Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0280-0005
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2011-07-18T04:00Z

Nominating Party: 	The United States of America

FILE NAME: USA CUN13 Soil NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open
Field 

Brief descriptive Title of Nomination:

Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Nursery
Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose in Open Fields (Submitted in 2011 for 2013
Use Season)

Crop name (open field or protected): Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And
Rose Open Field

Quantity of methyl bromide Nominated:

Table 1: Quantity of Methyl Bromide Nominated

Year	Nomination Amount

2013	541 kg

NOMINATING PARTY CONTACT DETAILS:

Contact Person:	John Thompson

Title:	Division Director

Address:	Office of Environmental Policy

	U.S. Department of State

	2201 C Street, N.W. Room 2658

	Washington, D.C. 20520

	U.S.A.

Telephone:	(202) 647-9799

Fax:	(202) 647-5947

E-mail:	  HYPERLINK "mailto:thompsonje2@state.gov" 
thompsonje2@state.gov 

Following the requirements of Decision IX/6 paragraph (a)(1) The United
States of America has determined that the specific use detailed in this
Critical Use Nomination is critical because the lack of availability of
methyl bromide for this use would result in a significant market
disruption.                  ■ Yes	            ( No

					

Signature			       	Name					Date

Title:      			

(Details on this page are requested under Decision Ex. I/4(7), for
posting on the Ozone Secretariat website under Decision Ex. I/4(8).) 

In assessing nominations submitted in this format, TEAP and MBTOC will
also refer to the original nomination on which the Party’s first-year
exemption was approved, as well as any supplementary information
provided by the Party in relation to that original nomination.  As this
earlier information is retained by MBTOC, a Party need not re-submit
that earlier information.   

CONTACT OR EXPERT(S) FOR FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS:

Contact/Expert Person:	Jack Housenger	

Title:	Director	

Address:	Biological and Economic Analysis Division			

	Office of Pesticide Programs

	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

	1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Mailcode 7503P

	Washington, D.C. 20460

	U.S.A.	

Telephone:	(703) 308-8200		

Fax:	(703) 308-7042	

E-mail:	  HYPERLINK "mailto:Housenger.Jack@epa.gov" 
Housenger.Jack@epa.gov 

		

LIST OF DOCUMENTS SENT TO THE OZONE SECRETARIAT IN OFFICIAL NOMINATION
PACKAGE:

1.  PAPER DOCUMENTS:  

Title of paper documents and appendices	No. of pages	Date sent to Ozone
Secretariat

2.  ELECTRONIC COPIES OF ALL PAPER DOCUMENTS:  

*Title of each electronic file (for naming convention see notes above)
No. of kilobytes 	Date sent to Ozone Secretariat

USA CUN13 Soil NURSERY STOCK Field 

* Identical to paper documents



METHYL BROMIDE CRITICAL USE RENOMINATION FOR Preplant Soil Use (OPEN
FIELD OR PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT)

NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE

SUMMARY OF THE NEED FOR METHYL BROMIDE AS A CRITICAL USE 

Nursery producers provide pest-free stock plants that are used for the
establishment of orchards and gardens.  Nurseries in this sector provide
plants to commercial growers of rose bushes, and such diverse fruit
crops as apricots, peaches, prunes, nectarines, cherries, plums, apples,
pears, Asian pears, and ornamental pears.  Nut trees produced by these
nurseries include almonds, walnuts, pistachios, pecans, and chestnuts. 
Approximately 95% of the trees are fruit and nut varieties sold to
commercial producers; the other 5% are ornamental types used for
landscaping.  Deciduous trees are primarily produced in the Sacramento
and San Joaquin valleys of California.  

