Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606-0014
Agency: epa
Document Type: Proposed Rule
Title: Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under Subsection (h) of the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020
Posted Date: 2023-10-19T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 201 (Thursday, October 19, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 72216-72312]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-22526]

[[Page 72215]]

Vol. 88

Thursday,

No. 201

October 19, 2023

Part II

Environmental Protection Agency

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 40 CFR Parts 84, 261, 262, et al.

Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain 
Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under Subsection (h) of the American 
Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 201 / Thursday, October 19, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 72216]]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 84, 261, 262, 266, 270, and 271

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606; FRL-10105-01-OAR]

Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Management of Certain 
Hydrofluorocarbons and Substitutes Under Subsection (h) of the American 
Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and advance notice of proposed 
rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is proposing to issue 
regulations to implement certain provisions of the American Innovation 
and Manufacturing Act of 2020. This rulemaking proposes to establish a 
program for the management of hydrofluorocarbons that includes 
requirements for leak repair and use of automatic leak detection 
systems for certain equipment using refrigerants containing 
hydrofluorocarbons and certain substitutes; requirements for the use of 
reclaimed hydrofluorocarbons in certain sectors or subsectors; the use 
of recycled hydrofluorocarbons in fire suppression equipment; recovery 
of hydrofluorocarbons from cylinders; container tracking; and certain 
recordkeeping, reporting, and labeling requirements. The Environmental 
Protection Agency is also proposing alternative Resource Conservation 
and Recovery Act standards for spent ignitable refrigerants being 
recycled for reuse. Finally, EPA requests advance comment on approaches 
for establishing requirements for technician training and/or 
certification.

DATES: Comments on this notice of proposed rulemaking must be received 
on or before December 18, 2023. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act 
(PRA), comments on the information collection provisions are best 
ensured of consideration if the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
receives a copy of your comments on or before November 20, 2023. The 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will hold a virtual public 
hearing on or about November 3, 2023. The date, time, and other 
relevant information for the virtual public hearing will be available 
at https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction.

ADDRESSES: You may send comments, identified by docket identification 
number EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606, by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov 
(our preferred method). Follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments.
     Mail: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Docket 
Center, Air and Radiation Docket, Mail Code 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania 
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460.
     Hand Delivery or Courier (by scheduled appointment only): 
EPA Docket Center, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution 
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004. The Docket Center's hours of 
operations are 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m., Monday-Friday (except Federal 
Holidays).
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket ID 
No. for this rulemaking. Comments received may be posted without change 
to https://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided. The EPA Docket Center and Reading Room are open to the public 
by appointment only. Our Docket Center staff also continue to provide 
remote customer service via email, phone, and webform. We encourage the 
public to submit comments via https://www.regulations.gov as there may 
be a delay in processing mail. Hand deliveries and couriers may be 
received by scheduled appointment only. For further information on EPA 
Docket Center services and the current status, please visit us online 
at https://www.epa.gov/dockets.
    You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing your 
comments: Direct your comments to specific sections of this proposed 
rulemaking and note where your comments may apply to future separate 
actions where possible; explain your views as clearly as possible; 
describe any assumptions that you used; provide any technical 
information or data you used that support your views; provide specific 
examples to illustrate your concerns; offer alternatives; and, make 
sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline. Please 
provide any published studies or raw data supporting your position. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (e.g., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system).
    Do not submit any information you consider to be Confidential 
Business Information (CBI) through https://www.regulations.gov. For 
submission of confidential comments, please work with the person listed 
in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. For additional 
submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information 
about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making 
effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Christian Wisniewski, Stratospheric 
Protection Division, Office of Atmospheric Protection (Mail Code 
6205A), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 
Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: 202-564-0417; email address: 
[email protected]. You may also visit EPA's website at 
https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction for further information.
    For information related to the proposed alternative standards for 
certain ignitable spent refrigerants under the Resource Conservation 
and Recovery Act (RCRA), please contact Tracy Atagi, Materials Recovery 
and Waste Management Division, Office of Resource Conservation and 
Recovery (5304T), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania 
Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (202) 566-0511; email 
address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' ``the Agency,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA. Acronyms that 
are used in this rulemaking that may be helpful include:

AC--Air Conditioning
AHRI--Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute
ALD--Automatic Leak Detection
AIM Act--American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020
APF--Air Permitting Forum
ASHRAE--American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
ASTM--American Society for Testing and Materials
CAA--Clean Air Act
CARB--California Air Resources Board
CBI--Confidential Business Information
CBP--U.S. Customs and Border Protection
CFC--Chlorofluorocarbon
CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
CO2e--Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
DOT--Department of Transportation
ECHO--Enforcement and Compliance History Online
e-GGRT--Electronic Greenhouse Gas Reporting Tool
ENGO--Environmental Non-governmental Organization
E.O.--Executive Order
EPA--Environmental Protection Agency

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EVe--Exchange Value Equivalent
FEMA--Fire Equipment Manufacturers Association
FOIA--Freedom of Information Act
FR--Federal Register
FSSA--Fire Suppression Systems Association
FSTOC--Fire Suppression Technical Options Committee
GHG--Greenhouse gas
GHGRP--Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
GWP--Global Warming Potential
HAP--Hazardous Air Pollutant
HARC--Halon Alternatives Research Corporation
HCFC--Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HD--Heavy-duty
HEEP--HFC Emissions Estimating Program
HFC--Hydrofluorocarbon
HFO--Hydrofluoroolefin
HSWA--Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
HTOC--Halons Technical Options Committee
ICR--Information Collection Request
IPCC--Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPR--Industrial Process Refrigeration
IWG--Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse 
Gases
ISO--International Organization for Standardization
MACS--Mobile Air Climate Systems Association
MMTCO2e--Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
MMTEVe--Million Metric Tons of Exchange Value Equivalent
MTEVe--Metric Tons of Exchange Value Equivalent
MVAC--Motor vehicle air conditioner
NAAQS--National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAICS--North American Industrial Classification System
NAFED--National Association of Fire Equipment Distributors
NATA--National Air Toxics Assessment
NEDA/CAP--National Environmental Development Association's Clean Air 
Project
NEI--National Emissions Inventory
NFPA--National Fire Protection Association
NODA--Notice of Data Availability
NRDC--Natural Resources Defense Council
ODP--Ozone Depletion Potential
ODS--Ozone depleting substances
OEM--Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLEM--Office of Land and Emergency Management
OMB--Office of Management and Budget
ppm--Parts Per Million
PRA--Paperwork Reduction Act
R4 Program--Refrigerant Recovery, Reclaim, and Reuse Requirements 
(CARB Program)
RACHP--Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps
RCOP--Recycling Code of Practice
RCRA--Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RFA--Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA--Regulatory Impact Analysis
RRA--Refrigerant Reclaim Australia
SC-HFC--Social Cost of Hydrofluorocarbons
SISNOSE--Significant Economic Impact on a Substantial Number of 
Small Entities
SNAP--Significant New Alternatives Policy
VCOP--Voluntary Code of Practice
TRI--Toxics Release Inventory
VRF--Variable Refrigerant Flow
VSQG--Very Small Quantity Generator

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. What is the purpose of this proposed regulatory action?
    B. What is the summary of this proposed regulatory action?
    C. What is the summary of the costs and benefits?
II. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. What is EPA's authority for taking this action?
III. Background
    A. What are HFCs?
    B. How do HFCs affect public health and welfare?
    C. What refrigerant management programs has EPA already 
established under the Clean Air Act?
    1. National Recycling and Emission Reduction Program (CAA 
Section 608)
    2. Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Servicing Program (CAA Section 
609)
    3. Significant New Alternatives Policy Program (CAA Section 612)
IV. How is EPA proposing to regulate the management of HFCs and 
their substitutes?
    A. What definitions is EPA proposing to implement under 
subsection (h)?
    1. Which definitions is EPA proposing to adopt that parallel 
definitions in 40 CFR 82.152?
    2. Which definitions is EPA proposing to adopt that parallel 
definitions in 40 CFR 82.32?
    3. What other definitions is EPA proposing to adopt?
    B. Which sectors and subsectors is EPA considering addressing 
under subsection (h)?
    C. How is EPA proposing to address leak repair?
    1. Background
    2. Scope of the Proposed Leak Repair Requirements
    a. Appliances containing which refrigerants would be subject to 
the proposed leak repair requirements?
    b. Appliances with what charge size would be subject to the 
proposed leak repair requirements?
    3. What leak repair provisions is EPA proposing?
    a. Leak Rate Calculations
    b. Requirement To Repair Leaks, Timing and Applicable Leak Rates
    c. Verification Testing
    d. Leak Inspections
    e. Chronically Leaking Appliances
    f. Retrofit and Retirement Plans
    g. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    4. Automatic Leak Detection Systems
    a. Proposed Automatic Leak Detection Requirements
    b. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    D. How is EPA proposing to establish requirements for the use of 
recovered and reclaimed HFCs?
    1. Background
    2. Proposed Reclamation Standard
    3. Proposed Requirements for Initial Charge of Equipment for 
Subsectors in the RACHP Sector Subsectors in the RACHP Sector
    4. Proposed Requirements for Servicing and/or Repair of Existing 
Equipment in the RACHP Sector Subsectors in the RACHP Sector
    E. How is EPA proposing to establish an HFC emissions reduction 
program for the fire suppression sector?
    1. Background
    2. Nomenclature Used in This Section
    3. Fire Suppression Background
    4. Minimizing Releases of HFCs
    a. Proposed Uquirements for Initial Charge of Equipment for Fire 
Suppression
    b. Proposed Requirements for Servicing and/or Repair of Existing 
Equipment for Fire Suppression
    c. Technician Training
    d. Recycling of HFCs Prior to Disposal of Fire Suppression 
Equipment Containing HFCs
    e. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    F. What is EPA proposing for cylinder requirements and for 
container tracking requirements?
    1. Background
    2. Requirements for Disposable Cylinders
    3. Container Tracking
    a. Container Tracking of Regulated Substances
    b. Container Tracking of Used Cylinders
    4. Small Cans of Refrigerant
    G. How is EPA proposing to establish RCRA refrigerant recycling 
alternative standards?
    1. Nomenclature Used in This Section
    2. Background
    3. Proposed Alternative RCRA Standards for Spent Ignitable 
Refrigerants Being Recycled for Reuse
    a. Scope of the Proposed RCRA Alternative Standards
    b. Proposed Requirements for the RCRA Alternative Standards
    4. Very Small Quantity Generator Wastes
    5. RCRA Regulation of Exports and Imports of Ignitable Spent 
Refrigerants
    6. Applicability of Proposed Alternative Standard in RCRA-
Authorized States
    7. Effect on State Authorization
    H. MVAC Servicing and Reprocessed Material
V. How is EPA proposing to treat data reported under this rule?
    A. Background on Determinations of Whether Information Is 
Entitled To Treatment as Confidential Information
    1. Confidential Treatment of Reported Information
    2. Emissions Data Under Section 114 of the Clean Air Act
    B. Data Elements Reported to EPA Under the Leak Repair 
Provisions
    C. Data Elements Related to the Generation of Machine-Readable 
Tracking Identifiers and the Tracking of HFCs
    D. Data Elements Related to Fire Suppression
VI. What are the costs and benefits of this proposed action?
    A. Background
    B. Estimated Costs and Benefits of Leak Repair and ALD 
Provisions

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    C. Summary of Estimated Costs and Benefits of All Rule 
Provisions
VII. How is EPA considering environmental justice?
VIII. Request for Advance Comment on Approaches for Establishing 
Requirements for Technician Training
IX. Statutory and Executive Order Review
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory Review
    B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health and Safety Risks
    H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect 
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)
    J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations and Executive Order 14096: Revitalizing our Nation's 
Commitment to Environmental Justice for All

I. Executive Summary

A. What is the purpose of this proposed regulatory action?

    The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing regulations 
that would implement certain provisions of the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act of 2020, codified at 42 U.S.C. 7675 (AIM Act or the 
Act). The AIM Act authorizes EPA to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 
in three main ways: phasing down HFC production and consumption through 
an allowance allocation program; facilitating the transition to next-
generation technologies by restricting use of these HFCs in the sector 
or subsectors in which they are used; and promulgating certain 
regulations for purposes of maximizing reclaiming and minimizing 
releases of HFCs from equipment and ensuring the safety of technicians 
and consumers. This proposal focuses on the third area--establishing 
certain regulations for HFCs and their substitutes for the purposes of 
maximizing reclaiming and minimizing releases of HFCs from equipment 
and ensuring the safety of technicians and consumers.
    More specifically, subsection (h) of the AIM Act, entitled 
``Management of regulated substances,'' directs EPA to promulgate 
regulations to control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or 
activity regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment that involves: a regulated substance (used interchangeably 
with ``HFCs'' in this proposed rulemaking), a substitute for a 
regulated substance, the reclaiming of a regulated substance used as a 
refrigerant, or the reclaiming of a substitute for a regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant.
    This proposed rulemaking addresses how EPA intends to start 
implementing the provisions of subsection (h), including its authority 
to issue regulations to control such practices, processes, and 
activities, particularly as related to the management, use, and reuse 
of HFCs and substitutes in equipment. Further, this action proposes 
provisions to support implementation of, compliance with, and 
enforcement of requirements under subsection (h) of the AIM Act. 
Additionally, EPA is proposing alternative Resource Conservation and 
Recovery Act (RCRA) standards for certain spent ignitable refrigerants 
being recycled for reuse, as that term is proposed to be used under 
RCRA.\1\ These proposed standards would involve regulatory changes to 
40 CFR parts 261-271 and not be part of the regulations under 
subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act.
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    \1\ The terms ``reclaim'' and ``recycle'' have different 
regulatory purposes and definitions under RCRA than under the CAA 
and the AIM Act. Under RCRA, a material is ``reclaimed'' if it is 
processed to recover a usable product, or if it is regenerated. 
Examples are recovery of lead values from spent batteries and 
regeneration of spent solvents (See 40 CFR 261.1(c)(4)). Reclamation 
is one of the four types of ``recycling'' identified in 40 CFR 
261.2(c) that can involve management of a solid waste under RCRA.
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B. What is the summary of this proposed regulatory action?

    This section of the preamble describes a summary of the proposed 
provisions of this rulemaking, which are described in more detail in 
the relevant sections of this proposal.
    Management of regulated substances. EPA is proposing to establish a 
program for the management of HFCs that includes requirements with 
compliance dates ranging between 60 days after publication of the final 
rule to January 1, 2028, for:
     Leak repair of appliances containing HFCs and/or certain 
substitutes for HFCs (whether the appliance uses the HFC or substitute 
for an HFC neat or in a blend with other substances). The leak repair 
requirements would apply to appliances containing 15 pounds or more of 
a refrigerant that contains an HFC or contains a substitute for an HFC 
with a global warming potential (GWP) above 53 with specific 
exceptions;
     Use of automatic leak detection (ALD) systems for certain 
new and existing appliances containing 1,500 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
above 53;
     A proposed reclamation standard;
     The use of reclaimed HFCs in certain refrigeration, air 
conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) sectors or subsectors and 
applications for the initial charge or installation of equipment and 
servicing and/or repair of existing equipment and the use of recycled 
HFCs in the initial charge or servicing and/or repair of fire 
suppression equipment;
     The servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of fire 
suppression equipment that contains HFCs, with the purpose of 
minimizing the release of HFCs from that equipment, as well as 
requirements related to technician training in the fire suppression 
sector;
     Recovery of HFCs from disposable cylinders prior to 
disposal;
     Container tracking for HFCs that could be used in the 
servicing, repair, and/or installation of refrigerant-containing or 
fire suppression equipment; and
     Recordkeeping, reporting, and labeling.
    Amendments to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 
hazardous waste regulations. EPA is proposing alternative standards for 
spent ignitable refrigerants when recycled for reuse, as that term is 
proposed to be used under RCRA. EPA is proposing that the 40 CFR part 
266 Subpart Q RCRA alternative standards would apply to HFCs and other 
substitutes that do not belong to flammability Class 3 as classified by 
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning 
Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 34-2022.\2\ EPA is proposing to limit the 
alternative standards to lower flammability substitutes (Class 1, 2, 
and

[[Page 72219]]

2L) because of the lower risk of fire from the collection and recycling 
for reuse of these refrigerants, and the greater market value of these 
refrigerants, which supports the conclusion that these spent 
refrigerants will be recycled for reuse and not stockpiled, mismanaged, 
or abandoned.
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    \2\ ASHRAE Standard 34-2022 assigns a safety group 
classification for each refrigerant which consists of two 
alphanumeric characters (e.g., A2 or B1). The capital letter 
indicates the toxicity class (``A'' for lower toxicity) and the 
numeral denotes the flammability. ASHRAE recognizes three 
classifications and one subclass for refrigerant flammability. The 
three main flammability classifications are Class 1, for 
refrigerants that do not propagate a flame when tested as per the 
ASHRAE 34 standard, ``Designation and Safety Classification of 
Refrigerants;'' Class 2, for refrigerants of lower flammability; and 
Class 3, for highly flammable refrigerants, such as the hydrocarbon 
refrigerants. ASHRAE recently updated the safety classification 
matrix to include a new flammability subclass 2L, for flammability 
Class 2 refrigerants that burn very slowly.
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    Enforcement and compliance. To support compliance with the proposed 
requirements, EPA is proposing labeling, reporting, and recordkeeping 
requirements as described in this action. EPA is also requiring 
reporting and recordkeeping for the reduction of HFC emissions for the 
fire suppression sector. The Agency is proposing to use the same 
reporting platform used in prior AIM Act rules and the Greenhouse Gas 
Reporting Program (GHGRP).\3\
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    \3\ The GHGRP requires reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) data 
and other relevant information from large GHG emission sources, fuel 
and industrial gas suppliers, and carbon dioxide (CO2) 
injection sites in the United States. The program generally requires 
reporting when emissions from covered sources are greater than 
25,000 metric tons of CO2e per year. Publicly available 
information includes facility names, addresses, and latitude/
longitude information.
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    Additionally, EPA requests advance comment on approaches for 
establishing requirements for RACHP technician training and/or 
certification. Specifically, EPA is seeking advance comment on whether, 
through a separate rulemaking, EPA should propose to establish training 
and/or service requirements for technicians under subsection (h), in 
particular, for flammable refrigerants. And, if so, how such a training 
program might be managed.
    The Agency is not proposing any regulatory requirements under 
subsection (h) for HFCs and substitutes for HFCs used in applications 
besides RACHP and fire suppression sectors at this time. However, the 
Agency will continue to monitor the use and emissions of HFCs more 
generally and such information may inform future rulemakings under 
subsection (h).

C. What is the summary of the costs and benefits?

    EPA is providing information on the costs and benefits for the 
provisions related to managing regulated substances and their 
substitutes in this proposed rule. The analyses, presented in the 
Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule 
technical support document (TSD) and in a regulatory impact analysis 
(RIA) addendum to the Allocation Framework Rule RIA, are contained in 
the docket to this proposed rule and are intended to provide the public 
with information on the relevant costs and benefits of this action, if 
finalized as proposed, and to comply with executive orders. EPA notes 
that the costs and benefits associated with the management of regulated 
substances and their substitutes under the AIM Act are described and 
calculated separately from those associated with the proposed 
amendments to the RCRA hazardous waste regulations. These analyses--as 
summarized below--highlight economic cost and benefits, including 
benefits from leak repair and emissions reductions.
    Given that the provisions EPA is proposing concern HFCs, which are 
subject to the phasedown of production and consumption under the AIM 
Act, EPA relied on its previous estimates of the impacts of already 
finalized AIM Act rules as a starting point for the assessment of costs 
and benefits of this rule. Specifically, the Allocation Framework Rule, 
``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Establishing the Allowance 
Allocation and Trading Program Under the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act'' (86 FR 55116, October 5, 2021) and the 2024 
Allocation Rule, ``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance 
Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later Years'' (88 FR 46836, July 
20, 2023) \4\ are assumed as a baseline for this proposed rule. In this 
way, EPA analyzed the potential incremental impacts of the proposed 
rule, attributing benefits only insofar as they are additional to those 
already assessed in the Allocation Framework Rule RIA and the 2024 
Allocation Rule RIA addendum (collectively referred to as ``Allocation 
Rules'' in this discussion). For example, a mitigation option in the 
marginal abatement cost (MAC) analysis for the Allocation Rules assumed 
a reduction in refrigerant leaks; all costs and benefits calculated for 
this rule are for leak reductions over and above those assumed in the 
previous analysis.
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    \4\ EPA recently finalized two separate rulemakings to update 
the regulations established in the HFC Allocation Framework Rule. 
The first rule, ``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance 
Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later Years,'' established the 
methodology for allocating HFC production and consumption allowances 
starting with calendar year 2024 allowances and adjusted the 
consumption baseline downward by less than 0.5% to reflect corrected 
data, among other changes (88 FR 46836, July 20, 2023). The second, 
``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Adjustment to the 
Hydrofluorocarbon Baseline,'' amended the production baseline 
downward by 0.005% to reflect corrected data (88 FR 44220, July 12, 
2023).
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    As detailed in the RIA addendum, the number, charge sizes, leak 
rates, and other characteristics of potentially affected RACHP 
equipment were estimated using EPA's Vintaging Model.\5\ The leak 
repair and ALD system provisions proposed are assumed to lead leaking 
systems to be repaired earlier than they otherwise would have, leading 
to reduced emissions of HFCs. Provisions requiring the use of reclaimed 
refrigerant, requirements for the fire suppression sector, and 
provisions related to the handling of disposable cylinders are further 
estimated to result in incremental reductions in HFC emissions. These 
reductions in HFC emissions result in climate benefits due to reduced 
climate forcing as calculated by multiplying avoided emissions by the 
social cost of each HFC (SC-HFCs).
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    \5\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. EPA's 
Vintaging Model representing the Allocation Framework Rule as 
modified by the 2024 Allocation Rule RIA addendum. VM IO 
file_v4.4_02.04.16_2024 Allocation Rule.
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    In the years 2025-2050, the proposed rule provisions would prevent 
an estimated 142 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent 
(MMTCO2e) in HFC emissions, and the present value of 
economic benefit of avoiding the damages associated with those 
emissions is estimated at $9.8 billion (in 2022 dollars, discounted to 
2024 using a three percent discount rate). The annual benefits are 
estimated to decrease over time due to the HFC phasedown and the 
transition out of the higher-GWP HFCs, lowering the average GWP of 
later emissions. For example, it is estimated that the leak repair and 
ALD system provisions would prevent 3.8 MMTCO2e of HFC 
emissions in 2030 and 2.8 MMTCO2e in the year 2040.
    Reducing HFC emissions due to fixing leaks earlier would also be 
anticipated to lead to savings for some system owner/operators, as less 
new refrigerant would need to be purchased to replace leaked 
refrigerant. In 2025, it is estimated that the proposed leak repair and 
ALD provisions would lead to savings of $13 million (2022$). EPA 
acknowledges that these savings would not completely offset leak repair 
compliance costs and may not accrue uniformly to all regulated 
entities, and EPA requests comment on this estimate. Further, while 
these provisions have been estimated to result in savings, EPA 
understands that entities that would be affected by these proposed 
regulations might not perform the practices, processes, or activities 
that would result in cost savings absent regulation. When entities are 
reviewing their own economic analyses, some factors may be pertinent 
that make new technologies or economically favorable best practices 
less attractive than existing practices, or some market failure may 
exist that acts as a barrier to businesses' adoption of

[[Page 72220]]

the most profitable course.\6\ For example, market failures may exist 
where there are imperfect information or split incentives; such as 
decision-makers not knowing the percentage of energy use associated 
with refrigeration or the costs of replacing refrigerant lost from 
leaking appliances.
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    \6\ Klemick, Heather & Kopits, Elizabeth & Wolverton, Ann. 
``Potential Barriers to Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial 
Buildings: The Case of Supermarket Refrigeration.'' Journal of 
Benefit-Cost Analysis. 8, 2017, pp. 1-31.
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    The compliance costs of the proposed rule include recordkeeping and 
reporting costs, the costs of purchasing and operating ALD systems, 
costs of required inspections, the cost of repairing leaks earlier than 
would have been necessary without the proposed provisions, and the cost 
of proposed disposable cylinder management requirements. In the years 
2025-2050, these provisions would result in compliance costs (inclusive 
of refrigerant savings) with a present value estimated at $3.7 billion 
in 2022 dollars at a 3 percent discount rate or $2.4 billion at a 7 
percent discount rate.
    Taking into account both benefits and compliance costs over the 
2025-2050 time period, it is estimated that the proposed rule would 
result in present value net benefit (benefits minus compliance costs), 
of $6.1 billion (with compliance costs discounted at three percent) to 
$7.4 billion (with compliance costs discounted at seven percent).
    As detailed in the draft RIA addendum, these values represent a 
conservative estimate of potential incremental benefits and assume 
potential HFC consumption- and emissions-reducing activities required 
by some of the proposed rule's provisions could be offset to the extent 
that available consumption and production allowances are shifted to 
meet demand in subsectors not covered by the proposed rule. Given the 
inherent uncertainty of future industry behavior, in the draft RIA 
addendum EPA has also provided estimates under an additional scenario 
in which these offsetting effects to not occur and additional 
incremental benefits accrue.
    Some of the information regarding projected impacts of certain 
aspects of the proposal was considered by EPA as it developed this 
proposed rule. To the extent that EPA has considered such information 
it is compiled in the Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of 
the Proposed Rule draft TSD, which is in the docket for this 
rulemaking.
    Although EPA is using SC-HFCs for purposes of some of the analysis 
in the RIA addendum, this proposed action does not rely on those 
estimates of these costs as a record basis for the Agency action, and 
EPA would reach the proposed conclusions even in the absence of the 
social costs of HFCs. Additional information on these analyses can be 
found in section VI. of this document, as well as the RIA addendum and 
the Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule 
draft TSD, which is in the docket for this rulemaking.

II. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    You may be potentially affected by this rule if you own, operate, 
service, repair, recycle, dispose, or install equipment containing HFCs 
or their substitutes, as well as if you recover, recycle, or reclaim 
HFCs or their substitutes. You may also be potentially affected if you 
manufacture or sell equipment containing HFCs or their substitutes. 
Potentially affected categories, by North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS) code, are included in Table 1.

     Table 1--NAICS Classification of Potentially Affected Entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        NAICS code                   NAICS industry description
------------------------------------------------------------------------
236118...................  Residential Remodelers.
236220...................  Commercial and Institutional Building
                            Construction.
238220...................  Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning
                            Contractors.
238990...................  All Other Specialty Trade Contractors.
311812...................  Commercial Bakeries.
321999...................  All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product
                            Manufacturing.
322299...................  All Other Converted Paper Product
                            Manufacturing.
324191...................  Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease
                            Manufacturing.
324199...................  All Other Petroleum and Coal Products
                            Manufacturing.
325199...................  All Other Basic Organic Chemical
                            Manufacturing.
325211...................  Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing.
325412...................  Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing.
325414...................  Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
                            Manufacturing.
325998...................  All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and
                            Preparation Manufacturing.
326299...................  All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing.
327999...................  All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral
                            Product Manufacturing.
332812...................  Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and
                            Silverware), and Allied Services to
                            Manufacturers.
332999...................  All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal
                            Product Manufacturing.
333415...................  Air-Conditioning and Warm Air Heating
                            Equipment and Commercial and Industrial
                            Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing.
333511...................  Industrial Mold Manufacturing.
333912...................  Air and Gas Compressor Manufacturing.
333999...................  All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose
                            Machinery Manufacturing.
334413...................  Semiconductor and Related Device
                            Manufacturing.
334419...................  Other Electronic Component Manufacturing.
334516...................  Analytical Laboratory Instrument
                            Manufacturing.
335220...................  Major Household Appliance Manufacturing.
336120...................  Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing.
336212...................  Truck Trailer Manufacturing.
336214...................  Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing.
3363.....................  Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing.
3364.....................  Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing.
336411...................  Aircraft Manufacturing.
336611...................  Ship Building and Repairing.

[[Page 72221]]

 
336612...................  Boat Building.
339112...................  Surgical and Medical Instrument
                            Manufacturing.
339113...................  Surgical Appliance and Supplies
                            Manufacturing.
339999...................  All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing.
423120...................  Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423450...................  Medical, Dental, and Hospital Equipment and
                            Supplies Merchant Wholesalers.
423610...................  Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring
                            Supplies, and Related Equipment Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423620...................  Household Appliances, Electric Housewares,
                            and Consumer Electronics Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423690...................  Other Electronic Parts and Equipment Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423720...................  Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies
                            (Hydronics) Merchant Wholesalers.
423730...................  Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning
                            Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers.
423740...................  Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423830...................  Industrial Machinery and Equipment Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
423840...................  Industrial Supplies Merchant Wholesalers.
423850...................  Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies
                            Merchant Wholesalers.
423860...................  Transportation Equipment and Supplies (except
                            Motor Vehicle) Merchant Wholesalers.
423990...................  Other Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
424690...................  Other Chemical and Allied Products Merchant
                            Wholesalers.
424820...................  Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage
                            Merchant Wholesalers.
441310...................  Automotive Parts and Accessories Stores.
443141...................  Household Appliance Stores.
444190...................  Other Building Material Dealers.
445110...................  Supermarkets and Other Grocery (except
                            Convenience) Stores.
445131...................  Convenience Retailers.
445298...................  All Other Specialty Food Retailers.
446191...................  Food (Health) Supplement Stores.
449210...................  Electronics and Appliance Retailers.
452311...................  Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters.
453998...................  All Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers
                            (except Tobacco Stores).
45711....................  Gasoline Stations With Convenience Stores.
481111...................  Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation.
488510...................  Freight Transportation Arrangement.
493110...................  General Warehousing and Storage.
531120...................  Lessors of Nonresidential Buildings (except
                            Mini warehouses).
541330...................  Engineering Services.
541380...................  Testing Laboratories.
541512...................  Computer Systems Design Services.
541519...................  Other Computer Related Services.
541620...................  Environmental Consulting Services.
561210...................  Facilities Support Services.
561910...................  Packaging and Labeling Services.
561990...................  All Other Support Services.
562111...................  Solid Waste Collection.
562211...................  Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal.
562920...................  Materials Recovery Facilities.
621498...................  All Other Outpatient Care Centers.
621999...................  All Other Miscellaneous Ambulatory Health
                            Care Services.
72111....................  Hotels (Except Casino Hotels) and Motels.
72112....................  Casino Hotels.
72241....................  Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages).
722511...................  Full-service Restaurants.
722513...................  Limited-Service Restaurants.
722514...................  Cafeterias, Grill Buffets, and Buffets.
722515...................  Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars.
81119....................  Other Automotive Repair and Maintenance.
811219...................  Other Electronic and Precision Equipment
                            Repair and Maintenance.
811412...................  Appliance Repair and Maintenance.
922160...................  Fire Protection.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a 
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this 
action. This table lists the types of entities that EPA expects could 
potentially be regulated by this action. Other types of entities not 
listed in the table could also be regulated. To determine whether your 
entity may be regulated by this action, you should carefully examine 
the proposed regulatory text at the end of this document. If you have 
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular 
entity, consult the people listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT section.

B. What is EPA's authority for taking this action?

    On December 27, 2020, the AIM Act was enacted as section 103 in 
Division S, Innovation for the Environment, of the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2021 (42 U.S.C. 7675). In subsection (k)(1)(A), the 
AIM Act provides EPA with the authority to promulgate

[[Page 72222]]

necessary regulations to carry out EPA's functions under the Act, 
including its obligations to ensure that the Act's requirements are 
satisfied (42 U.S.C. 7675(k)(1)(A)). Subsection (k)(1)(C) of the Act 
also provides that Clean Air Act (CAA) sections 113, 114, 304, and 307 
apply to the AIM Act and any regulations EPA promulgates under the AIM 
Act as though the AIM Act were part of CAA Title VI (42 U.S.C. 
7675(k)(1)(C)). Accordingly, this rulemaking is subject to CAA section 
307(d) (see 42 U.S.C. 7607(d)(1)(I)) (CAA section 307(d) applies to 
``promulgation or revision of regulations under subchapter VI of this 
chapter (relating to stratosphere and ozone protection)'').
    The AIM Act authorizes EPA to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in 
three main ways: phasing down HFC production and consumption through an 
allowance allocation program; facilitating the transition to next-
generation technologies by restricting use of these HFCs in the sector 
or subsectors in which they are used; and promulgating certain 
regulations for purposes of maximizing reclaiming and minimizing 
releases of HFCs from equipment and ensuring the safety of technicians 
and consumers. This proposal focuses on the third area--establishing 
certain regulations for HFCs and their substitutes for the purposes of 
maximizing reclaiming \7\ and minimizing releases of HFCs from 
equipment and ensuring the safety of technicians and consumers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ EPA views ``reclaim,'' ``reclaiming,'' and ``reclamation'' 
as interchangeable terms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The identification of regulated substances is addressed under 
subsection (c) of the Act. The Act lists 18 saturated HFCs, and by 
reference any of their isomers not so listed, that are covered by the 
statute's provisions, referred to as ``regulated substances'' \8\ under 
the Act (42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(1)). Congress also assigned an ``exchange 
value'' 9 10 to each regulated substance. EPA is also 
authorized to designate additional substances that meet certain 
criteria as regulated substances; for example, to be listed, the 
substance must be a saturated HFC that has an exchange value greater 
than 53 (which is also the lowest exchange value for a regulated 
substance listed in subsection (c)(1) of the Act) (42 U.S.C. 
7675(c)(3)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ As noted previously in this action, ``regulated substance'' 
and ``HFC'' are used interchangeably in this action.
    \9\ EPA has determined that the exchange values included in 
subsection (c) of the AIM Act are identical to the global warming 
potentials (GWPs) included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 
Change (IPCC) (2007). EPA uses the terms ``global warming 
potential'' and ``exchange value'' interchangeably in this proposal.
    \10\ IPCC (2007): Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, R.B. Alley, 
T. Berntsen, N.L. Bindoff, Z. Chen, A. Chidthaisong, J.M. Gregory, 
G.C. Hegerl, M. Heimann, B. Hewitson, B.J. Hoskins, F. Joos, J. 
Jouzel, V. Kattsov, U. Lohmann, T. Matsuno, M. Molina, N. Nicholls, 
J. Overpeck, G. Raga, V. Ramaswamy, J. Ren, M. Rusticucci, R. 
Somerville, T.F. Stocker, P. Whetton, R.A. Wood and D. Wratt, 2007: 
Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science 
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment 
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, 
S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor 
and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The regulated substances addressed in this proposal may be used 
neat (i.e., as a single component substance) or in a blend with other 
substances, which may include other regulated substances and/or 
substitutes for regulated substances. The requirements proposed in this 
rulemaking for regulated substances would apply regardless of whether 
the regulated substance is used neat or in blend. In taking this 
approach, EPA is not proposing that a blend that uses one or more 
regulated substances is itself a regulated substance. Rather, the 
Agency is proposing to regulate the regulated substance(s) used within 
a ``blend of substances'' (42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(3)(B)(ii)), such that the 
proposed requirements would also affect equipment that uses regulated 
substances in blends. This is consistent with approaches that the 
Agency has taken under the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55133, 
55142, October 5, 2021) and proposed for the Technology Transitions 
Rule (87 FR 76744, 76753, December 15, 2022).\11\ Furthermore, 
subsection (h)(1) requires EPA to promulgate regulations addressing 
certain practices, processes, or activities involving, among other 
things, a regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance 
(see 42 U.S.C. 7675(h)(1)(A)-(B)). Consistent with those provisions, 
regulatory requirements under subsection (h) may also apply with 
respect to substitutes for regulated substances, regardless of whether 
the substitute is used neat or in a blend. In taking this approach for 
substitutes for a regulated substance, EPA is not proposing that a 
blend that uses one or more such substitutes that are so regulated 
would be designated a regulated substance under subsection (c) of the 
Act, nor that the substitute would be so designated. Rather, such 
substitutes would simply be addressed, as appropriate, under the 
regulations implementing subsection (h).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ In affirming this aspect of the HFC Allocation Framework 
Rule, the D.C. Circuit held that ``EPA has statutory authority to 
regulate HFCs within blends . . . because an HFC within a blend 
remains a regulated HFC under the Act.'' Heating, Air Conditioning & 
Refrigeration Distributors Int'l v. EPA, 71 F.4th 59, 64 (D.C. Cir. 
2023).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Subsection (h) of the AIM Act is entitled ``Management of regulated 
substances.'' For purposes of maximizing reclaiming and minimizing 
releases of HFCs from equipment and ensuring the safety of technicians 
and consumers, subsection (h)(1) directs EPA to promulgate regulations 
to control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or activity 
regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment 
that involves: a regulated substance, a substitute for a regulated 
substance, the reclaiming of a regulated substance used as a 
refrigerant, or the reclaiming of a substitute for a regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant (42 U.S.C. 7675(h)(1)). Subsection 
(h)(1) further provides that this includes requiring, where 
appropriate, that any such servicing, repair, disposal, or installation 
be performed by a trained technician meeting minimum standards, as 
determined by EPA.
    Under subsection (h)(2)(A) of the AIM Act, the Agency ``shall 
consider the use of authority available . . . under this section to 
increase opportunities for the reclaiming of regulated substances used 
as refrigerants.'' Subsection (h)(2)(B) of the Act further provides 
that a ``regulated substance used as a refrigerant that is recovered 
shall be reclaimed before the regulated substance is sold or 
transferred to a new owner, except where the recovered regulated 
substance is sold or transferred to a new owner solely for the purposes 
of being reclaimed or destroyed.''
    Further, subsection (h)(3) provides that in promulgating 
regulations to carry out subsection (h), EPA may coordinate those 
regulations with ``any other regulations promulgated by the [EPA] that 
involve--(A) the same or a similar practice, process, or activity 
regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment; or (B) reclaiming.'' EPA interprets this provision of the 
AIM Act as leaving the Agency discretion as to whether or not to 
coordinate regulations under subsection (h) with other EPA regulations, 
as well as with discretion to consider the particular circumstances in 
which it is appropriate to undertake such coordination. Congress did 
not define the term ``coordinate'' in the AIM Act. EPA interprets the 
term, as used in this context, as encompassing a variety of forms of 
coordination that could potentially be used for the specified types of 
regulatory provisions, and interprets (h)(3) as conveying discretion

[[Page 72223]]

to EPA to select the form or forms of coordination that are appropriate 
for the particular circumstances and regulatory provisions under 
consideration in a given action.
    In this proposal, EPA describes where and whether we are 
coordinating with regulations that involve the same or similar 
practices, processes, or activities regarding the servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation of equipment or reclaiming, and our rationale 
on the appropriateness of coordinating with these regulations. For 
example, coordination could include establishing parallel requirements 
under subsection (h) as in another regulatory regime so that a similar 
practice, process, or activity in similar equipment is held to similar 
standards, where appropriate. It could also include deciding not to 
establish requirements under subsection (h) in certain situations, such 
as when an existing requirement already applies to a similar practice, 
process, or activity under another set of regulations that EPA views as 
adequate to also address the purposes of subsection (h). Coordination 
could also mean coordinating rulemaking schedules or timing for certain 
requirements under subsection (h) that cover a similar practice, 
process, or activity as covered in a previous regulation and would meet 
the purposes of subsection (h). Finally, coordination may also mean 
coordinating the requirements under subsection (h) with revisions to 
regulations under other statutory authorities that address related 
practices, processes, or activities, with the goal of developing 
independent regulatory regimes that operate well together to achieve 
their stated goals.
    Subsection (h)(4) expressly states that any rulemaking under 
subsection (h) shall not apply to a regulated substance or a substitute 
for a regulated substance that is contained in a foam. Thus, the 
requirements proposed in this rulemaking would not apply to regulated 
substances or substitutes for regulated substances when those 
substances are contained in foams.
    Finally, subsection (h)(5) provides that, subject to availability 
of appropriations, EPA shall establish a grant program to award small 
business grants for the purchase of new specialized equipment for the 
recycling, recovery, or reclamation of a substitute for a regulated 
substance, including the purchase of approved refrigerant recycling 
equipment for recycling, recovery, or reclamation in the service or 
repair of a motor vehicle air conditioner (MVAC) systems. Funds have 
not been appropriated for this grant program. The establishment of this 
program is outside the scope of this rulemaking and EPA intends to 
address it in a future action.
    Through this rulemaking, EPA is proposing to establish an HFC 
management program that includes requirements for:
     Leak repair for certain equipment that contain HFC 
refrigerants or their substitutes, as applicable,
     ALD systems,
     Use of reclaimed HFCs in certain RACHP subsectors,
     The fire suppression sector,
     Recovery of HFCs from cylinders, and
     Container tracking.
    Under subsection (h)(1), EPA is directed to promulgate certain 
regulations for ``purposes of maximizing the reclaiming and minimizing 
the release of a regulated substance from equipment and ensuring the 
safety of technicians and consumers.'' Subsection (h) further specifies 
that those regulations are to control, where appropriate, any practice, 
process, or activity regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or 
installation of equipment that involves: a regulated substance, a 
substitute for a regulated substance, the reclaiming of a regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant, or the reclaiming of a substitute for 
a regulated substance used as a refrigerant. Together, the proposed 
provisions as outlined above in this section and explained in greater 
detail in the relevant sections of this NPRM are aimed at achieving 
those three purposes described in subsection (h)(1) (i.e., (1) 
maximizing the reclaiming, (2) minimizing the release of a regulated 
substance from equipment, and (3) ensuring the safety of technicians 
and consumers), while also being consistent with the scope of 
regulatory authority under that provision. As EPA interprets the 
statutory text, the suite of regulations established under subsection 
(h)(1) of the Act, taken together, would be focused on serving these 
purposes, though the individual regulatory provisions under subsection 
(h)(1) need not each connect to all three purposes. This interpretation 
is integral to establishing an effective regulatory program, as some 
regulatory provisions that might be considered under (h)(1) may be 
highly efficacious at addressing one of the regulatory purposes but not 
address the other two, or alternatively, may be important to support 
the functioning of the regulatory program as a whole, but not be 
focused on any of the specific purposes. Accordingly, this 
understanding of the statutory text will support EPA's ability to 
develop regulations that work together to help achieve the statutory 
purposes.
    Together the provisions proposed in this action would serve the 
purposes described in (h)(1), with certain provisions more geared 
towards one or two of the purposes identified in subsection (h)(1). For 
example, the provisions related to leak repair as proposed in this 
action are directed at the purpose of minimizing the release of a 
regulated substance, but also help serve the purpose of maximizing the 
reclaiming of a regulated substance. Those proposed provisions would 
set requirements for when and how equipment must be serviced and leaks 
in equipment must be repaired. Taking these actions would minimize the 
release of regulated substances through such leaks, as the sooner a 
leak is found and repaired, the less HFC will be released from that 
leak. Further, by limiting the amount of regulated substances released 
from leaks in equipment, the opportunity to recover and subsequently 
reclaim these regulated substances increases. Thus, the proposed 
provisions related to leak repair also help serve the purpose of 
maximizing the reclaiming of regulated substances.
    Another example is the proposed provisions for the use of ALD 
systems which would help address the purposes articulated in subsection 
(h)(1) similarly. In general, ALD systems would alert an owner or 
operator of leaks in equipment sooner than discovering a leak due to 
decreased performance by the equipment. Identifying and repairing leaks 
sooner as a result of detecting the leak with an ALD system would 
further limit the amount of regulated substance released from the leak 
and maintain more of the regulated substance within the equipment, 
where it would be available for eventual recovery and reclamation.
    In addition to proposing requirements for the management of HFCs 
and substitutes, this proposal includes provisions designed to support 
enforcement and compliance, including recordkeeping and reporting. As 
noted earlier in this section, subsection (k)(1)(C) of the AIM Act 
states that CAA section 114 applies to the AIM Act and rules 
promulgated under it as if the AIM Act were included in CAA Title VI. 
Thus, CAA section 114, which provides authority to the EPA 
Administrator to require recordkeeping and reporting in carrying out 
provisions of the CAA, also applies to and supports this rulemaking. 
These provisions may be examples of provisions that are integral to 
establishing an effective regulatory program, and thus are important to 
the overall efficacy of the HFC management program at achieving the 
purposes

[[Page 72224]]

articulated in subsection (h)(1), even if they may be less directly 
connected to those purposes if viewed in isolation.
    In this action, we are also proposing alternative RCRA standards 
for spent ignitable refrigerants being recycled for reuse. These 
proposed standards would not be part of the regulations under 
subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act. Rather, this would involve regulatory 
changes to 40 CFR parts 261-271, and those changes are proposed under 
the authority of sections 2002, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3006, and 3010 
of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as amended by the Resource 
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), as amended by the 
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). This statute is 
commonly referred to as ``RCRA.''

