Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0216-0006
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2006-06-02T04:00Z

1
May
17,
2006
Memo
to
docket:
Effect
on
Emissions
of
Blending
Transmix
in
Gasoline
This
memo
documents
EPA's
assessment
of
the
effect
on
emissions
from
blending
transmix
into
gasoline.
Transmix
is
a
mixture
of
gasoline
and
distillate
fuels
that
pipelines
generate
from
their
normal
operations.
Some
pipelines
and
terminals
blend
very
small
percentages
of
transmix
(
typically
0.25
volume
percent)
into
gasoline
to
efficiently
dispose
of
the
transmix.
Transmix
blending
is
typically
limited
by
the
maximum
allowable
endpoint
of
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
(
437
degrees
Fahrenheit),
specified
in
ASTM's
D
4814­
88
standard
for
automotive
spark­
ignition
engine
fuel.

In
addition
to
affecting
gasoline
endpoint,
blending
transmix
in
gasoline
also
affects
parameters
in
EPA's
complex
model,
the
model
used
to
ensure
that
gasoline
produced
by
refiners
or
imported
by
importers
complies
with
EPA
standards.
Although
the
complex
model
does
not
use
gasoline
endpoint
to
predict
gasoline
emissions,
the
complex
model
does
use
several
other
gasoline
properties
to
predict
gasoline
emissions.
These
properties
include
sulfur
content,
benzene
content,
aromatics
content,
olefin
content,
oxygen
content,
Reid
vapor
pressure
(
RVP),
and
two
distillation
points
(
E200
and
E300).
Compared
to
gasoline,
the
distillate
fuel
portion
of
transmix
contains
much
less
benzene,
olefins,
and
oxygen
(
typically
zero
for
all
three
properties),
has
a
much
lower
RVP,
may
contain
a
moderately
greater
percentage
of
aromatics,
has
significantly
lower
(
typically
zero)
E200
and
E300
distillation
points,
and
may
contain
more
sulfur.

EPA
is
primarily
concerned
with
the
effect
of
transmix
blending
on
average
gasoline
sulfur
content.
When
a
small
percentage
of
distillate
fuel
is
blended
into
gasoline,
the
complex
model
predicts
slight
reductions
in
emissions
of
VOC,
NOx
and
toxics.
However,
the
complex
model
does
not
fully
reflect
the
effect
of
gasoline
sulfur
on
emissions.
EPA's
Tier
2
emissions
standards,
promulgated
after
the
complex
model
was
developed,
require
emissions
control
systems
on
gasoline
powered
vehicles
which
are
very
sensitive
to
gasoline
sulfur
levels.
As
part
of
the
Tier
2
rulemaking,
EPA
also
promulgated
gasoline
sulfur
regulations
which
require,
beginning
in
2006,
that
all
gasoline
produced
at
most
refineries
or
imported
by
each
importer
must
contain
an
annual
average
sulfur
content
of
30
ppm
or
less1.
Transmix
may
contain
significant
percentages
of
high
sulfur
distillate
fuels
such
as
heating
oil
and
jet
fuel,
and
blending
transmix
into
gasoline
could
cause
an
increase
in
the
total
sulfur
content
of
the
gasoline.