Stock plants must meet state-mandated certification requirements for
plant material (CDFA, 2009; Hanson et al., 2009).  Compliance with
federal regulations for movement of plant material may also be required
(USDA-APHIS, 2007; USDA-APHIS, 2004).  To achieve pest-free status,
nurseries have relied on methyl bromide to provide effective fumigation
on soils in diverse locations with various soil types and moisture
conditions.  In some situations the use of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)
can provide an effective alternative to methyl bromide for nematode
control to enable nurseries to attain certification for stock.  However,
use of 1,3-D is restricted by township cap regulations and requires a
soil type and moisture level that is compatible with the chemical
activity (e.g., CDFA, 2009; Hanson et al., 2008; Hanson et al., 2007). 
Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting than township caps.
 Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% (especially
common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) may not use 1,3-D to
reduce nematode populations.  Currently, where pathogens and nematodes
are key pests, as in most nurseries, methyl bromide is critical.  

Deciduous tree nurseries range in size from 15 to over 600 hectares in
field beds.  A typical operation ranges between 80 and 120 hectares. 
The climate and soil is ideal for fruit and nut tree nurseries (as well
as for fruit and nut production).  While some nurseries concentrate on
specific tree crops, most nurseries grow and sell a variety of different
trees.  Nursery stock is grown on a cropping system that includes crop
rotation or cover cropping between tree production cycles; therefore,
not all of the nursery area is in tree production in a given year.  The
tree production cycle can be anywhere from a single year to several
years depending on the type of tree crop being produced.  Nursery
production of trees takes from one to four years in the ground depending
on the type being produced.  In order to prepare the ground for
planting, the fields are disked, deep ripped, leveled, and then
fumigated to meet certification standards set by the California
Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, 2009).  Methyl bromide is
applied by shank and treated area is usually covered with a tarp.  The
fumigation is carried out around August and September, and planting
begins in October, and may continue through January. 

Nursery roses are grown in open field plots.  Production includes 1-year
and 2-year rose bushes, rose trees, climbing roses, miniature roses,
rose ground cover, rose shrubs, and heirloom roses.  A typical crop
rotation for a two-year rose crop includes one year fallow, followed by
one or two years of rotational crops, and then a two-year rose crop. 
The two-year rose crop cycle begins with land preparation (removing the
cover crop, deep cultivation, and fumigation with methyl bromide),
followed by planting the rootstock and T-bud grafting.  In late winter
of the first year, the rootstock tops are removed.  The rose crop
matures by the second autumn and is then harvested.  This cycle varies
depending on the type of rose crop being produced (e.g., two-year roses,
one-year minis and patio trees, or 18-month mini bushes).

Where soil conditions and regulations allow, 1, 3-D may be used as an
alternative to methyl bromide, but it appears to have a relatively
limited use due to regulatory restrictions and soil moisture
requirements (Hanson et al., 2007).

The USG has reviewed all factors affecting transition rates in this
sector. Based on this assessment the transition rate has been greatly
increased for most portions of this sector.  For the area covered in
this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included
in this document is technically valid. The USG has nominated amounts of
methyl bromide based only on those sub-sectors that cannot transition
away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate.

2.	Summarize why key alternatives are not feasible

Reasons for critical use of methyl bromide include: 1) 1,3-D is not an
approved treatment for fine-textured soils; 2) greater inputs are
required for soil preparation and moisture management; 3) township caps
and buffer zone requirements; 4) weed management efficacy;  5) air
quality standards related to volatile organic compounds and 6)
iodomethane has not been proven effective at the use rates registered in
California .  

Methyl bromide, iodomethane and 1,3-D are the only soil treatments cited
in regulations for open field nursery stock in California (CDFA, 2009). 
However, these regulations specify that 1,3-D is only acceptable in
certain soil types with specified soil moisture at less than 12% (e.g.,
McKenry, 2000; Schneider et al., 2004; CDFA, 2009).  Moisture
restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting than township cap
restrictions.  Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12%
(especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) do not
receive certification of nursery stock.  The rates specified in these
regulations are substantially higher than those registered in
California.  In these situations methyl bromide is critical.

