Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0049-0147
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-03-19T05:00Z

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(
DRAFT)
­
Taxonomy
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
TAXONOMY
NAME
­
Bay
shrimp
OTHER
COMMON
NAMES
­
Franciscan
bay
shrimp,
California
shrimp
and
grass
shrimp
ELEMENT
CODE
­

CATEGORY
­
Aquatic
Crustaceans
PHYLUM
AND
SUBPHYLUM
­
Crustacea,

CLASS
AND
SUBCLASS
­
Malacostraca,

ORDER
AND
SUBORDER
­
Decapoda,

FAMILY
AND
SUBFAMILY
­
Crangonidae,

GENUS
AND
SUBGENUS
­
Crangon,

SPECIES
AND
SSP
­
franciscorum,

SCIENTIFIC
NAME
­
Crangon
franciscorum
AUTHORITY
­

TAXONOMY
REFERENCES
­
01
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Taxonomy
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Status
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
STATUS
Coded
Status
Commercial
Commercial/
consumption
Commercial/
bait
See
Comments
REFERENCES
FOR
STATUS
­
01
COMMENTS
ON
STATUS
­
Commercial:
The
bay
shrimp
is
commercially
fished
(
primarily
with
trawls)
only
in
San
Francisco
Bay,
California.
It
once
supported
a
larger
fishery
that
utilized
trawls,
fyke
nets,
and
seines.
It
is
fished
mainly
for
use
as
bait,
but
some
is
used
for
human
consumption.
Recently,
annual
landings
for
3
Crangon
species
(
C.
franciscorum,
C.
nigricauda,
and
C.
nigromaculata)
captured
in
San
Francisco
Bay
have
ranged
from
2.3
to
25.0
t.*
01*

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Status
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Distribution
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
DISTRIBUTION
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Distribution
­
1
HABITAT
ASSOCIATIONS
NATIONAL
WETLAND
INVENTORY
CODES
NWI
NWICLS
NWIMOD
NWISPEC
Estuarine
FL.
N
3
Estuarine
AB.
N
4
REFERENCES
FOR
NWI
­
01
COMMENTS
ON
HABITAT
ASSOCIATIONS
­
Habitat
Type:
Adults
are
found
in
estuaries
and
offshore,
intertidally
down
to
183
m.
Ovigerous
females
are
found
in
the
lower
portion
of
estuaries
and
adjacent
offshore
waters.
Juveniles
primarlily
inhabit
channels
and
flats
in
the
low
salinity
of
estuaries.*
01*

Substrate:
Larvae
are
found
over
a
variety
of
substrates.
Juveniles
and
adults
occur
primarily
over
sandy
to
muddy
substrates.*
01*

Physical/
Chemical
Characteristics:
the
bay
shrimp
is
a
euryhaline
species.
Juveniles
and
adults
are
found
in
euhaline
to
oligohaline
waters
in
Prince
William
Sound,
Alaska
(
2.2­
28.3
ppt).
In
San
Francisco
Bay
and
Delta,

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highest
densities
are
found
at
salinities
of
1­
7%.
Juveniles
appear
to
prefer
lower
salinities
(<
32
ppt),
while
ovigerous
females
prefer
salinities
>
14.6
ppt.
Juveniles
and
nonovigerous
adults
tolerate
temperatures
of
5.2­
21.3
degrees
C.;
ovigerous
females
perfer
temps
of
6.8­
19.2
degrees
C.
Salinity
and
temperature
influence
this
species'
distribution
significantly.
High
salinities
retard
the
movements
of
juveniles
to
lower
estuarine
areas,
while
high
temperatures
in
the
summer
increase
movements
to
upper
estuarine
areas.
Low
salinities
probably
retard
egg
development
and
salinities
<
12
ppt.
may
reduce
larval
survival.
Optimum
conditions
for
adults
are
salinities
of
18­
20%
and
temperatures
of
4.5­
17.0
degrees
C.*
01*

Migrations
and
Movements:
A
"
spawning
migration"
occurs
during
the
reproductive
periods;
adult
females
and
males
move
to
lower,
more
saline
areas
of
estuaries
(
primarily
March
to
July).
Juveniles
move
up
estuaries
during
the
summer
to
rear
in
lower
salinity,
higher
temperatures
araeas.
As
they
grow
and
mature,
bay
shrimp
move
to
lower,
more
saline
areas.
In
the
fall
and
winter,
many
adults
move
to
near
the
mouth
of
estuaries
and
nearshore
areas
outside
estuaries.
Juveniles
and
adults
undergo
nocturnal
vertical
migrations
to
feed.
Larvae
appear
to
be
advected
seaward
by
river
flow.*
01*

