Document ID: NHTSA-2013-0118-0001
Agency: nhtsa
Document Type: Proposed Rule
Title: Anthropomorphic Test Devices: Q3s 3-Year-Old Child Side Impact Test Dummy
Posted Date: 2013-11-21T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 225 (Thursday, November 21, 2013)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 69943-69982]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-27438]

[[Page 69943]]

Vol. 78

Thursday,

No. 225

November 21, 2013

Part II

Department of Transportation

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

49 CFR Part 572

Anthropomorphic Test Devices; Q3s 3-Year-Old Child Side Impact Test 
Dummy, Incorporation by Reference; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 78 , No. 225 / Thursday, November 21, 2013 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 69944]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

49 CFR Part 572

[Docket No. NHTSA-2013-0118]
RIN 2127-AL04

Anthropomorphic Test Devices; Q3s 3-Year-Old Child Side Impact 
Test Dummy, Incorporation by Reference

AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 
Department of Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This document proposes to amend our regulations to add 
specifications and qualification requirements for an anthropomorphic 
test device (ATD) representing a 3-year-old child, called the ``Q3s'' 
side impact test dummy. The agency plans to use the Q3s to test child 
restraint systems to new side impact performance requirements which 
NHTSA will propose to adopt into the Federal motor vehicle safety 
standard for child restraint systems by way of a separate NPRM. 
Adopting side impact protection requirements is consistent with a 
statutory provision set forth in the ``Moving Ahead for Progress in the 
21st Century Act'' (July 6, 2012), that the agency issue a final rule 
to improve the protection of children seated in child restraint systems 
during side impacts.

DATES: You should submit your comments early enough to ensure that 
Docket Management receives them not later than January 21, 2014. 
Proposed effective date: The CFR would be amended on the date 60 days 
after date of publication of the final rule.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments to the docket number identified in 
the heading of this document by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments.
     Mail: Docket Management Facility, M-30, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, West Building, Ground Floor, Rm. W12-140, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590.
     Hand Delivery or Courier: West Building Ground Floor, Room 
W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Eastern 
Standard Time, Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
     Fax: (202) 493-2251.
    Regardless of how you submit your comments, you should mention the 
docket number of this document.
    You may call the Docket at 202-366-9324.
    Instructions: For detailed instructions on submitting comments and 
additional information on the rulemaking process, see the Public 
Participation heading of the Supplementary Information section of this 
document. Note that all comments received will be posted without change 
to http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided. Please see the Privacy Act discussion below.
    Privacy Act: Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all 
comments received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-78).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For technical issues: Peter Martin, 
NHTSA Office of Crashworthiness Standards (telephone 202-366-5668) (fax 
202-493-2990). For legal issues: Deirdre Fujita, NHTSA Office of Chief 
Counsel (telephone 202-366-2992) (fax 202-366-3820). Mailing address: 
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., West Building, Washington, 
DC 20590.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. Background
    a. Evolution of the Dummy
    b. Developments
    c. Build Level D
III. Description
    a. General Construction
    b. Instrumentation
IV. Biofidelity
    a. Anthropometry
    b. Biofidelity Assessment Under Dynamic Loading
V. Repeatability and Reproducibility
    a. R&R in Sled Tests
    b. R&R in Component Qualification Tests
VI. Qualification Tests
    a. Overview of Proposed Corridors
    b. Rationale for the Tests
    c. New and Modified Part 572 Tests and Equipment
    d. Proposed Test Specifications and Performance Requirements
VII. Durability
    a. High-Energy Component Tests
    b. Q3s Servicing and Maintenance
VIII. Drawings and Patents
IX. Consideration of Alternatives
X. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices
XI. Public Participation

I. Introduction

    This document proposes to amend 49 CFR Part 572 to add 
specifications and qualification requirements for a test dummy 
representing a 3-year-old child, called the ``Q3s'' side impact test 
dummy. The Q3s is a modified version of a European side impact dummy. 
In accordance with the ``Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century 
Act'' (MAP-21) (Pub. L. 112-141), NHTSA will be issuing a proposal, 
which we expect to publish shortly, to amend Federal Motor Vehicle 
Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 213, ``Child restraint systems'' (49 CFR 
571.213), to adopt side impact protection requirements for child 
restraints.\1\ The agency is considering a proposal that incorporates 
the Q3s in the side impact compliance test procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Subtitle E of MAP-21, entitled ``Child Safety Standards,'' 
includes Sec.  31501(a) which states that, not later than 2 years 
after the date of enactment of the Act, the Secretary shall issue a 
final rule amending Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 213 
to improve the protection of children seated in child restraint 
systems during side impact crashes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This document proposes to incorporate specifications and 
qualification requirements for the Q3s into 49 CFR Part 572, 
``Anthropomorphic test devices.'' The Q3s would be specified in a new 
subpart W. This NPRM proposes incorporating by reference a parts list, 
a set of design drawings, and a ``Procedures for Assembly, Disassembly 
and Inspection (PADI)'' document, to ensure that all Q3s dummies are 
the same in their design and construction.\2\ Subpart W of 49 CFR Part 
572 would specify performance tests that serve to assure that the Q3s 
responses are within the established qualification corridors and 
further assure the uniformity of dummy assembly, structural integrity, 
consistency of response, and adequacy of instrumentation. These 
specifications ensure the repeatability and reproducibility of the 
dummy's impact response in child restraint compliance tests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Drawings and the PADI for the Q3s are available for 
examination in the docket for this NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The agency plans to propose adding a side impact test to FMVSS No. 
213, one in which child restraint systems (CRSs) sold for children 
weighing up to 18 kilograms (kg) (40 pounds (lb)) must protect the 
child occupant in a dynamic sled test simulating a vehicle-to-vehicle 
side impact.\3\ We are considering using

[[Page 69945]]

the Q3s to test child restraints recommended for children in a weight 
range that includes 10 kg to 18 kg (22 to 40 lb). Among other things, 
we are considering a proposal that would require those child restraints 
to limit the risk of head and chest injury to children in a side 
impact. We are considering using the Q3s to measure the risk of head 
injury by way of a head injury criterion (HIC) (computed within a 
specified timeframe, e.g., 15 millisecond (ms) (HIC15)), and the risk 
of chest injury using thorax deflection as a criterion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ A discussion of NHTSA's research evaluating and developing 
the side impact test procedure can be found in Sullivan et al., 
``NHTSA's Evaluation of a Potential Child Side Impact Test 
Procedures,'' 22nd International Technical Conference on the 
Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 2011-0227 (2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NHTSA seeks to adopt side impact protection requirements in FMVSS 
No. 213 that would be evaluated in a dynamic test simulating an actual 
vehicle crash. Our goal has been to use an anthropomorphic test device 
(ATD) that has a sound biofidelic response under lateral loading, with 
internal instrumentation sufficient to record injurious body loads. We 
seek to adopt an ATD that is suitable for use in regulatory tests with 
demonstrated repeatability, reproducibility, and durability. Within a 
test laboratory, the ATD would be practical to handle and maintain. The 
dummy would be available at a reasonable cost.
    The Q3s test dummy appears to have all of the above attributes. As 
discussed in this NPRM, NHTSA is satisfied with the overall biofidelity 
of the Q3s and we have found that it exhibits repeatable and 
reproducible performance in CRS side impact sled testing and in 
component-level qualification testing. The Q3s demonstrates sufficient 
durability in high-energy qualification tests and in CRS side impact 
sled testing. The agency has tentatively concluded that the dummy is a 
reliable test device that will provide valuable data in assessing the 
potential for injury in side impacts and is suitable for incorporation 
into Part 572.

II. Background

a. Evolution of the Dummy

    The Q3s evolved from predecessor P-series test dummies developed by 
the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). The 
P-series first was introduced into European CRS standards in 1981 with 
the adoption of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 
Regulation No. 44, ``Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of 
Restraining Devices for Child Occupants of Power-Driven Vehicles (Child 
Restraint Systems).'' Initially, the P-series of dummies served only as 
CRS loading devices to assure CRS integrity in a frontal dynamic sled 
test.
    In 1993, the European Commission formed a child dummy working group 
to develop a successor series of dummies called the Q-series. It was 
envisioned that the Q-series dummies would be used in frontal and side 
impact tests, and would be more anthropometrically correct than the P-
series, and instrumented to enable injury assessment for the head, 
neck, and chest. The conceptual dummy design was led by TNO, while 
working group members as a whole established the anthropometry, 
biofidelity, and measurement requirements for the new Q-series. In late 
1997, the specifications for the first dummy of the Q-series, the 
three-year-old version known as the ``Q3,'' were reported by TNO.
    In 1999, a dummy manufacturer then named First Technology Safety 
Systems (FTSS) \4\ acquired the dummy development and manufacturing 
business of TNO. At that time, testing indicated that the Q3 dummy's 
performance was suboptimal in frontal testing and even more so in 
lateral.\5\ Around 2001, FTSS initiated the design cycle for the Q3s, 
which was an improved side impact version of the Q3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ In 2010, FTSS was merged into a new company, Humanetics 
Innovative Solutions (Humanetics). In this preamble, when we discuss 
work done by the company prior to 2010, we use the name FTSS. When 
we refer to the company's activities after 2010, we will refer to 
the name ``Humanetics.''
    \5\ The Q3 was assessed in: Berliner et al. (2000), Comparative 
evaluation of the Q3 and Hybrid III 3-Year-Old dummies in 
biofidelity and static out-of-position airbag tests, Stapp Car Crash 
Journal, V44: 25-50. Since the Q3 had yet to show it was suitable 
for side impact testing, NHTSA chose to use the HIII-3C in child 
restraint side impact testing the agency conducted following on the 
Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation 
Act of 2000 (TREAD Act). The testing led up to an advance notice of 
proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) which NHTSA published on May 2, 2002, 67 
FR 21836.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In early 2002, NHTSA tested a prototype version of the Q3s.\6\ 
NHTSA evaluated this Q3s unit using qualification-style pendulum and 
impactor tests to assess functionality, durability, and biofidelity. We 
determined that the thorax of the prototype appeared biofidelic and 
repeatable, but the shoulder and pelvis were much too stiff. Moreover, 
the neck was a single-piece rubber column (i.e., it was not segmented 
by aluminum discs as is typical in other dummy necks), and we found its 
biofidelity to be marginal in frontal and lateral flexion. In our 
tests, we observed that the rubber neck material tended to bunch 
together at maximum flexion, which appeared to improperly restrict the 
neck bending.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The unit was a modified Q3 that NHTSA had owned.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other organizations acquiring prototype Q3s units included 
Transport Canada and Takata Holdings (Takata). Transport Canada 
explored the biofidelity of the Q3s through impacts delivered by 
pendulums and impactor testing. Takata exercised the dummy by 
performing several sets of sled tests with the ATD seated within a 
CRS.\7\ Both Transport Canada and Takata found problems with their Q3s 
units similar to those found by NHTSA. These problems were conveyed to 
FTSS through public critiques, and through committee meetings of the 
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and SAE 
International (SAE).\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Takata was developing a ``sled-on-sled'' test methodology. 
Takata was also involved with the International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO) and UNECE Reg. No. 44 committees on CRS sled 
test development, and for this purpose Takata also tested the P3, 
Q3, and the HIII-3C on its sled system.
    \8\ ISO is a worldwide standards-setting organization. The Q3s 
dummy was discussed in the meetings of ISO Technical Committee TC 
22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 12, Passive safety crash 
protection systems. SAE is also a worldwide standards-setting 
organization.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Meanwhile, SAE developed new biofidelity response targets for 
child-sized side impact ATDs, including a three-year-old child dummy, 
to support work on side impact protection for children.\9\ The new 
child targets were determined by scaling adult biofidelity targets 
previously established by ISO.\10\ These targets became a new set of 
criteria for FTSS to incorporate into the dummy design, in addition to 
solving the functionality and durability problems noted by NHTSA and 
the other organizations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The work of SAE to establish biofidelity targets for child 
ATDs was overseen by the Biomechanics and Simulation Standards 
Committee. The targets and methodologies are published in Irwin AL, 
Mertz HJ, Elhagediab AM, Moss S (2002), Guidelines for Assessing 
Biofidelity of Side Impact Dummies of Various Sizes and Ages. Stapp 
Car Crash Journal V46: 297-319.
    \10\ ISO/TR 9790:1999 Road vehicles--Anthropomorphic side impact 
dummy--Lateral impact response requirements to assess the 
biofidelity of the dummy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FTSS continued to work on the Q3s and in April 2006, released the 
Q3s Build Level A, its first production version of a new, Q3s-specific 
design. Within a year, several additional upgrades were incorporated 
into the design and by July 2007 Build Level C was released.

b. Developments

    In 2007, the Occupant Safety Research Partnership (OSRP),\11\ 
together with

[[Page 69946]]

Transport Canada (TC), tested Q3s Build Level C units to evaluate the 
biofidelity and durability of the dummy, as did NHTSA. Extensive 
testing was conducted to evaluate the biofidelity of the head, neck, 
shoulder, thorax, and pelvis against the new SAE side impact response 
corridors. In addition, the dummy was evaluated against targets for the 
response of the neck in flexion and the response of the shoulder under 
lateral loading.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ OSRP is an organization of the ``United States Council for 
Automotive Research (USCAR),'' which is a collaborative technology 
organization of Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company and General 
Motors Company.
    \12\ The fore-aft neck targets had previously served as design 
targets for the Q-series (Irwin, AL and Mertz, HJ (1997), 
``Biomechanical Basis for the CRABI and Hybrid III Child Dummies,'' 
Stapp Car Crash Journal V41: 1-12, SAE International, Warrendale, 
PA), while the shoulder targets were newly developed (Bolte, JH et 
al., (2003), ``Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral 
and oblique loading,'' Stapp Car Crash Journal, V47, SAE 
International, Warrendale, PA). NHTSA's test results were reported 
in: Rhule, R (2008), Side impact child dummy development, 2008 SAE 
Government/Industry Meeting, Washington DC, May 2008. Download at: 
http://www.nhtsa.gov/Research/Public+Meetings/SAE+2008+Government+Industry+Meeting (last accessed March 25, 2013). 
OSRP results were reported in ISO committee meetings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the OSRP/TC and NHTSA evaluations of Build Level C 
units, three key deficiencies emerged: (1) The neck did not provide 
biofidelic responses in the lateral bending mode; (2) the upper femur 
ball could dislodge from the hip socket during sled tests; and (3) the 
thorax exhibited cracks near the spine box following typical lateral 
impacts.

c. Build Level D

    Over the next several years, FTSS (hereinafter ``Humanetics'') 
improved the performance of the Q3s as a result of the findings of 
OSRP/TC and NHTSA.
Neck and Femur and Hip Redesigns
    Although Humanetics had incorporated a redesign of the neck into 
Build Level C, the OSRP/TC and NHTSA tests indicated that the neck was 
in need of further work. Previously, NHTSA had designed a head and neck 
retrofit for side impact applications for the Hybrid III 3-year-old 
child dummy (HIII-3C). Tests of this redesigned neck showed that it 
provided a more biofidelic response in lateral flexion, and better 
limited the amount of axial twist than the neck of the Q3s Build Level 
C.\13\ The NHTSA-developed neck specifications \14\ were applied by 
Humanetics to the Q3s, and the new neck was incorporated into the Q3s 
in 2009, with subsequent revisions by NHTSA to the neck center cable in 
2012.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Test results were reported in: Wang, ZJ (2009), Q3s 
improvement and Q6s development, 2009 SAE Government/Industry 
Meeting, Washington DC, Feb. 2009. Download at: http://www.sae.org/events/gim/presentations/2009/jerrywang.pdf (last accessed March 25, 
2013).
    \14\ NHTSA's retrofit package included highly detailed 
specifications, including engineering drawings for fabrication of 
the neck component and response specifications for its dynamic 
performance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NHTSA also contributed to the redesign of the femur and hip and 
several other minor parts of the dummy. The revisions were undertaken 
to resolve the problem of the upper femur ball becoming dislodged from 
the pelvis hip cup. This was accomplished by replacing the femur ball 
and plastic hip cup with hardened aluminum components. The new pelvis 
design was incorporated into the Q3s in 2009.
Thorax Material Selection
    The thorax of the Q3s is a one-piece plastic casting. The cracks 
near the spine box have been addressed by a change to a new castable 
polyurethane resin material known by its trade name, Adiprene.
    To assess the durability of the Q3s, NHTSA had established thorax 
durability criteria consisting of 100 lateral impacts conducted using 
the qualification test parameters (3.8 kg (8.4 lb) impactor at 3.3 
meters per second (m/s)) and ten additional high-severity impacts at 
4.2 m/s. In 2011, Humanetics incorporated Adiprene into the production 
level Q3s. Test dummies with the new thorax material were able to meet 
the agency's thorax durability criteria.
Built Level D Retrofit
    The above revisions have been incorporated in a production version 
of the Q3s dummy that is commercially available from Humanetics. 
Humanetics' latest version of the Q3s, Build Level D, was released in 
December 2010 and updated in 2011 with the Adiprene thorax, and again 
in 2012 with a revision to the neck center cable. The latest revisions 
have been retrofitted to the four Q3s units owned by NHTSA. In the 
agency's subsequent tests--including CRS sled testing and 
qualification-style impact testing--the revised neck was demonstrated 
to meet NHTSA's performance criteria, and the revised pelvis and thorax 
have shown no signs of failure and no degradation of performance.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ NHTSA has prepared and docketed a technical report, 
``Evaluation of the Q3s Three Year Old Child Side Impact Dummy: 
Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Durability (2012),'' which 
includes a section that demonstrates the durability of the Q3s.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Description

    The Q3s weighs 14.5 kg (32.0 lb). The 539 millimeter (mm) seated 
height of the dummy is representative of a 50th percentile 3-year-old 
child. The cost of an uninstrumented Q3s unit is about $48,750. The 
cost of a minimum set of instruments needed for qualification and 
compliance testing adds approximately $18,200, for a total cost of 
about $66,950.

a. General Construction

    With the exception of fasteners, instrument mounting plates, and 
stiffeners for the femurs, the Q3s is almost completely devoid of 
steel. The Q3s has about half the number of parts as the HIII-3C, which 
eases its assembly and disassembly compared to the Hybrid III child 
dummies. The main parts of the dummy are described below.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ The Q3s leg femur bone is constructed of polyurethane 
molded around a steel rod that reinforces the bone. The lower leg 
bone is made of polyurethane. Both the upper and lower leg bones are 
surrounded by moldings that simulate flesh. The feet have no bone 
structure or articulation. The Q3s's arms are a combination of 
plastics and metal. The elbow joint can be adjusted and set in a 
selected position. Vinyl/foam coverings surround the bones and hands 
are part of the lower arm covering.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Head
    The Q3s head is a fiberglass mold and consists of the skull and a 
removable rear skull cap. Both parts are covered with a softer plastic 
material that simulates flesh and provides a biofidelic response to 
impact. The Q3s has a featureless face. The flesh is bonded directly to 
the skull and skull cap to ensure a proper fit and cannot be separated. 
The head cavity is large enough to allow use of several instruments, 
including linear accelerometers and angular velocity sensors.
Thorax
    The thorax of the Q3s consists of a one-piece solid ribcage molded 
of polyurethane with a thin layer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ``skin'' 
bonded to the outer aspect. The ribcage is bolted to an aluminum spine. 
The molded part is contoured to take the shape of a human. The variable 
thickness of the part is purposefully designed so that, together with a 
properly selected polyurethane density, the thorax provides a 
biofidelic response to impact loading. An internally mounted IR-TRACC 
\17\ measures the deflection of the

[[Page 69947]]

lateral aspect of the ribcage relative to the spine. A neoprene suit 
fits over the torso, similar to a wetsuit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The Infra Red Telescoping Rod for Assessment of Chest 
Compression (IR-TRACC) was developed by General Motors, and first 
presented in: Rouhana SW., Elhagediab AM, Chapp JJ (1998), ``A high-
speed sensor for measuring chest deflection in crash test dummies,'' 
Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the 
Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 31-June 
4, 1998, Paper Number 98-S9-O-15, 1998.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Neck
    The Q3s neck is a segmented design that consists of a column of 
three natural rubber segments bonded to four aluminum disks. A six-axis 
upper neck load cell is mounted at the neck/head interface. The rubber 
segments have an oval-like shape with circumferential V-shaped grooves. 
A safety cable made from wire rope runs through the center of the neck 
and provides axial resistance.
Shoulder
    The Q3s shoulder design is molded from natural rubber into a 
hollowed, rectangular structure that allows controlled buckling when 
the shoulder is struck on the lateral aspect. The shoulder joint itself 
consists of a ball and socket in order to simulate the humerus-scapula 
joint. The upper arm has urethane flesh covering the entire outer 
surface of the arm which helps reduce the inertial peak from a pendulum 
impact. A string potentiometer is built into the shoulder assembly to 
measure the lateral deflection of the shoulder socket joint relative to 
the spine.
Spine
    A short interface block connects the lower neck to the upper 
thoracic spine. The thoracic spine itself is a rectangular column 
machined from aluminum and about 140 mm long. It interfaces with a 
rubber cylindrical prism in the upper lumbar region. A short block 
connects the rubber lumbar column to the pelvis assembly.
Abdomen
    The abdomen is similar to other ATDs in that it consists of a 
molded, foam-filled shell with a PVC outer skin. This shell is 
uninstrumented and fits between the ribcage and the pelvis.
Pelvis
    The pelvis has two parts: A pelvic bone casting made of a zinc 
alloy encased snuggly within a molded polyurethane flesh. The pelvis 
casting is configured to accept an accelerometer array and a pubic 
subassembly accommodating a pubic load cell. The hip cups and femur 
heads are hardened aluminum.
Reversibility
    The Q3s design incorporates reversibility features to accommodate 
the dummy's use for both left and right side impacts. In NHTSA's 
proposed upgrade to FMVSS No. 213, the Q3s could be used to test 
forward-facing and rear-facing CRSs. The sled system proposed for use 
by NHTSA would position the dummy for a left side impact when testing 
forward-facing CRSs, and for a right side impact when testing rear-
facing CRSs. The PADI manual describes the steps to convert the 
instrumentation from a left to a right side impact.

b. Instrumentation

    Table 1 contains a list of instrumentation needed to qualify the 
Q3s, i.e., the instrumentation needed for the dummy to meet the 
qualification requirements included in the proposed subpart W. Note 
that the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test that NHTSA is considering 
focuses on measuring head acceleration, using the three uni-axial 
accelerometers at the head center of gravity (C.G.), and chest 
deflection, using the IR-TRACC in the thorax. Nonetheless, the other 
instrumentation listed in the table would be needed for the 
qualification test to assess the performance of significant parts of 
the dummy and to ensure the soundness of the dummy as a whole. The Q3s 
accepts additional instrumentation other than that listed below, such 
as angular rate sensors in the dummy's head.