The requested amount of methyl bromide in the U.S. nomination includes
those areas where 1,3-D would not meet the certification requirements or
would be limited by township caps.  Under California regulations,
nursery crops must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease
symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for
Interstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2009).  If an approved
fumigation is not used in the nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is
imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an area
are destroyed resulting in a complete loss.  Methyl bromide meets the
certification guidelines.  Under certain soil conditions 1,3-D may also
meet guidelines for nematode infestations.  Control of pathogens and
weeds, which are also important pests of nurseries and part of the
pest-free certification requirements, requires rigorous multi-year
testing of alternatives.  This nomination is for the critical use of
methyl bromide where alternatives cannot be used or are not effective.

3.	is the use covered by A certification STANDARD?

Nurseries in this sector are covered by certification requirements as
described in state (e.g., CDFA, 2009) and federal (e.g., USDA-APHIS,
2007; USDA-APHIS, 2004) regulations.  For example, “Section 3640, CCR,
makes it mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be commercially
clean with respect to economically important nematodes” (CDFA, 2009). 
The regulations specify methyl bromide/chloropicrin and
1,3-D/chloropicrin as acceptable fumigants for control of nematodes. 
Specific requirements for soil texture and soil moisture (less than 12%
at 1 meter) may limit the use of 1,3-D in some nurseries.  In addition,
pests other than nematodes may require additional pest control measures.
 

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of
especially injurious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is
likely because the nursery stock:  1) would not qualify for a CDFA
Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments, 2)
would likely not be marketable since resale for planting is severely
restricted by the CDFA, and 3) should be destroyed to prevent further
infestation.

CALIFORNIA (CDFA, 2009)

California regulations (e.g., CDFA, 2009—NIPM #3) for nursery
standards (reg. 3060.2-a) include:

“All nursery stock shall be kept ‘commercially’ clean with respect
to established pests of general distribution.  Commercially clean shall
mean that pests are under effective control, are present only to a light
degree, and that only a few of the plants in any lot or block of nursery
stock or on the premises show any infestation or infection, and of these
none show more than a few individuals of any insect, animal or weed
pests, or more than a few individual infestations of any plant
disease.” 

4.	If part of the crop area is treated with methyl bromide, indicate the
reason why methyl bromide is not used in the other area, and identify
what alternative strategies are used to control the target pathogens and
weeds without methyl bromide there. 

Methyl bromide is used on nursery soils where effective pest management
and regulatory constrains preclude the use of 1,3-D.  Regulatory
restrictions on 1,3-D, can limit the use for a portion of nurseries of
this sector.  For example, depending on the season, the deciduous fruit
and nut tree growers may use 1,3-D as an alternative on approximately
35% of nursery land.  These areas are able to achieve less than 12%
moisture (up to 1.5 m) on light soils.  Sites on which 1,3-D is used are
not included in the nomination.

5.	Would it be feasible to expand the use of these methods to cover at
least part of the crop that has requested use of methyl bromide? What
changes would be necessary to enable this?

According to the requesting consortium and researchers (e.g., Hanson et
al., 2010; Hanson et al., 2009) advances using alternatives are being
made.  Some deciduous tree nurseries use a double application of 1,3-D
where moisture of less than 12% can be achieved on light soils, although
weeding costs may be higher.  This is allowed by California
certification regulations, except where township restrictions apply or
where plantback restrictions prevent the planting of a rotational crop.

The USG has reviewed all factors affecting transition rates in this
sector. Based on this assessment the transition rate has been greatly
increased for most portions of this sector.  For the area covered in
this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included
in this document is technically valid. The USG has nominated amounts of
methyl bromide based only on those sub-sectors that cannot transition
away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate.