1
Gasoline
produced
by
most
refineries
or
imported
by
each
importer
must
also
contain
no
more
than
80
ppm
sulfur
per
gallon
beginning
in
2006.
However,
EPA
has
allowed
flexibility
for
some
refiners
to
be
able
to
produce
gasoline
that
is
higher
on
both
an
average
basis
and
a
per
gallon
basis
through
December
31,
2010.
2
EPA
believes,
for
two
reasons,
that
the
potential
increase
in
gasoline
sulfur
due
to
the
blending
of
transmix
in
gasoline
will
be
so
small,
that
the
adverse
impact
on
emissions
from
gasoline
engines
would
be
very
small.
The
first
reason
is
that
the
percentage
of
transmix
that
can
be
blended
into
gasoline
is
significantly
limited
by
the
amount
of
distillate
fuel
in
the
transmix.
Distillate
fuels
have
much
higher
boiling
points
than
gasoline,
so
transmix
blenders
must
limit
the
addition
of
transmix
so
that
the
endpoint
of
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
does
not
exceed
437
degrees
Fahrenheit2.
Refiners
are
already
required
to
produce
gasoline
with
an
endpoint
less
than
437
degrees
Fahrenheit
under
EPA's
"
substantially
similar"
requirements
for
gasoline
(
56
FR
5352,
February
11,
1991).
Consequently,
transmix
which
contains
relatively
high
percentages
of
distillate
fuel
must
be
blended
into
gasoline
at
relatively
low
percentages
so
that
the
endpoint
of
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
does
not
exceed
437
degrees
Fahrenheit.
Conversely,
transmix
which
contains
a
relatively
high
percentage
of
gasoline
could
be
blended
into
gasoline
at
relatively
greater
percentages
without
causing
the
endpoint
of
the
transmixblended
gasoline
to
exceed
437
degrees
Fahrenheit,
since
the
transmix
itself
is
already
mostly
composed
of
gasoline.

In
order
to
estimate
the
future
percentage
of
transmix
blended
into
all
gasoline,
and
likely
impact
on
emissions,
EPA
contacted
thirteen
companies
that
own
and
operate
significant
pipeline
and
terminal
systems.
Ten
of
these
companies
said
that
they
blend
transmix
at
approximately
28
percent
of
all
the
terminals
they
own
and
operate
(
116
out
of
415
total
terminals
blend
transmix).
Nine
of
these
companies
said
they
typically
blend
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
gasoline,
and
one
company
typically
blends
0.50
volume
percent
transmix
into
gasoline.
One
company
did
not
specifically
state
the
number
of
locations
where
they
blend
transmix,
but
said
they
blend
an
average
of
approximately
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
all
of
the
gasoline
transported
through
their
pipelines
and
terminals.
Another
company
also
did
not
specifically
state
the
number
of
locations
where
they
blend
transmix,
but
said
they
blend
approximately
10%
of
all
the
transmix
they
produce
into
gasoline
(
the
other
90%
of
the
transmix
is
reprocessed
at
transmix
processing
facilities
or
crude
oil
refineries),
typically
at
0.50
volume
percent.
Lastly,
one
company
said
they
have
discontinued
blending
transmix
into
gasoline
because
they
had
difficulty
consistently
keeping
the
endpoint
of
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
below
437
degrees
Fahrenheit.

2
437
degrees
Fahrenheit
is
the
maximum
allowable
endpoint
for
gasoline
specified
in
ASTM's
standard
for
automotive
spark­
ignition
engine
fuel,
D
4814­
88.
Gasoline
endpoint
is
measured
using
ASTM
D86­
01,
which
measures
the
percentage
of
a
gasoline
sample
that
evaporates,
as
a
function
of
temperature,
as
the
sample
is
heated
up
under
controlled
conditions.
Endpoint
is
the
temperature
at
which
all
the
volatile
portion
of
a
gasoline
sample
is
evaporated.
ASTM
D4814­
88
specifies
a
maximum
allowable
endpoint
of
437
degrees
Fahrenheit
in
order
to
limit
the
amount
of
higher­
boiling
point
compounds
that
can
be
present
in
the
gasoline.
3
Based
on
EPA's
conversations
with
thirteen
companies
that
blend
transmix,
we
estimated
that,
where
transmix
is
currently
blended
into
gasoline,
the
average
blending
rate
is
slightly
higher
than
0.25
volume
percent.
These
thirteen
companies
also
told
EPA
that,
at
their
facilities
which
currently
blend
transmix
into
gasoline,
they
did
not
anticipate
increasing
the
percentage
of
transmix
that
they
blend.
However,
several
companies
said
they
would
begin
blending
transmix
into
gasoline
at
new
locations,
if
given
the
flexibility
to
do
so3,
and
that
they
would
probably
blend
an
average
of
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
gasoline
at
these
new
locations.
Considering
that
not
all
gasoline
will
be
blended
with
transmix,
we
believe
that
no
more
than
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
on
average
will
be
blended
into
all
gasoline
nationwide.