                    Table 1--Required Instrumentation To Qualify the Q3s Dummy Under Part 572
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Location                       Measurement                           Instrument
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q3s head C.G.........................  Acceleration............  Accelerometer (3 req.).
Q3s upper neck.......................  Forces and moments......  Load cell.
Q3s thorax...........................  Deflection..............  IR-TRACC.
Q3s shoulder.........................  Deflection..............  String potentiometer.
Q3s lumbar spine.....................  Forces and moments......  Load cell.
Q3s pubic symphysis..................  Force...................  Load cell.
Qualification test equipment.........  Neck, lumbar rotation...  Angular rate sensor (2 req.).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Biofidelity

a. Anthropometry

    The anthropometry and dummy segment mass properties of the Q3s were 
defined in the early design stage of the original Q3 based on TNO's 
data in its Child Anthropometric Database (CANDAT).\18\ For the most 
part, the same anthropometry and mass distributions have been retained 
all the way through to the Build Level D production version of the Q3s. 
The Q3s represents a 50th percentile three-year-old child, based on the 
data derived from CANDAT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ According to TNO publications (Beusenberg et al., 1993; Van 
Ratingen, et al., 1997), CANDAT is built upon various anthropometry 
surveys conducted in the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, 
and Japan from 1970-1993 of external dimensions and overall mass of 
children from birth up to 18 years old. Each survey source examined 
a different age group, and each had its own set of unique collection 
parameters. To handle gaps and inconsistencies within the source 
data, TNO applied regression routines and interpolation techniques 
to derive the anthropometry of a particular body segment size as a 
function of age or total body mass. Regression was based on the 
assumption that growth is a smooth and continuous process. The 
anthropometry surveys identified by TNO as the basis of CANDAT were 
performed by organizations other than TNO. CANDAT is the property of 
TNO and Humanetics.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Biofidelity targets for a particular dummy are a function of its 
anthropometry and mass. Our assessment of the Q3s made use of 
biofidelity targets derived by SAE. These response targets were derived 
specifically for side impact dummies that have the same characteristic 
dimensions and masses as the Hybrid III family of dummies. Unlike the 
TNO studies used for the Q3s, the anthropometric basis of the Hybrid 
III three-year-old child dummy was derived by SAE using survey data of 
children in the United States only (Irwin and Mertz, 1997).\19\ SAE 
also used slightly different assumptions to specify the body segment 
mass properties. Nonetheless, the SAE specifications for the 
anthropometry and mass of a three-year-old are very similar to those 
based on CANDAT. The Q3s generally matches up with SAE specifications 
as well as it does with CANDAT specifications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Irwin and Mertz (1997). Biomechanical Basis for the CRABI 
and Hybrid III Child Dummies. Stapp Car Crash Journal V41: 1-12, SAE 
International, Warrendale, PA.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 69948]]

    There are small differences in body segment mass properties between 
the two ATDs due to differences in the manner in which TNO and SAE 
apportioned the segments. For instance, the TNO torso does not include 
parts of the thighs, whereas the SAE target does (the HIII-3C's thighs 
are included in a sitting form pelvis consistent with other Hybrid III 
dummies, which are built with a one-piece vinyl covering that fits 
around the pelvis and extends mid-thigh). Since the Q3s is not 
constructed in this way, its torso mass is lower than the SAE target 
because it includes only the torso, not part of the thighs. Conversely, 
the Q3s thigh mass is higher than the SAE target, since it includes 
more of the thigh segment.
    The total body mass of the Q3s matches that of the HIII-3C, and is 
very close to the most recent Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth 
charts.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ CDC growth charts for year 2000 are reported by Kuczmarski 
RJ, et al. (2002), 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: 
Methods and development. National Center for Health Statistics.Vital 
Health Stat 11(246), 2002.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 2, below, provides the anthropometry and mass of various body 
segments for the Q3s along with the reference specifications of both 
CANDAT (TNO) and SAE. For reference, CDC data for height and total mass 
are footnoted in the table. (Note that, unlike the erect posture of CDC 
subjects, the reference posture of the Q3s is reclined and the pelvis 
angle reflects a child's seating position in a CRS. Also, the neck of 
the Q3s is angled such that the head is leveled when the dummy is 
seated. Thus, the Q3s height measurement is an approximation only 
because the dummy cannot be positioned in the same fully erect posture 
taken by children when their height is measured.)
    The TNO and SAE specifications for anthropometry appear essentially 
the same. The anthropometry of the Q3s is also close to these 
specifications, with the exception of the chest depth and the waist 
circumference (both larger in the Q3s). As compared to a human, the Q3s 
torso is more rounded in order to provide greater internal space for 
the installation of the IR-TRACC. When struck laterally, the rounded 
torso also helps to give the dummy a biofidelic response in terms of 
the force needed to achieve proper chest deflection. For the waist, the 
difference reflects the seated reference posture of the Q3s as compared 
to the standing posture of children represented in CANDAT.
    When comparing mass, Table 2 shows that the Q3s head is close to 
the TNO target, but it is light in comparison to the SAE target. For 
the neck, the Q3s also is aligned with the TNO target, but is light in 
comparison to the SAE. As discussed in the section below, these 
differences in anthropometry specifications are not significant in 
terms of the biofidelity of the Q3s under impact loading.
    The other body segment masses shown in Table 2 (in italics) do not 
reflect a one-to-one comparison because of differences in apportioning. 
We note also that the mass of the upper extremities is lighter than the 
SAE value to compensate for the cumulative excess mass of the other 
dummy segments, to enable the total mass of the Q3s to be on target.

                       Table 2--Q3s Anthropometry and Mass Compared to TNO and SAE Targets
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   % Difference,
               ANTHROPOMETRY (mm)                       TNO             SAE             Q3s         Q3s vs. SAE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standing height*................................          954             953             986                 +3
Sitting height..................................          551             546             556                 +2
Shoulder height, sitting........................          340             334             340                 +2
Shoulder breadth (max)..........................          246             246             247                  0
Hip breadth (seated)............................          194             193             202                 +5
Head depth......................................          177             177             180                 +2
Head breadth....................................          134             135             138                 +2
Head circumference..............................          500             498             502                 +1
Chest breadth...................................          161             173             174                 +1
Chest depth.....................................          122             122             151                +24
Chest circumference, axilla.....................          508             505             523                 +4
Waist circumference.............................          475             480             521                 +9
Thigh height, sitting...........................           78              84              86                 +2
Buttock-knee length.............................          293             284             305                 +7
Shoulder-elbow distance.........................          190             193             186                 -4
Elbow to tip of finger..........................          250             254             240                 -6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    MASS (kg)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total mass**....................................           14.5            14.5            14.26              -2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Head............................................            2.90            3.05            2.81              -8
Neck............................................            0.30            0.40            0.31             -23
Torso assembly..................................            6.20            6.61            5.78             -13
Upper extremities...............................            3.50            1.82            1.41             -22
Lower extremities...............................            1.50            2.63            3.55             +35
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Comparable reference: CDC 2000, 50th percentile three-year-old, standing fully erect:
 boys: height=950 mm; total mass=14.3 kg
 girls: height=940 mm; total mass=13.8 kg
**Total mass of Q3s includes its body suit, 0.40 kg.

[[Page 69949]]

b. Biofidelity Assessment Under Dynamic Loading

    Our assessment of the Q3s is based primarily on biofidelity targets 
established by SAE \21\ for the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, and 
pelvis of a three-year-old. (A biofidelity target is the desired 
performance that a dummy should attain to be considered replicating the 
biomechanical response of a human.) In addition, we assessed the Q3s 
against additional shoulder targets based on tests carried out at Ohio 
State University (Bolte, 2003),\22\ and against abdominal targets 
formulated by TNO.\23\ For the most part, the biofidelity targets are 
based on pendulum impacts to body segments using cylindrical test 
probes suspended by wire.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ NHTSA has evaluated the SAE targets and is satisfied with 
the technical bases underlying them. The SAE targets were derived 
systematically using a defined process. The scaling theories as well 
as the underlying anthropometric and biomechanical test data have 
all been vetted and released to the public domain. SAE methods have 
been used by NHTSA to assess the biofidelity of the majority of Part 
572 ATDs and we find them to be sound, data-driven, and well-founded 
scientifically.
    \22\ The test procedure and biofidelity targets are described 
in: Bolte JH, Hines NH, Herriot RG, Donnelly BR, McFadden JD (2003). 
Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique 
loading, Stapp Car Crash Journal, V47, SAE International, 
Warrendale, PA.
    \23\ We have used this TNO biofidelity target because there is 
none for the Q3s abdomen developed by the SAE. We have not used the 
TNO biofidelity targets for the head, neck, shoulder, thorax, and 
pelvis because they are derived from assumptions and underlying data 
within CANDAT, some of which have not been made fully accessible to 
the public. Thus, due to the transparency and reliability of the SAE 
targets and because the TNO targets cannot be fully judged to the 
same degree that SAE targets can be, we have decided to use 
primarily the SAE targets in assessing the biofidelity of the Q3s.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scaling of Adult Human Response Data
    Biofidelity targets are based on observed human responses to impact 
loading. Generally, to assess a dummy's biofidelity, the human's 
response characteristics must be known. To assess adult dummies, adult 
post mortem human subjects (PMHS) are exposed to controlled forces, 
loads, and impacts and their responses are measured. However, 
biomechanical response data on children under impact loading is 
nonexistent or very limited, so other means must be used to estimate 
the human child's response characteristics.
    Scaling adult PMHS data to the child's size using mass, 
anthropometry, and stiffness ratios represents the best available 
method of estimating the human child's response characteristics (see 
Irwin and Mertz, 1997 and Irwin, 2002, for details on the scaling 
theory and assumptions applied by SAE). Thus, scaling techniques were 
used to derive a set of biomechanical targets for the Q3s whereby adult 
PMHS data were scaled to a three-year-old child. The targets were 
determined by scaling the biomechanical responses observed for various 
body segments of the midsize adult male down to a three-year-old.
    Given the lack of pediatric biomechanical data and the many 
assumptions made in the scaling process, there is greater uncertainty 
associated with child biofidelity targets compared to the adult targets 
from which they were derived. Therefore, NHTSA does not consider the 
biofidelity targets applied herein to be strict prerequisites to accept 
the dummy. Although biofidelity targets are central to evaluating the 
dummy, we have had to carefully analyze the findings to assess the 
biofidelity of the child ATD, judging, among other factors, the extent 
to which the child ATD met or missed the scaled target, and whether 
this would affect the usefulness of the ATD in its intended 
application.
Q3s Biofidelity Assessment
    The agency has prepared a supporting document, ``Biofidelity 
Assessment of the Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Side Impact Dummy (July 
2012),'' which provides a detailed discussion of the agency's 
biofidelity assessment, which is summarized below. A copy of the report 
has been placed in the docket for this NPRM. The report discusses the 
performance of the Q3s relative to the biofidelity targets.
    A body part-by-body part synopsis of the biofidelity performance of 
the Q3s under dynamic loading is given below. For pendulum impacts, 
biofidelity is generally assessed as ``external'' or ``internal.'' 
External biofidelity is related to the force generated on the face of a 
pendulum impact probe upon striking a subject. In other words, probe 
forces generated by dummies are compared against probe forces generated 
by PMHS. Internal biofidelity is related to a measurement on or within 
the subject itself, such as shoulder deflection or spine acceleration, 
for which corresponding measurements are made on both the PMHS and the 
dummy.
Head
    Given that the use of the Q3s in the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test 
under consideration would be to measure risk of head injury (using a 
linear acceleration-based head injury criterion, HIC), we consider head 
biofidelity to be highly important for the ATD. For the Q3s, we 
assessed head biofidelity in both frontal (Irwin and Mertz, 1997) and 
lateral (Irwin, 2002) orientations using Part 572-style head drop 
procedures. The responses of the Q3s head are well within the SAE 
corridors for both frontal and lateral drops, i.e., the responses 
wholly met the biofidelity target for the head.
Neck
    The behavior of the neck in lateral flexion affects the overall 
motion of the head. We tested the Q3s neck to lateral flexion according 
to the SAE protocol (Irwin, et al., 2002), which uses a standard Part 
572 neck pendulum to observe the moment-angle relationship. The Q3s 
neck response is entirely within the SAE corridors, completely meeting 
the biofidelity target.
    We also assessed the biofidelity of the Q3s neck in frontal flexion 
(Irwin and Mertz, 1997). In the frontal flexion assessment, we found 
that the Q3s neck data generally follows the shape of the corridor of 
the biofidelity target, although the curve is not completely contained 
within the corridor. Given that neck flexion occurs mainly in the 
lateral direction under the intended use of the dummy, a slight 
nonconformity in frontal flexion is not disconcerting. On balance, we 
find the biofidelity of the Q3s neck to be satisfactory for use in our 
CRS side impact safety standard under consideration.
Shoulder
    Although there is no shoulder IARV being contemplated for the Q3s, 
the shoulder does interact with the CRS during the test procedure under 
consideration for FMVSS No. 213. In view of this, NHTSA evaluated the 
biofidelity of the Q3s shoulder in component testing under the loading 
of a pendulum.
    The unpadded test involved the SAE protocol (Irwin, 2002), which 
uses a rigid pendulum in a pure lateral direction. Response criteria 
included corridors for lateral shoulder displacement and for probe 
force. The Q3s shoulder showed high stiffness with respect to lateral 
shoulder displacement and probe force under this test protocol.
    Next we reexamined shoulder biofidelity under conditions that 
correspond more closely to the intended use of the Q3s in the FMVSS No. 
213 test procedure being contemplated: Those of the Ohio State protocol 
(Bolte et al., 2003), which uses the same impactor mass and speed as 
the SAE test but with foam padding attached to the impactor face. The 
latter condition was considered because the FMVSS No. 213 impact being 
contemplated exposes the Q3s to the padded side structure

[[Page 69950]]

(``wing'') of the child restraint in the test.
    Under the Ohio State protocol, test results also indicate that the 
shoulder of the Q3s is stiff when assessed for biofidelity as measured 
by its internal deflection. However, the force response of the padded 
probe (external biofidelity) nearly matches the target. As such, the 
Q3s shoulder appears to be biofidelic in the manner in which it would 
exert force on the child restraint system. This loading of the child 
restraint, which would affect the overall motion of the dummy's upper 
torso and head (through which the FMVSS No. 213 injury criteria under 
consideration would be measured), appears representative of an actual 
human.
Thorax
    The biofidelity of the thorax under lateral loading is an important 
performance target for the Q3s since the agency is considering a 
proposal to adopt thorax deflection as an injury assessment reference 
value (IARV) in the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test. Thorax biofidelity 
is assessed via high (6.0 m/s) and low (4.3 m/s) speed pendulum impacts 
prescribed by SAE. Pendulum force corridors are used to assess the 
external biofidelity of the dummy, and upper torso (T1) acceleration is 
used to assess internal biofidelity. (SAE did not develop a biofidelity 
target based on thorax deflection because PMHS in the underlying tests 
were not instrumented as such.)
    Test results indicate that the pendulum forces generated by the Q3s 
are within the corridors for both high and low speed tests. The 
magnitude of the internal T1 acceleration is also on target, though it 
is slightly out of phase with the biofidelity corridor (i.e., the peak 
magnitude is within the limit afforded by the corridor, but it occurs 
about 10 ms too early). We believe this phase difference, which is 
related to the mechanics of human thoracic tissues vs. the Q3s polymer 
thorax, is an acceptable compromise in producing a dummy that is 
affordable, durable, and otherwise practicable for use as a regulatory 
tool.
Abdomen
    We assessed the biofidelity of the abdomen in an oblique pendulum 
impact using probe force targets established by TNO. This assessment 
was carried out with the probe striking the antero-lateral aspect of 
the dummy rather than the full lateral aspect because neither TNO nor 
SAE had established biofidelity targets for the latter. Furthermore, 
abdominal biofidelity is important mostly in frontal impacts in 
relation to lap belt loading. Since the Q3s would primarily be used in 
side impacts to test CRSs having an internal harness, abdominal loads 
are not expected to be excessive. Nonetheless, the loading to the 
abdomen in the FMVSS No. 213 testing under consideration may have some 
frontal component, with the resultant loading being oblique. Therefore, 
the biofidelity assessment was performed with an oblique impact. The 
Q3s performed very favorably when examined against the TNO established 
targets.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ The TNO targets are based on a scaling of adult PMHS data 
in which subjects were struck in the abdomen by a pendulum aligned 
30 degrees from lateral (i.e., an oblique impact). The PMHS data is 
from a test series where subjects initially underwent thoracic 
impacts and then were re-used for abdominal impacts. The thoracic 
impact data were used to establish thorax corridors in the ISO 9790 
Technical Report, the underlying source document upon which the SAE 
three-year-old targets have been derived. The repeat abdominal 
tests, however, were not used by ISO and thus no SAE targets are 
provided for abdominal biofidelity subjected to pendulum impacts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, noting that an assumption was made by TNO that the child 
abdomen is stiffer than the adult, NHTSA re-formulated the corridor by 
assuming that abdomen stiffness is a function of the elastic modulus of 
soft tissue, and that child and adult moduli are the same. (This 
assumption was also employed in developing the SAE corridors for other 
body regions.) When compared against the re-formulated corridor, the 
Q3s performs a little less favorably, but still follows along the upper 
bound of the corridor. Details of this comparison are provided in our 
supporting document, ``Biofidelity Assessment of the Q3s Three-Year-Old 
Child Side Impact Dummy,'' supra at p. 17.
Pelvis
    The external biofidelity of the pelvis was assessed using an SAE 
pendulum impact protocol (lateral impact of 2.27 kg rigid impact probe 
at 4.5 m/s) and pendulum force limits. The test results indicate that 
the Q3s pelvis appears stiff relative to a child. The dummy had been 
redesigned with hardened aluminum hips replacing plastic ones to 
improve its durability, and this change may have resulted in a greater 
force response. Nonetheless, in our repeatability and reproducibility 
testing with Cozy Cline CRSs (discussed later), the wide scatter in 
pelvis response did not seem to have any effect on HIC15 and chest 
deflection. Further, the tradeoff in biofidelity for improved 
durability may be necessary for use of the dummy in a regulatory 
environment.
Summary
    Our biofidelity assessment of the Q3s is based on head drops and 
pendulum tests, which have demonstrated the biofidelity of the test 
dummy. Our test results indicate that the biofidelity of the Q3s is 
most satisfactory for the head, thorax, and neck. It is in these three 
body segments where proper biofidelity is most critical for the 
intended use of the dummy in the FMVSS No. 213 test procedure under 
consideration.
    Relative to humans, the dummy appears to be stiff in the shoulder 
and pelvis. For a CRS under test, the shoulder and pelvis could 
conceivably act as load paths such that the thorax deflection in the 
Q3s may be unrealistically low relative to a human. However, it may not 
be feasible to engineer a biofidelic design into the shoulder and 
pelvis at this time without sacrificing some other critical performance 
features, such as durability. While a child test dummy with a more 
biofidelic shoulder and pelvis may be developed in the future, the 
agency tentatively concludes that the Q3s is a suitable and valuable 
test device for use in child restraint side impact testing at this 
time. On balance, the agency is satisfied with the overall biofidelity 
of the Q3s.

