Document ID: FDA-2011-F-0171-0421
Agency: fda
Document Type: Rule
Title: Food Labeling: Calorie Labeling of Articles of Food Sold From Certain Vending Machines; Front of Package Type Size
Posted Date: 2019-10-28T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 208 (Monday, October 28, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 57603-57610]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-23276]

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 Rules and Regulations
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  Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 208 / Monday, October 28, 2019 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 57603]]

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Part 101

[Docket No. FDA-2011-F-0171]
RIN 0910-AH83

Food Labeling: Calorie Labeling of Articles of Food Sold From 
Certain Vending Machines; Front of Package Type Size

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is issuing this 
final rule to revise the type size labeling requirements when front-of-
pack (FOP) labeling is used to meet the calorie declaration 
requirements for articles of food sold from glass-front vending 
machines. We are taking this action to reduce the regulatory burden on 
industry, increase flexibility for the labeling of certain articles of 
food sold from glass-front vending machines, and ensure that consumers 
continue to have visible FOP calorie information for articles of food 
at the point of purchase.

DATES: Effective Date: This rule is effective November 27, 2019. 
Compliance Date: The compliance date for type size FOP labeling 
requirements (21 CFR 101.8(b)(2)) for articles of food sold from glass-
front vending machines is July 1, 2021.

ADDRESSES: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov and insert the 
docket number found in brackets in the heading of this final rule into 
the ``Search'' box and follow the prompts, and/or go to the Dockets 
Management Staff, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marjan Morravej, Center for Food 
Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-820), Food and Drug Administration, 
5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20740, 240-402-1439, 
Marjan.Morravej@fda.hhs.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. Purpose of the Final Rule
    B. Summary of the Major Provision of the Final Rule
    C. Legal Authority
    D. Costs and Benefits
II. Background
    A. Need for the Regulation/History of This Rulemaking
    B. Summary of Comments to the Proposed Rule
III. Legal Authority
IV. Comments on the Proposed Rule and FDA Response
    A. Introduction
    B. Description of General Comments and FDA Responses
    C. Comments on Our Proposed 150 Percent Type Size Requirement 
and FDA Responses
    D. Comments on Our Alternate Approaches and FDA Responses
    E. Comments on the Proposed Compliance Date and FDA Responses
    F. Miscellaneous Comments and FDA Responses
V. Description of the Final Rule
VI. Effective and Compliance Dates
VII. Economic Analysis of Impacts
VIII. Analysis of Environmental Impact
IX. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
X. Federalism
XI. Reference

I. Executive Summary

A. Purpose of the Final Rule

    We are amending our vending machine labeling regulations in part 
101 (21 CFR part 101) by revising the type size requirement in Sec.  
101.8(b)(2) (21 CFR 101.8(b)(2)) when FOP labeling is used to meet the 
calorie declaration requirements for articles of food sold from glass-
front vending machines. Our regulations previously required that the 
FOP calorie declaration type size for articles of food sold from glass-
front vending machines be at least 50 percent of the size of the 
largest printed matter on the label. The final rule requires, instead, 
that the FOP calorie declaration type size be at least 150 percent (one 
and one-half times) the minimum required size of the net quantity of 
contents (i.e., net weight) declaration on the package of the vended 
food. This change will reduce regulatory burdens on, and increase 
flexibility for, industry, while ensuring that calorie information is 
visible to consumers to help them make informed dietary decisions.

B. Summary of the Major Provision of the Final Rule

    The final rule revises the type size requirement for calories 
labeled on the front of the package of vended foods in Sec.  
101.8(b)(2) by amending the type size to 150 percent (one and one-half 
times) the minimum required type size of the net quantity of contents 
declaration.

C. Legal Authority

    This action is consistent with our authority in section 
403(q)(5)(H) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) (21 
U.S.C. 343(q)(5)(H)). Section 403(q)(5)(H) requires certain vending 
machine operators to provide calorie declarations for certain articles 
of food sold from vending machines. In addition, we are issuing this 
rule consistent with our authority in sections 201(n) (21 U.S.C. 
321(n)) and 403(a)(1) and (f) of the FD&C Act. Further, we are issuing 
this rule under section 701(a) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 371(a)), 
which gives us the authority to issue regulations for the efficient 
enforcement of the FD&C Act. We discuss our legal authority in greater 
detail in section III, ``Legal Authority.''

D. Costs and Benefits

    Because this final rule only requires minor revisions to FOP 
calorie labeling type size requirements when FOP labeling is used to 
meet the calorie declaration requirements for articles of food sold 
from glass-front vending machines, we estimate there are no costs to 
vending machine operators and potential cost savings to vending machine 
operators and packaged food manufacturers. We expect the cost savings 
of this revision to outweigh the costs, with no significant effect on 
consumer behavior or health.

