Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0056-0037
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2017-05-25T04:00Z

Appendix A.4: Detailed Study Summaries and Statistical Analyses
                               Table of Contents
Study 1:  Dermal Exposure to Carbaryl By Strawberry Harvesters 1982 (MRID 47923404)	1
Study 2:   Pesticide Exposure of Harvesters of Blueberries, Blackberries, and Raspberries (MRID 47923403)	5
Study 3:  Pesticide Exposure to Strawberry Pickers, 1981 (MRID 47923402)	8
Study 4:  Youth In Agriculture:  Farmworker Safety in Apple Orchards At Sturgeon Bay , Wisconsin 1981 (MRID 47928907)	19
Study 6:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Blueberry Harvesters to Ethyl Parathion, Malathion, and Benomyl, Duplin County, North Carolina, 1982 (MRID 49716101)	38
Study 7:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Blueberry Harvesters to ULV Malathion, Duplin County, North Carolina, 1982 (MRID 479289-01)	44
Study 8:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Harvesters and Fieldworkers 1981 (MRID 479289-15)	48
Study 9:  An Assessment of Exposure of Cucumber Harvesters to Azinphos Methyl (MRID 479289-04)	57
Study 10:  An Assessment of Exposure of Cucumber Harvesters to Methomyl (MRID 479289-04)	58
Study 11:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Vegetable Harvesters and Fieldworkers (MRID 479289-06)	59
Study 12:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Fieldworkers (MRID 49716102)	74
Study 13:  Dermal Exposure to Vinclozolin By Strawberry Harvesters 1982 (MRID 47923401)	82
Study 14:  Simultaneous Dermal Exposure to Captan and Benomyl by Strawberry Harvesters (MRID 479289-10/15)	85
Study 15:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Tobacco Harvesters to Acephate, Duplin County North Carolina (MRID 479289-02)	86
Study 16:  An Assessment of Exposure of Tomato Harvesters to Chlorothalonil (MRID 479289-03)	91
Study 17:  Youth in Agriculture:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Assessment of Adult and Juvenile Tomato Harvesters to Endosulfan, Charleston County, South Carolina (MRID 479289-10)	93

Study 1:  Dermal Exposure to Carbaryl By Strawberry Harvesters 1982 (MRID 47923404)

This study was conducted by the University of California (December 1983).  Dermal exposure to carbaryl of 18 workers who harvested strawberries was measured on three consecutive days in Corvallis, Oregon (June 22-24, 1982).  A carbaryl application (2 lb/A) was made on June 7, 1982 and harvesting occurred 15 through 17 days after application.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches used as monitors were worn on the forearms and ankles.  No results for the ankle patches were reported.  Five participants (1 male and 4 females) in the study were adults aged 18 to 40 years old.  The thirteen working children (4 males and 9 females) ranged in age from 12 to 16 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (1) CarbStraw47923404.  The workers were monitored repeatedly on three days after application.  Dislodgeable foliar samples and productivity measures were also collected in this study.

Figure 1:  Box and Whisker Plot of Carbaryl Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Oregon Strawberry Harvesters
The available data have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand (glove) exposure rates (Figure 1) and total exposure rate which represents hand and forearm exposures in this case (Figure 2).  The workers were monitored on three separate days.  A mixed model was used to account for the repeated measurements of the same worker for multiple days.  Exposure was log transformed.  Both age-groups (child vs. adult) and days monitored were used as the covariates in the model.  The difference of least squares means between the child and adult age groups was estimated from the model and the results are presented in Table 1 (hand exposure rate) and Table 2 (total exposure rate).  There is no significant difference observed between the adult and child age group for hand (glove) exposure rate as well as for total exposure rate in this study of strawberry harvesters working in carbaryl treated fields (p value > 0.05).        

Table  1: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means for Carbaryl Hand Exposures for Oregon Strawberry Harvesters
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.01072
                                    0.1513
                                      16
                                     0.07
                                    0.9444
                                     0.05
                                    -0.3100
                                    0.3315
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.7425
                                    0.1286
                                      16
                                    -29.11
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.0151
                                    -3.4699
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.7532
                                    0.07974
                                      16
                                    -47.07
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.9223
                                    -3.5842
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

Figure 2: Box and Whisker Plot of Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Oregon Strawberry Harvesters
                                       
	Table 2:  The Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means  for Carbaryl Total Exposures for Oregon Strawberry Harvesters
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.06801
                                    0.1872
                                      16
                                     0.36
                                    0.7212
                                     0.05
                                    -0.3289
                                    0.4649
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.1799
                                    0.1591
                                      16
                                    -19.98
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.5173
                                    -2.8426
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.2479
                                    0.09870
                                      16
                                    -32.91
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.4572
                                    -3.0387
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
It should also be noted that the investigators reached the following conclusions.  They indicated:

      "The study was designed to measure productivity vs age, exposure vs productivity, exposure vs age and to test for exposure by different age groups and gender.  A significant difference in productivity was detected between children and adults.  Age and productivity exhibited significant correlations.  Dermal exposure for children (14 years and younger) was lower than adults for all three days.  No significant correlations were observed between dermal dose rate and physical characteristics of the harvesters (e.g., sex, body weight, and height)."

However it is not clear from the documents from the investigators about the specifics of the statistical analysis that they conducted. The above paragraph did not mention whether the repeated measurement of the workers were accounted in the analysis. It should also be noted that investigators defined the child age group differently (14 years and younger) than EPA (less than 18 years). 

Study 2:   Pesticide Exposure of Harvesters of Blueberries, Blackberries, and Raspberries (MRID 47923403)

This study was conducted by the University of California (October 1985).  Workers were monitored while harvesting blueberries (7/25/83) in Salem, Oregon after two applications of methiocarb (7/5 and 7/22/83 at 1.5 lb/A of 75WP product).  The study record for these data were incomplete so no information from this piece of the study was considered in the current Agency analysis.  This study also monitored workers while harvesting raspberries (7/11-7/14/83) about 60 days after the application of benomyl (5/15-18/83, 2 lb/A).  Hand samples, foliar samples, and urine was collected for 4 sequential days (i.e., the study represents 4 potential exposure conditions).  However, only data for children 16 years and younger were collected; so statistical analysis comparing the exposures of children to adults was not performed with these data (see Appendix B/Tab (2) BenomylRasper47923403 for more information on these data).

This study also monitored worker exposure during blackberry harvesting on 5 consecutive days in Independence Oregon (7/18-22/83).  A benomyl application (1 lb/A) was made on July 1, 1983 and harvesting occurred 17 to 21 days after application.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches were used by the investigators as monitors.  However, no results were reported except for residues found on the cotton gloves.  Urine samples were also collected but on a different group of study participants.  Twelve subjects participated in this research by wearing cotton glove dosimeters.  Seven of the subjects were adults (4 males and 3 females) aged 19 to 49 years old.  The remaining five subjects were children (2 males and 3 females) aged 7 to 15 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (2)BenomylBlackber47923403.  All totaled, 5 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored on 5 different days after application.  
 
Only hand exposure information is available for statistical analysis; only about fifty five percent (12 out of 22) of participants in blackberry-benomyl study have non-missing exposure values from day1 to day3 and only 36 percent of participants have non-missing exposure from day1 to day 5 (Figure 3).  A mixed model was used to account for the repeated measurements of the same worker for multiple days.  The exposure rates were log transformed.  Age-group (adult vs. child), and day were used as the covariates in the model.  The difference of least squares means between child and adult age groups was estimated from the model and the results are presented in Table 3.  

Figure 3: Box and Whisker plot of Benomyl Hand Exposures (mg/kg/hr) for Oregon Blackberry Harvesters 

Table 3: Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children Age Groups for Benomyl Hand Exposure for Oregon Blackberry Harvesters.
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                       Difference of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    -0.3478
                                    0.3788
                                      10
                                     -0.92
                                    0.3802
                                     0.05
                                    -1.1917
                                    0.4962
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -5.9907
                                    0.2453
                                      10
                                    -24.42
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.5373
                                    -5.4441
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -5.6429
                                    0.2890
                                      10
                                    -19.53
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.2868
                                    -4.9991
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
No statistically significant difference (p value > 0.05) was observed between child and adult workers for hand (glove) exposure rate in this study of blackberry harvesters working in benomyl treated fields.  

It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:

      "In all three studies, methiocarb on blueberries, benlate on blackberries, and benlate on raspberries, a consistent relationship between age and exposure was observed.  When exposure is measured as total weight of pesticide deposited per hour worked, there is an increase of exposure with age.  When the exposure measure is normalized by body weight there is no difference in exposure as a function of age.  One study where work rate was available, provide evidence that differences in total exposure with age are attributable to differences in work rate."
      
However it is not clear from the document from the investigators about the specifics of the statistical analysis that they conducted. 

Study 3:  Pesticide Exposure to Strawberry Pickers, 1981 (MRID 47923402)

This study was conducted by the University of California (September 1982).  Dermal exposure to captan of 78 workers who harvested strawberries was measured on three different strawberry farms near Salinas California and one farm in Corvallis, Oregon.  Captan applications were made at varying rates from 1 to 2.5 pounds of captan per acre using a 50 percent wettable powder formulation.  Applications were made between May and August 1981 and only single applications were completed on each of the five fields in this study.  Harvesting occurred in the treated fields on varying after application (i.e., 2, 3, 10, 26, and 48 days after application).  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the legs, chest, arm and head were used as monitors.  Table 4 below summarizes the sampling completed at each study site.  Table 4 also contains the names of the data tabs where the specific results for each field reside (Appendix B).  

  Table 4: Study Site Summary for Field Study 3, Captan Strawberry Harvesting
                                  Study Site
                      Captan Appl. Rate        (lb ai/A)
                           Harvest Days After Appl.
                                  Appendix B
                                   Data Tab
                            Worker Characteristics
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Min.
                                      Age
                                     Max.
                                      Age
                              N <18 years old
                               N>= 18 years old
                             Total Monitoring unit
                               Salinas CA Site 1
                                       2
                                      10
                               (3).CaptanStraw1
                                       9
                                      46
                                      11
                                       8
                                      19
                                 Corvallis OR
                                    Site 2
                                      2.5
                                      26
                               (3).CaptanStraw2
                                      11
                                      38
                                      16
                                       7
                                      23
                                  Salinas CA
                                    Site 3
                                       2
                                       3
                               (3).CaptanStraw3
                                       6
                                      42
                                      12
                                       8
                                      20
                                  Salinas CA
                                    Site 4
                                     2.25
                                       2
                               (3).CaptanStraw4
                                       9
                                      41
                                       5
                                       1
                                       6
                                  Salinas CA
                                    Site 5
                                       1
                                      48
                               (3).CaptanStraw5
                                      16
                                      34
                                       3
                                       7
                                      10

A total of 5 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored at 5 different sites or days after application.  Dislodgeable foliar and soil samples along with productivity measures were also collected in this study.

Salinas CA Site 1:  The available data for the Salinas CA Site 1 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 4) and total exposure which represents hand and forearm exposures in this case (Figure 5).  The difference of least squares means between adult and child age groups has been estimated from analysis of variance model where age group and gender were used as fixed effects and dependent variables (hand/glove exposure and total exposure) were log transformed.  See Tables 5 and 6 for the results of difference of least squares means between child and adult workers for hand and total exposure, respectively. Adults have statistically significant higher exposures rate than children for both hand (glove) exposure rate and total exposure rate (one sided p value = (two sided p value)/2 = 0.03 < 0.05).
Figure 4:  Box & Whisker Plot, Captan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 1
 

 
Table 5: Difference of Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children for Hand Exposures; Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 1.
                                   Age Group
                           log_glove_exposure LSMEAN
                              H0:LSMean1=LSMean2
                             95% Confidence Limits
                                       
                                       
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                    Adults
                                  -2.19133917
                                    0.0650
                                   -2.614831
                                   -1.767848
                                   Children
                                  -2.70678351
                                       
                                   -3.086594
                                   -2.326973
                        Difference Between the LS Means
             95% Confidence Limits for the Difference of LS Means
                                   0.515444
                                   -0.036015
                                   1.066903
	Figure 5: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA, Site 1
 
Table 6: Difference of Means Between Adults and Children for Total Exposures; Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 1.
                                   Age Group
                           log_total_exposure LSMEAN
                              H0:LSMean1=LSMean2
                             95% Confidence Limits
                                       
                                       
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                    Adults
                                  -2.04255214
                                    0.0608
                                   -2.439578
                                   -1.645527
                                   Children
                                  -2.53439549
                                       
                                   -2.890469
                                   -2.178322
                          Difference Between LS Means
               95% Confidence Limits for Difference of LS Means
                                   0.491843
                                   -0.025152
                                   1.008839

Corvallis OR Site 2:  The available data for the Corvallis OR Site 2 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 6) and total exposure which represents hand and forearm exposures in this case (Figure 7). Non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis was completed (Tables 7 and 9).  In addition, a parametric two sample t test was conducted (Tables 8 and 10).  For both tests, hand exposure and total exposure were log transformed.  No statistically significant differences (p value > 0.05) were found between child and adult workers for hand exposure rates as well as total exposure rates in this study.  

