Document ID: EPA-R01-OAR-2008-0194-0002
Agency: epa
Document Type: Rule
Title: Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Connecticut; Enhanced Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program
Posted Date: 2008-12-05T05:00Z

[Federal Register: December 5, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 235)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 74019-74027]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr05de08-8]                         

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R01-OAR-2008-0194; A-1-FRL-8717-9]

 
Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; 
Connecticut; Enhanced Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Direct final rule.

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SUMMARY: The EPA is approving a State Implementation Plan (SIP) 
revision submitted on December 19, 2007 by the State of Connecticut. 
This SIP revision includes regulations to update the enhanced motor 
vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in Connecticut. The 
revised program includes a test and repair network and on-board 
diagnostic (OBD2) testing for 1996 and newer vehicles. The intended 
effect of this action is to approve the

[[Page 74020]]

revised program into the Connecticut SIP. This action is being taken in 
accordance with the Clean Air Act.

DATES: This direct final rule will be effective February 3, 2009, 
unless EPA receives adverse comments by January 5, 2009. If adverse 
comments are received, EPA will publish a timely withdrawal of the 
direct final rule in the Federal Register informing the public that the 
rule will not take effect.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID Number EPA-
R01-OAR-2008-0194 by one of the following methods:
    1. http://www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for 
submitting comments.
    2. E-mail: arnold.anne@epa.gov.
    3. Fax: (617) 918-0047.
    4. Mail: ``Docket Identification Number EPA-R01-OAR-2008-0194'', 
Anne Arnold, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA New England 
Regional Office, One Congress Street, Suite 1100 (mail code CAQ), 
Boston, MA 02114-2023.
    5. Hand Delivery or Courier: Deliver your comments to: Anne Arnold, 
Manager, Air Quality Planning Unit, Office of Ecosystem Protection, 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA New England Regional Office, 
One Congress Street, 11th floor, (CAQ), Boston, MA 02114-2023. Such 
deliveries are only accepted during the Regional Office's normal hours 
of operation. The Regional Office's official hours of business are 
Monday through Friday, 8:30 to 4:30, excluding legal holidays.
    Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-R01-OAR-
2008-0194. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included 
in the public docket without change and may be made available online at 
http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit through http://
www.regulations.gov, or e-mail, information that you consider to be CBI 
or otherwise protected. The http://www.regulations.gov Web site is an 
``anonymous access'' system, which means EPA will not know your 
identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of 
your comment. If you send an e-mail comment directly to EPA without 
going through http://www.regulations.gov your e-mail address will be 
automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is 
placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you 
submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name 
and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any 
disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to 
technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA 
may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid 
the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of 
any defects or viruses.
    Docket: All documents in the electronic docket are listed in the 
http://www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some 
information is not publicly available, i.e., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket 
materials are available either electronically in http://
www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at Office of Ecosystem Protection, 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA New England Regional Office, 
One Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA. EPA requests that if at 
all possible, you contact the contact listed in the FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT section to schedule your inspection. The Regional 
Office's official hours of business are Monday through Friday, 8:30 to 
4:30, excluding legal holidays.
    In addition, copies of the state submittal and EPA's technical 
support document are also available for public inspection during normal 
business hours, by appointment at the State Air Agency; the Bureau of 
Air Management, Department of Environmental Protection, State Office 
Building, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT 06106-1630.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert C. Judge, Office of Ecosystem 
Protection, EPA New England, One Congress Street, Suite 1100 (CAQ), 
Boston, MA 02114-2023; 617-918-1045 (phone); 617-918-0045 (fax); e-mail 
at judge.robert@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA. The following outline is 
provided to aid in locating information in this rulemaking.

I. Background and Purpose
II. What Are the Clean Air Act Requirements for I/M Programs?
III. What Are the OBD2 Requirements and How Does Connecticut's 
Program Address Them?
IV. What Are All the Other I/M Regulatory Requirements and How Does 
Connecticut's I/M Program Satisfy Them?
    A. Applicability
    B. Enhanced I/M Performance Standard
    C. Network Type and Program Evaluation
    D. Adequate Tools and Resources
    E. Test Frequency and Convenience
    F. Vehicle Coverage
    G. Test Procedures and Standards
    H. Test Equipment
    I. Quality Control
    J. Waivers and Compliance via Diagnostic Inspection
    K. Motorist Compliance Enforcement
    L. Motorist Compliance Enforcement Oversight
    M. Quality Assurance
    N. Enforcement Against Contractors, Stations, and Inspectors
    O. Data Analysis and Reporting
    P. Inspector Training and Licensing or Certification
    Q. Improving Repair Effectiveness
    R. Compliance With Recall Notices
    S. On-Road Testing
    T. Concluding Statement
V. Final Action
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background and Purpose

    On December 19, 2007, the State of Connecticut submitted a formal 
revision to its State Implementation Plan (SIP). This SIP revision 
includes regulations to update the enhanced motor vehicle inspection 
and maintenance (I/M) program in Connecticut. EPA is approving 
Connecticut's revised I/M program because it is consistent with the 
Clean Air Act I/M requirements and EPA's I/M regulations, and will 
strengthen the SIP. Please note that if EPA receives adverse comment on 
an amendment, paragraph, or section of this rule and if that provision 
may be severed from the remainder of the rule, EPA may adopt as final 
those provisions of the rule that are not the subject of an adverse 
comment.