III. Background

A. What are HFCs?

    HFCs are anthropogenic \12\ fluorinated chemicals that have no 
known natural sources. HFCs are used in a variety of applications such 
as refrigeration and air conditioning, foam blowing agents, solvents, 
aerosols, and fire suppression. HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) 
with 100-year GWPs (a measure of the relative climatic impact of a GHG) 
that can be hundreds to thousands of times more potent than 
CO2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ While the overwhelming majority of HFC production is 
intentional, EPA is aware that HFC-23 can be a byproduct associated 
with the production of other chemicals, including but not limited to 
hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    HFC use and emissions \13\ have been growing worldwide due to the 
global phaseout of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal 
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) 
and the increasing use of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment 
globally. HFC emissions had previously been projected to increase 
substantially over the next several decades. In 2016, in Kigali, 
Rwanda, countries agreed to adopt an amendment to the Montreal 
Protocol, known as the Kigali Amendment, which provides for a global 
phasedown of the production and consumption of HFCs. The United States 
ratified the Kigali Amendment on October 31, 2022. Global adherence to 
the Kigali Amendment would substantially reduce future emissions, 
leading to a peaking of HFC emissions before 2040.14 15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific 
Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022, GAW Report No. 278, 509 pp., 
WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2022. Available at: https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/Scientific-Assessment-of-Ozone-Depletion-2022.pdf.
    \14\ Ibid.
    \15\ A recent study estimated that global compliance with the 
Kigali Amendment is expected to lower 2050 annual emissions by 3.0-
4.4 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 
(MMTCO2e). Guus J.M. Velders et al. Projections of 
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming 
based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies. 
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6087-6101, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Atmospheric observations of most currently measured HFCs confirm 
their abundances are increasing at accelerating rates. Total emissions 
of HFCs increased by 19 percent from 2016 to 2020 and the four most 
abundant HFCs in the atmosphere, in GWP-weighted terms, are HFC-134a, 
HFC-125, HFC-23, and HFC-143a.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ WMO, 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2020, HFCs excluding HFC-23 accounted for a radiative forcing 
\17\ of 0.037 W/m\2\. This is an increase of nearly a third in total 
HFC forcing relative to 2016. This radiative forcing was projected to 
increase by an order of magnitude to 0.25 W/m\2\ by 2050.\18\ Full 
implementation of the Kigali Amendment is expected to reduce the future 
radiative forcing due to HFCs (excluding HFC-23) to 0.13 W/m\2\ in 
2050, which is a reduction of about 50 percent compared with the 
radiative forcing projected in the business-as-usual scenario of 
uncontrolled HFCs.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Radiative forcing is expressed in units of watts per square 
meter (W/m\2\) and is defined by the IPCC as ``a measure of the 
influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and 
outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of 
the importance of the factor as a potential climate change 
mechanism.'' IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. 
Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth 
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
[Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, 
Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/syr/.
    \18\ Guus J.M. Velders, David W. Fahey, John S. Daniel, Stephen 
O. Andersen, Mack McFarland, Future atmospheric abundances and 
climate forcings from scenarios of global and regional 
hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) emissions, Atmospheric Environment, 
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.071, 2015.
    \19\ Ibid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are hundreds of possible HFC compounds. The 18 HFCs listed as 
regulated substances by the AIM Act are some of the most commonly used 
HFCs (neat and in blends) and have high impacts as measured by the 
quantity of each substance emitted multiplied by their respective GWPs. 
These 18 HFCs are all saturated, meaning they have only single bonds 
between their atoms and therefore have longer atmospheric lifetimes.
    In the United States, HFCs are used primarily in refrigeration and 
air-conditioning equipment in homes, commercial buildings, and 
industrial operations (approximately 75 percent of total HFC use in 
2018) and in air conditioning in vehicles and refrigerated transport 
(approximately 8 percent). Smaller amounts are used in foam products 
(approximately 11 percent), aerosols (approximately 4 percent), fire 
protection systems (approximately 1 percent), and solvents 
(approximately 1 percent).\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Calculations based on EPA's Vintaging Model, which 
estimates the annual chemical emissions from industry sectors that 
historically used ODS, including refrigeration and air conditioning, 
foam blowing agents, solvents, aerosols, and fire suppression. The 
model uses information on the market size and growth for each end 
use, as well as a history and projections of the market transition 
from ODS to substitutes. The model tracks emissions of annual 
``vintages'' of new equipment that enter into operation by 
incorporating information on estimates of the quantity of equipment 
or products sold, serviced, and retired or converted each year, and 
the quantity of the compound required to manufacture, charge, and/or 
maintain the equipment. Additional information on these estimates is 
available in U.S. EPA, April 2016. EPA Report EPA-430-R-16-002. 
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2014. 
Available at: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2014.
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    EPA estimated in its final rule, Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 
55116, October 5, 2021) as updated under the final rule, Allowance 
Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later Years (``2024 Allocation 
Rule'') (88 FR 46836; July 20, 2023), that phasing down HFC production 
and consumption according to the schedule provided in the AIM Act will 
avoid cumulative consumption of 3,156 million metric tons of exchange 
value equivalent (MMTEVe) of HFCs in the United States for the years 
2022 through 2036. That estimate included both consumption as defined 
in 40 CFR 84.3--i.e., with respect to a regulated substance, bulk 
production plus bulk imports minus bulk exports--and, although not 
requiring AIM Act allowances, the amount in imported products 
containing a regulated substance, less the amount in exported products 
containing a regulated substance. Annual avoided consumption was 
estimated at 42 MMTCO2e in 2022 and 282 MMTCO2e 
in 2036. In order to calculate the climate benefits associated with 
consumption abatement, the consumption changes were expressed in terms 
of emissions reductions. EPA estimated that for the years 2022-2050, 
the HFC phasedown will avoid emissions of 4,560 MMTCO2e of 
HFCs in the United States. The annual avoided emissions are estimated 
at 22 MMTCO2e in the year 2022 and 171 MMTCO2e in 
2036. More information

[[Page 72225]]

regarding these estimates is provided in the Allocation Framework Rule 
RIA and the RIA addendum for the 2024 Allocation Rule, which can be 
found in the docket for this proposal.

B. How do HFCs affect public health and welfare?

    Elevated concentrations of GHGs including HFCs are and have been 
warming the planet, leading to changes in the Earth's climate including 
changes in the frequency and intensity of heat waves, precipitation, 
and extreme weather events; rising seas; and retreating snow and ice. 
The changes taking place in the atmosphere as a result of the well-
documented buildup of GHGs due to human activities are changing the 
climate at a pace and scale that threatens human health, society, and 
the natural environment. In this section, EPA is providing some 
scientific background on climate change to offer additional context for 
this rulemaking and to help the public understand the environmental 
impacts of GHGs such as HFCs.
    Extensive additional information on climate change is available in 
the scientific assessments and the EPA documents that are briefly 
described in this section, as well as in the technical and scientific 
information supporting them.
    One of those documents is EPA's 2009 Endangerment and Cause or 
Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under section 202(a) of the 
CAA (74 FR 66496, December 15, 2009).\21\ In the 2009 Endangerment 
Finding, the Administrator found under CAA section 202(a) that elevated 
atmospheric concentrations of six key well-mixed GHGs--CO2, 
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), HFCs, 
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)--
``may reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health and 
welfare of current and future generations'' (74 FR 66523, December 15, 
2009), and the science and observed changes have confirmed and 
strengthened the understanding and concerns regarding the climate risks 
considered in the Finding. The 2009 Endangerment Finding, together with 
the extensive scientific and technical evidence in the supporting 
record, documented that climate change caused by human emissions of 
GHGs (including HFCs) threatens the public health of the population of 
the United States. It explained that by raising average temperatures, 
climate change increases the likelihood of heat waves, which are 
associated with increased deaths and illnesses (74 FR 66497, December 
15, 2009). While climate change also likely reduces cold-related 
mortality, evidence indicates that the increases in heat mortality will 
be larger than the decreases in cold mortality in the United States (74 
FR 66525, December 15, 2009). The 2009 Endangerment Finding further 
explained that, compared with a future without climate change, climate 
change is expected to increase tropospheric ozone pollution over broad 
areas of the United States, including in the largest metropolitan areas 
with the worst tropospheric ozone problems, and thereby increase the 
risk of adverse effects on public health (74 FR 66525, December 15, 
2009). Climate change is also expected to cause more intense hurricanes 
and more frequent and intense storms of other types and heavy 
precipitation, with impacts on other areas of public health, such as 
the potential for increased deaths, injuries, infectious and waterborne 
diseases, and stress-related disorders (74 FR 66525, December 15, 
2009). Climate change is also expected to cause more intense hurricanes 
and more frequent and intense storms of other types and heavy 
precipitation, with impacts on other areas of public health, such as 
the potential for increased deaths, injuries, infectious and waterborne 
diseases, and stress-related disorders (74 FR 66525, December 15, 
2009). Children, the elderly, and the poor are among the most 
vulnerable to these climate-related health effects (74 FR 66498, 
December 15, 2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ In describing these 2009 Findings in this proposal, EPA is 
neither reopening nor revisiting them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 2009 Endangerment Finding also documented, together with the 
extensive scientific and technical evidence in the supporting record, 
that climate change touches nearly every aspect of public welfare \22\ 
in the United States, including: changes in water supply and quality 
due to increased frequency of drought and extreme rainfall events; 
increased risk of storm surge and flooding in coastal areas and land 
loss due to inundation; increases in peak electricity demand and risks 
to electricity infrastructure; predominantly negative consequences for 
biodiversity and the provisioning of ecosystem goods and services; and 
the potential for significant agricultural disruptions and crop 
failures (though offset to some extent by carbon fertilization). These 
impacts are also global and may exacerbate problems outside the United 
States that raise humanitarian, trade, and national security issues for 
the United States (74 FR 66530, December 15, 2009).
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    \22\ The CAA states in section 302(h) that ``[a]ll language 
referring to effects on welfare includes, but is not limited to, 
effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, manmade materials, 
animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate, damage to and 
deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation, as well as 
effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well-being, 
whether caused by transformation, conversion, or combination with 
other air pollutants.'' 42 U.S.C. 7602(h).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2016, the Administrator similarly issued Endangerment and Cause 
or Contribute Findings for GHG emissions from aircraft under CAA 
section 231(a)(2)(A)(81 FR 54422, August 15, 2016).\23\ In the 2016 
Endangerment Finding, the Administrator found that the body of 
scientific evidence amassed in the record for the 2009 Endangerment 
Finding compellingly supported a similar endangerment finding under CAA 
section 231(a)(2)(A) and also found that the science assessments 
released between the 2009 and the 2016 Findings ``strengthen and 
further support the judgment that GHGs in the atmosphere may reasonably 
be anticipated to endanger the public health and welfare of current and 
future generations'' (81 FR 54424, August 15, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ In describing these 2016 Findings in this proposal, EPA is 
neither reopening nor revisiting them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since the 2016 Endangerment Finding, the climate has continued to 
change, with new records being set for several climate indicators such 
as global average surface temperatures, GHG concentrations, and sea 
level rise. Moreover, heavy precipitation events have increased in the 
Eastern U.S. while agricultural and ecological drought has increased in 
the Western U.S. along with more intense and larger wildfires.\24\ 
These and other trends are examples of the risks discussed in the 2009 
and 2016 Endangerment Findings that have already been experienced. 
Additionally, major scientific assessments continue to demonstrate 
advances in our understanding of the climate system and the impacts 
that GHGs have on public health and welfare both for current and future 
generations. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 
Change's (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report, ``it is unequivocal that human 
influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and 
rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have 
occurred.'' \25\ These

[[Page 72226]]

updated observations and projections document the rapid rate of current 
and future climate change both globally and in the United 
States.26 27 28 29.
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    \24\ An additional resource for indicators can be found at 
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators.
    \25\ IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 
2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to 
the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on 
Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. 
Connors, C. Pe[acute]an, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, 
M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. 
Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelek[ccedil]i, R. Yu and B. Zhou 
(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press: 4.
    \26\ USGCRP, 2018: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United 
States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, 
D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. 
Maycock, and B.C. Stewart (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research 
Program, Washington, DC, USA, 1515 pp. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018. 
Available at: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov.
    \27\ IPCC, 2021.
    \28\ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 
2019. Climate Change and Ecosystems. Washington, DC: The National 
Academies Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17226/25504.
    \29\ NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 
Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2022, published online 
January 2023, retrieved on March 1, 2023 from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. What refrigerant management programs has EPA already established 
under the Clean Air Act?

    EPA is developing regulations that are designed to establish a 
comprehensive HFC management program that maximizes the reclaiming and 
minimizes the release of HFCs while coordinating these efforts with 
other similar programs. EPA has an extensive history under CAA Title VI 
regulating the sectors in which HFCs and substitutes are typically 
used, including where they are used as refrigerants and for other 
purposes. For example, EPA has regulated stationary refrigeration 
applications under CAA section 608, MVACs under CAA section 609, and 
has evaluated alternative substances for refrigeration, air 
conditioning, and other uses under the Significant New Alternatives 
Policy (SNAP) program under CAA section 612.
1. National Recycling and Emission Reduction Program (CAA Section 608)
    CAA section 608, titled ``National Recycling and Emission Reduction 
Program,'' has three main components. First, section 608(a) requires 
EPA to establish standards and requirements regarding the use and 
disposal of class I and class II substances.\30\ The second component, 
section 608(b), requires that the regulations issued pursuant to 
subsection (a) contain requirements for the safe disposal of class I 
and class II substances. The third component, section 608(c), prohibits 
the knowing venting, release, or disposal of ODS refrigerants \31\ and 
their substitutes \32\ in the course of maintaining, servicing, 
repairing, or disposing of appliances or industrial process 
refrigeration (IPR). EPA refers to this third component as the 
``venting prohibition.'' Section 608(c)(1) establishes the venting 
prohibition for ODS refrigerants effective July 1, 1992, and it 
includes an exemption from this prohibition for ``[d]e minimis releases 
associated with good faith attempts to recapture and recycle or safely 
dispose'' any such substance. Section 608(c)(2) extends 608(c)(1) to 
substitute refrigerants, effective November 15, 1995. Section 608(c)(2) 
also includes a provision that allows the Administrator to exempt a 
substitute refrigerant from the venting prohibition if he or she 
determines that such venting, release, or disposal of a substitute 
refrigerant ``does not pose a threat to the environment.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ A class I or class II substance is an ozone-depleting 
substance (ODS) listed at 40 CFR part 82, subpart A, appendix A or 
appendix B, respectively. This document refers to class I and class 
II substances collectively as ozone-depleting substances, or ODS.
    \31\ The term ``ODS refrigerant'' as used in this document 
refers to any refrigerant or refrigerant blend in which one or more 
of the components is a class I or class II substance.
    \32\ The term ``substitute'' for the purposes of the regulations 
under section 608 of the CAA is defined at 40 CFR 82.152.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA first issued regulations under CAA section 608 on May 14, 1993 
(58 FR 28660, ``1993 Rule''), to establish the national refrigerant 
management program for ODS refrigerants recovered during the service, 
repair, or disposal of air conditioning and refrigeration appliances. 
Since then, EPA has revised these regulations, which are found at 40 
CFR part 82, subpart F (``subpart F''), through subsequent rulemakings 
published between 1994 and 2020. Regulations issued under CAA section 
608 include, among other things, the venting prohibition and sales 
restrictions for refrigerants (40 CFR 82.154); safe disposal of 
appliances (40 CFR 82.155); proper practices for the evacuation of 
refrigerant from appliances (40 CFR 82.156); required practices for 
appliance maintenance and leak repair (40 CFR 82.157); standards for 
recovery and/or recycling equipment (40 CFR 82.158); technician and 
reclaimer certification requirements (40 CFR 82.161 and 82.164, 
respectively); and reporting and recordkeeping requirements (40 CFR 
82.166). Appendices A-E at 40 CFR part 82, subpart F provide, among 
other things, specifications for refrigerants, performance standards 
for refrigerant recovery, recycling, and/or reclaiming equipment, and 
standards for becoming a certifying program for technicians.
    As it pertains to regulations under section 608 of the CAA, EPA is 
using the term ``non-exempt substitute'' in this document to refer to 
substitute refrigerants that have not been exempted from the venting 
prohibition under CAA section 608(c)(2) and Sec.  82.154(a) in the 
relevant end-use. Similarly, the term ``exempt substitute'' refers to a 
substitute refrigerant that has been exempted from the venting 
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) and Sec.  82.154(a) in the relevant 
end-use. A few exempt substitutes have been exempted from the venting 
prohibition in all applications. Notably, in 2016, EPA published a rule 
(81 FR 82272, November 18, 2016) updating existing refrigerant 
management requirements and extending the full set of the subpart F 
refrigerant management requirements, which prior to that rule applied 
only to ODS refrigerants,\33\ to non-exempt substitute refrigerants, 
such as HFCs and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs). Among the subpart F 
requirements extended to non-exempt substitute refrigerants in the 2016 
CAA section 608 Rule were provisions that restrict the servicing of 
appliances and the sale of refrigerant to certified technicians, 
specify the proper evacuation levels before opening an appliance, 
require the use of certified refrigerant recovery and/or recycling 
equipment, require that refrigerant be recovered from appliances prior 
to disposal, require that appliances have a servicing aperture or 
process stub to facilitate refrigerant recovery, require that 
refrigerant reclaimers be certified to reclaim and sell used 
refrigerant, and establish standards for technician certification 
programs, recovery equipment, and established technical standards for 
the purity of reclaimed refrigerant. The 2016 CAA section 608 Rule also 
extended the appliance maintenance and leak repair provisions, 
currently codified at 40 CFR 82.157, to appliances that contain 50 or 
more pounds of non-exempt substitute refrigerant. The 2016 CAA section 
608 Rule additionally made numerous revisions to improve the efficacy 
of the refrigerant management program as a whole, such as revisions of 
regulatory provisions for increased clarity and readability, and 
removal of provisions that had become obsolete.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ The only 40 CFR part 82, subpart F requirements that 
applied to substitute refrigerants prior to the 2016 CAA section 608 
Rule were the venting prohibition and certain exemptions from that 
prohibition, as set forth in Sec.  82.154(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA reviewed the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule, focusing in particular 
on whether the Agency had the statutory authority to extend the full 
set of

[[Page 72227]]

subpart F refrigerant management regulations to non-exempt substitute 
refrigerants, such as HFCs and HFOs. In 2018, EPA proposed to withdraw 
the extension of the provisions of 40 CFR 82.157 to appliances using 
only non-exempt substitute refrigerants.\34\ (83 FR 49332, October 1, 
2018). In 2020, EPA published a final rule (85 FR 14150, March 11, 
2020) withdrawing only the extension of the leak repair requirements--
including requirements for repairing leaks, conducting leak 
inspections, and keeping applicable records--for appliances containing 
only such substitute refrigerants. Other subpart F provisions that were 
extended to substitute refrigerants in the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule, 
as mentioned above, were left in place for appliances containing only 
ODS substitute refrigerants. There were no changes to any of the 
regulatory requirements for ODS in the 2020 CAA section 608 Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Ozone-depleting refrigerants and appliances that contain or 
use any amount of ODS continue to be subject to all applicable 
subpart F requirements, including those in 40 CFR 82.157.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Petitions for judicial review were filed on the 2016 CAA section 
608 Rule and separately on the 2020 CAA section 608 Rule. Two industry 
coalitions, National Environmental Development Association's Clean Air 
Project (NEDA/CAP) and the Air Permitting Forum (APF), filed petitions 
for judicial review of the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule in the U.S. Court 
of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) in 2017. 
APF also filed an administrative petition for reconsideration before 
EPA regarding the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule.\35\ In 2020, the Natural 
Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and a group of state and municipal 
petitioners \36\ filed petitions for judicial review of the 2020 CAA 
section 608 Rule in the D.C. Circuit. NEDA/CAP also filed an 
administrative petition before EPA regarding the 2020 CAA section 608 
Rule, which is styled as a petition for reconsideration or in the 
alternative a petition for rulemaking.\37\ These four petitions for 
review were all consolidated under Case No. 20-1150 (D.C. Cir.) in July 
of 2020, and in August of 2020 the court severed four issues raised in 
NEDA/CAP and APF's administrative petitions for reconsideration and 
assigned them to a different case (Case No. 20-1309, D.C. Cir.). Both 
cases are now being held in abeyance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ APF Petition for Reconsideration, January 2017, available: 
https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0453-0228.
    \36\ The state and municipal petitioners are the State of New 
York, State of Connecticut, State of Illinois, State of Maine, State 
of Maryland, State of Minnesota, State of New Jersey, State of 
Oregon, Commonwealth of Virginia, State of Washington, District of 
Columbia, and City of New York.
    \37\ NEDA/CAP Petitions for Reconsideration/Petition for 
Rulemaking, May 2020, available: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0629-0345.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On January 20, 2021, President Biden issued an ``Executive Order on 
Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to 
Tackle the Climate Crisis,'' which directed review of certain agency 
actions taken between January 20, 2017, and January 20, 2021. Exec. 
Order No. 13,990, 86 FR 7037 (Jan. 20, 2021). The 2020 CAA section 608 
Rule was one of the actions subject to review under this Executive 
Order. In light of both EPA's review of the 2020 CAA section 608 Rule 
consistent with the Executive Order and the Agency's consideration of 
subsection (h) of the AIM Act, EPA has decided to initiate a rulemaking 
that, among other things, would involve evaluating the application of 
leak repair requirements to appliances using HFCs and substitute 
refrigerants under subsection (h). Because this proposed action is 
rooted in EPA's authority under the AIM Act, EPA is not reopening or 
otherwise addressing the question of its authority for such 
requirements under the CAA in this proposal.
2. Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Servicing Program (CAA Section 609)
    CAA section 609 directs EPA to issue regulations establishing 
standards and requirements for the servicing of MVACs. For purposes of 
the regulations implementing CAA section 609, ``motor vehicle air 
conditioners'' \38\ is defined at 40 CFR 82.32(d) as mechanical vapor 
compression refrigeration equipment used to cool the driver's or 
passenger's compartment of any motor vehicle. This definition further 
states that it is not intended to encompass certain hermetically sealed 
refrigeration systems used on motor vehicles for refrigerated cargo and 
the air conditioning systems on passenger buses. For purposes of the 
section 609 regulations, motor vehicle is defined at 40 CFR 82.32(c) as 
any vehicle which is self-propelled and designed for transporting 
persons or property on a street or highway, including but not limited 
to passenger cars, light-duty vehicles, and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles. 
This definition further provides that it does not include a vehicle 
where final assembly of the vehicle has not been completed by the 
original equipment manufacturer (OEM).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ A related definition for ``MVAC-like appliance'' is found 
at 40 CFR 82.152: MVAC-like appliance means a mechanical vapor 
compression, open-drive compressor appliance with a full charge of 
20 pounds or less of refrigerant used to cool the driver's or 
passenger's compartment of off-road vehicles or equipment. This 
includes, but is not limited to, the air-conditioning equipment 
found on agricultural or construction vehicles. This definition is 
not intended to cover appliances using R-22 refrigerant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under CAA section 609 and regulations that implement it, no person 
repairing or servicing motor vehicles for consideration (e.g., payment 
or bartering) may perform any service on an MVAC that involves the 
refrigerant \39\ without properly using approved refrigerant recovery 
or recovery and recycling equipment, and no such person may perform 
such service for consideration unless such person has been properly 
trained and certified. Section 609 also contains restrictions on the 
sale or distribution, or offer for sale or distribution, of class I and 
class II substances suitable for use as a refrigerant in MVACs in 
containers of less than 20 pounds, except to a person performing 
service for consideration on MVAC systems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ Section 609(b)(1) defines the term ``refrigerant,'' ``[a]s 
used in this section'', to mean ``any class I or class II substance 
used in a motor vehicle air conditioner. Effective 5 years after 
November 15, 1990, the term `refrigerant' shall also include any 
substitute substance.'' EPA's implementing regulations include a 
parallel definition of this term at 40 CFR 82.32(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regulations issued under CAA section 609, codified at 40 CFR part 
82, subpart B, include, among other things, prohibited and required 
practices for persons repairing and servicing MVACs for consideration 
(40 CFR 82.34); requirements for refrigerant handling equipment (40 CFR 
82.36); approval processes for independent standards testing 
organizations (40 CFR 82.38); requirements for certifications that any 
person servicing or repairing MVACs for consideration must submit to 
EPA, and related recordkeeping requirements (40 CFR 82.42). Appendices 
A-F at 40 CFR part 82, subpart B, provide minimum operating 
requirements for equipment used for the recovery, recycling and/or 
recharging of refrigerant used in MVACs.
    In 1992, EPA published a rule (57 FR 31242, July 14, 1992) under 
CAA section 609 establishing standards and requirements for servicing 
of MVACs and restricting the sale of small containers of ODS. The 
regulations, which appear in 40 CFR part 82, subpart B, require persons 
who repair or service MVACs for consideration to be certified in 
refrigerant recovery and recycling and to properly use approved 
equipment when performing service involving the refrigerant. Consistent 
with the definition in CAA section 609(b)(1), ``refrigerant'' is 
defined in

[[Page 72228]]

subpart B as any class I or class II substance used in MVACs, and to 
include any substitute substance effective November 15, 1995. The 1992 
CAA section 609 Rule also defined approved refrigerant recycling 
equipment as equipment certified by the Administrator or an approved 
organization as meeting either one of the standards in 40 CFR 82.36. 
Such equipment extracts and recycles refrigerant or extracts but does 
not recycle refrigerant, allowing that refrigerant to be subsequently 
recycled on-site or to be sent off-site for reclamation.\40\ EPA based 
the regulatory equipment standards in subpart B on those developed by 
SAE. They cover service procedures for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12 
or R-12) recover/recycle equipment (SAE J1989, issued in October 1989), 
test procedures to evaluate R-12 recover/recycle equipment (SAE J1990, 
issued in October 1989 and revised in 1991) and a purity standard for 
recycled R-12 refrigerant (SAE J1991, issued in October 1989). Only 
equipment certified to meet the standards set forth in appendix A at 40 
CFR part 82, subpart B, or that meet the criteria for substantially 
identical equipment, was approved under CAA section 609 for use in the 
servicing of MVACs at that time.
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    \40\ Equipment that extracts and recycles refrigerant is 
referred to as recover/recycle equipment. Equipment that extracts 
but does not recycle refrigerant is referred to as equipment that 
recovers but does not recycle refrigerant, or as recover-only 
equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA issued another rule under CAA section 609 in 1997 (62 FR 68026, 
December 30, 1997) in response to the increasing use of substitute 
refrigerants, particularly 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a or R-
134a). The 1997 CAA section 609 Rule established standards and 
requirements for the servicing of MVACs that use any refrigerant other 
than R-12. The rule also stated that refrigerant (whether R-12 or a 
substitute) recovered from motor vehicles at motor vehicle disposal 
facilities may be re-used in the MVAC service sector only if it has 
been properly recovered and recycled by persons who are either 
employees, owners, or operators of the facilities, or technicians 
certified under CAA section 609, using approved equipment. This differs 
from the rules established under CAA section 608, in which no person 
may sell or distribute, or offer for sale or distribution, used 
refrigerant (including both ODS and non-exempt substitutes such as 
HFCs) unless it has first been reclaimed by a certified reclaimer (40 
CFR 82.154(d)). The 1997 CAA section 609 Rule also established 
conditions under which owners and operators of motor vehicle disposal 
facilities may sell refrigerant recovered from such vehicles to 
technicians certified under CAA section 609.
3. Significant New Alternatives Policy Program (CAA Section 612)
    EPA identifies and evaluates substitutes for ODS in certain 
industrial sectors, including RACHP; aerosols; and foams. To a very 
large extent, HFCs are used in the same sectors and subsectors as where 
ODS historically have been used. Under SNAP, EPA evaluates 
acceptability of substitutes for ODS based primarily on the potential 
human health and environmental risks, relative to other substances used 
for the same purpose. In so doing, EPA assesses atmospheric effects 
such as ozone depletion potential (ODP) and GWP, exposure assessments, 
toxicity data, flammability, and other environmental impacts. This 
assessment could take a wide range of forms, such as a theoretical 
evaluation of the properties of the substitute, a computer simulation 
of the substitute's performance in the sector or subsector, lab-scale 
(table-top) evaluations of the substitute, or equipment tests under 
various conditions.

IV. How is EPA proposing to regulate the management of HFCs and their 
substitutes?

    As described in the following sections, EPA is proposing to 
establish a program for the management of HFCs under subsection (h) of 
the AIM Act that includes requirements regarding several topics, 
including leak repair requirements for certain refrigerant-containing 
appliances and use of ALD systems for certain equipment; use of 
reclaimed HFCs in certain sectors or subsectors for the initial charge 
or installation of equipment and for servicing and/or repair of 
existing equipment; the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
fire suppression equipment that contains HFCs, as well as requirements 
related to technician training in the fire suppression sector; recovery 
of HFCs from cylinders; and container tracking for HFCs that could be 
used in the servicing, repair, and/or installation of equipment. EPA 
intends for the proposed provisions for these topics to be able to 
stand independently from one another and has designed them accordingly. 
For example, the proposed leak repair requirements for refrigerant-
containing appliances are designed to operate independently from the 
proposed requirements for servicing, repair, disposal, or installation 
of fire suppression equipment.