V. Repeatability and Reproducibility

    A test dummy's repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) is 
demonstrated in sled tests and component tests. Sled tests establish 
the consistency of the dummy's kinematics, its impact response as an 
assembly, and the integrity of the dummy's structure and 
instrumentation under controlled and representative crash environment 
test conditions. In component tests, the impact input as well as the 
test equipment is carefully controlled to minimize external effects on 
the dummy's responses. NHTSA has assessed the repeatability and 
reproducibility of the Q3s in CRS side impact sled tests and in 
component tests.
    Repeatability is defined as the similarity of responses from a 
single dummy when subjected to multiple repeats of a given test 
condition. Reproducibility is defined as the similarity of test 
responses from multiple dummies when subjected to multiple repeats of a 
given test condition. A quantitative assessment of R&R is achieved 
using a statistical analysis of variance. The percent coefficient of 
variation (%CV) is a measure of variability expressed as a percentage 
of the mean. The %CV is calculated as follows:

[[Page 69951]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.000

Where [sigma] = standard deviation of responses \25\

    \25\ Standard deviations are based on a sample and calculated 
using the ``n-1'' method.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

X = mean of responses
    We have used a %CV scale shown in Table 3 to assess the quality of 
repeatability and reproducibility of the Q3s. This approach was first 
introduced by NHTSA as a means of evaluating dummy repeatability when 
the original subpart B Hybrid II 50th percentile male ATD was proposed 
(40 FR 33466, August 8, 1975). Since then, the agency has used this 
approach for other 49 CFR Part 572 rulemakings, including those to 
adopt side impact dummies such as the ES-2re midsize adult male side 
impact dummy (subpart U, 71 FR 75304, December 14, 2006) and the SID-
IIs 5th percentile adult female side impact dummy (subpart V, 71 FR 
75342, December 14, 2006).

 Table 3--%CV Score Categorization for Repeatability and Reproducibility
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Reproducibility %
   Repeatability % CV Score          CV Score            Assessment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
%CV <= 5......................  %CV <= 6.........  EXCELLENT.
5 < %CV <= 8..................  6 < %CV <= 11....  GOOD.
8 < %CV <= 10.................  11 < %CV <= 15...  MARGINAL.
%CV > 10......................  %CV > 15.........  POOR.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For repeatability and reproducibility assessments, acceptable 
limits are ``MARGINAL'' and above. For repeatability, the MARGINAL 
limit is set at a %CV value of 10 percent. For MARGINAL 
reproducibility, a slightly greater %CV of 15 percent is used since 
multiple dummies produce a wider dispersion of response measurement 
than in testing a single dummy for repeatability. These limits were 
most recently used in adopting the HIII-10C 10-year-old child dummy 
into 49 CFR Part 572 (subpart T, 77 FR 11651, February 27, 2012). All 
R&R values in the ``POOR'' category were investigated to assess the 
cause of the high variance. If needed, corrective measures were made to 
the dummy.

a. R&R in Sled Tests

    In the sled tests, a CRS was mounted on a generic bench seat which 
was allowed to slide into a padded wall, generating lateral impact 
loading on the CRS and the Q3s dummy. The deceleration pulse of the 
sliding bench seat was controlled by the crush of aluminum honeycomb. 
The peak lateral acceleration of the test buck was approximately 25.4 g 
and the peak velocity was 31.4 km/h (19.5 mph).\26\ The configuration 
and sled pulse generally corresponded to the procedure under 
consideration for the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test, except the 
loadwall had a uniform surface.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ The acceleration of the test buck is intended to mimic the 
impulse experienced by a CRS installed in the rear seat of a small 
passenger vehicle subjected to a side impact by a moving deformable 
barrier as specified in FMVSS No. 214, ``Side impact protection.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To assess the R&R of the Q3s in sled tests, two dummies were each 
tested five times using the sliding seat sled buck. The simulated wall 
padding was replaced after each test. Two sets of seat padding for the 
sliding bench were alternated after each test. The locations of 
multiple dummy landmarks were measured before each test to minimize 
test-to-test variation in the dummy's seated position.
    All tests were performed with identical forward-facing Graco Cozy 
Cline child restraints, with a new child restraint used for each test. 
These child restraints were sold for children weighing 9 to 18 kg (20 
to 40 lb). In CRS tests performed in support of NHTSA's proposed 
rulemaking to add a side impact test to FMVSS No. 213, the Cozy Cline 
child restraint produced Q3s metrics that were generally high relative 
to those produced by other CRSs. Thus, we chose to evaluate the R&R of 
the Q3s with the Cozy Cline child restraint because the data indicated 
that these child restraints more vigorously exercised the dummy's 
assessment of the injury criteria of interest compared to other CRSs we 
have tested.
    The sled test results indicated ``GOOD'' to ``EXCELLENT'' 
repeatability and reproducibility.\27\ The statistical analysis of 
select measurements in all tests for each dummy and both dummies 
combined is summarized in Table 4. NHTSA has prepared and docketed a 
technical report, ``Evaluation of the Q3s Three Year Old Child Side 
Impact Dummy: Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Durability (2012),'' 
which discusses the test procedures and results in greater detail. The 
report also provides references for the location of the test data 
including sensor signals and videography.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Qualification tests were performed on each dummy before and 
after the sled test series to evaluate the Q3s's durability. The 
dummies met all of the preliminary qualification response 
requirements, both before and after the sled series.

                                               Table 4--Summary of Sled Test Responses for Select Channels
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Dummy S/N 006              Dummy S/N 007              Combined Data
                Used for:                            Parameter          --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                           Avg    Std dev    % CV     Avg    Std dev    % CV     Avg    Std dev    % CV
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FMVSS \1\................................  HIC15.......................      700     14.8        2      708     19.4        3      704     16.8        2
P572 \2\ & FMVSS \1\.....................  Thorax Y-Disp, mm...........       34      0.8        2       33      2.8        9       34      2.0        6
Part 572 \2\.............................  Head Res-Accel, g...........       97      2.1        2       96      2.0        2       96      2.0        2
R&D \3\..................................  Neck Y-force, N.............      744     56.5        8      687     57.3        8      716     61.4        9
Part 572 \2\.............................  Neck X-Moment, Nm...........       31      3.8       12       28      2.3        8       29      3.4       12
Part 572 \2\.............................  Shoulder Y-Disp, mm.........       24      1.0        4       24      0.8        3       24      0.8        4
R&D \3\..................................  Up spine Res-Accel, g.......       65      3.3        5       65      8.2       13       65      5.9        9
R&D \3\..................................  Lumbar Y-Force, N...........      324     20.7        6      343     38.8       11      333     31.0        9
R&D \3\..................................  Pelvis Res-Accel, g.........      101     15.8       16      106     22.9       22      104     18.7       18

[[Page 69952]]

 
Part 572 \2\.............................  Pubic Y-Force, N............      388     43.4       11      324     75.5       23      356     67.1       19
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ CRS requirement under consideration for a FMVSS No. 213 side impact test.
\2\ Qualification for proposed Part 572.
\3\ Injury assessment for research and development (R&D) only.

    The following discusses the sled test results that relate to 
responses of primary importance to the dummy's use in side impact, 
i.e., primarily measurements under consideration for use in the FMVSS 
No. 213 side impact test, and measurements that would serve as Part 572 
qualification targets. Other measurements commonly examined in research 
efforts are also discussed below.
Head Acceleration and HIC15
    As seen in Table 4, head acceleration and HIC15 both displayed 
``EXCELLENT'' repeatability and reproducibility. Since these responses 
are being considered as injury criteria for our CRS side impact 
requirements, we believe it is very important for these responses to 
exhibit a high degree of repeatability. It is notable that the average 
HIC15 value was 704. This value exceeds the IARVs under consideration 
for our CRS requirements, thus demonstrating that the dummy has very 
good R&R up to and beyond the expected pass/fail limit.
Thorax Deflection
    Thorax deflection (labeled ``Thorax Y-Disp'' in Table 4), as 
measured by the IR-TRACC, also displayed ``EXCELLENT'' reproducibility 
when the responses of both dummies were combined. The average 
measurement of 34 mm exceeds the IARVs under consideration for our CRS 
requirements, which attests to the reliable performance of the dummy at 
pass/fail limits.
    We note that for dummy serial number 007, the thorax y-displacement 
is only ``MARGINAL.'' Closer inspection of the lateral thorax 
displacement data indicates that the response for one of the tests was 
quite different than that of the previous four tests. Our review of the 
pre-test positioning data revealed that in test 5, the dummy's elbow 
location relative to other body landmarks was farthest away from the 
average location. We believe that the elbow position relative to the 
dummy's torso played a critical role in the amount of subsequent 
lateral thorax displacement. Because these data show an apparent 
sensitivity to elbow positioning, the agency has developed a procedure 
to position the elbow at a specific angle relative to the thorax.
Neck Y-Force and X-Moment
    Neck Y-force and X-moment responses exhibited ``GOOD'' and 
``MARGINAL'' reproducibility, respectively. A closer inspection of the 
data indicates that the peak neck force in one of the tests for dummy 
serial number 006 was about 40 percent lower than the other four tests, 
for reasons that could not be determined by the test technicians. If 
test 3 were removed from the dataset, the repeatability of dummy 006 
for neck X-moment becomes ``EXCELLENT'' and the overall reproducibility 
becomes ``GOOD.''
Shoulder Y-Displacement
    The shoulder displacement, as measured by the Q3s's internal string 
potentiometer, also displayed ``EXCELLENT'' repeatability in both 
dummies as well as in its overall reproducibility when the responses of 
both dummies are combined. Although there is no IARV associated with 
shoulder displacement, the average measurement of 24 mm is fairly high 
in comparison to the values obtained in research tests from other 
tested CRSs. Again, this attests to the good performance of the dummy 
in conditions beyond those to which the ATD will typically be exposed 
in an FMVSS No. 213 compliance test.
Upper Spine Acceleration
    The overall reproducibility of both dummies combined was ``GOOD,'' 
although the upper spine resultant acceleration for dummy 007 displayed 
``POOR'' repeatability. However, as with the lateral thorax 
displacement responses, the upper spine acceleration for test 5 of 
dummy 007 was anomalous as compared to the previous four tests. We 
believe that this result is related to the issue of arm position. We 
note that if test 5 were removed from the dataset, the ``POOR'' 
repeatability of dummy 007 for upper spine acceleration becomes 
``EXCELLENT'' and the overall reproducibility also becomes 
``EXCELLENT.''
Pelvis Resultant-Acceleration, Lumbar Y-Force, and Pubic Y-Force
    Poor repeatability was observed in the pelvic and lumbar responses. 
Pelvis resultant acceleration response curves revealed a sharp spike in 
the data around 90 ms. These spikes obscured the true data peaks, which 
occurred around 85 ms, and therefore present a negative effect on the 
repeatability analysis. A similar spike, of lesser magnitude, was 
evident in the lumbar Y-force responses, also around the 90 ms mark of 
the event.
    The source of the data spikes were subsequently determined by NHTSA 
to emanate from ``knee knock.'' The dummy's knees are hard plastic 
components, and they contacted each other precisely at the instant that 
the spikes occurred in the pelvis acceleration and lumbar Y-force 
channels. This condition has since been mitigated in the final Q3s 
design which incorporates a padded covering over the medial aspect of 
the knees to dampen the force of impact.
    The repeatability of the pubic Y-force measurement was also shown 
to be ``POOR.'' This rating is not attributed to the knee knock 
condition. Rather, pubic Y-force appears to be a measurement that is 
highly sensitive to any variation in the test conditions. Nonetheless, 
variations in pubic Y-force do not appear to affect the dummy's head 
acceleration and thorax Y-displacement (the IARVs we are exploring for 
the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test under consideration), which 
exhibited low variability despite the scatter in pubic force.
Supplemental Tests
    In consideration of the ``MARGINAL'' performance observed for some 
of the responses in the previous sled test series, we ran another 
series of Cozy Cline tests with the final version of the Q3s. The final 
Q3s incorporated the aforementioned pads on the medial surfaces of the 
knees as well as a simplified design of the neck center cable. The 
older cable design was

[[Page 69953]]

thought to contribute to the non-uniformity observed in the earlier 
sled tests. Additionally, we added a padded door panel and positioned 
the arm at 25 degrees to be more consistent with what is under 
consideration for the proposed side impact test protocol.
    The results for this supplemental test series are shown in Table 5. 
As compared to the previous set of tests shown in Table 4, the 
supplemental series demonstrate improved repeatability in measurements 
of shoulder and thorax deflection, neck loads, and pelvis acceleration. 
These improvements are directly related to a new arm positioning 
protocol, the revised neck center cable, and the elimination of knee 
knock, respectively.
    Pubic force repeatability was again rated as ``POOR.'' Since the 
revisions to the dummy and test protocol were not aimed at improving 
this measure, the ``POOR'' rating was not unexpected.

                    Table 5--Summary of Supplemental Sled Test Responses for Select Channels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Dummy S/N 004
                Used for:                            Parameter          ----------------------------------------
                                                                              Avg         Std dev        % CV
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FMVSS \1\................................  HIC15.......................         795            22.2            3
P572 \2\ & FMVSS \1\.....................  Thorax Y-Disp, mm...........          17.8           0.7            4
Part 572 \2\.............................  Head Res-Accel, g...........         110             3.6            3
R&D \3\..................................  Neck Y-force, N.............         630            42              7
Part 572 \2\.............................  Neck X-Moment, Nm...........          28.0           1.9            7
Part 572 \2\.............................  Shoulder Y-Disp, mm.........          24.3           0.5            2
R&D \3\..................................  Up spine Res-Accel, g.......         129             6.8            5
R&D \3\..................................  Lumbar Y-Force, N...........         765            69              9
R&D \3\..................................  Pelvis Res-Accel, g.........          97.1           8.5            9
Part 572 \2\.............................  Pubic Y-Force, N............         557           118             21
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ CRS requirement under consideration for a FMVSS No. 213 side impact test.
\2\ Qualification for proposed Part 572.
\3\ Injury assessment for research and development (R&D) only.

b. R&R in Component Qualification Tests

    Test dummies specified in 49 CFR Part 572 are subjected to a series 
of qualification tests to ensure that their components are functioning 
properly. The qualification tests proposed for the Q3s are discussed 
further in a later section. We have proposed qualification tests for 
the dummy's head, neck, shoulder, thorax, lumbar, and pelvis, assessing 
35 response mechanisms for the dummy.
    We tested NHTSA's four Q3s units to the proposed qualification 
tests, assessing among other matters the performance of the units when 
tested to the qualification tests, and the repeatability and 
reproducibility of the dummies. The findings are discussed in the 
technical report, ``Evaluation of the Q3s Three Year-Old Child Side 
Impact Dummy: Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Durability,'' supra.
    R&R in the component qualification tests were assessed by testing 
the four Q3s dummies, all conforming to the latest available revision 
level. Tests were run for both right and left side impacts. Average, 
standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were computed for each 
required measurement parameter of each qualification procedure. We used 
the same guidelines to rate R&R as was used previously in our R&R 
evaluation using sled tests (see Table 3, supra).
Head Drop Tests
    Head qualification consisted of two test components: Frontal and 
lateral head drops. The frontal head drop was conducted from a height 
of 376 mm, while the lateral head drop was conducted at 200 mm.
    Four Q3s dummy heads were each subjected to six frontal head drops, 
five left-side lateral drops, and five right-side lateral drops. The 
responses are summarized in Table 6 for frontal drops and in Table 7 
with left- and right-side tests combined. Each individual head was 
rated as having ``EXCELLENT'' repeatability in both the frontal and 
lateral modes. When combining the responses, the reproducibility of all 
four heads was also rated as ``EXCELLENT'' in both the frontal and 
lateral test modes.

             Table 6--Summary of Frontal Head Drop Responses
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Resultant
             Dummy S/N                                        accel (g)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...............................  avg...................        273.0
                                    stdev.................          3.86
                                    %CV...................          1.41
006...............................  avg...................        276.5
                                    stdev.................          2.48
                                    %CV...................          0.90
007...............................  avg...................        282.0
                                    stdev.................          4.35
                                    %CV...................          1.54
008...............................  avg...................        263.5
                                    stdev.................          5.12
                                    %CV...................          1.94
All...............................  avg...................        273.8
                                    stdev.................          7.68
                                    %CV...................          2.80
------------------------------------------------------------------------

             Table 7--Summary of Lateral Head Drop Responses
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Resultant
             Dummy S/N                  Orientation L&R       accel (g)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...............................  Avg...................        131.3
                                    Stdev.................          3.50
                                    %CV...................          2.67
006...............................  Avg...................        124.7
                                    Stdev.................          3.64
                                    %CV...................          2.92
007...............................  Avg...................        127.1
                                    Stdev.................          3.92
                                    %CV...................          3.08
008...............................  avg...................        123.2
                                    stdev.................          4.08
                                    %CV...................          3.31
All...............................  avg...................        126.6
                                    stdev.................          4.78
                                    %CV...................          3.78
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Neck Pendulum Tests
    Flexion Tests. The two flexion tests utilized the Part 572 neck 
pendulum and a headform designed to mimic the inertial properties of 
the head (Part 572, Subpart E, Figure 22). The frontal flexion test was 
at a 4.7 m/s impact speed and the lateral test was at a 3.8 m/s speed. 
Both tests prescribed a deceleration pulse. For the frontal

[[Page 69954]]

flexion tests, four Q3s dummy necks were subjected to five tests. For 
lateral flexion, each of the four necks was subjected to five left-side 
tests and five right-side tests.
    The responses are summarized in Table 8 (frontal flexion) and Table 
9 (lateral flexion). For the frontal flexion and lateral flexion tests, 
each individual neck provided ``EXCELLENT'' repeatability for all 
criteria considered. Reproducibility was also ``EXCELLENT'' for all 
four necks combined.
    Neck Torsion. During CRS testing, the Q3s neck may flex with 
varying degrees of neck twist. We have therefore developed a procedure 
to assure that the neck is repeatable under twist. The new neck torsion 
test uses a special test fixture attached to the Part 572 pendulum, 
which imparts a pure torsion moment to the isolated neck. The test 
specifies a 3.6 m/s impact speed with a defined deceleration pulse. 
Each of the four Q3s dummy necks was subjected to five left-side tests 
and five right-side tests. The responses are summarized in Table 10 
with left- and right-side tests combined. Each individual neck provided 
``EXCELLENT'' repeatability for all criteria considered. 
Reproducibility was also ``EXCELLENT'' for all four necks combined.

                                            Table 8--Summary of Frontal Flexion Neck Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Max angle                     Peak Y-moment
                 Dummy S/N                                               ----------------------------------------------------------------  Head rotation
                                                                             angle deg        time ms       moment N-m        time ms     decay time, ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004.......................................  Avg.........................           77.1            58.5            47.1            54.3            52.2
                                            stdev.......................            0.42            0.62            0.63            1.02            0.10
                                            %CV.........................            0.55            1.06            1.35            1.88            0.20
006.......................................  Avg.........................           77.5            59.3            46.0            56.1            52.2
                                            stdev.......................            0.74            0.84            1.10            1.89            0.20
                                            %CV.........................            0.96            1.42            2.40            3.38            0.38
007.......................................  Avg.........................           74.3            58.3            46.8            55.7            51.3
                                            stdev.......................            0.79            0.70            0.71            1.47            0.17
                                            %CV.........................            1.07            1.20            1.51            2.64            0.34
008.......................................  Avg.........................           74.8            57.9            46.9            54.2            51.2
                                            stdev.......................            0.69            0.65            1.90            1.10            0.23
                                            %CV.........................            0.92            1.12            4.04            2.03            0.45
All.......................................  Avg.........................           76.1            58.7            46.4            55.5            51.7
                                            stdev.......................            1.77            1.12            1.50            2.00            0.48
                                            %CV.........................            2.33            1.90            3.23            3.61            0.93
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                            Table 9--Summary of Lateral Flexion Neck Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Max angle                     Peak X-moment
                 Dummy S/N                        Orientation  L&R       ----------------------------------------------------------------  Head rotation
                                                                             angle deg        time ms       moment N-m        time ms     decay time, ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004.......................................  avg.........................           83.3            68.8            28.4            69.5            66.6
                                            stdev.......................            0.53            0.60            1.48            0.78            0.53
                                            %CV.........................            0.63            0.87            5.23            1.13            0.79
006.......................................  avg.........................           85.2            69.9            28.8            70.6            66.8
                                            stdev.......................            0.32            0.64            0.82            0.55            0.68
                                            %CV.........................            0.37            0.91            2.84            0.77            1.01
007.......................................  avg.........................           81.0            68.0            27.7            69.4            65.5
                                            stdev.......................            0.44            0.79            0.59            0.90            0.60
                                            %CV.........................            0.55            1.16            2.14            1.29            0.92
008.......................................  avg.........................           81.7            67.7            27.9            68.8            65.8
                                            stdev.......................            0.73            0.56            0.71            0.70            0.87
                                            %CV.........................            0.89            0.82            2.53            1.02            1.32
All.......................................  avg.........................           82.8            68.6            28.2            69.6            66.2
                                            stdev.......................            1.69            1.08            1.05            0.98            0.86
                                            %CV.........................            2.04            1.57            3.72            1.41            1.30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                               Table 10--Summary of Torsional Neck Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Max angle                     Peak Z-moment
                 Dummy S/N                        Orientation  L&R       ----------------------------------------------------------------  Head rotation
                                                                             angle deg        time ms       moment N-m        time ms     decay time, ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004.......................................  avg.........................           84.9           102.3             9.0            96.2            93.8
                                            stdev.......................            0.39            0.51            0.03            0.82            0.64
                                            %CV.........................            0.46            0.50            0.28            0.85            0.68
006.......................................  avg.........................           89.7           108.4             8.3           102.1            99.0
                                            stdev.......................            0.53            0.52            0.07            2.03            0.51
                                            %CV.........................            0.59            0.48            0.84            1.99            0.52
007.......................................  avg.........................           80.7            98.7             9.2            90.8            89.8
                                            stdev.......................            1.22            0.60            0.31            1.39            1.05
                                            %CV.........................            1.51            0.61            3.35            1.53            1.17

[[Page 69955]]

 
008.......................................  avg.........................           81.3            99.3             9.0            91.9            90.9
                                            stdev.......................            1.50            0.72            0.08            0.78            0.77
                                            %CV.........................            1.85            0.72            0.84            0.85            0.84
All.......................................  avg.........................           84.2           102.2             8.9            95.2            93.4
                                            stdev.......................            3.71            3.89            0.37            4.64            3.62
                                            %CV.........................            4.40            3.80            4.21            4.87            3.88
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shoulder Impact
    This test assures that the shoulder acts uniformly in the way it 
deforms under load and distributes the load under a direct lateral 
impact, thus helping to assure that whole-body kinematics of the ATD 
are consistent.
    Shoulder tests consisted of a lateral impact to the shoulder using 
a 3.8 kg probe at an impact speed of 3.6 m/s. Each of the four Q3s 
dummies was impacted five times on both their left and right shoulders. 
The responses are summarized in Table 11 with left- and right-side 
tests combined. The shoulder responses for each individual dummy were 
rated as having ``EXCELLENT'' repeatability. The reproducibility of 
shoulder responses for all four dummies combined was also rated as 
``EXCELLENT.''