II. Background

A. Need for the Regulation/History of This Rulemaking

    Section 403(q)(5)(H) of the FD&C Act requires certain vending 
machine operators to provide calorie declarations for certain articles 
of food sold from vending machines. Under section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of 
the FD&C Act, a vending machine operator must provide a sign in close 
proximity to each article

[[Page 57604]]

of food or the selection button that includes a clear and conspicuous 
statement disclosing the number of calories contained in the article 
if: (1) An article of food is sold from the vending machine that does 
not permit a prospective purchaser to examine the Nutrition Facts label 
before purchasing the article, or does not otherwise provide visible 
nutrition information at the point of purchase and (2) the machine is 
operated by a person who is engaged in the business of owning or 
operating 20 or more vending machines.
    In the Federal Register of December 1, 2014 (79 FR 71259), we 
issued a final rule to implement these labeling requirements (``2014 
final rule''). The 2014 final rule, which became effective on December 
1, 2016, requires vending machine operators that own or operate 20 or 
more vending machines (or that voluntarily register with us to be 
subject to the 2014 final rule) to provide calorie declarations for 
certain foods sold from vending machines. If FOP calorie labeling is 
used to meet that requirement, the 2014 final rule requires the calorie 
labeling be clear and conspicuous and easily read on the article of 
food while in the vending machine, in a type size at least 50 percent 
of the size of the largest printed matter on the label (79 FR 71259 at 
71291).
    After the 2014 final rule's publication, some trade associations 
and food manufacturers stated that the FOP type size requirement 
presented significant technical challenges to the packaged food 
industry and asked us to: (1) Amend the requirement and (2) provide 
additional flexibility for providing FOP calorie information.
    In the Federal Register of July 12, 2018 (83 FR 32221), we issued a 
proposed rule to revise the type size labeling requirements for FOP 
calorie declarations for packaged food sold from glass-front vending 
machines such that the minimum type size would be 150 percent (one and 
one-half times) the size of the net quantity of contents declaration, 
instead of being based on the largest printed matter on the label. We 
also asked for comment on two alternate approaches: Requiring the 
visible nutrition information to be in a type size that is at least 100 
percent of the size of the net quantity of contents declaration 
(Alternate Approach A) and not specifying any size for the visible 
nutrition information (Alternate Approach B). We proposed a compliance 
date of January 1, 2020, and announced our intent to exercise 
enforcement discretion pending completion of the rulemaking for 
products sold in glass-front vending machines that: (1) Provided FOP 
calorie disclosures and (2) complied with all aspects of the 2014 final 
rule except the type size requirement. Finally, we announced our intent 
to exercise enforcement discretion, at least until January 1, 2020, for 
calorie disclosures for gums, mints, and roll candy products sold in 
glass-front machines in packages that are too small to bear FOP 
labeling.

B. Summary of Comments to the Proposed Rule

    The proposed rule provided a 90-day comment period. We received 
more than 120 comments. The comments came from individual consumers, 
academia, healthcare professionals, consumer advocacy groups, industry, 
public health groups, and trade associations. Among other things, the 
comments discussed:
     FOP labeling type size. Some comments said that larger FOP 
calorie labeling type size would help consumers read the information 
and make an informed dietary decision, while other comments noted that 
larger type size would reduce industry flexibility and may have no 
effect on consumer decisions.
     Regulatory burdens to industry. Some comments said we 
should reduce regulatory burdens and provide additional flexibility for 
industry while still giving consumers the information they need to make 
informed dietary decisions; other comments wanted a larger minimum type 
size for FOP calorie disclosures regardless of any burden to industry.
     Compliance dates. Some comments wanted an extended 
compliance date to allow companies to bring their FOP labeling into 
compliance with the rule.
     Whether FDA should: (1) Maintain the 2014 final rule's 
type size requirement, (2) finalize the proposed requirement, (3) 
finalize Alternate Approach A, or (4) finalize Alternate Approach B. 
Some comments wanted to retain the 2014 final rule's type size 
requirements and stated that the requirements were the most beneficial 
to public health. The comments supporting either our proposed type size 
requirement or an alternate approach generally did not support 
Alternate Approach B. Many supported the proposed type size, while some 
said Alternate Approach A would reduce the regulatory burden on 
industry while still giving consumers the information they need to make 
informed dietary decisions.
    We discuss the comments and our responses to the comments in more 
detail in part IV of this document.

III. Legal Authority

    We are revising the labeling requirements for providing calorie 
declarations for food sold from certain vending machines, as set forth 
in this final rule, consistent with our authority in section 
403(q)(5)(H) of the FD&C Act. Under section 403(q)(5)(H) of the FD&C 
Act, certain vending machine operators must provide calorie 
declarations for certain articles of food sold from vending machines. 
Under section 403(a)(1) of the FD&C Act, such information must be 
truthful and non-misleading. Under section 403(f) of the FD&C Act, any 
word, statement, or other information required by or under the FD&C Act 
to appear on the label or labeling of an article of food must be 
prominently placed thereon with such conspicuousness (as compared with 
other words, statements, designs, or devices, in the labeling) and in 
such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood by the 
ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and use. 
Under section 403(a), (f), or (q) of the FD&C Act, food to which these 
requirements apply is deemed misbranded if these requirements are not 
met. In addition, under section 201(n) of the FD&C Act, the labeling of 
food is misleading if it fails to reveal facts that are material in 
light of representations made in the labeling or with respect to 
consequences that may result from use. Thus, we are issuing this rule 
under sections 201(n) and 403(a)(1), (f), and (q)(5)(H) of the FD&C 
Act, as well as under section 701(a) of the FD&C Act, which gives us 
the authority to issue regulations for the efficient enforcement of the 
FD&C Act.

IV. Comments on the Proposed Rule and FDA Response

A. Introduction

    We received more than 120 comments on the proposed rule. The 
comments came from individual consumers, academia, healthcare 
professionals, consumer advocacy groups, industry, public health 
groups, and trade associations.
    We describe and respond to comments in subsections B through F of 
this section. We preface each comment discussion with a numbered 
``Comment'' and each response by the word ``Response'' to make it 
easier to identify comments and our responses. We have numbered each 
comment to help distinguish among different topics. The number assigned 
is for organizational purposes only and does not signify the comment's 
value, importance, or the order in which it was received.