II. What Are the Clean Air Act Requirements for I/M Programs?

    The Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq., requires certain 
states to implement an enhanced inspection and maintenance (I/M) 
program to detect gasoline-fueled motor vehicles which emit excessive 
amounts of certain air pollutants. The enhanced I/M program is intended 
to help states meet federal health-based national ambient air quality 
standards (NAAQS) for ozone and carbon monoxide by requiring vehicles 
with excess emissions to have their emissions control systems repaired. 
Section 182 of the CAA requires I/M programs in those areas of the 
nation that are most impacted by carbon monoxide and ozone pollution. 
42 U.S.C. 7411c. Section 184 of the CAA also created an ``Ozone 
Transport Region'' (OTR) and includes I/M

[[Page 74021]]

requirements for that region. The OTR geographically includes the 11 
states from Maryland to Maine (including all of Connecticut) and the 
District of Columbia Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 
addition, EPA promulgated I/M regulations at 40 CFR Part 51 Subpart S. 
Depending on the severity of an area's nonattainment designation and/or 
geographic location within the OTR, EPA's regulation under 40 CFR 
51.350 outlines the appropriate motor vehicle I/M requirements.
    As a result of its ozone nonattainment designation (see 40 CFR 
81.307), and by virtue of its inclusion in the OTR, Connecticut has 
implemented an enhanced vehicle emissions testing program throughout 
the entire State. A vehicle testing program has been operating 
statewide since 1983 in Connecticut. The Connecticut I/M program was 
first approved into the SIP on May 21, 1984 (49 FR 10542) and the 
program has since been revised several times. Most recently the SIP was 
modified on October 27, 2000 (65 FR 64357). Since that time, the 
program has been again modified in a number of ways. Most notably it 
has been changed to a test and repair network, and now also includes 
on-board diagnostic (ODB2) testing of 1996 and newer vehicles.

III. What Are the OBD2 Requirements and How Does Connecticut's Program 
Address Them?

    On April 5, 2001, EPA published in the Federal Register 
``Amendments to Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program Requirements 
Incorporating the On-Board Diagnostics Check'' (66 FR 18156). The 
revised I/M rule requires that electronic checks of the On-Board 
Diagnostics (OBD2) system on model year 1996 and newer OBD2-equipped 
motor vehicles be conducted as part of states' motor vehicle I/M 
programs. OBD2 is part of the sophisticated vehicle powertrain 
management system and is designed to detect engine and transmission 
problems that might cause vehicle emissions to exceed allowable limits. 
OBD2 requirements are a key part of this rulemaking action.
    The OBD2 system monitors the status of up to 11 emission control 
related subsystems by performing either continuous or periodic 
functional tests of specific components and vehicle conditions. The 
first three testing categories--misfire, fuel trim, and comprehensive 
components--are continuous, while the remaining eight only run after a 
certain set of conditions has been met. The algorithms for running 
these eight periodic monitors are unique to each manufacturer and 
involve such things as ambient temperature as well as driving 
conditions. Most vehicles will have at least five of the eight 
remaining monitors (catalyst, evaporative system, oxygen sensor, heated 
oxygen sensor, and exhaust gas recirculation or EGR system) while the 
remaining three (air conditioning, secondary air, and heated catalyst) 
are not necessarily applicable to all vehicles. When a vehicle is 
scanned at an OBD2-I/M test site, these monitors can appear as either 
``ready'' (meaning the monitor in question has been evaluated), ``not 
ready'' (meaning the monitor has not yet been evaluated), or ``not 
applicable'' (meaning the vehicle is not equipped with the component 
monitor in question).
    The OBD2 system is also designed to fully evaluate the vehicle 
emissions control system. If the OBD2 system detects a problem that may 
cause vehicle emissions to exceed 1.5 times the Federal Test Procedure 
(FTP) standards, then the Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) is 
illuminated. By turning on the MIL, the OBD2 system notifies the 
vehicle operator that an emission-related fault has been detected, and 
the vehicle should be repaired as soon as possible thus reducing the 
harmful emissions contributed by that vehicle.
    EPA's revised OBD2 I/M rule applies to those areas that are 
required to implement I/M programs under the CAA, which includes 
Connecticut. The revised I/M program submitted by Connecticut on 
December 19, 2007 includes OBD2 testing for 1996 and newer vehicles, 
and continues to require that 1995 and older vehicles (up to 25 years 
old) continue to receive the previously SIP approved acceleration 
simulation mode (ASM) test or, if that test can not be implemented, 
gasoline powered vehicles up to 10,000 pounds GVWR (gross vehicle 
weight rating) are tested with a preconditioned two-speed idle test.
    EPA's OBD2 program requires scan tool equipment to read the 
vehicle's built-in computer sensors in model year 1996 and newer 
vehicles. The OBD2- I/M check consists of two types of examination: A 
visual check of the dashboard display function and status and an 
electronic examination of the OBD2 computer itself. The failure 
criteria for OBD2 testing is any Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) or 
combination of DTCs that results in the Malfunction Indicator Light 
(MIL) to be commanded on. A DTC is a code that indicates an emission 
control system or component which may cause emissions to increase to 
1.5 times the limit due to malfunction. Connecticut has incorporated 
this OBD2 component into its program.
    If the OBD2 scan reveals DTCs that have not commanded the MIL on, 
the motorist should be advised of the issue, but the vehicle should not 
be failed unless other non-DTC-based failure criteria have been met. 
Vehicles may fail inspection if the vehicle connector is missing, 
tampered with or otherwise inoperable, if the MIL is commanded on and 
is not visually illuminated, and if the MIL is commanded on for 1 or 
more DTCs as defined in Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) J2012 
guidance document, and EPA regulations.
    Vehicles are rejected from testing if the scan of the OBD2 system 
reveals a ``not ready'' code for any OBD2 component. EPA guidance 
allows states the flexibility to permit model year 1996 to 2000 
vehicles with 2 or fewer unset readiness codes, and model year 2001 and 
newer with 1 unset readiness code to complete OBD2-I/M inspection 
without being rejected. Vehicles would still fail if the MIL was 
commanded on or if other failure criteria were met, or be rejected if 3 
or more unset readiness codes were encountered. If the MIL is not 
commanded to be illuminated the vehicle would pass the OBD2 inspection 
even if DTCs are present. Connecticut's testing program is consistent 
with the EPA recommended readiness failure criteria. Connecticut's 
program regulations, at section 22a-174-27(g) require that the program 
meet all the relevant OBD2 testing ``requirements of 40 CFR 51 and 40 
CFR 85 and shall include procedures set forth in 40 CFR 85.2222.''
    The EPA believes that for an OBD2-I/M test program to be most 
effective, it should be designed to allow for: (1) Real-time data link 
connections to a centralized testing database; (2) quality-controlled 
input of vehicle and owner identification information; and (3) 
automated generation of test reports. Connecticut has incorporated 
these OBD2 program elements into its program.