6.	SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH 

Fumigant options are limited for perennial nurseries due to nematode
certification requirements, but other pests also require managing
(Hanson et al., 2010).  Even with methyl bromide, fumigation alone does
not generally provide an acceptable level of weed control during the
growing of nursery stock (Hanson et al., 2010).  This requires
additional inputs such as tilling, hand-labor and/or herbicides. 
Herbicides are frequently of limited value because of the challenge of
not damaging the stock plants (Shrestha et al., 2008).  In the
long-term, California researchers are continuing to develop and
integrate various approaches of pest management for perennial nurseries
(Hanson et al., 2010; Hanson et al., 2009; Hanson et al., 2008; Hanson
et al., 2007).

Zasada et al. (2010) conducted trials at two raspberry nurseries in
Washington and one in California, treatments included 1) Telone C35; 2)
Iodomethane 50:50, 225 lb w/VIF, 350 lb w/HDPE, or 300 lb w/HDPE; 3)
PicClor 60 38:60, 366 lb w/VIF or 427 lb w/HDPE; 4) Methyl bromide,
67:33, 350 lb or 400 lb w/HDPE.  Results indicated that all treatments
eliminated quackgrass and nutsedge.  Volunteer potatoes were controlled
by all treatments compared to the unfumigated, but Telone C35 and
PicClor were not as effective as methyl bromide or iodomethane, which
were comparable.  Pratylenchus nematodes were controlled by all
treatments, but some nematodes were found at one location with
iodomethane.  Agrobacterium tumefasciens populations were greatest with
methyl bromide.  All treatments, including methyl bromide, reduced
Phytophthora rubi comparably.  

Shrestha et al. (2008) found that 1) the alternative fumigants
(iodomethane:chloropicrin, 1,3-D, 1,3-D:chloropicrin (61:35) with HDPE
or VIF), and drip 1,3-D/chloropicrin (InLine) generally provided similar
weed control to soils treated with methyl bromide:chloropicrin (98:2);
2) there were differences in weed species and weed densities at four
locations; however, the efficacy of alternatives, with regard to weed
seed germination and weed control, were generally comparable to methyl
bromide treatments; 3) alternative fumigants and methyl bromide, in
general, resulted in similar hand-weeding efforts; 4) In general, there
did not appear to be a difference between VIF or HDPE film in weed
control or hand-weeding time.

Gao et al. (2010) conducted studies to 1) examine the potential of TIF
film to reduce emissions and enhance efficacy of alternative fumigants,
2) examine the efficacy of lower use rates with TIF, and 3) evaluate the
persistence of fumigants under TIF and the effect of time to reduce
exposure upon tarp-cutting.  Results showed that 1,3-D concentrations
under TIF were at least three times greater than under standard film and
half-rates of 1,3-D concentrations under TIF were at least as high as
full-rates under standard film.  However, emissions upon tarp-cutting
were far greater than emissions after cutting standard film.  This was
the case even cutting two weeks after fumigation.  Nematode and weed
control efficacy was improved with TIF such that lower rates were
comparable to full-rates with standard film.  Surges of emissions must
be addressed by further research for worker protection.

Fumigant trials previously reported (Hanson et al., 2007) in rose
nurseries have continued to identify possible alternatives (Hanson et
al., 2008).  Recent results of rose nursery trials at two locations
indicated that 1,3-D (373 kg/ha) used with standard or VIF films
resulted in similar Pythium, Fusarium, and citrus nematode control
compared to methyl bromide:chloropicrin (392 kg/ha of 98:2) used with
standard HDPE film.  Total weed populations in plots fumigated with
alternatives were similar to plots treated with methyl bromide.

7.  ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVES 

This study calculated net revenue as gross revenue minus operating
costs.  This is a good measure of the direct losses of income that may
be suffered by the users.  Net revenue does not represent net income to
the users.  Net income, which indicates profitability of an operation
for an enterprise, is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed
costs.  Net income is smaller than the net revenue measured in this
study, often substantially so.  We did not include fixed costs because
they are difficult to measure and verify.

The economic analysis of the nursery stock application compared data on
yields, crop prices, revenues and costs using methyl bromide and using
alternative pest control regimens in order to estimate the loss of
methyl bromide availability.  The alternative identified as technically
feasible - in cases of low pest infestation – was 1,3-D/chloropicrin.

