.5
2.18
19
35.4
25.9
2.18
19
35.4
Abert's
Towhee
44.8
2.9
39.5
51
47.1
3.29
40
54.1
Lazuli
Bunting
15
12.7
18.9
16
13
19.5
Brown­
Headed
Cowbird
38.8
1.93
30.5
51.2
49
1.77
32.4
58
Common
Grackle
100
127
House
Sparrow
27.4
2.24
20.1
34.5
28
1.55
20
34
Mourning
Dove
115
1.76
123
1.85
Rock
Dove
54.2
37.2
542
37.2
Field
Sparrow
12.5
1.47
10.2
16.5
12.5
1.47
10.2
16.5
Northern
Bobwhite
178
178
Red­
Winged
Blackbird
41.5
2.74
29
55
63.6
4.43
52.9
81.1
White­
Crowned
Sparrow
28.2
1.72
21
38.5
28.2
1.72
21
38.5
Northern
Cardinal
43.9
4.53
33.6
64.9
45.4
4.29
33.7
63.2
Yellow­
Headed
Blackbird
49.3
4
42.4
56
79.7
72.5
85.5
American
Goldfinch
12.6
0.81
10
17.1
13.2
1.13
8.6
20.7
Song
Sparrow
20.5
1.54
11.9
26.1
21
1.17
18.2
29.8
Appendix
C,
Page
35
of
44
Granivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
%
Time
found
in
fields
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Species
that
are
In­
Field
Habitat
Users
feeders/
nesters
Horned
Lark
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
116
428
18
82
prairies,
fields,
shoreline
beaches
Savannah
Sparrow
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
42
206
72
28
prairie,
agricultural,

residential,
oak
savanna
Upland
Gamebird
Subsection
Ring­
Necked
Pheasant
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
3263
96
4
cropland,
grain
fields,

grasslands
Edge
Species
 
May
feed
in
or
above
fields
but
likely
nest
in
edge
habitats
Painted
Bunting
seeds
forages
on
ground
72
28
open
areas
with
brush,

thickets
and
shrub
American
Crow
seeds
gleans
from
ground
13123
100
0
woodlands,
riparian,

orchards,
pastures,
grassland,

cropland
Common
Ground­
Dove
seeds
gleans
from
ground
83
131
100
0
shrubland,
agricultural,

undeveloped
areas
White
Throated
Sparrow
seeds
gleans
from
ground
185
83
331
100
0
riparian
areas,
weedy
fields,

residential
gardens
Abert's
Towhee
seeds
gleans
from
ground
and
shrubs
193
298
50
50
dense
riparian
thickets
Lazuli
Bunting
seeds
gleans
from
low
foliage
or
ground,
also
hawks
aerially
50
50
open
brushlands,
thickets,

shrublands
Brown­
Headed
Cowbird
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
14256
40
60
grassland,
fields,
pasture,

prefer
edges
Common
Grackle
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
148
56
44
farmlands,
orchards,

swamps,
open
areas
House
Sparrow
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
100
10560
91
9
farms,
residential,
urban,

human­
modified
Granivore
Feeding
Behavior
Species
Primary
Food
Feeding
Strategy
Forage
Range
(
ft)
%
Time
found
in
edge
%
Time
found
in
fields
Habitat
Avg
Min
Max
Appendix
C,
Page
36
of
44
Mourning
Dove
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
5280
68
32
farms,
scrub,
grassland,

roadsides
Rock
Dove
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
150
0
100
agricultural,
open
shrub,

urban,
rural
Field
Sparrow
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
100
285
89
11
brush,
shrubs,
areas
with
scattered
trees
Northern
Bobwhite
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
106
75
25
temperate
forest,
grassland
Red­
Winged
Blackbird
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
100
42
58
marsh,
prairie
White­
Crowned
Sparrow
seeds
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
227
264
3
97
coniferous
trees
at
edge
of
open
area
Northern
Cardinal
seeds,

fruit
ground
or
in
low
herbaceous
vegetation
116
66
34
wood
edges,
hedgerows,

vegetation
in
suburb
Yellow­
Headed
Blackbird
seeds
often
hawks
flying
insects,

gleans
from
vegetation
5280
70
30
wetlands,
shorelines
and
in
nearby
open
fields
American
Goldfinch
seeds
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
900
2640
62
38
weedy
fields,
cultivated
lands,
roadsides
Song
Sparrow
seeds
shrubs
or
low
canopy
of
trees
312
73
27
open
brush,
pastures,

woodland
edge
Appendix
C,
Page
37
of
44
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