The
second
reason
EPA
anticipates
that
transmix
blending
will
have
a
small
effect
on
gasoline
sulfur
is
that
the
distillate
fuel
portion
of
transmix
will
contain
significantly
less
sulfur
beginning
June,
2006,
when
the
sulfur
standard
for
highway
diesel
fuel
drops
sharply
from
500
to
15
parts
per
million
(
ppm).
Using
product
sulfur
levels
and
pipeline
product
sequencing
arrangements
(
from
Chapter
7
of
the
Regulatory
Support
Document
(
RSD)
for
the
nonroad
diesel
sulfur
regulations),
EPA
estimates
the
national
average
sulfur
content
of
transmix
will
drop
from
approximately
800
ppm
to
141
ppm,
beginning
in
June,
2006.
Table
1
lists
the
products
that
EPA
anticipates
to
be
present
in
transmix
beginning
June,
2006,
and
their
relative
contributions
to
overall
sulfur
in
transmix.

Table
1
Sulfur
in
transmix
beginning
June,
2006
typical
fraction
in
ppm
contribution
component
sulfur,
ppm
transmix
to
transmix
gasoline
30
0.50
15.0
highway
diesel
15
0.28
4.2
NRLM
diesel
3000
0.00
0.0
heating
oil
3500
0.00
0.0
kerosene/
jet
fuel
550
0.22
121.8
total
1.00
141.0
3
EPA's
current
guidance
allows
transmix
to
be
blended
into
conventional
gasoline
at
facilities
only
if
the
transmix
resulted
from
normal
pipeline
operations,
and
either
there
was
no
means
of
transporting
the
transmix
to
a
transmix
processor
via
pipeline
or
water,
or
there
was
an
historical
practice
of
blending
transmix
at
the
facility
before
1994.
The
rate
of
transmix
blending
was
limited
to
the
documented
historical
blending
rate
before
1994.
The
guidance
also
allows
transmix
to
be
blended
into
reformulated
gasoline
(
RFG)
provided
that
the
transmix
resulted
from
normal
pipeline
operations,
there
was
no
means
of
transporting
the
transmix
to
a
transmix
processor
via
pipeline
or
water,
and
the
transmix
could
not
be
blended
into
conventional
gasoline.
The
rate
of
transmix
blending
into
RFG
was
limited
to
a
maximum
of
0.25%
by
volume,
provided
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
met
the
downstream
RFG
standards.
4
Although
the
percentage
of
gasoline
that
is
blended
with
transmix
is
anticipated
to
increase
under
today's
proposal,
EPA
anticipates
that
transmix
will
be
blended
into
all
gasoline
nationwide
at
no
more
than
0.25
volume
percent
on
average.
Blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
containing
141
ppm
sulfur
into
gasoline
will
only
raise
the
sulfur
level
of
the
gasoline
by
approximately
0.3
ppm,
or
approximately
1
percent
of
the
30
ppm
average
standard
for
most
gasoline
beginning
in
2006.

Since
the
complex
model
does
not
fully
reflect
the
effect
of
gasoline
sulfur
on
emissions,
EPA
used
MOBILE
6.2.03,
EPA's
model
for
calculating
emissions
from
vehicle
fleets
for
a
given
year,
to
calculate
the
percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
VOC­
controlled
(
summer)
and
non­
VOC­
controlled
(
winter)
conventional
gasoline.
MOBILE
6.2.03
provides
a
better
estimation
of
emissions
because
it
takes
into
consideration
both
the
composition
of
gasoline
and
the
projected
composition
of
a
vehicle
fleet
for
a
given
year.