The economic factors that drive the feasibility analysis for nursery
stock production uses of methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses, referring
to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) increased production costs,
which may be due to the higher-cost of using an alternative, additional
pest control requirements, and/or resulting shifts in other production
or harvesting practices (3) quality losses, which generally affect the
quantity and price received for the goods, and (4) missed market windows
due to plant back time restrictions, which also affect the quantity and
price received for the goods.

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets for pre-plant sectors
to determine the likely economic impact if methyl bromide were
unavailable.  Various measures were used to quantify the impacts,
including the following: 

(1) Loss per Hectare.  For crops, this measure is closely tied to
income.  It is relatively easy to measure, but may be difficult to
interpret in isolation.

(2) Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide.  This measure indicates the
value of methyl bromide to crop production.

(3) Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue.  This measure has the
advantage that gross revenues are usually easy to measure, at least over
some unit, e.g., a hectare of land or a storage operation.  However,
high value commodities or crops may provide high revenues, but may also
entail high costs.  Losses of even a small percentage of gross revenues
could have important impacts on the profitability of the activity.

(4) Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue.  We define net cash
revenues as gross revenues minus operating costs.  This is a good
indicator of the direct losses of income that may be suffered by the
owners or operators of an enterprise.  However, operating costs can
often be difficult to measure and verify.

(5) Operating Profit Margin.  We define operating profit margin to be
net operating revenue divided by gross revenue per hectare.  This
measure would provide the best indication of the total impact of the
loss of methyl bromide to an enterprise.  Again, operating costs may be
difficult to measure and fixed costs even more difficult, therefore
fixed costs were not included in the analysis.

These measures represent different ways to assess the economic
feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide users, who
are nursery stock producers in this case.  Because producers (suppliers)
represent an integral part of any definition of a market, we interpret
the threshold of significant market disruption to be met if there is a
significant impact on commodity suppliers using methyl bromide.  The
economic measures provide the basis for making that determination.

Certification requirements.  The U.S. nomination includes those areas
where 1,3-D would not meet the regulatory requirements or would be
limited by township caps.  Under California regulations, nursery crops
must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in
order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and
Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2009).  If an approved fumigation is not
used in the nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA,
and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an area should be
destroyed resulting in a complete loss.  Methyl bromide meets the
certification guidelines.  Also, in certain soil conditions, 1,3-D meets
certification guidelines; California township caps may limit the use of
1,3-D.

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of
especially injurious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is
likely because the nursery stock:

Would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate
and Intrastate Shipments,

Would probably not be marketable, since resale for planting is severely
restricted by the CDFA.

Should be destroyed to prevent further infestation.

Yield loss.  It is likely that yield losses would also occur where soil
conditions are not ideal, but little data are available.  The yield loss
could be 100% if the nursery stock cannot be certified as pest-free.

Reduced pesticide use.  An effective fumigation results in a growth
response that allows an initial growth spurt.  This growth response
helps maintain a healthy plant, which is able to better handle the
stress induced by pathogens and pests.  A healthier plant consequently
requires a fewer number of pesticide sprays during the season.

Beyond the nursery.  Healthier plants and trees provide benefits beyond
the nursery in terms of higher yields of fruit and nuts and reduced
infestations.  One hectare of nursery stock provides these benefits to
many hectares producing fruits and nuts.

California Rose Growers

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely alternative to methyl
bromide for use in California rose production in locations where 1,3-D
use restrictions do not apply.  1,3-D appears to have similar yields as
methyl bromide, yet is a cheaper alternative, thus, growers may prefer
to use 1,3-D.  However, township restrictions and certification
restrictions requiring specific soil conditions hinder growers from
using 1,3-D.  