ANIMAL/
PLANT
SPECIES
ASSOCIATIONS
­
Predation:
The
bay
shrimp
is
an
important
prey
for
the
striped
bass,
brown
smoothhound
(
Mustelus
henlei),
green
sturgeon
(
A.
medirostris),
white
sturgeon
(
A.
transmontanus),
Pacific
staghorn
sculpin
(
Leptocottus
armatus),
Pacific
tomcod
(
Microgadus
proximus),
prickly
sculpin
(
Cottus
asper),
sand
sole
(
Psettichthys
melanostictus),
waterfowl,
habor
seal
(
Phoca
vitulina),
and
the
Dungeness
crab
(
Cancer
magister).
*
01*

Factors
Influencing
Populations:
This
species
may
compete
with
the
introduced
oriental
shrimp
(
Palaemon
macrodactylus)
for
food
and
resources,
especially
during
drought
years.*
01*

REFERENCES
FOR
SPECIES
ASSOCIATIONS
­
01
Habitat
Associations
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Food
Habits
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
FOOD
HABITS
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TROPHIC
LEVEL
­
CARNIVORE
DETRITIVORE
REFERENCES
FOR
TROPHIC
LEVEL
­
01
LIFESTAGE
FOOD
FOOD
PART
Adult
Detritus
Not
Specified
Adult
Bivalve
Molluscs
Not
Specified
Adult
Ostracods
Not
Specified
Adult
Copepods
Not
Specified
Adult
Crustaceans
Not
Specified
REFERENCES
FOR
GENERAL
FOOD
­
01
REFERENCES
FOR
ADULT
FOOD
­
01
COMMENTS
ON
FOOD
­
Larvae,
juveniles
and
adults
are
primarily
carnivorous
(
occassionally
detritivorous),
feeding
on
benthic
and
epibenthic
prey.
Food
habits
depend
ont
he
shrimp's
size,
temperature­
salinity
preferences,
and
prey
availability.*
01*

The
bay
shrimp
feeds
on
mysids
(
Neomysis
mercedis),
amphipods
(
primarily
Corophium
spp.),
Ampelisca
abdita,
and
Grandidierella
japonica),
bivalves
(
primarily
Mya
arenaria,
Gemma
gemma,
and
Venerupis
japonica),
foraminiferans,
isopods,
copepods,
ostracods,
gastropods,
and
plant
material.*
01*

The
bay
shrimp
is
also
susceptible
to
cannibalism.*
01*

Food
Habits
­
1
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Environment
Associations
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
G
=
General
A
=
Adult
LIM
=
Limiting
RA
=
Resting
Adult
J
=
Juvenile
FA
=
Feeding
Adult
RJ
=
Resting
Juvenile
BA
=
Breeding
Adult
FJ
=
Feeding
Juvenile
P
=
Pupae
L
=
Larvae
E
=
Egg
RL
=
Resting
Larvae
FL
=
Feeding
Larvae
LIFESTAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
A
Water
Temperature:
Below
15
degrees
C
A
Water
Temperature:
Between
15­
21
degrees
C
A
Water
Temperature:
Specified
in
Comments
A
A
A
A
Substrate:
Sand
A
Substrate:
Mud
or
silt
A
Substrate:
Specified
in
Comments
A
Relation
to
Substrate:
Occurs
on
substrate
[
not
penetrating]
A
Relation
to
Substrate:
Unattached
­
normally
free
living
A
Relation
to
Substrate:
Specified
in
Comments
A
Bottom
Type
[
Aquatic]:
Mud
or
silt
A
Bottom
Type
[
Aquatic]:
Sand
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
Less
than
1
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
1­
5
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
5­
10
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
10­
25
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
25­
50
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
50­
100
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
100­
200
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
200­
500
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
500­
1000
ft.
A
Water
Depth
Preference:
Specified
in
Comments
A
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
bay
A
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
sound
A
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
offshore
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A
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
specified
in
comments
A
Currents:
specified
in
comments
L
LIM
REFERENCES
FOR
LIMITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
01
REFERENCES
FOR
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
01
REFERENCES
FOR
LARVAE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
01
Environment
Associations
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Environment
Associations
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
COMMENTS
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
­
Habitat
Type:
Adults
are
found
in
estuaries
and
offshore,
intertidally
down
to
183
m.
Ovigerous
females
are
found
in
the
lower
portion
of
estuaries
and
adjacent
offshore
waters.
Juveniles
primarlily
inhabit
channels
and
flats
in
the
low
salinity
of
estuaries.*
01*