IV. What Are All the Other I/M Regulatory Requirements and Does 
Connecticut's I/M Program Satisfy Them?

A. Applicability

    The SIP describes in detail the areas subject to the enhanced I/M 
SIP revision and, consistent with 40 CFR 51.372, includes the legal 
authority necessary to establish program boundaries. The Connecticut I/
M regulations (``Emission standards and on-board diagnostic II test 
requirements for periodic motor vehicle

[[Page 74022]]

inspection and maintenance'' at section 22a-174-27, and ``Periodic 
Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance'' at section 14-
164c-1a to Section 14-164c-18a) and authorizing legislation 
(Connecticut Statutes at Chapter 246 and 246a) ensure that the enhanced 
I/M program be implemented statewide.

B. Enhanced I/M Performance Standard

    Today's rulemaking discusses the I/M program designed, in part, to 
meet the enhanced I/M performance standard for ozone precursors causing 
air quality problems in Connecticut. EPA's performance standard 
establishes an emission reduction target that must be met by a program 
in order for the SIP to be approvable. The program, as documented in 
the SIP, must meet the performance standard in actual operation, with 
provisions for appropriate adjustments if the standard is not met.
    Included in Connecticut's December 19, 2007 submittal is the 
appropriate MOBILE6 vehicle emission modeling demonstration considering 
the required performance standards and the actual Connecticut program 
as it is currently being implemented statewide, as well as a comparison 
to the centralized program that the State is no longer implementing. 
The modeling runs considered evaluations with 2005, 2007 and 2009 
compliance dates. Connecticut has demonstrated that reductions from its 
updated program are better than the pre-existing I/M program and the 
EPA performance standard.
    The MOBILE6 modeling performed by Connecticut reflects the fact 
that Connecticut tests all gasoline powered vehicles that are less than 
25 years old. 1996 and newer vehicles are tested with OBD2, and pre-
1996 vehicles (i.e., they are not equipped with OBD2 technology) are 
tested using the acceleration simulation mode (ASM 2525), or, if ASM 
2525 is not feasible for that vehicle, those vehicles will receive a 
preconditioned two-speed idle (PCTSI) test. Vehicles are tested every 
other year, and vehicles up to 4 years old are not tested. Vehicle 
testing requirements are included in section 22a-174-27, and details of 
meeting the performance standard are included in section 2 of the SIP 
narrative.