A. What definitions is EPA proposing to implement under subsection (h)?

    The Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55116, October 5, 2021) 
established regulatory definitions at 40 CFR part 84, subpart A 
(``subpart A'') to implement the framework for, and begin the 
regulatory phasedown of, HFCs under the AIM Act, and EPA has finalized 
certain revisions to the definitions section of subpart A at 40 CFR 
84.3 (see 88 FR at 46836, July 20, 2023).\41\ The proposed Technology 
Transitions Rule (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022) would establish 
additional regulatory definitions in 40 CFR part 84, subpart B 
(``subpart B'') as part of its first proposed rulemaking related to 
implementing subsection (i) of the AIM Act, entitled ``Technology 
Transitions''. EPA anticipates that any final Technology Transitions 
rule under subsection (i) would be available in the docket for that 
action. To maintain consistency, except as otherwise explained in this 
proposal, EPA generally intends to use terms in this proposal, and in 
the new subpart C which is to be established by this rule, as they are 
defined in subpart A. Thus, for terms not defined in this subpart but 
that are defined in subpart A (40 CFR 84.3), the definitions in 40 CFR 
84.3 would apply. Although EPA has not yet finalized the regulatory 
definitions that would apply under the Technology Transitions program, 
we also anticipate considering any regulatory definitions that may be 
finalized at subpart B as we are developing this rulemaking under 
subsection (h) of the AIM Act in an effort to promote consistency where 
appropriate. Accordingly, we anticipate that for terms that are not 
defined in subparts A or C, but that are defined in subpart B, the 
subpart B definitions would apply under the new subpart C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ The proposed revisions in 40 CFR 84.3 are described in 
EPA's proposed Allowance Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later 
Years rule, which was published on October 21, 2022 (87 FR 66372). 
This rulemaking focuses on the second phase of the HFC phasedown 
and, among other things, proposes to establish the allocation 
methodology for the ``general pool'' of HFC production and 
consumption allowances for 2024 through 2028. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/proposed-rule-allowance-allocation-methodology-2024-and-later-years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA welcomes comment on all definitions proposed in this action and 
in particular, whether it should adopt different definitions for any of 
the terms defined in subpart A or proposed to be defined in subpart B 
for purposes of this rulemaking under subsection (h) of the AIM Act. 
While EPA is seeking

[[Page 72229]]

comment on the definitions as proposed for the new subpart C, in this 
rulemaking, the Agency is not reopening, taking comment, or proposing 
to modify the definitions as finalized in subpart A or those proposed 
under subpart B. The Agency also welcomes comment on the terms that are 
newly defined for this proposed rule under subsection (h) as well as if 
there are any additional definitions that are needed to ensure a common 
understanding of terminology.
1. Which definitions is EPA proposing to adopt that parallel 
definitions in 40 CFR 82.152?
    EPA is proposing to adopt definitions for the following terms that 
are similar to the definitions for the same terms used in 40 CFR 
82.152, which includes definitions implementing section 608 of the CAA, 
with only limited changes as are needed to conform with the AIM Act or 
this proposed action. EPA is proposing to use this approach for these 
previously defined terms because they are used in the same or 
substantially similar manner as in 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. 
Specifically, 40 CFR 82.152 includes definitions implementing section 
608 in CAA Title VI, which is relevant to HFC management. As noted in 
section III.A. of this proposal, HFCs were intentionally developed to 
replace class I and class II ODS and are used in the same applications. 
The approach EPA is proposing to implement subsection (h) of the AIM 
Act is informed by the Agency's experience with CAA Title VI. For 
example, EPA's current regulations under section 608 of the CAA require 
certain refrigerant management practices by reclaimers, those who buy 
or sell refrigerant, technicians, owners and operators of refrigerant-
containing appliances, and others. Because many in the regulated 
community are subject to both the AIM Act and CAA section 608, 
maintaining the same or similar definitions, where consistent with AIM 
Act requirements, would provide consistency to those that have been 
using and are familiar with these terms from CAA section 608 
regulations. Because EPA's authority under the AIM Act extends beyond 
the sectors covered by the regulations at 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, 
where it is necessary for clarity, EPA is specifying where these 
definitions specifically apply to the terms as they refer to 
refrigerant-containing appliances.
    Comfort cooling means the refrigerant-containing appliances used 
for air conditioning to provide cooling in order to control heat and/or 
humidity in occupied facilities including but not limited to 
residential, office, and commercial buildings. Comfort cooling 
appliances include but are not limited to chillers, commercial split 
systems, and packaged roof-top units.
    Commercial refrigeration means the refrigerant-containing 
appliances used in the retail food and cold storage warehouse 
subsectors. Retail food appliances include the refrigeration equipment 
found in supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants and other food 
service establishments. Cold storage includes the refrigeration 
equipment used to store meat, produce, dairy products, and other 
perishable goods.
    Component, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means a part of the refrigerant circuit within an appliance including, 
but not limited to, compressors, condensers, evaporators, receivers, 
and all of its connections and subassemblies.
    Custom-built means that the industrial process refrigeration 
equipment or any of its components cannot be purchased and/or installed 
without being uniquely designed, fabricated and/or assembled to satisfy 
a specific set of industrial process conditions.
    Disposal, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the process leading to and including:
    (1) The discharge, deposit, dumping or placing of any discarded 
refrigerant-containing appliance into or on any land or water;
    (2) The disassembly of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
discharge, deposit, dumping or placing of its discarded component parts 
into or on any land or water;
    (3) The vandalism of any refrigerant-containing appliance such that 
the refrigerant is released into the environment or would be released 
into the environment if it had not been recovered prior to the 
destructive activity;
    (4) The disassembly of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
reuse of its component parts; or
    (5) The recycling of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
scrap.
    As with all the proposed definitions, this proposed definition of 
``disposal,'' as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, is 
limited to how the term is would be used in 40 CFR part 84 subpart C.
    Follow-up verification test, as it relates to a refrigerant-
containing appliance, means those tests that involve checking the 
repairs to an appliance after a successful initial verification test 
and after the appliance has returned to normal operating 
characteristics and conditions to verify that the repairs were 
successful. Potential methods for follow-up verification tests include, 
but are not limited to, the use of soap bubbles as appropriate, 
electronic or ultrasonic leak detectors, pressure or vacuum tests, 
fluorescent dye and black light, infrared or near infrared tests, and 
handheld gas detection devices.
    Full charge, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the amount of refrigerant required for normal operating 
characteristics and conditions of the appliance as determined by using 
one or a combination of the following four methods:
    (1) Use of the equipment manufacturer's determination of the full 
charge;
    (2) Use of appropriate calculations based on component sizes, 
density of refrigerant, volume of piping, and other relevant 
considerations;
    (3) Use of actual measurements of the amount of refrigerant added 
to or evacuated from the appliance, including for seasonal variances; 
and/or
    (4) Use of an established range based on the best available data 
regarding the normal operating characteristics and conditions for the 
appliance, where the midpoint of the range will serve as the full 
charge.
    Industrial process refrigeration means complex customized 
refrigerant-containing appliances that are directly linked to the 
processes used in, for example, the chemical, pharmaceutical, 
petrochemical, and manufacturing industries. This sector also includes 
industrial ice machines, appliances used directly in the generation of 
electricity, and ice rinks. Where one appliance is used for both 
industrial process refrigeration and other applications, it will be 
considered industrial process refrigeration equipment if 50 percent or 
more of its operating capacity is used for industrial process 
refrigeration.
    Initial verification test, as it relates to a refrigerant-
containing appliance, means those leak tests that are conducted after 
the repair is finished to verify that a leak or leaks have been 
repaired before refrigerant is added back to the appliance.
    Leak rate, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the rate at which an appliance is losing refrigerant, measured 
between refrigerant charges. The leak rate is expressed in terms of the 
percentage of the appliance's full charge that would be lost over a 12-
month period if the current rate of loss were to continue over that 
period. The rate must be calculated using one of the following methods. 
The same method

[[Page 72230]]

must be used for all appliances subject to the leak repair requirements 
located at an operating facility.
    (1) Annualizing Method.
    (i) Step 1. Take the number of pounds of refrigerant added to the 
appliance to return it to a full charge, whether in one addition or if 
multiple additions related to same leak, and divide it by the number of 
pounds of refrigerant the appliance normally contains at full charge;
    (ii) Step 2. Take the shorter of the number of days that have 
passed since the last day refrigerant was added or 365 days and divide 
that number by 365 days;
    (iii) Step 3. Take the number calculated in Step 1 and divide it by 
the number calculated in Step 2; and
    (iv) Step 4. Multiply the number calculated in Step 3 by 100 to 
calculate a percentage. This method is summarized in the following 
formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.000

    (2) Rolling Average Method.
    (i) Step 1. Take the sum of the pounds of refrigerant added to the 
appliance over the previous 365-day period (or over the period that has 
passed since the last successful follow-up verification test showing 
all identified leaks in the appliance were repaired, if that period is 
less than one year);
    (ii) Step 2. Divide the result of Step 1 by the pounds of 
refrigerant the appliance normally contains at full charge; and
    (iii) Step 3. Multiply the result of Step 2 by 100 to obtain a 
percentage. This method is summarized in the following formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.001

    As discussed in section IV.C.4. of this proposal, EPA is clarifying 
that owner/operators that wish to preemptively repair leaks and then 
run the leak rate calculation once refrigerant has been added to the 
repaired appliance for the follow-up verification test may do so, 
assuming all applicable time windows are adhered to. Additionally, 
owner/operators may use the amount of refrigerant lost in lieu of the 
amount of refrigerant added to run the leak rate calculation prior to 
adding refrigerant if they have a valid method of determining the 
amount of refrigerant lost (e.g., evacuating the appliance and 
comparing the amount of refrigerant evacuated to the full charge).
    Mothball, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means to evacuate refrigerant from an appliance, or the affected 
isolated section or component of an appliance, to at least atmospheric 
pressure, and to temporarily shut down that appliance.
    MVAC-like appliance means a mechanical vapor compression, open-
drive compressor refrigerant-containing appliance with a full charge of 
20 pounds or less of refrigerant used to cool the driver's or 
passenger's compartment of off-road vehicles or equipment. This 
includes, but is not limited to, the air-conditioning equipment found 
on agricultural or construction vehicles. This definition is intended 
to have the same meaning as defined in 40 CFR 82.152.
    This proposed definition deviates slightly from the definition of 
``MVAC-like appliance'' at 40 CFR 82.152 to conform to the AIM Act 
grant of authority. As noted, this definition is intended to have the 
same meaning as defined 40 CFR 82.152.
    Normal operating characteristics and conditions, as it relates to a 
refrigerant-containing appliance, means appliance operating 
temperatures, pressures, fluid flows, speeds, and other 
characteristics, including full charge of the appliance, that would be 
expected for a given process load and ambient condition during normal 
operation. Normal operating characteristics and conditions are marked 
by the absence of atypical conditions affecting the operation of the 
appliance.
    Refrigerant circuit, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the parts of an appliance that are normally connected 
to each other (or are separated only by internal valves) and are 
designed to contain refrigerant.
    Retire, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, means 
the removal of the refrigerant and the disassembly or impairment of the 
refrigerant circuit such that the appliance as a whole is rendered 
unusable by any person in the future.
    Seasonal variance, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the removal of refrigerant from an appliance due to a 
change in ambient conditions caused by a change in season, followed by 
the subsequent addition of an amount that is less than or equal to the 
amount of refrigerant removed in the prior change in season, where both 
the removal and addition of refrigerant occurs within one consecutive 
12-month period.
    Technician, as it relates to any person who works with refrigerant-
containing appliances, means any person who in the course of servicing, 
repair, or installation of a refrigerant-containing appliance (except 
MVACs) could be reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the 
refrigerant circuit and therefore release refrigerants into the 
environment. Technician also means any person who, in the course of 
disposal of a refrigerant-containing appliance (except small appliances 
as defined in 40 CFR 82.152, MVACs, and MVAC-like appliances), could be 
reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the refrigerant circuit 
and therefore release refrigerants from the appliances into the 
environment. Activities reasonably expected to violate

[[Page 72231]]

the integrity of the refrigerant circuit include but are not limited 
to: Attaching or detaching hoses and gauges to and from the appliance; 
adding or removing refrigerant; adding or removing components; and 
cutting the refrigerant line. Activities such as painting the 
appliance, rewiring an external electrical circuit, replacing 
insulation on a length of pipe, or tightening nuts and bolts are not 
reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the refrigerant 
circuit. Activities conducted on refrigerant-containing appliances that 
have been properly evacuated pursuant to Sec.  82.156 are not 
reasonably expected to release refrigerants unless the activity 
includes adding refrigerant to the appliance. Technicians could include 
but are not limited to installers, contractor employees, in-house 
service personnel, and owners and/or operators of refrigerant-
containing appliances. This proposed definition deviates slightly from 
the definition of ``technician'' at 40 CFR 82.152 to conform to the AIM 
Act grant of authority. EPA is also proposing a definition of 
``certified technician'' to make it clear that persons certified per 40 
CFR 82.161 are considered ``certified technicians'' for the purposes of 
these regulations. In section VIII. of this preamble, EPA is taking 
advanced comment on considerations for a future rulemaking on 
technician training.
2. Which definitions is EPA proposing to adopt that parallel 
definitions in 40 CFR 82.32?
    EPA is proposing to adopt definitions for the following defined 
terms that are similar to the definitions used in 40 CFR 82.32 with 
limited changes as are needed to conform with the AIM Act or this 
proposal. EPA is proposing this approach for these defined terms 
because they are used in the same or substantially similar manner as in 
40 CFR part 82, subpart B--Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners 
under the CAA. Section 609 in Title VI of the CAA is relevant to 
refrigerant management, as it directs EPA to establish standards and 
requirements regarding the servicing of MVACs. For example, under CAA 
section 609 and regulations that implement it, no person repairing or 
servicing motor vehicles for consideration (e.g., payment or bartering) 
may perform any service on an MVAC that involves the refrigerant 
without properly using approved refrigerant recovery or recovery and 
recycling equipment, and no such person may perform such service for 
consideration unless such person has been properly trained and 
certified. Because many within the regulated community are subject to 
both the AIM Act and CAA section 609, maintaining the same definitions, 
where consistent with AIM Act requirements, would provide consistency 
to those that have been using and are familiar with these terms from 
section 609. EPA welcomes comment on whether any of these terms should 
be further updated or modified for purposes of this rulemaking under 
subsection (h) of the AIM Act.
    Motor vehicle as used in this subpart means any vehicle which is 
self-propelled and designed for transporting persons or property on a 
street or highway, including but not limited to passenger cars, light-
duty vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles. This definition does not 
include a vehicle where final assembly of the vehicle has not been 
completed by the original equipment manufacturer.
    Motor vehicle air conditioners (MVAC) means mechanical vapor 
compression refrigerant-containing appliances used to cool the driver's 
or passenger's compartment of any motor vehicle. This definition is 
intended to have the same meaning as defined in 40 CFR 82.32.
3. What other definitions is EPA proposing to adopt?
    EPA is also proposing to establish definitions for new terms that 
are applicable only under 40 CFR part 84, subpart C, and do not have a 
counterpart in the definitions under 40 CFR part 84, subpart A and that 
we do not anticipate will have a counterpart in any definitions that 
may be finalized in subpart B. The definitions that EPA is proposing to 
include in 40 CFR 84.102 for application to 40 CFR part 84, subpart C 
are as follows:
    Certified technician means a technician that has been certified per 
the provisions at 40 CFR 82.161.
    Equipment means any device that contains, uses, detects or is 
otherwise connected or associated with a regulated substance or 
substitute for a regulated substance, including any refrigerant-
containing appliance, component, or system.
    Fire suppression equipment means any device that is connected to or 
associated with a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated 
substance, including blends and mixtures, consisting in part or whole 
of a regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance, and 
that is used for fire suppression purposes. This term includes any such 
equipment, component, or system. This term does not include mission-
critical military end uses and systems used in deployable and 
expeditionary situations. This term also does not include space 
vehicles as defined in 40 CFR 84.3.
    EPA is proposing to explicitly state that the definition of ``fire 
suppression equipment'' for purposes of subsection (h) does not include 
mission-critical military end uses and systems used in deployable and 
expeditionary applications, as well as space vehicles. This proposed 
exclusion is based on EPA's understanding that there are situations in 
which the unique design and use of mission-critical military end uses 
and systems used in deployable and expeditionary situations and space 
vehicles make it impossible to recover fire suppression agent during 
the service, repair, disposal, or installation of the equipment.
    Fire suppression technician means any person who in the course of 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of fire suppression 
equipment could be reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the 
fire suppression equipment and therefore release fire suppressants into 
the environment.
    Installation means the process of setting up equipment for use, 
which may include steps such as completing the refrigerant circuit, 
including charging equipment with a regulated substance or substitute 
for a regulated substance, or connecting cylinders containing a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance to a 
total flooding fire suppression system, such that the equipment can 
function and is ready for use for its intended purpose.
    This definition of ``installation'' for purposes of subsection (h) 
is different from how the term is used in the definitions in the 
proposed Technology Transitions Rule (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022). 
Specifically, the definition for ``manufacture'' in that proposed rule 
covers the installation of certain appliances in certain subsectors 
(e.g., commercial refrigeration and IPR). In discussing the definition 
for ``manufacture'' in that proposed rule, EPA described that for these 
types of appliances, complex installation processes may be required, 
and the appliance is typically manufactured and field-charged with 
refrigerant on-site. Further, appliances such as these that are field 
charged or have the refrigerant circuit completed on-site are 
considered manufactured at the point when installation of all the 
components and other parts are completed, and the appliance is fully 
charged with refrigerant and able to operate. For purposes of the 
proposed Technology Transitions Rule (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022), 
the installation

[[Page 72232]]

date of such equipment is relevant to the proposed GWP limit-based 
restriction and compliance date for the applicable subsector(s).
    The types of installations covered under the proposed definition of 
``manufacture'' in the proposed Technology Transitions Rule (87 FR 
76738, December 15, 2022) would be included in the proposed definition 
of ``installation'' in this proposal under subsection (h), and other 
types of installation would also be included in the definition included 
in this proposal. EPA is proposing a broad definition of 
``installation'' under subsection (h) in order to ensure that the 
Agency's implementation of subsection (h)(1) encompasses the practices, 
processes or activities that are relevant to the installation of 
equipment that would be regulated under this proposal.
    Leak inspection, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the examination of an appliance to detect and 
determine the location of refrigerant leaks. Potential methods include, 
but are not limited to, ultrasonic tests, gas-imaging cameras, bubble 
tests as appropriate, or the use of a leak detection device operated 
and maintained according to manufacturer guidelines. Methods that 
determine whether the appliance is leaking refrigerant but not the 
location of a leak, such as standing pressure/vacuum decay tests, sight 
glass checks, viewing receiver levels, pressure checks, and charging 
charts, must be used in conjunction with methods that can determine the 
location of a leak.
    This definition generally aligns with the corresponding definition 
at 40 CFR 82.152, except EPA is proposing to add the ``detect and'' 
language. In EPA's view, including ``detect and'' clarifies that a leak 
inspection is not just to determine the precise location of a known 
leak, but also to detect additional leaks that may be contributing to a 
leak rate exceedance.
    Owner or operator means any person who owns, leases, operates, or 
controls any equipment, or who controls or supervises any practice, 
process, or activity that is subject to any requirement pursuant to 
this subpart.
    Recover means the process by which a regulated substance, or where 
applicable, a substitute for a regulated substance, is removed, in any 
condition, from equipment; and stored in an external container, with or 
without testing or processing the regulated substance or substitute for 
a regulated substance.
    In the regulations implementing under subsection (h), EPA is 
proposing to define the term ``recover'' as it is defined in subsection 
(b)(10) of the AIM Act for HFCs and to extend the regulatory definition 
to substitutes for HFCs. The term ``recover'' is defined in the AIM Act 
at subsection (b)(10) as ``the process by which a regulated substance'' 
is ``removed, in any condition, from equipment'' and ``stored in an 
external container, with or without testing or processing the regulated 
substance.'' EPA is proposing to include that the term recover also 
apply to substitutes for regulated substances in these regulations to 
support implementation of subsection (h)(1), which authorizes certain 
regulations involving substitutes for regulated substitutes. 
Substitutes for regulated substances are used in the same applications 
and often the same equipment as the regulated substances that they are 
being used in place of. Thus, recovering the substitute for a regulated 
substance would also occur, as appropriate, during the servicing, 
repair, or disposal of equipment and could be addressed by regulations 
under subsection (h)(1). Thus, including substitutes for regulated 
substances in the regulatory definition of ``recover'' provides clarity 
and supports application of these regulations to both regulated 
substances and their substitutes.
    Recycling, when referring to fire suppression or fire suppressants, 
means the testing and/or reprocessing of regulated substances used in 
the fire suppression sector to certain purity standards.
    Refrigerant, for purposes of this subpart, means any substance, 
including blends and mixtures, consisting in part or whole of a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance that is 
used for heat transfer purposes, including those that provide a cooling 
effect.
    Refrigerant-containing appliance means any device that contains and 
uses a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated substance as a 
refrigerant including any air conditioner, motor vehicle air 
conditioner, refrigerator, chiller, or freezer. For a system with 
multiple circuits, each independent circuit is considered a separate 
appliance.
    As the terms ``appliance'' and ``refrigerant-containing appliance'' 
are not defined terms under the AIM Act, the regulatory definition will 
provide clarity as to what types of equipment would be subject to 
certain proposed requirements. EPA intends this term to be a subset of 
the broader category of ``equipment'' subject to subsection (h) of the 
AIM Act. EPA notes that this proposed definition differs from the 
definition of ``appliance'' under section 608 of the CAA. Sections 601 
and 608 of the CAA specified that an appliance ``is used for household 
or commercial purposes,'' and that phrase also appears in the 
definition of ``appliance'' in 40 CFR 82.152. The AIM Act has no 
analogous provision. Accordingly, EPA is not proposing to include that 
phrase in defining ``refrigerant-containing appliance'' for purposes of 
implementing subsection (h). In keeping with the application of Title 
VI of the CAA (e.g., under sections 608 and 612), EPA is defining a 
``refrigerant-containing appliance'' to consist of an independent 
circuit. The independent circuit provides the desired cooling or 
heating effect, typically consisting of a compressor, condenser, 
evaporator, and metering device in an enclosed refrigerant loop. EPA 
notes that a given piece of equipment could contain multiple 
independent circuits and thus be considered as multiple, separate 
``refrigerant-containing appliances.'' For instance, some food retail 
cases have been made with multiple independent circuits, each one 
containing the maximum 150-gram charge limit of propane, thus allowing 
a single case to address a higher refrigeration load. Also, some 
household refrigerator-freezers have been produced with two independent 
circuits, one handling the refrigerator and another the freezer.
    Refrigerant-containing equipment means equipment as defined in this 
subpart that contains, uses, or is otherwise connected or associated 
with a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated substance that 
is used as a refrigerant. This definition includes refrigerant-
containing components, refrigerant-containing appliances, and MVAC-like 
appliances. This term does not include mission-critical military end 
uses and systems used in deployable and expeditionary situations. This 
term also does not include space vehicles as defined in 40 CFR 84.3.
    EPA is proposing to explicitly state that the definition of 
``refrigerant-containing equipment'' under subsection (h) does not 
include mission-critical military end uses and systems used in 
deployable and expeditionary applications, as well as space vehicles. 
This proposed exclusion is based on EPA's understanding that there are 
situations in which the unique design and use of mission-critical 
military end uses and systems used in deployable and expeditionary 
situations and space vehicles make it impossible to recover refrigerant 
during the service, repair, disposal, or installation of the equipment. 
Likewise, requiring adherence to the leak repair and other

[[Page 72233]]

proposed provisions for refrigerant-containing equipment in this 
proposal in an active military zone of engagement, including systems 
used in deployable and expeditionary situations, could lessen the 
military effectiveness of the equipment. Likewise, requiring leak 
repair and other provisions in this proposal for such equipment in 
space vehicles could lessen their effectiveness.
    Repackager means an entity who transfers regulated substances, 
either alone or in a blend, from one container to another container 
prior to sale or distribution or offer for sale or distribution. An 
entity that services system cylinders for use in fire suppression 
equipment and returns the same regulated substances to the same system 
cylinder it was recovered from after the system cylinder is serviced is 
not a repackager.
    Repair, for purposes of this subpart and as it relates to a 
particular leak in a refrigerant-containing appliance, means making 
adjustments or other alterations to that refrigerant-containing 
appliance that have the effect of stopping leakage of refrigerant from 
that particular leak.
    Reprocess means using procedures, such as filtering, drying, 
distillation and other chemical procedures to remove impurities from a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance.
    Retrofit, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means to convert an appliance from one refrigerant to another 
refrigerant. Retrofitting includes the conversion of the appliance to 
achieve system compatibility with the new refrigerant and may include, 
but is not limited to, changes in lubricants, gaskets, filters, driers, 
valves, o-rings or appliance components. Retrofits required under this 
subpart shall be done to a refrigerant with a lower global warming 
potential. EPA is proposing this definition as similar to the parallel 
definition in 40 CFR 82.152, with an additional provision requiring 
that retrofits performed for compliance with this rulemaking must 
involve switching to a lower GWP refrigerant. EPA is proposing to 
include this provision as part of this definition for the purposes of 
this action so that if an owner or operator chooses to retrofit a 
refrigerant-containing appliance in lieu of repairing a leak, the 
retrofit must use a refrigerant that is a lower GWP in the original 
equipment. One implication of including this provision would be that if 
there are cases in which switching to a lower GWP refrigerant is not an 
option (e.g., for reasons such as safety considerations or a 
refrigerant with a lower GWP is not suitable for use in a particular 
refrigerant-containing appliance), a retrofit would not be available as 
a compliance option for the particular refrigerant-containing 
appliance. Additional detail on the requirements of performing a 
retrofit and developing a retrofit plan can be found in section 
IV.C.3.f. of this preamble.
    Stationary refrigerant-containing equipment means refrigerant-
containing equipment, as defined in this subpart, that is not a motor 
vehicle air conditioner or MVAC-like appliance, as defined in this 
subpart.
    Substitute for a regulated substance means a substance that can be 
used in equipment in the same or similar applications as a regulated 
substance, to serve the same or a similar purpose, including but not 
limited to a substance used as a refrigerant in a refrigerant-
containing appliance or as a fire suppressant in fire suppression 
equipment, provided that the substance is not a regulated substance or 
an ozone-depleting substance.
    EPA is proposing for the purposes of this action to define a 
substitute for a regulated substance to make clear that substitutes in 
this rulemaking would not include regulated substances or ozone-
depleting substances. Examples of a substitute for a regulated 
substance include but are not limited to HFOs, hydrocarbons (e.g., 
propane, isobutane), ammonia (NH4), and CO2. A 
substitute for a regulated substance may be used neat or in a blend. 
Subsection (h) includes authority for EPA to develop regulations 
involving regulated substances and substitutes for regulated 
substances. Specifically, subsection (h)(1) expressly provides that EPA 
is to promulgate certain regulations involving a regulated substance, a 
substitute for a regulated substance, the reclaiming of a regulated 
substance as a refrigerant, or the reclaiming of a substitute for a 
regulated substance as a refrigerant. EPA acknowledges that this 
definition of ``substitute for a regulated substance'' differs from the 
definition of the similar term, ``substitute'' \42\ in the proposed 
Technology Transitions Rule (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022). EPA is 
proposing this definition for purposes of implementing subsection (h), 
because specifying that substitutes for a regulated substance are only 
those substances that do not contain HFCs will draw a distinction that 
is helpful for certain provisions in this proposal, as EPA is proposing 
to control certain practices, processes, or activities as they relate 
to regulated substances differently from compared to how they relate to 
substitutes for regulated substances. As EPA has noted in the Executive 
Summary at section I.A., the terms ``HFC'' and ``regulated substance'' 
are used interchangeably in this preamble. Similarly, throughout this 
preamble, EPA notes that the term ``substitute for an HFC'' may be used 
interchangeably with ``substitute for a regulated substance'' in this 
preamble.
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    \42\ The proposed definition for substitute in the proposed 
Technology Transitions rule is: ``any substance, product, or 
alternative manufacturing process, whether existing or new, that is 
used, or intended for use, in a sector or subsector with a lower 
global warming potential than the regulated substance, whether neat 
or used in a blend, to which a use restriction would apply.'' (See 
87 FR 76738, 76754, December 15, 2022). EPA further notes that it 
has not made final decisions for the Technology Transitions rule.
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    Virgin regulated substance means any regulated substance that has 
not had any bona fide use in equipment except for those regulated 
substances contained in the heel or the residue of a container that has 
bona fide use in the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment.
    EPA is proposing to add this definition of ``virgin regulated 
substance'' to make it clear that introduction of a regulated substance 
to equipment, such as a refrigerant-containing appliance or fire 
suppression equipment, solely to convert the regulated substance to 
``used'' regulated substance in order to circumvent the intended 
requirements of this proposal is not permissible. This scenario, where 
regulated substance is charged to equipment, such as a refrigerant-
containing appliance or fire suppression equipment, and recovered 
without any bona fide use, was brought to EPA's attention by 
stakeholders including during public stakeholder meetings as the agency 
developed this proposal.\43\ A regulated substance that has had no bona 
fide use in equipment would be considered a virgin regulated substance 
unless it was from the heel or residue of a container that did have a 
bona fide use in the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ EPA held stakeholder meetings for public input on November 
9, 2022 and March 16, 2023 as well as solicited feedback through a 
webinar for the EPA GreenChill Partnership program on April 12, 
2023.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Which sectors and subsectors is EPA considering addressing under 
subsection (h)?

    Subsection (h) of the AIM Act provides EPA authority to promulgate 
regulations to control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or 
activity related to the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment that involves HFCs or their substitutes, or the reclaiming of 
HFCs or their substitutes used as refrigerants. EPA

[[Page 72234]]

interprets this provision to include authority to regulate, as 
appropriate, practices, processes, or activities related to any sector, 
subsector, or application where a regulated substance or a substitute 
for a regulated substance is used in equipment. Regulated substances 
and their substitutes are typically used in the RACHP sector as a 
refrigerant in a vapor compression cycle to cool and/or dehumidify a 
substance or space, like a refrigerator cabinet, room, office building, 
or warehouse. Regulated substances and/or their substitutes may also be 
used in other sectors, subsectors, or applications, such as aerosols, 
fire suppression, solvent cleaning, foam blowing, and others. However, 
as noted in section II.B. of this proposal, subsection (h)(4) expressly 
provides that any rulemaking under subsection (h) shall not apply to a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance that is 
contained in a foam. Thus, EPA is not proposing any requirements for 
regulated substances or their substitutes when they are contained in 
foams in this proposal. Accordingly, EPA interprets its authority under 
subsection (h) to include promulgating regulations that control the 
types of practices, processes, or activities identified in subsection 
(h)(1) in any of those sectors, subsectors, or applications, with the 
limitation that we do not interpret our regulatory authority under 
subsection (h) to extend to HFCs or substitutes for HFCs when they are 
contained in foams.
    EPA is proposing requirements for equipment in certain sectors or 
subsectors as described in sections IV.C.-F. of this preamble. While 
EPA interprets subsection (h) to provide authority that could be 
applied to practices, processes, or activities related to equipment 
across a broad range of sectors, subsectors, or applications that 
involve regulated substances and/or their substitutes, at this time EPA 
is focusing on certain sectors and subsectors in the requirements 
proposed in the rulemaking. In future rulemakings, EPA may consider 
establishing requirements for equipment in other sectors, subsectors, 
or applications that involve regulated substances and/or their 
substitutes. The relevant sections of this preamble describe the 
requirements that EPA is proposing for equipment in certain sectors and 
subsectors and how EPA understands these sectors and subsectors as 
relevant for these proposed requirements.
    Where EPA is proposing requirements for certain sectors or 
subsectors, we intend to be consistent with how those sectors or 
subsectors are understood under other provisions of the AIM Act and/or 
CAA Title VI that address the same sector or subsector, such as 
subsection (i) of the AIM Act, through the Technology Transitions 
program. EPA issued a proposed Technology Transition rulemaking on 
December 15, 2022 (87 FR 76738) which provides additional detail on 
many of the same sectors and subsectors for which we are proposing 
certain requirements under subsection (h). Although EPA has not yet 
made final decisions regarding those sectors or subsectors under 
subsection (i) of the AIM Act, we also anticipate considering how those 
sectors or subsectors are addressed in the final Technology Transitions 
rulemaking in developing this rulemaking under subsection (h) of the 
AIM Act.
    EPA is proposing certain provisions, as described later in this 
preamble, for certain equipment in applicable subsectors within the 
RACHP sector in this action. Such subsectors within the RACHP sector 
include: residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat 
pumps; cold storage warehouses; IPR; stand-alone retail food 
refrigeration; supermarket systems; refrigerated transport; and 
automatic commercial ice makers. EPA is also proposing certain 
provisions for equipment in the fire suppression sector, as described 
later in this preamble. Not all provisions proposed in this rulemaking 
would apply to each of the sectors and subsectors identified here. For 
example, EPA is proposing certain requirements for the use of reclaimed 
HFCs in residential and light commercial AC and heat pumps. However, 
EPA is proposing to exempt residential and light commercial AC and heat 
pump equipment in the universe of refrigerant-containing appliances 
subject to proposed leak repair requirements. Additional detail can be 
found in section IV.C.2. of this preamble.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposed rule. 
Where EPA is proposing requirements for equipment in certain sectors 
and subsectors, EPA is providing additional detail noting specific 
areas for which we are seeking comment.

C. How is EPA proposing to address leak repair?

1. Background
    As noted above, subsection (h) of the AIM Act includes provisions 
focused on the management of regulated substances. Specifically, 
subsection (h)(1) directs EPA, for ``purposes of maximizing reclaiming 
and minimizing the release of a regulated substance from equipment and 
ensuring the safety of technicians and consumers,'' to ``promulgate 
regulations to control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or 
activity regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment (including requiring, where appropriate, that any such 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation be performed by a trained 
technician meeting minimum standards, as determined by the 
Administrator) that involves'': ``a regulated substance''; ``a 
substitute for a regulated substance''; ``the reclaiming of a regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant''; or ``the reclaiming of a substitute 
for a regulated substance used as a refrigerant.''
    Among other things, EPA interprets its regulatory authority under 
subsection (h)(1) to include authority to establish requirements 
related to the detection, prevention, and repair of leaks for equipment 
containing HFCs or substitutes for HFCs (whether the equipment uses the 
HFC or substitute for an HFC neat or in a blend with other substances). 
EPA understands the statutory phrase ``regulations to control . . . any 
practice, process, or activity'' as including authority for rules 
governing both the manner in which a practice, process, or activity 
occurs (e.g., standards that must be met, timing of the process or 
activity, etc.), as well as rules requiring that a practice, process, 
or activity be undertaken. Regulations establishing requirements for 
leak prevention, detection, and repair would control practices, 
processes, and activities regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or 
installation of equipment. For example, detecting and fixing leaks in 
equipment would be considered an activity regarding the servicing or 
repair of equipment. Similarly, leak prevention and/or inspection and 
repair practices, processes, or activities would be conducted regarding 
the servicing and/or repair of equipment.
    The requirements proposed in this rulemaking also relate to the 
statutory purposes identified in subsection (h)(1). Requirements 
related to the detection, inspection, repair, and prevention of leaks 
for equipment containing HFCs (whether used neat or in a blend) or 
their substitutes would serve the statutory purpose of minimizing the 
release of regulated substances from equipment. For example, leak 
detection, inspection, and repair requirements help minimize such 
releases because the sooner a leak is found and repaired, the less HFC 
will be released. Further, leak prevention requirements would minimize 
HFC releases by avoiding potential leaks in the first place. 
Additionally, regulations establishing

[[Page 72235]]

requirements for leak prevention, detection, and repair would also 
further the statutory purpose of maximizing the reclamation of 
regulated substances by reducing the amount of HFC released from 
equipment and thus increasing the amount of HFC that is available to be 
recovered and reclaimed. Any regulated substance used in equipment that 
is released through leaks and escapes to the atmosphere reduces the 
amount of HFC remaining in the equipment that could otherwise be 
recovered and reclaimed for further use.
    Further, as the phasedown of the production and consumption of HFCs 
as required by the AIM Act progresses, reclaimed HFCs will play a key 
role in the amount of available HFCs for equipment that will continue 
to use HFCs (e.g., for servicing). Reclaimed HFCs will also be 
important in avoiding potential economic disruption that could be 
associated with the scarcity of virgin HFCs as well as avoid stranding 
existing equipment that will need to be serviced using HFCs. Generally, 
overall refrigerant management in appliances helps to maintain the 
health of the appliances. This can be crucial for refrigerant-
containing appliances in the RACHP subsectors that are relevant to 
handling food products, such as supermarket systems, refrigerated 
transport, and other food retail subsectors where the intended function 
is to ensure food products are maintained at appropriate temperatures 
to avoid spoilage and food waste. In 2021, 344,000 tons of food were 
lost in the United States due to equipment issues in the retail and 
food service subsectors.\44\ Successful repair of leaks and avoiding 
leaks are a few ways to help ensure that these appliances are operating 
efficiently and as intended and can help to avoid unnecessary food 
waste.
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    \44\ ReFED, Insights Engine Food Waste Monitor, May 2023, 
available at: https://insights-engine.refed.org/food-waste-monitor?view=overview&year=2021.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In considering requirements related to leak prevention, detection, 
and repair under subsection (h) of the AIM Act, EPA further notes that 
subsection (h)(3) expressly provides that EPA may coordinate 
regulations promulgated to carry out subsection (h) with any other 
regulations promulgated by EPA that involve the same or a similar 
practice, process, or activity regarding the servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation of equipment, or reclaiming. Accordingly, the 
Agency considered various potential approaches to coordinating the 
proposed regulations under subsection (h) related to leak prevention, 
detection, and repair with regulations previously promulgated under CAA 
section 608, given they relate to the same or similar practices, 
processes, or activities for refrigerant-containing appliances 
containing ODS. In particular, during the development of this NPRM, EPA 
considered the requirements at 40 CFR 82.157.
    As noted in the background section of this preamble at section 
III.C.1., all provisions in 40 CFR part 82, subpart F except leak 
repair currently apply to appliances containing ODS substitutes 
including regulated HFCs used neatly or in blends. EPA is not proposing 
any requirements duplicative of those in this action. However, EPA is 
proposing to establish leak repair requirements for refrigerant-
containing appliances using HFCs and/or substitutes for HFCs.
    As described in the definitions section of this proposal at section 
IV.A.3., EPA is proposing to define ``equipment'' as including 
appliances. In the context of subsection (h), EPA considers that 
appliances would be a subset within the broader category of equipment. 
EPA has also proposed to define ``refrigerant-containing appliance'' in 
section IV.A.3. In this action, the Agency generally refers to the 
proposed leak repair requirements as applying to refrigerant-containing 
appliances. In the context of the proposed leak repair requirements, 
appliances are considered types of equipment that are used in 
subsectors within the RACHP sector. EPA is proposing leak repair 
provisions for certain refrigerant-containing appliances with a 
refrigerant that contains HFCs or certain substitutes for HFCs (whether 
the equipment uses the HFC or certain substitutes for an HFC neat or in 
a blend with other substances) under subsection (h) of the AIM Act. If 
finalized, these regulations would be codified at 40 CFR part 84.106.
2. Scope of the Proposed Leak Repair Requirements
    EPA is proposing leak repair requirements for certain refrigerant-
containing appliances containing HFC (whether used neat or in a blend) 
or certain HFC substitute refrigerants under subsection (h) of the AIM 
Act. These requirements are being proposed as part of implementing 
subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as these provisions would control 
practices, processes, or activities regarding servicing or repair of 
appliances, which are a type of equipment, and would involve a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance. The 
requirements proposed are similar to leak repair provisions for 
appliances containing an ODS refrigerant found at 40 CFR 82.157,\45\ 
but are not identical. In particular, EPA is proposing to apply the 
leak repair requirements under subsection (h) of the AIM Act to 
appliances containing HFCs or certain substitutes for HFCs with lower 
charge sizes. Where EPA is proposing to require the same or similar 
practice, process or activity for applicable appliances containing HFC 
or substitutes for HFCs as is required under 40 CFR 82.157 for 
appliances containing an ODS refrigerant, EPA is proposing to adopt 
regulatory text under 40 CFR part 84, where appropriate, that is 
consistent with the parallel provision in 40 CFR 82.157. Where the 
proposed requirements are different, the regulatory text will differ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ In this proposed rulemaking, EPA is not reopening the leak 
repair requirements at 40 CFR 82.157 or proposing any changes to 
them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Appliances containing which refrigerants would be subject to the 
proposed leak repair requirements?
    EPA is proposing to include HFCs (including blends that contain 
HFCs) and certain substitutes for HFCs under the provisions related to 
leak repair under subsection (h) of the AIM Act. As noted previously, 
HFCs are potent GHGs with GWPs that can be hundreds to thousands of 
times more potent than CO2. As noted in the background 
section of this preamble (section III.A), global HFC use and emissions 
have been increasing since the ODS phaseout and their increasing use in 
RACHP equipment.\46\ Provisions related to leak repair for equipment 
that use HFCs and their substitutes are critical to mitigating 
emissions of HFCs and meeting the purpose stated in subsection (h)(1) 
of the AIM Act to minimize releases of regulated substances from 
equipment. As mentioned, the AIM Act includes a list of 18 HFCs as 
regulated substances and provides authority for the Administrator to 
add additional HFCs if certain criteria are met, including that the GWP 
of the substance is above 53.\47\ Certain substitutes for HFCs have 
GWPs that are below that of the lowest GWP of a substance that EPA 
could list as a regulated substance under subsection (c)(3)(A)(i)(II) 
of the AIM Act (i.e., a GWP of greater than 53). EPA is proposing to 
apply the leak repair requirements to refrigerant-containing appliances 
containing an HFC