                                  Table 11--Summary of Shoulder Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Shoulder
                   Dummy S/N                            Orientation  L&R           displacement     Probe force
                                                                                       (mm)             (N)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...........................................  Avg.............................           18.4          1281.5
                                                Stdev...........................            0.47           27.99
                                                %CV.............................            2.57            2.18
006...........................................  Avg.............................           19.0          1270.3
                                                Stdev...........................            0.35           12.91
                                                %CV.............................            1.84            1.02
007...........................................  Avg.............................           18.8          1295.0
                                                Stdev...........................            0.46           13.55
                                                %CV.............................            2.46            1.05
008...........................................  Avg.............................           18.6          1280.1
                                                Stdev...........................            0.83           10.75
                                                %CV.............................            4.48            0.84
All...........................................  Avg.............................           18.7          1281.7
                                                Stdev...........................            0.58           19.16
                                                %CV.............................            3.12            1.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thorax Impacts
    The thorax qualification tests were conducted two ways: Without arm 
interaction (as in the SAE test) and with the arm attached and down 
such that the impact probe strikes the upper arm. Both tests utilized a 
lateral impact with a 3.8 kg probe.
    In the ``thorax without arm'' test, the arm was completely removed 
from the dummy. The 3.8 kg test probe was aligned with the thorax 
displacement IR-TRACC and impacted the thorax laterally at a speed of 
3.3 m/s. Each of the agency's four dummies was impacted five times on 
both the left and right sides. Table 12 below provides a summary of the 
responses with left- and right-side tests combined.

                      Table 12--Summary of Thorax Without Arm Qualification Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Thorax
                   Dummy S/N                            Orientation  L&R           displacement     Probe force
                                                                                       (mm)             (N)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...........................................  avg.............................           27.3           705.2
                                                stdev...........................            0.45           15.52
                                                %CV.............................            1.66            2.20
006...........................................  avg.............................           28.6           665.1
                                                stdev...........................            0.77           27.83
                                                %CV.............................            2.69            4.18
007...........................................  avg.............................           28.1           692.1
                                                stdev...........................            0.19           22.92
                                                %CV.............................            0.67            3.31
008...........................................  avg.............................           26.3           710.9
                                                stdev...........................            0.19           19.51
                                                %CV.............................            0.70            2.74
All...........................................  avg.............................           27.6           693.3

[[Page 69956]]

 
                                                stdev...........................            1.00           27.63
                                                %CV.............................            3.63            3.99
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the ``arm attached'' test, the upper arm was positioned 
vertically and aligned with the dummy's thorax. The lower arm was 
positioned to make a 90 degree angle with the upper arm. The impact 
speed of the probe was 5.0 m/s.
    Each of the four test dummies was impacted five times on both the 
left and right sides. Table 13 provides a summary of the test results 
with left- and right-side tests combined.

                   Table 13--Summary of Thorax With Arm Attached Qualification Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Thorax        Peak probe
                   Dummy S/N                            Orientation  L&R           displacement    force after 5
                                                                                       (mm)           ms  (N)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...........................................  avg.............................           26.0          1527.5
                                                stdev...........................            0.63           28.58
                                                %CV.............................            2.41            1.87
006...........................................  avg.............................           26.3          1567.1
                                                stdev...........................            0.55           46.47
                                                %CV.............................            2.09            2.97
007...........................................  avg.............................           25.9          1512.7
                                                stdev...........................            0.37           60.32
                                                %CV.............................            1.44            3.99
008...........................................  avg.............................           25.2          1542.3
                                                stdev...........................            0.48           45.96
                                                %CV.............................            1.92            2.98
All...........................................  avg.............................           25.9          1537.4
                                                stdev...........................            0.64           49.28
                                                %CV.............................            2.46            3.21
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For thorax impacts both with and without the arm, each dummy was 
rated as having ``EXCELLENT'' repeatability. Furthermore, the responses 
of all four dummies combined produced a rating of ``EXCELLENT'' 
reproducibility.
    Note that the peak probe force was taken after 5 ms to separate the 
probe's initial inertial response during arm contact from the probe's 
response due to its interaction with the thorax. The typical probe 
force response curve exhibited dual peaks of nearly equal magnitude, 
with the first peak occurring upon initial impact of the probe with the 
arm and the second peak occurring as the arm loaded the thorax (see 
Figure 1 below). Analysis of the response curves indicated that the 
first peak typically occurred before 5 ms, and the second peak occurred 
after 5 ms. Because the second peak is more closely related to the 
resistive force of the thorax, we concluded that the first peak was not 
determinative.

[[Page 69957]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.001

Lumbar Pendulum Tests
    Lumbar testing consisted of two types of pendulum tests: A frontal 
test and a lateral test. For both tests, the lumbar spine element 
containing the flexible column was removed from the dummy similar to 
the neck qualification tests. Lumbar tests were conducted using the 
same Part 572 neck pendulum and the headform device utilized in the 
neck qualification tests. Frontal and lateral tests were conducted at 
an impact speed of 4.4 m/s.
    Five frontal tests were carried out on lumbar elements from each of 
the four test dummies. For the lateral tests, five were conducted on 
the left side and five on the right side. The results are summarized in 
Table 14 (frontal) and Table 15 (lateral) with left- and right-side 
tests combined. The repeatability of each lumbar element was rated as 
either ``EXCELLENT'' or ``GOOD'' for all test measurements. The 
reproducibility of responses of all four lumbar elements combined was 
``EXCELLENT'' for all measurements.

                                               Table 14--Summary of Frontal Lumbar Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Max angle                     Peak Y-moment
                 Dummy S/N                                               ----------------------------------------------------------------  Head rotation
                                                                             angle deg        time ms       moment N-m        time ms     decay time, ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004.......................................  avg.........................           52.8            55.1            84.2            51.2            53.8
                                            stdev.......................            1.05            0.89            1.46            3.75            0.34
                                            %CV.........................            1.99            1.61            1.74            7.31            0.63
006.......................................  avg.........................           52.5            54.8            87.1            51.4            52.7
                                            stdev.......................            1.79            0.81            0.85            2.81            0.61
                                            %CV.........................            3.40            1.48            0.97            5.48            1.15
007.......................................  avg.........................           53.4            56.1            84.2            51.4            53.9
                                            stdev.......................            1.41            0.89            1.38            3.02            0.68
                                            %CV.........................            2.65            1.58            1.64            5.88            1.26
008.......................................  avg.........................           51.4            54.4            88.5            50.8            52.3
                                            stdev.......................            1.13            0.71            2.21            2.06            0.27
                                            %CV.........................            2.19            1.31            2.49            4.06            0.52
All.......................................  avg.........................           52.5            55.1            86.0            51.2            53.2
                                            stdev.......................            1.47            0.99            2.39            2.74            0.85
                                            %CV.........................            2.79            1.79            2.78            5.35            1.60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 69958]]

                                               Table 15--Summary of Lateral Lumbar Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Max angle                     Peak X-moment
                 Dummy S/N                         Orientation L&R       ----------------------------------------------------------------  Head rotation
                                                                             angle deg        time ms       moment N-m        time ms     decay time, ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004.......................................  avg.........................           52.7            54.3            86.2            50.2            53.4
                                            stdev.......................            1.58            1.47            2.23            3.75            0.88
                                            %CV.........................            3.01            2.71            2.59            7.47            1.66
006.......................................  avg.........................           53.5            54.6            89.2            51.1            52.8
                                            stdev.......................            2.05            1.30            3.01            2.38            0.83
                                            %CV.........................            3.82            2.38            3.38            4.67            1.56
007.......................................  avg.........................           51.7            54.5            88.4            52.7            54.8
                                            stdev.......................            1.75            1.13            2.57            2.74            2.17
                                            %CV.........................            3.39            2.07            2.91            5.20            3.96
008.......................................  avg.........................           54.2            55.6            86.7            51.2            51.6
                                            stdev.......................            1.51            1.04            3.26            2.29            2.07
                                            %CV.........................            2.79            1.88            3.76            4.47            4.01
All.......................................  avg.........................           53.0            54.7            87.6            51.3            53.1
                                            stdev.......................            1.93            1.29            2.96            2.89            1.94
                                            %CV.........................            3.63            2.36            3.38            5.63            3.66
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pelvis Impact
    A lateral impact with the 3.8 kg probe at 4.0 m/s was used to test 
the pelvis. Repeat tests were conducted according to the test 
procedures described in the technical report, ``Qualification 
Procedures for the Q3s Child Side Impact Crash Test Dummy,'' supra. For 
each dummy in the evaluation, NHTSA conducted five impacts to both the 
left and right side of the pelvis. A summary of the test results can be 
found in Table 16 with left- and right-side tests combined.
    The repeatability of each individual dummy's response was rated as 
``EXCELLENT'' except for the peak pubic force response of dummy serial 
number 006, which was rated as ``GOOD.'' For this particular dummy, the 
pubic force was about 75 N higher for right side impacts than left side 
impacts. For the other three dummies, the difference was only 50-60 N. 
Despite the differences, repeatability--when assessed by combining 
right and left impacts--only fell out of the ``EXCELLENT'' category for 
dummy serial number 006. When left and right impacts for all dummies 
were combined, reproducibility was rated as ``EXCELLENT'' for both the 
peak pubic force and the peak probe force.

                            Table 16--Summary of Pelvis Qualification Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Pubic force     Probe force
                   Dummy S/N                            Orientation  L&R                (N)             (N)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
004...........................................  avg.............................          745.3          1651.0
                                                stdev...........................           31.33           22.78
                                                %CV.............................            4.20            1.38
006...........................................  avg.............................          782.3          1698.9
                                                stdev...........................           41.07           20.68
                                                %CV.............................            5.25            1.22
007...........................................  avg.............................          801.0          1679.1
                                                stdev...........................           29.31           25.59
                                                %CV.............................            3.66            1.52
008...........................................  avg.............................          822.3          1738.1
                                                stdev...........................           27.02           20.69
                                                %CV.............................            3.29            1.19
All...........................................  avg.............................          787.7          1691.8
                                                stdev...........................           42.48           38.71
                                                %CV.............................            5.39            2.29
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VI. Qualification Tests

    This NPRM proposes a set of qualification tests for the Q3s. In 
general, Part 572 qualification tests assess the components that play a 
key role in the dummy's performance in the intended regulatory 
application. The tests qualify the dummy as an objective and suitable 
test device for the assessment of occupant safety in compliance tests 
specified in Federal motor vehicle safety standards, and for other 
testing purposes. Performance within these corridors assures that the 
dummy is capable of responding properly in a compliance or research 
test, while performance outside of these corridors indicates the need 
for adjustment, repair or replacement.

a. Overview of Proposed Corridors

    Proposed qualification requirements for the Q3s are shown in Table 
16. NHTSA has published a technical document, ``Qualification 
Procedures for the Q3s Child Side Impact Crash Test Dummy (NHTSA, 
2013),'' describing the equipment, test set-ups and procedures. A copy 
of the report has been placed in the docket.

[[Page 69959]]

                                Table 17--Proposed Q3s Qualification Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Test                        Measurement                 Units                   Corridor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Head--Frontal........................  Resultant acceleration.                        G                  250-297
Head--Lateral........................  Resultant acceleration.                        G                  113-140
Neck--Flexion........................  Maximum rotation.......                      deg                    70-82
                                       Time of max rotation...                     msec                    55-63
                                       Peak moment (My).......                      N-m                    41-51
                                       Time of peak My........                     msec                    49-62
                                       Decay time to 0 from                        msec                    50-54
                                        peak angle.
Neck--Lateral........................  Maximum rotation.......                      deg                    77-88
                                       Time of max rotation...                     msec                    65-72
                                       Peak moment (Mx).......                      N-m                    25-32
                                       Time of peak Mx........                     msec                    66-73
                                       Decay time to 0 from                        msec                    63-69
                                        peak angle.
Neck--Torsion........................  Maximum rotation.......                      deg                    75-93
                                       Time of max rotation...                     msec                   91-113
                                       Peak moment (Mz).......                      N-m                     8-10
                                       Time of peak Mz........                     msec                   85-105
                                       Decay time to 0 from                        msec                   84-103
                                        peak angle.
Shoulder.............................  Lateral displacement...                       mm                    16-21
                                       Peak probe force.......                       kN                1.24-1.35
Thorax with Arm......................  Lateral displacement...                       mm                    23-28
                                       Peak probe force.......                       kN                1.38-1.69
Thorax without Arm...................  Lateral displacement...                       mm                    24-31
                                       Peak probe force.......                        N                  620-770
Lumbar--Flexion......................  Maximum rotation.......                      deg                    48-57
                                       Time of max rotation...                     msec                    52-59
                                       Peak moment (My).......                      N-m                    78-94
                                       Time of peak My........                     msec                    46-57
                                       Decay time to 0 from                        msec                    50-56
                                        peak angle.
Lumbar--Lateral......................  Maximum rotation.......                      deg                    47-59
                                       Time of max rotation...                     msec                    50-59
                                       Peak moment (Mx).......                      N-m                    78-97
                                       Time of peak Mx........                     msec                    46-57
                                       Decay time to 0 from                        msec                    47-59
                                        peak angle.
Pelvis...............................  Peak pubic load........                        N                  700-870
                                       Peak probe force.......                       kN                1.57-1.81
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The bounds we have proposed for the qualification targets (the 
corridors) are wide enough to account for normal variations in dummy 
and laboratory differences, and narrow enough to assure consistent and 
repeatable measurements in compliance testing. Our proposed bounds are 
based on tests conducted at a single laboratory, NHTSA's Vehicle 
Research and Test Center (VRTC). The data were collected using four Q3s 
units. For each measurement, performance targets were derived using 
either 3 standard deviations from the mean or 10 percent 
from the mean, whichever is narrower. Upper and lower bounds were 
rounded to the next whole number away from the mean using three 
significant digits.
    We recognize that from a probabilistic standpoint, three standard 
deviations is an unusually wide bound. A bound of 10 percent around a 
target is typical of most Part 572 ATD qualifications. Our reason for 
initially setting the bounds to be wide for this NPRM stem from a 
current lack of test data for the Q3s.\28\ Given that all Q3s 
qualification data were collected from a single laboratory (VRTC), we 
could not factor into account unknown variability associated with 
different labs, operators, dummies, and other allowable variances such 
as temperature and humidity that may not be present in our dataset. We 
will continue to collect qualification data, and we will examine all 
qualification data provided to us by commenters. We anticipate that 
when new qualification data are combined with our current set of data, 
in a final rule our bounds will be narrowed as reasonably possible and 
may be no greater than two standard deviations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ For other Part 572 ATDs, we set qualification bounds by 
examining data from multiple test labs, several dummies, and dummies 
built by different dummy manufacturers. For example, the 
qualification bounds for the HIII-10C (the most recent test dummy to 
be incorporated into part 572) were derived from tests on about 30 
different dummies, with data supplied from about 10 different 
laboratories. On average, the bound widths for the HIII-10C are 
about 10% of the mean, with a low of 7.4% and a high of 16.3%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Rationale for the Tests

    The technical document cited earlier in this preamble, ``Evaluation 
of the Q3s Three Year-Old Child Side Impact Dummy, Repeatability, 
Reproducibility, and Durability,'' discusses how the agency's four Q3s 
units conform to the qualification requirements. This report also 
discusses our rationale for the tests and proposed response 
requirements needed to qualify the Q3s. For each test, the impact 
energy level and the selection of the targeted measurements were chosen 
by balancing multiple criteria, as described below.
Dummy Functionality
    For each test, certain dummy sensors and signal characteristics 
(such as the magnitude and timing) have been specified as qualification 
targets. By monitoring these sensors, the qualification tests assure 
that the dummy is functioning properly. Loose or damaged dummy hardware 
is often manifested in a signal that does not conform to the 
qualification requirements, thus alerting test technicians that dummy 
maintenance may be needed. Conformity also assures that the sensors 
themselves are working properly.
    Test protocols are also designed to properly demonstrate dummy 
functionality by mirroring dummy loading patterns seen in CRS sled 
tests

[[Page 69960]]

conducted in support of the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test under 
consideration. For example, we have observed the Q3s undergoing 
asymmetric motion as the dummy simultaneously moves forward and 
laterally. In doing so, the motion of the dummy is such that it may 
twist itself around the edge of the CRS so that the head may strike the 
door panel near its forehead. The degree to which the dummy wraps 
around the seat can vary widely depending upon the design of the CRS. 
Thus, we have included separate frontal and lateral qualification 
requirements for the head.
    We have also included separate requirements for the neck and lumbar 
spine elements of the dummy, which are flexible rubber components that 
experience both frontal and lateral flexion during a CRS test.
    Additionally, a torsion test is prescribed for the neck since the 
neck also twists along its long axis to some degree.
    For the shoulder, thorax, and pelvis, we believe that only pure 
lateral qualification requirements are needed, since almost all loads 
pass through their lateral aspects even in cases where the dummy twists 
within the CRS during testing.
Assure Biofidelity
    Many of the qualification test protocols are very similar to the 
dynamic tests used to assess biofidelity. This helps to assure that a 
qualified dummy is also a biofidelic dummy.
Sufficient Energy
    The impact speeds and probe masses have been selected to 
demonstrate that the various body segments of the Q3s are working 
properly at energy levels at or near those associated with injury 
thresholds. These include pass/fail thresholds that we are considering 
for the FMVSS No. 213 side impact test. For measurements not associated 
with IARVs, such as the neck torsion requirement, the energy levels are 
chosen to be consistent with high-end responses observed in CRS 
testing. In general, the energy level is chosen to exercise the dummy 
but without causing damage.
Proven Soundness of Part 572
    To the extent possible, we have based the proposed test protocols 
and devices on qualification tests set forth for other test dummies in 
Part 572. The qualification tests have been proven reliable and sound 
in qualifying NHTSA's other test dummies. Moreover, using the same 
basic tests minimizes the amount of new qualification equipment needed 
by test laboratories that may already have such equipment in place for 
qualifying other ATDs.