[[Page 57605]]

B. Description of General Comments and FDA Responses

    Many comments generally supported or opposed the proposed rule 
without focusing on a particular provision. In the following 
paragraphs, we discuss and respond to such general comments.
    (Comment 1) Some comments supported the 2014 final rule's 
requirement that the calorie labeling type size be at least 50 percent 
of the size of the largest printed matter on the label. The comments 
expressed concern that the proposed type size of 150 percent of the 
minimum required net weight declaration may be too small for consumers 
to see or could be easily missed by hurried consumers or by children. 
The comments said that the larger type sizes required by the 2014 final 
rule make it easier for consumers to make informed dietary decisions. 
One comment suggested that there is no evidence that a reduction in 
calorie type size will benefit consumers. Another comment said that 
reducing the type size could lead to less consumer use of FOP calorie 
declarations and said we should conduct consumer studies to determine 
the appropriate type size.
    (Response 1) The preamble to the proposed rule explained that 
several industry representatives indicated that the 50 percent type 
size requirement for FOP calorie labeling presented significant 
technical challenges to the packaged foods industry (83 FR 32221 at 
32223). These challenges included calorie declarations that would be 
very large on some products and difficulties in label redesign (id.). 
Additionally, several voluntary FOP labeling programs presented calorie 
information in sizes ranging from 100 to 150 percent of the minimum 
size of the net quantity of contents statement, and these FOP labeling 
programs would be disrupted significantly if the label had to comply 
with the 50 percent type size requirement in addition to having the 
voluntary FOP information. For these reasons, we proposed to amend the 
50 percent type size requirement. The comments suggesting that we keep 
the 50 percent type size requirement did not address the technical 
challenges described in the preamble to the proposed rule or the 
potential impact to voluntary FOP nutrition labeling programs. 
Consequently, the final rule revises Sec.  101.8(b)(2) to require the 
type size of the calorie declaration for articles for food sold from 
certain vending machines be at least 150 percent of the minimum 
required size of the net quantity of contents declaration on the 
package.
    Regarding the comments stating that changing the type size 
requirement would result in declarations that are too small or less 
useful to consumers, we note that the final rule requires the visible 
nutrition information to be in a type size ``at least 150 percent'' of 
the size of the net quantity of contents declaration. This means that 
the information may be larger than 150 percent, and so the rule gives 
manufacturers the flexibility to make the most efficient and effective 
use of their label space in presenting the required nutrition 
information. We also note that both section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the 
FD&C Act and the final rule require the information to be ``clear and 
conspicuous.'' Thus, given that a type size of at least 150 percent of 
the size of the net quantity of contents declaration ensures that the 
FOP calorie declaration is clear and conspicuous and visible to 
consumers at the point of purchase, and given that the rule does not 
limit how large the nutrition information must be, we disagree that the 
rule will result in declarations that are too small or not useful to 
consumers.
    (Comment 2) Some comments expressed concern that vending operators 
could assume that simply stocking glass-front machines with products 
that have FOP declarations complies with vending machine labeling 
requirements (Sec.  101.8) and may not provide calorie information in 
cases where the coil or positioning of a product prevents a consumer 
from being able to read the FOP calorie declarations before purchasing 
a product.
    (Response 2) We affirm that vending machine operators stocking 
glass-front machines with products that have FOP declarations in order 
to satisfy vending machine labeling requirements in Sec.  101.8 must 
comply with all requirements set forth in Sec.  101.8(b)(2). This means 
not only complying with minimum type size requirements set forth in 
this final rule, but also requirements that the prospective purchaser 
can view the total number of calories for the article of food as sold 
at the point of purchase. Our regulations, at Sec.  101.8(b)(2), 
require that FOP calorie declarations be clear and conspicuous and able 
to be easily read on the article of food in the vending machine, among 
other requirements. Additionally, our regulations, at Sec.  
101.8(b)(1), effectively require that the calories, serving size, and 
servings per container listed in the Nutrition Facts label be visible 
to prospective purchasers ``without any obstruction.'' Both Sec.  
101.8(b)(1) and (2) are clear that calorie declarations on the food 
label must be visible, without obstruction, such that we do not find it 
necessary to further amend or add requirements in Sec.  101.8(b) 
specifying how a product is to be placed in a vending machine when FOP 
labeling is used to meet vending machine labeling requirements.