Table 7: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Captan Hand Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Corvallis OR Site 2
 
Figure 6: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Corvallis OR Site 2
 

                                                                                  

                                       

                                                   
                                   	
                                 
                         
Table 8: Result of Two Sample T Tests Between Adults and Children for Hand Exposures; Corvallis OR Site 2
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -3.4334
                                    -4.1486
                                    -2.7183
                                    0.7733
                                    0.4983
                                    1.7028
                                   Children
                                      N/A
                                    -3.3643
                                    -3.8416
                                    -2.8870
                                    0.8957
                                    0.6617
                                    1.3863
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.0691
                                    -0.8819
                                    0.7437
                                    0.8625
                                    0.6636
                                    1.2326
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                    t Value
                                  Pr > ltl
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      21
                                     -0.18
                                    0.8613
Figure 7: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Corvallis OR Site 2
 

Table 9: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Total Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Corvallis OR Site 2
 
Table 10 : Result of Two Sample T Test Between  Adults and Children for Total  Exposures for Strawberry Harvesters, Corvallis OR Site 2
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -2.8338
                                    -3.6014
                                    -2.0661
                                    0.8300
                                    0.5349
                                    1.8278
                                   Children
                                      N/A
                                    -2.9158
                                    -3.4424
                                    -2.3891
                                    0.9884
                                    0.7301
                                    1.5297
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    0.0820
                                    -0.8094
                                    0.9733
                                    0.9458
                                    0.7277
                                    1.3517
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      21
                                     0.19
                                    0.8502

                                       
                   
Salinas CA Site 3:  The available data for the Salinas CA Site 3 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 8) and total exposure which represents hand and forearm exposures in this case (Figure 9).  A non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis has been completed to compare exposure between two age groups (Tables 11 and 12). In addition, a parametric two sample t test was conducted (Tables 13 and 14).  For both tests, glove exposure rates and total exposure rates were log transformed.  No statistically significant difference (p value > 0.05) was observed between child and adult workers for hand (glove) exposure rates as well as total exposure rates in this study.  
Figure 8: Box & Whisker Plot, Captan Hand (glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3
                                       
 

Table 11: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Hand Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3
                                       
 
Table 12: Results of Two Sample T Test to Compare Means Between Adults and Children for Hand Exposures; Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3.
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -1.8985
                                    -2.8564
                                    -0.9406
                                    0.7714
                                    0.4622
                                    2.2168
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -1.9349
                                    -2.6428
                                    -1.2270
                                    1.0537
                                    0.7362
                                    1.8492
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    0.0364
                                    -1.0989
                                    1.1717
                                    0.9814
                                    0.7185
                                    1.5477
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      14
                                     0.07
                                    0.9461
                                       
Figure 9: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3
                                       
 
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Table 13: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Total Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3
                                       
 
                     Table 14: Result of Two Sample T Test to Compare Means Between Adults and Children for Total Exposures; Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 3
                                  Age Group 
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -1.2625
                                    -1.8895
                                    -0.6356
                                    0.5049
                                    0.3025
                                    1.4509
                                   Children

                                    -1.2104
                                    -1.9492
                                    -0.4716
                                    1.0998
                                    0.7684
                                    1.9300
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.0521
                                    -1.1718
                                    1.0675
                                    0.9679
                                    0.7086
                                    1.5264
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      14
                                     -0.10
                                    0.9219

Salinas CA Site 4:  The available data for the Salinas CA Site 4 have not been statistically analyzed because only one adult was monitored.  

Salinas CA Site 5:  The available data for the Salinas CA Site 5 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand (Figure 10) and total exposure; total exposure represented by hand and forearm exposures (Figure 11).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis has been completed (Tables 15 and 16).  The conclusion for the Salinas CA Site 5 is that there is no significant difference between child and adult workers in hand and total exposure rates.  No parametric test was conducted due to small sample size in the child age group.

Table 15: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Hand Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 5
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 10: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 5
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Figure 11: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Hand Exposure Rates Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 5
                                       
                                       
 

                                Figure 3.d.2:  
	

                          
	

Table 16: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captan Total Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters, Salinas CA Site 5
                                       
 

Investigator Conclusions:  It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:

      "In terms of absolute dermal dose rate (mg/hr), a comparison between children (<=11 years old) or youths (<= 13) and corresponding adult groups revealed a trend toward lower doses to children and youths than adults, but a statistically significant difference in only one field.  When dermal doses are adjusted for body weight/mass (mg/kg/hr), the corresponding dose rates appear even more equal with higher doses only for youths in one field.  Age and productivity of strawberry pickers appear to correlate positively with dermal exposure; age and productivity are also cross correlated.  Thus, one may conclude that increasing age results in higher productivity (experience and motivation); higher productivity results in higher dermal exposure, and consequently, increasing age of pickers results in higher dermal exposure."

However it is not clear from the above paragraph about the specifics of the detailed statistical analysis that the investigators conducted.  Also, note that investigators defined the youth/child age group differently (13 years and younger) than EPA (less than 18 years). 

Study 4:  Youth In Agriculture:  Farmworker Safety in Apple Orchards At Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 1981 (MRID 47928907)

This study was conducted by the University of Iowa (February 1982).  Workers were monitored 27 days after the last application while picking up apples from the ground and harvesting from trees (10/3/81) in Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin after applications of captan (8/9, 8/23, and 9/6/81 at 0.5 lb ai/A), azinphos methyl (8/9, 8/23, and 9/6/81 at 0.125 lb ai/A), and phosmet (8/9 and 8/23, application rate not specified).  Personal air monitors were worn; and cotton gloves, and gauze patches worn on the arms, shoulders, chest and back were used as monitors.  Foliar leaf punch, soil, post-harvest apple wash, and urine samples from workers along with productivity measures were also collected.  In total, 6 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored after the application, 3 pesticide active ingredients were monitored, and workers either picked up apples or harvested.  Residues were identified in the cotton gloves for all three pesticide active ingredients but the patches contained only captan residues.  Seven subjects participated in this study, of which 3 were adults (2 males and 1 female) aged 18 to 56 years old.  The 56 year old adult female only harvested in this study while all other subjects picked up fallen apples.  The remaining four subjects were children (2 males and 2 females) aged 11 to 16 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (4).47928907CaptPhosAzmApple. 

The available data for each pesticide active ingredient have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on glove exposure rates for all three pesticides (Figures 12, 13, 14) and total exposure rate for captan which represents hand and exposures measured using patches in the locations noted above (Figure 15).  Additionally, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test has also been performed (Tables 17, 18, 19 and 20).   A parametric test was not conducted due to the small sample size.  The conclusion is that there is no significant differences in exposure rates between age groups (p value > 0.05).
Figure 12: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/Kg/hr) for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 

Table 17: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Captan Hand Exposure Rates for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test = 0.40
                                       
 

Figure 13: Box and Whisker Plot, Captan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
                                Figure 4.a.2:  
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Table 18: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Captan Total Exposure Rates for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum test is 0.63
                                       
 

                                       

Table 19: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Azinphos Methyl Hand Exposure Rates for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
Figure 14: Box and Whisker Plot, Azinphos Methyl Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
                                       
                                 Table 4.b.1: 
                                       

           

Figure 15: Box and Whisker Plot, Phosmet Hand Exposure (mg/kg/hr) Rates for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 

                                       

Table 20: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Phosmet Hand Exposure Rates for Apple Workers, Sturgeon Bay WI
                                       
 
                                       

The investigator conclusions did not address specific differences between the exposures of the working children in this study compared to adults.  Rather, they discussed the differences in exposure associated with the subject who harvested apples from trees relative to the other subjects who picked up fallen apples from the ground.  They indicated:

      "The greatest differences in exposures among the six harvesters was that of a female adult actually picking apples from the trees.  Her exposure to all three pesticides was much greater than that of the other harvesters who were picking apples from the ground, washing and packing them in pallet boxes."

Study 5:  Pesticide Exposure to Blueberry Harvesters in Southwestern Michigan, 1984 (MRID 47928906)

This study was conducted by the University of Iowa (August 1984) on two farms near South Haven Michigan (i.e., referred to as VK, and GC, respectively).  Workers were monitored while participating in harvesting activities in fields that were treated previously with several pesticides; including malathion (the primary focus of this study), azinphos methyl, terbacil, simazine, triforine, captafol, and methiocarb (Table 21).  Exposures were only quantified for four of the applied pesticides: malathion, azinphos methyl, methiocarb, and captafol.  A total of 42 individuals were monitored during this study, but all were involved in multiple monitoring days (Table 21).  Pesticide applications across all of the fields used in this research occurred between April 4, 1982 and July 20, 1982.  Monitored harvesting activities occurred between July 20, 1982 and July 29, 1982 which equates to the same day as a pesticide application up to 83 days after application for the pesticides where exposure was quantified.

Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the back, chest, forearm, and shoulder and were used as pesticide exposure monitors.  Table 21 below summarizes the sampling completed at each study site.  Table 21 also contains the names of the data tabs where the specific results for each field reside (Appendix B).  

Table 21:  Study Site Summary for Field Study 5, Malathion Blueberry Harvesting in SW Michigan.
                                Study Site/Day
                  Pesticide & Appl. Rate        (lb ai/A)
                           Harvest Days After Appl.
                                  Appendix B
                                   Data Tab
                            Worker Characteristics
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Min.
                                      Age
                                     Max.
                                      Age
                              N <18 years old
                               N>= 18 years old
                            Total Monitoring units
                                     VK/I
                             Azinphos Methyl (0.5)
                                      44
                               (5).VKFieldStudyI
                                       9
                                      62
                                      10
                                      10
                                      240
(Same workers monitored on 3 different days in field treated with 2 pesticides and also monitoring for 2 others)
                                     VK/II
                                       
                                      45
                              (5).VKFieldStudyII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    VK/III
                                       
                                      46
                              (5).VKFieldStudyIII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     VK/I
                                   Malathion
                                  (2, 2, 0.6)
                                   32, 19, 0
                               (5).VKFieldStudyI
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     VK/II
                                       
                                   33, 20, 1
                              (5).VKFieldStudyII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    VK/III
                                       
                                   34, 21, 2
                              (5).VKFieldStudyIII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/IV
                                   Malathion
                                      (1)
                                      26
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyIV
                                      10
                                      46
                                       9
                                       9
                                      162
(Same workers monitored on 3 different days in the same field treated with 3 pesticides, all 9 were same individuals at GC-2)
                                    GC-1/V
                                       
                                      27
                              (5).GC-1FieldStudyV
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/VI
                                       
                                      28
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyVI
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/IV
                                  Methiocarb
                                     (1.5)
                                       6
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyIV
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/V
                                       
                                       7
                              (5).GC-1FieldStudyV
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/VI
                                       
                                       8
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyVI
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/IV
                                Captafol (2, 2)
                                    59, 39
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyIV
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/V
                                       
                                    60, 40
                              (5).GC-1FieldStudyV
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-1/VI
                                       
                                    61, 41
                             (5).GC-1FieldStudyVI
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                   GC-2/VII
                                  Methiocarb
                                     (1.5)
                                      14
                             (5).GC-2FieldStudyVII
                                      10
                                      46
                                      11
                                      11
                                      132
(Same workers monitored on 3 different days in the same field treated with 2 pesticides, 9 of 11 were same individuals at GC-1)
                                   GC-2/VIII
                                       
                                      15
                            (5).GC-2FieldStudyVIII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-2/IX
                                       
                                      16
                             (5).GC-2FieldStudyIX
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                   GC-2/VII
                                Captafol (2, 2)
                                    67, 47
                             (5).GC-2FieldStudyVII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                   GC-2/VIII
                                       
                                    68, 48
                            (5).GC-2FieldStudyVIII
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    GC-2/IX
                                       
                                    69, 49
                             (5).GC-2FieldStudyIX
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Notes:
VK-1 through VK-3:  Malathion was applied 3 times in this field.  Methiocarb and captafol residues were also quantified in the worker media even though no applications of these pesticides were noted at this site.  Triforine applications were also described in the study report but worker media were not analyzed for that pesticide.