As
mentioned
previously,
transmix
blending
affects
several
gasoline
properties
that
are
used
in
the
complex
model
by
refiners
to
determine
compliance
with
EPA
standards.
Many
of
the
gasoline
properties
that
are
used
as
inputs
to
the
complex
model
are
also
used
as
inputs
to
MOBILE
6.2.03.
To
analyze
the
effect
of
transmix
blending
on
emissions,
EPA
first
used
MOBILE
6.2.03
to
estimate
the
emissions
from
conventional
gasoline
containing
no
transmix.
In
this
analysis
of
gasoline
containing
no
transmix,
EPA
used
the
national
averages
of
several
properties
for
VOC­
controlled
and
non­
VOCcontrolled
conventional
gasoline
in
2003,
the
most
recent
data
available
from
compliance
reports
sent
by
refiners
to
EPA.
Table
2
summarizes
the
conventional
gasoline
properties
used
by
EPA
in
MOBILE
6.2.03
to
calculate
the
emissions
from
conventional
gasoline
containing
no
transmix.

Table
2
National
average
properties
for
conventional
gasoline
in
2003
property
VOC­
controlled
non­
VOC­
controlled
RVP,
psi
8.29
12.11
benzene,
volume
percent
1.13
1.09
aromatics,
volume
percent
27.9
24.9
olefins,
volume
percent
11.8
11.4
E200,
percent
46.0
51.6
E300,
percent
80.7
82.9
EPA
did
not
use
gasoline
sulfur
data
from
2003
in
this
analysis,
since
gasoline
sulfur
began
decreasing
in
2004
under
EPA's
gasoline
sulfur
regulations.
Instead,
EPA
used
values
for
gasoline
sulfur
that
correspond
to
the
new
gasoline
sulfur
standards
in
2006
(
30
ppm
annual
average
sulfur
and
80
ppm
per
gallon
maximum
sulfur
for
most
refineries
and
all
importers).
Table
3
shows
the
overall
emissions
factors
calculated
by
MOBILE
6.2.03
for
all
vehicles
using
VOC­
controlled
conventional
gasoline
containing
no
transmix,
and
non­
VOC­
controlled
conventional
gasoline
containing
no
transmix
in
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
2050
at
5
year
intervals.
5
Table
3
Emissions
from
conventional
gasoline
containing
no
transmix
(
total
emissions
factors
for
all
vehicles)

|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
year
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
2006
1.225
10.932
1.879
58.251
1.188
21.478
2.091
71.623
2010
0.880
8.356
1.304
42.573
0.836
17.657
1.487
51.461
2015
0.620
6.598
0.759
31.213
0.580
14.511
0.863
36.907
2020
0.485
5.915
0.508
26.217
0.472
12.947
0.571
30.894
2025
0.421
5.661
0.398
23.586
0.415
12.462
0.443
27.656
2030
0.409
5.541
0.345
22.710
0.395
12.153
0.380
26.275
2035
0.406
5.533
0.331
22.511
0.392
12.142
0.364
26.008
2040
0.406
5.533
0.331
22.511
0.392
12.142
0.364
26.008
2045
0.406
5.533
0.331
22.511
0.392
12.142
0.364
26.008
2050
0.406
5.533
0.331
22.511
0.392
12.142
0.364
26.008
Next,
EPA
made
slight
adjustments
to
gasoline
properties
to
account
for
the
effects
of
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
conventional
gasoline.
EPA
increased
average
gasoline
sulfur
by
0.3
ppm,
decreased
gasoline
RVP
by
0.01
psi,
decreased
benzene
by
0.0015
volume
percent,
decreased
olefins
by
0.015
volume
percent,
decreased
E200
and
E300
by
0.1
percent,
and
used
MOBILE
6.2.03
to
calculate
the
overall
emissions
factors
for
transmix­
blended
gasoline
in
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
2050
at
5
year
intervals.
EPA
then
subtracted
the
emissions
factors
for
the
transmix­
blended
gasoline
from
the
emissions
factors
for
the
non­
transmix­
blended
gasoline
to
calculate
the
change
in
emissions
factors
due
to
transmix
blending.
Table
4
illustrates
that
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
VOC­
controlled
or
non­
VOCcontrolled
conventional
gasoline
causes
relatively
insignificant
changes
in
emissions
factors,
and
that
these
changes
show
little
variation
over
time.