C. Comments on Our Proposed 150 Percent Type Size Requirement and FDA 
Responses

    We proposed to require that FOP calorie information be clear and 
conspicuous and able to be easily read on the article of food while in 
the vending machine, in a type size at least 150 percent of the size of 
the net quantity of contents declaration on the front of the package, 
and with sufficient color and contrasting background to other print on 
the label to permit the prospective purchaser to clearly distinguish 
the information (proposed Sec.  101.8(b)(2)) (83 FR 32221 at 32226 
through 32227).
    We also proposed two editorial corrections to Sec.  101.8(b)(2): 
Substituting the word ``prospective'' in place of ``perspective,'' and 
revising the first sentence of Sec.  [thinsp]101.8(b)(2) by inserting a 
comma after the word ``minimum.''
    (Comment 3) Many comments supported a proposed type size of at 
least 150 percent (one and one-half times) the minimum required size of 
the net quantity of contents declaration. The comments noted that the 
150 percent type size requirement gives industry flexibility, reduces 
regulatory burdens, provides visible calorie information to consumers 
so that they can make informed dietary choices, is easy to enforce, 
allows for the continuation of voluntary FOP labeling initiatives, and 
standardizes FOP calorie type size.
    (Response 3) As we noted in the preamble to the proposed rule (83 
FR 32221 at 32223) and in our response to comment 1, the 50 percent 
type size requirement presented significant technical challenges to the 
packaged foods industry and also had the potential to significantly 
disrupt voluntary FOP labeling programs. We agree that revising our 
regulations to require the type size of FOP calorie declarations to be 
at least 150 percent the minimum required size of the net quantity of 
contents declaration will provide flexibility to industry and reduce 
regulatory burden while continuing to provide visible calorie 
information to consumers. We reiterate that the rule, by using the 
terms ``at least 150 percent,'' creates a minimum size requirement and 
that manufacturers can make the calorie disclosures on FOP labeling 
even larger if they choose.
    (Comment 4) Some comments asked that we clarify our proposed

[[Page 57606]]

requirement to state that: (1) The type size must be 150 percent of the 
size required for the net quantity of contents declaration and (2) the 
type size requirement refers to the quantitative value for calories for 
FOP declarations and not the word ``calories'' itself. For example, one 
comment recommended the following language: ``The visible nutrition 
information must be clear and conspicuous and able to be easily read on 
the article of food while in the vending machine, with the numeric 
value for calories appearing in a type size at least 150 percent of the 
size required by section 101.7(i) of this title for the net quantity of 
contents declaration on the front of the package.''
    (Response 4) We agree, in part, and disagree, in part, with the 
comments.
    With respect to the comment suggesting that we clarify the rule to 
require the type size to be 150 percent of the size required for the 
net quantity of contents declaration, we have revised the rule to state 
that type size must be ``at least 150 percent of the size required by 
Sec.  101.7(i) for the net quantity of contents declaration'' on the 
front of the package. By adding language to refer explicitly to our net 
quantity of contents regulation at Sec.  101.7(i) (21 CFR 101.7(i)), we 
establish a minimum value on which the visible nutrition information is 
to be based. In other words, the size requirements set forth in Sec.  
101.7(i), rather than the size of the net quantity of contents 
declaration that is actually used on the package (because Sec.  
101.7(i) establishes minimum size requirements rather than specific 
size requirements), become the starting point for the size of the 
visible nutrition information in Sec.  101.8(b)(2). We decided to 
retain the words ``at least'' before ``150 percent'' so that firms can 
make the visible nutrition information larger if they so choose.
    Regarding the comment asking us to clarify that the type size 
requirement refers to the quantitative value for calories for FOP 
declarations and not the word ``calories'' itself, we interpret 
``visible nutrition information,'' which is the subject of Sec.  
101.8(b)(2), to mean ``total calories in the article of food'' (79 FR 
71259 at 71266 through 71267). Therefore, the numerical value 
indicating the total calories, rather than the word ``calories,'' is 
subject to this final rule's type size requirements.

D. Comments on Our Alternate Approaches and FDA Responses

    We invited comment on two alternate approaches in the proposed 
rule's preamble: Requiring the visible nutrition information to be in a 
type size that is at least 100 percent of the size of the net quantity 
of contents declaration (Alternate Approach A), and not specifying any 
size for the visible nutrition information (Alternate Approach B) (83 
FR 32221 at 32224). Several comments addressed these alternate 
approaches.
    (Comment 5) Some comments supported Alternate Approach A (requiring 
the visible nutrition information to be in a type size that is at least 
100 percent of the size of the net quantity of contents declaration). 
One comment said that larger calorie labeling places undue importance 
on calories and could give a competitive advantage to products with 
fewer calories and smaller or lighter packages. Another comment said 
that the approach would ensure the calorie information is visible for 
consumers while creating a consistent size requirement that is not 
overly burdensome on industry.
    (Response 5) The area of the principal display panel (calculated in 
square inches or square centimeters) determines the minimum type size 
that is permitted for the net quantity declaration, which Sec.  
101.7(i) further explains. As such, both the 150 percent requirement we 
are finalizing and Alternate Approach A's 100 percent requirement would 
be based on the size of the principal display panel. We do not agree 
that a calorie declaration size based on the overall size of the 
principal display panel gives a competitive advantage to any particular 
product because the minimum declaration size will be proportionate to 
the package size (Sec.  101.7(i)).
    Regarding the comment suggesting that a package with a larger 
calorie declaration could be at a competitive disadvantage relative to 
products in smaller or lighter packages, we disagree. The calorie 
disclosure applies to the food as vended; the weight of the package 
does not affect the caloric value of the food itself. Furthermore, we 
do not have (and the comment did not provide) evidence indicating that 
the size of the calorie disclosure itself will influence a consumer's 
decision to purchase a food.
    We decided not to adopt Alternate Approach A because adopting a 
type size of at least 150 percent of the minimum required size of the 
net quantity of contents declaration provides a larger minimum calorie 
declaration type size, versus Alternate Approach A's 100 percent 
minimum type size, to the purchaser when they are viewing the vended 
product through the glass front of a vending machine. When a vending 
machine food is in a vending machine, a prospective purchaser cannot 
handle the product to make it easier for the purchaser to read the 
nutrition information. Therefore, visible nutrition information on the 
front of package must be large enough, and prominent enough, for 
prospective purchasers to see and use the information (79 FR 71259 at 
71269). We believe that the 150 percent type size requirement for FOP 
calorie disclosures on foods sold from glass-front vending machines 
will ensure that the declarations are visible, clear, and conspicuous 
and able to be easily read by a prospective purchaser, satisfying 
section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii)(I)(aa) of the FD&C Act requirements that 
nutrition information be visible to a prospective purchaser at the 
point of purchase.
    The 150 percent requirement also provides sufficient flexibility 
and reduces the regulatory burden for industry, particularly because 
many manufacturers already use this type size for calorie disclosures. 
We note that industry comments, particularly comments from small- and 
medium-sized vended food manufacturers, supported the 150 percent 
requirement, and such support reinforces our decision to adopt the 150 
percent requirement instead of Alternate Approach A.
    (Comment 6) Some comments disagreed with Alternate Approach A, 
saying it would limit the visibility of calorie information. The 
comments stated that calorie disclosures of this size would be 
difficult for consumers to read even from a short distance, 
particularly through the glass front of a vending machine. One comment 
said that Alternate Approach A would make FOP calorie information 
generally less prominent in vended food items, reducing the overall 
efficacy of FOP labeling.
    (Response 6) We agree that Alternate Approach A would make FOP 
calorie declarations less prominent on vended food items because of 
Alternate Approach A's smaller minimum type size requirement, and for 
the reasons stated in our response to comment 5, we decline to adopt 
Alternate Approach A. The comments disagreeing with Alternate Approach 
A also did not provide, and we are not aware of, data or evidence 
regarding the limited visibility of calorie information, consumers' 
impaired ability to read calorie disclosures, or comparative efficacy 
of FOP labeling under Alternate Approach A as compared to the 150 
percent minimum type size requirement.
    (Comment 7) Many comments disagreed with Alternate Approach B (FOP 
calorie disclosures without a type size requirement). For example, some