GC-1/IV through GC-1/VI:  Captafol was applied 2 times in this field.  Terbacil, simazine, triforine, and azinphos methyl applications were also described in the study report but worker media were not analyzed for these pesticides.

GC-2/VII through GC-2/IX:  Methiocarb was applied in this field and captafol was applied twice.  Terbacil, simazine, triforine, azinphos methyl, and malation applications were also described in the study report but worker media were not analyzed for these pesticides.

A total of 27 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored at 3 different sites, for multiple pesticides, and on differing days after application.  Urine, dislodgeable foliar residue, air, and soil samples along with productivity measures were also collected in this study.  For each exposure condition where quantifiable results were reported, the data have been plotted and statistical analysis has been completed.  In some cases, the data were combined across exposure conditions as applicable.  These are noted for each case.

VK I-III Results For Malathion:  The available data for the VK/I-III site for malathion have been summarized using box and whisker plots using hand exposure rates (Figure 16) and total exposure rates (Figure 17).  Total exposure rates represent all patch exposure locations monitored on the body, including hands.  The same workers were monitored over three different days; therefore, a mixed model was used to account for the repeated measurements of the same worker for multiple days.  The exposure rates were log transformed prior to analysis.  

Age-group (children vs. adults) and exposure day were used as the covariates in the model.  The differences of least squares means between adult and child age groups were estimated from the model and the results are presented in Table 22 for hand exposure rates and in Table 23 for total exposure rates.  

The conclusions associated with malathion exposure at the VK/I-III site are there is no statistically significant difference between adult and child exposure rates for hand/glove exposure rates.  However the adult age group had statistically significantly higher total malathion exposures rate than monitored children (one sided p value < 0.05).

Figure 16: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr)  for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I-III
                                       
 
Table 22: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means,  Malathion Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I-III
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                   -0.04881
                                    0.2071
                                      18
                                     -0.24
                                    0.8163
                                     0.05
                                    -0.4839
                                    0.3863
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.8643
                                    0.2425
                                      18
                                    -15.93
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.3738
                                    -3.3548
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.8155
                                    0.2425
                                      18
                                    -15.73
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.3250
                                    -3.3060
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

Figure 17: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I-III
                                       
 
Table 23: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least SquaresMeans, Malathion Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I-III
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.3854
                                    0.1301
                                      18
                                     2.96
                                    0.0083
                                     0.05
                                    0.1121
                                    0.6586
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -2.4851
                                    0.09951
                                      18
                                    -24.97
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -2.6942
                                    -2.2760
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -2.8705
                                    0.09951
                                      18
                                    -28.85
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.0795
                                    -2.6614
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
VK I Results For Captafol:  The available data for the VK/I site for captafol have been summarized using a box and whisker plot based on total exposure, representing all patch exposure locations (Figure 18).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test has also been completed (Table 24).  

The conclusion associated with captafol exposure at the VK/I site is that the adult age group had statistically significantly higher exposure than children (one sided p value is 0.095/2 = 0.0475).  Many samples were reported as having no residues; in fact, no separate analysis was completed for only hands because glove exposures were only quantified in a few samples.  Patch monitoring results were also sporadic which should be considered in the interpretation of the captafol results (see Appendix B and applicable data tabs for further information).

                                       

Table 24: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Captafol Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I
                                       
 
Figure 18: Box and Whisker Plot, Captafol Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, VK I
                                       
 
                                         
 VK II- III Results For Captafol: 
The available data for the VK II-III sites for Captafol have not been statistically analyzed because in most cases the monitors contained no residues (see Appendix B and applicable data tabs for further information). 

VK I-III Results For Azinphos Methyl and Methiocarb:  The available data for the VK/I-III site for azinphos methyl and methiocarb have not been statistically analyzed because in most cases the monitors contained no residues (see Appendix B and applicable data tabs for further information).

GC-1/IV-VI Results For Captafol:  The available data for the GC-1/IV-VI sites for captafol have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 19) and total exposure which represents hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 20).  

The same workers were monitored on different days in the GC-1/IV-VI fields.  In the analysis of the captafol data, the residual correlation from same workers monitored on multiple days was accounted by using a mixed model.  Both hand and total exposure rates were log transformed and used as dependent variables in the model.  Age group and day were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between the adult and child age groups was estimated from the model (Tables 25 and 26).  p values associated with the least squares difference of mean for glove and total exposure are greater than .05.  The conclusions associated with captafol exposure at the GC-1/IV-VI sites are there is no statistically significant difference between adult and child hand (glove) exposure rate and also for total exposure rate.

Figure 11: Box and Whisker Plot, Captafol Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-1/IV-VI
                                       
 
Table 25: Differences of Least Squares Means Analysis and Least Squares Means, Captafol Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-1/IV-VI
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.07188
                                    0.1568
                                      16
                                     0.46
                                    0.6528
                                     0.05
                                    -0.2605
                                    0.4043
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.5407
                                    0.1399
                                      16
                                    -25.31
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.8373
                                    -3.2441
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.6126
                                    0.1409
                                      16
                                    -25.64
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.9112
                                    -3.3140
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

Figure 20: Box and Whisker Plot, Captafol Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-1/IV-VI
                                       
                                       
 
	
Table 26: Differences of Least Squares Means Analysis and Least Squares Means, Captafol Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-1/IV-VI
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.1323
                                    0.3157
                                      16
                                     0.42
                                    0.6807
                                     0.05
                                    -0.5369
                                    0.8016
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.4519
                                    0.2232
                                      16
                                    -15.46
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.9251
                                    -2.9787
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.5842
                                    0.2232
                                      16
                                    -16.06
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.0574
                                    -3.1110
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
GC-1/IV-VI Results For Methiocarb:  The available data for the GC-2/IV, V, VI sites for methiocarb have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure only (Figure 21).  Total exposure values were not statistically analyzed because monitors were mostly found to contain non-detectable residues for back, chest, shoulders, inside back, and inside forearm.  The same workers were monitored in sites IV, V, and VI on different days.  A Linear Mixed Model was used to model repeated observation from the same workers.  Age group and day monitored were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between child and adult age groups were estimated from the mixed model (Table 27).  The conclusion associated with methiocarb exposure at the GC-2/IV, V, and VI sites is that there is a statistically significant difference in hand /glove exposure rates (p value < 0.05) between adults and children, and adults have higher exposure rates than children.

Figure 21: Box and Whisker Plot, Methiocarb Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IV, V, VI*
                                       
                                       
 
*Day-1 indicates exposure from site IV, day2 indicates exposure from site V and day-3 indicates exposure from site VI.
                                       
                                       
 

Table 27: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Between Children and Adults, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/VII-IX
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.4841
                                    0.1817
                                      16
                                     2.66
                                    0.0170
                                     0.05
                                    0.09897
                                    0.8692
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -5.0234
                                    0.1267
                                      16
                                    -39.64
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -5.2920
                                    -4.7547
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -5.5075
                                    0.1302
                                      16
                                    -42.32
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -5.7834
                                    -5.2316
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
GC-1/IV-VI Results For Malathion:  The available data for the GC-1/IV-VI site for malathion have not been statistically analyzed because in most cases the monitors contained no residues (see Appendix B and applicable data tabs for further information).

GC-2/VII Results For Methiocarb:  
The available exposure data for the GC-2/VII site for methiocarb have been summarized using box and whisker plots of Log (exposure) by age group.  This was done based on hand exposure (Figure 22).  A statistical analysis was not completed for total exposure because exposure data from inside back, inside chest, inside forearm, back, and shoulders are missing.  

A non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and a parametric two sample t tests were conducted to compare hand/glove exposure rates between children and adults (Tables 28 and 29). Glove exposure was log transformed for the purposes of the analysis.  The conclusions associated with methiocarb exposure at the GC-2/VII site are there is no statistically significant difference in glove exposure between adults and children. 

Figure 22: Box and Whisker Plot, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/VII
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                               Figure 5.e.1 :  
                                       

                                       
Table 28: Result of Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/VII
                                       
                                       
 

	Table 29:  Result of Two Sample T Test, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/VII
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -7.1633
                                    -8.7435
                                    -5.5832
                                    1.5057
                                    0.9399
                                    3.6930
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -7.6470
                                    -8.7265
                                    -6.5675
                                    1.4043
                                    0.9486
                                    2.6904
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    0.4837
                                    -1.1607
                                    2.1280
                                    1.4442
                                    1.0470
                                    2.3266
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      13
                                     0.64
                                    0.5362
		
GC2/VIII Results For Methiocarb:
The available data for the GC-2/VII site for methiocarb have not been statistically analyzed because in most cases the monitors contained no residues (see Appendix B and applicable data tabs for further information).

GC2/VII-VIII-IX Results For Captafol:  The available data for the GC2/VII-VIII-IX for captafol have been summarized and combined and illustrated using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 23) and total exposure which represents hand and all patch exposure locations in this case (Figure 24).  The same workers were monitored in three sites on three different days.  In this analysis, glove/hand and total exposure rates were log transformed.  Also, age group and study day were used as fixed effects, and repeated measurements of the same subject were taken into account using mixed model.  The difference of least squares means and it's 95% confidence interval were also estimated from the model (Tables 30 and 31).  The conclusions associated with captafol exposure at the GC2/VII-VIII-IX sites are there is no statistically significant in glove or total exposure between adult and children (p value > 0.05). 
Figure 23: Box and Whisker Plot, Captafol Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters, GC2/VII-VIII-IX
                                       
                                       
 
	
Table 30:  Differences of Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children Age Groups and Least Squares Means, Captafol Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC2/VKVII-VIII-IX
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.2975
                                    0.1818
                                      20
                                     1.64
                                    0.1175
                                     0.05
                                   -0.08185
                                    0.6767
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.5472
                                    0.1278
                                      20
                                    -27.75
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.8139
                                    -3.2806
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.8447
                                    0.1293
                                      20
                                    -29.73
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.1144
                                    -3.5750
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

                                       
                                       
                                       
Figure 24: Box and Whisker Plot, Captafol Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr)  for Blueberry Harvesters, GC2/VII-VIII-IX
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 31: Differences of Least SquaresMeans and Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children, Captafol Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC2/VKVII-VIII-IX
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.2576
                                    0.1716
                                      20
                                     1.50
                                    0.1491
                                     0.05
                                    -0.1005
                                    0.6156
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.2701
                                    0.1214
                                      20
                                    -26.94
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.5233
                                    -3.0169
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -3.5277
                                    0.1214
                                      20
                                    -29.06
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -3.7809
                                    -3.2745
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
GC-2/IX Results For Methiocarb:  The available data for the GC-2/IX site for Methiocarb have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 25) and total exposure (representing hand and all patch exposure locations; (Figure 26).  A non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and a parametric two sample t test were conducted to compare exposure rates between children and adults.  Both glove exposure rates and total exposure rates were log transformed.  The conclusions associated with captafol exposure at the GC-2/IX site are there is no statistically significant difference in glove or total exposure rates between adults and children (Tables 32, 33, 34, and 35).