[[Page 72236]]

refrigerant or a substitute for HFC refrigerants that have a GWP above 
53 (whether the HFC or substitute for an HFC is used neat or in a 
blend). EPA is proposing this cutoff for the leak repair provisions; 
however, other provisions in this proposal would apply to any 
substitute for an HFC without any GWP threshold, unless otherwise 
specified.
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    \46\ WMO, 2022.
    \47\ Subsection (c)(3)(A) provides the criteria by which the 
Administrator may designate a substance not included in the list of 
regulated substances in subsection (c)(1); these criteria include 
that the substance must be a chemical substance that is a saturated 
hydrofluorocarbon and have an exchange value (i.e., GWP) greater 
than 53.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In subsection (h) of the AIM Act, Congress directed EPA to control, 
where appropriate, any practice, process, or activity regarding the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment involving 
HFCs or their substitutes. EPA is proposing that for the leak repair 
provisions under subsection (h), it is appropriate at this time to only 
address substitutes for HFCs (whether used neat or in a blend) with 
GWPs that are greater than the cutoff Congress provided for listing new 
regulated substances (i.e., a GWP of 53). The agency notes that 
currently the vast majority of HFC refrigerants and refrigerant blends 
containing HFCs in equipment have much higher GWPs, often 20 to 50, or 
even more than 75 times as high as this cutoff. EPA acknowledges that 
over time the refrigerant market is likely to shift, and that this 
proposal is based on the current and near-term anticipated market for 
equipment that contains HFCs and substitutes for HFCs. Thus, we view it 
as appropriate to focus the proposed leak repair requirements on HFCs 
and substitutes for HFCs with GWPs above 53 in this rulemaking, whether 
the HFC or substitute is used neat or in a refrigerant blend. We 
further note that EPA may in a future rulemaking consider establishing 
leak repair requirements for substitutes for HFCs and blends containing 
substitutes for HFCs with a GWP at or below 53. For example, if EPA 
becomes aware of concerns related to this limitation as the refrigerant 
market shifts to lower GWP substitutes for HFCs, EPA could consider 
revisiting this requirement.
    To determine whether an appliance containing a substitute for a 
regulated substance is required to comply with the proposed leak repair 
provisions, EPA is proposing to adopt the similar process for 
determining the GWP of regulated substances and/or their substitutes as 
described in the proposed Technology Transitions Rule (87 FR 76738, 
76750, December 15, 2022). The GWP of a regulated substance would use 
the GWP as related to the exchange value listed in subsection (c) of 
the AIM Act and codified as appendix A to 40 CFR part 84.\48\ For the 
GWP of substitutes for regulated substances, EPA is proposing to use 
IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 100-year GWPs wherever possible 
given they are numerically the same as the exchange values in the AIM 
Act and because EPA considers such an approach to be less complicated. 
For hydrocarbons listed in Table 2-15 of AR4, EPA is proposing to use 
the net GWP value. For substances for which no GWP is provided in AR4, 
EPA is proposing to use the 100-year GWP listed in World Meteorological 
Organization (WMO) 2022.\49\ For any substance not listed in either of 
these sources, EPA is proposing to use the GWP of the substance in 
Table A-1 to 40 CFR part 98, as it exists on a specified date, such as 
the date any final rule based on this proposal is published in the 
Federal Register, if such substance is specifically listed in that 
table. EPA is aware of two potential substitutes for regulated 
substances that might be addressed by the proposed requirements that 
are not listed in these three sources, trans-dichloroethylene (HCO-
1130(E)) and HCFO-1224yd(Z) and is proposing to set these GWPs to be 
five \50\ and one,\51\ respectively, for the purposes of this proposal. 
For any other substance not listed in the above three source documents, 
EPA is proposing that the default GWPs as shown in Table A-1 to 40 CFR 
part 98, as it exists on a specified date, such as the date any final 
rule based on this proposal is published in the Federal Register, shall 
be used. In the event that the hierarchy outlined in this section does 
not provide a GWP (i.e., the substance in question is not listed in the 
three documents, is not one of the two for which EPA is proposing GWPs, 
is not listed in Table A-1 to 40 CFR part 98 and does not fit within 
any of the default GWPs provided in Table A-1 to 40 CFR part 98), EPA 
is proposing to use a GWP of zero. In any case where a GWP value is 
preceded with a less than (<), very less than (<<), greater than (>), 
approximately (~), or similar symbol in the source document, which is 
used to determine the GWP, EPA is proposing that the value shown shall 
be used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ EPA noted in section III.A. of this preamble that the 
exchange values for the regulated HFCs listed in subsection (c) of 
the AIM Act are numerically identical to the 100-year GWPs of each 
substance, as given in the Errata to Table 2.14 of the IPCC's Fourth 
Assessment Report (AR4) and Annexes A, C, and F of the Montreal 
Protocol. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/ar4-wg1-errata.pdf.
    \49\ WMO, 2022.
    \50\ 81 FR 32244 (May 23, 2016).
    \51\ 84 FR 64766 (November 25, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applying the proposed provisions related to leak repair under 
subsection (h) to HFC substitutes with a GWP greater than 53, but not 
those with a GWP at or below 53, would result in certain lower GWP 
refrigerants (e.g., single component HFO refrigerants) that are covered 
by the venting prohibition at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1) to be excluded from 
coverage under the proposed subsection (h) leak repair provisions, as 
they have a GWP lower than 53. The proposed leak repair requirements 
would still apply where any substitute for an HFC is a component in a 
refrigerant blend that contains an HFC or another substitute for an HFC 
with a GWP above 53. This would be true even if one or more of the 
components of the refrigerant blend is a substitute for an HFC that is 
exempted from the venting prohibition under 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1). In 
describing the practical effects of our proposed approach, we are not 
reopening, taking comment on, or proposing to modify any regulatory 
provisions in 40 CFR part 82 in this NPRM.
    In the case that a refrigerant-containing appliance uses a 
refrigerant blend that contains an ODS and an HFC or a substitute for 
an HFC with a GWP above 53, EPA is proposing that the owner or operator 
of such appliance be required to simultaneously meet the leak repair 
provisions promulgated under CAA section 608 at 40 CFR 82.157 and the 
proposed provisions in this action, to the extent that they are 
applicable. EPA notes that many of the provisions in this proposed 
action are similar to those in 40 CFR 82.157, which should help 
alleviate any concerns about duplicative requirements. However, the 
provisions proposed in this NPRM (as described in the following 
section) would apply to refrigerant-containing appliances with a charge 
size of 15 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53. The requirements at 40 CFR 
82.157 apply to appliances containing an ODS with a charge size at or 
above 50 pounds. If such appliances use a refrigerant that also 
contains an HFC or an HFC substitute that has a GWP above 53, they 
would be required to meet the leak repair requirements proposed in this 
NPRM, to ensure that the requirements applicable to the HFCs and HFC 
substitutes are also met. An appliance with a charge size of 15 pounds 
or greater containing a refrigerant blend that was made up of ODS and 
an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 would also be 
required to meet the proposed provisions in this action, as a way of 
ensuring that the requirements that apply to the HFCs or certain 
substitutes for HFCs contained in the equipment

[[Page 72237]]

are met. However, because these appliances would not meet the charge 
size threshold under 40 CFR 82.157, those requirements would not apply 
even though they contain ODS refrigerants.
    EPA intends for the leak repair requirements in this proposal to be 
sufficiently consistent with the requirements at 40 CFR 82.157 such 
that both sets of requirements could be met for refrigerant-containing 
appliances that use a refrigerant blend containing an ODS and an HFC or 
a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 and that have full charge 
of 50 or more pounds of refrigerant. EPA requests comment on whether 
there is an impediment to a refrigerant containing-appliance 
simultaneously complying with both sets of requirements.
    Leak repair provisions for appliances containing HFCs and certain 
substitutes for HFCs as refrigerants as proposed in this document 
should minimize emissions. EPA describes emission reductions in the 
draft TSD titled Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the 
Proposed Rule and in in section VI. of this proposal.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal. In 
particular, EPA is seeking comment on the use of a GWP cutoff to apply 
the proposed leak repair requirements to equipment containing an HFC or 
a substitute for an HFC as a refrigerant, used neat or in blends. EPA 
also seeks comment on using a GWP above 53 as the cutoff, including, 
for example, comments on whether EPA should consider a lower GWP 
cutoff.
b. Appliances with what charge size would be subject to the proposed 
leak repair requirements?
    EPA is proposing to apply the leak repair requirements under 
subsection (h) of the AIM Act to refrigerant-containing appliances with 
a charge size of 15 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains an 
HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53, with specific 
exemptions. This is a lower threshold than the threshold for the leak 
repair requirements established under CAA section 608, as the leak 
repair provisions at 40 CFR 82.157 apply to appliances containing 50 or 
more pounds of ODS refrigerant, a threshold that was established in 
1993. EPA is aware of technological achievements that, in many cases, 
have resulted in smaller charge sizes for cooling loads. For example, 
microchannel heat exchangers are one such technology used to reduce 
refrigerant charge size in equipment. Equipment using different 
refrigerants may also have a lower charge size; for example, in air 
conditioning equipment, the refrigerant charge size for HFC-32 is 
approximately 10-20 percent less than that of R-410A.\52\ As another 
example, EPA also understands that in certain cases, remodels or 
expansions of supermarket systems can increase capacity while not 
increasing the refrigerant charge size (i.e., effectively using a lower 
refrigerant charge for a greater cooling capacity). Such a scenario 
could be achieved by remodeling with display cases that operate at a 
higher evaporator temperature to maintain product temperatures without 
changing the intended purpose of the refrigeration system.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps Technical 
Options Committee 2018 Assessment Report, Technical and Economic 
Assessment Panel, UNEP, February 2019. Available at: https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/RTOC-assessment-report-2018_0.pdf.
    \53\ See 80 FR 42903, July 20, 2015.
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    EPA is proposing a lower threshold because applying the 
requirements to more equipment is expected to reduce HFC releases from 
equipment and because avoided releases of HFCs from leaks would 
increase the amount of HFCs that would be available for recovery and 
reclamation. The AIM Act provides a schedule for a phasedown of HFCs, 
as opposed to the phaseout directed for ODS under the CAA. Therefore, 
there may be the continued introduction of HFC-containing equipment 
indefinitely which is a notable difference from the CAA. As described 
more fully in section II.B. of this proposal, subsection (h)(1) of the 
AIM Act tasks the Agency with promulgating certain regulations, where 
appropriate, for certain purposes, including minimizing the release of 
regulated substances from equipment and maximizing the reclamation of 
regulated substances. EPA interprets the phrase ``where appropriate'' 
in subsection (h)(1) to provide it discretion to reasonably determine 
how the regulations under subsection (h)(1) will apply, including by 
making determinations about the charge size threshold of equipment that 
would be subject to the leak repair requirements. Consistent with its 
statutory authority, EPA is proposing to use a lower threshold than the 
50-pound threshold for ODS-containing appliances under 40 CFR 82.157 
for the leak repair requirements to further serve these purposes.
    By proposing that the applicable charge size for appliances with a 
refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
greater than 53 to be 15 pounds or more of refrigerant, with certain 
exemptions, the universe of affected appliances covered by the leak 
repair requirements under subsection (h) would be expanded as compared 
to the universe of appliances containing ODS refrigerants and subject 
to the leak repair requirements provisions at 40 CFR 82.157. For 
example, an applicable charge size of 15 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant that contains an HFC or substitute refrigerant with a GWP 
above 53 is expected to cover certain appliances in the following 
subsectors which are typically below the 50-pound threshold under 40 
CFR 82.157 and thus not subject to those provisions:
     Train air conditioning;
     Passenger buses (e.g., school, coach, transit, and trolley 
buses); \54\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ ``Bus'' is defined at 40 CFR 1037.801 and means ``a heavy-
duty vehicle designed to carry more than 15 passengers. Buses may 
include coach buses, school buses, and urban transit buses.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Refrigerated transport--rail;
     Large retail food remote condensing units (e.g., cold 
rooms in supermarkets); and
     Large commercial unitary air conditioning (e.g., a system 
for a mid-sized office building).
    EPA is proposing a 15-pound or more refrigerant charge size for 
appliances subject to the subsection (h) leak repair requirements based 
in part on consideration of an analysis of equipment in applications 
where HFCs or their substitutes are currently being used as a 
refrigerant and where they are expected to be used in the coming years. 
EPA conducted an analysis using the Vintaging Model to estimate stocks 
of refrigerants used in equipment of varying charge sizes. The 
Vintaging Model tracks the transition from ODS to substitutes including 
HFCs by modeling the total pieces of equipment and average charge 
sizes--which could vary over time based on vintage and the ODS or 
substitute used--from five sectors to over 60 subsectors. Doing so 
allows us to bin the pieces of equipment and total refrigerant in 
equipment by charge size. A current snapshot of the model's estimates 
of the installed stock of refrigerants that are HFCs and their 
substitutes (excluding ODS refrigerants) in 2025 shows that 
approximately 39 percent of refrigerants (on a weighted CO2e 
basis) are used in appliances with a charge size above 50 pounds. An 
additional 22 percent of installed stock are within appliances 
containing between 15 and 50 pounds of refrigerant. In evaluating 
potential sources where leak repair could be efficacious at reducing 
releases of refrigerant from equipment and changes

[[Page 72238]]

in the RACHP market and aftermarket over the past few decades, EPA 
finds it appropriate to propose a threshold of 15 pounds as the 
applicable charge size of appliances that would need to comply with 
leak repair requirements. As a general matter, EPA is proposing 15 
pounds as the appropriate charge size threshold because at less than 15 
pounds these appliances are significantly more likely to be 
hermetically sealed and thus less prone to leak, and because appliances 
with less than 15 pounds are also more likely to be replaced rather 
than repaired.
    EPA assessed other refrigerant charge sizes for appliances to cover 
in the proposed leak provisions. EPA is considering higher alternative 
thresholds for charge sizes such as 30 pounds and 50 pounds, as well as 
lower alternative thresholds, such as 5 pounds. For information on the 
estimated costs and emissions reductions of the various charge size 
thresholds, please refer to Appendix F of the draft TSD titled Analysis 
of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule in the docket 
for this action. As a general matter, EPA considered the statutory 
purposes in subsection (h)(1) to maximize the reclaiming and minimize 
the releases of regulated substances from equipment when setting the 
threshold for appliances covered for the leak repair requirements. 
These purposes guided EPA's considerations in exploring different 
charge sizes; however, subsection (h)(1) states for EPA to consider 
promulgating regulations ``as appropriate'' to meet these purposes. EPA 
notes that refrigerant-containing appliances with small charge sizes 
(below 15 pounds) may be hermetically sealed and less prone to leaks. 
Further, in many cases, these smaller appliances (e.g., residential 
appliances like window air conditioning units) are likely to be 
disposed of and replaced rather than repaired when they are found to be 
malfunctioning. On the other hand, EPA described earlier in this 
section the rationale for proposing the lower charge size threshold of 
15 pounds as compared to a higher charge size (e.g., 30 or 50 pounds). 
For example, EPA notes that with technological advances in some 
refrigerant-containing appliances, similar cooling capacity can be 
achieved with smaller relative charge sizes. We are proposing a charge 
size threshold of 15 pounds of refrigerant for covered appliances in 
this action.
    EPA is proposing to exempt from the leak repair requirements under 
subsection (h) any refrigerant-containing appliance, including those 
with a charge-size at or above 15 pounds, used for the residential and 
light commercial air conditioning and heat pumps subsector.\55\ The 
vast majority of appliances in the residential and light air 
conditioning subsector typically have a charge size of less than 15 
pounds; however, EPA is proposing exemptions in the case that an 
appliance is used within this subsector with a charge size of 15 pounds 
or more. These appliances are used in residences (but this subsector 
does not include larger centrally-cooled apartment/condominium 
buildings--where a chiller is likely used), and small retail and office 
buildings. Since the majority of appliances in this subsector have a 
refrigerant charge below the proposed 15-pound cutoff for leak repair 
requirements, enforcement of those that are above a charge size of 15 
pounds may be challenging or burdensome. It may not be immediately 
obvious if a particular refrigerant-containing appliance has a charge 
size of 15 pounds or greater without examining it more closely. 
Further, the universe of affected appliances could grow unevenly if 
appliances in this subsector were included, which could cause 
compliance by owners and operators or servicing technicians to become 
cumbersome. EPA's proposal to exempt appliances in this subsector from 
the leak repair requirements would be administratively more efficient 
and less burdensome for those that would be required to comply.
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    \55\ The residential and light commercial air conditioning 
subsector includes equipment for cooling air in individual rooms, 
single-family homes, and small commercial buildings, including both 
self-contained and split systems. Self-contained systems include 
some rooftop AC units (e.g., those ducted to supply conditioned air 
to multiple spaces) and many types of room ACs, including packaged 
terminal air conditioners (PTACs), some rooftop AC units, window AC 
units, portable room AC units, and wall-mounted self-contained ACs, 
designed for use in a single room. Split systems include ducted and 
non-ducted mini-splits (which might also be designed for use in a 
single room), multi-splits and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) 
systems, and ducted unitary splits. For additional information on 
the types of equipment, see EPA's website at https://www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-residential-and-light-commercial-air-conditioning-and-heat-pumps. EPA is not proposing to codify a regulatory 
definition for residential and light commercial air conditioning and 
heat pumps subsector consistent with the foregoing description, but 
EPA requests comment on whether such a regulatory definition would 
be beneficial in resolving any perceived ambiguities.
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    The Agency is proposing to require leak repair provisions for new 
and existing passenger buses,\56\ including school, coach, transit, and 
trolley buses with charge-sizes at or above 15 pounds. The HD category 
\57\ incorporates all motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating 
of 8,500 pounds or greater. Air conditioning systems used to cool 
passenger compartments in these buses mainly use HFC-134a or R-
407C,\58\ and are typically manufactured as a separate unit that is 
pre-charged with refrigerant and installed onto the vehicle in a 
separate enclosure (e.g., roof mounted). The refrigerant charge for 
these systems is also much larger than those for other MVAC systems, 
typically ranging from 15 to 30 pounds. On the other hand, MVAC systems 
used to cool passenger compartments in light-duty, medium-duty, HD on-
road and nonroad (off-road) vehicles are typically charged during 
vehicle manufacture and the main components are connected by flexible 
refrigerant lines. MVAC systems in these vehicles typically have charge 
sizes ranging from one to eight pounds depending on the manufacturer 
and cab size.59 60 EPA requests comments on the proposed 
extension of the leak repair provisions to passenger buses. The Agency 
is particularly interested in information, such as any technical 
challenges, maintenance concerns, or other issues EPA should consider 
regarding the repair of buses.
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    \56\ ``Bus'' is defined at 40 CFR 1037.801 and means ``a heavy-
duty vehicle designed to carry more than 15 passengers. Buses may 
include coach buses, school buses, and urban transit buses.''
    \57\ Defined at 40 CFR 86.1803-01.
    \58\ Chemours, Freon \TM\ Refrigerant for Bus and Rail Air 
Conditioning; available at: https://www.freon.com/en/industries/stationary-ac-heat-pumps/public-transport-ac.
    \59\ ICF, 2016. Technical Support Document for Acceptability 
Listing of HFO-1234yf for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning in Limited 
Heavy-Duty Applications. Available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0663-0007.
    \60\ EPA, 2021. Basic Information about the Emission Standards 
Reference Guide for On-road and Nonroad Vehicles and Engines. 
Available at https://www.epa.gov/emission-standards-reference-guide/basic-information-about-emission-standards-reference-guide-road.
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    EPA is proposing to stagger the proposed compliance dates. 
Appliances containing 50 pounds or more of a refrigerant containing an 
HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 would be required to 
comply with the provisions on the effective date for the final rule. 
Because these proposed requirements are similar to those that have been 
in place for ODS-containing appliances at or above a full charge size 
of 50 pounds for some time, EPA is proposing to conclude that this is 
sufficient time for regulated entities to come into compliance. 
Further, prior to the rescission in 2020 (85 FR 14150, March 11, 2020), 
the final rulemaking under CAA section 608 in 2016 (81 FR 82272, 
November 18, 2016) applied leak repair provisions for HFC-containing 
appliances with a charge size of 50 pounds or greater. The 2016 CAA

[[Page 72239]]

section 608 Rule became effective on January 1, 2017, and the relevant 
leak repair requirements for HFCs and other ODS substitutes (now 
rescinded) applied as of January 1, 2019 (81 FR 82272, 82356, November 
18, 2016). The 2020 CAA section 608 Rule took effect on April 10, 2020 
(85 FR 14150, March 11, 2020). Thus, for over three years industry was 
aware of these requirements and affected entities should have been 
complying for more than one year before the requirements in the 2016 
CAA section 608 Rule were rescinded. While entities that were no longer 
subject to the leak repair requirements after rescission may have 
chosen to no longer comply with those requirements after the rescission 
took effect, those entities that were subject to the regulatory 
requirements per the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule prior to rescission 
would, at a minimum, be familiar with these requirements.
    For appliances with a full charge that is less than 50 pounds of 
refrigerant, the Agency did not previously require leak repair and thus 
we are proposing additional time. EPA is proposing one year after the 
publication date of the final rule for appliances with a charge size 
between 15 to 50 pounds of a refrigerant containing an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 to allow the affected 
regulated community time to familiarize themselves with the 
requirements and make preparations to comply with them. For example, it 
is expected that owners and operators of affected appliances with 
between 15 and 50 pounds of a refrigerant containing an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 may need time to learn about 
the updated requirements; determine full charges of their appliances; 
and update systems, standard operating procedures, and training 
materials to best implement the requirements. Appliances with a full 
charge of between 15 and 50 pounds of a refrigerant containing an HFC 
or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 that are not exempted 
would be expected to comply as of one year after the date of 
publication for the final rule in the Federal Register. EPA understands 
that some appliance owners or operators with equipment with a charge 
size between 15 and 50 pounds of a refrigerant containing an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC may have already been repairing leaks. 
Refrigerant-containing appliance owners or operators may choose to 
repair leaks when not required, for example as a way to avoid costs 
associated with continually adding refrigerant to systems or to avoid 
any disruption in normal operations. However, given there was no leak 
repair requirement for this equipment, EPA is unaware whether this is 
true in all or even the majority of cases. Further, where unrequired 
leak repair may have been occurring, it is not clear whether the 
repairs were sufficient to ensure equipment was leaking below the 
applicable leak rates (as established under 40 CFR 82.157) or whether 
the repairs were verified and records of the repair event were kept. 
Accordingly, these owners and operators may also need time to 
understand the proposed requirements and develop practices and 
processes for compliance.
    EPA is seeking comment on all aspects of this proposal. In 
particular, the Agency is seeking comment on the proposed charge size 
cutoff of 15 pounds of refrigerant for equipment that contain HFCs or 
certain substitutes for HFCs. As noted previously, EPA is also 
considering using different charge sizes as a threshold for the 
proposed leak repair requirements for applicable refrigerant-containing 
appliances, including those that are lower (e.g., 5 pounds) or higher 
(e.g., 30 pounds). While EPA is proposing 15 pounds as the charge size 
cutoff for the leak repair provisions, EPA continues to consider the 
option of using a different charge size cutoff, such as 5 pounds, 30 
pounds, or 50 pounds, and seeks comment on these considerations. 
Further, EPA also seeks comment on its proposal to exempt refrigerant-
containing appliances in the residential and light commercial air 
conditioning and heat pumps subsector from the leak repair 
requirements. Specifically, EPA is seeking whether the scope of this 
exemption is appropriate and if EPA should consider exempting 
refrigerant-containing appliances in other subsectors from the proposed 
leak repair requirements. While EPA is proposing that refrigerant-
containing appliances with a full charge between 15 and 50 pounds 
subject to the leak repair requirements under 40 CFR part 84 would have 
a compliance date of one year after the date of publication for the 
final rule in the Federal Register, the Agency is considering 
alternative compliance dates including January 1, 2025, or 18 months 
from the date of publication of the final rule. EPA is seeking comment 
on the proposed compliance dates for the proposed leak repair 
requirements, and in particular, allowing additional time for 
appliances with a refrigerant charge size of between 15 and 50 pounds. 
In particular, EPA seeks information about activities (besides rule 
familiarization and applicability determinations) that owners or 
operators of refrigerant-containing appliances with a refrigerant 
charge size of between 15 and 50 pounds perceive that they would need 
to engage in prior to the effective date of the rule, the length of 
time the commenter estimates the activity would take, and any available 
information that would substantiate that estimate. For example, EPA 
seeks comment on whether they would need to modify or initiate a 
contractual relationship with a servicing technician firm, the length 
of time that would take, and information to substantiate that estimate 
if available.
3. What leak repair provisions is EPA proposing?
    EPA is proposing leak repair requirements under subsection (h) to 
achieve the purposes of minimizing releases and maximizing the 
reclamation of regulated substances by controlling practices, 
processes, and activities related to the servicing, repair, or disposal 
of equipment that contains regulated substances and/or their 
substitutes (whether the regulated substance or the substitute is used 
neat or in blends). These requirements are being proposed as part of 
implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as these provisions 
would control practices, processes, or activities regarding servicing 
or repair of appliances, which are a type of equipment, and would 
involve a regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated 
substance.
    As described in section IV.C.2.a. and b., these leak repair 
requirements would apply to refrigerant-containing appliances with a 
charge size of 15 pounds or more where the refrigerant contains an HFC 
or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP greater than 53. As noted in 
section II.B., subsection (h)(3) provides that EPA may coordinate 
regulations under this authority with other regulations promulgated by 
the Agency that involve: ``the same or a similar practice, process, or 
activity regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment; or . . . reclaiming.''
    EPA reviewed the regulations promulgated under CAA section 608 
addressing the same or similar practice, processes or activities as 
addressed in this proposal to consider the extent appropriate to 
coordinate requirements in those regulations with those proposed in 
this action. Specifically, EPA reviewed the leak repair requirements at 
40 CFR 82.157, which do not apply to appliances containing HFCs or 
their substitutes. The leak repair provisions under CAA section

[[Page 72240]]

608 contain requirements for practices, processes, and activities 
related to identifying and repairing leaks in appliances that contain 
ODS. These practices, processes, and activities are applicable to 
appliances containing HFCs as, in many cases, the same types of 
appliances (e.g., chillers, rooftop air conditioning units, supermarket 
systems, etc.) are used since HFCs are a substitute for ODS. EPA is not 
proposing new requirements in this action where the provisions in 40 
CFR part 82, subpart F already apply to appliances containing HFCs and 
certain substitutes. EPA notes that there are existing recordkeeping 
requirements 40 CFR 82.156(a)(3) for technicians evacuating refrigerant 
from appliances with a full charge of more than 5 and less than 50 
pounds of refrigerant for purposes of disposal of that appliance. EPA 
is not reopening any of the provisions in 40 CFR part 82 in this 
action, and thus, the Agency is not proposing any changes to the 
referenced recordkeeping requirements. Further, the Agency does not 
view these recordkeeping requirements as being in conflict with the 
proposed leak repair requirements nor does the Agency view them as 
redundant. EPA notes that the bulk of the appliances covered by the 
recordkeeping requirements at 40 CFR 82.156(a)(3) are residential air 
conditioning appliances, which would be exempt from the proposed leak 
repair provisions in this proposed action. These records are used to 
assess technicians' compliance with the disposal requirements for 5 to 
50 pound appliances under 40 CFR part 82 subpart F and are not related 
to the owner/operator's compliance with the leak repair requirements.
    As described in greater detail in the following sections, the 
proposed leak repair provisions would require action if an appliance 
has been found to be leaking above the applicable leak rate threshold. 
The proposed leak repair provisions would generally not necessitate any 
specific action for appliances that are not leaking above the 
applicable leak-rate threshold, although the leak rate calculations and 
certain recordkeeping requirements would apply to appliances that are 
not leaking above the threshold. While EPA is proposing to adopt the 
same applicable leak rates for the leak repair requirements under 
subsection (h) as applies under 40 CFR 82.157, as described in section 
IV.C.3.b. of this preamble, EPA is proposing requirements for 
identifying and potentially repairing leaks sooner (see section IV.C.4. 
of this preamble for proposed requirements for ALD systems).
a. Leak Rate Calculations
    EPA is proposing to adopt requirements for leak rate calculations 
as part of the proposed leak repair requirements under subsection (h). 
Under these proposed requirements, refrigerant-containing appliances 
with a charge size of 15 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains 
an HFC or a substitute for and HFC with a GWP above 53 would require a 
leak rate calculation, if the appliance is found to be leaking. 
Accordingly, under subsection (h), EPA is proposing to require that the 
leak rate of covered appliances be calculated every time refrigerant is 
added to an appliance, unless the addition is made immediately 
following a retrofit, installation of a new appliance, or qualifies as 
a seasonal variance, as described in this and subsequent sections.
    In this action, EPA is not proposing to require the repair of all 
leaks, but rather to require repair of leaks such that the appliance is 
below the applicable leak rate threshold. Thus, calculation of the leak 
rate is necessary to determine where further action (i.e., repair) is 
required, since owners or operators may not be able to determine 
compliance without calculating the leak rate each time refrigerant is 
added to the appliance. For example, if an appliance owner adds 
refrigerant to the appliance but does not calculate the leak rate, the 
owner would have no means of determining if the appliance's leak rate 
was below the applicable leak rate threshold. Hence, the owner would 
not know if further action was warranted. The leak rate calculation is 
an important step for owners and operators to determine if a leak must 
be repaired and to the applicable leak rate threshold to which it would 
need to be repaired (as discussed in section IV.C.3.b). EPA considers 
that the leak rate calculation provisions under 40 CFR 82.157(b) are 
appropriate for the refrigerant-containing appliances proposed in this 
action and is proposing to establish analogous requirements for 
equipment covered under the subsection (h) leak repair provisions.
    EPA is proposing two methods for calculating the leak rate for an 
applicable appliance under subsection (h) in this action: the 
annualizing method and the rolling average method. These leak rate 
calculation methods are described in section IV.A.1. This approach of 
providing two different methods for calculating the leak rate, as well 
as the specific leak rate calculation methods proposed, are the same as 
those described and provided in 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. EPA is 
proposing that these two methods could be used similarly to how they 
can be used under subpart F. Based on EPA's experience under subpart F, 
there are advantages in the flexibility provided by having two 
different methods. The strength of the annualizing method is that it is 
future oriented and allows the owner or operator to ``close out'' each 
leak event so long as the requirements are followed and does not lump 
past leak events with the current leak event. It considers the amount 
of time since the last refrigerant addition and then scales that up to 
provide a leak rate that projects the amount of refrigerant lost over a 
whole year if the leak is not fixed. As a result, this formula will 
yield a higher leak rate for smaller leaks if the amount of time since 
the last repair was shorter. This approach can contribute to minimizing 
the releases of HFCs or their substitutes by requiring more thorough 
leak inspections and verified repairs sooner. The rolling average 
method also has its strengths. It accounts for all refrigerant 
additions over the past 365 days or since the last successful follow-up 
verification test showing that all identified leaks were successfully 
repaired (if less than 365 days). If an owner or operator verifies all 
identified leaks are repaired, this method would also allow an owner or 
operator to ``close out'' a leak event. If there is no follow-up 
verification test showing that all identified leaks were successfully 
repaired within the last year, the leak rate would be based completely 
on actual leaks in the past year. This retrospective approach measures 
actual performance and if leaks are identified and fixed quickly, an 
appliance may never reach the applicable leak rate, thus limiting and 
minimizing the releases of HFCs or their substitutes from leaks.
    In the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule (81 FR 82272, November 18, 2016), 
EPA finalized that the same leak rate calculation must be used for all 
appliances at the same facility for appliances subject to the CAA leak 
repair provisions. EPA is proposing to similarly require that the same 
method of leak rate calculation be used for all refrigerant-containing 
appliances at the same facility for appliances subject to the proposed 
leak repair provisions in this action. This aspect of the proposal 
helps ensure that the requirements are followed consistently at a 
facility. As noted above, having the option to choose between one of 
two methodologies to calculate the leak rate

[[Page 72241]]

provides flexibility to the owners and operators of affected 
refrigerant-containing appliances. However, once a method is chosen, it 
is necessary for the owner or operator to continue using the same 
methodologies so leak rates are consistently calculated for the 
appliances. The two methods use two different paradigms to determine 
leak rate--one is forward-looking/predictive, while the other is 
looking back/retrospective. If an owner or operator were to switch 
between methods, they would not get an accurate calculation (because 
the time frame being evaluated would be different in each method).
    In either methodology of calculating the leak rate, EPA is 
proposing that when calculating the leak rate, any purged refrigerant 
that is destroyed would not be counted towards the leak rate. To 
qualify for this exemption, the purged refrigerant would be required to 
be destroyed at a verifiable destruction efficiency of 98 percent or 
greater.
    EPA is seeking comment on all aspects of its proposal related to 
leak rate calculations under subsection (h). EPA is particularly 
requesting comment on if there are any alternative leak rate 
calculations that could be conducted to identify whether a system is 
leaking above the applicable trigger leak rate. EPA is also requesting 
comment on calculating the amount of refrigerant lost, without having 
to add refrigerant, as a means of calculating the leak rate. For 
example, an owner or operator could evacuate all of the refrigerant 
from an appliance, weigh it, and compare it to the full charge of the 
appliance. Alternatively, EPA is aware that certain types of ALD 
systems can infer the amount of refrigerant that has leaked from an 
appliance based on operating characteristics (more detail in section 
IV.C.4. of this preamble) and EPA is seeking comment on the feasibility 
and technical accuracy of using the amount of refrigerant that such a 
system identifies as having been lost from the appliance in the leak 
rate calculation, as a means of identifying the leak rate.
b. Requirement To Repair Leaks, Timing and Applicable Leak Rates
    EPA is proposing to establish a number of requirements related to 
the repair of leaks under subsection (h) related to determining when a 
leak needs to be repaired, the extent of the repair required, and the 
timing of such repairs. EPA is proposing to establish timing 
requirements for the repair of leaks in refrigerant-containing 
appliances with a charge size of 15 pounds or more with a refrigerant 
that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53. 
Under this proposal, owners or operators would be required to identify 
and repair leaks within 30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process 
shutdown is required) of when refrigerant is added to an appliance that 
has exceeded the applicable leak rate. These proposed timing 
requirements are consistent with those requirements found at 40 CFR 
82.157(d) to repair leaks for ODS-containing equipment. Repairing leaks 
in a timely manner helps serve the purposes identified in subsection 
(h)(1). For example, timely repair is critical to reducing the 
emissions of refrigerants from leaking appliances, and thus to 
minimizing releases of HFCs from equipment. In addition, by repairing 
leaks in a timely manner, additional HFC refrigerant will be 
subsequently available for reclamation, which supports maximizing 
reclaiming of HFCs. Also, equipment that is in good repair, is better 
able to operate in an efficient manner.
    In some unforeseen circumstances, repair of leaks may require 
additional time beyond that of the proposed timeframe. EPA is proposing 
that extensions may be available for owners or operators to repair 
leaks if certain conditions are met, which would further serve the 
purposes identified in subsection (h)(1) of ensuring the safety of 
technicians and/or minimizing the release of regulated substances. 
Among these conditions, EPA is proposing that one or more must be met 
to qualify for additional time. Extensions for the leak repair would be 
available if the appliance is located in an area subject to 
radiological contamination or shutting down the appliance will directly 
lead to radiological contamination. EPA is proposing that in this case, 
additional time would be permitted to the extent necessary to complete 
the repairs in a safe working environment. An extension would also be 
available to owners or operators if the requirements of any other 
Federal, state, local, or Tribal regulations would make a repair within 
30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process shutdown is required) 
impossible. Additional time would be permitted to the extent needed to 
comply with the applicable regulations. EPA is also proposing there 
would be extensions available if components must be replaced as a part 
of the repair and they are not available within the leak repair 
timeframe of 30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process shutdown is 
required). In this case, additional time would be permitted of up to 30 
days after receiving the needed component, and the total extension 
could not exceed 180 days (or 270 days if an industrial process 
shutdown is required) from the date of the appliance exceeded the 
applicable leak rate. In all cases of potential extensions to the leak 
repair timeframe, an owner or operator would still be required to 
repair leaks that the technician has identified as significantly 
contributing to the exceedance of the applicable leak rate and that do 
not require additional time and verify those repairs within the initial 
30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process shutdown is required). 
Owners or operators would also be required to document all repair 
efforts and provide a reason for the inability to repair the leak 
within the initial 30-day (or 120-day if an industrial process shutdown 
is required) time period. All extension requests must be submitted 
electronically in a format specified by EPA and include pertinent 
information as described in the proposed regulatory text at Sec.  
84.106.
    EPA is proposing that a leak is presumed to be repaired if there is 
no further addition of refrigerant to the equipment for 12 months after 
the repair or if there are no leaks identified by either the required 
periodic leak inspection(s) or an ALD system, where applicable. Further 
information on the proposed requirements for ALD systems are described 
in section IV.C.4. While EPA is proposing to require ALD systems for 
certain equipment, there may be some cases where an owner or operator 
chooses to use ALD systems for equipment where it is not required. 
Whether use of the ALD system is due to requirements as proposed in 
section IV.C.4. or used as a compliance option in lieu of leak 
inspections (see section IV.C.3.d.) for a specific appliance, if the 
ALD system detects a leak in the 12-month period after a successful 
leak repair, the leak repair would be presumed to have subsequently 
failed unless the owner or operator can document that the ALD system 
leak detection was due to a new leak unrelated to the previously 
repaired leak. Such documentation would include but not be limited to 
the records required to be kept under proposed 40 CFR 84.108(i). 
Additional information on leak inspections is described in section 
IV.C.3.d. If an appliance is mothballed, EPA is proposing that the 
timeframe for repair, inspections, and verification tests would be 
temporarily suspended and resume when additional refrigerant is added 
to the appliance (or component of an appliance is the leaking component 
was isolated).
    As noted earlier, under the CAA section 608 implementing 
regulations at 40 CFR 82.157, specific leak rates are