[[Page 57607]]

comments advocated a minimum FOP calorie type size requirement that 
ensures readability by consumers rather than a ``no type size'' 
requirement in Alternate Approach B. Other comments said that Alternate 
Approach B would not help the public, with one comment saying that 
Alternate Approach B would deny consumers the caloric content 
transparency that is necessary to make informed decisions about their 
health. Other comments said that a lack of size specifications would 
introduce inconsistent labeling across brands and products.
    Some comments supported Alternate Approach B and stated that it 
would provide maximum flexibility for industry.
    (Response 7) We have decided not to adopt Alternate Approach B. 
Vending machine operators that choose products that have FOP labeling 
must ensure that the visible nutrition information is clear and 
conspicuous, as required by both section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C 
Act and our regulations. Alternate Approach B would provide vending 
machine operators with no clear standard on what type size is 
sufficient to be visible, clear, and conspicuous to a prospective 
purchaser, thus making it difficult for an operator to determine 
whether a vended food manufacturer's FOP labeling satisfies section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act and our regulations. Conversely, a 
minimum type size, such as the 150 percent standard that we are 
adopting in the final rule, provides a workable type size that industry 
can implement that ensures visibility to consumers.
    In addition, amending our type size requirements in Sec.  
101.8(b)(2) is consistent with voluntary FOP labeling programs that 
already present calorie information in type sizes of 150 percent of the 
minimum size of the net quantity of contents statement on the principal 
display panel.

E. Comments on the Proposed Compliance Date and FDA Responses

    We proposed that covered vending machine operators comply with any 
finalized requirements from this rulemaking by January 1, 2020 (83 FR 
32221 at 32224 through 32225).
    (Comment 8) Some comments noted that some products have extended 
shelf lives, and those products may be in distribution or vending 
machines, without updated labeling, on the final rule's compliance 
date. Some comments suggested that we should enforce the final 
requirements only on those products manufactured after the rule's 
compliance date. Other comments supported extending the final rule's 
compliance date to align with the compliance dates for the Nutrition 
Facts labeling final rule. The comments noted that harmonizing the 
compliance dates provides for more efficient implementation of the 
final rules, so that companies must revise labels only once to comply 
with all requirements.
    Conversely, other comments did not support any extension of the 
final rule's compliance date. One comment stated that the final rule's 
effective date should be no later than January 20, 2020, because FDA 
has been working on this matter since 2011 and because the rule is 
required by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Pub. 
L. 111-148). Another comment said that we should finalize a standard 
and adhere to whatever compliance date we set.
    (Response 8) We agree that manufacturers that intend to add FOP 
calorie disclosures that are consistent with this final rule should 
have time to revise or update their labeling. Therefore, we have 
determined that a compliance date of July 1, 2021, is appropriate. This 
will give industry time to make label changes and move any existing 
products through distribution chains before the compliance date. We 
believe this date will have limited impact on consumers' health in the 
interim because: (1) Any FOP labeling used to meet calorie disclosure 
requirements must still comply with all aspects of the 2014 final rule 
except the type size requirement and (2) many manufacturers already use 
the 150 percent type size for calorie disclosures.
    (Comment 9) Some comments asked that we either allow alternate 
calorie labeling for gums, mints, and roll candy products sold in 
glass-front machines in packages that are too small to bear FOP 
labeling or exercise enforcement discretion from the vending machine 
calorie labeling requirements for these products.
    (Response 9) In section VI, we announce our intent to exercise 
enforcement discretion regarding the calorie disclosure requirements 
for gums, mints, and roll candy products sold in glass-front machines 
in packages that are too small to bear FOP labeling.