Figure 25: Box and Whisker Plot of Hand Exposure (mg/kg/hr) by Age, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                       
                                       
 
Table 32: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                       
                                       
 
Table 33: Result of  Two Sample T Test  Between Adults and Children;  Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -6.2740
                                    -6.5469
                                    -6.0010
                                    0.4063
                                    0.2839
                                    0.7130
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -6.4256
                                    -7.1032
                                    -5.7480
                                    0.9473
                                    0.6516
                                    1.7293
`Difference of Means between Adult and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                 Satterthwaite
                                    0.1516
                                    -0.5538
                                    0.8570
                                Not Calculated
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                    Unequal
                                    11.961
                                     0.47
                                    0.6479

Table 34: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Methiocarb Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 26: Box and Whisker Plot of Total Exposure rate (mg/kg/hr) by Age, Methiocarb Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                       
                                       
 
Table 35: Results of Two Sample T Test Methiocarb Total  Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, GC-2/IX
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -6.1779
                                    -6.4250
                                    -5.9307
                                    0.3679
                                    0.2571
                                    0.6456
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -6.2155
                                    -6.7699
                                    -5.6611
                                    0.8252
                                    0.5766
                                    1.4481
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                 Satterthwaite
                                    0.0376
                                    -0.5473
                                    0.6226
                                Not Calculated
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                    Unequal
                                    13.824
                                     0.14
                                    0.8921

                                       

Study 6:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Blueberry Harvesters to Ethyl Parathion, Malathion, and Benomyl, Duplin County, North Carolina, 1982 (MRID 49716101)

This study was conducted by the Medical University of South Carolina (1982).  Dermal exposure to parathion, malathion, and benomyl of 20 workers who harvested blueberries was measured in two separate monitoring periods on the same day (i.e., parathion and malathion residues were quantified in dosimeters collected in monitoring period 1).  The study was conducted on a blueberry farm located in Duplin County, North Carolina where the plants, depending upon variety, were 4 to 6 feet tall.  A single malathion application was made on 5/11/82 at an application rate of 1 lb malathion per acre.  Similarly, a single benomyl application was made on 5/5/82 at an application rate of 0.5 lb benomyl per acre.  Finally, a parathion application was also made on 5/4/82 at an application rate of 0.15 lb parathion per acre.  Harvesting occurred in the treated field on 5/26/82 which was 15 days after the malathion application, 21 days after the benomyl application, and 22 days after parathion application. Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the hands, forearms, chest, shoulders, and back were used as monitors.  Twenty subjects participated in this study of which 10 were adult females aged 22 to 66 years old.  The remaining ten subjects were children (3 males and 7 females) aged 12 to 16 years old.  The data are included in Appendix B/Tab (6).MalathBenomylBlueBerNC. 

A total of 3 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored for 3 different pesticides on different days after application.  Dislodgeable foliar and soil samples along with productivity measures, inhalation monitors, and urine samples were also collected in this study.

Parathion Monitoring Results:  All monitors which were analyzed for parathion contained no quantifiable residues.  So, no further work has been completed regarding this pesticide in this study.   

Malathion Monitoring Results:  The available data for the malathion have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rates (Figure 27) and total exposure rates which represent hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures (Figure 28).  Additionally non-parametric and parametric methods were also used; Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis and two independent sample t tests were performed as well for both hand and total exposure rate (Tables 36 through 39).  For both tests, exposure rates were log transformed.  The conclusions for the malathion monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in hand or total exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05).

Figure 27: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Table 36: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Malathion Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 

Table 37: Two sample  Student T-Test, Malathion Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                   -11.3146
                                   -11.9516
                                   -10.6776
                                    0.8905
                                    0.6125
                                    1.6257
                                   Children
                                       
                                   -11.1486
                                   -11.5924
                                   -10.7049
                                    0.6203
                                    0.4266
                                    1.1324
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.1660
                                    -0.8870
                                    0.5550
                                    0.7674
                                    0.5798
                                    1.1348
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      18
                                     -0.48
                                    0.6344
                                       

Table 38: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Malathion Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 28: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Table 39: Two sample Student T-Test, Malathion Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                   -10.4961
                                   -10.9376
                                   -10.0547
                                    0.6171
                                    0.4244
                                    1.1265
                                   Children
                                      N/A
                                   -10.3070
                                   -10.5168
                                   -10.0972
                                    0.2933
                                    0.2017
                                    0.5354
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.1891
                                    -0.6430
                                    0.2648
                                    0.4831
                                    0.3650
                                    0.7144
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      18
                                     -0.88
                                    0.3930
                                       \

                                                                               
Benomyl Monitoring Results:  The available data for benomyl have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 29) and total exposure rates, representing hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures (Figure 30).  Additionally, non-parametric and parametric methods were also used; Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and two sample t test were performed as well for both hand and total exposure rates (Tables 40 through 43).  For both of the tests, exposure rates was log transformed.  The conclusions for the benomyl monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in glove and total exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05).
Table 40: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Benomyl Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 29: Box and Whisker Plot, Benomyl Hand/Glove Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 

                                       
                                       

                                       
Table 41: Two Sample  Student T-Test, Benomyl Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -6.0379
                                    -6.3832
                                    -5.6927
                                    0.4826
                                    0.3320
                                    0.8811
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -5.8275
                                    -6.1291
                                    -5.5259
                                    0.4216
                                    0.2900
                                    0.7697
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.2105
                                    -0.6362
                                    0.2153
                                    0.4532
                                    0.3424
                                    0.6701
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      18
                                     -1.04
                                    0.3128

		
		Figure 30: Box and Whisker Plot, Benomyl Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 

Table 42: Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Benomyl Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County NC 1982
                                       
                                       
 

Table 43: Two sample Student T-Test, Benomyl Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters, Duplin County, NC 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -5.8657
                                    -6.2119
                                    -5.5194
                                    0.4840
                                    0.3329
                                    0.8836
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -5.6881
                                    -5.9671
                                    -5.4091
                                    0.3900
                                    0.2683
                                    0.7120
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.1776
                                    -0.5906
                                    0.2354
                                    0.4395
                                    0.3321
                                    0.6500
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      18
                                     -0.90
                                    0.3782
                                       
                                       
It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:

   "Statistical analysis of the dermal and respiratory exposure results demonstrated four significant differences between the exposure patterns of the adult and juvenile participants:
   
          No differences in exposure to parathion were observed since the sampling media of the participants was uniformly negative.
         
          Two statistical differences in the exposure patterns to malathion were observed.  Juveniles were found to have higher average residues in the back gauze squares samples and the adults demonstrated higher average residues in the chest gauze squares samples.
         
          Two significant differences were seen in the benomyl exposure patterns (glove gauze and forearm gauze) and in both cases the trend of higher average residues were observed in the adults.
   
   Thus, three of the four significant differences identified between the exposure patterns of the adult and juvenile participants are attributed to the trend of higher average residues observed in the adult media. Results of the participant exposure monitoring demonstrated the hands of the workers were the primary sources of exposure and no statistical differences in glove residues were found between the juvenile and adult participants."

Study 7:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Blueberry Harvesters to ULV Malathion, Duplin County, North Carolina, 1982 (MRID 479289-01)

This study was conducted by the Medical University of South Carolina (1984).  Dermal exposure to malathion of 30 workers who harvested blueberries was measured on two separate days.  The study was conducted on a blueberry farm located in Duplin County, North Carolina where the plants, depending upon variety, were 4 to 6 feet tall.  A single malathion application was made using Ultra Low Volume (ULV) technology on 6/3/82 at an application rate of 0.73 lb malathion per acre.  Harvesting occurred in the treated field on two separate days 6/7/82 and 6/8/82 (4 and 5 days after application, respectively).  It should be noted 4 inches of rain fell on the study site between the application and the initiation of the monitoring.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the hands, forearms, chest, shoulders, and back were used as monitors.  The same thirty subjects participated in both monitoring events in this study.  The fourteen adult subjects ranged in age from 19 to 66 years old and thirteen were female.  The remaining sixteen subjects were children (5 males and 11 females) aged 12 to 15 years old.  The data are included in Appendix B/Tab (7).MalaBlueb47928901. 

A total of 2 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored for 1 pesticide because monitoring was completed on 2 different days after application.  Dislodgeable foliar and soil samples along with productivity measures, inhalation monitors, and urine samples were also collected in this study.

Box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 31) and total exposures; total exposures represented by hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder (Figure 32) are included below.  The workers were monitored in two separate days.  Repeating exposure for same workers on multiple days were accounted in the analysis using a mixed model.  Glove exposure rates and total exposure rates were log transformed and were used as dependent variables in the mixed models.  Day and age group were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between adults and children was estimated as well for both hand and total exposure from the fitted model (Tables 44 and 45).  The conclusions for the malathion monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in glove or total exposure rates between adults and children.
Figure 31: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Hand/Glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Blueberry Harvesters On All Monitoring Days, Duplin County NC 1984
                                       
                                       
 

Table  44: The Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Between Children and Adults, Malathion Hand Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters On All Monitoring Days, Duplin County NC 1984
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.1002
                                    0.2362
                                      28
                                     0.42
                                    0.6746
                                     0.05
                                    -0.3835
                                    0.5839
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -8.5634
                                    0.1725
                                      28
                                    -49.65
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.9166
                                    -8.2101
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -8.6636
                                    0.1613
                                      28
                                    -53.70
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.9940
                                    -8.3331

                                       
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
	
Figure 32: Box and Whisker Plot, Malathion Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) For Blueberry Harvesters On All Monitoring Days, Duplin County NC 1984
                                       
                                       
 
	
Table 45: The Difference of Least SquaresMeans and Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children, Malathion Total Exposure Rates for Blueberry Harvesters On All Monitoring Days, Duplin County NC 1984
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    -0.1568
                                    0.1624
                                      28
                                     -0.97
                                    0.3424
                                     0.05
                                    -0.4894
                                    0.1758
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -7.9827
                                    0.1186
                                      28
                                    -67.32
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.2256
                                    -7.7398
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -7.8259
                                    0.1109
                                      28
                                    -70.56
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.0531
                                    -7.5987
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:
      
      "The objective of this study was to assess the difference, if any, between the dermal and respiratory exposure patterns of juvenile and adult blueberry harvesters who, under normal working conditions, had post application exposure to ULV malathion.  The statistical analyses of the participant data demonstrated there were no significant differences between the exposure patterns of the juvenile and adult workers."
      
It should be noted, however, that investigators discussed differences in urinary metabolites in the study between adults and children.  They attributed this to the youth/child participants consuming more of the treated blueberries while harvesting, which was observed, and also possible faster metabolic rates for youth/children which would cause malathion metabolites to be excreted faster than adults.

Study 8:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Harvesters and Fieldworkers 1981 (MRID 479289-15)

This study was conducted by the Mississippi State University (October 1982) on three farms near Louisville and Fayette, Mississippi.  At the farm near Louisville, two monitoring events were conducted (Studies D-1 and D-2) in which cucumbers were harvested after application of carbaryl (Table 46).  At the farm near Fayette, three monitoring events were conducted (Studies D-3, D-4, and D-5) in which peas (D-3 & D-4) or sugarcane (D-5) were harvested after application of various combinations of pesticides including treflan, glyphosate, carbaryl, toxaphene, atrazine, dalapon, and carbofuran (Table 46).  Exposures were only quantified for four of the pesticides; carbaryl, treflan, toxaphene, and carbofuran.  A total of 16 individuals were monitored during this study but most were involved in multiple days of exposure monitoring (Table 46).  Pesticide applications across all of the fields used in this research occurred between March 14, 1981 and October 3, 1981.  Monitored harvesting activities occurred between September 18, 1981 and October 11, 1981 which equates to 1 up to 161 days after application for the pesticides where exposure was quantified.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the back, chest, forearm and shoulder were used as monitors.  Table 46 below summarizes the sampling completed at each study site.  Table 46 also contains the names of the data tabs where the specific results for each field reside (Appendix B).  

Table 46:  Study Site Summary for Field Study 8, Harvesting and Fieldwork in Mississippi
                                Study Site/Day
                  Pesticide & Appl. Rate        (lb ai/A)
                           Harvest Days After Appl.
                                  Appendix B
                                   Data Tab
                            Worker Characteristics
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Min.
                                      Age
                                     Max.
                                      Age
                              N <18 years old
                               N>= 18 years old
                             Total Monitoring Unit
                                 LouisvilleD-1
                                   Carbaryl
                                      (1)
                                      16
                             (8).47928915D-1CarCum
                                      16
                                      38
                                       2
                                       2
          8 (One worker appears to have been monitored at both sites)
                                 LouisvilleD-2
                                   Carbaryl
                                    (1, 1)
                                     19, 1
                             (8).47928915D-2CarCum
                                      16
                                      32
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                    Fayette
                                      D-3
                                    Treflan
                                    (0.75)
                                      161
                          (8).47928915D-3VariousPeas
                                      12
                                      40
                                       5
                                       2
21 (All workers monitored for 3 pesticides, 5 of 7 workers also monitored at site D-4)
                                       
                                   Carbaryl
                                  (0.5, 0.5)
                                    62, 35
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                   Toxaphene
                                   (3, 3, 3)
                                   28, 14, 7
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    Fayette
                                      D-4
                                    Treflan
                                    (0.75)
                                      160
                          (8).47928915D-4VariousPeas
                                      12
                                      40
                                       5
                                       2
21 (All workers monitored for 3 pesticides, 5 of 7 workers also monitored at site D-4)
                                       
                                   Carbaryl
                                  (0.5, 0.5)
                                    42, 35
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                   Toxaphene
                           (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3)
                       117, 112, 105, 98, 90, 28, 14, 7
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    Fayette
                                      D-5
                                  Carbofuran
                                     (15)
                                      27
                            N/A  -  all residues ND
                                      13
                                      40
                                       2
                                       2
4 (All samples contained no detectable residue, all workers appear to have been monitored at D-3 or D-4)
Notes:
Louisville D-1:  Only glove data was considered in the statistical analysis for this site.  All patches which were collected contained non-detectable residues of carbaryl.