[[Page 72242]]

used to determine whether a repair is needed for an appliance and also 
the degree to which the leak must be repaired, as leaks must be 
repaired if the appliance exceeds the applicable leak rate (which 
varies depending on the type of appliance) and must be repaired such 
that the leak rate is brought below the applicable leak rate. See 40 
CFR 82.157(c) and (d). For the leak repair requirements under 
subsection (h), EPA is proposing to use a similar approach for 
determining when leaks must be repaired and the degree to which they 
must be repaired. EPA is also proposing to apply the same applicable 
leak rates for certain types of refrigerant-containing appliances 
covered in this proposal that contain HFCs or their substitutes as 
would apply to the same types of appliances under 40 CFR 82.157(c) if 
it contained an ODS refrigerant. Thus, EPA is proposing that the 
applicable leak rates for refrigerant-containing appliances with a 
charge size of 15 pounds or more with a refrigerant that contains an 
HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 would be as follows:
     20 percent leak rate for commercial refrigeration 
equipment;
     30 percent leak rate for IPR equipment; and
     10 percent leak rate for comfort cooling appliances or 
other refrigerant-containing appliances not covered as commercial or 
industrial refrigeration equipment.
    EPA is proposing that these applicable leak rates per the type of 
appliance are appropriate for the proposed leak repair provisions in 
this action under subsection (h) of the AIM Act. The applicable leak 
rates were established to limit and minimize the releases of ODS 
refrigerant and were updated to be more stringent in the 2016 CAA 
section 608 Rule (81 FR 82272, November 18, 2016). EPA is proposing to 
adopt applicable leak rates that mirror those that are currently in 
effect for ODS-containing appliances under the 2016 CAA section 608 
Rule. These rates were in effect for appliances containing 50 or more 
lbs of HFCs for a period of time, and, after reviewing the information 
and analysis that supported application of these leak rates to that HFC 
equipment, EPA has determined it is appropriate to propose them in this 
action. These applicable leak rates are relevant for minimizing 
releases of HFCs from refrigerant-containing appliances that contain 
HFCs. This proposal draws on EPA's experience implementing similar 
requirements under section 608, where these thresholds have provided a 
practical and effective method for determining when leaks must be 
repaired. EPA notes in support of the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule, EPA 
reviewed data from the lowest-emitting equipment to gauge technological 
feasibility and then reviewed other datasets.\61\ The Agency considered 
whether a lower percent leak rate for some, or all of the categories of 
appliances would be more appropriate to propose in this rulemaking for 
those that use refrigerants that contain HFCs and/or substitutes for 
HFCs. EPA notes that, as a general matter, equipment in good repair is 
typically able to operate more efficiently. EPA reviewed the docket for 
the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule, which lowered the applicable leak rates 
for each of the appliance categories.62 63 In that action, 
EPA evaluated leak rate data of appliances in each of the applicable 
categories to determine the appropriate applicable leak rates. EPA also 
reviewed information from stakeholders shared during public meetings 
held in the development of this proposal.\64\ EPA is proposing to use 
the same applicable leak rates for each category of appliances as found 
under 40 CFR 82.157. While EPA is not proposing changes to the 
applicable leak rates for categories of refrigerant-containing 
appliances as they involve HFCs and covered substitutes for HFCs, the 
Agency notes that we could revisit the applicable leak rates as 
appropriate to support the overall purposes of subsection (h) of the 
AIM Act.
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    \61\ For more details on this analysis see 81 FR 82272, 82317; 
Technical Support Document: Analysis of the Economic Impact and 
Benefits of Final Revisions to the National Recycling and Emission 
Reduction Program, September 2, 2016, available at https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0453-0225.
    \62\ Docket No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0453.
    \63\ For further information, please see the discussion in the 
2016 CAA section 608 rule at 81 FR 82272, 82317 and the technical 
support document, Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of 
Final Revisions to the National Recycling and Emission Reduction 
Program, available in the docket for the 2016 CAA section 608 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0453).
    \64\ EPA held stakeholder meetings for public input on November 
9, 2022 and March 16, 2023 as well as solicited feedback through a 
webinar for the EPA GreenChill Partnership program on April 12, 
2023.
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    This proposal includes refrigerant-containing appliances with 
charge sizes that are below the 50-pound charge size threshold for ODS-
containing appliances under 40 CFR 82.157. As discussed in section 
IV.C.2., EPA is proposing to apply leak repair requirements to 
appliances using an HFC and/or a substitute for HFCs as a refrigerant 
(neat or in blends) based on a charge size threshold of 15 pounds or 
greater, with certain exceptions as discussed in section IV.C.2.a. 
above. EPA is proposing to use the same leak rate across categories of 
equipment for all covered appliances. In other words, a 20 percent leak 
trigger rate would apply for commercial refrigeration equipment with a 
full charge size of 15 pounds or more, and a 10 percent trigger leak 
rate would apply for comfort cooling appliances with a full charge size 
of 15 pounds or more.
    Refrigerant-containing appliances with 15-50 pounds of refrigerant 
in the applicable subsectors are proposed to be covered by the 
appropriate listed categories and with the applicable trigger leak 
rates. For refrigerant-containing appliances in certain subsectors and 
applications that have not been previously covered under 40 CFR 82.157, 
as noted in section IV.C.2.b., EPA is proposing determinations for the 
applicable leak rates. For refrigerated transport--rail, EPA is 
proposing that this application would be considered under the comfort 
cooling and other appliances category and have an applicable leak rate 
of 10 percent.
    EPA is seeking comment on all aspects of this proposal and in 
particular on the proposed applicable leak rates for appliances in the 
subsectors and applications noted in section IV.C.2.b. of this 
proposal. EPA is also seeking comment on its proposal to include an 
explicit presumption that a leak is presumed to be repaired if one of 
the listed conditions is met, such as there being no further addition 
of refrigerant to the equipment for 12 months after the repair. While a 
similar, though not identical, presumption is included in similar 
regulations under section 608 of the CAA, EPA is also proposing to 
include a definition of ``repair'' to the regulatory provisions under 
subsection (h), which is not a defined term in the regulations under 
CAA section 608. EPA is particularly interested in comments on whether 
the presumption is necessary or helpful, if the proposed definition of 
``repair'' is finalized.
c. Verification Testing
    EPA is proposing requirements for initial and follow-up 
verification for refrigerant-containing appliances with a charge size 
of 15 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 as a part of the proposed 
leak repair provisions under subsection (h). Verification testing 
involves important practices, processes, and activities regarding the 
repair and servicing of equipment. The tests are performed shortly 
after an appliance has been

[[Page 72243]]

repaired to confirm that the leak has been successfully repaired. 
Without the verification tests, it may take additional time for the 
owner or operator to realize that the repair has been unsuccessful and 
during that time refrigerant could continue to leak from the appliance. 
EPA is proposing that the verification tests must be performed for all 
leak repairs to ensure that the leak repair is done correctly the first 
time, which would help minimize any releases of HFCs from the 
appliance, and also help maximize HFCs available for eventual 
reclamation by limiting such releases.
    Thus, as part of the proposed requirements for leak repair 
verification tests under subsection (h), an owner or operator would be 
required to conduct initial and follow-up verification tests within 
specified timeframes on each leak that is repaired. The initial 
verification test would be required to be performed within 30 days (or 
120 days if an industrial process shutdown is required) of an appliance 
exceeding the applicable leak rate and must demonstrate that leaks are 
repaired, where a repair attempt was made. The initial verification 
test is to verify that the leak has been repaired prior to adding 
refrigerant back into the appliance and the follow-up verification test 
confirms that the repair held after refrigerant has been added and the 
appliance has been brought back to normal operating characteristics. 
The follow-up verification test would be required to be conducted 
within 10 days of a successful initial verification test or 10 days 
after the appliance has returned to normal operating conditions (if the 
appliance or isolated component of the appliance was evacuated to 
perform repairs). EPA is proposing that the follow-up verification test 
is necessary to confirm that the leak repair has held after the 
refrigerant-containing appliance has been recharged, pressurized, and 
returned to normal operating conditions. Thus, these provisions are 
proposed in this action to ensure leaks are properly repaired and to 
ensure emissions are minimized. EPA also notes that this process of 
performing an initial verification test and a follow-up verification 
test has been a part of the similar leak repair provisions for affected 
ODS-containing equipment under CAA section 608. For additional 
discussion on the terminology, timing, and purposes associated with the 
verification tests in detail in the context of the requirements under 
CAA section 608, please refer to the 2016 CAA section 608 Rule (81 FR 
82272, 82324, November 18, 2016).
    EPA is also considering that in some cases, a follow-up 
verification test is impossible; for example, when it would be unsafe 
to be present when the system is at normal operating characteristics 
and conditions. Under subsection (h), EPA is proposing language to 
address such situations. This approach helps serve the purpose 
identified in subsection (h)(1) of ensuring technician and consumer 
safety. EPA is proposing that where it is unsafe to be present or 
otherwise impossible to conduct a follow-up verification test when it 
would be unsafe to be present when the system is at normal operating 
characteristics and conditions the follow-up verification test must, 
where practicable, be conducted prior to the system returning to normal 
operating characteristics and conditions. In such situations, the owner 
or operator has the burden of showing that it was unsafe to be present 
when the system is at normal operating characteristics and conditions. 
EPA requests comment on whether there should be a recordkeeping 
requirement associated with establishing that it is unsafe to be 
present or otherwise impossible to conduct a follow-up verification 
test on the system has been returned to normal operating conditions.
    EPA understands these initial and follow-up verification tests 
after an attempted repair of a leak as involving important practices, 
processes, and activities regarding the repair of equipment within the 
proposed leak repair provisions. These proposed requirements are 
designed to help ensure that leaks are repaired successfully and that 
the repair holds, so that repair has the intended effect of limiting 
emissions of HFCs or substitutes for HFCs from the appliance. EPA is 
proposing that if the initial or follow-up verification test indicates 
that a leak repair had not been successful, the owner or operator may 
conduct as many additional repairs and initial or follow-up 
verification tests as needed to achieve a successful leak repair within 
the applicable time period and to verify the repairs.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this rulemaking. In 
particular, EPA is requesting comment on the applicable leak rates for 
each category for refrigerant-containing appliances. EPA is also 
requesting comment on the timing by which the initial and follow-up 
verification tests must be performed as a part of the proposed leak 
repair provisions.
d. Leak Inspections
    EPA is proposing requirements for leak inspections as a part of the 
proposed leak repair requirements under subsection (h). These leak 
inspection requirements would apply to refrigerant-containing 
appliances that have been found to be leaking at a rate that exceeds 
the applicable leak rate per the appliance type. In particular, the 
proposed leak inspection requirements involve processes, practices, and 
activities regarding the repair of refrigerant-containing appliances 
that are designed to ensure the long-term effectiveness of a successful 
leak repair. Thus, the proposed requirements would help minimize any 
releases of HFCs from equipment over time and also help maximize HFCs 
available for eventual reclamation by limiting such releases.
    EPA is proposing that leak inspections would be required for 
refrigerant-containing appliances with a charge size of 15 pounds or 
more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC 
with a GWP greater than 53 that are found to be leaking above the 
applicable leak rate and have had one or more leaks repaired. Leak 
inspection frequency would be dependent on the type of appliance and 
the size of the appliance (by refrigerant charge size). As described in 
greater detail later in this section, an ALD system that is being used 
to monitor an appliance or portions of an appliance may be used as a 
compliance option in lieu of quarterly or annual leak inspections, 
whether the ALD system is required to be used under requirements in 
this proposal or the ALD system is used voluntarily on an appliance 
where it would not be required under this proposal. Where an ALD system 
is not being used on an appliance or on portions of an appliance, all 
leak inspection requirements proposed would be required for the 
appliance or the portions of the appliance that are not being monitored 
by an ALD system. If an ALD system is being used to comply with the 
leak inspection requirements for an appliance or portions of an 
appliance (per proposed regulatory requirement or voluntarily), certain 
regulatory requirements must be met as proposed (see section IV.C.4.).
    For commercial refrigeration and IPR appliances that have a charge 
size of 500 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP greater than 53, EPA is proposing that 
leak inspections be performed every three months after the equipment is 
found to be leaking above the applicable leak rate until the owner or 
operator can demonstrate that the equipment has not exceeded the 
applicable leak rate for four consecutive quarters. For commercial 
refrigeration and IPR appliances that have a charge size between 15 and 
500 pounds of a

[[Page 72244]]

refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
greater than 53, EPA is proposing that leak inspections be performed 
once per calendar year after the equipment is found to be leaking above 
the applicable leak rate until the owner or operator can demonstrate 
that the equipment has not exceeded the applicable leak rate for one 
year (i.e., 12 months). For comfort cooling and other appliances that 
have a charge size of 15 pounds or above of a refrigerant that contains 
an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53, EPA is proposing 
that leak inspections be performed once per calendar year after the 
equipment is found to be leaking above the applicable leak rate until 
the owner or operator can demonstrate that the equipment has not 
exceeded the applicable leak rate for one year (i.e., 12 months). In 
each case, to demonstrate that the equipment has not exceeded the 
applicable leak rate, a leak rate calculation is done during a leak 
inspection as described in section IV.C.3.a. of this proposal. EPA is 
proposing that it is appropriate to require more frequent leak 
inspections for larger commercial refrigeration and IPR appliances 
(i.e., charge sizes at or above 500 pounds), as the larger charge size 
means that potential emissions from the appliance are greater if a leak 
is not properly repaired.
    In this action, EPA is also separately proposing requirements for 
the use of ALD systems for commercial refrigeration and IPR appliances 
that have a charge size of 1,500 pounds or more of refrigerant that 
contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53 (see 
section IV.C.4. of this proposal). Where ALD systems would be required 
to monitor leaks in appliances, EPA is proposing that leak inspections 
for the appliances would be required after exceeding the applicable 
leak rate and undergoing a repair only for the portions of the 
appliance that are not being monitored by the ALD system (e.g., if part 
of the appliance is not in an enclosed space). This proposal is based 
on an understanding that where the ALD system is monitoring the 
appliance, it serves the function of monitoring for leaks. Thus, a 
requirement for performing periodic leak inspections on those portions 
of the appliance would be unneeded. EPA considers the leak inspections 
that are proposed for codification at 40 CFR 84.106(g) and the 
requirements related to ALD systems that are proposed for codification 
at 40 CFR 84.108 to be separate. That is to say, EPA would be proposing 
these leak inspections irrespective of any mandatory ALD system 
requirement and vice versa. However, recognizing that some equipment 
could be subject to both requirements, if both proposals are finalized, 
to help coordinate the requirements, EPA is proposing a limited 
exception to the quarterly and annual leak inspection requirements if 
ALD systems are being used and meet certain requirements. This proposed 
limited exception is intended to allow the use of the ALD system in 
those circumstances to serve as a compliance option for the leak 
inspection requirement.
    For further information and requirements related to ALD systems 
proposed in this action, refer to section IV.C.4. Likewise, EPA is 
proposing that if an owner or operator is voluntarily using an ALD 
system to monitor leaks in a refrigerant-containing appliance that 
would not be subject to the proposed requirement to use an ALD system 
(e.g., the equipment has a charge size below 1,500 pounds), any 
periodic leak inspections would only need to be performed after the 
applicable leak rate is exceeded for the portions of the appliance 
where the ALD system is not monitoring for leaks. Again, where the ALD 
system is monitoring the appliance, it would serve the function of 
monitoring for leaks in the equipment, and periodic inspections on 
those portions of the equipment would be unneeded. EPA is also 
proposing that, where an appliance exceeds the applicable leak rate, an 
owner or operator may choose to use an ALD system, where not required 
under proposed requirements in section IV.C.4. (i.e., for certain 
appliances with a charge size below 1,500 pounds), as a compliance 
option in lieu of the proposed requirements for periodic leak 
inspections. However, leak inspections would need to be performed for 
the portions of the appliance where the ALD system is not monitoring 
for leaks. Where an owner/operator wishes to use an ALD system in lieu 
of proposed regulatorily required leak inspections, the ALD system 
needs to meet the requirements established elsewhere in this proposal 
(including annual ALD system audit and calibration requirements). The 
owner or operator would be required to follow certain reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements to show the ALD system is meeting the 
intended functionality and monitoring leaks effectively (as described 
in section IV.C.4.b.).
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal. In 
particular, EPA is seeking comment on the proposed requirements for 
leak inspection. EPA welcomes comment on the frequency of leak 
inspections required based on the charge size of the equipment as well 
as the use of ALD system (whether required as part of this proposal or 
not) to satisfy the requirements for leak inspections.
e. Chronically Leaking Appliances
    As part of the proposed leak repair provisions under subsection 
(h), EPA is proposing to include specific requirements for refrigerant-
containing appliances with a charge size of 15 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
above 53 that EPA would consider as chronically leaking. The proposed 
requirements are designed to gather information and support efforts to 
address such chronic leaks, which would have the effect of further 
minimizing emissions from equipment.
    As discussed in section IV.C.2. above, under this proposal, covered 
appliances include refrigerant-containing appliances with charge sizes 
of 15 pounds or more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a 
substitute for an HFC with a GWP above 53. EPA is proposing that an 
appliance would be considered a chronically leaking appliance if the 
appliance leaks 125 percent or more of its full charge within a 
calendar year. The proposed requirements for chronically leaking 
appliances are similar, but not identical to, analogous requirements 
under 82.157(j). For such chronically leaking appliances, owners and 
operators are required to submit reports describing the efforts taken 
to identify leaks and repair the appliance. Under subsection (h), EPA 
is proposing to establish a reporting requirement for covered 
appliances that are considered chronically leaking.
    To better serve the purposes of minimizing releases of regulated 
substances and allow EPA to more easily verify the information being 
reported, EPA is proposing to standardize the reporting format for 
chronically leaking appliances. EPA is proposing that the reports must 
be submitted no later than March 1 following the calendar year of the 
>=125 percent leak. EPA is proposing that these reports cover basic 
identification information (i.e., owner name, facility name, facility 
address where appliance is located, and appliance ID or description), 
appliance type (comfort cooling, IPR, or commercial refrigeration), 
refrigerant type, full charge of appliance (pounds), annual percent 
refrigerant loss, dates of refrigerant addition, amounts of refrigerant 
added, date of last successful

[[Page 72245]]

follow-up verification test, explanation of cause of refrigerant 
losses, repair actions taken, and whether a retrofit or retirement plan 
been developed for the appliance, and, if so, the anticipated date of 
retrofit or retirement. EPA proposes that these reports be submitted 
electronically in a format specified by EPA. EPA anticipates that the 
information in these reports would either be contained in the records 
EPA is proposing that owner or operators would be required to maintain, 
or they are the type of information that would be on hand during the 
ordinary course of business. Because of the amount of refrigerant 
emitted, chronically leaking appliances warrant special attention. 
These reporting requirements for chronically leaking equipment are 
designed to help ensure that owner or operators are complying with the 
leak repair provisions and that they have taken appropriate steps to 
identify the leaks and correct the root cause of those leaks. These 
reports would allow EPA to evaluate compliance with the regulatory 
requirements and to identify entities that may benefit from compliance 
assistance and other outreach efforts. These reports would also allow 
EPA to assess common root causes for appliances that chronically leak, 
which would facilitate consideration of approaches to mitigate these 
leaks and minimize the releases of HFCs from such equipment. EPA 
discusses whether this information is entitled to confidential 
treatment in section V.A.1. of this document.
    EPA is proposing to set the reporting threshold for appliances that 
leak 125 percent of the full charge within a calendar year, as the 
Agency intends to avoid capturing refrigerant-containing appliances 
affected by unavoidable losses of full charge. In order to be subject 
to the requirement, appliances would have to lose their full charge and 
then a significant quantity more within a single calendar year. EPA 
requests comment on the 125 percent threshold and whether, given the 
focus of minimizing releases of regulated substances, that threshold 
should be lowered. For example, EPA is considering lowering the 
threshold to 110 percent to avoid capturing refrigerant-containing 
appliances affected by unavoidable losses of full charge, but a lower 
amount leaked beyond a full charge would be required to trigger the 
provisions for chronically leaking appliances.
f. Retrofit and Retirement Plans
    EPA is proposing to include requirements for retrofit and 
retirement plans in the proposed leak repair provisions under 
subsection (h) for applicable refrigerant-containing appliances that 
contain HFCs or certain substitutes for HFCs as a refrigerant. These 
requirements reduce emissions by capping the amount of time an 
appliance can remain in operation when it is known to be leaking above 
the leak rate threshold. Owners or operators may choose to retrofit or 
retire a leaking appliance rather than repair a leak, or, in some 
situations, may be required to retrofit or retire the appliance if 
successful leak repair cannot be achieved and verified. The proposed 
requirements would also further serve the purposes of minimizing 
releases and maximizing the reclaiming of HFCs, as proper retrofit or 
retirement of a leaking appliance would ensure that any further HFC 
emissions from such equipment are mitigated. Additionally, in the 
process of retrofitting or retiring an appliance, the refrigerant that 
was remaining in the leaking appliance would typically be recovered and 
could then subsequently be reclaimed.
    EPA is proposing requirements for developing retrofit and 
retirement plans for refrigerant-containing appliances where leaks 
cannot be repaired, or an owner or operator chooses to retrofit to a 
lower GWP refrigerant (where available) or retire an appliance rather 
than repair a leak. The proposed requirements would apply to 
refrigerant-containing appliances with 15 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
above 53. The provisions proposed in this action would provide the 
details on the timing for creating a retrofit or retirement plan for 
covered refrigerant-containing appliances, and what must be contained 
in a retrofit or retirement plan. EPA is proposing that a retrofit or 
retirement plan be created within 30 days of certain scenarios. The 
Agency understands this timing is sufficient for an owner or operator 
to either attempt to repair the leak with all necessary requirements as 
described in section IV.C.3.b. or make a business decision to directly 
begin the retrofit or retirement process. It is necessary to cap this 
timing requirement to minimize emissions from leaks in the case where 
an owner or operator fails to take any action after finding that their 
applicable refrigerant-containing appliance is leaking above the 
applicable leak threshold. After 30 days, the owner or operator must 
begin developing a retrofit or retirement plan. The following scenarios 
describe when a retrofit or retirement plan must be developed:
     An appliance is leaking above the applicable leak rate and 
the owner or operator intends to retrofit or retire the appliance 
rather than repair the leak;
     An appliance is leaking above the applicable leak rate and 
the owner or operator fails to take action to identify or repair the 
leak; or
     An appliance is continuing to leak above the applicable 
leak rate after an attempted leak repair and verification testing.
    Developing the retrofit or retirement plan is a key process in 
ensuring that each step of the plan is successfully performed such that 
releases of HFCs are minimized and the reclaiming of the HFCs can be 
maximized. EPA is proposing that the retrofit or retirement plan 
include information regarding the location of the appliance, 
characteristics of the appliance, a procedure for how the appliance 
will be converted to accommodate a different refrigerant (if the 
appliance is being retrofitted), plans for the disposition of any 
recovered refrigerant and the appliance (if the appliance is being 
retired), and a schedule for the completion of the appliance retrofit 
or retirement. Characteristics of the appliance that would be 
retrofitted or retired include the type and full charge of the 
refrigerant used in the appliance, and for retrofitted, the type and 
full charge of the refrigerant to which the appliance will be 
retrofitted. In describing how the appliance would be retrofitted, the 
owner or operator must include an itemized procedure for converting the 
appliance to a different refrigerant, including changes required for 
compatibility. This would also include any changes for compatibility 
that relate to safety considerations to ensure the safety of 
technicians and consumers when converting an appliance to a different 
refrigerant, which would further serve one of the purposes identified 
in subsection (h)(1). EPA is also proposing that the retrofit or 
retirement plan must include information on how any recovered 
refrigerant is being dispositioned. In the case of retiring an 
appliance, the retirement plan would need to include how the appliance 
is being dispositioned. EPA is proposing that the retrofit or 
retirement plan include a schedule for completion of the retrofit or 
retirement and, unless additional time is granted, that the schedule 
would not exceed one year of the plan's date (not to exceed 12 months 
from when the plan was finalized).
    EPA is proposing that an owner or operator may request relief from 
the provisions of a retrofit or retirement plan if they are able to 
establish that an

[[Page 72246]]

appliance is no longer leaking above the applicable leak rate within 
180 days of creating the plan, and the owner or operator agrees to 
repair all identified leaks within one year of the plan's date. The 
owner or operator would be required to submit specified information to 
EPA, including information regarding leaks in the appliance, 
descriptions of the work completed/to be completed, and more, as found 
in the proposed regulatory text.
    For IPR equipment, EPA is proposing that extensions could be 
requested in cases where requirements or other applicable Federal, 
state, local, or Tribal regulations would make it impossible to 
complete the retrofit or retirement within one year. In this case, 
owners or operators could be permitted additional time to the extent 
needed to comply with the applicable regulations. EPA is also proposing 
that extensions could be requested for IPR equipment if the equipment 
is custom-built and the supplier of the appliance or one of its 
components has quoted a delivery time of more than 30 weeks. In such 
cases, the appliance or component must be installed within 120 days of 
receipt. If additional time is needed, the owner or operator would need 
to submit a request for the additional time to EPA. Further, EPA is 
proposing that extensions could be requested to complete a retrofit or 
retirement if the IPR equipment is located in an area subject to 
radiological contamination or shutting down the appliance will directly 
lead to radiological contamination. EPA is proposing that in this case, 
additional time would be permitted to the extent necessary to complete 
the retrofit in a safe working environment. EPA is not proposing 
extensions specifically applicable to Federally owned equipment (see, 
e.g., the provisions at 40 CFR 82.157(i)(3)) because EPA believes these 
circumstances can be addressed under the other proposed extension 
provisions, but EPA requests comment on this.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal, and, in 
particular, the proposed provisions for retrofit and retirement plans 
for applicable refrigerant-containing appliances. EPA is requesting 
comment on the timing for developing retrofit or retirement plans and 
the timing for executing these plans. EPA is also requesting comment on 
if the Agency should require that refrigerant be recovered as a part of 
the retrofit or retirement plan, or if that is already sufficiently 
covered by requirements under 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. Further, EPA 
is seeking comment on requiring that if an owner or operator is 
developing a retrofit plan, they must include that a lower GWP 
refrigerant will be used in the retrofitted appliance. EPA notes that 
it is not assuming early retirement of appliances as a result of the 
proposed rule provisions. EPA is seeking comment on any potential 
impacts of the proposed leak repair provisions on the retirement of 
affected refrigerant-containing appliances.
g. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    EPA is proposing to include recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements to support compliance with the proposed leak repair 
provisions under subsection (h) for applicable refrigerant-containing 
appliances that contain HFCs or certain substitutes for HFCs as a 
refrigerant. For example, the requirements would control recordkeeping 
and reporting practices, process, or activities for servicing and 
repair that involves HFCs or a substitute for an HFC. As noted in 
section II.B. of this document, EPA's authority to require 
recordkeeping and reporting under the AIM Act is also supported by 
section 114 of the CAA, which applies to the AIM Act and rules 
promulgated under it as provided in subsection (k)(1)(C) of the AIM 
Act.
    As discussed in section IV.C.2. above, this proposal covers 
refrigerant-containing appliances with charge sizes of 15 pounds or 
higher of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an HFC 
that has a GWP above 53. The recordkeeping and requirements related to 
the leak repair requirements under subsection (h) would be applicable 
to the full range of appliances that are subject to the proposed leak 
repair provisions, including those containing at least 15 pounds of 
refrigerant with limited exemptions, as described in section IV.C.2.b. 
for certain appliances. The proposed recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements provide critical information about whether required 
actions were taken and are part of the suite of compliance tools 
included in this proposal. Compliance with the overall leak repair 
requirements is intended to minimize the release of HFC and substitute 
refrigerants and the Agency considers these recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements necessary to readily assess compliance. Records that would 
demonstrate noncompliance or are incomplete may be used for enforcement 
purposes. The proposed requirements are informed in part by EPA's 
consideration of its experience implementing similar regulations under 
CAA section 608 at 40 CFR 82.157 and the recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements that have been used to assure compliance with those 
provisions.
    EPA is proposing recordkeeping requirements for refrigerant-
containing appliances with a charge size of 15 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant containing an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
above 53 under subsection (h) that are similar to those at 40 CFR 
82.157(l). Where EPA is proposing requirements for recordkeeping, we 
are proposing that record be maintained for three years in either paper 
or electronic format. An owner or operator may contract out the record 
generation responsibilities but retains ultimate liability for 
compliance and must be able to access these records electronically or 
in hard copy from the facility where the appliance is located. All 
recordkeeping requirements can be found in Sec.  84.106(l) of the 
proposed regulatory text. These records would be the primary means for 
the facility to demonstrate compliance with the leak repair 
requirements, and EPA would review them when evaluating compliance. EPA 
could access these records in various ways, including, but not limited 
to, via on-site review of the records or requesting them via an 
information request. In general, EPA is proposing the following 
recordkeeping requirements for owners and operators under subsection 
(h):
     Maintain records documenting the full charge of 
appliances;
     Maintain records, such as invoices or other documentation 
showing when refrigerant is added or removed from an appliance, when a 
leak inspection is performed, when a verification test is conducted, 
and when service or maintenance is performed;
     Maintain retrofit and/or retirement plans;
     Maintain retrofit and/or extension requests submitted to 
EPA;
     If a system is mothballed to suspend a deadline, maintain 
records documenting when the system was mothballed and when it was 
brought back on-line (i.e., when refrigerant was added back into the 
appliance or isolated component of the appliance);
     Maintain records of purged and destroyed refrigerant if 
excluding such refrigerant from the leak rate;
     Maintain records to demonstrate a seasonal variance; and
     Maintain copies of any reports submitted to EPA under the 
proposed reporting requirements in this action.
    EPA is proposing reporting requirements for refrigerant-containing 
appliances that with a charge size of 15 pounds or more of a 
refrigerant containing an HFC or a substitute for an HFC with a GWP 
above 53 under

[[Page 72247]]

subsection (h) that are similar to those at 40 CFR 82.157(m). The 
proposed reporting requirements include notifications to EPA that 
include specified information when:
     The owner or operator is seeking an extension to complete 
repairs;
     The owner or operator is seeking an extension to complete 
a retrofit or retirement plan;
     The owner or operator is seeking relief from the 
obligation to retrofit or retire an appliance;
     When an appliance leaks 125 percent or more of the full 
charge in a calendar year;
     The owner or operator is excluding purged refrigerants 
that are destroyed from annual leak rate calculations for the first 
time.
    Additional detail on these proposed recordkeeping and requirements 
is available in the proposed regulatory text. Proposed recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements in this action for ALD systems are described 
in section IV.C.4.b.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal, and, in 
particular, the recordkeeping and reporting requirements associated 
with the leak repair provisions in this proposal. EPA is requesting 
comment on the information required in the recordkeeping and reporting 
provisions and if there is any additional information that would be 
relevant for the proposed leak repair requirements in this action.
4. Automatic Leak Detection Systems
    ALD systems on refrigerant-containing appliances are refrigerant 
leak detection technologies calibrated to continuously monitor a 
refrigerant-based system(s) for evidence of leaks and alert an operator 
upon detection of a leak. Repairing leaks sooner further minimizes 
emissions. Where ALD systems are used, it can result in early and 
effective detection of leaks, so that the leaks can be repaired and 
emissions of regulated substances or their substitutes can quickly be 
mitigated. As part of the proposed regulatory requirements to implement 
subsection (h)(1), EPA is proposing to require that ALD systems be used 
for certain new and existing refrigerant-containing appliances to 
detect leaks, which would trigger subsequent requirements. These 
provisions would control practices, processes, or activities regarding 
servicing, repair or installation of such appliances, which are a type 
of equipment, and would involve a regulated substance or a substitute 
for a regulated substance. When an ALD system detects a leak in a 
refrigerant-containing appliance covered by this proposal, an owner or 
operator of the appliance would be required to either perform 
practices, processes, and/or activities to determine whether servicing 
or repair of the appliance is necessary (i.e., calculating a leak rate 
and assessing it compared to the applicable leak rate for the type of 
appliance) or, alternatively, preemptively repair the leak (i.e., 
before adding refrigerant and calculating the leak rate). EPA is 
proposing to explicitly permit preemptive repair of the leak as a 
compliance option to avoid the need to add refrigerant to an appliance 
with a known leak (which would otherwise generally be necessary to 
calculate the leak rate and determine if the applicable leak rate is 
exceeded). If the preemptive repair is being used as a compliance 
option, it must occur within 30 days (or 120 days where an industrial 
process shutdown would be necessary) of the alert. These proposed 
requirements are expected to facilitate prompt repair of leaks, which 
would further help minimize releases of regulated substances from 
equipment.
    In the case of preemptive repair, this compliance option provides 
the opportunity to repair an appliance that is known to be leaking 
prior to the addition of refrigerant. When refrigerant is added to the 
appliance that underwent preemptive repair, a leak rate calculation 
would still be required. If the leak rate calculation (performed after 
the addition of refrigerant for the follow-up verification test) 
conducted after the preemptive repair reveals that the appliance had 
leaked above the applicable leak threshold, the proposed suite of leak 
repair requirements would still apply. The preemptive repair actions 
can be considered in determining whether the suite of leak repair 
requirements triggered by the exceedance of the applicable leak 
threshold have been satisfied, but the owner or operator of the 
appliance would still need to ensure that the leaks had been repaired 
according to the proposed definition of repair and that the other 
requirements proposed in 40 CFR 84.106 (e.g., initial and follow-up 
verification tests, leak inspections (where applicable) and related 
recordkeeping) had been met.
    EPA understands that for reasons other than this proposal, ALD 
systems already are in use to a certain extent. For example, some 
owners and operators may already use ALD systems to serve as an early 
warning system for detecting and repairing leaks. Some owners and 
operators may choose to install ALD systems from an economic 
perspective as early detection and repair of leaks can avoid costs of 
replacing the released refrigerant and operating equipment at 
suboptimal levels and/or the loss of perishable products due to failure 
to maintain required cooling. Further, there are provisions under 40 
CFR 82.157 where an owner or operator of a covered appliance with ODS 
refrigerants may choose to use an ALD system in place of performing 
regular leak inspections as a part of the leak repair provisions under 
CAA section 608 at 40 CFR 82.157. Nothing in this proposal changes the 
requirements related to ALD systems under CAA section 608 for equipment 
containing only ODS refrigerants. In other words, an owner or operator 
of an appliance that uses ODS-containing refrigerants will continue to 
be required to meet any and all requirements under 40 CFR 82.157 for 
that appliance, including if they choose to use an ALD system to comply 
with requirements under 40 CFR 82.157.
    Additionally, there are safety standards that apply when using 
certain HFCs (whether neat or in a blend) and/or substitutes for HFCs 
that have been classified as lower flammability. Lower flammability 
refrigerants in this context are those that are classified by ASHRAE as 
A2L refrigerants.\65\ UL Standard 60335-2-40 currently requires the use 
of leak detectors for electrical heat pumps, air conditioners and 
dehumidifiers containing A2L refrigerants.66 67 Under that 
standard, leak detectors that detect pressure loss are required in 
cases that the prescribed A2L charge limit is exceeded (which is 
typically around four pounds for permanently installed applications). 
That standard also prescribes that refrigerant leak detectors be 
installed at the factory for applicable appliances

[[Page 72248]]

and have factory established set points for detection to avoid 
potential buildup of concentrations of flammable refrigerants.
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    \65\ ASHRAE Standard 34-2022 assigns a safety group 
classification for each refrigerant which consists of two 
alphanumeric characters (e.g., A2 or B1). The capital letter 
indicates the toxicity class (``A'' for lower toxicity) and the 
numeral denotes the flammability. ASHRAE recognizes three 
classifications and one subclass for refrigerant flammability. The 
three main flammability classifications are Class 1, for 
refrigerants that do not propagate a flame when tested as per the 
ASHRAE 34 standard, ``Designation and Safety Classification of 
Refrigerants;'' Class 2, for refrigerants of lower flammability; and 
Class 3, for highly flammable refrigerants, such as the hydrocarbon 
refrigerants. ASHRAE recently updated the safety classification 
matrix to include a new flammability subclass 2L, for flammability 
Class 2 refrigerants that burn very slowly.
    \66\ UL. 2019. ``Understanding UL 60335-2-40 Refrigerant 
Detector Requirements.'' https://www.ul.com/news/understanding-ul-60335-2-40-refrigerant-detector-requirements.
    \67\ UL 60335-2-40, 2019. Household And Similar Electrical 
Appliances--Safety--Part 2-40: Particular Requirements for 
Electrical Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers. Third 
Edition. November 1, 2019.
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a. Proposed Automatic Leak Detection Requirements
    EPA is proposing to require the use of ALD systems for certain 
RACHP equipment. Specifically, EPA is proposing to require ALD systems 
for IPR and commercial refrigeration appliances containing 1,500 pounds 
or more of a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute for an 
HFC with a GWP above 53 for both new and existing equipment. EPA is not 
proposing to require ALD systems for comfort cooling appliances. As 
previously noted, EPA considers the leak inspections that are proposed 
for codification at 40 CFR 84.106(g) and the requirements related to 
ALD systems that are proposed for codification at 40 CFR 84.108 to be 
separate. However, as previously discussed, in certain circumstances 
the proposed leak inspection requirements would recognize use of the 
ALD systems that meets certain requirements under the proposed 40 CFR 
84.108 as a compliance option that may be used in lieu of quarterly or 
annual leak inspections.
    Beginning on January 1, 2025, for new refrigerant-containing 
appliances, EPA is proposing that an ALD system be installed as part of 
the overall appliance installation, either during the installation of 
the new appliance or within 30 days from when the new appliance is 
installed. EPA understands that depending on the type of ALD system, it 
may be more practicable to install an ALD system during the appliance 
installation. In other cases, additional time may be needed to secure a 
contractor or technician to install the ALD system, or there may be 
unforeseen delays in acquiring an ALD system. For existing refrigerant-
containing appliances, EPA is proposing that an ALD system must be 
installed within one year of the effective date of the final rule.
    EPA is proposing that refrigerant-containing appliances in the 
commercial refrigeration and IPR subsectors with a charge size of 1,500 
pounds or more with a refrigerant that contains an HFC or a substitute 
for an HFC that has a GWP above 53 (whether the HFC or substitute is 
used neat or in a blend) would be required to use ALD systems. The 
refrigerants that would be covered are the same as for other leak 
repair provisions proposed in this action, but the proposed full charge 
size cutoff for using ALD systems (1,500 pounds) is greater than that 
of the other leak repair provisions in this proposal (15 pounds). EPA 
understands that using ALD systems for refrigerant-containing 
appliances that have lower refrigerant charge sizes (i.e., below 1,500 
pounds) may be an option an owner or operator could take so they are 
alerted to leaks sooner. This could also be an option an owner or 
operator takes for specific refrigerants. However, discussed later in 
this section, EPA is not proposing to require use of ALD systems for 
refrigerant-containing appliances with less than 1,500 pounds. 
Similarly, EPA also understands that owners and operators with larger 
charge size appliances may be more likely to have in place refrigerant 
management plans, routine equipment inspections, or other formal or 
even informal mechanisms aimed at reducing refrigerant losses.
    EPA considered a number of potential options for the threshold for 
requiring ALD systems. The Agency considered thresholds as low as 15 or 
50 pounds to match the proposed leak repair requirements or as 
analogous with the longstanding CAA section 608 leak repair threshold 
for ODS-containing appliances, respectively. The Agency also considered 
as high as 2,000 pounds, which is consistent with the current state 
requirement in California.\68\ Throughout this proposal, EPA uses 
charge sizes to differentiate requirements; for example, EPA proposed 
500 pounds as a cutoff for the frequency of inspections for certain 
appliances and the Agency also considered this as a potential cutoff 
for proposing to require ALD systems. Further, another potential cutoff 
considered was 200 pounds, which was used as a point of inflection for 
proposing certain GWP-limit based restrictions under the Technology 
Transitions program.\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ California Code of Regulations, Regulation for the 
Management of High Global Warming Potential Refrigerants for 
Stationary Sources. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/finalfro_0.pdf.
    \69\ In the proposed Technology Transitions rule (87 FR 76738, 
December 15, 2022), the inflection point of 200 pounds for a charge 
size of equipment in certain subsectors is used to propose different 
GWP-limit based restrictions. This point was considered based on 
safety standards ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2019 and UL 60335-2-89, 
which set a charge limit set a charge limit for using lower 
flammability refrigerant for certain applications that vary by 
refrigerant but does not exceed 200 pounds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is also aware of other cutoffs used for requirements for using 
ALD systems in certain states and internationally. Across states, the 
Agency is aware that California \70\ has a similar provision with a 
cutoff of 2,000 pounds that has been in place for over ten years and 
Washington \71\ is considering a cutoff of 1,500 pounds in a recent 
proposal for requiring ALD systems on refrigeration equipment. 
Internationally, the EU \72\ uses a CO2e-based threshold, 
requiring that leakage detection systems be installed for stationary 
equipment (including refrigeration, air conditioning, heat pumps, and 
fire protection equipment and electrical switch gear and organic 
Rankine cycles) that contain 500 or more metric tons of 
CO2e. For example, if a stationary refrigeration appliance 
is charged with R-404A (which has a GWP of 3,920), then the minimum 
charge size required to use a leakage detection system would be 
approximately 281 pounds under the EU's approach. EPA notes that it is 
considering using either a pounds-based approach or a CO2e-
based approach to establishing the threshold for these requirements. 
While there are certain advantages to CO2e approaches, such 
as providing an advantage for lower GWP refrigerants, the Agency also 
understands that for compliance purposes, limits based on pounds also 
has advantages. Refrigerant decisions are based on actual amounts of 
refrigerant added and the leak rate calculations are also based on 
pounds. Therefore, EPA is proposing to set the requirement based on 
pounds but is soliciting comments on a CO2e approach too.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ California Code of Regulations, Regulation for the 
Management of high Global Warming Potential Refrigerants for 
Stationary Sources. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/finalfro_0.pdf.
    \71\ Washington, Department of Ecology, Hydrofluorocarbons 
(HFCs) and Other Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases, Draft (January 27, 
2023). Available: https://ecology.wa.gov/DOE/files/9b/9b91965d-4986-4c42-aa50-fd54cb97a2a4.pdf.
    \72\ Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and 
of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and 
repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006, May 2014, available at: 
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0517.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a consideration in setting the proposed threshold, EPA took into 
account to what extent ALD systems may already be in use and the types 
of equipment to which they are marketed. For example, many larger 
refrigeration appliances (e.g., a charge size of 1,500 to 2,000 pounds 
or more) may already use ALD systems per certain state requirements or 
to reduce negative economic impacts associated with replacing leaking 
refrigerant. These larger refrigeration appliances have potential to 
leak greater amounts of refrigerant, such that owners and operators 
using an ALD system to quickly detect leaks would further support the 
statutory purposes in