c. New and Modified Part 572 Tests and Equipment

    This NPRM proposes only one new test not found elsewhere in Part 
572, a method to assure the functionality of the Q3s neck under 
torsion. This is a fairly simple procedure added to assure that the 
neck is repeatable under twist. The test involves the use of a special 
test fixture attached to the Part 572 pendulum which imparts a pure 
torsion moment to the isolated neck.
    Additionally, a few minor changes to established Part 572 protocol 
and equipment have been introduced to improve the ease and consistency 
of the qualification tests. The pendulum probe used to qualify the Q3s 
is specified to be 3.81 kg, which is about twice as large as the 1.70 
kg probe used for the HIII-3C, Subpart P qualifications (Hybrid III 3-
year-old child test dummy used for frontal testing). This probe was 
chosen to enable the same probe to be used for all Q3s qualification 
tests that use a probe. The heavier probe allows a range of reasonable 
test speeds to be used to attain the desired response level. Tests 
speeds range from 3.6 m/s (shoulder impact) up to 5.0 m/s (thorax with 
arm). In contrast, the test speed for the thorax test of the HIII-3C 
with the lighter probe is 6.0 m/s.
    We have also proposed a new test instrument for the flexion tests 
of the neck and the lumbar spine. These tests measure relative rotation 
by means of two angular rate sensors (ARSs). The ARSs that we specify 
represent a relatively new technology. For similar tests with all other 
Part 572 dummies, relative rotation is measured using a system of 
rotary potentiometers and a linking rod. Because the potentiometer 
system is mounted off-axis, it creates an asymmetry that can create 
problems with a small dummy like the Q3s. We are concerned that the 
added mass and inertia of a potentiometer system can introduce twisting 
of the head simulator, which may affect the accuracy of the 
measurements.
    ARS units, on the other hand, are lightweight and compact. They do 
not require a connecting rod and they can be mounted very near to the 
headform's axis of symmetry so that their propensity to twist during a 
test due to the added mass is greatly reduced. Furthermore, throughout 
our testing of the Q3s the angular rate sensors have been observed to 
produce very accurate measures of rotation. We tentatively conclude 
that use of the ARS units in this application would be an improvement 
over potentiometers.

d. Proposed Test Specifications and Performance Requirements

    NHTSA proposes the following performance specifications for the 
head in drop tests, and for the neck, shoulder, thorax, lumbar spine, 
and pelvis in pendulum tests. Performance requirements in the lateral 
direction must be met by carrying out the tests in the direction 
opposing the primary load vector of the ensuing full scale test for 
which the dummy is being qualified. For example, if the dummy is to be 
used in an impact to the left side of a CRS, qualification tests on the 
left aspect of the dummy's head, neck, shoulder, thorax, lumber spine, 
and pelvis are carried out. The fore-aft performance requirements for 
the head, neck, and lumbar spine must be met for all impact tests. That 
is, in addition to the lateral tests, the fore-aft tests are conducted 
on the ATD regardless of which side of the CRS is tested.
Head Drop Tests
    The correct kinematic response of the head-neck system is of 
substantial importance to quantify the protection offered by CRSs in 
terms of head motion and acceleration during an impact. This test 
serves to assure the uniformity of the impact response. Head 
qualification consists of two test components: Frontal and lateral head 
drops. The frontal head drop is conducted from a height of 376 mm, 
while the lateral head drop is conducted at 200 mm.
    The head must respond with peak resultant acceleration between: 250 
g and 297 g when dropped from 376 mm height such that the forehead 
lands onto a flat rigid surface; and between 113 g and 140 g when 
dropped from a 200 mm height such that the side of the head lands onto 
a flat rigid surface.
Neck Pendulum Test
    We believe that a repeatable kinematic response of the head-neck 
system is important to quantify the protection offered by CRSs in terms 
of limiting head excursion and head acceleration in both a head impact 
and a non-impact situation. Under the CRS test protocol under 
consideration by the agency, the primary kinematic motion of the head 
is in the lateral direction, but the head also twists and turns in 
other directions to a lesser extent. Given the importance of head 
motion, we believe a full set of neck qualification requirements is 
warranted to assure uniformity. Therefore, our proposed neck 
qualification consists of three test components: Frontal flexion, 
lateral

[[Page 69961]]

flexion, and torsion neck pendulum tests.
    The neck would have to allow the headform to articulate in pendulum 
tests at:
     4.7 m/s in frontal flexion, at between 70 degrees and 82 
degrees occurring between 55 ms and 63 ms from time zero and decaying 
back to the zero angle between 50 ms and 54 ms after the peak rotation; 
the value of the maximum moment must be between 41 N-m and 51 N-m 
occurring between 49 ms and 62 ms from time zero,
     3.8 m/s in lateral flexion, at between 77 degrees and 88 
degrees occurring between 65 ms and 72 ms from time zero and decaying 
back to the zero angle between 63 ms and 69 ms after the peak rotation; 
the value of the maximum moment must be between 25 N-m and 32 N-m 
occurring between 66 ms and 73 ms from time zero, and
     3.6 m/s in torsion, at between 75 degrees and 93 degrees 
occurring between 91 ms and 113 ms from time zero and decaying back to 
the zero angle between 84 ms and 103 ms after the peak rotation; the 
value of the maximum moment must be between 8 N-m and 10 N-m occurring 
between 84 ms and 103 ms from time zero.
Shoulder Impact Test
    Though injury assessment is not generally associated with the 
shoulder, the way the shoulder absorbs energy can affect the overall 
kinematics of the dummy. This test assures that the shoulder acts 
uniformly in the way it distributes the load under a direct lateral 
impact.
    The shoulder exposed to a pendulum impact at 3.6 m/s is to exhibit 
a peak shoulder deflection between 16 mm and 21 mm, and a peak 
resistance force between 1,240 N and 1,350 N.
Thorax Impact Tests
    The thorax qualification tests are very similar to the SAE test 
used to assess lateral thorax biofidelity. For qualification, however, 
the test is conducted two ways: Without arm interaction (as in the SAE 
test) and with the arm attached such that the impact probe strikes the 
upper arm. Both tests utilize a lateral impact with a 3.8 kg probe.
    The thorax ``without arm'' test assures uniformity of the thorax 
structure, including its mount to the spine, and its response to a 
direct impact in terms of rib deflection. The arm is completely removed 
from the dummy. The 3.8 kg test probe is aligned with the thorax 
displacement IR-TRACC and impacts the thorax laterally at a speed of 
3.3 m/s.
    For the ``arm attached'' test, the upper arm is positioned 
vertically and aligned with the dummy's thorax. The lower arm is 
positioned to make a 90 degree angle with the upper arm. The loading of 
the ribcage goes through the arm. The impact speed of the probe is 5.0 
m/s. This test assures uniformity of the arm in the way it absorbs 
energy and interacts with the thorax under a direct lateral impact.
    The thorax exposed to a pendulum impact:
     At 3.3 m/s, without arm, is to exhibit a peak thorax 
deflection between 24 mm and 31 mm, and a peak resistance force between 
620 N and 770 N; and,
     at 5.0 m/s, with arm attached, is to exhibit a peak thorax 
deflection between 23 mm and 28 mm, and a peak resistance force between 
1,380 N and 1,690 N occurring after 5 ms from time zero.
    As explained previously, the peak probe force is taken after 5 ms 
to separate the probe's initial inertial response during arm contact 
from its response due to its interaction with the thorax. The net 
effect of recording the peak probe force after 5 ms is the elimination 
of the first peak.
Lumbar Tests
    The rubber lumbar column bends to some extent during a CRS side 
impact test. This bending might affect the overall kinematics of the 
dummy, including the excursion of the head. It could also affect 
lateral loads and the deflection of the thorax. We believe that this 
rubber element can be a source of variability, so we have included a 
qualification test to assure the uniformity and integrity of this 
component.
    Lumbar testing would consist of two types of pendulum tests: A 
frontal test and a lateral test. For both tests, the lumbar spine 
element containing the flexible column is removed from the dummy, 
similar to the neck qualification tests. Lumbar tests are conducted 
using the same Part 572 neck pendulum and headform device utilized in 
the neck qualification tests. In the case of lumbar qualification, the 
headform is not intended to represent the inertial properties of any 
particular body region, but merely provides an apparatus that helps to 
ensure a repeatable test condition. The frontal and lateral pendulum 
tests are conducted at the same impact speed of 4.4 m/s and specify the 
same pendulum impulse.
    We propose that the lumbar spine must allow the headform to 
articulate:
     In frontal flexion, at not less than between 48 degrees 
and 57 degrees occurring between 52 ms and 59 ms from time zero and 
decaying back to zero angle between 50 ms and 56 ms after the peak 
rotation; the value of the maximum moment must be between 78 N-m and 94 
N-m occurring between 46 ms and 57 ms from time zero; and,
     in lateral flexion, at not less than between 47 degrees 
and 59 degrees occurring between 50 ms and 59 ms from time zero and 
decaying back to zero angle between 47 ms and 59 ms after the peak 
rotation; the value of the maximum moment must be between 78 N-m and 97 
N-m occurring between 46 ms and 57 ms from time zero.
Pelvis Impact
    A lateral impact with the 3.8 kg probe at 4.0 m/s is used to test 
the pelvis. This test protocol is very similar to the SAE biofidelity 
test. The pelvis exposed to a pendulum impact at 4.0 m/s is to exhibit 
a peak pubic load between 700 N and 870 N, and a peak force measured by 
the pendulum between 1570 N and 1810 N.
Other
    We have not included a qualification test aimed specifically at the 
Q3s abdomen. We tentatively believe that any non-uniformity in 
stiffness due to the absence of a qualification requirement for the 
abdomen would have an insignificant effect on the overall kinematics of 
the dummy in a side impact test. Also, the abdomen of the Q3s is 
uninstrumented and is thus not generally used to assess injury 
potential in a side impact.
    Nevertheless, comments are requested on the need for a 
qualification test for the abdomen. The abdomen is made of a high 
density, compressible foam material, whose compressive characteristics 
can vary from one abdomen to another and whose properties can change 
with aging and other factors. We request comments on an abdominal test 
protocol similar to that which we used to assess the biofidelity of the 
Q3s abdomen.

VII. Durability

    No durability problems arose with the Q3s dummies in any of the 
sled tests or component tests.

a. High-Energy Component Tests

    We also conducted high-energy component tests to assess durability 
and no durability problems arose in those. In these tests, we raised 
the kinetic energy of the impact to levels that exposed the dummy to 
loading conditions slightly greater than those that might be

[[Page 69962]]

expected in the dummy's regulatory application. High-energy tests were 
conducted for the head, neck, shoulder, thorax (with and without arm), 
lumbar, and pelvis. As discussed below, we found no damage to the 
dummy's structural components or instrumentation.
High-Energy Head Drop Tests
    We performed frontal and lateral head drop tests using the 
qualification test setup procedures, except the drop heights were 
increased to achieve kinetic energy increases of 10 percent, 20 
percent, and 30 percent, as compared to the standard qualification 
test.
    Frontal head drop responses are summarized in Table 18. The peak 
resultant head acceleration at 30 percent increased energy was 318.5 g. 
This impact resulted in a HIC15 value of 1732.5, which is well above 
the proposed injury criterion limit of 700 and demonstrates the 
severity of the test. Post-test inspection of the head revealed no 
structural damage to the synthetic skull material or to the vinyl skin.
    Lateral head drop responses are summarized in Table 19. For the 
most severe condition, the peak resultant head acceleration was 146.6 
g. No structural damage of the head was observed in the post-test 
inspection of the head assembly.

                             Table 18--High-Energy Frontal Head Drop Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Energy
                                                                     increase       Drop height        Peak
                            Test No.                                 (nominal)         (mm)          resultant
                                                                     (percent)                       accel (g)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline........................................................               0             376           265.5
1...............................................................              10             414           284.6
2...............................................................              20             451           304.4
3...............................................................              30             489           318.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                             Table 19--High-Energy Lateral Head Drop Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Energy
                                                                     increase       Drop height        Peak
                            Test No.                                 (nominal)         (mm)          resultant
                                                                     (percent)                      accel  (g)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline........................................................               0             200           121.5
1...............................................................              10             220           127.3
2...............................................................              20             240           141.6
3...............................................................              30             260           146.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

High-Energy Neck Pendulum Tests
    We conducted frontal, lateral, and torsional neck pendulum tests at 
the increased impact speeds. Tests were conducted according to the 
qualification procedures, except for the increase in impact speeds.
    Frontal Flexion Tests. The results of the high-energy frontal neck 
flexion tests are summarized in Table 20. Three repeat tests were run 
at 5.5 m/s. This speed represents a 34 percent increase in energy over 
the qualification speed. We chose this condition because it is 
consistent with the test protocol used to qualify the HIII-3C (a 
frontal impact dummy). We found no signs of damage or unusual wear to 
the Q3s neck or neck cable at the elevated speed. The response curves 
were smooth, indicating that no unusual contact occurred during the 
tests. The tests also demonstrate that the Q3s neck would be repeatable 
if the dummy were used in a frontal impact mode.
    Lateral Flexion Tests. The results of the high-energy lateral neck 
flexion tests are summarized in Table 21. Incremental tests were run at 
impact speeds needed to achieve increases in kinetic energy of 10 
percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent. In all cases, the response signals 
were smooth with no indication of damage.
    Torsion Tests. The high-energy neck torsion tests were also run at 
impact speeds needed to achieve energy increases of 10 percent, 20 
percent, and 30 percent. The responses are summarized in Table 22. In 
all cases, the response signals were smooth with no indication of 
damage.

                                                 Table 20--Frontal Flexion Neck Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Energy                                 Max angle                     Peak Y-moment
                                             increase      Impact speed, ---------------------------------------------------------------- Head  rotation
                Test No.                     (nominal)          m/s                                                                         decay  time,
                                             (percent)                       angle deg        time ms       moment  N-m       time ms           m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline................................               0             4.7            74.0            58.2            44.9            54.1            51.5
1.......................................              34             5.5            78.8            55.9            62.3            53.0            48.0
2.......................................              34             5.5            80.1            55.4            66.0            52.7            47.7
3.......................................              34             5.5            79.4            57.0            63.2            53.2            47.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 69963]]

                                                 Table 21--Lateral Flexion Neck Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Energy                                 Max angle                     Peak Y-moment
                                             increase      Impact speed, ---------------------------------------------------------------- Head  rotation
                Test No.                     (nominal)          m/s                                                                         decay  time,
                                             (percent)                       angle deg        time ms       moment  N-m       time ms           m/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline................................               0             3.8            80.9            68.7            26.9            70.2            64.8
1.......................................              10             4.0            82.3            68.9            27.1            70.1            65.5
2.......................................              20             4.2            85.1            67.2            31.9            66.8            63.2
3.......................................              30             4.3            86.8            66.8            34.3            66.3            62.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                     Table 22--Neck Torsion Pendulum Test Responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Impact            Max angle               Peak Z-Moment           Head
                                                                  Energy       speed    ----------------------------------------------------   rotation
                           Test No.                              increase  -------------    angle         time        moment        time      decay time
                                                                (nominal)               ----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                (percent)       m/s          Deg           Ms          N-m           ms           ms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline.....................................................            0          3.6         80.9         99.5         9.35         92.1         88.7
1............................................................           10          3.8         83.3        102.9         9.35         95.5         91.7
2............................................................           20          3.9         83.8        101.5         9.40         95.0         91.2
3............................................................           30          4.1         87.4        103.1         9.73         96.9         91.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

High-Energy Shoulder Impact Tests
    The agency conducted shoulder impacts according to the 
qualification test setup procedures, except the impact speeds were 
increased to achieve increases in kinetic energy of approximately 10 
percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent as compared to the qualification 
test. Table 23 provides a summary of the responses for the high-energy 
shoulder impact tests. At the 30 percent increased energy level, the 
peak lateral shoulder deflection was 20.4 mm and the response curve was 
smooth, indicating that the shoulder string pot did not reach its 
maximum allowable stroke. The peak probe force was 1450 N. Post-test 
inspections revealed no structural damage to the dummy or 
instrumentation.

                              Table 23--High-Energy Shoulder Impact Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Energy increase                        Shoulder
                Test No.                      (nominal)     Impact speed (m/    displacement     Probe force (N)
                                              (percent)            s)               (mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline................................               0.0               3.6              17.6              1269
1.......................................                10               3.8              19.7              1348
2.......................................                20               4.0              20.1              1443
3.......................................                30               4.1              20.4              1450
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

High-Energy Thorax Impact Tests
    We conducted high-energy thorax impact tests with and without the 
arm. We followed the set-up procedures used in the qualification tests, 
except we increased the probe impact speeds to supply a corresponding 
increase in the kinetic energy.
    For the ``with arm'' tests, we conducted one impact at 20 percent 
increased kinetic energy and two at a 30 percent increase. Table 24 
summarizes the responses for the high-energy thorax with arm impacts. 
The highest lateral thorax displacement was 28.7 mm and the response 
curve was smooth. Post-test inspections demonstrated that no damage 
occurred to any portion of the dummy's torso.
    For the thorax ``without arm'' test condition (Table 25), because 
thorax durability was a concern with earlier versions of the Q3s, we 
conducted tests at higher severity levels to provide a rigorous 
assessment of the durability of the thorax. For the thorax ``without 
arm'' test condition, we conducted an impact at 50 percent increased 
kinetic energy and another impact at a 70 percent increase. No 
structural damage was observed during post-test inspections of the 
dummy's thorax and IR-TRACC displacement transducer.
    In addition, for the thorax ``without arm'' test condition, we 
conducted tests at increased severity levels to assess further the 
durability of the IR-TRACC device. The maximum allowable lateral thorax 
displacement before damage occurs to the IR-TRACC displacement 
measurement device is approximately 40 mm. Considering this physical 
limitation, we increased the probe impact speed until the lateral 
displacement approached 38 mm. We found that the impact speed 
corresponding to roughly 38 mm of displacement was 4.4 m/s 
(approximately an 80 percent increase in kinetic energy). Accordingly, 
we conducted two additional impact tests at that speed. For the three 
tests conducted at 80 percent increased kinetic energy, the lateral 
thorax displacement ranged from 37.1-37.9 mm and the response curves 
were smooth, indicating that the transducer did not exceed its maximum 
allowable stroke. No structural damage was observed during post-test 
inspections of the dummy's thorax and IR-TRACC displacement transducer.

[[Page 69964]]

                           Table 24--High-Energy Thorax With Arm Impact Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Energy increase                         Thorax
                Test No.                      (nominal)     Impact speed (m/    displacement     Probe force (N)
                                              (percent)            s)               (mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline................................                 0               5.0              25.0              1526
1.......................................                20               5.5              27.0              1663
2.......................................                30               5.7              28.3              1625
3.......................................  ................  ................              28.7              1652
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         Table 25--High-Energy Thorax Without Arm Impact Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Energy increase                         Thorax
                Test No.                      (nominal)     Impact speed (m/    displacement     Probe force (N)
                                              (percent)            s)               (mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline................................                 0               3.3              26.0               732
1.......................................                50               4.0              32.8               784
2.......................................                70               4.3              36.2               772
3.......................................                80               4.4              37.9               799
4.......................................  ................  ................              37.3               814
5.......................................  ................  ................              37.1               815
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

High-Energy Lumbar Pendulum Tests
    We conducted high-energy frontal and lateral lumbar pendulum tests 
according to the qualification test set-up procedures, except the 
impact speeds were increased. For frontal pendulum tests, the impact 
energy was increased up to approximately 30 percent greater than the 
qualification test, while lateral tests were increased up to 
approximately 40 percent greater than the qualification test.
    The frontal test results are summarized in Table 26 and the lateral 
results are summarized in Table 27. The lumbar moment and rotation 
responses did not indicate any unusual issues with the lumbar spine 
element or load cell in either of the test conditions. No damage or 
delamination was observed in post-test inspections of the lumbar 
components.

                          Table 26--High-Energy Frontal Lumbar Pendulum Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Energy                     Max angle       Peak Y-moment
                                     increase      Impact   -------------------------------------  Head rotation
             Test No.               (nominal)    speed, m/s   Angle            Moment N-          decay time, ms
                                    (percent)                  deg    Time ms      m     Time ms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline.........................            0          4.4     53.3     56.6      85.7     53.9            54.2
1................................           20          4.8     57.5     56.8      88.6     51.9            55.0
2................................           30          5.0     60.3     57.5      95.6     53.5            55.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          Table 27--High-Energy Lateral Lumbar Pendulum Test Responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Energy                     Max angle       Peak Y-moment
                                     increase      Impact   -------------------------------------  Head rotation
             Test No.               (nominal)    speed, m/s   Angle            Moment N-          decay time, ms
                                    (percent)                  deg    Time ms      m     Time ms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline.........................            0          4.4     53.9     56.0      83.5     50.3            49.2
1................................           20          4.8     59.0     57.3      95.7     54.0            54.0
2................................           30          5.0     60.7     57.4     100.8     54.0            54.0
3................................           40          5.2     62.9     56.6     107.7     53.3            53.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

High-Energy Pelvis Impact Tests
    We conducted high-energy pelvis impacts in accordance with the 
qualification test set-up procedures, except we increased impact speeds 
to achieve increases in kinetic energy of approximately 15 percent, 40 
percent, and 55 percent. The responses for the high-energy pelvis 
impact tests are summarized in Table 28. At the highest energy level, 
the lateral pubic load was 1057 N (well beyond the 450 N maximum 
observed in the Cozy Cline R&R series) and the probe force was 2357 N. 
Analysis of the lateral pubic load response revealed a smooth curve, 
indicating no unusual contact internal to the dummy. No damage to the 
pelvis region was observed during post-test inspections.