Louisville D-2:  Carbaryl was applied 2 times in this field which appears to be the same field as D-1.

Fayette D-3:  Carbaryl was applied 2 times in this field and toxaphene was applied 3 times.  A glyphosate application was also described in the study report but worker media were not analyzed for that pesticide.  Most workers (5 of 7) were also monitored at D-4  -  consult Appendix B for details concerning which workers varied between sites.

Fayette D-4:  Carbaryl was applied 2 times in this field and toxaphene was applied 8 times.  A treflan application was also described in the study report but all worker media analyzed for that pesticide contained essentially (0) residues.  Most workers (5 of 7) were also monitored at D-3  -  consult Appendix B for details concerning which workers varied between sites.

Fayette D-5:  Single atrazine, glyphosate, and dalapon applications were also described in the study report at this site on sugarcane but worker media were only analyzed for carbofuran.  All workers were also monitored at other sites  -  consult Appendix B for details.  No carbofuran residues were detected in any worker media.
                                       

A total of 9 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored at 5 different sites and multiple pesticides were considered.  Dislodgeable foliar residue, air, and soil samples were also collected in this study.  For each exposure condition where quantifiable results were reported the data have been statistically analyzed.  In some cases the data were combined across exposure conditions as applicable.  These are noted for each case.

Figure 33: Box & Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site D-1, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
D-1 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the site D-1 have been summarized using box and whisker plot (Figure 33).  Because sample size per age group is very small (only two per age group) a formal statistical test was not performed.  Total exposure was not considered as all patches in this site did not contain any detectable residues of carbaryl.
D-2 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the site D-2 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 34) and total exposure; total exposure is represented by hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures (Figure 35).  Because sample size per age group is very small (only two per age group) a formal statistical test was not performed.

Figure 34: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site D-2, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 

Figure 35: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site D-2, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
D-3 Results For Carbaryl on Peas:  The available data for the site D-3 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rates (Figure 36) and total exposure rates; total exposure is represented by hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures (Figure 37).  Additionally a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was performed both hand and total exposure rates (Table 47).  The conclusions for the carbaryl monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in hand or total exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). 
Figure 37:  Box & Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Peas Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 36: Box & Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Peas Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
D-3 Results For Toxaphene on Peas:  The available data for the site D-3 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 38).  Total exposure which represents hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures in this case were not analyzed since no sample collected contained any detectable residues of toxaphene.  Additionally, Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis was performed as well for hand exposure (Table 48).  The conclusions for the toxaphene monitoring data are that there are no significant differences for hand exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). 
Table 47: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.38
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 38:  Box & Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Table 48: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.57
                                       
                                       
 
D-3 Results For Treflan on Peas:  The available data for the site D-3 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rate (Figure 39).  Total exposure, represented by hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures was not analyzed since no sample collected contained any detectable residues of treflan.  Additionally, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was performed as well for hand exposure rate (Table 49).  The conclusion for the treflan monitoring data at site D-3 is that there are no significant differences for hand exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). 

Table 49: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.57
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 39: Box and Whisker Plot, Treflan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 

D-4 Results For Carbaryl on Peas:  The available data for the site D-4 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rates (Figure 40) and total exposure rates represented by hand, forearm, chest, back, and shoulder exposures (Figure 41).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis was performed as well for both hand and total exposure rate (Tables 50 through 52).  The conclusions for the carbaryl monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in hand and total exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). 

Table 50: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Treflan Hand Exposure Rates for Peas Harvesters at Site D-3, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.38
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Figure 40: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site D-4, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
                                       

Table 51: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site D-4, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.86
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                                       
                               Figure 8.D-4.2:  
                                       

Table 52: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site D-2, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 1.0
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 41: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site D-4, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 

D-4 Results For Toxaphene on Peas:  The available data for the site D-4 have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rate (Figure 42).  Total exposure rates, were not analyzed since no sample collected contained any detectable residues of toxaphene.  Additionally, Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis was performed as well for hand exposure rate (Table 53).  The conclusions for the toxaphene monitoring data are that there are no significant differences in hand exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). A parametric test was not conducted because the sample size was small.  

Figure 42: Box and Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site D-4, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 53: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates for Peas Harvesters at Site D-4, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 1.0
                                       
                                       
 
                                       

D-5 Results For Carbofuran on Sugarcane:  The available data for site D-5 for carbofuran have not been statistically analyzed because in most cases the monitors contained no residues.  [Note:  A tab in Appendix B was not created for this field situation since no data appropriate for such an analysis were developed at this site.]

Investigator Conclusions:  In the available record no significant conclusions were provided the investigators regarding the trends in their data other than to indicate hand exposure was typically higher than sampling for other regions of the body.  This is consistent with other data of this type, particularly for harvesting activities.  

Study 9:  An Assessment of Exposure of Cucumber Harvesters to Azinphos Methyl (MRID 479289-04)

This study was conducted by the Texas Tech University (March 1986) on a cucumber farm in Hidalgo County Texas which is in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.  A single monitoring event was conducted in which cucumbers were harvested after the application of azinphos methyl.  Application was made aerially at an application rate of 1 pint Guthion 2L formulation per acre on May 2, 1983.  Monitoring of cucumber harvesters was completed 2 days after application.  A total of 28 individuals were monitored during this study, six were women and 22 were men.  Only two were less than 18 years old, one female and one male.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearm and legs were used as monitors.  Dislodgeable foliar residue, soil, and urine samples were also collected.  Data tab (9).47928904AZMCucum contains the results of this study (Appendix B).  The monitors for the 17 year old male contained no detectable residues of azinphos methyl so only a single data point existed for child workers in this study.  Additionally, reported residues in the adult workers were also sporadic.  For these reasons no statistical analysis was attempted using these data.   Also, in the available record no significant conclusions were provided the investigators regarding the trends in the data.  

Study 10:  An Assessment of Exposure of Cucumber Harvesters to Methomyl (MRID 479289-04)

This study was conducted by the Texas Tech University (March 1986) on a cucumber farm in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.  Two monitoring events (5/4 and 5/19/82) were conducted in which cucumbers were harvested after the application of methomyl.  Two aerial applications were made to the same 20 acre field (5/3 & 5/18/82) at an application rate of 2 pints per acre of the Lannate L formulation of methomyl.  As indicated by the dates, cucumber harvest was monitored 1 day after each application.  A total of 33 individuals were monitored during the first sampling day of this study, 10 were women and 23 were men.  Three workers, all male, were less than 18 years old.  Two were 15 and one was 14 years old. A total of 36 workers were monitored on the second day of sampling, 9 were women and 27 were men.  Three workers, all male, were less than 18 years old.  Two were 15 and one was 14 years old.  In some cases, the same workers could have been monitored on each sampling day.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearm and legs were used as monitors.  Dislodgeable foliar residue, soil, and urine samples were also collected.  Data tab (10).MethomCucum47928909 contains the results of this study (Appendix B).  Monitoring results were sporadic in this study and the number of children who were monitored were limited (N=3 in both days).  For these reasons no statistical analysis was attempted using these data.   

It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached the following conclusions:  

      "Residue concentrations detected on the sampling devices were found to be independent of the amount harvested, as well as the age, sex, height, and weight of the workers on both study dates."

Study 11:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Vegetable Harvesters and Fieldworkers (MRID 479289-06)

This study was conducted by the Mississippi State University in the summer of 1982.  It was conducted on multiple farms in the following locations:  Hermanville Mississippi (Study Site E-1); McCool Mississippi (Study Sites E-2 through E-4); Louisville Mississippi (Study Sites E-5 and E-6); Noxapater Mississippi (Study Site E-7); Fayette Mississippi (Study Sites E-8 and E-9); and Fayette Mississippi (Study Site E-10).  The fields where monitored workers conducted harvesting activities had been treated previously with several pesticides including carbaryl, toxaphene, aldicarb, and methyl parathion.  Four of the test sites were treated only once and the remaining 6 were treated on multiple occasions up to four times prior to worker exposure monitoring.  A total of 46 individuals were monitored during this study and most were involved in multiple exposure testing days (Table 54).  Pesticide applications across all the fields used in this research occurred between May 15 and August 31, 1982 which equated to harvesting being monitored from 1 to 131 days after the last application.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearm and knee were used as monitors.  Hands were also rinsed with ethanol and urine samples were also collected.  Soil and dislodgeable foliar residues were also collected.  Table 54 below summarizes the sampling completed at each study site.  Table 54 also contains the names of the data tabs where the specific results for each field reside (Appendix B).  

Table 54:  Study Site Summary For Field Study 11, Cucumber, Pea, and Peanut Harvest in Mississippi
                                Study Site/Day
                  Pesticide & Appl. Rate        (lb ai/A)
                             Days After Last Appl.
                                  Appendix B
                                   Data Tab
                            Worker Characteristics
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Min.
                                      Age
                                     Max.
                                      Age
                              N <18 years old
                               N>= 18 years old
                             Total Monitoring unit
                                      E-1
                                Carbaryl (0.5)
                                      16
                            (11).CarbCuc47928906E-1
                                       9
                                      69
                                       4
                                       6
                                      10
                                      E-2
                                Carbaryl (0.25)
                                       1
                            (11).CarbCuc47928906E-2
                                      13
                                      55
                                       4
                                       6
                                      10
                                      E-3
                                Carbaryl (0.25)
                                       1
                            (11).CarbCuc47928906E-3
                                      13
                                      55
                                       4
                                       6
                                      10
                                      E-4
                                Carbaryl (0.25)
                                       1
                            (11).CarbCuc47928906E-4
                                      13
                                      55
                                       4
                                       6
                                      10
                                      E-5
                               Toxaphene (0.44)
                                       5
                            (11).ToxaPea47928906E-5
                                      12
                                      63
                                       5
                                       5
                                      10
                                      E-6
                               Toxaphene (0.44)
                                       4
                            (11).ToxaPea47928906E-6
                                      12
                                      63
                                       5
                                       5
                                      10
                                      E-7
                               Toxaphene (0.59)
                                       1
                            (11).ToxaPea47928906E-7
                                      10
                                      47
                                       3
                                       7
                                      10
                                      E-8
                                 Aldicarb (15)
                                      110
                           Not included  -  see note
                                      13
                                      77
                                       5
                                       5
                                      10
                                      E-9
                                 Aldicarb (15)
                                      117
                           Not included  -  see note
                                      13
                                      77
                                       5
                                       5
                                      10
                                     E-10
                             Methyl Parathion (4)
                                      131
                           (11).MePaPean47928906E-10
                                      13
                                      77
                                       5
                                       5
                                      10
Notes:
E-1:  Carbaryl was applied twice on 5/22 & 6/2/82.  Harvest occurred on 6/18/82.
E-2:  Carbaryl was applied twice on 6/17 & 6/22/82.  Harvest occurred on 6/23/82. Many of the same workers were monitored in the E-3 and E-4 study days.
E-3:  Carbaryl was applied three times on 6/17, 6/22 & 6/27/82.  Harvest occurred on 6/28/82. . Many of the same workers were monitored in the E-2 and E-4 study days.
E-4:  Carbaryl was applied four times on 6/17, 6/22 & 6/27/82 and 7/6/82.  Harvest occurred on 7/7/82.  Many of the same workers were monitored in the E-3 and E-4 study days.
E-5:  Toxaphene was applied two times on 7/22 & 7/31/82.  Harvest occurred on 8/4/82.  The same workers were monitored in the E-6 study day.
E-6:  Toxaphene was applied three times on 7/22 & 7/31/82 and on 8/7/82.  Harvest occurred on 8/11/82.  The same workers were monitored in the E-6 study day.
E-7:  Toxaphene was applied once on 8/31/82.  Harvest occurred on 9/1/82.  Workers were monitored only at site E-7.
E-8:  Aldicarb was applied once on 5/15/82.  Harvest occurred on 9/2/82.  Workers were monitored also at sites E-9 & E-10.  No data tab is reported since all dosimetry samples were reported as ND (contains no detectable residue).
E-9:  Aldicarb was applied once on 5/15/82.  Harvest occurred on 9/9/82.  Workers were monitored also at sites E-8 & E-10.  No data tab is reported since all dosimetry samples were reported as ND (contains no detectable residue).
E-10: Methyl parathion was applied once on 5/15/82.  Harvest occurred on 9/23/82.  Workers were monitored also at sites E-8 & E-9. 