C. Network Type and Program Evaluation

    Under the CAA and EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a 
description of the network to be employed and the required legal 
authority. Also, for enhanced I/M areas, the SIP needs to include a 
description of the evaluation schedule and protocol, the sampling 
methodology, the data collection and analysis system, the resources and 
personnel for evaluation and related details of the evaluation program, 
as well as the legal authority establishing the evaluation program.
    Connecticut has revised its program to be a test and repair I/M 
network program design utilizing contractors to manage and oversee the 
inspection portion of the program. In its December 19, 2007 submittal, 
Connecticut states, in its SIP revision narrative, that it will 
institute a continuous ongoing evaluation program consistent with the 
federal I/M rule. The results of the evaluation program will be 
reported to EPA on a biennial basis (40 CFR 51.353). In addition, 
Connecticut commits to developing and submitting the annual reports 
described by 40 CFR 51.366. The State has sufficient legal authority to 
implement this contractor managed program in concert with local 
inspection stations and conduct the program evaluation, as necessary to 
implement I/M consistent with federal requirements. (Connecticut laws 
at Chapter 246a--Motor Vehicle Emissions, section 14-164c(e)) Details 
of the network type and program evaluation are included in Section 3 of 
the SIP narrative.

D. Adequate Tools and Resources

    Under the CAA and EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a 
description of the resources that will be used for program operation 
and must discuss how the performance standard will be met, including: 
(1) A detailed budget plan describing the source of funds for 
personnel, program administration, program enforcement, purchase of 
necessary equipment (such as vehicles for undercover audits), and for 
other requirements discussed throughout the I/M rule, for the period 
prior to the next biennial self evaluation required by the federal I/M 
rule, and (2) a description of personnel resources, the number of 
personnel dedicated to overt and covert auditing, data analysis, 
program administration, enforcement, and other necessary functions, and 
the training attendant to each function.
    Connecticut legislation authorizes the State to collect a fee at 
registration to cover the costs of administrating, overseeing, and 
enforcing the I/M program. The December 19, 2007 submittal includes 
additional detail on the funding and description of resources to be 
used for implementation of the enhanced I/M program. This narrative at 
Section 4, and its attachments describe the budget, staffing support, 
and equipment needed to implement the program.

E. Test Frequency and Convenience

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a detailed test 
schedule, including the test year selection scheme if testing is other 
than annual. The SIP must also include the legal authority necessary to 
implement and enforce the test frequency requirement and explain how 
the test frequency will be integrated with the enforcement process. In 
addition, in enhanced I/M programs, the SIP needs to demonstrate that 
the network of stations providing testing services is sufficient to 
ensure consumer convenience by providing short waiting times to get a 
test, and short driving distances to get to the test center.
    The Connecticut SIP revision requires biennial inspections for all 
subject motor vehicles that are at least four years old. The 
inspections will be conducted based on when the vehicle is initially 
registered. This is described in more detail in the December submittal. 
The authority for enforcing the testing frequency is contained in the 
revised Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles' portion of the I/M 
rule. Short waiting times and short driving distances relating to 
network design are addressed by ensuring that local gas stations can 
provide the inspection, and are described in section 5 of the SIP 
narrative.

F. Vehicle Coverage

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a detailed description 
of the number and types of vehicles to be covered by the program, and a 
plan for identifying subject vehicles, including vehicles that are 
routinely operated in the area but may not be registered in the area. 
Also, the SIP must include a description of any special exemptions 
which will be granted by the program, and an estimate of the percentage 
and number of vehicles granted such exemptions. Such exemptions need to 
be accounted for in the emission reduction analysis. In addition, the 
SIP needs to include the legal authority necessary to implement and 
enforce the vehicle coverage requirement.
    Connecticut's I/M program covers all gasoline and diesel vehicles, 
light duty trucks, and heavy duty vehicles that are 25 years old and 
newer and registered in the State. In addition, United States Postal 
Service and United States GSA vehicles are also covered. Special 
classes, which are exempt from the emission testing program, include 
vehicles weighing more than 10,000 pounds (GVWR), electric vehicles, 
farm

[[Page 74023]]

vehicles, motorcycles, and vehicles which are less than 4 years old. 
Based on information provided by the State, Connecticut has shown that 
such exemptions will not prevent the program from achieving the 
performance standard. Additional detail supporting this conclusion was 
included in Section 6 of the December 19, 2007 submittal. Legal 
authority for the vehicle coverage requirement is contained in the 
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and Department 
of Motor Vehicles (DMV) I/M rules and the State's authorizing 
legislation. (Connecticut laws at Chapter 246a--Motor Vehicle 
Emissions, Section 14-164c)

G. Test Procedures and Standards

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of each 
test procedure used. The SIP also must include the rule, ordinance or 
law describing and establishing the test procedures. The Connecticut I/
M SIP revision and associated regulations obligate the State to perform 
OBD2 testing on all 1996 and newer vehicles, in accordance with EPA 
procedures. All 1995 and older covered vehicles up to 8,500 pounds GVWR 
(excluding full time four wheel drive) will be tested in accordance 
with EPA procedures for the acceleration simulation mode, or ASM 2525. 
A vehicle which can not be tested using either OBD2 or ASM 2525, or has 
a GVWR greater than 8500 GVWR and less than 10,000 GVWR will be given a 
pre-conditioned two-speed idle (PCTSI) test. Details of the test 
procedures and standard are included in Section 7 of the SIP narrative, 
and in the DEP rules at section 22a-174-27.