Substrate:
Larvae
are
found
over
a
variety
of
substrates.
Juveniles
and
adults
occur
primarily
over
sandy
to
muddy
substrates.*
01*

Physical/
Chemical
Characteristics:
the
bay
shrimp
is
a
euryhaline
species.
Juveniles
and
adults
are
found
in
euhaline
to
oligohaline
waters
in
Prince
William
Sound,
Alaska
(
2.2­
28.3
ppt).
In
San
Francisco
Bay
and
Delta,
highest
densities
are
found
at
salinities
of
1­
7%.
Juveniles
appear
to
prefer
lower
salinities
(<
32
ppt),
while
ovigerous
females
prefer
salinities
>
14.6
ppt.
Juveniles
and
nonovigerous
adults
tolerate
temperatures
of
5.2­
21.3
degrees
C.;
ovigerous
females
perfer
temps
of
6.8­
19.2
degrees
C.
Salinity
and
temperature
influence
this
species'
distribution
significantly.
High
salinities
retard
the
movements
of
juveniles
to
lower
estuarine
areas,
while
high
temperatures
in
the
summer
increase
movements
to
upper
estuarine
areas.
Low
salinities
probably
retard
egg
development
and
salinities
<
12
ppt.
may
reduce
larval
survival.
Optimum
conditions
for
adults
are
salinities
of
18­
20%
and
temperatures
of
4.5­
17.0
degrees
C.*
01*

Migrations
and
Movements:
A
"
spawning
migration"
occurs
during
the
reproductive
periods;
adult
females
and
males
move
to
lower,
more
saline
areas
of
estuaries
(
primarily
March
to
July).
Juveniles
move
up
estuaries
during
the
summer
to
rear
in
lower
salinity,
higher
temperatures
araeas.
As
they
grow
and
mature,
bay
shrimp
move
to
lower,
more
saline
areas.
In
the
fall
and
winter,
many
adults
move
to
near
the
mouth
of
estuaries
and
nearshore
areas
outside
estuaries.
Juveniles
and
adults
undergo
nocturnal
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vertical
migrations
to
feed.
Larvae
appear
to
be
advected
seaward
by
river
flow.*
01*

COMMENTS
ON
LIMITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
Low
salinities
probably
retard
egg
development
and
salinities
<
12
ppt.
may
reduce
larval
survival.

Environment
Associations
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
LIFE
HISTORY
Reproduction
Mode:
The
bay
shrimp
is
gonochoristic
and
oviparous.
Sperm
is
stored
internally
in
the
female;
eggs
are
fertilized
when
extruded
and
brooded
externally
on
the
female's
body.*
01*

Mating/
Spawning:
Although
gravid
females
may
be
found
year­
round,
usually
only
two
spawning
periods
exist
(
sometimes
only
one
depending
on
the
estuary).
In
Yaquina
Bay
Oregon,
spawning
occurs
from
December
to
March
(
older
females),
and
from
April
to
August
(
first­
time
and
repeat
spawners).
The
second
spawning
is
usually
larger
(
more
spawners
present
for
a
longer
period)
than
the
first.
In
San
Francisco
Bay,
only
a
single
extended
spawning
period
was
thought
to
exist,
with
a
peak
from
March
to
September.
However,
a
bimodal
reproductive
schedule
appears
to
occur
here
also;
during
the
first
period,
gravid
females
reside
primarily
off
the
mouth
of
San
Francisco
Bay.
A
"
spawning
migration"
occurs
with
females
and
males
moving
to
deeper,
higher
salinity
areas
(
usually
>
21
ppt),
depending
on
water
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temperature)
when
they
become
reproductively
active.
Nearshore
areas
outside
of
estuaries
are
often
used
by
spawning
adults
during
the
winter
and
spring.
*
01*

Fecundity:
Females
from
47.8­
67.4
mm
total
length
(
TL)
carried
1,923­
4,764
eggs
per
female,
with
a
mean
of
3,528.
Fecundity
of
bay
shrimp
ranged
from
1,977­
3,103
in
Gray's
Harbor,
Wa.,
and
from
2,499­
8,840
in
south
San
Francisco
Bay.
Fecundity
(
Y)
was
calculated
to
be
Y=­
5338.7+
156.1
TL
for
shrimp
in
Yaquina
Bay,
and
log
Y=­
3.66+
4.09log(
TL)
for
shrimp
in
San
Francisco
Bay.*
01*