A total of 10 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored at multiple sites, for different pesticides, and differing days after application.  For each exposure condition where quantifiable results were reported the data have been plotted and a Rank Sum analysis has been completed.  Results for each exposure condition where viable data were obtained are presented below.

E-1 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the E-1 site for carbaryl on cucumbers have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 43) and total exposure rates which represents hand and all patch exposure locations in this case (Figure 44).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis has also been performed (Tables 55 and 56).  The conclusions associated with carbaryl exposure at the E-1 site are there is no statistically significant difference in hand or total exposure rates between adults and children (p value > 0.05). 
Figure 43: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand/glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-1, Hermanville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 

Figure 44: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-1, Hermanville MS 1982
                                       
 

                                       

Table 58: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-1, Hermanville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.17
                                       
                                       
 

Table 57: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-1, Hermanville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.17
                                       
                                       
 

E-2 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the E-2 site for carbaryl on cucumbers have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 45) and total exposure rates, represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 46).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test has also been performed (Tables 57 and 58).  The conclusions associated with carbaryl exposure at the E-2 site are that children had statistically significantly higher hand exposure rates than adults.  In terms of total exposure rates, there is no statistically significant difference between children and adults.  A parametric test was not conducted due to small sample size.
Figure 45: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand/Glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-2, McCool MS 1982
                                       
 
Table 57: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test on Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-2, McCool MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.04
                                       
                                       
 

Table 58: Wilcoxon Rank sum test on Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-2, McCool MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.76
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 46: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-2, McCool MS 1982 
 

Table 59: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-3, McCool MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.91
                                       
                                       
 
E-3 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the E-3 site for carbaryl on cucumbers have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 47) and total exposure rates, represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 48).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test has also been performed (Tables 59 and 60).  The conclusions associated with carbaryl exposure at the E-3 site are there is no statistically significant for both glove and total exposure rates between adults and children. A parametric test was not conducted due to small sample size.Figure 47: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand/Glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-3, McCool MS 1982
 
Figure 48: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-3, McCool MS 1982
                                       
 

Table 60: Wilcoxon Rank sum test on Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-3, McCool MS, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.61
                                       
                                       
 
E-4 Results For Carbaryl on Cucumbers:  The available data for the E-4 site for carbaryl on cucumbers have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 49) and total exposure rates, represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 50).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test has also been performed (Tables 61 and 62).  The conclusions associated with carbaryl exposure at the E-4 site are there is no statistically significant difference for both hand and total exposure rates between adults and children.  A parametric test was not conducted due to small sample size.
Figure 49: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Hand/glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-4, McCool MS 1982
                                       
 
Table 61: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Carbaryl Hand Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-4, McCool MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.76
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                                                           

                                                      
Table 62: Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-4, McCool MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.48
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 50: Box and Whisker Plot, Carbaryl Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Cucumber Harvesters at Site E-4, McCool MS 1982
                                       
 
E-5 & E-6 Combined Results For Toxaphene on Peas:  The available data for the E-5 and E-6 sites for toxaphene on peas have been combined and statistically analyzed.  This was done because the exposure conditions were similar and the same individuals were monitored in each sampling event.  Hand (Glove) and total exposure rate values were log transformed and a repeated measure analysis of variance using mixed modeling approach was utilized taking account of the correlation of the same workers for multiple days.  Gender, age, and day were covariates in the model.  The data were summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 51) and total exposure represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 52).  Additionally, differences of least squares means between adults and children from the fitted mixed model are also presented (Tables 63 and 64).  The conclusions associated with toxaphene exposure at the combined E-5 and E-6 sites in that there is no statistically significant difference both hand and total exposure rates between adults and children. 

                                       
Figure 51: Box and Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Hand/Glove Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters, Sites E-5 and E-6 Combined, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
Table 63: Difference of Least Squares Means, and Least Squares Means, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates For Pea Harvesters, Sites E-5 and E-6 Combined, Louisville MS 1982
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    -0.1059
                                    0.1860
                                       7
                                     -0.57
                                    0.5869
                                     0.05
                                    -0.5457
                                    0.3339
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -6.0642
                                    0.1302
                                       7
                                    -46.58
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.3721
                                    -5.7563
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -5.9583
                                    0.1302
                                       7
                                    -45.76
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.2662
                                    -5.6504
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

Figure 52: Box and Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters, Sites E-5 and E-6 Combined, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 64: Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Toxaphene Total Exposure Rates For Pea Harvesters, Sites E-5 and E-6 Combined, Louisville MS 1982
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.02980
                                    0.1431
                                       7
                                     0.21
                                    0.8410
                                     0.05
                                    -0.3086
                                    0.3682
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -5.5368
                                    0.1002
                                       7
                                    -55.26
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -5.7737
                                    -5.2999
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -5.5666
                                    0.1002
                                       7
                                    -55.56
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -5.8035
                                    -5.3297
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
E-7 Results For Toxaphene on Peas:  The available data for the E-7 site for toxaphene on peas were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (Figure 53 and 54, and Tables 65 and 66).  The conclusions associated with toxaphene exposure at the E-7 site is that there is no statistically significant difference for both hand and total exposure rates between adults and children.  A parametric test was not conducted due to small sample size in the child age group.

Table 65: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site E-7, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.27
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 53: Box and Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters, Site E-7 Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 54: Box and Whisker Plot, Toxaphene Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters, Site E-7 Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Table 66: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Toxaphene Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site E-7, Louisville MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
               P value from exact Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test is 0.38
                                       
                                       
 
E-8 and E-9 Results For Aldicarb on Peanuts:  The available data for sites E-8 and E-9 for aldicarb have not been statistically analyzed because the monitors contained no detectable residues.  [Note:  A tab in Appendix B was not created for these field situations since no data appropriate for such an analysis were developed at this site.]

E-10 Results For Methyl Parathion on Peanuts:  The available data for the E-10 site for methyl parathion on peanuts have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 55) and total exposure represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 56).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and a two sample t test were performed for the log of hand exposure and log of total exposure (Tables 67 through 72).  The conclusions associated with methyl parathion exposure at the E-10 site are that there are statistically significant differences in exposure rates between the adults and children; children had statistically significant higher hand and total exposure rates than those for adults. 
Figure 55: Box and Whisker Plot, Methyl Parathion Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                                       
Table 67: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test of Methyl Parathion Hand Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
Wilcoxon Scores (Rank Sums) for Variable log glove
Classified by Variable Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                       N
                                Sum of
Scores
                              Expected
Under H0
                              Std Dev
Under H0
                                  Mean
Score
                                    Adults
                                       5
                                     17.0
                                     27.50
                                   4.787136
                                     3.40
                                   Children
                                       5
                                     38.0
                                     27.50
                                   4.787136
                                     7.60

Table 68: Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test of Methyl Parathion Hand Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982*
                                 Statistic (S)
                                    17.0000
                             Normal Approximation
                                       Z
                                    -2.0889
                             One-Sided Pr <  Z
                                    0.0184
                             Two-Sided Pr > |Z|
                                    0.0367
                  * P value from exact Wilcoxon test is 0.03.	

Table 69: Two sample T Test of  Methyl Parathion Hand Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                   -15.8261
                                   -17.8894
                                   -13.7628
                                    1.6617
                                    0.9956
                                    4.7751
                                   Children
                                       
                                   -12.5025
                                   -15.1696
                                    -9.8353
                                    2.1481
                                    1.2870
                                    6.1726
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -3.3237
                                    -6.1244
                                    -0.5229
                                    1.9204
                                    1.2971
                                    3.6790
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                    t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                       8
                                     -2.74
                                    0.0256

Figure 56: Box and Whisker Plot, Methyl Parathion Total Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 70: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Methyl Parathion Total Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
Wilcoxon Scores (Rank Sums) for Variable log_total
Classified by Variable Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                       N
                                Sum of
Scores
                              Expected
Under H0
                              Std Dev
Under H0
                                  Mean
Score
                                    Adults
                                       5
                                     17.0
                                     27.50
                                   4.787136
                                     3.40
                                   Children
                                       5
                                     38.0
                                     27.50
                                   4.787136
                                     7.60

                      Table 71: Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test*
                                 Statistic (S)
                                    17.0000
                             Normal Approximation
                                       Z
                                    -2.0889
                             One-Sided Pr <  Z
                                    0.0184
                             Two-Sided Pr > |Z|
                                    0.0367
                           *P value from Exact Wilcoxon test is 0.03

Table 72 : Two Sample T Test  of  Methyl Parathion  total Exposure Rates for Peanut Harvesters at Site E-10, Fayette MS 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                   -12.5156
                                   -13.3331
                                   -11.6981
                                    0.6584
                                    0.3945
                                    1.8919
                                   Children
                                       
                                   -10.3209
                                   -12.1883
                                    -8.4535
                                    1.5039
                                    0.9011
                                    4.3217
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -2.1947
                                    -3.8878
                                    -0.5016
                                    1.1609
                                    0.7841
                                    2.2240
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                       8
                                     -2.99
                                    0.0174

Investigator Conclusions:  The investigators themselves provided little comment or conclusions regarding this study except to note dermal exposure was the primary route of exposure and that inhalation exposure was not significant.

Study 12:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Studies of Adult and Juvenile Fieldworkers (MRID 49716102)

This study was conducted by the Mississippi State University in the summers of 1983 and 1984.  It was conducted on multiple farms in the following locations:  Louisville Mississippi (Sites I-83 through V-83 and Sites I-84 through V-84) and Starkville Mississippi (Sites VI-83 and VI-84).  The fields where monitored workers conducted harvesting activities had been treated previously with several pesticides including endosulfan, benomyl, carbaryl, captan, folpet, mancozeb, and zolone.  The crops which were monitored included corn, grapes, and peas.  Each of the test sites were treated on multiple applications of pesticides prior to worker exposure monitoring.  Endosulfan only was used to treat peas and corn which were monitored at sites I through V in both 1983 and 1984.  The remaining pesticides were used to treat grapes at site VI in various combinations in 1983 and 1984.  

A total of 38 individuals were monitored during this study and most were involved in multiple exposure testing days (Table 73).  Pesticide applications across all the fields used in this research occurred between May 6 and August 1, 1983 for that year of monitoring and between May 14 and July 22, 19843 for that year.  This equated to harvesting being monitored from 3 to 104 days after the last application in 1983 and from 2 to 86 days after application in 1984.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearm and knee were used as monitors.  Hands were also rinsed with ethanol and urine samples were collected.  Soil and dislodgeable foliar residues were also collected.  Table 73 below summarizes the sampling completed at each study site.  Table 73 also contains the names of the data tabs where the specific results for each field reside (Appendix B).  