H. Test Equipment

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include written technical 
specifications for all test equipment used in the program and address 
each of the requirements set forth at 40 CFR 51.358. The specifications 
must describe the emission analysis process, the necessary test 
equipment, the required features, and written acceptance testing 
criteria and procedures.
    In its December 19, 2007 submission, Connecticut provided written 
equipment specifications as contained in EPA's guidance and the 
appendices of EPA's I/M rule. The Connecticut SIP submission and its 
appendices address the requirements in 40 CFR 51.358 and include 
descriptions of performance features and functional characteristics of 
the computerized test systems. It references 40 CFR Part 51 and 85, and 
includes the procedures outlined in 40 CFR 85.2222 and associated 
guidance. For the ASM test, EPA's Acceleration Simulation Mode Test 
Procedures, Emissions Standards, Quality Control Requirements, and 
Equipment Specification Final Technical Guidance (EPA420-B-04-011, July 
2004) will be used. The necessary test equipment, required features, 
and acceptance testing criteria are mandated by the testing contract 
specifications, and section 8 of the SIP narrative.

I. Quality Control

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of quality 
control and recordkeeping procedures. The SIP also must include the 
procedures manual, rule, and ordinance or law describing and 
establishing quality control procedures and requirements.
    The Connecticut I/M SIP narrative and contract contain descriptions 
and requirements establishing the quality control procedures in 
accordance with the federal I/M rule and EPA guidance. These 
requirements will help ensure that equipment calibrations are properly 
performed and recorded and that the necessary compliance document 
security is maintained. As described in section 9 of the SIP narrative, 
the Connecticut SIP complies with all specifications for quality 
control set forth in Section 51.359 and Appendix A of the federal I/M 
rule, and EPA's technical guidance.

J. Waivers and Compliance via Diagnostic Inspection

    Under EPA's I/M rule the SIP must include a maximum waiver rate 
expressed as a percentage of initially failed vehicles. This waiver 
rate is used for estimating emission reduction benefits in the modeling 
analysis. Corrective action must be taken if the waiver rate exceeds 
that estimated in the SIP, or the state must revise the SIP and claim 
emission reductions accordingly. The SIP also must describe the waiver 
criteria and procedures, including cost limits, quality assurance 
methods and measures, and administration. Lastly, the SIP must include 
the necessary legal authority, ordinance(s), or rules to issue waivers, 
set and adjust cost limits as required, and carry out any other 
functions necessary to administer the waiver system, including 
enforcement of the waiver provisions.
    Cost limits for the minimum expenditure waivers must be in 
accordance with the CAA and federal I/M rule. Expenditures of at least 
$660 for actual, non-tampering related repairs, must be spent in order 
to qualify for a waiver in the enhanced I/M program. The State intends 
to annually update the cost to receive a waiver from the emissions 
testing program. In addition, a time extension, as allowed under EPA's 
rule, is also allowed in Connecticut's program. Connecticut has 
demonstrated that it can meet the enhanced I/M performance standard 
testing with its current program design.
    The Connecticut program includes a waiver rate of 1% of initially 
failed vehicles in the area. These waiver rates are used in the 
modeling demonstration. The DEP has committed in the December 2007 
submittal that, if the waiver rates are higher than estimated as 
determined by its program reports, the State will take corrective 
action to address the deficiency. The SIP describes the three types of 
waivers the State will allow, including: a minimum expenditure, a time 
extension, and a one-time hardship waiver provision. These issues are 
dealt with in a manner consistent with the federal I/M rule. The proper 
criteria, procedures, quality assurance and administration regarding 
the issuance of waivers, consistent with EPA's I/M rule, will be 
ensured by the DEP and its contractor and are detailed in the SIP 
submission in section 10 of the SIP narrative and DMV rules at section 
14-164c-11a.

K. Motorist Compliance Enforcement

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must provide information concerning 
motorist enforcement, including: (1) A description of the existing 
compliance mechanism if it will continue to be used for this program, 
and the demonstration that it is as effective or more effective than 
registration denial enforcement; (2) an identification of the agencies 
responsible for performing each of the applicable activities in this 
section; (3) a description of, and accounting for, all classes of 
exempt vehicles; and (4) a description of the plan for testing fleet 
vehicles, rental car fleets, leased vehicles, and any other special 
classes of subject vehicles, such as those operated (but not 
necessarily registered) in the program area. Also, the SIP must include 
a determination of the current compliance rate based on a study of the 
system including an estimate of compliance losses due to loopholes, 
counterfeiting, and unregistered vehicles. Estimates of the effect of 
closing such loopholes and otherwise improving the enforcement 
mechanism must be supported with detailed analyses. In addition, the 
SIP needs to include the legal authority to implement and enforce the 
program. Lastly, the SIP must include a commitment to an enforcement 
level and minimum