Table 2.  California Rose Growers: Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide
Alternatives

CAlifornia Rose Growers	Methyl Bromide	1,3-Dichloropropene +
Chloropicrin

Production  Loss (%) 	0%	0%

   Production per Hectare (cwt)	38,112	38,112

* Price per Unit (us$)	$ 2	$2

= Gross Revenue per Hectare (us$)	$87,182	$ 87,182

- Operating Costs per Hectare (us$)*	$72,511	$ 71,973

= Net Revenue per Hectare (us$)	$ 14,671	$ 15,209

1. Loss per Hectare (us$)	$ -	$ (537)

2. Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide (us$)	$ -	$ (2)

3. Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue (%)	0%	-1%

4. Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue (%)	0%	-4%

5. Operating Profit Margin (%)	17%	17%

*The measures must be interpreted carefully.  Operating costs do not
include fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operating
costs.

California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Growers 

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely alternative to methyl
bromide for use in California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Trees
where 1,3-D use restrictions do not apply.  1,3-D appears to have
similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternative, thus,
growers may prefer to use 1,3-D.  However, township restrictions and
certification restrictions requiring specific soil conditions hinder
growers from using 1,3-D.

Table 3.  California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Growers:
Economic Impacts of Methyl Bromide Alternatives

California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Growers	Methyl Bromide
1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin

Production  Loss (%) 	0%	0%

   Production per Hectare (BOX 25lbs)	45,898	45,898

* Price per Unit (us$)	$ 5	$5

= Gross Revenue per Hectare (us$)	$ 228,801	$ 228,801

- Operating Costs per Hectare (us$)*	$ 97,490	$ 96,214

= Net Revenue per Hectare (us$)	$ 131,311	$ 132,587

1. Loss per Hectare (us$)	$ -	$ (1,276)

2. Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide (us$)	$ -	$ (4)

3. Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue (%)	0%	-1%

4. Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue (%)	0%	-1%

5. Operating Profit Margin (%)	57%	58%

*The measures must be interpreted carefully.  Operating costs do not
include fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operating
costs.



8.  RESULTANT CHANGES TO REQUESTED EXEMPTION QUANTITIES

Table 4.  Nomination Amount  

SECTOR	NURSERY STOCK

	 California Rose Growers 	 California Assoc of Nursery and Garden
Centers 	 Sector Total / Average 

Quantity Requested for 2012:	Amount (kgs)	                    191 	     
                   1,400 	                 1,591 

Quantity Recommended by MBTOC/TEAP for 2012 :	Amount (kgs)	             
      191 	                         1,400 	                 1,591 

Quantity Approved by Parties for 2012:	Amount (kgs)	                   
191 	                         1,400 	                 1,591 

	Area (ha)	                        5 	                              35 	
                     40 

	Rate	                      38 	                              40 	      
               40 

Transition from 2012 Baseline Adjusted Value	Percentage (%)	-66%	-66%
-66%

Quantity Required for 2013 Nomination:	Amount (kgs)	65	476	541

	Area (ha)	0	2	3

	Rate	191	210	208

CITATIONS

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture).  2009.   
HYPERLINK "http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html" 
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html ; Regulation for
nursery and seed inspection (NIPM #3),   HYPERLINK
"http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/nipm_3_regs_nsy_sees_insp
.pdf" 
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/nipm_3_regs_nsy_sees_insp.
pdf ; Approved treatment and handling procedures to ensure against
nematode pest infestation of nursery stock (NIPM #7),   HYPERLINK
"http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7.pdf" 
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7.pdf   

Gao, S., Qin, R., Cabrera, A., Hanson, B., Gerik, J., Wang, D., and
Browne, G. 2010. Demonstration of low permeability tarp technology in
soil fumigation for perennials. Annual International Research Conference
on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2010).   HYPERLINK
"http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/026GaoSPerennialTIFPAW.pdf" 
http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/026GaoSPerennialTIFPAW.pdf 

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Wang, D., Qin, R., Cabrera, J. A.,
and Jhala, A. 2010. Pacific area-wide program: Current status of the
California perennial nursery sector. Annual International Research
Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2010).   HYPERLINK
"http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/027HansonBPAW.pdf" 
http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/027HansonBPAW.pdf 