Table 73:  Study Site Summary for Field Study 12 Cucumber, Pea, and Grape Harvest in Mississippi
                                Study Site/Day
                               Pesticide & 
                              Appl. Rate        
                                   (lb ai/A)
                           Harvest Days After Appl.
                                  Appendix B 
                                   Data Tab
                            Worker Characteristics
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Min.
                                      Age
                                     Max.
                                      Age
                              N <18 years old
                               N>= 18 years old
                             Total Monitoring Unit
                                  Louisville
                                     I-83
                                  Endosulfan
                                 (0.03, 0.03)
                                    13, 11
                             (12)EndosulPeas1983-I
                                       9
                                      50
                                       5
                                       5
30 (Same workers used at each site except worker I-83(MU-9) who did not participate at II-83 & III-83 (MU-9) which ended up being the same person for those sites)
                                  Louisville
                                     II-83
                                  Endosulfan
                              (0.03, 0.03, 0.03)
                                   16, 14, 3
                            (12)EndosulPeas1983-II
                                       9
                                      50
                                       5
                                       5
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                    III-83
                                  Endosulfan
                           (0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03)
                                 20, 17, 7, 4
                            (12)EndosulPeas1983-III
                                       9
                                      50
                                       5
                                       5
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                     VI-83
                                  Endosulfan
                           (0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03)
                                42, 28, 21, 15
                              (12)EndosCorn1983IV
                                       9
                                      50
                                       2
                                       2
8 (Same workers used at each site, also participated in 1983 pea harvest studies)
                                  Louisville
                                     V-83
                                  Endosulfan
                           (0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03)
                                45, 31, 21, 18
                              (12)EndosCorn1983V
                                       9
                                      50
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                  Starkville
                                     VI-83
                                Benomyl (0.75)
                                      104
                           Not included  -  see note
                                      12
                                      51
                                       3
                                       3
                                      24
                                       
                                Mancozeb (2.0)
                                      104
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                Carbaryl (2.0)
                                      104
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                 Folpet (5.0)
                                      55
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                     I-84
                                  Endosulfan
                                (0.095, 0.095)
                                     16, 2
                              (12)EndosCorn1984I
                                      10
                                      52
                                       4
                                       6
40 (Same workers used at each site, also participated in 1984 pea harvest study)
                                  Louisville
                                     II-84
                                  Endosulfan
                                 (0.19, 0.19)
                                     11, 3
                              (12)EndosCorn1984II
                                      10
                                      52
                                       4
                                       6
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                    III-84
                                  Endosulfan
                              (0.19, 0.19, 0.19)
                                   15, 7, 2
                             (12)EndosCorn1984III
                                      10
                                      52
                                       4
                                       6
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                     VI-84
                                  Endosulfan
                             (0.095, 0.19, 0.095)
                                   15, 9, 2
                              (12)EndosCorn1984IV
                                      10
                                      52
                                       4
                                       6
                                       
                                  Louisville
                                     V-84
                                  Endosulfan
                             (0.095, 0.095, 0.095)
                                   17, 14. 3
                              (12)EndosPeas1984V
                                      10
                                      52
                                       6
                                       6
12 (Same workers used as each corn 1984 harvesting  site, also participated in 1984 pea harvest study,)
                                  Starkville
                                     VI-84
                             Benomyl (0.50, 0.75)
                                    86, 38
                           Not included  -  see note
                                      13
                                      52
                                       4
                                       5
                                      27
                                       
                                 Zolone (0.19)
                                      38
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                Carbaryl (2.0)
                                      38
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Notes:
Louisville I-83, II-83 & III-83:  Endosulfan was applied multiple times to peas at these sites but monitoring was completed only after last application. Endosulfan species were added together to examine total residues. Glove and patch data were considered in the statistical analysis for this site.  

Louisville VI-83 & V-83:  Endosulfan was applied multiple times to corn at these sites but monitoring was completed only after last application. Endosulfan species were added together to examine total residues. The number of monitoring units were insufficient to complete a statistical analysis at both sites.

Starkville VI-83:  Single benomyl, mancozeb, carbaryl, and folpet applications occurred at this site on grapes but worker media were only analyzed for benomyl and its degradate MBC.  No benomyl or MBC residues were detected in any worker media so a data tab has not been included in Appendix B.

Louisville I-84, II-84, III-84 & IV-84:  Endosulfan was applied multiple times to corn at these sites but monitoring was completed only after last application. Endosulfan species were added together to examine total residues. Glove and patch data were considered in the statistical analysis for this site.  

Louisville V-84:  Endosulfan was applied multiple times to peas at this site but monitoring was completed only after last application. Endosulfan species were added together to examine total residues. 

Starkville VI-84:  Two benomyl and single zolone and captan applications occurred at this site on grapes but worker media were only analyzed for benomyl and its degradate MBC.  No benomyl or MBC residues were detected in any worker media so a data tab has not been included in Appendix B.

A total of 17 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored at multiple sites, for different pesticides, and differing days after application.  For each exposure condition where quantifiable results were reported the data have been statistically analyzed.  Results for each exposure condition where viable data were obtained are presented below.
I-83, II-83 , III-83  Results For Endosulfan on Peas:  The available data for the I-83, II-83, III-83  sites for endosulfan on peas have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rate (Figure 57) and total exposure rate represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 58).  In the plot, day-1, day -2 and day-3 indicated data from study I-83, II-83 and III-83 respectively.  Here same workers were monitored at these three sites on three separate days.  Hand and total exposure values were log transformed and a repeated measure analysis of variance using a mixed modeling approach was utilized taking account of the correlation for the same workers for multiple days.  Gender, age, and day were used as covariates in the model.  Adults had statistically significant higher hand exposure rates than children (one sided p value = 0.096/2 < 0.05).  However, for the total exposure there was no significant difference between these two age groups (Tables 74 and 75, respectively). 
Figure 57: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Sites I-83, II-83, and III-83, Louisville MS 1983
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 57: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Sites I-83, II-83, and III-83, Louisville MS 1983
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
                                       
                                       
Table 74: Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means between Adults and Children, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site I-83 , II-83, and III-83, Louisville MS 1983
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.4434
                                    0.2567
                                      24
                                     1.73
                                    0.0970
                                     0.05
                                   -0.08639
                                    0.9732
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   -10.9078
                                    0.1793
                                      24
                                    -60.82
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                   -11.2779
                                   -10.5376
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                   -11.3512
                                    0.1961
                                      24
                                    -57.90
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                   -11.7558
                                   -10.9465
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

	
Figure 58: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) For Pea Harvesters at Sites I-83, II-83, and III-83, Louisville MS 1983
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 75: Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Between Adults and Children, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site I-83, II-83, III-83, Louisville MS 1983
                                    Effect
                                   Figure 36
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                   0.002633
                                    0.1938
                                      24
                                     0.01
                                    0.9893
                                     0.05
                                    -0.3973
                                    0.4026
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   -10.0892
                                    0.1354
                                      24
                                    -74.52
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                   -10.3687
                                    -9.8098
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                   -10.0919
                                    0.1480
                                      24
                                    -68.18
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                   -10.3974
                                    -9.7864
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
IV-83 & V-83 Results For Endosulfan on Corn:  The available data for these sites for endosulfan on peas were not analyzed using the same approaches as described above because an insufficient number of individuals were monitored.    

VI-83 Results For Benomyl On Grapes:  The available data for site VI-83 have not been statistically analyzed because the monitors contained no detectable residues of benomyl.  

V-84 Results For Endosulfan on Peas:  The available data for the V-84 site for endosulfan on peas have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 59) and total exposure represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 60).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and a Two Sample t Test have also been completed (Tables 76 - 79).  For both tests, glove and total exposure rate have been log transformed.  The findings indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between adults and children whether hand only or total exposure rate is considered.
Figure 59: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Table 76: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 77: Two Sample T Test between Adults and Children, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                   -10.3860
                                   -10.9182
                                    -9.8538
                                    0.5072
                                    0.3166
                                    1.2438
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -9.9554
                                   -10.8012
                                    -9.1097
                                    0.8059
                                    0.5031
                                    1.9766
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.4305
                                    -1.2967
                                    0.4356
                                    0.6733
                                    0.4705
                                    1.1816
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      10
                                     -1.11
                                    0.2940

Table 78: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 60: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 

Table 79: Two Sample T Test Between Adults and Children, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates for Pea Harvesters at Site V-84, Louisville MS 1984
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -9.6421
                                   -10.1827
                                    -9.1014
                                    0.5152
                                    0.3216
                                    1.2636
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -9.0829
                                    -9.9580
                                    -8.2078
                                    0.8339
                                    0.5205
                                    2.0452
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    -0.5592
                                    -1.4508
                                    0.3324
                                    0.6931
                                    0.4843
                                    1.2163
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      10
                                     -1.40
                                    0.1925

On Grapes:  The available data for site VI-84 have not been statistically analyzed because the monitors contained no detectable residues of benomyl.  

Figure 61: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Corn Harvesters at All Sites, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Combined Results For Endosulfan on Corn From Sites I-, II-, III-, and IV-84:  The available data for Sites I-, II-, III-, and IV-84 for endosulfan on corn have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand/glove exposure rates (Figure 61) and total exposure rates, represented by hand and all patch exposure locations (Figure 62).  Total exposure was not calculated for day1/site I.  The same workers were monitored in Site I, II, III, and IV.  Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to examine the log of exposures between adult and child age groups accounting for the correlation between the exposures of same worker for multiple days using a mixed model.  Age group, gender, and day were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between the child and adult age groups has been estimated from repeated measure analysis of variance (Tables 80 and 81).  The findings indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between adults and working children age group whether hand only or total exposure rates are considered.
Table 80: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Analysis, Endosulfan Hand Exposure Rates for Corn Harvesters at All Sites, Louisville MS 1984
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.1443
                                    0.1595
                                      34
                                     0.90
                                    0.3719
                                     0.05
                                    -0.1798
                                    0.4683
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -8.8381
                                    0.08523
                                      34
                                    -103.69
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -9.0113
                                    -8.6649
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -8.9824
                                    0.1348
                                      34
                                    -66.65
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -9.2563
                                    -8.7085
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

           Figure 62: Box & Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Corn Harvesters at All Sites, Louisville MS 1984
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 

         
Table 81: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates for Corn Harvesters at All Sites, Louisville MS 1984
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                   -0.06940
                                    0.2362
                                      24
                                     -0.29
                                    0.7715
                                     0.05
                                    -0.5570
                                    0.4182
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -8.3755
                                    0.1263
                                      24
                                    -66.33
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.6362
                                    -8.1149
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -8.3061
                                    0.1997
                                      24
                                    -41.60
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -8.7182
                                    -7.8941
  DF = Degrees of Freedom 
  T Value = Test Statistic
  Pr > t =  p value
  Alpha =  Significance level 
  Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
  Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
Investigator Conclusions:  The investigators themselves provided little comment or conclusions regarding this study except to note dermal exposure was the primary route of exposure and that inhalation exposure was not significant.  They also indicated "worker exposure to endosulfan and benomyl was low and, in most cases, juvenile exposure was less than adults."

Study 13:  Dermal Exposure to Vinclozolin By Strawberry Harvesters 1982 (MRID 47923401)

This study was conducted by the University of California (December 1983).  Dermal exposure to vinclozolin of 18 workers who harvested strawberries was measured on three consecutive days in Corvallis, Oregon (June 22-24, 1982).  Three vinclozolin applications (all 1 lb/A) were made on May 5, 15, and 22.  Harvesting occurred 38 through 40 days after the last application.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearms and ankles were used as monitors.  No results for the ankle samples were reported.  Five participants (1 male and 4 females) in the study were adults aged 18 to 40 years old.  The thirteen working children (4 males and 9 females) ranged in age from 12 to 16 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (13) VinclozolinStrawberry.  All totaled, 3 exposure conditions are represented by these data since exposures were monitored on 3 different days after application.  Dislodgeable foliar samples and productivity measures were also collected in this study.

The available data have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 63) and total exposure (Figure 64).  A linear mixed model was used to examine the log (exposure) between adults and children accounting for the correlation between the exposures of same worker for multiple days.  Age group and day were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between adults and children was estimated from fitted mixed model in SAS (Table 82 for hand exposure and Table 83 for total exposure).  The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in total and hand exposure rates between adults and children; adults had statistically significantly higher exposure rates than children for both hand and total exposure rates.

Figure 63: Box and Whisker Plot, Vinclozolin Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Strawberry Harvesters On All Study Days, Corvallis OR 1983
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 

Table 82: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Vinclozolin Hand Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters On All Study Days, Corvallis OR 1983
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.3943
                                    0.1941
                                      16
                                     2.03
                                    0.0591
                                     0.05
                                   -0.01708
                                    0.8057
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -6.0239
                                    0.1649
                                      16
                                    -36.53
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.3735
                                    -5.6743
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -6.4182
                                    0.1023
                                      16
                                    -62.75
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.6350
                                    -6.2014
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
Figure 64: Box and Whisker Plot, Vinclozolin Total Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters On All Study Days, Corvallis OR 1983
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Table 83: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means Analysis, Vinclozolin Total Exposure Rates for Strawberry Harvesters On All Study Days, Corvallis OR 1983
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.4134
                                    0.1935
                                      16
                                     2.14
                                    0.0485
                                     0.05
                                   0.003088
                                    0.8236
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -5.9002
                                    0.1645
                                      16
                                    -35.87
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.2489
                                    -5.5515
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -6.3135
                                    0.1020
                                      16
                                    -61.90
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.5298
                                    -6.0973
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

It should be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions:

      "The study was designed to provide correlations among dermal exposure, age of workers, body size or weight of workers and productivity.  Statistical analyses of the data showed a significant correlation between exposure rate and age and productivity.  Also age appeared to correlate positively with productivity, e.g., older workers seemed to receive higher dermal exposures than younger ones in the same occupational setting."