F. Miscellaneous Comments and FDA Responses

    Many comments addressed aspects of vending labeling other than FOP 
calorie disclosure type size. Some of these, such as comments on the 
2014 final rule's effective date, impacts, and economic burdens, and 
calorie units of measure, fall outside the scope of this rule and many 
were addressed directly in the 2014 final rule. Other comments, such as 
those pertaining to additional FOP declarations (such as information on 
specific nutrients or voluntary disclosures of calories per serving) 
and other activities that FDA might or should pursue in conjunction 
with the rule, also are outside the scope of the rule, and we will not 
address them here.
    We discuss the other miscellaneous comments in the following 
paragraphs.
    (Comment 10) Some comments discussed alternate methods of providing 
calorie information that would comply with the 2014 final rule's 
requirements, such as on a sign posted near the vending machine. They 
noted, for instance, that the placement of products within vending 
machines changes frequently, and so the use of signage generally is 
impracticable. Some comments said that the vending industry is largely 
looking to packaged food manufacturers to provide FOP calorie labeling 
to satisfy our vending machine calorie disclosure requirements.
    (Response 10) There are options other than FOP calorie labeling 
that vending machine operators may choose to satisfy section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act and current vending machine labeling 
requirements in Sec.  [thinsp]101.8, including allowing the prospective 
purchaser to view the calories, serving size, and servings per 
container listed in the Nutrition Facts label on the vending machine 
food without any obstruction or using reproductions of Nutrition Facts 
labels, as provided in Sec.  [thinsp]101.8(b)(1), or posting signage 
with calorie declarations, in, on, or adjacent to the machine, as 
provided in Sec.  [thinsp]101.8(c). To the extent a vending machine 
operator provides calorie information for a vending machine food in 
such an alternate way and otherwise meets the requirements of Sec.  
[thinsp]101.8, the vending machine operator would be in compliance with 
our calorie disclosure requirements.
    (Comment 11) Some comments questioned who is subject to the 2014 
final rule's requirements, and, by extension, this rule's requirements. 
One comment asked for clarification on the respective responsibilities 
of food manufacturers and vending machine companies in complying with 
this rule; other comments implied that this final rule imposes 
requirements on manufacturers of food sold from vending machines. 
Another comment encouraged us to apply our vending labeling 
requirements to all vending machine operators, regardless of the number 
of machines they operate.
    (Response 11) We stated in the 2014 final rule that section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act and the 2014 final rule

[[Page 57608]]

do not apply to suppliers of vending machine food; instead, section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act and the 2014 final rule establish 
requirements for certain vending machine operators (79 FR 71259 at 
71284). The type size requirement in this final rule therefore also 
establishes requirements for certain vending machine operators and does 
not apply to suppliers of vending machine food. We recognize that a 
manufacturer of covered vending machine food may provide calorie 
information via FOP labeling on their product label and such calorie 
information may constitute visible nutrition information in accordance 
with section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii)(I)(aa) of the FD&C Act, provided that 
the applicable requirements of Sec.  101.8(b) are satisfied. However, 
section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act, the 2014 final rule, and 
this final rule do not require manufacturers to provide such 
information. As such, the 2014 final rule and this final rule do not 
impose requirements on suppliers of vending machine food.
    Section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii)(I)(bb) of the FD&C Act states that an 
article of food requires a calorie declaration if it is from a vending 
machine that, among other things, is operated by a person who is 
engaged in the business of owning or operating 20 or more vending 
machines. Accordingly, our vending calorie disclosure regulations only 
apply to food sold from vending machines operated by a person: (1) 
Engaged in the business of owning or operating 20 or more vending 
machines subject to the requirements of section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of 
the FD&C Act or (2) not subject to the requirements of section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act who voluntarily elects to be subject 
to those requirements by registering biannually under section 
403(q)(5)(H)(ix) of the FD&C Act.
    (Comment 12) One comment expressed concern that allowing voluntary 
display of calories per serving, along with the required display of 
calories per package, on vended foods could allow vending machine 
operators and food manufacturers to bypass the requirement that total 
caloric contents of the package be clearly labeled in such terms as to 
render it likely to be read and understood by the ordinary individual 
under customary conditions of purchase and use. The comment recommended 
that we amend Sec.  101.8(c)(2)(i)(C) to include the following 
sentence: ``If voluntarily disclosed, the calories per serving label 
shall appear on the food packaging separately and distinctly from the 
calories per package label such that a prospective purchaser may 
readily and easily discern between the two.''
    (Response 12) As explained in the preamble to the 2014 final rule, 
our requirements regarding calorie declarations for covered vending 
machine food mandate declaration of the total calories (79 FR 71259 at 
71276). It does not allow vending machine operators to bypass the 
requirement that total caloric contents of the package be clearly 
labeled in such terms as to render it likely to be read and understood 
by the ordinary individual under customary conditions of purchase and 
use.
    However, as noted in the preamble to the 2014 final rule, we would 
not object to food manufacturers or vending machine operators 
voluntarily providing information in addition to total calories to 
consumers at the point of purchase, provided that such information is 
truthful and not misleading and otherwise complies with the FD&C Act 
and FDA regulations (79 FR 71259 at 71267).