[[Page 69965]]

           Table 28--High-Energy Pelvis Impact Test Responses
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Energy
                                   Increase     Impact   Pubic    Probe
            Test No.               (nominal)    speed    force    force
                                   (percent)    (m/s)     (N)      (N)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
baseline.......................           0.0      4.0      796     1712
1..............................          15        4.3      843     1896
2..............................          40        4.7     1001     2209
3..............................          55        5.0     1057     2357
------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Q3s Servicing and Maintenance

    In our experience with other Part 572 ATDs, deformable parts 
typically have the shortest service lives. The two most often replaced 
parts are the ribcage and the molded neck. For example, we have found 
the typical service life for HIII-10C rib sets and neck assemblies to 
be about thirty sled tests. Vinyl flesh materials--particularly the 
chest flesh--are also replaced on a recurring basis as they become 
aged, abraded, or torn.
    NHTSA owns four Q3s units of the final Build Level D version, which 
include the updated parts to improve the durability of the thorax, 
neck, and pelvis. There have been no durability problems with the ATDs 
since they have been upgraded to the latest build level. Given the 
record of low maintenance to our own Q3s units, we consider the dummy 
to be highly suitable for proposed use in FMVSS No. 213 in terms of its 
durability. Our records indicate that we have had relatively few 
instances of Q3s part replacements of any sort.

VIII. Drawings and Patents

    Throughout the notice and comment period of this Part 572 
rulemaking, the Q3s dummy will be available from Humanetics. The Q3s 
engineering drawings used to fabricate the dummy are available in the 
docket for public review and comment. The Q3s engineering drawings are 
a proprietary product owned by Humanetics,\29\ with the exceptions 
noted in this section. Thus, during the comment period most drawings 
will display the Humanetics name in the title block and will have the 
following restrictive note:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ FTSS/Humanetics' development of the Q3s dummy was not 
performed directly under a government research and development 
contract. NHTSA procured its Q3s units under a standard purchase 
order in which the FTSS/Humanetics products were listed within a 
catalog with a price schedule. Using this same purchase mechanism, 
our units were periodically sent back to FTSS/Humanetics for 
warranty maintenance and upgrades. As we performed subsequent tests 
on our Q3s units, we routinely shared our results with FTSS/
Humanetics, and concurrently reported them in public and in SAE and 
ISO committee meetings, providing test results, identifying 
problems, and suggesting ways to correct problems. FTSS/Humanetics 
produced parts based on this information, and periodically provided 
new components to NHTSA for evaluation.

    This drawing is the sole property of Humanetics Innovative 
Solutions, Inc. and is being provided to NHTSA and other related 
organizations for evaluation and comment related to NHTSA's 
rulemaking process. Except for commenting purposes pursuant to this 
process, the drawing shall not be copied or used for any other 
purpose without the written consent of Humanetics Innovative 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solutions, Inc.

    For the final rule, the note will be removed and the dummy drawings 
and designs will be free from any restrictions. This includes their use 
in fabrication and in building computer simulation models of the dummy.
    During this comment period, some drawings will not have the 
Humanetics name in the title block and will not have the restrictive 
note on them. In these cases, NHTSA contracted with Humanetics to 
provide the part or expressly contributed to the design of the part. As 
described earlier in this preamble, Humanetics fabricated the Build 
Level D neck using detailed specifications provided by NHTSA. These 
specifications included detailed engineering drawings and a prototype 
of the neck itself. In addition, NHTSA also contributed to the design 
of the femur, hip, and several other minor parts of the dummy.
    The list of drawings related to those agency's efforts is shown in 
Table 29. On these drawings, the NHTSA name appears in the title block 
and the restrictive note does not appear. These drawings are available 
to the public for use during this NPRM stage without restriction.
    NHTSA is aware that Humanetics has filed a patent application with 
the United States Patent and Trademark Office covering certain parts of 
the Q3s dummy. Prior to the publication of any final rule, NHTSA plans 
to meet with Humanetics and come to some agreement that ensures the 
continued availability of the Q3s dummy to the general public at a 
reasonable price. Notwithstanding the intellectual property issues 
identified in this section, NHTSA emphasizes that readers should take 
this opportunity to review the information provided in this NPRM and 
provide responses on the substantive aspects of the proposal.

                      Table 29--List of Q3s Drawings for Which No Restrictive Note Appears
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Drawing No.                          Description                          Used on
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
020-2400.................................  Neck assembly, Q3s..........  020-2400
020-2401.................................  Molded neck, Q3s............  020-2400
020-2402.................................  Neck plate, top Q3s.........  020-2400
020-2403.................................  Neck plate, middle, Q3s.....  020-2400
020-2404.................................  Neck plate, bottom, Q3s.....  020-2400
020-2405.................................  Retaining ring, Q3s neck....  020-2400
020-2406.................................  Square crimp, Q3s neck......  020-2400
020-2407.................................  Bottom crimp, Q3s neck cable  020-2400
020-2408.................................  Neck cable assembly, Q3s....  020-2400
020-2409.................................  Retaining nut, Q3s neck.....  020-2400
020-9611.................................  Femur, Right................  020-9616
020-9511.................................  Femur, Left.................  020-9516
020-9607.................................  Femur reinforcement, Right..  020-9616

[[Page 69966]]

 
020-9507.................................  Femur reinforcement, Left...  020-9516
020-3537.................................  Ball shoulder...............  020-9616, 020-9516
020-9903.................................  End stop....................  020-9616, 020-9516
020-7116.................................  Hip joint assembly, Right...  020-7116
020-7113.................................  Hip joint assembly, Left....  020-7113
020-7115.................................  Hip cup assembly, Right.....  020-7116, 020-7113
020-7114.................................  Hip cup assembly, Left......  020-7116, 020-7113
020-7117.................................  Hip cup, upper..............  020-7116, 020-7113
020-7118.................................  Hip cup, lower..............  020-7116, 020-7113
020-7103.................................  Detent peg..................  020-7116, 020-7113
020-7104.................................  Spring retainer plate.......  020-7116, 020-7113
020-9000.................................  Q3s positioning tool........  020-9000
020-9001.................................  Indicator arm...............  020-9000
020-9002.................................  Extension bracket...........  020-9000
020-9003.................................  Cross beam..................  020-9000
020-9004.................................  Knee spacer.................  020-9000
020-9005.................................  Pivot screw.................  020-9000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IX. Consideration of Alternatives

    We considered the merits of alternative test dummies for use in the 
side impact test under consideration for FMVSS No. 213. The closest 
viable alternatives were the modified Hybrid III 3-year-old child test 
dummy (HIII-3C) and the Q3.
Consideration of the Modified HIII-3C (``3Cs'')
    The HIII-3C was originally developed in 1992. It is used in FMVSS 
No. 208, ``Occupant crash protection,'' to evaluate air bag 
aggressiveness or air bag suppression when a child is close to a 
deploying air bag, and in FMVSS No. 213's frontal sled test for the 
evaluation of child restraint performance. The HIII-3C was not designed 
for lateral impacts. Under lateral loading, the shoulder and torso 
exhibit highly stiff behavior and do not fully replicate a child's 
kinematics. NHTSA considered using the HIII-3C in the 2002 FMVSS No. 
213 ANPRM published in response to the TREAD Act (see footnote 4, 
supra), but concluded that the ATD was not acceptable for use in side 
impact testing.
    After the agency assessed the HIII-3C in side impacts, NHTSA 
developed a retrofit package for the dummy to install a new head and 
neck with better lateral biofidelity. The retrofitted dummy is referred 
to as the ``3Cs.''
    NHTSA evaluated the 3Cs and the Q3s concurrently. Based on our 
biofidelity evaluations, the 3Cs did not achieve nearly as good a 
ranking as the Q3s. The technical report, ``Biofidelity Assessment of 
the Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Side Impact Dummy,'' supra, discusses the 
performance of the two ATDs. The Q3s outperformed or is equivalent to 
the 3Cs in every aspect of biofidelity related to a dummy's response in 
a side impact. Given the superior biofidelity of the Q3s, we believe 
that it more accurately represents the response expected of a human 
child.
    In addition, the Q3s has thorax deflection instrumentation, which 
the 3Cs does not. We tentatively conclude that the Q3s is a better 
dummy than the 3Cs to measure injury assessment values in side impacts 
and is a preferable ATD for use in the proposed side impact upgrade to 
FMVSS No. 213.
Consideration of the Q3
    As discussed in section II of this preamble, the design of the Q3s 
was derived from the original Q3 dummy developed by the European 
community. The Q3 is intended for use in frontal, side, and rear 
impacts.
    Around the same time Humanetics was working to bring the Q3s up to 
production level, the Q3 underwent a significant design revision. 
Starting in 2003, a ``new'' Q3 took shape. Many of the new design 
concepts included in the Q3s were also built into the Q3 as Humanetics 
worked concurrently on both dummies (e.g., thorax string potentiometers 
were replaced by IR-TRACCs in both dummies). Still, as reported by the 
European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (Wismans, et al., 2008), the 
new Q3 does not respond well in lateral biofidelity tests. Furthermore, 
the thorax of the new Q3 has become even less biofidelic than the 
original. Therefore, NHTSA does not consider the Q3 preferable to the 
Q3s.
Conclusion
    The agency tentatively concludes that the improved biofidelity and 
additional injury assessment capability of the Q3s compared to the 
other commercially available child side impact test dummies supports a 
decision to adopt the Q3s into 49 CFR Part 572. The Q3s dummy is a 
state-of-the-art device that would allow for a better assessment of the 
risk of injury to child occupants than the alternative test dummies. 
The availability of Q3s's injury measuring capability also is important 
to the design, development and evaluation of the side impact protection 
of child restraint systems. The Q3s test dummy is available today, and 
has been thoroughly evaluated for suitable reproducibility and 
repeatability of results.

X. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 and E.O. 13563, and DOT Regulatory 
Policies and Procedures

    NHTSA has considered the impacts of this regulatory action under 
E.O. 12866 and E.O. 13563. This rulemaking action was not reviewed by 
the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866. The rulemaking 
has also been determined to be non-significant under DOT's regulatory 
policies and procedures.
    This document would amend 49 CFR Part 572 by adding design and 
performance specifications for a test dummy representative of a 3-year-
old child that the agency would possibly use in FMVSS No. 213 side 
impact compliance tests and possibly for research purposes. This Part 
572 proposed rule would not impose any requirements on anyone. 
Businesses are affected only if they choose to manufacture or test with 
the dummy. Because the economic impacts of this proposed rule are 
minimal, no further regulatory evaluation is necessary.
    There are benefits associated with this rulemaking but they cannot 
be quantified. The incorporation of the test dummy into 49 CFR Part 572 
would

[[Page 69967]]

enable NHTSA to use the ATD in a new dynamic side impact test that we 
are considering adopting into FMVSS No. 213. Adoption of side impact 
protection requirements in FMVSS No. 213 enhances child passenger 
safety and accords with MAP-21. In addition, the availability of this 
dummy in a regulated format would be beneficial by providing a 
suitable, stabilized, and objective test tool to the safety community 
for use in better protecting children in side impacts.
    The cost of an uninstrumented Q3s dummy is approximately $48,750. 
The minimum set of instrumentation needed for qualification and 
compliance type testing includes three uni-axial accelerometers (part 
no. SA572-S4), one neck/spine load cell (SA572-S8), one shoulder 
potentiometer set (SA572-S38 and S39), one single axis IR-TRACC (SA572-
S37), and one pubic load cell (SA572-S7). The cost of this 
instrumentation adds approximately $18,200 for a total cost of about 
$66,950.
    We have not estimated the costs of the equipment needed to perform 
the qualification tests other than the instrumentation needed (two 
angular rate sensors, $1,230 apiece; one test probe accelerometer, 
$500; one rotary potentiometer, $500.) With the exception of the neck 
torsion fixture, the angular rate sensors, and the 3.8 kg test probe, 
all fixtures and instruments are common with those used to qualify 
other Part 572 dummies.
    We recognize that dummy refurbishments and part replacements are an 
inherent part of ATD testing. Various parts will likely have to be 
refurbished or replaced, but we do not know which parts are likely to 
be worked on the most. However, since the dummies are designed to be 
reusable, costs of the dummies and of parts can be amortized over a 
number of tests.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a proposed 
or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a 
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule 
on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and 
small governmental jurisdictions), unless the head of the agency 
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. The Small Business 
Administration's regulations at 13 CFR Part 121 define a small 
business, in part, as a business entity ``which operates primarily 
within the United States.'' (13 CFR 121.105(a)).
    We have considered the effects of this rulemaking under the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act. I hereby certify that this rulemaking 
action would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. This action would not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities because the 
addition of the test dummy to Part 572 would not impose any 
requirements on anyone. NHTSA would use the ATD in agency testing but 
would not require anyone to manufacture the dummy or to test motor 
vehicles or motor vehicle equipment with it.

National Environmental Policy Act

    NHTSA has analyzed this proposed rule for the purposes of the 
National Environmental Policy Act and determined that it would not have 
any significant impact on the quality of the human environment.

Executive Order 13045 and 13132 (Federalism)

    Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any 
rule that: (1) Is determined to be ``economically significant'' as 
defined under E.O. 12866, and (2) concerns an environmental, health, or 
safety risk that NHTSA has reason to believe may have a 
disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action meets 
both criteria, we must evaluate the environmental health or safety 
effects of the planned rule on children, and explain why the planned 
regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and reasonably 
feasible alternatives considered by us.
    This proposed rule is not subject to the Executive Order because it 
is not economically significant as defined in E.O. 12866.
    NHTSA has examined today's proposed rule pursuant to Executive 
Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999) and concluded that no 
additional consultation with States, local governments or their 
representatives is mandated beyond the rulemaking process. The agency 
has concluded that the proposed rule would not have federalism 
implications because the proposed rule would not have ``substantial 
direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national 
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' This 
proposed rule would not impose any requirements on anyone. Businesses 
will be affected only if they choose to manufacture or test with the 
dummy.
    Further, no consultation is needed to discuss the preemptive effect 
of today's proposed rule. NHTSA's safety standards can have preemptive 
effect in two ways. This proposed rule would amend 49 CFR Part 572 and 
is not a safety standard.\30\ This Part 572 proposed rule would not 
impose any requirements on anyone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ With respect to the safety standards, the National Traffic 
and Motor Vehicle Safety Act contains an express preemptive 
provision: ``When a motor vehicle safety standard is in effect under 
this chapter, a State or a political subdivision of a State may 
prescribe or continue in effect a standard applicable to the same 
aspect of performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment 
only if the standard is identical to the standard prescribed under 
this chapter.'' 49 U.S.C. 30103(b)(1). Second, the Supreme Court has 
recognized the possibility of implied preemption: State requirements 
imposed on motor vehicle manufacturers, including sanctions imposed 
by State tort law, can stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment 
and execution of a NHTSA safety standard. When such a conflict 
exists, the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution makes the State 
requirements unenforceable. See Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., 
529 U.S. 861 (2000).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Civil Justice Reform

    With respect to the review of the promulgation of a new regulation, 
section 3(b) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil Justice Reform'' (61 FR 
4729, February 7, 1996) requires that Executive agencies make every 
reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation: (1) Clearly specifies 
the preemptive effect; (2) clearly specifies the effect on existing 
Federal law or regulation; (3) provides a clear legal standard for 
affected conduct, while promoting simplification and burden reduction; 
(4) clearly specifies the retroactive effect, if any; (5) adequately 
defines key terms; and (6) addresses other important issues affecting 
clarity and general draftsmanship under any guidelines issued by the 
Attorney General. This document is consistent with that requirement.
    Pursuant to this Order, NHTSA notes as follows.
    The issue of preemption is discussed above in connection with E.O. 
13132. NHTSA notes further that there is no requirement that 
individuals submit a petition for reconsideration or pursue other 
administrative proceeding before they may file suit in court.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, a person is not required 
to respond to a collection of information by a Federal agency unless 
the collection displays a valid control number from the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB). This proposed rule would not have any 
requirements that are considered to be information

[[Page 69968]]

collection requirements as defined by the OMB in 5 CFR Part 1320.

National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement 
Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272) 
directs NHTSA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory 
activities unless doing so would be inconsistent with applicable law or 
otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical 
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling 
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by 
voluntary consensus standards bodies. The NTTAA directs NHTSA to 
provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the agency decides not 
to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards.
    The following voluntary consensus standards have been used in 
developing the Q3s:
     SAE Recommended Practice J211, Rev. Mar 95, 
``Instrumentation for Impact Tests--Part 1--Electronic 
Instrumentation''; and,
     SAE J1733 of 1994-12 ``Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash 
Testing.''

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), 
Public Law 104-4, requires Federal agencies to prepare a written 
assessment of the costs, benefits, and other effects of proposed or 
final rules that include a Federal mandate likely to result in the 
expenditure by State, local, or tribal governments, in the aggregate, 
or by the private sector, of more than $100 million annually (adjusted 
for inflation with base year of 1995). Before promulgating a NHTSA rule 
for which a written statement is needed, section 205 of the UMRA 
generally requires the agency to identify and consider a reasonable 
number of regulatory alternatives and adopt the least costly, most 
cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative that achieves the 
objectives of the rule.
    This proposed rule would not impose any unfunded mandates under the 
UMRA. This proposed rule does not meet the definition of a Federal 
mandate because it does not impose requirements on anyone. It amends 49 
CFR Part 572 by adding design and performance specifications for a 3-
year-old child side impact test dummy that the agency could use in 
FMVSS No. 213 and for research purposes. This proposed rule would 
affect only those businesses that choose to manufacture or test with 
the dummy. It would not result in costs of $100 million or more to 
either State, local, or tribal governments, in the aggregate, or to the 
private sector.

Plain Language

    Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write all rules in 
plain language. Application of the principles of plain language 
includes consideration of the following questions:
    Has the agency organized the material to suit the public's needs?
    Are the requirements in the rule clearly stated?
    Does the rule contain technical language or jargon that is not 
clear?
    Would a different format (grouping and order of sections, use of 
headings, paragraphing) make the rule easier to understand?
    Would more (but shorter) sections be better?
    Could the agency improve clarity by adding tables, lists, or 
diagrams?
    What else could the agency do to make this rulemaking easier to 
understand?
    If you have any responses to these questions, please send them to 
NHTSA.

Regulation Identifier Number

    The Department of Transportation assigns a regulation identifier 
number (RIN) to each regulatory action listed in the Unified Agenda of 
Federal Regulations. The Regulatory Information Service Center 
publishes the Unified Agenda in April and October of each year. You may 
use the RIN contained in the heading at the beginning of this document 
to find this action in the Unified Agenda.

XI. Public Participation

How do I prepare and submit comments?

    Your comments must be written and in English. To ensure better that 
your comments are correctly filed in the Docket, please include the 
docket number of this document in your comments.
    Your comments must not be more than 15 pages long. (49 CFR 553.21). 
We established this limit to encourage you to write your primary 
comments in a concise fashion. However, you may attach necessary 
additional documents to your comments. There is no limit on the length 
of the attachments.
    Comments may also be submitted to the docket electronically by 
logging into http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions 
for submitting comments.
    Please note that pursuant to the Data Quality Act, in order for 
substantive data to be relied upon and used by the agency, it must meet 
the information quality standards set forth in the OMB and DOT Data 
Quality Act guidelines. Accordingly, we encourage you to consult the 
guidelines in preparing your comments. OMB's guidelines may be accessed 
at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/reproducible.html.

How can I be sure that my comments were received?

    If you wish the Docket Management Facility to notify you upon its 
receipt of your comments, enclose a self-addressed, stamped postcard in 
the envelope containing your comments. Upon receiving your comments, 
the Docket Management Facility will return the postcard by mail.

How do I submit confidential business information?

    If you wish to submit any information under a claim of 
confidentiality, you should submit three copies of your complete 
submission, including the information you claim to be confidential 
business information, to the Chief Counsel's office, NHTSA, at the 
address given above under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. In addition, 
you should submit two copies, from which you have deleted the claimed 
confidential business information, to the Docket Management Facility at 
the address given above under ADDRESSES. When you send a comment 
containing information claimed to be confidential business information, 
you should include a cover letter setting forth the information 
specified in our confidential business information regulation. (49 CFR 
Part 512.)

Will the agency consider late comments?

    We will consider all comments that the docket receives before the 
close of business on the comment closing date indicated above under 
DATES. To the extent possible, we will also consider comments received 
after that date. If the docket receives a comment too late for us to 
consider in developing a final rule (assuming that one is issued), we 
will consider that comment as an informal suggestion for a future 
rulemaking action.

How can I read the comments submitted by other people?

    You may read the comments received by the Docket Management 
Facility at the address given above under ADDRESSES. The hours of the 
Docket are indicated above in the same location. You may also see the 
comments on the Internet. To read the comments on the

[[Page 69969]]

Internet, go to http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for accessing the dockets.
    Please note that even after the comment closing date, we will 
continue to file relevant information in the docket as it becomes 
available. Further, some people may submit late comments. Accordingly, 
we recommend that you periodically check the docket for new material.
    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments 
received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78).

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 572

    Motor vehicle safety, Incorporation by reference.