Table
4
Change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
conventional
gasoline
(
total
emissions
factors
for
all
vehicles)

|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
year
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
2006
0.000
0.006
0.001
­
0.036
0.001
0.014
0.000
­
0.021
2010
­
0.001
0.007
0.001
­
0.025
0.000
0.017
0.000
­
0.010
2015
­
0.001
0.007
0.001
­
0.016
0.000
0.018
0.001
­
0.006
2020
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.014
0.000
0.018
0.000
­
0.005
2025
­
0.001
0.006
0.001
­
0.013
0.000
0.018
0.000
­
0.004
2030
0.000
0.007
0.001
­
0.012
0.001
0.019
0.001
­
0.003
2035
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.013
0.000
0.019
0.001
­
0.005
2040
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.013
0.000
0.019
0.001
­
0.005
2045
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.013
0.000
0.019
0.001
­
0.005
2050
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.013
0.000
0.019
0.001
­
0.005
6
Next,
EPA
calculated
the
percent
change
in
emissions
by
dividing
the
changes
in
emissions
factors
shown
in
Table
4
by
the
emissions
factors
for
non­
transmix­
blended
gasoline
shown
in
Table
3.
Table
5
summarizes
percent
changes
in
emissions
due
to
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
VOC­
controlled
and
non­
VOC­
controlled
conventional
gasoline
for
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
2050
at
5
year
intervals.

Table
5
Percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
conventional
gasoline
|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
year
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
2006
0.00
0.05
0.05
­
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.00
­
0.03
2010
­
0.11
0.08
0.08
­
0.06
0.00
0.10
0.00
­
0.02
2015
­
0.16
0.11
0.13
­
0.05
0.00
0.12
0.12
­
0.02
2020
0.00
0.12
0.00
­
0.05
0.00
0.14
0.00
­
0.02
2025
­
0.24
0.11
0.25
­
0.06
0.00
0.14
0.00
­
0.01
2030
0.00
0.13
0.29
­
0.05
0.25
0.16
0.26
­
0.01
2035
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2040
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2045
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2050
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
As
shown
in
Table
5,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
in
VOC­
controlled
conventional
gasoline
is
either
slightly
negative
or
zero
for
VOC
and
toxics,
and
slightly
positive
or
zero
for
CO
and
NOx.
By
2030,
when
the
vehicle
fleet
has
completely
turned
over
to
Tier
2
vehicles
designed
to
take
full
advantage
of
low­
sulfur
gasoline,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
is
either
slightly
negative
or
zero
for
VOC,
NOx
and
toxics,
and
slightly
positive
for
CO.
These
changes
are
small
enough
that
EPA
considers
them
to
be
negligible.

Table
5
also
shows
that
the
percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
in
non­
VOC­
controlled
conventional
gasoline
is
zero
or
slightly
positive
for
VOC
and
NOx,
slightly
positive
for
CO,
and
slightly
negative
for
toxics.
By
2030,
when
the
vehicle
fleet
has
completely
turned
over
to
Tier
2
vehicles
designed
to
take
full
advantage
of
low­
sulfur
gasoline,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
is
zero
for
VOC,
slightly
positive
for
CO
and
NOx,
and
negative
for
toxics.
Although
these
percent
changes
are
slightly
higher
than
the
percent
changes
for
VOC­
controlled
gasoline,
EPA
believes
they
will
also
have
a
negligible
effect
on
air
quality
because
they
are
extremely
small
in
magnitude
and
also
occur
outside
of
the
VOC
control
period
(
emissions
have
a
more
significant
effect
on
air
quality
during
the
warmer
VOC­
control
period
than
during
the
cooler
non­
VOC­
control
period).