Study 14:  Simultaneous Dermal Exposure to Captan and Benomyl by Strawberry Harvesters (MRID 479289-10/15)

This study was conducted by the University of California in 1983 on a strawberry farm near Salinas California in the Pajaro Valley.  Ten adult workers were monitored on May 19, 1982.  Application of a tank mix of dicofol, benomyl and captan was conducted on May 15, 1982.  This study was not considered further in this analysis as no children were monitored and this analysis is focused on determining if children receive different levels of exposures than adults in similar exposure conditions.  No further mention of this study is included in this document.

Study 15:  Assessment of Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Adult and Juvenile Tobacco Harvesters to Acephate, Duplin County North Carolina (MRID 479289-02)

This study was conducted by the Medical University of South Carolina (April 1984).  Dermal exposure to acephate, and its environmental degradate methamidophos, of 17 workers who harvested flue-cured tobacco was measured on two consecutive days in Duplin County North Carolina (July 13&14, 1982).  Two acephate applications (both 0.75 lb/A) were made on June 20 and July 12, 1982.  Harvesting occurred on 2 consecutive days which were 1 and 2 days after the last application.  Cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearms, shoulders, chest, and back.  Nine participants (6 males and 3 females) in the study were adults aged 19 to 71 years old.  The eight working children (7 males and 1 female) ranged in age from 10 to 17 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (15)AcephateTobac47928902.  All totaled, 4 exposure conditions are represented by these data since exposures were monitored on 2 different days after application and exposure to both acephate and its degradate, methamidophos, were quantified.  Dislodgeable foliar residue and urine samples as well as productivity measures were also collected in this study.

The available data have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure (Figure 65) and total exposure (Figure 66).  The same workers were monitored for multiple days.  A linear mixed model was used to examine the log (hand exposure) and log (total exposure) between adults and children, considering the correlation between the exposures of same worker for multiple days.  Age group and day were used as fixed effects in the model.  The difference of least squares means between adults and children has been estimated from a fitted mixed model in SAS (Table 84 for hand exposure and Table 85 for total exposure).  The findings indicate that there is statistically significant difference in hand exposure between children and adults.  Adults had statistically significantly higher exposure than children for hand exposure rates (one sided p value 0.0135) and marginally significantly higher exposure than children for total exposure rates (one sided p value 0.058).

Figure 65: Box and Whisker Plot, Acephate Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tobacco Harvesters On All Study Days, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 

Table 84: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Acephate Hand Exposure Rates for Tobacco Harvesters On All Study Days, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.8699
                                    0.3552
                                      15
                                     2.45
                                    0.0271
                                     0.05
                                    0.1128
                                    1.6269
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -5.9039
                                    0.2436
                                      15
                                    -24.23
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.4232
                                    -5.3846
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -6.7738
                                    0.2584
                                      15
                                    -26.21
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -7.3246
                                    -6.2230
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

                                        
                                       

Figure 66: Box and Whisker Plot, Acephate Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tobacco Harvesters On All Study Days, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
	Table 85: Differences of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Acephate  Total  Exposure Rates for Tobacco Harvesters On All Study Days, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.3148
                                    0.1891
                                      15
                                     1.66
                                    0.1167
                                     0.05
                                   -0.08825
                                    0.7179
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.9838
                                    0.1297
                                      15
                                    -30.71
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.2603
                                    -3.7073
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -4.2986
                                    0.1376
                                      15
                                    -31.24
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.5919
                                    -4.0053
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 
The available data for methamidophos have been summarized using box and whisker plots based on hand exposure rates (Figure 67) and total exposure rates (Figure 68).  Additionally, a non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and a parametric two sample t test also were performed (Tables 86, 87, and 88) for log of hand exposure and log of total exposure.  The findings indicate that adults have statistically significant higher exposures than the working children monitored in this study whether hand only or total exposure rates are considered.
                                       
                                       
Table 86: Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Methamidophos Hand Exposure Rates for Tobacco Harvesters On Study Day 1, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Figure 67: Box and Whisker Plot of Methamidophos Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tobacco Harvesters On Study Day 1, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Table 87:  Two Sample T Test , Methamidophos Hand Exposure Rates for Tobacco Harvesters On Study Day 1, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -7.6413
                                    -8.6081
                                    -6.6745
                                    1.2578
                                    0.8496
                                    2.4096
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -9.4891
                                   -10.7210
                                    -8.2572
                                    1.4736
                                    0.9743
                                    2.9991
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    1.8478
                                    0.4365
                                    3.2592
                                    1.3627
                                    1.0067
                                    2.1091
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      15
                                     2.79
                                    0.0137
	

Figure 68: Box and Whisker Plot, Methamidophos Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tobacco Harvesters On Study Day 1, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
              Table 88:  Two Sample T Test, Methamidophos Total Exposure Rates for Tobacco Harvesters On Study Day 1, Duplin County North Carolina, 1982
                                   Age Group
                                    Method
                                     Mean
                                  95% CL Mean
                                   Std Dev
                                95% CL Std Dev
                                    Adults
                                      N/A
                                    -6.5554
                                    -7.1116
                                    -5.9992
                                    0.7236
                                    0.4887
                                    1.3862
                                   Children
                                       
                                    -7.1863
                                    -7.5412
                                    -6.8314
                                    0.4245
                                    0.2807
                                    0.8639
`Difference of Means between Adults and Children' in two sample t test tables
                                    Pooled
                                    0.6309
                                    0.00663
                                    1.2552
                                    0.6028
                                    0.4453
                                    0.9329
                                       
                                       
                                   Variances
                                      DF
                                   t Value
                                 Pr > |t|
                                       
                                       
                                     Equal
                                      15
                                     2.15
                                    0.0479

It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:

      "Seven juvenile and ten adult tobacco harvesters were monitored on two consecutive days for their dermal and respiratory exposure to acephate and its metabolite methamidophos.  The objective of the study was to determine if there were any differences between the exposures of these two groups.....Statistical analysis of acephate and methamidophos residues recovered from the sampling media found only one significant difference between the adults and juveniles.  This was the methamidophos residues observed in the first day's chest gauze squaressamples and the adults were observed to have higher residues."

Study 16:  An Assessment of Exposure of Tomato Harvesters to Chlorothalonil (MRID 479289-03)

This study was conducted by the Texas Tech University (November 1985).  Dermal exposure to chlorothalonil was measured for 65 workers who harvested tomatoes at two independent sites in the lower Rio Grande Valley in Hidalgo County Texas.  At the first site 25 workers were monitored and at the second site 39 workers were monitored.  At both sites, 1.5 pints of the Bravo 500 formulation (4.17 lb chlorothalonil per gallon) were applied by aircraft which equates to an application rate of 0.78 pounds chlorothalonil per acre.  Each site was treated once with chlorothalonil.  The first site was treated on May 12, 1982 and harvesting occurred 5 days later on May 17, 1982.  The second site was treated on May 26, 1982 and harvesting occurred 9 days later on June 4, 1982.  Monitoring was completed using cotton gloves, hand wipes (towels with alcohol/water mixture) and gauze patches worn on the forearms and lower legs.  At the first site 22 participants (16 males and 6 females) in the study were adults aged 20 to 52 years old.  The 3 working children (all males) ranged in age from 15 to 16 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (16).47928903ChlorTomS-1.  At the second site 26 participants (16 males and 10 females) in the study were adults aged 19 to 70 years old.  The 13 working children (8 males and 5 females) ranged in age from 10 to 17 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (16).47928903ChlorTomS-2.  A total of 2 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored on 2 different days.  Urine samples as well as productivity measures were also collected in this study.

The available data from the first monitoring site of this study contained inadequate results to conduct a statistical analysis of the data (e.g., no hand exposure results were presented for working children).  As such, the statistical analysis of the data for this study focused solely on the results for the second study site.  The results have been summarized using a box and whisker plot based only on hand exposure (Figure 69).  Additionally, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum analysis has also been completed (Table 89).  The findings indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the hand exposures rates of the children and adults which were monitored.  
Figure 69: Box and Whisker Plot, Chlorothalonil Hand Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tomato Harvesters At Site 2, Hidalgo County Texas, 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
                                       
Table 89: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Analysis, Chlorothalonil Hand Exposure Rates for Tomato Harvesters at Site 2, Hidalgo County Texas 1982
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
It should also be noted that the investigators themselves reached similar conclusions.  They indicated:

      "Contact with residues of the fungicide chlorothalonil was examined in youth (age <= 17 years) and adult (age > 17 years) farmworkers during the harvest of tomatoes at two independent sites.....results indicated that youths employed in the harvest of tomatoes may be expected to contact residues of the fungicide chlorothalonil at equal rates to adults."

Study 17:  Youth in Agriculture:  Dermal and Respiratory Exposure Assessment of Adult and Juvenile Tomato Harvesters to Endosulfan, Charleston County, South Carolina (MRID 479289-10)

This study was conducted by the Medical University of South Carolina (1981).  Dermal exposure to endosulfan was measured for 10 workers who harvested tomatoes on two different days in two different fields on the same farm located in Charleston County, South Carolina.  At both sites applications (June 8 & 9, 1981) were completed 1 day prior to monitoring (June 9 & 10, 1981).  Applications were completed using groundboom equipment and in each case multiple pesticides were applied in a tank mix but monitoring evaluated only endosulfan residues.  In each application, endosulfan was applied at 0.4 pounds active ingredient per acre.  Tank mixes also included methomyl, bacillus thuringiensis, and maneb.  Monitoring was completed using cotton gloves and gauze patches worn on the forearms, chest, shoulder, and back.  The same workers were monitored on each of the study days.  Five adults (1 male and 4 female) were monitored and ranged in age from 20 to 63 years old.  Five children (all male) were also monitored and ranged in age from 13 to 17 years old.  The data used are included in Appendix B/Tab (17).TomatEndo.  All totaled, 2 exposure conditions are represented in these data since exposures were monitored on 2 different days.  Urine, foliar and soil samples as well as productivity measures were also collected in this study.

The results have been summarized using a box and whisker plot based only hand/glove exposure (Figure 70) as well as for total exposure (Figure 71).  Same workers were monitored for two separate days.  Linear mixed model was used to examine the difference between adults and children taking account of the correlation between the exposures of same worker for multiple days.  Age group and day were used as fixed effects in the model. The dependent variables are log of glove exposure rate and log of total exposure rate.  The difference of least squares means between adults and children has been estimated from a fitted mixed model in SAS (Table 90 for hand exposure rate and Table 91 for total exposure rate). The findings indicate that there are statistically significant differences between adults and children for both hand (glove) and total exposure rates.  Children had statistically significantly higher exposure rates than adults for hand (glove) exposure.  However for total exposure, the adult age group has statistically significantly higher exposure rates than children (one sided p value < 0.05).
Figure 70: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Hand (Glove) Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tomato Harvesters, Charleston County South Carolina 1981
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 

Table 90: Difference of Least SquaresMeans and Least SquaresMeans, Endosulfan Hand/Glove Exposure Rates for Tomato Harvesters, Charleston County South Carolina 1981
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    -0.5535
                                    0.2124
                                       8
                                     -2.61
                                    0.0313
                                     0.05
                                    -1.0433
                                   -0.06365
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -6.3751
                                    0.1547
                                       8
                                    -41.20
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.7319
                                    -6.0183
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -5.8216
                                    0.1455
                                       8
                                    -40.00
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -6.1572
                                    -5.4860
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit 

Figure 71: Box and Whisker Plot, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates (mg/kg/hr) for Tomato Harvesters, Charleston County South Carolina 1981
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
Table 91: Difference of Least Squares Means and Least Squares Means, Endosulfan Total Exposure Rates for Tomato Harvesters, Charleston County South Carolina 1981
                                    Effect
                                   Age Group
                                   Age Group
                                   Estimate
                                Standard Error
                                     DF[1]
                                  t Value[2]
                                Pr > |t|[3]
                                   Alpha[4]
                                   Lower[5]
                                   Upper[6]
                      Differences of Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                   Children
                                    0.7650
                                    0.3161
                                       8
                                     2.42
                                    0.0419
                                     0.05
                                    0.03600
                                    1.4940
                              Least Squares Means
                                   Age Group
                                    Adults
                                    -3.7320
                                    0.2235
                                       8
                                    -16.70
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -4.2475
                                    -3.2166
                                   Age Group
                                   Children
                                    -4.4970
                                    0.2235
                                       8
                                    -20.12
                                   <.0001
                                     0.05
                                    -5.0125
                                    -3.9815
 DF = Degrees of Freedom 
 T Value = Test Statistic
 Pr > t =  p value
 Alpha =  Significance level 
 Lower = Lower 95% Confidence Limit 
 Upper =  Upper 95% Confidence Limit