[[Page 74024]]

compliance level used for modeling purposes and to be maintained, at a 
minimum, in practice.
    The State of Connecticut has chosen to use a program of denying 
registration to anyone who fails to meet emission testing requirements. 
The motorist compliance enforcement program will be implemented 
primarily by the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles. The 
enforcement strategy is described in the December 19, 2007 submittal. 
The enforcement strategy is designed to ensure a high rate of 
compliance. Those not receiving the emissions test as scheduled will be 
subject to fines and late penalties, and also be denied registration 
when their registration expires. Connecticut presently has a 99 percent 
compliance rate with the inspection program. The legal authority to 
implement and enforce the program is included in the Connecticut State 
law and in DEP and DMV rules as submitted on December 19, 2007. 
(Connecticut laws at Chapter 246a--``Motor Vehicle Emissions, Section 
14-164c''; Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection 
Regulations entitled ``Emission standards and on-board diagnostic II 
test requirements for periodic motor vehicle inspection and 
maintenance'' at Section 22a-174-27; and Connecticut Department of 
Motor Vehicles Regulation entitled ``Periodic Motor Vehicle Emissions 
Inspection and Maintenance'' at section 14-164c-1a to section 14-164c-
18a). Additional detail of the motorist compliance enforcement program 
is included in section 11 of the SIP narrative.

L. Motorist Compliance Enforcement Program Oversight

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of 
enforcement program oversight and information management activities.
    The Connecticut I/M SIP revision provides for regular auditing of 
its enforcement program and adherence to effective management 
practices, including adjustments to improve the program when necessary. 
These program oversight and information management activities are 
described in the SIP narrative, and include a description of the 
Emissions Data Base Management System (EDBMS) and how this system 
interfaces with the Department of Information Technology (DoIT) vehicle 
registration records. If a vehicle is out of compliance with the 
emissions testing requirement, registration is denied. This is done 
through computer matching and is directly available to law enforcement. 
The SIP describes the procedures to be followed in identifying 
noncomplying vehicles, along with appropriate follow-up and program 
documentation audits in section 12 of the SIP narrative.

M. Quality Assurance

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of the 
quality assurance program, and written procedure manuals covering both 
overt and covert performance audits, record audits, and equipment 
audits.
    The December 19, 2007, submittal from Connecticut includes a 
description of the quality assurance program. The program will include 
operation and progress reports and overt and covert performance audits. 
Additionally, all test centers are video audited through remote visual 
observation during all scheduled hours. Overt audits occur at each 
station at least 3 times per month and covert audits are conducted at 
least 4 times per year, both in response to customer complaints and as 
targeted follow-up. Detailed QA/QC procedures are included in the SIP 
submittal at section 13 of the SIP narrative and in the inspection 
agreement.

N. Enforcement Against Contractors, Stations and Inspectors

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a penalty schedule and 
legal authority for establishing and imposing penalties, civil fines, 
station and inspector license suspension, and revocations. In the case 
of state constitutional impediments precluding immediate authority to 
suspend licenses, the state Attorney General shall furnish an official 
opinion within the SIP explaining the constitutional impediment as well 
as relevant case law. The SIP also must describe the administrative and 
judicial procedures and responsibilities relevant to the enforcement 
process, including the agencies, courts, and jurisdictions involved; 
personnel to prosecute and adjudicate cases; and other aspects of the 
enforcement of the program requirements, the resources to be allocated 
to the enforcement function, and the source of those funds. In states 
that are without immediate suspension authority, the SIP must 
demonstrate that sufficient resources, personnel, and systems are in 
place to meet the three-day case management requirement for violations 
that directly affect emission reductions.
    The Connecticut I/M SIP revision includes specific penalties in its 
enforcement against contractors, stations and inspectors in accordance 
with the federal I/M rule. Based on its SIP submittal dated December 
19, 2007, the State's enforcement procedures can be pursued through 
contractual or regulatory action. The State, through the contract that 
it has been authorized to enter into and directly under Connecticut 
laws at Chapter 246a--``Motor Vehicle Emissions, section 14-
164c(f)(4)'', has the authority to immediately suspend a station 
inspector for violations that directly affect emission reduction 
benefits and a variety of other violations of procedures. Details are 
found in Appendix 14 of the SIP submittal and are included in the 
contract Inspection Agreement.

O. Data Analysis and Reporting

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must describe the types of data to be 
collected.
    The Connecticut I/M SIP provides for collecting test data to link 
specific test results to specific vehicles, I/M program registrants, 
test sites, and inspectors. The SIP in Section 16 of the SIP narrative, 
lists the specific types of test data and quality control data which 
will be collected. The data will be used to generate reports concerning 
test data, quality assurance, quality control, enforcement, as well as 
necessary changes and identified weaknesses in the program. The state 
has also committed to collecting all data necessary for the quality 
assurance and enforcement reports, as required by section 51.366 of the 
federal I/M rule.

P. Inspector Training and Licensing or Certification

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of the 
training program, the written and hands-on tests, and the licensing or 
certification process.
    The I/M SIP submittal from the DEP provides detail on the inspector 
training program. The Connecticut I/M SIP provides for implementation 
of training, licensing, and refresher programs for emission inspectors. 
The SIP and the inspection contract describe this program and 
curriculum including written and hands-on testing at least once every 
two years. All inspectors will be required to be certified to inspect 
vehicles in the Connecticut I/M program. Further details of the 
Inspector Training Program are included in section 17 of the SIP 
narrative.