[[Page 72249]]

subsection (h) of minimizing releases of HFCs from equipment and 
maximize the amount of HFC that is available for reclaiming. EPA also 
considered the availability of ALD systems for refrigeration appliances 
in the United States. In the draft TSD titled American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act of 2020--Subsection (h): Automatic Leak Detection 
System in the docket for this proposal, EPA assessed the market 
presence and number of manufacturers of ALD systems that sell to the 
U.S. market. EPA notes that most manufacturers make direct ALD systems, 
while indirect ALD systems are newer technologies on the market.\73\ 
Since ALD systems have generally only been required for larger 
refrigeration appliances per certain state requirements, or are likely 
used in larger charge size refrigeration appliances to avoid potential 
economic burden associated with replacing refrigerant that has leaked, 
EPA anticipates that the current market presence of ALD system 
manufacturing may be generally aligned to demand for ALD systems for 
larger refrigeration appliances. The proposed threshold accounts for 
the potential for an increased demand of ALD systems, where 
manufacturers of such systems may not be prepared for an increased 
demand if EPA were to propose a lower charge size, opening the 
requirement for ALD systems to a larger inventory of refrigeration 
appliances. Taking into account existing and pending state 
requirements, and a likely degree of voluntary adoption of ALD systems, 
EPA estimates that the proposed requirement will impact approximately 
50,000 appliances over the year 2025 and 6,500 per year in subsequent 
years. EPA has identified 10 manufacturers of ALD systems for the U.S. 
market. There are eight manufacturers making direct ALD systems and 
three manufacturers making indirect ALD systems (one manufacturer was 
identified to make both types of ALD systems). The majority of 
installed systems are likely direct ALD systems. EPA estimates that one 
of the largest manufacturers of direct ALD in the US makes between 
6,500-7,000 direct ALD systems per year. For additional information and 
details on the estimated emissions reductions and costs related to ALD 
systems, see the draft TSD titled Analysis of the Economic Impact and 
Benefits of the Proposed Rule available in the docket for this action. 
EPA also notes that later in this section, we are seeking comments 
specifically on the proposed threshold for ALD system requirements as 
well as comment on the current manufacturing landscape of ALD systems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ EPA describes each type (i.e., direct and indirect) of ALD 
system later in this section and in detail in the draft TSD titled 
American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020--Subsection (h): 
Automatic Leak Detection System.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA considered and is not proposing requiring ALD systems for all 
refrigerant-containing appliances above a certain charge size. Instead, 
after considering the opportunities to reduce leaks and thus minimize 
emissions, EPA decided to limit this proposed requirement to commercial 
refrigeration and IPR appliances. EPA is not proposing requirements for 
using ALD systems for appliances used solely for comfort cooling. The 
Agency understands that refrigerant-containing appliances used for 
comfort cooling typically do not leak to the same degree as appliances 
in the commercial refrigeration and IPR subsectors. Medium (charge size 
of 200-2,000 pounds of refrigerant) and large (charge size 2,000 pounds 
or greater of refrigerant) comfort cooling appliances average annual 
leak rates of around 10 percent, while medium and large commercial 
refrigeration and IPR appliances have average leak rates that are 
around two to three times greater.\74\ This is consistent with EPA's 
proposed requirements for leak inspections, such that appliances used 
for comfort cooling would not have more frequent required inspections 
as a part of the leak repair provisions (see section IV.C.3.d.). EPA 
previously noted in the 2016 CAA 608 Rule (81 FR 82272, November 16, 
2016) that larger commercial refrigeration and IPR appliances tend to 
have larger annual average leak rates than comfort cooling appliances. 
Further, larger commercial refrigeration and IPR appliances would have 
a greater amount of refrigerant lost compared to comfort cooling 
appliances even if the leaks rate were the same since these larger 
appliances typically have significantly larger refrigerant charge 
sizes. Thus, the primary benefit of early leak detection from an ALD 
system would not be as useful for appliances solely used for comfort 
cooling. However, if an appliance has a dual function (e.g., IPR and 
comfort cooling), an ALD system would be required. For example, if the 
refrigerant coming off the evaporator in an industrial process were 
cool enough, it could be directed towards co-located offices or break 
rooms to provide air conditioning, before being routed back to the 
compressor(s). Such a system would provide both IPR and comfort 
cooling, and for purposes of this rule, an ALD system would be 
required.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ Average annual leak rates by appliance type and charge size 
are provided in the RIA Addendum.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ALD systems detect leaks either by a direct system that 
automatically detects the presence of refrigerant leaked into the air 
(e.g., an alert is triggered at a specified concentration, typically in 
parts per million (ppm)) from a refrigeration system, or by an indirect 
system that automatically analyzes operating conditions (e.g., 
temperature or pressure) within a refrigeration system as indicators of 
whether a refrigerant leak has occurred. Both types of ALD systems can 
help to ensure early detection of leaks and help to identify the 
location and severity of a leak. Thus, EPA is not proposing to 
prescribe whether direct or indirect ALD systems must be used, but 
rather is proposing that either type of system, or a combination of 
direct and indirect systems, would be required, and is proposing 
requirements that are specific to each type of ALD system. For both 
indirect and direct systems, EPA is proposing that the ALD system be 
installed on covered refrigerant-containing appliances where the 
components (e.g., compressor, evaporator, condenser) of the refrigerant 
circuit are located within an enclosed building or structure (or the 
whole refrigerant circuit if it is entirely enclosed within a building 
or structure). Further, EPA is proposing where ALD systems are required 
for covered appliances that the systems be calibrated or audited 
annually as described in section IV.C.4.b.
    Direct refrigerant leak detection systems are fixed hardware that 
directly monitor the concentration of refrigerants in the air. For 
direct ALD systems, it is essential that gas sensors are located at all 
leak-prone components of a refrigeration system; otherwise, some leaks 
may go undetected. The benefits of direct ALD systems include being 
able to pinpoint the location and severity of a leak. Direct ALD 
systems are commissioned to send an ``alarm'' to maintenance and/or 
operations staff if the programmed leak level threshold is exceeded. 
EPA is proposing that if an owner or operator chooses to use a direct 
ALD system to comply with the proposed provisions to detect refrigerant 
leaks in equipment, the programmed leak level threshold to alert the 
operator would be when a concentration of 100 ppm of vapor of the 
specified refrigerant is detected. EPA is also proposing that the leak 
detection sensors must be capable of accurately detecting a 
concentration level of 10 ppm of the vapor of the specified 
refrigerant. The leak level threshold and minimum level of detection 
are critical to catch leaks in

[[Page 72250]]

equipment. If the leak level threshold is set too high, the ALD system 
will only provide an alarm in the case of catastrophic leaks. The 
technical feasibility of the 100 ppm threshold is well established. 
This has been the threshold used by the California Air Resources Board 
(CARB) and is also the standard in provisions at 40 CFR 82.157(g)(4)(i) 
for ALD systems that are used in lieu of quarterly or annual leak 
inspections, as part of the leak repair requirements under CAA section 
608.
    EPA is proposing that if a direct ALD system detects a leak based 
on the 100 ppm threshold, the owner or operator would be required to 
either perform a leak rate calculation to determine if the leak rate 
threshold has been exceeded, or alternatively they may preemptively 
repair the leak before adding refrigerant and calculating the leak 
rate. In order to calculate the leak rate, refer to section IV.C.3.a. 
of this action. EPA is proposing that a leak rate calculation must be 
performed within 30 days (or 120 days where an industrial process 
shutdown would be necessary) of the alarm where a direct ALD system is 
used for required equipment. If the leak rate calculated is above the 
applicable leak rate, as discussed in section IV.C.3. of this preamble, 
all of the leak repair requirements proposed in this action (including 
the repair requirements, inspections, verification tests and 
recordkeeping and reporting) would then apply. Alternatively, if the 
owner or operator chooses to preemptively repair the detected leak, a 
leak rate calculation would be performed after the preemptive repair; 
however, the leak rate calculation would still be required to be 
performed within 30 days (or 120 days where an industrial process 
shutdown would be necessary) of the alarm where a direct ALD system is 
used for required equipment, and accordingly the preemptive repair 
would also need to occur in that time frame. If the leak rate 
calculation (performed after the addition of refrigerant pursuant to 
the follow-up verification test) conducted after the preemptive repair 
reveals that the appliance had leaked above the applicable leak 
threshold, the proposed suite of leak repair requirements would apply. 
The preemptive repair actions can be considered in determining whether 
the suite of leak repair requirements triggered by the exceedance of 
the applicable leak threshold have been satisfied, but the owner or 
operator of the appliance would still need to ensure that the leaks had 
been repaired according to the proposed definition of repair and that 
the other requirements proposed in 40 CFR 84.106 (e.g., initial and 
follow-up verification tests, leak inspections (where applicable), and 
related recordkeeping) had been met. By allowing a leak detected by an 
ALD system to be preemptively repaired before the addition of 
refrigerant and calculation of the leak rate, EPA anticipates that this 
would avoid requiring owners and operators to add refrigerant to a 
system with a known leak, thereby saving the cost of refrigerant that 
might subsequently leak prior to the repair, as well as prevent 
unnecessary emissions of refrigerant. Additionally, preemptive repair 
of leaks allows owners and operators to have a ``head start'' on 
repairing leaks if it is later found that the applicable leak rate 
threshold has been exceeded when the leak rate calculation is 
performed.
    Indirect ALD systems rely on data analytics to detect leaks rather 
than the direct detection of refrigerant gas. Indirect ALD systems 
monitor the operation of a refrigerant-based system to infer whether a 
leak is present. This method is typically conducted using existing 
sensors and hardware that are already located on site, and it relies on 
algorithms to evaluate existing conditions, such as liquid levels, 
temperatures, and ambient conditions to indicate if a leak is 
occurring. EPA understands that indirect systems can be calibrated to 
provide an alarm when a specified predicted refrigerant leak rate has 
occurred. EPA is proposing that if an owner or operator chooses to use 
an indirect ALD system to comply with the proposed provisions to detect 
leaks in equipment, that the system be calibrated to provide an alarm 
when the system has provided measurements that indicate that 50 pounds 
of refrigerant or 10 percent of the full charge of refrigerant, 
whichever is less, has leaked. At that point, as for direct ALD 
systems, EPA is proposing that the owner or operator would be required 
to perform a leak rate calculation, or alternatively they may 
preemptively repair the leak before adding refrigerant and calculating 
the leak rate. EPA is proposing that a leak rate calculation be 
performed within 30 days (or 120 days where an industrial process 
shutdown would be necessary) of the alarm where an indirect ALD system 
is used for required equipment. If the calculated leak rate is above 
the applicable leak trigger rate (as discussed in section IV.C.3. of 
this preamble), all of the leak repair requirements proposed in this 
action (including the repair requirements, inspections, verification 
tests and recordkeeping and reporting) would then apply.
    If the owner or operator chooses to preemptively repair the 
detected leak, a leak rate calculation would be performed after the 
repair, for example when refrigerant is added to perform the follow-up 
verification test. The same requirements as described above for where 
an owner or operator chooses to do preemptive leak repair when using 
direct ALD system apply in the scenario where preemptive leak repair is 
performed when using an indirect ALD system. The leak rate calculation 
would still be required to be performed within 30 days (or 120 days 
where an industrial process shutdown would be necessary) of the alarm 
where an indirect ALD system is used for required equipment, and 
accordingly the preemptive repair would also need to occur in that time 
frame. If the leak rate calculation (performed after the addition of 
refrigerant pursuant to the follow-up verification test) conducted 
after the preemptive repair reveals that the appliance had leaked above 
the applicable leak threshold, the proposed suite of leak repair 
requirements would apply. The preemptive repair actions can be 
considered in determining whether the suite of leak repair requirements 
triggered by the exceedance of the applicable leak threshold have been 
satisfied, but the owner or operator of the appliance would still need 
to ensure that the leaks had been repaired according to the proposed 
definition of repair and that the other requirements proposed in 40 CFR 
84.106 (e.g., initial and follow-up verification tests, leak 
inspections (where applicable), and related recordkeeping) had been 
met.
    EPA notes that a 10 percent loss in full charge does not directly 
correspond to the leak rate threshold of 20 percent for commercial 
refrigeration and 30 percent for IPR. The 10 percent of total charge 
lost when an indirect ALD system alarms may equate less than or greater 
than an annualized leak rate of 20 or 30 percent depending on the 
timeframe over which the leak occurred. See section IV.C.3.a. for more 
information on calculating the annualized leak rate. In any event, this 
difference is reasonable because the primary purpose of the ALD system 
is to allow the owner or operator to obtain knowledge of the leak 
earlier (e.g., before operations are impacted) and to facilitate 
earlier repair, whether through preemptive repair before the leak rate 
threshold is exceeded or through required repairs after the leak rate 
threshold is exceeded.

[[Page 72251]]

    The technical feasibility of the ``50 pounds of refrigerant or 10 
percent of the full charge, whichever is less'' standard is well 
established. This has been the threshold used by both CARB and is also 
the standard in provisions at 40 CFR 82.157(g)(4)(ii) for ALD systems 
that are used in lieu of quarterly or annual leak inspections, as part 
of the leak repair requirements under CAA section 608.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal, and, in 
particular, aspects of the proposed requirements for installing and 
using ALD systems on refrigerant-containing appliances, as well as the 
proposed compliance dates. EPA is requesting comment on the types of 
appliances (e.g., only refrigeration equipment) and the charge size 
cutoff for appliances (i.e., 1,500 pounds) that would be required to 
use ALD systems. For example, should EPA consider including comfort 
cooling appliances in the equipment required to use ALD systems or 
should a lower or higher charge size cutoff be used, or should a 
different approach be used for determining applicability for this 
requirement (such as a CO2e based approach)? EPA continues 
to consider options for the charge size cutoff for applying ALD system 
provisions, particularly, those discussed in this preamble (e.g., 200, 
500 pounds, 1,000 pounds, 2,000 pounds) and requests comment on these 
and other potential cutoffs for requiring ALD systems on refrigerant-
containing appliances.
    EPA is also requesting comment on the proposed alarm trigger 
thresholds and detection levels for both direct and indirect ALD 
systems. For direct ALD systems, EPA is requesting comment if it would 
be appropriate to lower the required alert trigger threshold to 50 ppm 
or to lower the concentration detection level to 5 ppm. For indirect 
ALD systems, EPA is seeking comment on requiring that an indirect ALD 
system alert at a lower measurement to detect leaks sooner (e.g., 5 
percent of the full charge). For either type of ALD system, EPA 
requests comment on whether these lower levels are technically 
feasible, whether they would lead to increase in false positives, and 
whether existing ALD systems used on refrigerant-containing appliances 
should be grandfathered if EPA were to lower these levels.
    As noted above in this section, EPA is aware of ten manufacturers 
currently making ALD systems and selling them in the U.S. market. Many 
of these companies have been supplying those that are required by state 
regulations, those that chose to use ALD systems as an option under CAA 
section 608, and those that choose on a voluntary basis to use ALD 
systems. By requiring ALD systems nationally for certain types of RACHP 
equipment, EPA understands demand will increase in short time. 
Therefore, EPA requests comment and data or other supporting 
information on whether supply and availability of ALD systems will be 
available to meet the proposed compliance dates for new and existing 
appliances. EPA anticipates that ALD systems for new appliances would 
be able to comply with the January 1, 2025 date, and thus the options 
described are focused only on existing equipment. However, EPA requests 
comments on whether additional time would be needed for ALD system 
installations in new appliances as well. EPA considered but did not 
propose as its lead option to require ALD systems for existing 
appliances when there is a triggering event (e.g., a leak rate 
threshold exceedance). In this option, existing appliances would not be 
required to install ALD systems within one year of the effective date 
of the final rule, but they would be required to obtain and install ALD 
systems within one year of a leak rate threshold exceedance (measured 
from the date of the refrigerant addition that triggered the leak rate 
calculation that revealed the exceedance). Another option EPA 
considered but did not propose as its lead option would be to phase in 
the requirement for ALD systems for existing refrigerant-containing 
appliances over a longer time frame, such as over the course of three 
years. EPA requests comment on the requirements for ALD systems 
including these options the Agency considered. Additional information 
is available in the draft TSD named American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act of 2020--Subsection (h): Automatic Leak Detection 
System available in the docket for the proposed rulemaking.
b. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    EPA is proposing specific reporting and recordkeeping requirements 
for ALD systems that would be required under this action under 
subsection (h). Where ALD systems are required, EPA is proposing that 
owners or operators maintain records regarding the annual calibration 
or audit of the system. EPA is also proposing to require that records 
be maintained each time an ALD system triggers an alert, whether that 
be based on the applicable ppm threshold for a direct ALD system or the 
indicated loss of refrigerant measured in an indirect ALD system. When 
an ALD system alerts of a leak, EPA is proposing that the owner or 
operator maintain a record of the date the ALD systems alerted to a 
leak and the location of the leak. The recordkeeping requirements 
related to when a leak rate calculation is conducted are described in 
section IV.C.3.g of this document. As noted in section II.B. of this 
document, EPA's authority to require recordkeeping and reporting under 
the AIM Act is also supported by section 114 of the CAA, which applies 
to the AIM Act and rules promulgated under it as provided in subsection 
(k)(1)(C) of the AIM Act.
    EPA is proposing recordkeeping requirements in the case where an 
owner or operator chooses to use an ALD system, where not required, as 
a compliance option in lieu of periodic inspections for an appliance 
that has exceeded an applicable leak rate. EPA is proposing that owners 
or operators maintain records regarding the installation of the ALD 
system and records of the annual calibration or audit of the system. 
EPA is also proposing to require that records be maintained each time 
the ALD system triggers an alert, whether that be based on the 
applicable ppm threshold for a direct ALD system or the indicated loss 
of refrigerant measured in an indirect ALD system. EPA is proposing 
that the owner or operator maintain a record of the date the ALD 
systems alerted to a leak and the location of the leak.
    EPA is proposing that these records related to ALD systems, where 
required, be maintained for 3 years. Where ALD systems are being 
voluntarily used (i.e., appliances with a full charge below 1,500 
pounds or using a substitute for HFCs with a GWP of 53 or below), there 
are no recordkeeping requirements under this proposal. However, if an 
appliance using an ALD system is found to be leaking above the 
applicable leak rate and the owner or operator chooses to use the ALD 
system in lieu of periodic inspections, they would be required to 
follow all requirements associated with this compliance option, 
including annual audits or calibration and all necessary recordkeeping 
requirements. The proposed recordkeeping requirements in this action do 
not change any recordkeeping requirements where an owner or operator 
chooses to use an ALD system per 40 CFR 82.157(g)(4) for appliances 
containing ODS refrigerants.
    EPA requests comment on whether the Agency should require reporting 
of ALD system alerts to the agency. Specifically, EPA requests comment 
on whether owner or operators of refrigerant-containing appliances that 
have a full charge of 1,500 pounds should be required to file a report 
with

[[Page 72252]]

the agency within 120 days of an ALD system alert that describes the 
incident and follow-up leak rate calculation and/or repairs. 
Alternatively, EPA requests comment on an annual reporting requirement 
that would catalogue all ALD system alerts that occurred in a one-year 
period and the follow-up actions associated with those alerts. EPA is 
not proposing either of these reporting requirements as its lead option 
because the Agency believes the proposed requirements for chronically 
leaking appliance reports may be sufficient to accomplish the policy 
objectives of verifying that appropriate repairs are undertaken when a 
refrigerant-containing appliance has a significant history of leaks.

D. How is EPA proposing to establish requirements for the use of 
recovered and reclaimed HFCs?

1. Background
    As described more fully in section II.B. in this proposal, 
subsection (h) of the AIM Act directs EPA to promulgate regulations for 
certain purposes identified in the statutory text, which include 
maximizing the reclamation of regulated substances. More specifically, 
subsection (h)(1) gives EPA authority to promulgate regulations to 
control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or activity related 
to the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment that 
involves HFCs or their substitutes, or the reclaiming of HFCs or their 
substitutes used as a refrigerant. With respect to reclamation, EPA 
interprets subsection (h) as including authority for EPA to establish 
regulations to control such practices, processes, or activities that 
are intended to increase reclamation of HFCs, as well as substitutes 
for HFCs that are used as refrigerants. Such regulations could include 
those that are designed to increase market demand for reclaimed HFCs 
with a goal of increasing the amount of HFCs that are reclaimed, which 
would further serve the purpose of maximizing the reclamation of 
regulated substances. Consistent with this interpretation, EPA is 
proposing requirements for the use of reclaimed HFCs in the 
installation, servicing, or repair of certain equipment. In this 
rulemaking, EPA is not considering establishing requirements for the 
use of reclaimed HFC substitutes. Substitutes for HFCs, for the 
purposes of this proposal, range from fluorinated chemistry (e.g., 
HFOs), non-fluorinated chemistry (e.g., hydrocarbons), and not-in-kind 
substitutes. In this proposed rulemaking, EPA determined it would be 
prudent to limit the proposed requirements to HFCs, given the 
consumption and production phasedown will create scarcity for virgin 
HFCs and such demand can partly be addressed by increased use of 
reclaimed HFCs where possible.
    Reclamation of refrigerants has played an important role in 
smoothing the phase out of ODS refrigerants. The continued availability 
of ODS refrigerants helped ensure that equipment could continue to be 
used even after the phaseout date for production and consumption of 
various class I and class II ODS. Even today, more than 25 years after 
the class I phaseout, reclaimed class I ODS remain available for 
servicing appliances. Reclamation of HFCs already plays a nascent role 
in the refrigerant market and is expected to be of increasing 
importance as HFC production and consumption are phased down. By 
bolstering the current supply of HFCs with recovered and reclaimed 
refrigerants from existing systems, reclamation can support a smooth 
transition to substitutes for HFCs, minimize disruption of the current 
capital stock of equipment by allowing its continued use with existing 
refrigerant supplies, avoid supply shortages of virgin refrigerants, 
and can insulate the industry against price spikes that could affect 
the servicing of existing systems using HFCs.
    EPA published a Notice of Data Availability (NODA) on October 17, 
2022 (87 FR 62843) to alert stakeholders of information regarding the 
U.S. HFC reclamation market, available through a draft report, Analysis 
of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, 
Drivers, and Practices.\75\ EPA solicited stakeholder feedback and held 
a public stakeholder meeting shortly after the NODA was published on 
November 9, 2022.\76\ EPA received comments \77\ from various entities 
in response to the published NODA and from the stakeholder meeting 
held, including comments from reclaimers, industry organizations, 
environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs), OEMs, and a private 
citizen. Commenters provided input on a variety of topics. They noted 
the importance of tackling certain barriers to increased reclamation 
and availability of reclaimed HFCs on the market. Such barriers 
included increasing recovery of refrigerants, handling mixed 
refrigerants returned to reclaimers, and reclaiming certain patented 
blends. Commenters also provided input on consideration for a clear 
standard of what constitutes reclaimed HFCs, as well as improved 
tracking of HFCs in the supply chain. Further, some commenters noted 
opportunities for requiring the use of reclaimed materials in certain 
uses (e.g., first charge of certain equipment). EPA held an additional 
public stakeholder meeting on March 16, 2023 and a webinar through 
EPA's GreenChill Partnership Program on April 12, 2023 and heard many 
similar comments.78 79 Interested parties may view the draft 
report, the materials for the public meetings, and the comments the 
Agency received in response to the NODA in the docket for this action. 
Further, EPA is providing an updated version of the draft report, 
titled Updated Draft Report--Analysis of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon 
Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and Practices, in the docket 
of this action that incorporates feedback heard in the stakeholder 
meetings and as provided in comments to the NODA.
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    \75\ Draft Report--Analysis of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon 
Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and Practices, October 
2022. Available: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-10/Draft_HFC-Reclamation-Report_10-13-22%20sxf%20v3.pdf.
    \76\ Stakeholder meeting for input on an upcoming regulatory 
action under subsection (h) of the AIM Act, November 2022. 
Available: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-11/AIM%20Act%20Stakeholder%20Meeting_HFC%20Management_11-9-2022.pdf.
    \77\ Comments submitted to response of NODA published on October 
17, 2022 (87 FR 62843) are available in the docket for this proposed 
rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
    \78\ Stakeholder meeting on HFC reclamation under the AIM Act, 
March 2023. Available: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-04/HFC%20Management_Reclaimer%20Stakeholder%20Mtg_Final%203-15-23.pdf.
    \79\ Webinar--Subsection (h) Under the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act, April 2023. Available: https://www.epa.gov/greenchill/webinar-subsection-h-under-american-innovation-and-manufacturing-act.
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2. Proposed Reclamation Standard
    Subsection (b)(9) of the AIM Act provides a statutory definition 
for ``reclaim, reclamation.'' This definition refers to the 
reprocessing of a recovered regulated substance to meet at least the 
purity described in standard AHRI 700-2016 (or an appropriate successor 
standard adopted by the Administrator), and that the purity of the 
reclaimed regulated substances must be verified using, at a minimum, 
the analytical method described in that standard. EPA promulgated a 
definition for ``reclaim'' in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 
55116, October 5, 2021) that is consistent with the definition provided 
by the AIM Act. As noted in section IV.A. of this proposal, the Agency 
intends to maintain consistency, except as otherwise explained in this 
proposal,

[[Page 72253]]

and use terms in this proposal, and in the new subpart C, which is 
proposed to be established in this rulemaking, as they are defined in 
subpart A.
    Subsection (h)(2)(B) of the AIM Act provides that any regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant that is recovered shall be reclaimed 
before being sold or transferred to a new owner, except where the 
recovered regulated substance is sold or transferred to a new owner 
solely for the purposes of being reclaimed or destroyed. EPA is 
proposing regulations to implement the statutory requirement in 
subsection (h)(2)(B) for stationary refrigerant-containing equipment. 
This would be particularly relevant to the refrigerant-containing 
appliances for which EPA is proposing requirements to use reclaimed 
HFCs in sections IV.D.3. and IV.D.4. of this proposal. More 
specifically, EPA is proposing to prohibit the sale, distribution, or 
transfer to a new owner, or the offer for sale, distribution, or 
transfer to a new owner, any regulated substance used as a refrigerant 
in stationary refrigerant-containing equipment consisting in whole or 
in part of recovered regulated substances. This prohibition would not 
apply where the recovered regulated substances are reclaimed by an EPA-
certified reclaimer (as described in 40 CFR 82.164) and has been 
reclaimed to the required purity standard, or if the recovered 
regulated substance is being sold, distributed, or transferred to a new 
owner, or offered for sale, distribution, or transfer to a new owner 
solely for the purposes of being reclaimed or destroyed. These proposed 
provisions are intended to support the implementation of this statutory 
provision for stationary refrigerant-containing equipment in the 
context of other requirements proposed in this rulemaking, including by 
outlining more specific requirements for the reclamation that would 
need to occur before sale or any of the other listed activities for 
such regulated substances, as well as incorporating the statutory 
exception for situations where such recovered regulated substances are 
sold or transferred solely for the purposes of being reclaimed or 
destroyed. EPA further discusses its anticipated approach for recovered 
regulated substances used as refrigerants in MVAC equipment in section 
IV.H. of this preamble.
    To support consistent implementation of the proposed requirements 
for the use of reclaimed HFCs in the installation, servicing, or repair 
of certain equipment, EPA is proposing a standard for the amount of 
virgin HFC refrigerant that can be included in any HFC or HFC blend 
reclaimed refrigerant. These requirements are being proposed as part of 
implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as these provisions 
would control practices, processes, or activities regarding the 
installation, servicing or repair of equipment and would involve a 
regulated substance or the reclaiming of a regulated substance used as 
a refrigerant.
    Typically, CAA section 608 certified reclaimers meet the required 
purity standards for reclaimed refrigerants by using separation 
technology (e.g., fractional distillation), combining high purity \80\ 
refrigerant with recovered refrigerant until the purity standard is 
met, or using a combination of these approaches. In some cases, 
sophisticated fractional distillation technology is required to purify 
recovered refrigerants. Combining high purity (e.g., virgin) 
refrigerants with recovered refrigerants is an approach that some CAA 
section 608 certified reclaimers may use to meet the required purity 
standard. In that approach, virgin or otherwise high purity (e.g., 
other reclaimed refrigerants) refrigerant is added to the recovered 
refrigerant, which may or may not have gone through some degree of 
reprocessing, until the final product meets the purity specifications 
to be considered reclaimed. A combination of separation technology and 
using virgin HFCs may be used, in which the separation technology 
reprocesses the refrigerant nearly to the required purity standard and 
high purity refrigerant is used to rebalance the refrigerant and/or 
fully achieve the standard.
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    \80\ In some cases, virgin refrigerant may be combined with less 
pure recovered refrigerant to achieve the required applicable purity 
standard; however, other higher purity refrigerants, such as 
previously reclaimed refrigerants could also be used to achieve the 
same result.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the HFC phasedown progresses, the overall quantity of virgin 
HFCs available, including to facilitate reclamation through blending or 
rebalancing, will decrease. In addition, the Agency considers that 
limiting the extent to which the purity standard for reclamation is 
achieved through combining with virgin refrigerant (besides what the 
Agency understands to be the necessary rebalancing, particularly of 
certain blends) will support the purposes of its proposed regulations 
for use of reclaimed refrigerant, including maximizing reclamation, as 
well as bolstering the available supply of HFCs in the market. 
Therefore, EPA is proposing to establish a limit on the amount, by 
weight of virgin HFC refrigerants, that can be contained in reclaimed 
HFC refrigerant. The proposed amount is no more than 15 percent virgin 
HFC refrigerants, by weight. As EPA understands, reclaimed HFCs may be 
reprocessed in a batch, from which containers, such as cylinders, may 
be filled and sold or distributed. In this case, EPA is not proposing 
to require that each individual container or cylinder be rationed out 
to meet the allowable limit of virgin HFCs. Rather, EPA would expect 
that at the batch level, the reclaimed HFCs do not exceed 15 percent, 
by weight, virgin HFCs. In order to support compliance with and 
enforcement of these proposed requirements, EPA is proposing labeling 
and recordkeeping requirements as well as proposing to prohibit the 
sale, identification, or reporting of refrigerant as being reclaimed if 
the HFC component of the resulting refrigerant contains more than 15 
percent, by weight, of virgin HFC. Similarly, to ensure that this 
standard is supporting the reclamation of substances that have had bona 
fide use in equipment, EPA would not consider a refrigerant to be 
reclaimed if it contains a recovered regulated substance that has not 
had bona fide use in equipment, unless that recovered refrigerant was 
from the heel or residue of a container that had a bona fide use in the 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment.
    As the Agency developed this aspect of the proposal under the AIM 
Act subsection (h), EPA considered a number of sources of information 
about the approach to the use of virgin refrigerant in reclaimed 
refrigerant, including but not limited to the NODA (87 FR 62843, 
October 17, 2022) on the state of reclamation and comments received, 
relevant state regulations, comments made during stakeholder meetings, 
and a 2022 report by a group of ENGOs (Environmental Investigations 
Agency, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Institute for 
Governance & Sustainable Development).\81\ Limiting the amount of 
virgin refrigerant was not included in the CAA section 608 regulations. 
However, consistent with sources of information noted above and in 
recognizing the context of the overall structure of the AIM Act 
phasedown, EPA assessed the current landscape of requirements for 
defining the composition of reclaimed HFCs as it

[[Page 72254]]

relates to the amounts of virgin and recovered HFCs contained. EPA 
notes that the State of California currently has such a definition in 
its regulations. The CARB finalized a regulation, effective January 1, 
2022, that defines ``certified reclaimed refrigerant'' as containing no 
more than 15 percent virgin refrigerant by weight and the certified 
reclaimer must provide supporting documentation showing as such.\82\ 
CARB arrived at a maximum allowable amount of virgin HFCs of 15 percent 
by weight in ``certified reclaimed refrigerant'' based on feedback from 
multiple stakeholders (including reclaimers, OEMs, and industry trade 
groups) who commented that having an allowable amount of virgin HFCs in 
reclaimed HFCs would be necessary for rebalancing out-of-ratio 
recovered HFCs and HFC blends.\83\ During a November 2022 stakeholder 
meeting EPA hosted and in comments submitted in response to the October 
2022 NODA, several participants referred to CARB's 15 percent 
requirement as a workable limit for reclaimed refrigerant. The ENGO 
report suggests that a 15 percent requirement should be the maximin 
amount of virgin refrigerant the Agency should consider; however, EPA 
is not aware of a specific alternative proposed limit that the groups 
that developed this report are suggesting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Environmental Investigations Agency, the Natural Resources 
Defense Council, and the Institute for Governance & Sustainable 
Development, The 90 Million Ton Opportunity: Lifecycle Refrigerant 
Management (LMR), available at: https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/lrm-90-billion-ton-opportunity-report-20221020.pdf.
    \82\ California Code of Regulations, Prohibitions on Use of 
Certain Hydrofluorocarbons in Stationary Refrigeration, Stationary 
Air-conditioning, and Other End-Uses. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2020/hfc2020/frorevised.pdf.
    \83\ Final Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking, Including 
Summary of Comment sand Agency Response, State of California Air 
Resources Board, available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2020/hfc2020/fsorrevised.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on the information described above from CARB and others, EPA 
is proposing to conclude that placing a limit on virgin HFCs in 
reclaimed HFC refrigerant is necessary to avoid situations where 
unlimited virgin HFCs could be sold as reclaimed HFC refrigerant if 
even a small amount of reclaimed HFCs are present. EPA notes that the 
limit of 15 percent virgin HFC refrigerant, by weight, in reclaimed 
HFCs as proposed in this action is consistent with the requirements in 
the State of California for what is defined as ``certified reclaimed 
refrigerant.'' Accordingly, EPA anticipates that regulated entities 
could draw on the experience of those regulated entities complying with 
California's limit in implementing this requirement. As part of 
developing this proposal, EPA considered the process which CARB 
underwent with industry and trade associations, both of which have a 
national presence, to land on this limit. Further, EPA acknowledges 
CARB's consideration of avoiding a scenario in which reclaimed HFCs 
could be sold as such, but actually contain mostly virgin HFC 
refrigerant with minimal amounts of recovered HFCs. Such a scenario 
would be inconsistent with the purpose identified in the subsection (h) 
of the AIM Act to maximize the reclamation of regulated substances and 
could cause strain on the supply of virgin HFC refrigerants available 
as EPA implements the provisions in the AIM Act related to phasing down 
the production and consumption of HFCs.
    As part of the initial regulations to implement subsection (h), for 
specified subsectors and applications, EPA is proposing to establish 
requirements that specific practices, processes, or activities 
regarding the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment be 
conducted using reclaimed HFCs, meeting the proposed criteria described 
in this section. In particular, EPA is proposing to require that HFCs 
that are considered to be reclaimed must contain no more than 15 
percent, by weight, of virgin HFCs. EPA recognizes that some amount of 
virgin HFC refrigerant may be needed to meet the required purity 
standard and correct blend composition for HFC blends and/or HFC and 
HFC substitute blends.
    In the case of reclaimed refrigerant blends that contain other 
components that are substitutes for HFCs (e.g., HFOs, hydrocarbons), 
EPA is proposing that only the HFC portion of the reclaimed blend is 
required to meet the virgin substance limit (i.e., 15 percent, by 
weight). EPA notes that subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act provides 
authority to promulgate regulations to control, where appropriate, 
practices, processes, or activities related to the servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation of equipment that involves reclaiming of a 
substitute for a regulated substance used as a refrigerant. EPA 
interprets this provision to provide it authority which could include 
requiring, where appropriate, the use of reclaimed HFC substitute 
refrigerants in practices, processes, or activities related to the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment. However, at 
this time, we are not proposing a requirement on establishing a 
standard limiting the amount of virgin material for what is considered 
a reclaimed substitute for HFCs.
    EPA is proposing labeling and recordkeeping requirements to support 
the proposed provision implementing a standard for reclaimed HFC 
refrigerants to contain no more than 15 percent, by weight, virgin 
HFCs. These requirements would help ensure that reclaimed HFCs would 
not exceed the limit for virgin HFCs and also help ensure that 
reclaimed HFCs are used for servicing, repair, and/or installation of 
equipment as proposed in sections IV.D.3. and IV.D.4. of this proposal. 
EPA is proposing that certified reclaimers would be required to affix a 
label to containers that are being sold or distributed or offered for 
sale or distribution that would certify that the reclaimed HFC 
refrigerant meets the proposed requirements to contain no more than 15 
percent virgin HFCs. The label would further serve to inform owners or 
operators of refrigerant-containing equipment that the reclaimed HFCs 
meet the proposed requirements to be used for servicing, repair, and/or 
installation of equipment in the covered subsectors of this proposal 
(see sections IV.D.3. and IV.D.4.). EPA is proposing that certified 
reclaimers must affix this label to reclaimed HFCs being sold or 
distributed or offered for sale or distribution beginning January 1, 
2026. The label would be required to follow the specifications as 
described in the proposed regulatory text at Sec.  84.112.
    EPA is also proposing a recordkeeping requirement related to the 
proposed provision to limit reclaimed HFCs to not exceed 15 percent 
virgin HFCs, by weight. The recordkeeping requirement would help 
provide certainty that the reclaimed HFCs that are in a container do 
not exceed the limit for virgin HFCs. EPA is proposing to require that 
certified reclaimers create and maintain a record related to the 
reclaimed HFCs that would be filled in containers. As described above, 
reclaimed HFCs may be reprocessed in a batch, from which containers, 
such as cylinders, may be filled and sold or distributed. As noted, EPA 
is not proposing to require that each individual container or cylinder 
be rationed out to meet the allowable limit of virgin HFCs. Rather, EPA 
would expect that at the batch level, the reclaimed HFCs do not exceed 
15 percent, by weight, virgin HFCs. EPA is proposing that a certified 
reclaimer would be required to provide a record of certification that 
the reclaimed HFCs being sold in a container were sourced from a batch 
that met the proposed standard. Further, the record generated would be 
required to contain the following information: the name, address, 
contact person, email address, and phone number of the certified 
reclaimer, the date the container was filled with reclaimed HFC(s), the 
amount and name of the HFC(s) in the container, certification that the 
contents