    In consideration of the foregoing, NHTSA proposes to amend 49 CFR 
Part 572 as follows:

PART 572--ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICES

0
1. The authority citation for Part 572 would be amended to read as 
follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117 and 30166; 
delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.95.

0
2. 49 CFR Part 572 would be amended by adding a new Subpart W 
consisting of 572.210-572.219 to read as follows:
Subpart W--Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Test Dummy
Secs.
572.210 Incorporation by reference.
572.211 General description.
572.212 Head assembly and test procedure.
572.213 Neck assembly and test procedure.
572.214 Shoulder assembly and test procedure.
572.215 Thorax with arm assembly and test procedure.
572.216 Thorax without arm assembly and test procedure.
572.217 Lumbar spine assembly and test procedure.
572.218 Pelvis assembly and test procedure.
572.219 Test conditions and instrumentation.
Appendix--Figures to Subpart W of Part 572

Sec.  572.210  Incorporation by reference.

    (a) Certain material is incorporated by reference (IBR) into this 
part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that 
specified in this section, NHTSA must publish notice of change in the 
Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All 
approved material is available for inspection at the Department of 
Transportation, Docket Operations, Room W12-140, telephone 202-366-
9826, and is available from the sources listed below. The material is 
available in electronic format through Regulations.gov, call 1-877-378-
5457 or go to www.regulations.gov. It is also available for inspection 
at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For 
information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-
6030 or go to http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.
    (b) NHTSA Technical Information Services, 1200 New Jersey Ave. SE., 
Washington, DC 20590, telephone 202-366-5965.
    (1) A parts/drawing list entitled, ``Parts/Drawings List, Part 572 
Subpart W, Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Test Dummy, May 2012,'' IBR 
approved for Sec.  572.211.
    (2) A drawings and inspection package entitled, ``Parts List and 
Drawings, Part 572 Subpart W, Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Test Dummy, May 
2012,'' IBR approved for Sec.  572.211, including:
    (i) Drawing No. 020-0100, Complete Assembly Q3s, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.212, 572.213, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 
572.217, 572.218, and 572.219.
    (ii) Drawing No. 020-1200, Head Assembly, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.212, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, and 
572.219.
    (iii) Drawing No. 020-2400, Neck Assembly, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.213, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, and 
572.219.
    (iv) Drawing No. 020-9050, Headform, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  
572.211, 572.213, 572.217 and 572.219.
    (v) Drawing No. DL210-200, Neck Twist Fixture, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.213, and 572.219.
    (vi) Drawing No. 020-4500, Torso Assembly, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218 and 572.219.
    (vii) Drawing No. 020-6000, Lumbar Spine Assembly, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.217 and 572.219.
    (viii) Drawing No. 020-7500, Pelvis Assembly, IBR approved for 
Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, and 572.219.
    (ix) Drawing No. 020-8001, Q3s Suit, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  
572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, and 572.219.
    (x) Drawing No. 020-9500, Complete Leg Assembly--left, IBR approved 
for Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, and 572.219 
as part of a complete dummy assembly.
    (xi) Drawing No. 020-9600, Complete Leg Assembly--right, IBR 
approved for Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, 
and 572.219 as part of a complete dummy assembly.
    (xii) Drawing No. 020-9700, Complete Arm Assembly--left, IBR 
approved for Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, 
and 572.219 as part of a complete dummy assembly.
    (xiii) Drawing No. 020-9800, Complete Arm Assembly--right, IBR 
approved for Sec. Sec.  572.211, 572.214, 572.215, 572.216, 572.218, 
and 572.219 as part of a complete dummy assembly.
    (3) A procedures manual entitled ``Procedures for Assembly, 
Disassembly and Inspection (PADI) of the Q3s Child Side Impact Crash 
Test Dummy, September 2013,'' IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  572.211 and 
572.219.
    (c) SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 
15096, call 1-877-606-7323.
    (1) SAE Recommended Practice J211, Rev. Mar 95, ``Instrumentation 
for Impact Tests--Part 1--Electronic Instrumentation,'' IBR approved 
for Sec.  572.219;
    (2) SAE Information Report J1733 of 1994-12, ``Sign Convention for 
Vehicle Crash Testing,'' IBR approved for Sec.  572.219.

Sec.  572.211  General description.

    (a) The Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Test Dummy is defined by drawings 
and specifications containing the following materials:
    (1) The parts enlisted in ``Parts List and Drawings, Part 572 
Subpart W, Q3s Three-Year-Old Child Test Dummy, September 2013'' 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (2) The engineering drawings and specifications contained in 
``Parts List and Drawings, Part 572 Subpart W, Q3s Three-Year-Old Child 
Test Dummy, September 2013,'' which includes the engineering drawings 
and specifications described in Drawing 020-0000, the titles of which 
are listed in Table A, and,
    (3) A manual entitled ``Procedures for Assembly, Disassembly and 
Inspection (PADI) of the Q3s Child Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 
September 2013.''

                        Table A to Sec.   572.211
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Component assembly                     Drawing number
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Head Assembly......................  020-1200
(ii) Neck Assembly.....................  020-2400
(iii) Torso Assembly...................  020-4500
(iv) Lumbar Spine Assembly.............  020-6000
(v) Pelvis Assembly....................  020-7500

[[Page 69970]]

 
(vi) Complete Leg Assembly--left.......  020-9500
(vii) Complete Leg Assembly--right.....  020-9600
(viii) Complete Arm Assembly--left.....  020-9700
(ix) Complete Arm Assembly--right......  020-9800
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (b) The structural properties of the dummy are such that the dummy 
conforms to this Subpart in every respect before use in any test.

Sec.  572.212  Head assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The head assembly for this test consists of the complete head 
(drawing 020-1200) with head accelerometer assembly (drawing 020-
1013A), and a half mass simulated upper neck load cell (drawing 020-
1050) (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) When the head assembly is tested according to the test 
procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, it shall have the following 
characteristics:
    (1) Frontal head qualification test. When the head assembly is 
dropped from a height of 376.0  1.0 mm (14.8  
0.04 in) in accordance with subsection (c) of this section, the peak 
resultant acceleration at the location of the accelerometers at the 
head CG shall have a value between 250 G and 297 G. The resultant 
acceleration vs. time history curve shall be unimodal; oscillations 
occurring after the main pulse must be less than 10 percent of the peak 
resultant acceleration. The lateral acceleration shall not exceed 15 G 
(zero to peak).
    (2) Lateral head qualification test. When the head assembly is 
dropped from a height of 200.0  1.0 mm (7.87  
0.04 in) in accordance with subsection (c) of this section, the peak 
resultant acceleration at the location of the accelerometers at the 
head CG shall have a value between 113 G and 140 G. The resultant 
acceleration vs. time history curve shall be unimodal; oscillations 
occurring after the main pulse must be less than 10 percent of the peak 
resultant acceleration. The X-component acceleration shall not exceed 
20 G (zero to peak).
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the head assembly is as 
follows:
    (1) Soak the head assembly in a controlled environment at any 
temperature between 18.9 and 25.6 [deg]C (66 and 78 [deg]F) and a 
relative humidity from 10 to 70 percent for at least four hours prior 
to a test.
    (2) Prior to the test, clean the impact surface of the skin and the 
impact plate surface with isopropyl alcohol, trichloroethane, or an 
equivalent. The skin of the head and the impact plate surface must be 
clean and dry for testing.
    (3)(i) For the frontal head test, suspend and orient the head 
assembly with the forehead facing the impact surface as shown in Figure 
W1. The lowest point on the forehead must be 376.0  1.0 mm 
(14.8  0.04 in) from the impact surface. Assure that the 
head is horizontal laterally. Adjust the head angle so that the upper 
neck load cell simulator is 28  2 degrees forward from the 
vertical while assuring that the head remains horizontal laterally.
    (ii) For the lateral head test, the head is dropped on the aspect 
that opposes the primary load vector of the ensuing full scale test for 
which the dummy is being qualified. A left drop set up that is used to 
qualify the dummy for an ensuing full scale left side impact is 
depicted in Figure W2. A right drop set-up would be the mirror image of 
that shown in Figure W2. Suspend and orient the head assembly as shown 
in Figure W2. The lowest point on the impact side of the head must be 
200.0  1.0 mm (7.87  0.04 in) from the impact 
surface. Assure that the head is horizontal in the fore-aft direction. 
Adjust the head angle so that the head base plane measured from the 
base surface of the upper neck load cell simulator is 35  2 
degrees forward from the vertical while assuring that the head remains 
horizontal in the fore-aft direction.
    (4) Drop the head assembly from the specified height by means that 
ensure a smooth, instant release onto a rigidly supported flat 
horizontal steel plate which is 50.8 mm (2 in) thick and 610 mm (24 in) 
square. The impact surface shall be clean, dry and have a micro finish 
of not less than 203.2 x 10-6 mm (8 micro inches) (RMS) and 
not more than 2,032.0 x 10-6 mm (80 micro inches) (RMS).
    (5) Allow at least 2 hours between successive tests on the same 
head.

Sec.  572.213  Neck assembly and test procedure.

    (a)(1) The neck and headform assembly (refer to Sec.  
572.210(b)(2)(iii) and Sec.  572.210(b)(2)(iv)) for the purposes of the 
fore-aft neck flexion and lateral neck flexion qualification tests, as 
shown in Figures W3 and W4, consists of the headform (drawing 020-9050, 
sheet 1) with angular rate sensor installed (drawing SA572-S58), six-
channel neck/lumbar load cell (drawing SA572-S8), neck assembly 
(drawing 020-2400), neck/torso interface plate (drawing 020-9056) and 
pendulum interface plate (drawing 020-9051) with angular rate sensor 
installed (drawing SA572-S58) (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210).
    (2) The neck assembly (refer to Sec.  572.210(b)(2)(iii) and Sec.  
572.210(b)(2)(v)) for the purposes of the neck torsion qualification 
test, as shown in Figure W5, consists of the neck twist fixture 
(drawing DL210-200) with rotary potentiometer installed (drawing SA572-
S51), neck adaptor plate assembly (drawing DL210-220), neck assembly 
(drawing 020-2400), six-channel neck/lumbar load cell (drawing SA572-
S8), and twist fixture end plate (drawing DL210-210) (all incorporated 
by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) When the neck and headform assembly as defined in Sec.  
572.213(a)(1), or the neck assembly as defined in Sec.  572.213(a)(2), 
is tested according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this 
section, it shall have the following characteristics:
    (1) Fore-aft neck flexion qualification test.
    (i) Plane D, referenced in Figure W3, shall rotate in the direction 
of pre-impact flight with respect to the pendulum's longitudinal 
centerline between 70 degrees and 82 degrees, which shall occur between 
55 and 63 ms from time zero. The peak moment, measured by the neck 
transducer (drawing SA572-S8) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210) shall have a value between 41 N-m (30.2 ft-lbf) and 51 N-m 
(37.6 ft-lbf) occurring between 49 and 62 ms from time zero.
    (ii) The decaying headform rotation vs. time curve shall cross the 
zero angle with respect to its initial position at time of impact 
relative to the pendulum centerline between 50 to 54 ms after the time 
the peak rotation value is reached.
    (iii) All instrumentation data channels are defined to be zero when 
the longitudinal centerline of the neck and pendulum are parallel.
    (iv) The headform rotation shall be calculated by the following 
formula with the integration beginning at time zero:
Headform rotation (deg) = [int] [(Headform Angular Rate)y-
(Pendulum Angular Rate)y] dt

    (v) (Headform Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the headform (drawing 020-9050, sheet 
1), and (Pendulum Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the pendulum interface plate (drawing 
020-9051) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).

[[Page 69971]]

    (2) Lateral neck flexion qualification test.
    (i) Plane D, referenced in Figure W4, shall rotate in the direction 
of pre-impact flight with respect to the pendulum's longitudinal 
centerline between 77 degrees and 88 degrees, which shall occur between 
65 and 72 ms from time zero. The peak moment, measured by the neck 
transducer (drawing SA572-S8) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210) shall have a value between 25 N-m (18.4 ft-lbf) and 32 N-m 
(23.6 ft-lbf) occurring between 66 and 73 ms from time zero.
    (ii) The decaying headform rotation vs. time curve shall cross the 
zero angle with respect to its initial position at time of impact 
relative to the pendulum centerline between 63 to 69 ms after the time 
the peak rotation value is reached.
    (iii) All instrumentation data channels are defined to be zero when 
the longitudinal centerline of the neck and pendulum are parallel.
    (iv) The headform rotation shall be calculated by the following 
formula with the integration beginning at time zero:

Headform rotation (deg) = [int] [(Headform Angular Rate)y-
(Pendulum Angular Rate)y] dt

    (v) (Headform Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the headform (drawing 020-9050, sheet 
1), and (Pendulum Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the pendulum interface plate (drawing 
020-9051) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (3) Neck torsion qualification test.
    (i) The neck twist fixture (drawing DL210-200), referenced in 
Figure W5, shall rotate in the direction of pre-impact flight with 
respect to the pendulum's longitudinal centerline between 75 degrees 
and 93 degrees, as measured by the rotary potentiometer (drawing SA572-
S51), and shall occur between 91 and 113 ms from time zero. The peak 
moment, measured by the neck transducer (drawing SA572-S8) shall have a 
value between 8 N-m (5.9 ft-lbf) and 10 N-m (7.4 ft-lbf) occurring 
between 85 and 105 ms from time zero) (all incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  572.210).
    (ii) The decaying neck twist fixture rotation vs. time curve shall 
cross the zero angle with respect to its initial position at time of 
impact relative to the pendulum centerline between 84 to 103 ms after 
the time the peak rotation value is reached.
    (iii) All instrumentation data channels are defined to be zero when 
the zero pins are installed such that the neck is not in torsion.
    (iv) Time zero is defined as the time of initial contact between 
the pendulum striker plate and the honeycomb material. All data 
channels shall be at the zero level at this time.
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the neck assembly is as 
follows:
    (1) Soak the neck assembly in a controlled environment at any 
temperature between 20.6 and 22.2 [deg]C (69 and 72 [deg]F) and a 
relative humidity between 10 and 70 percent for at least four hours 
prior to a test.
    (2)(i) For the fore-aft neck flexion test, mount the neck and 
headform assembly, defined in subsection (a)(1) of this section, on the 
pendulum described in Figure 22 of 49 CFR 572 so that the midsagittal 
plane of the headform is vertical and coincides with the plane of 
motion of the pendulum, and with the neck placement such that the front 
side of the neck is closest to the honeycomb material.
    (ii) For the lateral neck flexion test, the test is carried out in 
the direction opposing the primary load vector of the ensuing full 
scale test for which the dummy is being qualified. A right flexion test 
set-up that is used to qualify the dummy for an ensuing full scale 
right side impact is depicted in Figure W4. A left flexion test set-up 
would be a mirror image of that shown in Figure W4. Mount the neck and 
headform assembly, defined in subsection (a)(1) of this section, on the 
pendulum described in Figure 22 of 49 CFR 572 so that the midsagittal 
plane of the headform is vertical and coincides with the plane of 
motion of the pendulum, and with the neck placement such that the right 
(or left) side of the neck is closest to the honeycomb material.
    (iii) For the neck torsion test, the test is carried out in the 
direction opposing the primary load vector of the ensuing full scale 
test for which the dummy is being qualified. A right torsion test set-
up that is used to qualify the dummy for an ensuing full scale right 
side impact is depicted in Figure W5. A left flexion test set-up would 
be a mirror image of that shown in Figure W5. Mount the neck assembly, 
defined in subsection (a)(2) of this section, on the pendulum described 
in Figure 22 of 49 CFR 572, as shown in Figure W5 of this subpart.
    (3)(i) Release the pendulum and allow it to fall freely from a 
height to achieve an impact velocity of 4.7  0.1 m/s (15.6 
 0.3 ft/s) for fore-aft flexion, 3.8  0.05 m/s 
(12.5  0.2 ft/s) for lateral flexion, and 3.6  
0.1 m/s (11.8  0.3 ft/s) for torsion, measured by an 
accelerometer mounted on the pendulum as shown in Figure 22 of this 
Part 572 at time zero.
    (ii) Stop the pendulum from the initial velocity with an 
acceleration vs. time pulse that meets the velocity change as specified 
in Table B of this section. Integrate the pendulum accelerometer data 
channel to obtain the velocity vs. time curve beginning at time zero.

                                            Table B to Sec.   572.213
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Fore-aft flexion                       Lateral flexion                           Torsion
  Time   ----------------------------   Time   ----------------------------   Time   ---------------------------
  (ms)         m/s          ft/s        (ms)         m/s          ft/s        (ms)         m/s          ft/s
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      10       1.1-2.1       3.6-6.9        10       1.7-2.2       5.6-7.2        10       0.9-1.3       3.0-4.3
      20       2.8-3.8      9.2-12.5        15       2.5-3.0       8.2-9.8        15       1.4-2.0       4.6-6.6
      30       4.1-5.1     13.5-16.7        20       3.4-3.9     11.2-12.8        20       2.0-2.6       6.6-8.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  572.214  Shoulder assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The shoulder assembly for this test consists of the torso 
assembly (drawing 020-4500) with string pot assembly (drawing SA572-S38 
or SA572-S39) installed (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) When the center of the shoulder of a completely assembled dummy 
(drawing 020-0100) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) is 
impacted laterally by a test probe conforming to Sec.  572.219, at 3.6 
 0.1 m/s (11.8  0.3 ft/s) according to the test 
procedure in paragraph (c) of this section:
    (1) Maximum lateral shoulder displacement (compression) relative to 
the spine, measured with the string pot assembly (drawing SA572-S38 or 
SA572-S39) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210), must not be 
less than 16 mm (0.63 in) and not more than 21 mm (0.83 in). The peak 
force, measured by the impact probe as defined in Sec.  572.219

[[Page 69972]]

and calculated in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section, 
shall have a value between 1.24 kN (279 lbf) and 1.35 kN (303 lbf).
    (2) The force shall be calculated by the product of the impactor 
mass and its measured deceleration.
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the shoulder assembly is 
as follows:
    (1) The dummy is clothed in the Q3s suit (drawing 020-8001) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210). No additional clothing 
or shoes are placed on the dummy.
    (2) Soak the dummy in a controlled environment at any temperature 
between 20.6 and 22.2 [ordm]C (69 and 72 [ordm]F) and a relative 
humidity from 10 to 70 percent for at least four hours prior to a test.
    (3) The shoulder test is carried out in the direction opposing the 
primary load vector of the ensuing full scale test for which the dummy 
is being qualified. A left shoulder test set-up that is used to qualify 
the dummy for an ensuing full scale left side impact is depicted in 
Figure W6. A right shoulder set-up would be a mirror image of that 
shown in Figure W6. Seat the dummy on the qualification bench described 
in Figure V3 of 49 CFR 572.194, the seat pan and seat back surfaces of 
which are covered with thin sheets of PTFE (Teflon) (nominal stock 
thickness: 2 to 3 mm) (3/32- to 1/8-inch) along the impact side of the 
bench.
    (4) Position the dummy on the bench as shown in Figure W6, with the 
ribs making contact with the seat back oriented 24.6 degrees relative 
to vertical, the legs extended forward along the seat pan oriented 21.6 
degrees relative to horizontal with the knees spaced 40 mm (1.57 in) 
apart, and the arms positioned so that the upper arms are parallel to 
the seat back ( 2 degrees) and the lower arms are 
perpendicular to the upper arms.
    (5) The target point of the impact is a point on the shoulder that 
is 15 mm above and perpendicular to the midpoint of a line connecting 
the centers of the bolt heads of the two lower bolts (part 
5000010) that connect the upper arm assembly (020-9750) to the 
shoulder ball retaining ring (020-3533).
    (6) Impact the shoulder with the test probe so that at the moment 
of contact the probe's longitudinal centerline should be horizontal 
( 1 degrees), and the centerline of the probe should be 
within 2 mm (0.08 in) of the target point.
    (7) Guide the test probe during impact so that there is no 
significant lateral, vertical, or rotational movement.
    (8) No suspension hardware, suspension cables, or any other 
attachments to the probe, including the velocity vane, shall make 
contact with the dummy during the test.