Q. Improving Repair Effectiveness

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a description of the 
technical assistance program to be implemented, a description of the 
procedures and criteria to be used in meeting the performance 
monitoring requirements of this section for enhanced I/M programs, and 
a description of the repair

[[Page 74025]]

technician training resources available in the community.
    In the December 19, 2007 submittal, Connecticut provided additional 
detail and a description of the technical assistance, performance 
monitoring and repair technician training programs to be implemented. 
The SIP revision, as detailed in section 19 of the SIP narrative, 
provides for regularly informing repair facilities about changes to the 
inspection program, training course schedules, common problems, and 
potential solutions for particular engine families, diagnostic tips, 
repairs, and other assistance issues. As described in the submittal, 
the State has also ensured that a repair technician hotline is be 
available for repair technicians, and issued a contract to serve this 
purpose. Performance monitoring statistics of repair facilities will be 
provided to motorists whose vehicles fail the I/M test, as required in 
enhanced I/M areas. The State has committed to ensure that adequate 
repair technician training exists by establishing training courses at 
technical schools in the area.

R. Compliance With Recall Notices

    Under EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must describe, for enhanced I/M 
programs, the procedures used to incorporate the vehicle recall lists 
provided into the inspection or registration database, the quality 
control methods used to insure that recall repairs are properly 
documented and tracked, and the method (inspection failure or 
registration denial) used to enforce the recall requirements. EPA has 
not yet established a computerized database listing all recalled 
vehicles.
    The revised Connecticut I/M SIP will ensure that vehicles subject 
to enhanced I/M programs, that are included in either a voluntary 
emission recall or a remedial plan determination pursuant to the CAA, 
have had the appropriate repairs made prior to the inspection. As 
described in section 20 of the SIP narrative, the State and contractor 
will implement this when EPA databases exist which identify vehicles 
that have not completed recall repairs by an electronic database. At 
that time, motorists with unresolved recall notices will be required to 
show proof of compliance or will be denied the opportunity for 
inspection.

S. On-Road Testing

    Under the CAA and EPA's I/M rule, the SIP must include a detailed 
description of the on-road testing program required in enhanced I/M 
areas, including the types of testing, test limits and criteria, the 
number of vehicles (the percentage of the fleet) to be tested, the 
number of employees to be dedicated to the on-road testing effort, the 
methods for collecting, analyzing, utilizing, and reporting the results 
of on-road testing and the portion of the program budget to be 
dedicated to on-road testing. Also, the SIP must include the legal 
authority necessary to implement the on-road testing program, including 
the authority to enforce off-cycle inspection and repair requirements. 
In addition, emission reduction credit for on-road testing programs can 
only be granted for a program designed to obtain significant emission 
reductions over and above those predicted to be achieved by other 
aspects of the I/M program. The SIP needs to include technical support 
for the claimed additional emission reductions.
    The I/M SIP submitted on December 19, 2007, includes a description 
of Connecticut's on-road testing program in section 21 of the SIP 
narrative. The testing program will include 0.5% of the subject 
vehicles, or 20,000 vehicles. Vehicles with emission readings will be 
measured by remote sensing devices. The State of Connecticut has the 
legal authority to require a vehicle to obtain an out-of-cycle 
inspection at a vehicle emission inspection facility (Connecticut laws 
at Chapter 246a--``Motor Vehicle Emissions, section 14-164c(j)''). The 
State did not include additional modeling credit for this portion of 
the program in the modeling demonstrating that EPA's performance 
standard was met.

T. Concluding Statement

    A more detailed analysis of the State's submittal and how it meets 
the federal requirements is contained in the EPA's technical support 
document (TSD) prepared for this action. The TSD is available from the 
EPA New England Regional office listed above. The criteria used to 
review the submitted SIP revision are based on the requirements set 
forth in section 182 of the CAA and in the federal I/M regulations. 
Based on these requirements, EPA developed a detailed I/M approvability 
checklist to be used nationally to determine if I/M programs meet the 
requirements of the CAA and the federal I/M rule. The checklist states 
the federal requirements, referenced by section of the rule, and 
whether the Connecticut program meets such requirements. This 
checklist, the CAA, and the federal I/M regulation formed the basis for 
EPA's technical review. EPA has reviewed the Connecticut I/M SIP 
revision submitted to the EPA using the criteria stated above. The 
Connecticut regulations and accompanying materials contained in the SIP 
submittals from the State represent an acceptable plan to comply with 
the I/M requirements and meet all the criteria required for EPA to 
approve the SIP. EPA's review of the materials submitted indicates that 
Connecticut has revised its I/M program in accordance with the 
requirements of the CAA, 40 CFR Part 51, and all of EPA's technical 
requirements for an approvable vehicle inspection and maintenance 
program, including OBD2.