[[Page 72255]]

of the container are from a batch where the amount of virgin HFCs does 
not exceed 15 percent, by weight, of the total HFCs, the unique serial 
number of the container(s) filled from the batch, identification of the 
batch of reclaimed HFCs used to fill the container(s) and the percent, 
by weight, of virgin HFC(s) in the batch used to fill the container(s). 
EPA is proposing to require that such record would be required to be 
generated beginning January 1, 2026 and be maintained for three years.
    EPA is seeking comment on considering whether the requirements for 
generating a machine-readable tracking identifier per section IV.F.3. 
of this proposal would satisfy these proposed labeling and 
recordkeeping requirements to implement the limit of 15 percent virgin 
HFCs, by weight, in reclaimed HFCs. For example, EPA is seeking comment 
on whether the data elements required for generating the machine-
readable tracking identifier would be sufficient for certifying that 
the limit for virgin HFCs is not exceeded. EPA is also seeking comment 
on whether or how the information proposed to be required in the 
generation of a machine-readable tracking identifier would serve the 
purpose of ensuring that a certified reclaimer has certified that no 
more than 15 percent virgin HFCs, by weight were used to formulate the 
reclaimed HFCs, and whether or how this information would also help to 
inform owners and operators in the proposed RACHP subsectors who would 
be required to use reclaimed HFCs for the servicing, repair, and/or 
installation of equipment, that they are using reclaimed HFCs meeting 
the proposed standards. Further, EPA seeks comment on whether an 
additional label would be required or any current labels affixed to a 
container of reclaimed HFCs could be adjusted to accommodate these 
proposed requirements.
    EPA is requesting comments on all aspects of this proposal, and in 
particular, aspects of setting a standard for the amount of virgin HFC 
refrigerant in reclaimed HFCs. EPA is seeking comment on whether to 
establish a lower percentage of allowable virgin HFC refrigerants, for 
example, EPA could allow no more than 10 percent virgin HFCs, by 
weight, in reclaimed HFCs that are used to meet these proposed 
requirements. EPA is also seeking comment on our proposal to not 
require a limit on the amount of virgin refrigerant used in reclaimed 
substitutes for HFCs. The Agency is seeking comment on the proposed 
recordkeeping and labeling requirements to ensure that the reclaimed 
HFCs do not exceed 15 percent, by weight, virgin HFCs, and which party 
or parties should be responsible for maintaining the record. 
Specifically, EPA is seeking comment on adding a label to reclaimed HFC 
refrigerants that would identify them as such, since it is EPA's 
understanding that not all reclaimed HFC refrigerants are explicitly 
marketed as such.
3. Proposed Requirements for Initial Charge of Equipment for Subsectors 
in the RACHP Sector
    EPA is proposing that for certain subsectors and applications in 
the RACHP sector where HFCs or a blend containing HFCs are used, the 
initial charge of refrigerant-containing equipment must be with 
reclaimed HFCs starting January 1, 2028. Specifically, in the case of 
certain factory-charged refrigerant-containing equipment that use HFCs 
as the refrigerant, EPA is proposing that such equipment in the covered 
subsectors and applications sold or distributed, or offered for sale or 
distribution, for installation, or installed, in the United States 
would be required to have reclaimed HFCs be used for the initial 
charge. For certain refrigerant-containing equipment using HFCs that 
are initially charged in the field (e.g., on-site),\84\ EPA is 
proposing to require that reclaimed HFCs be used for the initial charge 
during installation of the equipment. These requirements are being 
proposed as part of implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as 
these provisions would control practices, processes, or activities 
regarding the installation of equipment, and would involve a regulated 
substance or the reclaiming of a regulated substances used as a 
refrigerant.
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    \84\ Field-charging of equipment occurs when of a piece of 
equipment shipped to the location in which it will be installed. 
Equipment may also be field-charged when the overall system is not a 
single piece of equipment, but rather is a collection of components 
installed to meet a particular configuration (e.g., installation of 
a supermarket system).
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    In the case of field-charged equipment that are designed to be 
configured to particular application (e.g., custom-built or not ``off-
the-shelf'' equipment), EPA is proposing that for certain refrigerant-
containing equipment (e.g., retail food refrigeration supermarket 
system) a new installation would be considered to have occurred if the 
overall cooling capacity is increased or the entire refrigeration loop 
is replaced (compressor, condenser, evaporator, etc.). For example, EPA 
understands that in some situations components may be added to current 
systems, such as if the cooling demand of a particular system increases 
(e.g., expansion of a supermarket). In other cases, components may be 
added to a system without changing the overall cooling capacity or 
replacing the refrigeration loop. In these cases, EPA is not proposing 
to consider this a new installation and the use of reclaimed HFCs would 
not be required unless the equipment had already been required to use 
reclaimed HFCs for its original installation. Under the proposed 
requirements, where equipment was already required to have been charged 
with reclaimed HFCs when installed, reclaimed HFCs must continue to be 
used even if a component is added to a system but the cooling capacity 
is unchanged or the refrigerant loop is not replaced. Proposed 
requirements for servicing or repair of certain equipment with 
reclaimed HFCs would apply in the event that refrigerant needs to be 
removed or other servicing or repair is required. Section IV.D.4 of 
this proposal describes what EPA is proposing for the use of reclaimed 
HFCs for the servicing and/or repair of certain refrigerant-containing 
equipment.
    As explained in this section, EPA is proposing requirements for 
using reclaimed HFCs as the initial charge in certain refrigerant-
containing equipment that will be sold or distributed or offered for 
sale or distribution for installation or installed in the United States 
in certain RACHP subsectors and applications. EPA is proposing to delay 
the compliance date for the requirements for using reclaimed HFCs as 
the initial charge in certain equipment until January 1, 2028.
    On January 1, 2029, under the HFC phasedown schedule prescribed by 
Congress in subsection (e)(2)(C) of the AIM Act, the HFC production and 
consumption caps decrease by 70% as compared to historic baseline 
levels. While EPA anticipates that many equipment manufacturers will 
transition to substitutes for HFCs, reclaimed HFCs are anticipated to 
fill a vital role in supplying industry with usable HFCs for new and 
existing equipment. The experience with the phaseout of class I and 
class II ODS suggests that reclamation will be an important option for 
smoothing the phasedown. However, given the AIM Act calls for a 
phasedown of HFCs and not a phaseout, there also likely could be a 
continuing dependency on HFCs, at least for certain sectors and 
subsectors, indefinitely. Therefore, experience with similar chemicals 
and considering how markets may respond to a phasedown, were among the 
factors EPA considered when

[[Page 72256]]

developing the proposed requirements for requiring use of reclaimed 
HFCs.
    EPA is aware that industry and, in particular, reclaimers may need 
time to adjust business practices and build capacity to reclaim HFCs to 
support this upcoming demand for reclaimed HFCs as well as make other 
changes. EPA publishes annual data on the trends of reclaimed 
refrigerants.\85\ These data for reclaimed HFCs begin in 2017, when the 
CAA section 608 requirements for reporting reclamation of HFCs began. 
Reclamation of HFC refrigerants have been generally steady since 2017 
through 2021; however, HFC reclamation had a sizeable increase of 
approximately 38 percent in 2022 compared to 2021. EPA recognizes that 
these data mostly represent years ahead of when HFC production and 
consumption was capped, but the observed increase in reported HFC 
reclamation in 2022 shows an important step to making reclaimed HFCs 
more available on the market. Continued increases in the current levels 
of HFC reclamation will be necessary to meet the anticipated demand of 
HFCs in the subsectors for which EPA is proposing requirements for the 
use of reclaimed HFCs. EPA also recognizes the significant steps in the 
HFC phasedown that will occur in 2024 and 2029, and equipment using 
HFCs will generally rely on reclaimed HFCs, further adding to the 
demand of reclaimed HFCs. Proposing requirements for the use of 
reclaimed HFCs beginning in 2028 will give reclaimers and industry time 
to adjust business practices (e.g., changing suppliers) and build 
capacity, while allowing industry to have sufficient reclaimed HFCs 
ahead of the significant phasedown step which will reduce the amount of 
virgin HFCs that are available to meet demand for HFCs. Reclaimers who 
may need to build additional capacity would need this additional time 
to develop the necessary infrastructure to reclaim sufficient HFCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ U.S. EPA, Summary of Refrigerant Reclamation Trends, 
available: https://www.epa.gov/section608/summary-refrigerant-reclamation-trends.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The report by a group of ENGOs \86\ states that a requirement for 
new equipment to use reclaimed HFCs would further help mitigate the 
climate impact of sectors that are transitioning away from very-high-
GWP substances to mid-GWP substances as part of the HFC phasedown. The 
report states that a requirement to use reclaimed refrigerant instead 
of virgin refrigerants in specific subsectors ``would go a long way 
towards building a market for reclaimed refrigerant and avoiding 
unnecessary emissions of virgin HFCs.'' Specifically, it advocates for 
requirements to use of reclaimed refrigerant for initial charge and 
provides examples of subsectors to be covered for initial factory-
charged equipment. Such examples include air conditioning and heat 
pumps where refrigerants such as HFC-32 and R-454B are among the likely 
candidates replace R-410A. The authors of the report note that it has 
been uncommon to use reclaimed refrigerant in new factory-charged 
equipment. However, they state that the use of reclaimed refrigerant in 
new air conditioners and heat pumps has been successfully executed on a 
voluntary basis in Europe.\87\
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    \86\ Environmental Investigations Agency, the Natural Resources 
Defense Council, and the Institute for Governance & Sustainable 
Development, The 90 Million Ton Opportunity: Lifecycle Refrigerant 
Management (LMR), available at: https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/lrm-90-billion-ton-opportunity-report-20221020.pdf.
    \87\ Daikin Reclaimed Refrigerant Initiative in partnership with 
A-Gas, available at: https://www.chillaire.co.uk/reclaimed-refrigerant-initiative/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing that all refrigerant-containing equipment (i.e., 
100 percent) in the identified subsectors in this section use reclaimed 
HFCs for their initial charge. EPA is also considering requiring a 
certain percentage of some or all refrigerant-containing equipment in 
the subsectors identified in this aspect of the proposal be met with 
reclaimed HFCs for their initial charge. There may be certain 
advantages to such an approach including if availability of specific 
HFCs or HFC blends are not available in sufficient quantity to meet 
demand. However, complying with a percentage-based requirement could be 
challenging. Such an approach could also require additional 
recordkeeping or reporting requirements. If EPA were to use a 
percentage-based approach, in other words requiring for example 25, 50, 
or 75 percent of the affected equipment be charged with reclaimed 
refrigerant, EPA anticipates that for factory-charged equipment, the 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements would be for the manufacturers 
while for field-charged equipment the requirements would be for the 
owners and operators. By proposing to require that all refrigerant-
containing equipment in the affected subsectors have reclaimed HFCs 
used in their initial charge, additional recordkeeping requirements 
would be avoided since OEMs and owners or operators could just purchase 
reclaimed HFCs rather than keep track of the amount of reclaimed and 
virgin HFCs they purchase for the initial charge of their equipment 
throughout the year, as would be necessary if only a portion of the 
affected equipment were required to be charged with reclaimed 
refrigerant. EPA also understands that a variant on type of percentage-
based approach is used in California in a limited manner. EPA 
understands that California requires those that manufacture certain 
equipment (e.g., certain air-conditioning appliances) must purchase a 
certain amount of reclaimed refrigerant. However, California does not 
specify where or how the reclaimed refrigerants are used.
Subsectors in the RACHP Sector
    EPA is proposing to require use of reclaimed HFCs in initial 
charges for new refrigerant-containing equipment the following 
subsectors that will be installed in the United States:
     Residential and light commercial AC and heat pumps;
     Cold storage warehouses;
     Industrial process refrigeration;
     Stand-alone retail food refrigeration;
     Supermarket systems;
     Refrigerated transport; and
     Automatic commercial ice makers.\88\
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    \88\ EPA has proposed to restrict the use of certain higher-GWP 
HFCs in these seven subsectors through a rulemaking under subsection 
(i) of the AIM Act. (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022). Although EPA 
has not yet made final decisions regarding these subsectors, such 
restrictions on higher-GWP HFCs could affect the use of such HFCs 
for initial charge in these subsectors by 2028, even if these HFCs 
were reclaimed prior to the initial charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The types of equipment that are in these subsectors may vary by 
when the initial charge of the refrigerant is added to the equipment. 
Some types of equipment in a given subsector may be charged with the 
refrigerant before the equipment is sold or distributed (i.e., factory-
charged), while others within the same subsector or in a different 
subsector may have the refrigerant charged in the field (i.e., field-
charged). For example, self-contained equipment (e.g., window air 
conditioning units) in the residential and light commercial air 
conditioning and heat pumps subsector are charged with refrigerant at 
the factory and sold with the refrigerant in the equipment before it is 
installed for its intended use. Larger pieces of equipment in the IPR 
or supermarket systems subsectors, for example, have the refrigerant 
charged in field. These larger pieces of equipment may be custom-built 
to meet the specific needs of the application in which they are used, 
and the refrigerant is charged during the installation of the 
equipment. Additional detail on the types of

[[Page 72257]]

equipment and the applications in which they are used in the listed 
subsectors is provided in the proposed Technology Transitions Rule (87 
FR 76738, December 15, 2022). Although EPA has not yet issued a final 
Technology Transitions rule, we also anticipate considering, where 
appropriate, any further information provided on these types of 
equipment, applications, and subsectors in any final Technology 
Transitions rule as we are developing this rulemaking under subsection 
(h) of the AIM Act, in an effort to promote consistency where 
appropriate.
    EPA understands that, in practice, reclaimed HFCs meet the same 
purity standards as their virgin counterparts and function the same 
when used in equipment in the RACHP sector and other sectors. Comments 
in response to EPA's NODA (87 FR 62843, October 17, 2022) and in 
stakeholder meetings hosted by the Agency noted that there are not 
significant barriers to using reclaimed HFCs in the initial charge of 
equipment. Thus, EPA's proposal to require the use of reclaimed HFCs 
regarding the installation of new equipment in the listed subsectors 
would not have any significant technical limitations. EPA is aware that 
the near-term capacity of reclaimed HFCs may not be sufficient to meet 
the total demand of HFCs in all new equipment across the whole RACHP 
sector and thus is proposing a subset of subsectors to be required to 
use reclaimed HFCs in the initial charge for the installation of new 
equipment. As described later in this section, the Agency also is 
seeking comment on requiring a percent of equipment in the subsector 
use reclaimed refrigerants rather than all equipment in that subsector 
given EPA understands that there could be other factors, such as 
introduction of new and/or patented refrigerants, that could affect the 
decision on the use of reclaimed refrigerants. For example, EPA could 
require manufacturers use reclaimed HFCs in 25, 50, or 75 percent of 
their total product lines for the covered product categories. The 
Agency describes later in this section in more detail and in the 
Updated Draft Report--Analysis of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon 
Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and Practices,\89\ the 
anticipated demand of HFCs for new refrigerant-containing equipment in 
these subsectors that would need to be met with reclaimed HFCs, and 
notes that the proposed compliance date for these proposed requirements 
would not be until 2028. The proposed compliance date provides industry 
a transition period to facilitate necessary changes in the current 
business practices and to allow for the HFC reclamation market to grow. 
Further, based on the restrictions in the proposed Technology 
Transition rule (87 FR 76738, December 15, 2022), industry should have 
a good sense of what HFCs and blends containing HFCs would be being 
used in new equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ EPA, 2023. Updated Draft Report--Analysis of the U.S. 
Hydrofluorocarbon Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and 
Practices. Available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) for this 
proposed rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing requirements for the initial charge with reclaimed 
HFCs in equipment in these seven subsectors within the RACHP sector 
based on the Agency's assessment of available reclaimed HFCs available 
to meet anticipated demand and that these are uses for which reclaimed 
refrigerants are appropriate to use. For example, EPA understands for 
certain subsectors, particularly those outside the RACHP sector, such 
as for certain medical devices (e.g., metered-dose inhalers), reclaimed 
HFCs would not be meet the specific quality and purification 
requirements. In its outreach, EPA asked about any significant 
challenges or barriers to using reclaimed HFCs as the initial charge of 
refrigerant in equipment. The Agency received comments in support of 
requiring reclaimed HFCs as the initial charge for equipment in 
response to the October 2022 NODA and did not learn of any technical 
barriers.\90\
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    \90\ Comments submitted to response of NODA published on October 
17, 2022 (87 FR 62843) are available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-
0606) for this proposed rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Reclaimed HFCs are purified and tested to verify they meet the 
levels as specified in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F (which 
is based on AHRI 700-2016), as consistent with the definition of 
reclaim in 40 CFR part 84, subpart A. The Allocation Framework Rule (86 
FR 55116, October 5, 2021) also requires that virgin HFC refrigerants 
meet this same standard. Therefore, their purity is indistinguishable. 
By requiring the use of reclaimed HFCs in these seven subsectors, EPA 
is providing opportunities to smooth transition to using reclaimed HFCs 
in new equipment that would be installed.
    EPA estimated the demand for initial charge of HFCs for equipment 
in the applicable subsectors in 2028 that would be required to be 
fulfilled with reclaimed HFCs per this proposal. EPA estimates that the 
total amount of reclaimed HFCs that would be required to meet demand 
for the initial charge of refrigerant-containing equipment in the 
covered subsectors would be approximately 23,300 metric tons, which is 
equivalent to 31.0 MMTCO2e in 2028. The subsector with the 
greatest amount of reclaimed HFCs needed to meet demand for the initial 
charge of equipment is the residential and light commercial subsector, 
at approximately 18,600 metric tons (18.6 MMTCO2e) of 
reclaimed HFCs that would be required in 2028. Additional information 
on the demand of HFCs for the initial charge of refrigerant-containing 
equipment in the covered subsectors can be found in the Updated Draft 
Report--Analysis of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon Reclamation Market: 
Stakeholders, Drivers, and Practices in the docket for this rulemaking.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this rule. With regard 
to the proposed requirements for using reclaimed HFCs in the initial 
charge of certain refrigerant-containing equipment, EPA is requesting 
comment on whether the requirement to use reclaimed HFCs in the initial 
charge of certain equipment should exclude certain HFCs or HFC blends 
because there are barriers to establishing the requisite availability 
of reclaimed refrigerants by the proposed January 1, 2028, compliance 
date. Such barriers could potentially include niche HFCs or HFC blends 
that are not manufactured or reclaimed at significant volumes but are 
key to certain subsectors, HFCs or HFC blends that were recently 
commercialized such that the amount of used material is not yet 
sufficient to provide the input to a supply of reclaim material, or 
certain refrigerants that may be subject to specific types of patents. 
EPA is also interested in comments regarding the proposed list of 
covered subsectors that would be required to use reclaimed HFCs in the 
initial charge of new equipment, and if EPA should consider any 
additional subsectors or fewer subsectors. As discussed in section 
IV.D.3., EPA noted that the Agency considered a percentage-based 
approach for the reclaim requirements for initial charge. EPA is 
requesting comment on this percentage-based approach where requirements 
for using reclaimed HFCs for initial charge of equipment in the covered 
subsectors could be phased in over time compared to the proposed 
requirement to solely use reclaimed HFCs in the initial charge of 
certain equipment. In other words, EPA could require, for example, 25, 
50 or 75 percent of a subsector use reclaim for initial charge 
indefinitely, or as an alternative example, that 25 percent do so in 
2026, 50 percent in 2027, 75

[[Page 72258]]

percent in 2028, and 100 percent in 2029. EPA also requests comment on 
the proposed compliance date of January 1, 2028 in general, for use of 
reclaimed HFCs in the initial charge of new equipment in applicable 
RACHP subsectors. EPA is interested in whether reclaimers anticipate 
being able to meet the demand in 2028.
4. Proposed Requirements for Servicing and/or Repair of Existing 
Equipment in Subsectors in the RACHP Sector
    EPA is proposing that the servicing and/or repair of refrigerant-
containing appliances in certain subsectors and applications in the 
RACHP sector where HFCs (whether neat or in a blend) are being used be 
done with reclaimed HFCs starting January 1, 2028. As noted in section 
IV.D.3, these requirements are being proposed as part of implementing 
subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act. The proposed requirements discussed 
in this section of the preamble would control practices, processes, and 
activities regarding the servicing and/or repair of equipment and 
involve HFCs and the reclaiming of HFCs used as a refrigerant by 
requiring that such servicing and/or repair be done with reclaimed 
HFCs. Existing equipment that is currently using HFCs or a blend 
containing HFCs is anticipated to continue to need these substances as 
the phasedown of the production and consumption of HFCs under other 
provisions of the AIM Act progresses, such as for servicing needs. As 
virgin HFC refrigerants become increasingly scarce, we expect industry 
will rely on using reclaimed HFCs to meet their needs for servicing 
existing equipment. EPA is proposing requirements that reclaimed HFCs 
be used to service and/or repair equipment within certain RACHP 
subsectors and applications.
    As noted in the prior section on reclaim requirements for initial 
charge of equipment in certain RACHP subsectors, EPA is considering 
many types of information in developing the proposed requirements for 
reclaimed HFC refrigerants in the servicing and/or repair of equipment 
in certain RACHP subsectors. For example, EPA is drawing on the past 
data and history of the reclamation of ODS, as explained in section 
IV.D.3. EPA is also considering the experience in California and the 
EU. EPA also reflected on information submitted in response to the 
October 2022 NODA and the recent report by a group of ENGOs referred to 
previously. EPA is aware that as more reclaimed HFCs are used, either 
as required per the proposed provision or otherwise used as virgin HFCs 
become scarcer, market prices for reclaimed HFCs may shift. Lastly, EPA 
considered the anticipated effect of the overall phasedown of the 
production and consumption of HFCs and the vital role that reclaimed 
HFCs will likely play to meet the continuing need for using HFCs as 
refrigerants in the United States. EPA is requesting comment on these 
considerations and any other considerations or information that would 
be relevant to the proposed provisions for using reclaimed HFCs in the 
servicing/repair of refrigerant-containing equipment.
    EPA is aware that industry, and, in particular, reclaimers will 
need time to adjust and build capacity to reclaim HFCs to support this 
upcoming demand for reclaimed HFCs. EPA is proposing a compliance date 
of January 1, 2028, for the required use of reclaimed HFCs in the 
servicing and/or repair of equipment in certain RACHP subsectors. As 
explained in section IV.D.3. of this proposal, requiring compliance 
with these requirements as of January 1, 2028, would allow industry to 
transition to meet the increased demand for reclaimed HFCs and make 
changes to their current practices prior to the significant reduction 
in the production and consumption of HFCs in 2029.
Subsectors in the RACHP Sector
    EPA is proposing to require, for the servicing and/or repair of 
refrigerant-containing equipment in the following subsectors, that 
reclaimed HFCs be used:
     Stand-alone retail food refrigeration;
     Supermarket systems;
     Refrigerated transport; and
     Automatic commercial ice makers.
    As noted in section IV.D.3., EPA understands that reclaimed HFCs 
function the same as virgin HFCs in refrigerant-containing equipment 
and are required to meet the same purity levels as their virgin 
counterparts, as specified in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F 
(which is based on AHRI 700-2016) and consistent with the definition of 
reclaim in 40 CFR part 82, subpart A. In particular in the RACHP 
sector, it may already be a practice for refrigerant-containing 
equipment to be serviced or repaired with reclaimed HFCs. Owners or 
operators or the technicians they contract may be using reclaimed HFCs 
during these practices, processes, or activities related to servicing 
and/or repair without specifically seeking to use reclaimed HFC 
refrigerants. In general, reclaimers do not specifically label their 
reclaimed HFC products when they sell or distribute them directly to 
technicians or a wholesaler or distributor; however, EPA is aware of at 
least one reclaimer that already markets a specific product line of 
reclaimed refrigerants.\91\ In most cases, EPA understands that owners 
or operators or technicians may be purchasing refrigerant for servicing 
and/or repair that is most cost-effective, which may involve purchasing 
reclaimed refrigerants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ Hudson Technologies, Emerald Refrigerants. More information 
available at: https://www.hudsontech.com/refrigerants/emerald-refrigerants/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is aware that the current capacity of reclaimed HFCs may not be 
sufficient to meet the total demand of HFCs for practices, processes, 
or activities related to the servicing and/or repair of refrigerant-
containing equipment across the whole RACHP sector and is proposing a 
subset of subsectors to be required to use reclaim in the servicing 
and/or repair of equipment. The Agency describes later in this section 
and in the Updated Draft Report--Analysis of the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon 
Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and Practices in the docket 
for this rulemaking in more detail the anticipated demand of HFCs for 
servicing and/or repair of refrigerant-containing equipment in these 
subsectors that would need to be met with reclaimed HFCs, and notes 
that the compliance date for these proposed requirements is not 
proposed to occur until January 1, 2028. This compliance date would 
provide industry a transition period to have enough reclaimed HFCs 
available to meet the demand for servicing and/or repair of equipment.
    EPA is proposing requirements for the use of reclaimed HFCs in the 
servicing and/or repair of equipment in four subsectors within the 
RACHP sector. EPA acknowledges the needed increase in the amount of 
HFCs available for the servicing and/or repair of equipment in these 
subsectors, and notes that these proposed requirements further serve 
one of the purposes identified in subsection (h), to maximize the 
reclaiming of regulated substances. Reclaimed HFCs are purified and 
tested to the levels as specified in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F (which is based on AHRI 700-2016), as consistent with the 
definition of reclaim in 40 CFR part 82, subpart A and could be 
required to be used in other subsectors as well. These four subsectors 
in the RACHP sector provide opportunities for transitioning to using 
reclaimed HFCs in the servicing and/or repair of refrigerant-containing 
equipment as the phasedown of production and consumption virgin HFCs 
progresses under the AIM Act. These subsectors are expected to

[[Page 72259]]

continue to use HFCs in the current existing equipment and are likely 
to continue to have a steady demand for the HFCs in servicing and/or 
repair of the equipment. Thus, these subsectors are appropriate for 
proposing that the anticipated demand for servicing and/or repair of 
equipment be met with reclaimed HFC refrigerant. As noted above, there 
are likely already cases in which reclaimed HFC refrigerants are being 
used to service and/or repair equipment in these subsectors.
    EPA estimated the demand for servicing and/or repair with HFCs for 
refrigerant-containing equipment in the applicable subsectors in 2028 
that would be required to be fulfilled with reclaimed HFCs per this 
proposal.
    EPA estimates that the total amount of reclaimed HFCs that would be 
required to meet the demand for the servicing and/or repair of 
refrigerant-containing equipment in the covered subsectors would be 
approximately 16,700 metric tons, which is equivalent to 46.8 
MMTCO2e in 2028. The subsector with the greatest amount of 
reclaimed HFCs needed to meet demand for servicing and/or repair of 
equipment is supermarket systems, at approximately 12,900 metric tons 
(33.6 MMTCO2e) of reclaimed HFCs that would be required in 
2028. Additional information on the demand of HFCs for the servicing 
and/or repair of refrigerant-containing equipment in the covered 
subsectors can be found in the Updated Draft Report--Analysis of the 
U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, Drivers, and 
Practices in the docket for this rulemaking.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal. 
Regarding the proposed requirements for using reclaimed HFCs in the 
servicing and/or repair of certain refrigerant-containing equipment, 
EPA is requesting comment on whether the requirement to use reclaimed 
HFCs in the servicing and/or repair of certain equipment should exclude 
certain HFCs or HFC blends because there are barriers to establishing 
the requisite availability of reclaimed refrigerants by the proposed 
January 1, 2028, compliance date. Such barriers could potentially 
include niche HFCs or HFC blends that are not manufactured or reclaimed 
at significant volumes but are key to certain subsectors, HFCs or HFC 
blends that were recently commercialized such that the amount of used 
material is not yet sufficient to provide the input to a supply of 
reclaim material, or certain refrigerants that may be subject to 
specific types of patents.
    EPA requests comment on other ways to structure the requirements to 
use reclaimed refrigerant in certain subsectors. EPA requests comment 
on whether the Agency should use a percentage-based approach and/or 
phase the requirements in by requiring a percentage of the HFCs or HFC 
blends used in the servicing and/or repair of refrigerant-containing 
equipment be reclaimed HFCs, and then increasing that percentage over 
time. In other words, EPA could require, for example, 25, 50 or 75 
percent of a subsector use reclaim for servicing and/or repair 
indefinitely, or as an alternative example, that 25 percent do so in 
2026, 50 percent in 2027, 75 percent in 2028, and 100 percent in 2029. 
Although this an option that the Agency is considering for the final 
rule, EPA is not proposing that as the lead option because the Agency 
has potential concerns, which are similar to those described in section 
IV.D.3. Particularly, as related to servicing and/or repair of 
equipment, the Agency has potential concerns about the recordkeeping 
and/or reporting requirements necessary to track and verify compliance 
with a percentage-based approach in relation to the policy goals of the 
provision. By proposing to require that all refrigerant-containing 
equipment in the affected subsector be serviced and/or repaired with 
reclaimed HFCs, additional recordkeeping requirements would be avoided 
since owners or operator could just purchase reclaimed HFCs rather than 
keep track of the amount of reclaimed and virgin HFCs they purchase to 
service their equipment throughout the year, as would be necessary if 
only a portion of the affected equipment were required to be serviced 
and/or repaired with reclaimed refrigerant. EPA requests comment on 
what recordkeeping and/or reporting would be necessary to verify 
compliance with a percentage-based option and which entities would 
ultimately be responsible for that recordkeeping and/or reporting. EPA 
also requests comment on the proposed compliance date of January 1, 
2028 in general, for use of reclaimed HFCs in the servicing and/or 
repair of equipment in applicable RACHP subsectors. EPA is interested 
in whether reclaimers anticipate being able to meet the demand in 2028.

E. How is EPA proposing to establish an HFC emissions reduction program 
for the fire suppression sector?

1. Background
    As described in greater detail in section IV.B., HFCs and 
substitutes for HFCs are used in many different sectors, subsectors, 
and applications beyond those in the RACHP sector, and EPA interprets 
its authority under subsection (h) to include promulgating regulations 
that control the types of practices, processes, or activities 
identified in subsection (h)(1) in those sectors, subsectors, and 
applications, with the limitation that we do not interpret our 
regulatory authority under subsection (h) to extend to HFCs or 
substitutes for HFCs when they are contained in foams. For example, 
HFCs are also used in the fire suppression sector.
    EPA understands that different sectors use HFCs and their 
substitutes differently, and as such, the timing for emissions and 
mechanisms by which emissions occur can vary greatly across sectors. 
HFCs used in the fire suppression sector are used as a fire suppressant 
and should only be discharged from fire suppression equipment in the 
event of a fire. If there is no event to cause the fire suppression 
equipment to be used, the HFCs should not be discharged, and thus not 
emitted. EPA considered these differences as well as the types of 
equipment used for fire suppression in developing this proposed rule. 
EPA is proposing certain requirements to address HFC management for 
fire suppression under subsection (h).
    The Agency is not proposing any regulatory requirements under 
subsection (h) for HFC and HFC substitutes used in sectors, subsectors, 
and applications besides the RACHP and fire suppression sectors at this 
time. However, the Agency will continue to monitor the use and 
emissions of HFCs more generally and such information may inform future 
rulemakings under subsection (h).
2. Nomenclature Used in This Section
    This section uses the term ``recycled'' or ``recycling'' to 
describe the testing and/or reprocessing of HFCs used in the fire 
suppression sector to certain purity standards.\92\ HFCs that are 
recycled for fire suppression use include HFC-227ea, HFC-125, HFC-
236fa, and HFC-23. The term ``recycled'' or ``recycling'' as used in 
the fire suppression sector is similar, but not identical, to the term 
``reclaim'' as defined under the AIM Act. Under the AIM Act, the terms 
``reclaim; reclamation'' are defined in subsection (b)(9) of the Act, 
and that definition refers to the purity standards under AHRI Standard 
700-2016 (or an

[[Page 72260]]

appropriate successor standard adopted by the Administrator) and the 
verification of purity using, at a minimum, the analytical methodology 
described in that standard.
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    \92\ These industry standards may include NFPA 2001 (Standard on 
Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems), NFPA 10 (Standard for 
Portable Fire Extinguishers), ASTM D6064-11 (Standard Specification 
for HFC-227ea), ASTM D6231/D6231M-21 (Standard Specification for 
HFC-125), ASTM D6541-21 (Standard Specification for HFC-236fa), and 
ASTM D6126/D6126M-21 (Standard Specification for HFC-23).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The fire suppression industry describes clean agents as ``a gaseous 
fire suppressant that is electrically nonconducting and that does not 
leave a residue upon evaporation,'' and the term ``clean agents'' 
includes HFCs, according to the National Fire Protection Association 
(NFPA).\93\ For the purposes of this section, EPA is generally 
referring to the term, ``clean agents'' as HFCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ National Fire Protection Association, NFPA Today, May 6, 
2022, https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Blogs-Landing-Page/NFPA-Today/Blog-Posts/2022/05/06/Clean-Agent-System-Basics.
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3. Fire Suppression Background
    As part of implementing subsection (h)(1), EPA is proposing certain 
regulatory requirements regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or 
installation of fire suppression equipment that contains HFCs, with the 
purpose of minimizing the release of HFCs from that equipment, as well 
as requirements related to technician training for servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation in the fire suppression sector. These 
proposed requirements are similar to the halon emissions reduction 
requirements found at 40 CFR part 82, subpart H. EPA regulations under 
Title VI of the CAA prohibit the intentional release of halons during 
testing, maintenance, servicing, repair, or disposal of halon-
containing equipment, or during the use of such equipment for 
technician training (subject to certain exceptions). EPA's halon 
emission reduction requirements at 40 CFR part 82, subpart H cover 
technician training requirements and proper halon disposal and 
recycling.\94\ These regulations also prohibit halon releases that 
occur because an owner failed to maintain halon-containing equipment to 
relevant industry standards. With the production and import of virgin 
halons phased out in the United States since 1994, recycled halons have 
been the primary supply of halons in the United States for nearly 30 
years. Sources of recycled halons include recovered halons from 
cylinders collected from decommissioned systems both in the United 
States and abroad. Existing halon stocks are purchased by commercial 
recyclers from decommissioned equipment, reprocessed to industry 
specifications, and sold back into the market. Demand for halons has 
been satisfied with recycled halons, ensuring equipment can be serviced 
and investments are not stranded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ These regulations were established in 1998 (63 FR 11096, 
March 5, 1998) and amended in 2020 (85 FR 15301, Mar. 17, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Recycled halon is still available today, nearly 30 years after the 
United States phased out production and consumption of halons. It is 
this experience since the phaseout of the halons in 1994 that 
demonstrates the important role recovery and recycling of fire 
suppression clean agents can play by providing an ongoing supply of 
HFCs in fire suppression applications especially where other 
substitutes may not be suitable. EPA understands that this model has 
carried over on a voluntary basis to the management of HFCs by many in 
the fire suppression sector.\95\ In 2002, the fire suppression industry 
developed a voluntary code of practice (VCOP) for the reduction of 
emissions of fire suppression agents including HFCs. The VCOP was 
developed by the Halon Alternatives Research Corporation (HARC), an 
industry organization, in partnership with EPA, the Fire Suppression 
Systems Association (FSSA), the Fire Equipment Manufacturers 
Association (FEMA), and the National Association of Fire Equipment 
Distributors (NAFED). Many of the practices have been voluntarily 
adopted by the fire suppression sector, such as equipment manufacturers 
or distributors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ EPA, 2023. American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 
2020--Subsection (h): Fire Suppression Sector. Draft Technical 
Support Document. Available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) for 
this proposed rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
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    Fire suppression agents must satisfy important environmental and 
safety criteria, including but not limited to acceptable ODPs, GWPs, 
and atmospheric lifetimes, be effective extinguishants, and, for spaces 
where people would be present, have sufficiently low toxicity that 
under normal use the discharge of agent in occupied spaces would not 
harm people.\96\ Other important preferred features include being 
electrically non-conductive, and ``clean,'' meaning leaving no non-
volatile residue that could damage high-value electronics, controls, or 
other critical systems in the protected spaces. HFCs that satisfy the 
above requirements are used in fixed systems for total-flooding 
applications and for use in portable equipment as streaming agents. 
These applications are generally described as follows:
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    \96\ UNEP, ``TEAP 2022 Assessment: Report of the Fire 
Suppression Technical Options Committee,'' December 2022, available 
at: https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/FSTOC-2022-Assessment.pdf.
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     Total flooding systems are designed to automatically 
discharge a fire suppression agent by detection and related controls 
(or manually by a system operator) and achieve a specified minimum 
agent concentration throughout a confined space (i.e., volume percent 
of the agent in air) that is sufficient to suppress development of a 
fire.
     Streaming applications use portable fire extinguishers 
that can be manually manipulated to discharge an agent in a specific 
direction and release a specific quantity of extinguishing agent at the 
fire.
    Guidelines for clean agents, including HFCs, have been published to 
ensure the quality of the recycled fire suppression agents. According 
to HARC's comment on the October 2022 NODA, fire suppression agent 
recyclers follow industry standards and specifications that are 
generally similar to section 608 and AHRI purity specifications. In 
2016, HARC developed a voluntary recycling code of practice (RCOP).\97\ 
This code of practice includes the recommendation that prior to sale or 
reuse as a fire suppressant, the recovered HFC should be tested and 
processed to meet NFPA 2001 \98\ and NFPA 10 \99\ standards or American 
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. These 
specifications ensure that fire suppressants, including HFCs, are 
recycled and tested to a certain purity level, before being sold or 
reused as a fire suppressant. In addition, in 2018, the Montreal 
Protocol's Technology and Economic Assessment Panel's (TEAP) Halons 
Technical Options Committee (HTOC) (renamed in 2022 to the Fire 
Suppression Technical Options Committee or FSTOC) published recommended 
practices for recycling halons and other gaseous fire extinguishing 
agents, including certain HFCs, which covers similar specifications for 
testing and certification of the recycled agent prior to reuse.\100\
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    \97\ HARC, ``Code of Practice for Use of Recycled Halogenated 
Clean Agents,'' 2016, available at: https://www.harc.org/_files/ugd/4e7dd1_4ab7295ac47e4bdea67020750f544f1b.pdf.
    \98\ NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing 
Systems. Available at: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=2001.
    \99\ NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. Available 
at: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=10.
    \100\ Technical Note #4, Revision 2--Recommended Practices for 
Recycling Halons and Other Halogenated Gaseous Fire Extinguishing 
Agents. Available at: https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/Assessment_Panel/Assessment_Panels/TEAP/Reports/HTOC/technical_note4_2018.pdf.