V. Description of the Final Rule

    The final rule amends our vending machine labeling regulations in 
part 101 by revising the type size requirement in Sec.  101.8(b)(2) 
when FOP labeling is used to meet the calorie declaration requirements 
for articles of food sold from glass-front vending machines. The final 
rule requires that the FOP calorie declaration type size be at least 
150 percent (one and one-half times) the minimum required size of the 
net quantity of contents (i.e., net weight) declaration on the package 
of the vended food.

VI. Effective and Compliance Dates

    This final rule is effective November 27, 2019. The compliance date 
for type size FOP labeling requirements (Sec.  101.8(b)(2)) for 
articles of food sold from glass-front vending machines is July 1, 
2021. We are finalizing this compliance date to provide sufficient time 
for the packaged food industry to revise their labels, as appropriate, 
consistent with the new requirements.
    In the preamble to the proposed rule, we announced our intent to 
exercise enforcement discretion, at least until January 1, 2020, with 
respect to gums, mints, and roll candy products sold in glass-front 
machines in packages that are too small to bear FOP labeling (83 FR 
32221 at 32225). Although the calorie disclosure requirements in Sec.  
101.8(c)(2) cover these products, we advise manufacturers of these 
products and operators of vending machines containing these products of 
our intent to exercise enforcement discretion beyond January 1, 2020, 
with respect to compliance with the 2014 final rule's calorie 
disclosure requirements. We are continuing our enforcement discretion 
policy for these products because we recognize the challenges of adding 
compliant calorie information on packages that are too small to bear 
FOP labeling. As we previously stated, we acknowledge that these 
products tend to be sold in small packages that do not lend themselves 
to FOP labeling and are often located or placed in a small space in 
glass-front machines that may make it difficult to add calorie 
disclosure signage. For example, we are aware that some glass-front 
vending machines have trays that are different sizes; the tray width 
for bags of potato chips is larger than the tray width for a roll of 
mints or hard candies or for a small package of gum that can make it 
difficult to add calorie information (81 FR 50303 at 50305). Because we 
are continuing our enforcement discretion policy for these products, 
this means that we do not currently intend to pursue actions against 
vending machine operators that sell gums, mints, and roll candy 
products that do not meet the calorie disclosure requirements of the 
2014 final rule.

VII. Economic Analysis of Impacts

    We have examined the impacts of the final rule under Executive 
Order 12866, Executive Order 13563, Executive Order 13771, the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), and the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4). Executive Orders 12866 and 
13563 direct us to assess all costs and benefits of available 
regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other 
advantages; distributive impacts; and equity). Executive Order 13771 
requires that the costs associated with significant new regulations 
``shall, to the extent permitted by law, be offset by the elimination 
of existing costs associated with at least two prior regulations.'' 
This rule is not a significant regulatory action as defined by 
Executive Order 12866. This rule is an Executive Order 13771 
deregulatory action.
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires us to analyze regulatory 
options that would minimize any significant impact of a rule on small 
entities. The 2014 final rule does not impose burdens on the suppliers 
of vending machine foods. While suppliers are not obliged to engage in 
FOP calorie labeling, this rule

[[Page 57609]]

will allow for greater flexibility for the use of FOP calorie labeling 
in glass-front vending machines than our previous requirements, 
potentially reducing the burden on covered vending machine operators of 
providing additional calorie labeling. Thus, we certify that the rule 
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of 
small entities.
    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (section 202(a)) requires 
us to prepare a written statement, which includes an assessment of 
anticipated costs and benefits, before issuing ``any rule that includes 
any Federal mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, local, 
and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of 
$100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any one 
year.'' The current threshold after adjustment for inflation is $154 
million, using the most current (2018) Implicit Price Deflator for the 
Gross Domestic Product. This final rule will not result in an 
expenditure in any year that meets or exceeds this amount.
    In response to requests from the vending and the packaged foods 
industries to reduce regulatory burden and increase flexibility, we are 
revising the existing type size requirements when FOP labeling is used 
to meet the calorie declaration requirements for articles of food sold 
from glass-front vending machines. The final regulatory impact analysis 
qualitatively discusses the economic impacts of this final rule, 
including potential costs, cost savings, and benefits.
    Because this final rule only requires minor revisions to FOP 
calorie labeling type size when FOP labeling is used to meet the 
calorie declaration requirements for articles of food sold from glass-
front vending machines, we estimate there are no costs to vending 
machine operators and potential cost savings to vending machine 
operators and packaged food manufacturers. We expect the cost savings 
of this revision to outweigh the costs, with no significant effect on 
consumer behavior or health. We have developed a comprehensive Economic 
Analysis of Impacts that assesses the impacts of the final rule. The 
full analysis of economic impacts is available in the docket for this 
final rule (Ref. 1) and at https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/EconomicAnalyses/default.htm.

VIII. Analysis of Environmental Impact

    We have determined under 21 CFR 25.30(k) that this action is of a 
type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant 
effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental 
assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required.

IX. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This final rule contains no new collection of information beyond 
what was described in the December 2014 final rule and is now approved 
under OMB control number 0910-0782. Therefore, clearance by the Office 
of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 is 
not required.