Sec.  572.215  Thorax with arm assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The thorax assembly for this test consists of the torso 
assembly (drawing 020-4500) with IR-TRACC (drawing SA572-S37) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) installed.
    (b) When the thorax of a completely assembled dummy (drawing 020-
0100) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) is impacted 
laterally by a test probe conforming to Sec.  572.219 at 5.0  0.1 m/s (16.4  0.3 ft/s) according to the test 
procedure in paragraph (c) of this section:
    (1) Maximum lateral thorax displacement (compression) relative to 
the spine, measured with the IR-TRACC (drawing SA572-S37) and processed 
as set out in the PADI (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210), shall have a value between 23 mm (0.91 in) and 28 mm (1.10 
in). The peak force occurring after 5 ms, measured by the impact probe 
as defined in Sec.  572.219 and calculated in accordance with paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section, shall have a value between 1.38 kN (310 lbf) 
and 1.69 kN (380 lbf).
    (2) The force shall be calculated by the product of the impactor 
mass and its measured deceleration.
    (3) Time zero is defined as the time of contact between the impact 
probe and the arm. All channels should be at a zero level at this 
point.
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the thorax with arm 
assembly is as follows:
    (1) The dummy is clothed in the Q3s suit (drawing 020-8001) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210). No additional clothing 
or shoes are placed on the dummy.
    (2) Soak the dummy in a controlled environment at any temperature 
between 20.6 and 22.2 [ordm]C (69 and 72 [ordm]F) and a relative 
humidity from 10 to 70 percent for at least four hours prior to a test.
    (3) The test is carried out in the direction opposing the primary 
load vector of the ensuing full scale test for which the dummy is being 
qualified. A left thorax test set-up that is used to qualify the dummy 
for an ensuing full scale left side impact is depicted in Figure W7. A 
right thorax set-up would be a mirror image of that shown in Figure W7. 
Seat the dummy on the qualification bench described in Figure V3 of 49 
CFR 572.194, the seat pan and seat back surfaces of which are covered 
with thin sheets of PTFE (Teflon) (nominal stock thickness: 2 to 3 mm 
(3/32- to 1/8-inch)) along the impact side of the bench.
    (4) Position the dummy on the bench as shown in Figure W7, with the 
ribs making contact with the seat back oriented 24.6 degrees relative 
to vertical, the legs extended forward along the seat pan oriented 21.6 
degrees relative to horizontal with the knees spaced 40 mm (1.57 in) 
apart. On the non-impact side of the dummy, the long axis of the upper 
arm is positioned parallel to the seat back ( 2 degrees). 
On the impact side, the upper arm is positioned such that the target 
point intersects its long axis as described in (5) below. The long axis 
of the upper arm is defined by section line A-A in drawing 020-9750 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210). Both of the lower arms 
are set perpendicular to the upper arms.
    (5) The target point of the impact is the point of intersection on 
the lateral aspect of the upper arm and a line projecting from the 
thorax of the dummy. The projecting line is horizontal, runs parallel 
to the coronal plane of the dummy, and passes through the midpoint of a 
line connecting the centers of the bolt heads of the two IR-TRACC bolts 
(part 5000646). The projected line should intersect the upper 
arm within 2 mm (0.80 in) of its long axis.
    (6) Impact the arm with the test probe so that at the moment of 
contact the probe's longitudinal centerline should be horizontal 
( 1 degrees), and the centerline of the probe should be 
within 2 mm (0.80 in) of the target point.
    (7) Guide the test probe during impact so that there is no 
significant lateral, vertical, or rotational movement.
    (8) No suspension hardware, suspension cables, or any other 
attachments to the probe, including the velocity vane, shall make 
contact with the dummy during the test.

Sec.  572.216  Thorax without arm assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The thorax assembly for this test consists of the torso 
assembly (drawing 020-4500) with IR-TRACC (drawing SA572-S37) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) installed.
    (b) When the thorax of a completely assembled dummy (drawing 020-
0100) with the arm (drawing 020-9700 or 020-9800) on the impacted side 
removed is impacted laterally by a test probe conforming to Sec.  
572.219 at 3.3  0.1 m/s (10.8  0.3 ft/s) 
according to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section:
    (1) Maximum lateral thorax displacement (compression) relative to

[[Page 69973]]

the spine, measured with the IR-TRACC (drawing SA572-S37) and processed 
as set out in the PADI (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210), shall have a value between 24 mm (0.94 in) and 31 mm (1.22 
in). The peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in Sec.  
572.219 and calculated in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this 
section, shall have a value between 620 N (139 lbf) and 770 N (173 
lbf).
    (2) The force shall be calculated by the product of the impactor 
mass and its measured deceleration.
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the thorax without arm 
assembly is as follows:
    (1) The dummy is clothed in the Q3s suit (drawing 020-8001) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210). No additional clothing 
or shoes are placed on the dummy.
    (2) Soak the dummy in a controlled environment at any temperature 
between 20.6 and 22.2 [deg]C (69 and 72 [deg]F) and a relative humidity 
from 10 to 70 percent for at least four hours prior to a test.
    (3) The test is carried out in the direction opposing the primary 
load vector of the ensuing full scale test for which the dummy is being 
qualified. A left thorax test set-up that is used to qualify the dummy 
for an ensuing full scale left side impact is depicted in Figure W8. A 
right thorax set-up would be a mirror image of that shown in Figure W8. 
Seat the dummy on the qualification bench described in Figure V3 of 49 
CFR 572.194, the seat pan and seat back surfaces of which are covered 
with thin sheets of PTFE (Teflon) (nominal stock thickness: 2 to 3 mm 
(\3/32\- to \1/8\-inch)) along the impact side of the bench.
    (4) Position the dummy on the bench as shown in Figure W8, with the 
ribs making contact with the seat back oriented 24.6 degrees relative 
to vertical, the legs extended forward along the seat pan oriented 21.6 
degrees relative to horizontal with the knees spaced 40 mm (1.57 in) 
apart, and the arm on the non-impacted side positioned so that the 
upper arm is parallel ( 2 degrees) to the seat back and the 
lower arm perpendicular to the upper arm.
    (5) The target point of the impact is the midpoint of a line 
between the centers of the bolt heads of the two IR-TRACC bolts (part 
5000646).
    (6) Impact the thorax with the test probe so that at the moment of 
contact the probe's longitudinal centerline should be horizontal 
( 1 degrees), and the centerline of the probe should be 
within 2 mm (0.08 in) of the target point.
    (7) Guide the test probe during impact so that there is no 
significant lateral, vertical, or rotational movement.
    (8) No suspension hardware, suspension cables, or any other 
attachments to the probe, including the velocity vane, shall make 
contact with the dummy during the test.

Sec.  572.217  Lumbar spine assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The lumbar spine and headform assembly (refer to Sec.  
572.210(b)(2)(iv) and Sec.  572.210(a)(2)(vii)) for the purposes of the 
fore-aft lumbar flexion and lateral lumbar flexion qualification tests, 
as shown in Figures W9 and W10, consists of the headform (drawing 020-
9050, sheet 2) with angular rate sensor installed (drawing SA572-S58), 
six-channel neck/lumbar load cell (drawing SA572-S8), lumbar spine 
assembly (drawing 020-6000), lumbar interface plate (drawing 020-9062) 
and pendulum interface plate (drawing 020-9051) with angular rate 
sensor installed (drawing SA572-S58) (all incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) When the lumbar spine and headform assembly is tested according 
to the test procedure in paragraph (c) of this section, it shall have 
the following characteristics:
    (1) Fore-aft lumbar flexion qualification test.
    (i) Plane D, referenced in Figure W9, shall rotate in the direction 
of pre-impact flight with respect to the pendulum's longitudinal 
centerline between 48 degrees and 57 degrees, which shall occur between 
52 and 59 ms from time zero. The peak moment, measured by the neck/
lumbar transducer (drawing SA572-S8) (incorporated by reference, see 
Sec.  572.210) shall have a value between 78 N-m (57.5 ft-lbf) and 94 
N-m (69.3 ft-lbf) occurring between 46 and 57 ms from time zero.
    (ii) The decaying headform rotation vs. time curve shall cross the 
zero angle with respect to its initial position at time of impact 
relative to the pendulum centerline between 50 to 56 ms after the time 
the peak rotation value is reached.
    (iii) All instrumentation data channels are defined to be zero when 
the longitudinal centerline of the lumbar spine and pendulum are 
parallel.
    (iv) The headform rotation shall be calculated by the following 
formula with the integration beginning at time zero:
Headform rotation (deg) = [int] [(Headform Angular Rate)y - 
(Pendulum Angular Rate)y] dt

    (v) (Headform Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the headform (drawing 020-9050, sheet 
2), and (Pendulum Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the pendulum interface plate (drawing 
020-9051) (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (2) Lateral lumbar flexion qualification test.
    (i) Plane D, referenced in Figure W10, shall rotate in the 
direction of pre-impact flight with respect to the pendulum's 
longitudinal centerline between 47 degrees and 59 degrees, which shall 
occur between 50 and 59 ms from time zero. The peak moment, measured by 
the neck/lumbar transducer (drawing SA572-S8) (incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  572.210) shall have a value between 78 N-m (57.5 
ft-lbf) and 97 N-m (71.5 ft-lbf) occurring between 46 and 57 ms from 
time zero.
    (ii) The decaying headform rotation vs. time curve shall cross the 
zero angle with respect to its initial position at time of impact 
relative to the pendulum centerline between 47 to 59 ms after the time 
the peak rotation value is reached.
    (iii) All instrumentation data channels are defined to be zero when 
the longitudinal centerline of the lumbar spine and pendulum are 
parallel.
    (iv) The headform rotation shall be calculated by the following 
formula with the integration beginning at time zero:

Headform rotation (deg) = [int] [(Headform Angular Rate)y-
(Pendulum Angular Rate)y] dt

    (v) (Headform Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the headform (drawing 020-9050, sheet 
2), and (Pendulum Angular Rate)y is the angular rate about 
the y-axis in deg/sec measured on the pendulum interface plate (drawing 
020-9051) (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the lumbar spine 
assembly is as follows:
    (1) Soak the lumbar spine assembly in a controlled environment at 
any temperature between 20.6 and 22.2 [deg]C (69 and 72 [deg]F) and a 
relative humidity between 10 and 70 percent for at least four hours 
prior to a test.
    (2)(i) For the fore-aft lumbar flexion test, mount the lumbar spine 
and headform assembly, defined in subsection (a) of this section, on 
the pendulum described in Figure 22 of 49 CFR 572 so that the 
midsagittal plane of the headform is vertical and coincides with the 
plane of motion of the pendulum, and with the lumbar spine placement 
such that the front side of the lumbar spine is closest to the 
honeycomb material.

[[Page 69974]]

    (ii) For the lateral lumbar flexion test, the test is carried out 
in the direction opposing the primary load vector of the ensuing full 
scale test for which the dummy is being qualified. A right flexion test 
set-up that is used to qualify the dummy for an ensuing a full scale 
right side impact is depicted in Figure W10. A left flexion test set-up 
would be a mirror image of that shown in Figure W10. Mount the lumbar 
spine and headform assembly, defined in subsection (a)(1) of this 
section, on the pendulum described in Figure 22 of 49 CFR 572 so that 
the midsagittal plane of the headform is vertical and coincides with 
the plane of motion of the pendulum, and with the lumbar spine 
placement such that the right (or left) side of the lumbar spine is 
closest to the honeycomb material.
    (3)(i) Release the pendulum and allow it to fall freely from a 
height to achieve an impact velocity of 4.4  0.1 m/s (14.4 
 0.3 ft/s), measured by an accelerometer mounted on the 
pendulum as shown in Figure 22 of this Part 572 at time zero.
    (ii) Stop the pendulum from the initial velocity with an 
acceleration vs. time pulse that meets the velocity change as specified 
in Table C of this section. Integrate the pendulum accelerometer data 
channel to obtain the velocity vs. time curve beginning at time zero.

                                            Table C to Sec.   572.217
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                  Fore-aft flexion           Lateral flexion
                          Time (ms)                          ---------------------------------------------------
                                                                  m/s          ft/s         m/s          ft/s
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10..........................................................      1.3-1.7      4.3-5.6      1.3-1.7      4.3-5.6
20..........................................................      2.7-3.7     8.9-12.1      2.7-3.7     8.9-12.1
30..........................................................      4.1-4.9    13.5-16.1      4.0-4.8    13.1-15.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  572.218  Pelvis assembly and test procedure.

    (a) The pelvis assembly (drawing 020-7500) for this test includes a 
uniaxial pubic load cell (drawing SA572-S7) installed on the non-impact 
side of the pelvis (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) When the center of the pelvis of a completely assembled dummy 
(drawing 020-0100) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) is 
impacted laterally by a test probe conforming to Sec.  572.219 at 4.0 
 0.1 m/s (13.1  0.3 ft/s) according to the test 
procedure in paragraph (c) of this section:
    (1) Maximum pubic load, measured with the uniaxial pubic load cell 
(drawing SA572-S7) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210), 
shall have a value between 700 N (157 lbf) and 870 N (196 lbf). The 
peak force, measured by the impact probe as defined in Sec.  572.219 
and calculated in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section, 
shall have a value between 1.57 kN (353 lbf) and 1.81 kN (407 lbf).
    (2) The force shall be calculated by the product of the impactor 
mass and its measured deceleration.
    (c) Test procedure: The test procedure for the pelvis assembly is 
as follows:
    (1) The dummy is clothed in the Q3s suit (drawing 020-8001) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210). No additional clothing 
or shoes are placed on the dummy.
    (2) Soak the dummy in a controlled environment at any temperature 
between 20.6 and 22.2 [deg]C (69 and 72 [deg]F) and a relative humidity 
from 10 to 70 percent for at least four hours prior to a test.
    (3) The pelvis test is carried out in the direction opposing the 
primary load vector of the ensuing full scale test for which the dummy 
is being qualified. A left pelvis test set-up that is used to qualify 
the dummy for an ensuing full scale left side impact is depicted in 
Figure W11. A right pelvis test set-up would be a mirror image of that 
shown in Figure W11. Seat the dummy on the qualification bench 
described in Figure V3 of 49 CFR 572.194, the seat pan and seat back 
surfaces of which are covered with thin sheets of PTFE (Teflon) 
(nominal stock thickness: 2 to 3 mm (\3/32\- to \1/8\-inch)) along the 
impact side of the bench.
    (4) Position the dummy on the bench as shown in Figure W11, with 
the ribs making contact with the seat back oriented 24.6 degrees 
relative to vertical, the legs extended forward along the seat pan 
oriented 21.6 degrees relative to horizontal with the knees spaced 40 
mm (1.57 in) apart. The arms should be positioned so that the arm on 
the non-impacted side is parallel to the seat back with the lower arm 
perpendicular to the upper arm, and the arm on the impacted side is 
positioned upwards away from the pelvis.
    (5) Establish the impact point at the center of the pelvis so that 
the impact point of the longitudinal centerline of the probe is located 
185 mm (7.28 in) from the center of the knee pivot screw (part 
020-9008) and centered vertically on the femur.
    (6) Impact the pelvis with the test probe so that at the moment of 
contact the probe's longitudinal centerline should be horizontal 
( 1 degrees), and the centerline of the probe should be 
within 2 mm (0.08 in) of the center of the pelvis.
    (7) Guide the test probe during impact so that there is no 
significant lateral, vertical, or rotational movement.
    (8) No suspension hardware, suspension cables, or any other 
attachments to the probe, including the velocity vane, shall make 
contact with the dummy during the test.

Sec.  572.219  Test conditions and instrumentation.

    (a) The following test equipment and instrumentation is needed for 
qualification as set forth in this subpart:
    (1) The test probe for shoulder, thorax, and pelvis impacts is of 
rigid metallic construction, concentric in shape, and symmetric about 
its longitudinal axis. It has a mass of 3.81  0.02 kg (8.40 
 0.04 lb) and a minimum mass moment of inertia of 560 kg-
cm\2\ (0.407 lbf-in-sec\2\) in yaw and pitch about the CG. One-third 
(\1/3\) of the weight of the suspension cables and their attachments to 
the impact probe is included in the calculation of mass, and such 
components may not exceed five percent of the total weight of the test 
probe. The impacting end of the probe, perpendicular to and concentric 
with the longitudinal axis, is at least 25.4 mm (1.0 in) long, and has 
a flat, continuous, and non-deformable 70.0  0.25 mm (2.76 
 0.01 in) diameter face with an edge radius between 6.4-
12.7 mm (0.25 to 0.5 in). The probe's end opposite to the impact face 
has provisions for mounting of an accelerometer with its sensitive axis 
collinear with the longitudinal axis of the probe. No concentric 
portions of the impact probe may exceed the diameter of the impact 
face. The impact probe shall have a free air resonant frequency of not 
less than 1000 Hz, which may be determined using the procedure listed 
in the PADI.
    (2) Head accelerometers have dimensions, response characteristics,

[[Page 69975]]

and sensitive mass locations specified in drawing SA572-S4 and are 
mounted in the head as shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (3) The upper neck force and moment transducer has the dimensions, 
response characteristics, and sensitive axis locations specified in 
drawing SA572-S8 and is mounted in the head-neck assembly as shown in 
drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210).
    (4) The angular rate sensors for the fore-aft neck flexion and 
lateral neck flexion qualification tests have the dimensions and 
response characteristics specified in drawing SA572-S58 (incorporated 
by reference, see Sec.  572.210) and are mounted in the headform and on 
the pendulum as shown in Figures W3, W4 of this subpart.
    (5) The string pot shoulder deflection transducers have the 
dimensions and response characteristics specified in drawing SA572-S38 
or SA572-S39 and are mounted to the torso assembly as shown in drawing 
020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210).
    (6) The IR-TRACC thorax deflection transducers have the dimensions 
and response characteristics specified in drawing SA572-S37 and are 
mounted to the torso assembly as shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 
5 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (7) The lumbar spine force and moment transducer has the 
dimensions, response characteristics, and sensitive axis locations 
specified in drawing SA572-S8 and is mounted in the torso assembly as 
shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated by reference, see 
Sec.  572.210).
    (8) The angular rate sensors for the fore-aft lumbar flexion and 
lateral lumbar flexion qualification tests have the dimensions and 
response characteristics specified in drawing SA572-S58 (incorporated 
by reference, see Sec.  572.210) and are mounted in the headform and on 
the pendulum as shown in Figures W9, W10 of this subpart.
    (9) The pubic force transducers have the dimensions and response 
characteristics specified in drawing SA572-S7 and are mounted in the 
torso assembly as shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated 
by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (b) The following instrumentation may be required for installation 
in the dummy for compliance testing. If so, it is installed during 
qualification procedures as described in this subpart:
    (1) The optional angular rate sensors for the head have the 
dimensions and response characteristics specified in any of drawings 
SA572-S55, SA572-S56, SA572-S57 or SA572-S58 and are mounted in the 
head as shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (all incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (2) The upper spine accelerometers have the dimensions, response 
characteristics, and sensitive mass locations specified in drawing 
SA572-S4 and are mounted in the torso assembly as shown in drawing 020-
0100, sheet 2 of 5 (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (3) The pelvis accelerometers have the dimensions, response 
characteristics, and sensitive mass locations specified in drawing 
SA572-S4 and are mounted in the torso assembly as shown in drawing 020-
0100, sheet 2 of 5 (all incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (4) The T1 accelerometer has the dimensions, response 
characteristics, and sensitive mass location specified in drawing 
SA572-S4 and is mounted in the torso assembly as shown in drawing 020-
0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210).
    (5) The lower neck force and moment transducer has the dimensions, 
response characteristics, and sensitive axis locations specified in 
drawing SA572-S8 and is mounted to the neck assembly as shown in 
drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210).
    (6) The tilt sensor has the dimensions and response characteristics 
specified in drawing SA572-S44 and is mounted to the torso assembly as 
shown in drawing 020-0100, sheet 2 of 5 (incorporated by reference, see 
Sec.  572.210).
    (c) The outputs of transducers installed in the dummy and in the 
test equipment specified by this part are to be recorded in individual 
data channels that conform to SAE Recommended Practice J211 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  572.210) except as noted, with 
channel frequency classes as follows:
    (1) Pendulum acceleration, CFC 180,
    (2) Pendulum angular rate, CFC 60,
    (3) Neck twist fixture rotation, CFC 60,
    (4) Test probe acceleration, CFC 180,
    (5) Head accelerations, CFC 1000,
    (6) Headform angular rate, CFC 60,
    (7) Neck moments, upper and lower, CFC 600,
    (7) Shoulder deflection, CFC 180,
    (8) Thorax deflection, CFC 180,
    (9) Upper spine accelerations, CFC 180,
    (10) T1 acceleration, CFC 180,
    (11) Pubic force, CFC 180,
    (12) Pelvis accelerations, CFC 1000.
    (d) Coordinate signs for instrumentation polarity are to conform to 
SAE Information Report J1733 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
572.210).
    (e) The mountings for sensing devices have no resonant frequency 
less than 3 times the frequency range of the applicable channel class.
    (f) Limb joints are set at one G, barely restraining the weight of 
the limb when it is extended horizontally. The force needed to move a 
limb segment is not to exceed 2G throughout the range of limb motion.
    (g) Performance tests of the same component, segment, assembly, or 
fully assembled dummy are separated in time by not less than 30 minutes 
unless otherwise noted.
    (h) Surfaces of dummy components may not be painted except as 
specified in this subpart or in drawings subtended by this subpart.
BILLING CODE 4910-59-P

Appendix--Figures to Subpart W of Part 572

[[Page 69976]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.002

[[Page 69977]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.003

[[Page 69978]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.004

[[Page 69979]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.005

[[Page 69980]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.006

[[Page 69981]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.007

[[Page 69982]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP21NO13.008

    Issued on: November 8, 2013.
Christopher J. Bonanti,
Associate Administrator for Rulemaking.
[FR Doc. 2013-27438 Filed 11-20-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-59-C