V. Final Action

    EPA is approving the SIP revision submitted by the State of 
Connecticut of December 19, 2007. This SIP revision contains the 
State's revised vehicle inspection and maintenance program. 
Specifically, EPA is approving the Connecticut Department of Motor 
Vehicles Regulation at section 14-164c-1a to section 14-164c-18a 
(effective May 28, 2004), and the Connecticut Department of 
Environmental Protection Regulations at section 22a-174-27 (August 25, 
2004) and incorporating these rules into the Connecticut SIP. EPA is 
approving Connecticut's revised I/M program because it is consistent 
with the CAA I/M requirements and EPA's I/M regulations and it will 
strengthen the Connecticut SIP.
    The EPA is publishing this action without prior proposal because 
the Agency views this as a noncontroversial amendment and anticipates 
no adverse comments. However, in the proposed rules section of this 
Federal Register publication, EPA is publishing a separate document 
that will serve as the proposal to approve the SIP revision should 
relevant adverse comments be filed. This rule will be effective 
February 3, 2009 without further notice unless the Agency receives 
relevant adverse comments by January 5, 2009.
    If the EPA receives such comments, then EPA will publish a notice 
withdrawing the final rule and informing the public that the rule will 
not take effect. All public comments received will then be addressed in 
a subsequent final rule based on the proposed rule. The EPA will not 
institute a second comment period on the proposed rule. All parties 
interested in commenting on the proposed rule should do so at this 
time. If no such comments are received, the public is advised that this 
rule will be effective on February 3, 2009 and no further action will 
be taken on the proposed rule. Please note that if EPA receives adverse 
comment on an amendment, paragraph, or section of this rule and if that 
provision may be severed from the remainder of the rule, EPA may adopt

[[Page 74026]]

as final those provisions of the rule that are not the subject of an 
adverse comment.

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator is required to approve a 
SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and 
applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). 
Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state 
choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the Clean Air Act. 
Accordingly, this action merely approves state law as meeting Federal 
requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those 
imposed by state law. For that reason, this action:
     Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' subject to 
review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 
12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993);
     Does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     Is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     Does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     Is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     Is not subject to requirements of section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Clean Air Act; and
     Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    In addition, this rule does not have tribal implications as 
specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), 
because the SIP is not approved to apply in Indian country located in 
the state, and EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct 
costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.
    The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally 
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating 
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, 
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the 
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this action and 
other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of 
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior 
to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A major rule cannot 
take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal 
Register. This action is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 
804(2).
    Under section 307(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act, petitions for 
judicial review of this action must be filed in the United States Court 
of Appeals for the appropriate circuit by February 3, 2009. Filing a 
petition for reconsideration by the Administrator of this final rule 
does not affect the finality of this action for the purposes of 
judicial review nor does it extend the time within which a petition for 
judicial review may be filed, and shall not postpone the effectiveness 
of such rule or action. This action may not be challenged later in 
proceedings to enforce its requirements. (See section 307(b)(2).)

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Carbon monoxide, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen 
dioxide, Ozone, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile 
organic compounds.

    Dated: September 12, 2008.
Robert W. Varney,
Regional Administrator, EPA New England.

0
Part 52 of chapter I, title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is 
amended as follows:

PART 52--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 52 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart H--Connecticut

0
2. Section 52.370 is amended by adding paragraph (c)(98) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  52.370  Identification of plan.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (98) Revisions to the State Implementation Plan submitted by the 
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection on December 19, 
2007.
    (i) Incorporation by reference.
    (A) Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Regulations 
entitled ``Emission standards and on-board diagnostic II test 
requirements for periodic motor vehicle inspection and maintenance'' at 
section 22a-174-27 (effective in the State of Connecticut on August 25, 
2004).
    (B) Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles Regulation entitled 
``Periodic Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance'' at 
section 14-164c-1a to Section 14-164c-18a (effective in the State of 
Connecticut on May 28, 2004).

0
3. In Sec.  52.385, Table 52.385 is amended by adding new entries to 
existing state citations for section 22a-174-27 and Section 14-164c to 
read as follows:

Sec.  52.385  EPA-approved Connecticut Regulations.

* * * * *

[[Page 74027]]

                                                         Table 52.385--EPA-Approved Regulations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                           Dates
                                                             --------------------------------    Federal Register       Section
     Connecticut State citation            Title/subject       Date adopted   Date  approved         citation           52.370     Comments/description
                                                                 by State         by  EPA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      * * * * * * *
22a-174-27..........................  Emission standards and         8/25/04        12/05/08  [Insert Federal            (c)(98)  DEP regulations
                                       on-board diagnostic                                     Register page number                including emissions
                                       II test requirements                                    where the document                  standards and OBD2
                                       for periodic motor                                      begins].                            requirements.
                                       vehicle inspection
                                       and maintenance.

                                                                      * * * * * * *
14-164c.............................  Periodic Motor Vehicle         5/28/04        12/05/08  [Insert Federal            (c)(98)  DMV regulation
                                       Emissions Inspection                                    Register page number                revisions for test
                                       and Maintenance.                                        where the document                  and repair network
                                                                                               begins].                            and implementing OBD2
                                                                                                                                   and other tests.

                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 [FR Doc. E8-28734 Filed 12-4-08; 8:45 am]

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