X. Federalism

    We have analyzed this final rule in accordance with the principles 
set forth in Executive Order 13132. Section 4(a) of the Executive Order 
requires Agencies to construe a Federal statute to preempt State law 
only where the statute contains an express preemption provision or 
there is some other clear evidence that the Congress intended 
preemption of State law, or where the exercise of State authority 
conflicts with the exercise of Federal authority under the Federal 
statute. Federal law includes an express preemption provision that 
preempts any nutrition labeling requirement of food that is not 
identical to the requirement of section 403(q) of the FD&C Act, except 
that this provision does not apply to food that is offered for sale in 
a restaurant or similar retail food establishment that is not part of a 
chain with 20 or more locations doing business under the same name and 
offering for sale substantially the same menu items unless such 
restaurant or similar retail food establishment elects to comply 
voluntarily with the nutrition information requirements under section 
403(q)(5)(H)(ix) of the FD&C Act. This final rule creates requirements 
for nutrition labeling of food under section 403(q) of the FD&C Act 
that preempts certain non-identical State and local nutrition labeling 
requirements.
    Section 4205 of the ACA (124 Stat. 119, 576), which amended the 
FD&C Act to require certain vending machine operators to provide 
calorie declarations for certain articles of food sold from vending 
machines, also included a Rule of Construction providing that nothing 
in the amendments made by section 4205 of the ACA shall be construed: 
(1) To preempt any provision of State or local law, unless such 
provision establishes or continues into effect nutrient content 
disclosures of the type required under section 403(q)(5)(H) of the FD&C 
Act and is expressly preempted under subsection (a)(4) of such section; 
(2) to apply to any State or local requirement respecting a statement 
in the labeling of food that provides for a warning concerning the 
safety of the food or component of the food; or (3) except as provided 
in section 403(q)(5)(H)(ix) of the FD&C Act, to apply to any restaurant 
or similar retail food establishment other than a restaurant or similar 
retail food establishment described in section 403(q)(5)(H)(i) of the 
FD&C Act.
    We interpret the provisions of section 4205 of the ACA related to 
preemption to mean that States and local governments may not impose 
nutrition labeling requirements for food sold from vending machines 
that must comply with the Federal requirements of section 403(q)(5)(H) 
of the FD&C Act, unless the State or local requirements are identical 
to the Federal requirements. In other words, States and localities 
cannot have additional or different nutrition labeling requirements for 
food sold either: (1) From vending machines that are operated by a 
person engaged in the business of owning or operating 20 or more 
vending machines subject to the requirements of section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act or (2) from vending machines 
operated by a person not subject to the requirements of section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act who voluntarily elects to be subject 
to those requirements by registering biannually under section 
403(q)(5)(H)(ix) of the FD&C Act.
    Otherwise, for food sold from vending machines not subject to the 
nutrition labeling requirements of section 403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the 
FD&C Act, States and localities may impose nutrition labeling 
requirements. Under our interpretation of section 4205(d)(1) of the 
ACA, nutrition labeling for food sold from these vending machines is 
not nutrient content disclosures of the type required under section 
403(q)(5)(H)(viii) of the FD&C Act and, therefore, is not preempted. 
Under this interpretation, States and localities can continue to 
require nutrition labeling for food sold from vending machines that are 
exempt from nutrition labeling under section 403(q)(5) of the FD&C Act. 
This interpretation is consistent with the fact that Congress included 
vending machine operators in the voluntary registration provision of 
section 403(q)(5)(H)(ix) of the FD&C Act. There would have been no need 
to include vending machine operators in the provision that allows 
opting into the Federal requirements if States and localities could not 
otherwise require non-identical nutrition labeling for food sold from 
any vending machines.
    In addition, the express preemption provisions of 21 U.S.C. 343-
1(a)(4) do not preempt any State or local

[[Page 57610]]

requirement respecting a statement in the labeling of food that 
provides for a warning concerning the safety of the food or component 
of the food. This is clear from both the literal language of 21 U.S.C. 
343-1(a)(4) with respect to the scope of preemption and from the Rule 
of Construction at section 4205(d)(2) of the ACA.

XI. Reference

    The following reference is on display at the Dockets Management 
Staff (see ADDRESSES) and is available for viewing by interested 
persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday; it is also 
available electronically at https://www.regulations.gov. FDA has 
verified the website addresses, as of the date this document publishes 
in the Federal Register, but websites are subject to change over time.

1. FDA, ``Food Labeling: Calorie Labeling of Articles of Food Sold 
from Certain Vending Machines; Front of Package Type Size, Final 
Regulatory Impact Analysis, Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, 
Final Small Entity Analysis,'' dated June 2018. Also available at: 
https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/EconomicAnalyses/default.htm.

List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 101

    Food labeling, Nutrition, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under 
authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, 21 CFR part 
101 is amended as follows:

PART 101--FOOD LABELING

0
1. The authority citation for part 101 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 1453, 1454, 1455; 21 U.S.C. 321, 331, 342, 
343, 348, 371; 42 U.S.C. 243, 264, 271.

0
2. Revise Sec.  101.8(b)(2) to read as follows:

Sec.  101.8   Vending machines.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) The prospective purchaser can otherwise view visible nutrition 
information, including, at a minimum, the total number of calories for 
the article of food as sold at the point of purchase. This visible 
nutrition information must appear on the food label itself. The visible 
nutrition information must be clear and conspicuous and able to be 
easily read on the article of food while in the vending machine, in a 
type size at least 150 percent of the size required by Sec.  101.7(i) 
for the net quantity of contents declaration on the front of the 
package, and with sufficient color and contrasting background to other 
print on the label to permit the prospective purchaser to clearly 
distinguish the information.
* * * * *

    Dated: September 30, 2019.
Norman E. Sharpless,
Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs.
    Dated: October 7, 2019.
Eric D. Hargan,
Deputy Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services.
[FR Doc. 2019-23276 Filed 10-25-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4164-01-P