EPA
also
analyzed
the
effect
of
blending
transmix
on
emissions
from
reformulated
gasoline
(
RFG),
using
the
same
approach
as
described
previously
for
conventional
gasoline.
First,
EPA
used
Mobile
6.2.03
to
estimate
the
emissions
from
RFG
containing
no
transmix.
Table
6
summarizes
the
RFG
properties
from
2003
used
by
EPA
in
MOBILE
6.2.03
to
calculate
the
emissions
from
RFG
containing
no
transmix.
7
Table
6
National
average
properties
for
reformulated
gasoline
in
2003
property
VOC­
controlled
non­
VOC­
controlled
RVP,
psi
6.83
12.05
benzene,
volume
percent
0.61
0.64
aromatics,
volume
percent
20.1
19.4
olefins,
volume
percent
11.0
11.0
E200,
percent
47.9
56.0
E300,
percent
84.4
85.1
Ethanol
fractional
market
share
0.166
0.207
vol%
ethanol
in
ethanol­
blended
gasoline
8.81
7.81
MTBE
fractional
market
share
0.834
0.793
vol%
MTBE
in
MTBE­
blended
gasoline
11.52
10.00
EPA
used
values
for
RFG
sulfur
that
correspond
to
the
new
gasoline
sulfur
standards
in
2006
(
30
ppm
annual
average
sulfur
and
80
ppm
per
gallon
maximum
sulfur
for
most
refineries
and
all
importers)
in
this
analysis,
similar
to
the
analysis
of
transmix
blending
in
conventional
gasoline.
Table
7
shows
the
overall
emissions
factors
calculated
by
MOBILE
6.2.03
for
all
vehicles
using
VOC­
controlled
RFG
containing
no
transmix,
and
non­
VOC­
controlled
RFG
containing
no
transmix
in
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
2050
at
5
year
intervals.

Table
7
Emissions
from
reformulated
gasoline
containing
no
transmix
(
total
emissions
factors
for
all
vehicles)

|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
year
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
2006
1.046
10.133
1.875
109.396
1.132
20.294
2.091
87.385
2010
0.757
7.827
1.300
79.837
0.793
16.816
1.487
61.026
2015
0.538
6.204
0.756
56.532
0.549
13.922
0.863
42.391
2020
0.424
5.578
0.506
43.973
0.445
12.471
0.571
34.522
2025
0.365
5.328
0.396
37.357
0.391
12.005
0.443
30.371
2030
0.354
5.217
0.343
36.184
0.373
11.712
0.380
28.825
2035
0.352
5.209
0.329
35.943
0.369
11.701
0.364
28.564
2040
0.352
5.209
0.329
35.943
0.369
11.701
0.364
28.564
2045
0.352
5.209
0.329
35.943
0.369
11.701
0.364
28.564
2050
0.352
5.209
0.329
35.943
0.369
11.701
0.364
28.564
Next,
EPA
made
slight
adjustments
to
gasoline
properties
to
account
for
the
effects
of
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
reformulated
gasoline.
EPA
increased
average
gasoline
sulfur
by
0.3
ppm,
decreased
gasoline
RVP
by
0.01
psi,
decreased
benzene
by
0.0008
volume
percent,
decreased
olefins
by
0.014
volume
percent,
decreased
E200
and
E300
by
0.1
percent,
decreased
MTBE
in
MTBE­
blended
RFG
by
0.014
volume
percent,
and
used
MOBILE
6.2.03
to
calculate
the
overall
emissions
factors
for
transmix­
blended
gasoline
in
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
8
2050
at
5
year
intervals.
EPA
then
subtracted
the
emissions
factors
for
the
transmixblended
gasoline
from
the
emissions
factors
for
the
non­
transmix­
blended
gasoline
to
calculate
the
change
in
emissions
factors
due
to
transmix
blending.
Table
8
illustrates
that
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
VOC­
controlled
or
non­
VOC
controlled
RFG
causes
relatively
insignificant
changes
in
emissions
factors,
and
that
these
changes
show
little
variation
over
time.