Growth
and
Development:

Egg
size
and
Embryonic
Development:
Eggs
are
spherical
and
0.60
in
diameter.
Embryonic
development
is
indirect
and
external;
eggs
remain
in
the
female's
brood
pouch
until
hatching.
Eggs
appear
to
take
8­
12
weeks
to
mature,
depending
on
temperature.
Larvae
hatched
in
early
spring
develop
into
juveniles
by
May
to
July.*
01*

Age
and
Size
of
Larvae:
Larvae
range
from
6.0­
7.4
mm
TL.
Larvae
undergo
7
larval
stages
in
21
days
at
17.5
degrees
C.*
01*

Juvenile
Size
Range:
Juvenile
bay
shrimp
range
from
6.0­
7.4
mm
to
about
34
mm
TL
for
males,
48
mm
TL
for
females,
however,
this
may
differ
between
estuaries.
After
reaching
30
mm
TL,
growth
is
estimated
to
be
2.0
mm/
month.
*
01*
Age
and
Size
of
Adults:
Both
sexes
mature
in
about
1­
1.5
years,
with
most
males
reaching
maturity
at
34
mm
TL
and
females
at
48
mm
TL
or
55­
60
mm
TL
in
San
Francisco
Bay.
Males
appear
to
spawn
only
once,
while
females
may
produce
2
broods.
Females
are
60
mm
TL
in
1.5
years,
males
50­
52
mm
TL
after
1
year;
females
>
62
mm
TL
are
rare
in
Yaquina
Bay,
but
are
common
off
the
Columbia
River.
The
largest
size
reported
is
110
mm
TL
off
the
Columbia
River.
Females
may
live
2­
2.5
years
and
males
about
1.5
years.*
01*

Life
History
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
LIFE
HISTORY
CODES
­
Foraging
Sites:
Standing
water
­
Littoral
zone
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
January
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
February
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
March
Breeding
Spawning
Season:
April
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
May
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
June
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
July
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Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
August
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
September
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
November
Gestation/
Incubation
Period:
3­
4
months
Gestation/
Incubation
Period:
1­
2
months
Average
Number
of
Offspring/
Reproductive
Effort:
1,00
Parental
Care
of
Young:
No
care
given
young
Dispersion:
Other
(
specify
in
comments)
Periodicity:
Other
(
specify
in
comments)

REFERENCES
FOR
LIFE
HISTORY­
01
Life
History
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
Management
Practices
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
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RESULT
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
Beneficial
Beneficial
Controlling
pollution
[
thermal,
chemical,
physical]
Adverse
Wastewater
disposal/
assimilation
Adverse
Bilge
purging/
cleaning
Adverse
Changing
tidal
cycle/
current
patterns
Adverse
Applying
other
toxicants
Adverse
Salinity
alteration
Beneficial
Other
management
practices
[
specified
in
comments]

REFERENCES
FOR
BENEFICIAL
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
­
01
REFERENCES
FOR
ADVERSE
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
­
01
COMMENTS
ON
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
­
Factors
Influencing
Populations:
This
species
may
compete
with
the
introduced
oriental
shrimp
(
Palaemon
macrodactylus)
for
food
and
resources,
especially
during
drought
years.
The
bay
shrimp
is
one
of
the
most
abundant
organisms
entrained
during
dredging
operations
in
Pacific
Northwest
estuaries.
Its
distribution
is
also
influenced
by
the
availability
and
abundance
of
the
mysid
Neomysis
mercedis.
Freshwater
inflow
into
estuaries
strongly
influences
this
species
distribution
and
abundance.
Abiotic
conditions
during
winter
and
spring
off
the
mouths
of
estuaries
may
also
influence
populations.
The
bay
shrimp
is
a
short­
lived
species
that
shows
large
annual
fluctuations
in
abundance
and
may
be
highly
sensitive
to
effects
of
short­
term
estuarine
pollution.*
01*

Management
Practices
­
1
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(
DRAFT)
­
References
Species
Bay
shrimp
Species
Id
M070016
Date
26
AUG
96
References
01
Emmett,
R.
L.,
S.
L.
Stone,
S.
A.
Hinton,
and
M.
E.
Monaco.
1991
Distribution
and
abundance
of
fishes
and
invertebrates
in
west
coast
estuaries,
Volume
II:
species
life
history
summaries.
ELMR
Rep.
No.
8.
NOAA/
NOS
Strategic
Environmental
Asessments
Division,
Rockville,
MD,
329p.

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References
­
1
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