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Qin, R., and Wang, D.  2009.Perennial
crop nursery sector progress—Pacific area-wide program for MB
alternatives. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide
Alternatives (2009).   HYPERLINK
"http://www.mbao.org/2009/Proceedings/032HansonBMBAO2009PAWSummarytext.p
df" 
http://www.mbao.org/2009/Proceedings/032HansonBMBAO2009PAWSummarytext.pd
f 

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Wang, D., and Qin, R.  2008.  Pest
control with California approved nursery stock certification 1,3-D
treatments. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide
Alternatives (2008).   HYPERLINK
"http://www.mbao.org/2008/Proceedings/025HansonBMBAO2008PAWprojectsummar
y.pdf" 
http://www.mbao.org/2008/Proceedings/025HansonBMBAO2008PAWprojectsummary
.pdf 

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., McKenry, M., Gerik, J., Wang, D., Klonsky, K.,
Cox, D., Correiar, B., and Yates, S.  2007.  Efficacy and 1,3-D
emissions with approved nursery stock certification treatments applied
with two shank designs. Annual International Research Conference on
Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2007).   HYPERLINK
"http://www.mbao.org/2007/Proceedings/013HansonBMBAO2007PAWproject.pdf" 
http://www.mbao.org/2007/Proceedings/013HansonBMBAO2007PAWproject.pdf 

McKenry, M. V.  2000.  Evaluation of alternatives to methyl bromide for
soil fumigation at commercial fruit and nut tree nurseries. Contractor
for California Association of Nurseryman.  Prepared for California
Department of Pesticide Regulation.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/grants/98-99/finlrpts/98-0281.pdf" 
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/grants/98-99/finlrpts/98-0281.pdf 

Schneider, S., T. Trout, J. Gerik, and H. Ajwa.  2004.  Perennial crop
nurseries—performance of methyl bromide alternatives in the field.
Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives
and Emissions Reductions (2004).   HYPERLINK
"http://www.mbao.org/2004/Proceedings04/029%20SchneiderS%20Nursery%20pap
er%20MBAO%202004.pdf" 
http://www.mbao.org/2004/Proceedings04/029%20SchneiderS%20Nursery%20pape
r%20MBAO%202004.pdf 

Shrestha, A., Browne, G. T., Lampinen, B. D., Schneider, S. M., Simon,
L. and Trout, T. J.  2008.  Perennial crop nurseries treated with methyl
bromide and alternative fumigants: effects on weed seed viability, weed
densities, and time required for hand weeding. Weed Technology
22:267-274. 

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), Plant
Protection and Quarantine. 2007. Official regulatory protocol for
wholesale and production nurseries containing plants infected with
Phytophthora ramorum.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/downloads/p
df_files/CNPv8.0-7-20-07.pdf" 
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/downloads/pd
f_files/CNPv8.0-7-20-07.pdf 

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), Plant
Protection and Quarantine. 2004.  Sudden Oak Death.  Amended order
restricting movement of nursery stock from California nurseries, April,
2004.    HYPERLINK
"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/sod/content/printable_ver
sion/SOD_Order_4-22-04.pdf" 
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/sod/content/printable_vers
ion/SOD_Order_4-22-04.pdf 

Zasada, I., Pinkerton, J. N., Walters, T., and Particka, M. 2010. Methyl
bromide alternatives trials in raspberry nurseries. Annual International
Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2010).   HYPERLINK
"http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/030WaltersTRBnurs.pdf" 
http://mbao.org/2010/Proceedings/030WaltersTRBnurs.pdf 

 The USG does not request methyl bromide for use in areas of low to
moderate pest pressure.  Only cases where key pests are present at
moderate to high levels require methyl bromide for pest pressure.

USA CUN13 Soil Nursery Stock Field	Page   PAGE  1  of   NUMPAGES  13