Table
8
Change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
reformulated
gasoline
(
total
emissions
factors
for
all
vehicles)

|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
year
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
gms/
mile
mgms/
mile
2006
­
0.001
0.007
0.000
­
0.086
0.000
0.014
0.000
­
0.046
2010
­
0.001
0.007
0.001
­
0.054
0.000
0.018
0.000
­
0.027
2015
­
0.001
0.007
0.001
­
0.033
0.000
0.019
0.001
­
0.016
2020
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.027
0.000
0.019
0.000
­
0.011
2025
0.000
0.007
0.001
­
0.023
0.000
0.019
0.000
­
0.008
2030
0.000
0.006
0.000
­
0.021
0.000
0.018
0.001
­
0.007
2035
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.022
0.001
0.019
0.001
­
0.007
2040
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.022
0.001
0.019
0.001
­
0.007
2045
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.022
0.001
0.019
0.001
­
0.007
2050
0.000
0.007
0.000
­
0.022
0.001
0.019
0.001
­
0.007
Next,
EPA
calculated
the
percent
change
in
emissions
by
dividing
the
changes
in
emissions
factors
shown
in
Table
8
by
the
emissions
factors
for
non­
transmix­
blended
gasoline
shown
in
Table
7.
Table
9
summarizes
percent
changes
in
emissions
due
to
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
VOC­
controlled
and
non­
VOC­
controlled
RFG
for
2006,
and
calendar
years
2010
through
2050
at
5
year
intervals.

Table
9
Percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
into
RFG
|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
non­
VOC­
controlled­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­|
year
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
VOC
CO
NOx
toxics
2006
­
0.10
0.07
0.00
­
0.08
0.00
0.07
0.00
­
0.05
2010
­
0.13
0.09
0.08
­
0.07
0.00
0.11
0.00
­
0.04
2015
­
0.19
0.11
0.13
­
0.06
0.00
0.14
0.12
­
0.04
2020
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.15
0.00
­
0.03
2025
0.00
0.13
0.25
­
0.06
0.00
0.16
0.00
­
0.03
2030
0.00
0.12
0.00
­
0.06
0.00
0.15
0.26
­
0.02
2035
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.27
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2040
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.27
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2045
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.27
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
2050
0.00
0.13
0.00
­
0.06
0.27
0.16
0.27
­
0.02
As
shown
in
Table
9,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
in
VOC­
controlled
RFG
is
either
slightly
negative
or
zero
for
VOC
and
toxics,
and
slightly
positive
or
zero
for
CO
and
NOx.
By
2030,
when
the
vehicle
fleet
9
has
completely
turned
over
to
Tier
2
vehicles
designed
to
take
full
advantage
of
lowsulfur
gasoline,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
is
either
slightly
negative
or
zero
for
VOC,
NOx
and
toxics,
and
slightly
positive
for
CO.
These
changes
are
small
enough
that
EPA
considers
them
to
be
negligible.

Table
9
also
shows
that
the
percent
change
in
emissions
from
blending
0.25
volume
percent
transmix
in
non­
VOC­
controlled
RFG
is
zero
or
slightly
positive
for
VOC
and
NOx,
slightly
positive
for
CO,
and
slightly
negative
for
toxics.
By
2030,
when
the
vehicle
fleet
has
completely
turned
over
to
Tier
2
vehicles
designed
to
take
full
advantage
of
low­
sulfur
gasoline,
the
percent
change
in
emissions
slightly
positive
for
VOC,
CO
and
NOx,
and
negative
for
toxics.
Although
these
percent
changes
are
slightly
higher
than
the
percent
changes
for
VOC­
controlled
gasoline,
EPA
believes
they
will
also
have
a
negligible
effect
on
air
quality
because
they
are
extremely
small
in
magnitude
and
also
occur
outside
of
the
VOC
control
period
(
emissions
have
a
more
significant
effect
on
air
quality
during
the
warmer
VOC­
control
period
than
during
the
cooler
non­
VOCcontrol
period).

Chris
McKenna