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[[Page 72261]]

    A recent report by the TEAP's FSTOC states that ``the HFC phasedown 
in the US is having a large effect on the production and consumption of 
HFC fire extinguishants,'' noting that ``what we have seen in the US is 
that there has already been significant impact on cost of HFCs.'' \101\ 
FSTOC states that the reasons for this include that HFCs used for fire 
extinguishing are high-GWP, that the allocation mechanism in the United 
States is GWP-weighted, and that market commercial factors will mean 
producers and importers will decide which HFCs to manufacture or import 
based on GWP and future market needs. The reasons for this include the 
extremely small use of HFCs in fire suppression compared to other uses. 
Additional impacts to the fire suppression sector from the global 
phasedown of HFCs ``could reduce the commercial viability of production 
of some HFC fire extinguishing agents in the future.'' FSTOC notes that 
``HFCs contained in fire protection equipment have historically enjoyed 
a relatively high level of recycling and reuse'' and ``[as] the supply 
of newly produced HFCs for fire protection decreases in response to 
phase down regulations, recycling becomes even more important as an 
alternative source of supply and is likely to increase in the future.''
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    \101\ UNEP, ``TEAP 2022 Assessment: Report of the Fire 
Suppression Technical Options Committee,'' December 2022, available 
at: https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/FSTOC-2022-Assessment.pdf.
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4. Minimizing Releases of HFCs
    As part of implementing subsection (h)(1), EPA is proposing a 
number of requirements to minimize releases of HFCs during the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of fire suppression 
equipment containing HFCs or during the use of such equipment for 
technician training. As previously discussed, EPA is proposing 
requirements that are similar to the halon emissions reduction 
requirements found at 40 CFR part 82, subpart H. The fact that recycled 
halons have been the only supply of halons in the United States nearly 
30 years after its production phaseout in 1994 demonstrates the 
important role recovery and recycling of fire suppression clean agents 
can play by providing an ongoing supply where substitutes may not be 
suitable. EPA understands that this model has carried over on a 
voluntary basis to the management of HFCs by many in the fire 
suppression sector.
    To minimize releases of HFCs, EPA is proposing that covered 
entities installing, servicing, repairing, or disposing of fire 
suppression equipment containing a regulated substance may not release 
into the environment any HFCs used in such equipment. EPA is also 
proposing that owners and operators of fire suppression equipment 
containing HFCs may not allow for the release of HFCs as a result of 
failure to maintain such equipment. In the following sections, EPA 
describes its proposal to require the use of recycled HFCs for initial 
charge and servicing and/or repair of fire suppression equipment as 
well as minimizing HFC releases during recycling; technician training; 
recycling of HFCs prior to the disposal of fire suppression equipment 
containing HFCs; and recordkeeping and reporting. These requirements 
are proposed with a compliance date of January 1, 2025.
    Recognizing the extensive requirements for testing (e.g., Federal 
Aviation Administration, United States Coast Guard, Department of 
Defense) associated with the approval for use of fire suppressants in 
certain applications, certain limited HFC releases for health, safety, 
environmental, and other considerations would be exempted, including:
     Releases during the testing of fire suppression equipment 
only if the following four criteria are met: (1) equipment employing 
suitable alternative fire suppression agents are not available, (2) 
release of fire suppression agent is essential to demonstrate equipment 
functionality, (3) failure of the equipment would pose great risk to 
human safety or the environment, and (4) a simulant agent cannot be 
used in place of the regulated substance for testing purposes.
     Releases associated with qualification and development 
testing during the design and development of equipment containing 
regulated substances only when (1) such tests are essential to 
demonstrate equipment functionality, and (2) a suitable simulant agent 
cannot be used in place of the regulated substance for testing 
purposes.
    In addition, these proposed requirements to minimize HFC releases 
do not apply to emergency releases of HFCs for actual fire 
extinguishing, explosion inertion, or other emergency applications for 
which the equipment were designed.
    EPA requests comment on the proposed compliance date of January 1, 
2025, for the proposed requirements in the fire suppression sector. As 
discussed elsewhere in this section of the proposed rule, many covered 
entities may already have procedures in place given the voluntary 
program within the fire suppression sector as described previously. EPA 
views this proposed compliance date as appropriate.
a. Proposed Requirements for Initial Charge of Equipment for Fire 
Suppression
    EPA is proposing that for the fire suppression sector where HFCs 
are used, the initial charge of fire suppression equipment, including 
both total flooding systems and streaming applications, must be with 
recycled HFCs starting January 1, 2025. EPA is also considering other 
potential compliance dates, such as January 1, 2026 or January 1, 2027. 
Specifically, for factory-charged equipment that use HFCs, EPA is 
proposing that in order to install such equipment, the equipment would 
be required to use recycled HFCs for the initial charge during the 
manufacture of the equipment. These requirements would apply whether 
the HFCs are used neat or in a blend. However, EPA notes that most 
often, where clean agents are needed and HFCs are being used, these are 
single component HFCs with some of the highest GWPs for the regulated 
HFCs. Given the high GWPs for the commonly used HFC fire suppression 
agents, this aspect of the proposal is anticipated to further minimize 
emissions by requiring that only recycled HFCs be used in fire 
suppression equipment.
    EPA understands that, in practice, recycled HFCs are required to 
meet applicable purity standards and function the same as their virgin 
counterparts when used in equipment in the fire suppression sector. 
Currently, recycled HFCs are primarily used for the servicing and 
recharge of existing fire suppression equipment. However, HARC's 
comments on the October 2022 NODA indicate that it does not anticipate 
major barriers to using recycled HFCs in new fire suppression equipment 
and expects use of recycled HFCs in new equipment to increase as the 
supply of virgin HFCs for fire suppression decreases.
    EPA notes that the proposed definition of ``fire suppression 
equipment'' for purposes of subsection (h) excludes mission-critical 
military end uses and systems used in deployable and expeditionary 
applications, as well as space vehicles. Finalizing the proposed 
definition would exempt those applications from this requirement, which 
is consistent with EPA's intent to not include these

[[Page 72262]]

applications under the proposed requirements to use recycled HFCs in 
the installation, servicing and/or repair of such fire suppression 
equipment. This proposed exclusion is based on EPA's understanding that 
there are situations in which the unique design and use of such 
military equipment and space vehicles make it impossible to recover 
fire suppression agent during the service, repair, disposal, or 
installation of the equipment.
    Recognizing that application-specific HFC allowances are available 
to other onboard aerospace fire suppression applications under 
regulations at 40 CFR 84.13,\102\ EPA is not proposing to extend a 
requirement to use recycled HFCs in the installation, servicing and/or 
repair of such fire suppression equipment as long as they qualify for 
application-specific allowances in 40 CFR 84.13. Because these other 
onboard aerospace fire suppression applications would have the 
necessary allowances for virgin HFCs through qualification for 
application-specific allowances, these applications would not need to 
use recycled fire suppressants containing HFCs for the installation, 
servicing, and/or repair of fire suppression equipment.
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    \102\ On board aerospace fire suppression means use of a 
regulated substance in fire suppression equipment used on board 
commercial and general aviation aircraft, including commercial-
derivative aircraft for military use; rotorcraft; and space 
vehicles. Mission-critical military end uses and systems used in 
deployable and expeditionary applications, as well as space 
vehicles, are applications that sometimes use HFCs and are therefore 
currently eligible for application-specific allowances.
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    EPA is requesting comment regarding the proposed requirement for 
using recycled HFCs in the initial charge of fire suppression 
equipment. EPA is requesting comment on the proposed requirement to 
solely use recycled HFCs in the initial charge of fire suppression 
equipment or if EPA should consider an approach that either uses a 
percentage-based approach for the affected fire suppression equipment 
charged with recycled HFCs (e.g., 25, 50, or 75 percent of the fire 
suppression equipment) or phases in the requirement for using recycled 
HFCs over a period of time. As noted in section IV.D.3., if EPA were to 
finalize a percentage-based and/or phased in approach, associated 
recordkeeping and reporting may be required to ensure compliance with 
such an approach. EPA is also requesting comment on whether recycled 
HFCs should be used for the initial charge during the installation of 
fire suppression equipment as EPA understands that HFCs are generally 
not transferred from cylinders once in service. EPA also requests 
comment on the proposed compliance date of January 1, 2025, and other 
potential compliance dates such as January 1, 2026, or January 1, 2027, 
for the use of recycled HFCs in the initial charge of fire suppression 
equipment.
b. Proposed Requirements for Servicing and/or Repair of Existing 
Equipment for Fire Suppression
    EPA is proposing to require the use of recycled HFCs for the 
servicing and/or repair of fire suppression equipment, including both 
total flooding systems and streaming applications, starting on January 
1, 2025. EPA is also considering other potential compliance dates, such 
as January 1, 2026, or January 1, 2027. EPA understands that the fire 
suppression industry operates in accordance with requirements from NFPA 
2001 or NFPA 10 or appropriate ASTM standards to recover and recycle 
HFCs during servicing and/or repair of fire suppression equipment. NFPA 
2001 is a voluntary industry standard containing the minimum 
requirements for the design, installation, approval, and maintenance of 
total flooding systems using listed clean agents including HFCs. It 
includes requirements for inspection, servicing, testing, maintenance, 
and training to ensure the safe use and operation of these systems. 
Similarly, NFPA 10 is a voluntary industry standard containing the 
minimum requirements that apply to the selection, installation, 
inspection, maintenance, recharging, and testing of portable fire 
extinguishers and fire suppression agents including HFCs. The ASTM 
specifications cover the requirements (e.g., purity) for the fire 
suppression agents, in this case the HFCs; the specifications do not 
typically address the associated fire suppression equipment or hardware 
that use the fire suppression agent or the conditions of using such 
equipment (e.g., fixed total flooding systems, portable fire 
extinguishers). None of these current industry standards or 
specifications related to HFCs used in fire suppression contain 
specific requirements to minimize releases of HFCs, including during 
servicing or repair of the equipment. Efforts by the industry to 
minimize emissions of HFCs used in the fire suppression sector have to 
date been on a voluntary basis. For example, the VCOP includes as part 
of its emission reduction strategies during storage, handling, and 
transfer of HFCs to recover and recycle agents during servicing and to 
adopt maintenance practices that reduce leakage as much as is 
technically feasible. Considering these current voluntary practices to 
minimize emissions, the proposed requirements would minimize emissions 
of HFCs broadly within this sector of use. Covered entities are 
required to evacuate, as applicable, all equipment used to recover, 
store, and transfer HFCs prior to each use to prevent contamination, 
arrange for destruction of the recovered HFCs as necessary (e.g., 
recovered HFCs that are too contaminated to be recycled), and collect 
and dispose of wastes from recycling process. If the recycling of HFCs 
is not practical, the disposal of HFCs would help to prevent releases 
of used HFCs into the atmosphere.
    In 2015, data on recycling of HFC fire suppression agents were 
collected as part of the HFC Emissions Estimating Program (HEEP), which 
is voluntary data collection effort implemented by the fire suppression 
industry. HEEP collects data on sales of fire suppression agents for 
recharge in order to estimate annual emissions of HFCs. These data 
showed that the HFC-227ea, HFC-125, HFC-236fa and HFC-23 are all 
recycled for fire suppression use.\103\ In recent years, approximately 
75 percent of HFCs sold for recharge came from recyclers, with 80 
percent reported in 2020, based on data submitted voluntarily to HEEP 
and may not include all entities in this sector.\104\
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    \103\ HARC comments on Notice of Data Availability Relevant to 
Management of Regulated Substances under the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act of 2020 are available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-
2022-0606) for this proposed rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
    \104\ HARC Report of the HFC Emissions Estimating Program (HEEP) 
2002-2020 Data Collection, October 2022.
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    As part of servicing and/or repairing fire suppression equipment, 
recovery and recycling equipment is used to recover HFCs. EPA is also 
proposing to require that covered entities must (1) operate and 
maintain recovery and recycling equipment in accordance with 
manufacturer specifications to ensure that the equipment performs as 
specified; (2) repair leaks in HFC storage, recovery, recycling, or 
charging equipment before use; and (3) ensure that cross-contamination 
does not occur through the mixing of HFCs that may be contained in 
similar cylinders. Recovery equipment collect HFCs from equipment and 
recycling equipment remove contaminants from HFCs and this equipment is 
used during servicing and/or repair. By ensuring that this equipment is 
functioning properly, HFC releases can be minimized during the recovery 
and recycling process. The proposed requirements would ensure that 
releases from fire suppression equipment are minimized when

[[Page 72263]]

recycling HFCs during servicing and/or repairing fire suppression 
equipment.
    EPA notes that the proposed definition of ``fire suppression 
equipment'' for purposes of subsection (h) excludes mission-critical 
military end uses and systems used in deployable and expeditionary 
applications, as well as space vehicles. Finalizing the proposed 
definition would exempt those applications from this requirement, which 
is consistent with EPA's intent to not include these applications under 
the proposed requirements to use recycled HFCs in the installation, 
servicing and/or repair of such fire suppression equipment. This 
proposed exclusion is based on EPA's understanding that there are 
situations in which the unique design and use of such military 
equipment and space vehicles make it impossible to recover fire 
suppression agents during the service, repair, disposal, or 
installation of the equipment.
    Recognizing that application-specific HFC allowances are available 
to other onboard aerospace fire suppression applications under 
regulations at 40 CFR 84.13,\105\ EPA is not proposing to extend a 
requirement to use recycled HFCs in the installation, servicing and/or 
repair of such fire suppression equipment as long as they qualify for 
application-specific allowances in 40 CFR 84.13. Because these other 
onboard aerospace fire suppression applications would have the 
necessary allowances for virgin HFCs through qualification for 
application-specific allowances, these applications would not need to 
use recycled fire suppressants containing HFCs for the installation, 
servicing, and/or repair of fire suppression equipment.
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    \105\ On board aerospace fire suppression means use of a 
regulated substance in fire suppression equipment used on board 
commercial and general aviation aircraft, including commercial-
derivative aircraft for military use; rotorcraft; and space 
vehicles. Mission-critical military end uses and systems used in 
deployable and expeditionary applications, as well as space 
vehicles, are applications that sometimes use HFCs and are therefore 
currently eligible for application-specific allowances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is requesting comment regarding the proposed requirements for 
using recycled HFCs in the servicing and/or repair of fire suppression 
equipment. In particular, EPA requests comments on the applicable fire 
suppression equipment that would be required to use recycled HFCs in 
the servicing and/or repair of fire suppression equipment. EPA is also 
requesting comment on the proposed requirement to solely use recycled 
HFCs in the servicing and/or repair of fire suppression equipment or if 
EPA should consider an approach that phases in requirements for using 
recycled HFCs. In addition, EPA requests comments on the practices to 
minimize releases from HFC recycling during servicing and/or repair as 
well as whether covered entities should be required to follow industry 
standards including NFPA 2001 (Standard on Clean Agent Fire 
Extinguishing Systems), NFPA 10 (Standard for Portable Fire 
Extinguishers), ASTM D6064-11 (Standard Specification for HFC-227ea), 
ASTM D6231/D6231M-21 (Standard Specification for HFC-125), ASTM D6541-
21 (Standard Specification for HFC-236fa), and ASTM D6126/D6126M-21 
(Standard Specification for HFC-23). EPA also requests comment on the 
proposed compliance date of January 1, 2025, and other potential 
compliance dates, such as January 1, 2026, or January 1, 2027, for the 
use of recycled HFCs for the servicing and/or repair of fire 
suppression equipment.
c. Technician Training
    EPA is proposing to require all entities that employ fire 
suppression technicians who service, repair, install, or dispose of 
fire suppression equipment containing HFCs provide training regarding 
HFC emissions reduction. This proposed requirement is intended to 
control practices, processes, or activities regarding servicing, 
repair, disposal or installation of such fire suppression equipment by 
providing technicians with knowledge and skills to minimize releases of 
HFCs during such practices, processes, or activities, and the proposed 
requirements would involve a regulated substance. Fire suppression 
technicians are an important part in any effort to control unnecessary 
HFC emissions from fire suppression equipment while servicing, 
repairing, installing, or disposing of such equipment. By training 
technicians in the significance of minimizing unnecessary HFC releases 
from fire suppression equipment and providing information on applicable 
procedures such as the recovery and recycling or reclamation of HFCs 
from the fire suppression equipment, technician training would support 
EPA's effort to reduce HFC emissions from fire suppression equipment.
    EPA is proposing that HFC fire suppression technician training be 
designed to cover: (1) an explanation of the purpose of the training 
requirement, including the significance of minimizing releases of HFCs 
and ensuring technician safety, (2) an overview of HFCs and 
environmental concerns with HFCs, (3) a review of relevant regulations 
concerning HFCs,\106\ including the requirements of the HFC emissions 
reduction program for fire suppression equipment, and (4) specific 
technical instruction relevant to avoiding unnecessary HFC emissions 
during the servicing, repair, disposal or installation of fire-
suppression equipment at each individual facility. Starting as of 
January 1, 2025, EPA is proposing that all entities that employ 
technicians who maintain, service, repair, install, or dispose of fire 
suppression equipment containing HFCs must provide HFC fire suppression 
technician training to their technicians (as described in this section) 
and ensure that their technicians complete this training. Technicians 
hired after that date must be similarly trained within 30 days of 
hiring, or by June 1, 2025. EPA is proposing this as a one-time 
training requirement. EPA is requesting comment on the requirement for 
technicians to be trained, the proposed content as described above, and 
timing of this requirement for technician training.
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    \106\ These may include, but are not limited to, other EPA 
regulations, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, 
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, 
codes and standards of NFPA, and other federal, state, or local 
fire, building, safety, and environmental codes and standards.
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d. Recycling of HFCs Prior to Disposal of Fire Suppression Equipment 
Containing HFCs
    EPA is proposing requirements related to the disposal of fire 
suppression equipment. The intent of these requirements is to ensure 
that HFCs have been recovered and recycled from the equipment prior to 
the final step of the disposal of the equipment so that HFCs are not 
released during the disposal of the equipment. EPA is proposing to 
require owners and operators of fire suppression equipment containing 
HFCs (including an HFC blend) dispose of this equipment by recovering 
the HFCs themselves or by arranging for HFC recovery by a fire 
suppression equipment manufacturer, distributor, or a fire suppressant 
recycler. EPA is also proposing that owners and operators dispose of 
HFCs used as a fire suppression agent by sending it for recycling to a 
fire suppressant recycler or a reclaimer certified under 40 CFR 82.164 
or by arranging for its destruction using one of the controlled 
processes listed in 40 CFR 84.29. The voluntary industry standards that 
apply to the uses of HFCs in fire suppression equipment, NFPA 2001 for 
fire suppression systems and NFPA 10 for fire extinguishers, contain no 
current requirement for the recovery

[[Page 72264]]

and disposal of HFCs prior to disposal of equipment. Efforts by the 
industry to minimize emissions of HFCs used in the fire suppression 
sector have to date been on a voluntary basis. For example, the VCOP 
includes as part of its emission reduction strategies during storage, 
handling, and transfer of HFCs to recover the agents after the end of 
the equipment's useful life and either recycle or destroy them. The 
proposed requirements would minimize emissions of HFCs through recovery 
of the agent prior to disposal of the equipment and ensure recycling or 
proper disposal of the HFC occurs broadly within this sector of use. 
Under the proposed requirements, the owners and operators of this 
equipment (e.g., specialized fire suppression systems containing HFCs 
that protect high value equipment, such as electronic server rooms or 
oil and gas production facilities) must ensure that these HFCs are 
recovered from the fire suppression equipment before it is sent for 
disposal, either by recovering the HFCs themselves before sending the 
equipment for disposal or by leaving the HFCs in the equipment and 
sending it for disposal to a facility (e.g., fire suppression equipment 
manufacturer, a distributor, or a fire suppressant recycler) operating 
in accordance with industry standards, i.e., NFPA 10 and NFPA 2001 
standards, as applicable. The proposal also would require that owner or 
operators of fire suppression equipment recover any HFCs as part of the 
disposal of such equipment be disposed of by sending it to a fire 
suppressant recycler operating in accordance with the relevant industry 
standards, which EPA understands to be the NFPA 10 and NFPA 2001 
standards (depending on the type of equipment), by sending it to a 
reclaimer certified under 40 CFR 82.164, or by arranging for its 
destruction by a technology that is listed as an approved technology 
for destruction of the relevant regulated substance in the regulations 
at 40 CFR 84.29. These requirements are being proposed as part of 
implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as they would control 
practices, processes, or activities regarding the disposal of such 
fire-suppression equipment by establishing certain requirements that 
must be met as part of the disposal process and would involve a 
regulated substance.
    Owners and operators of this fire suppression equipment who recover 
HFCs prior to disposal may already be aware of the importance of HFC 
recycling given prior communication efforts by the industry and may 
already take steps to ensure recovery of HFCs prior to disposal. As 
mentioned in section IV.E.3., the recycling of HFCs plays an important 
role in providing the fire suppression sector with continued supply of 
HFCs for fire suppression equipment during servicing. Industry trade 
organizations have encouraged owners and operators of fire suppression 
equipment and those disposing of HFCs to contact fire suppression 
equipment manufacturers, distributors, or fire suppressant recyclers to 
ensure that HFC is safely recovered from equipment and recycled for 
future use. Therefore, the proposed requirements are likely consistent 
with current industry practices. Most fire suppression systems and 
extinguishers in use today are purchased, installed, and serviced by 
fire suppression equipment distributors. EPA is aware that there are 
established distribution channels within the commercial and industrial 
sectors where these specialized systems are used and that industry 
representatives indicate that the simplest way in their opinion to 
ensure proper recycling of HFCs is to encourage equipment owners return 
equipment containing HFCs to distributors.\107\ EPA values using 
established industry practices where such practices exist and can be 
used to meet the intended goals. EPA is requesting comment on the 
requirement to recover and recycle HFCs prior to the final step of 
disposal of the fire suppression equipment.
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    \107\ HARC comments, dated November 7, 2022, to Notice of Data 
Availability Relevant to Management of Regulated Substances Under 
the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 are available 
in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) for this rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
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e. Recordkeeping and Reporting
    EPA is proposing to include recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements on the fire suppression provisions under subsection (h) 
for HFCs used in the installation of new equipment and servicing and/or 
repair of existing equipment. These requirements are being proposed as 
part of implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as these 
provisions would control practices, processes, or activities regarding 
servicing, repair, disposal or installation of fire suppression 
equipment, and would involve a regulated substance. For example, the 
requirements would control recordkeeping and reporting practices, 
process, or activities for servicing and repair that involves HFCs. As 
noted in section II.B. of this document, EPA's authority to require 
recordkeeping and reporting under the AIM Act is also supported by 
section 114 of the CAA, which applies to the AIM Act and rules 
promulgated under it as provided in subsection (k)(1)(C) of the AIM 
Act.
    EPA is proposing that covered entities in the fire suppression 
sector provide data on HFCs to the Agency. The fire suppression 
industry is familiar with data collection and reporting as some of the 
entities in this industry are voluntarily reporting data to HEEP as 
mentioned in section IV.E.4.b. Relevant reporting entities covered 
under this requirement include entities that perform first fill of 
equipment, service (e.g., recharge) equipment and/or recycle regulated 
substances, such as equipment manufacturers, distributors, agent 
suppliers or installers that recycle regulated substances. EPA is 
proposing that these records related to the fire suppression sector be 
maintained for three years. Specifically, EPA is proposing that the 
covered entities report annually by February 14th of each year, 
covering the prior year's activity from January 1 through December 31:
     The quantity of material (the combined mass of regulated 
substance and contaminants) by regulated substance broken out by sold, 
recovered, recycled, and virgin for the purpose of installation of new 
equipment and servicing of fire suppression equipment,
     The total mass of each regulated substance broken out by 
sold, recovered, recycled, and virgin; and
     The total mass of waste products sent for disposal, along 
with information about the disposal facility if waste is not processed 
by the reporting entity.
    EPA acknowledges that these recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements proposed herein may overlap with recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements under 40 CFR part 84, subpart A. EPA is 
requesting comments on these recordkeeping and reporting requirements, 
the timing of recordkeeping and reporting requirements (e.g., whether 
it should be five years similar to recordkeeping requirements under 40 
CFR part 84, subpart A), and whether compliance with one set of 
requirements would satisfy both obligations.
    EPA is proposing that covered entities maintain an electronic or 
paper copy of the fire suppression technician training as discussed in 
IV.E.4.c., and that EPA can request to view a copy of the training on 
an as needed basis. EPA is also proposing that facilities must document 
that they have provided training to personnel. For example, local 
personnel records could be annotated, indicating where and when the 
training

[[Page 72265]]

occurred. Alternatively, records could be centralized. Where EPA is 
proposing requirements for recordkeeping, we are proposing that the 
record be maintained for three years in either electronic or paper 
format.
    As discussed in IV.E.4.d., EPA is proposing that covered entities 
maintain records documenting that HFCs are recovered from the fire 
suppression equipment before it is sent for disposal, either by 
recovering the HFCs themselves before sending the equipment for 
disposal or by leaving the HFCs in the equipment and sending it for 
disposal to a facility (e.g., fire suppression equipment manufacturer, 
distributor, or a fire suppressant recycler). Such records must be 
maintained for three years.
    EPA is requesting comment on the proposed recordkeeping 
requirements for fire suppression entities. The proposed recordkeeping 
requirements in this action do not change any recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements for fire suppressant recycling per 40 CFR 
84.31(j) and EPA is not reopening, taking comment on, or revisiting 
those requirements through this proposal.

F. What is EPA proposing for cylinder requirements and for container 
tracking requirements?

1. Background
    As described in more detail earlier in this action, subsection (h) 
directs EPA to establish certain regulations regarding the servicing, 
repair, disposal, or installation of equipment for certain purposes. 
More specifically, for purposes of maximizing reclaiming and minimizing 
the release of a regulated substance \108\ from equipment and ensuring 
the safety of technicians and consumers, subsection (h)(1) of the AIM 
Act gives EPA authority to promulgate regulations to control, where 
appropriate, any practice, process, or activity regarding the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment that involves 
a regulated substance or its substitute or the reclaiming of a 
regulated substance or its substitute used as a refrigerant. Thus, EPA 
is proposing certain cylinder requirements and certain container 
tracking requirements for regulated substances as part of implementing 
subsection (h), as a means of controlling a practice, process, or 
activity regarding the servicing, repair, and installation of equipment 
to further serve the statutory purpose identified in subsection (h) of 
maximizing reclamation of HFCs, as well as providing additional HFC 
emission reductions.
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    \108\ As noted previously in this action, ``regulated 
substance'' and ``HFC'' are used interchangeably in this action.
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    HFCs are transported and distributed throughout the United States 
to a range of users, including but not limited to blenders, 
repackagers, distributors, wholesalers, and equipment manufacturers, as 
well as users engaged in the installation, service, repair, and 
disposal of equipment. For example, containers are used to transport 
HFCs to worksites for servicing, repairing, disposing, or installing 
equipment containing HFCs. HFCs are transported, bought, and sold in 
different sizes and types of containers as they move through the supply 
chain. These containers range from small cans with 16 ounces or less of 
HFCs to tank trailers, International Organization for Standardization 
(ISO) tanks, and tank railcars. From the larger containers, HFCs are 
often transferred to smaller containers (a process referred to as 
``downpacking''), which include other types of refillable cylinders and 
disposable cylinders.
    EPA provided information on the movement of HFCs used as 
refrigerants in the supply chain as they relate to reclamation in the 
draft report accompanying the NODA published on October 17, 2022 (87 FR 
62843), and the Agency provides additional information in the updated 
report in the docket for this proposed rule. In comments submitted for 
the NODA and in public stakeholder meetings that the Agency 
hosted,\109\ EPA received feedback noting that one key challenge to 
increasing reclamation is ensuring that HFCs are recovered and 
transferred to reclaimers. Accordingly, EPA views the proposed 
container tracking requirements in this action as measures that could 
``increase opportunities for the reclaiming of regulated substances 
used as refrigerants,'' and thus EPA's consideration of the use of its 
authority under subsection (h) of the AIM Act to establish these 
tracking measures is consistent with subsection (h)(2)(A). 
Additionally, specifically tracking the movement in the market of 
reclaimed HFCs would have the added benefit of supporting compliance 
with the requirements described in this proposal for using reclaimed 
HFCs for initial charging and servicing of certain equipment as well as 
providing information that the reclaimed HFCs contain no more than 15 
percent virgin material (see section IV.D.2.).
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    \109\ Comments submitted to response of NODA published on 
October 17, 2022 (87 FR 62843), can be found in the docket for this 
action. Additionally, EPA heard feedback from participants in the 
public meetings it hosted on November 9, 2022, and March 16, 2023, 
as well as solicited feedback through a webinar for the EPA 
GreenChill Partnership program on April 12, 2023.
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    As discussed in greater detail below, EPA is proposing to require 
machine readable tracking identifiers (e.g., QR code,\110\ or another 
identifier(s)) on all containers of HFCs (i.e., containers that contain 
an HFC, whether neat or in a blend), that could be used for the 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment, including both refillable and disposable 
cylinders. EPA is proposing staggered compliance dates, ranging from 
January 1, 2025, to January 1, 2027, for this requirement that would 
apply to various entities involved in the transport of HFCs across the 
supply chain. EPA is also proposing certain requirements for tracking 
the movement of containers that contain HFCs and that have been used in 
the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment as they are sent to 
an entity capable of recovering any remaining HFCs.
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    \110\ A QR code is a type of matrix barcode that contains data 
for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or 
application using standardized encoding modes to store data. It is 
recognizable as black squares arranged in a square grid on a white 
background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera.
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    After cylinders are used and considered empty, there is still an 
amount of HFCs remaining in the cylinders, referred to as the ``heel.'' 
HFC releases of heels are far more likely to occur from disposable 
cylinders than from other types of cylinders, and those amounts of HFCs 
released are not available for reclamation. Refillable cylinders are 
typically evacuated and recharged, thus continuing to be used to 
transit HFCs whereas disposable cylinders are typically sold for scrap 
or landfilled. To recover the remaining HFCs, including the heel, 
recovery equipment can be used to pull a vacuum on the cylinder. 
Section IV.F.2. provides additional detail on typical quantities of the 
heel that would remain in a cylinder. Recovering heels from disposable 
cylinders would increase the amount of HFCs available for reclamation. 
Therefore, for disposable cylinders, EPA is proposing to require as of 
January 1, 2025, that disposable cylinders that contain HFCs and that 
have been used for the servicing, repair, or installation of certain 
equipment must be transported to an EPA-certified reclaimer or a fire 
suppressant recycler. Further, EPA is proposing that reclaimers or 
fire-suppressant recyclers who receive these disposable cylinders would 
be required to remove the

[[Page 72266]]

remaining HFCs, including the heel, prior to disposing of these 
cylinders.
    EPA also notes that it established certain requirements for QR 
codes and use of refillable cylinders in the Allocation Framework Rule. 
Those requirements were subject to judicial review in the D.C. Circuit, 
and the court concluded that ``EPA has not identified a statute 
authorizing its QR-code and refillable-cylinder regulations'' and 
therefore vacated those parts of the rule and remanded to the EPA. 
Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Distributors Int'l v. EPA, 71 
F.4th 59, 68 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (``HARDI v. EPA'').\111\ The court's 
opinion concluded that subsection (e)(2)(B) of the AIM Act, the 
statutory provision the Agency had cited as authorizing those parts of 
the rule, did not provide the authority to support them. However, that 
conclusion rested on limitations on the scope of the EPA's authority 
under subsection (e)(2)(B) in particular, and it does not apply to 
other parts of the AIM Act. In fact, the court's opinion highlights the 
authority that EPA has under other statutory provisions, including its 
``power to pass rules regulating `practice[s], process[es], or 
activit[ies]' for `servicing, repair[ing], dispos[ing of], or 
install[ing]' '' equipment, citing subsection (h)(1). Id. at 67. The 
cylinder requirements and tracking requirements proposed in this action 
are distinct from those that were established in the Allocation 
Framework Rule (86 FR 55116, October 5, 2021), as they are being 
proposed under a different statutory provision, subsection (h)(1) of 
the AIM Act, and are tailored to that subsection. As described in 
greater detail below, these requirements would regulate ``practice[s], 
process[es], or activit[ies] regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, 
or installation of equipment that involves regulated substances'' and 
thus are within the authority provided by subsection (h)(1).\112\
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    \111\ The court rejected the other challenges to the Allocation 
Framework Rule in this litigation. Heating, Air Conditioning & 
Refrigeration Distributors Int'l v. EPA, 71 F.4th 59, 61 (D.C. Cir. 
2023).
    \112\ EPA further notes that in proposing separate cylinder 
recovery requirements and tracking requirements in this action, EPA 
is not proposing to change, reopen, or revisit any of the 
requirements related to use of refillable cylinders or certification 
and tracking requirements established in the Allocation Framework 
Rule; rather EPA expects to address the court's decision in HARDI v. 
EPA in a separate action.
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    In the interest of clarity, EPA notes that it is not at this time 
proposing a prohibition on the use of disposable cylinders like the 
prohibition in the Allocation Framework Rule that was at issue in HARDI 
v. EPA. Rather, EPA is proposing here certain practices, processes, or 
activities related to the use of disposable cylinders in the servicing, 
repair, disposal, or installation of equipment that involves a 
regulated substance as discussed below.
2. Requirements for Disposable Cylinders
    EPA is proposing certain requirements for users of disposable 
cylinders that contain HFCs that could be used in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of certain equipment. As described in more 
detail earlier in this action, subsection (h)(1) directs EPA to 
promulgate regulations to control, where appropriate, any practice, 
process, or activity regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or 
installation of equipment that involves regulated substances, among 
other things, for purposes of maximizing reclaiming and minimizing the 
release of a regulated substance from equipment and ensuring the safety 
of technicians and consumers. Both disposable and refillable cylinders 
are used during the service or repair of equipment, and both could be 
used during the installation of a piece of equipment that is initially 
charged in the field. For the purpose of maximizing the reclamation of 
HFCs, EPA is proposing to require that disposable cylinders that 
contain HFCs and that have been used for the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment must be sent to an EPA-certified reclaimer or a fire 
suppressant recycler. EPA is also proposing that these entities (i.e., 
reclaimers and fire suppressant recyclers) must remove all HFCs, 
including any remaining amount after the cylinders are considered empty 
for servicing, repair, and installation purposes (e.g., the heel), 
prior to the disposal of these cylinders. The proposed requirements to 
send disposable cylinders and the removal of the remaining HFCs will 
contribute to EPA's efforts to maximize reclaiming by ensuring that any 
remaining HFCs (including heels) have been evacuated and recovered, and 
thus are available for reclamation, rather than being released over 
time when disposable cylinders are placed in landfills or are crushed 
for scrap metal recycling. EPA interprets its authority under 
subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act to ``promulgate regulations to 
control, where appropriate, any practice, process, or activity 
regarding the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of 
equipment'' to include authority to regulate the entire practice, 
process, or activity, including aspects of it that may occur before or 
after the servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of the 
equipment, especially where such regulations help achieve the purposes 
specified in subsection (h)(1) (e.g., ``maximizing reclamation''). 
Thus, because use of these cylinders in servicing, repair, and 
installation of equipment is a practice, process, or activity regarding 
the servicing, repair, and installation of equipment, EPA interprets 
section (h)(1) to convey authority to establish the proposed 
requirements for the treatment of the cylinder after servicing, repair, 
or installation. Requiring that disposable cylinders be sent to 
entities able to remove the HFCs would have the effect of increasing 
the amount of HFCs that could be reclaimed and reused in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment. In addition, the result of these proposed 
requirements would be fewer HFC emissions, as compared to allowing such 
single use, disposable cylinders to be disposed with HFCs still in the 
cylinder.
    Compressed gases, such as HFCs, can be stored and transported in a 
variety of containers, which often hold as little as sixteen ounces (or 
even smaller for lab samples) or as much as a ton (or even more in the 
case of railcars and ISO tanks). The size and type of the container 
depend in large part on the intended use of the regulated substance. 
Historically, HFC refrigerant \113\ sold in the United States for 
technicians servicing existing RACHP equipment has been predominantly 
contained in disposable cylinders certified to Department of 
Transportation (DOT) specifications. These cylinders are often called 
DOT-39 cylinders because the cylinders are certified to meet DOT 
specification 39 requirements.\114\ A DOT-39 cylinder is designed for a 
single use and is strictly not refillable. As such, a DOT-39 cylinder 
tends to be less expensive and weigh less than refillable refrigerant 
cylinders. Disposable cylinders of the same capacity \115\ typically 
have the same shape and are also often shipped in a box while 
refillable cylinders are typically not. Refillable refrigerant

[[Page 72267]]

cylinders are also used to a lesser extent and considered to be more 
durable, lasting up to 20 years. The two primary shapes of refillable 
refrigerant cylinders currently being used in servicing, repair, and/or 
installation are akin to a propane tank or a cylindrical scuba tank and 
have a two-way valve that can be adjusted to allow pressurized gases in 
or out.
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    \113\ EPA understands that HFC fire suppressants are less likely 
to be found in disposable cylinders; however, in case they are, EPA 
is treating them the same as HFC refrigerants in disposable 
cylinders in this proposal.
    \114\ See 49 CFR 178.65--Specification 39 non-reusable (non-
refillable) cylinders.
    \115\ Typically, disposable cylinders of the same designed water 
capacity have the same shape. For example, disposable cylinders with 
a ~30-pound water capacity will generally have the same shape; 
however, disposable cylinders with a ~16-pound water capacity would 
be smaller in size and shape.
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    HFC losses are more likely to occur, and in more significant 
quantities, from disposable cylinders, including losses from the 
residual amount of HFCs (i.e., heels) that remain in cylinders after 
the majority of the HFC has been removed from the cylinder for use. 
With disposable cylinders, these heels, which can measure up to 10 
percent of the quantity that was originally stored in the container, 
would be released to the atmosphere when the cylinder is disposed of, 
unless the heel was recovered prior to disposal. In addition, 
disposable cylinders may be disposed with greater amounts of HFCs than 
a typical heel in the cylinder particularly if the technician has 
limited space to carry partially full cylinders. This differs from a 
refillable cylinder, since such cylinders can be refilled whereas the 
design of disposable cylinders inherently means they cannot be 
refilled. In the Analysis of the Economic Impacts and Benefits of the 
Proposed Rule draft TSD developed to support this proposed rule, EPA 
considered a typical range for the heel remaining in disposable service 
cylinders of 2 to 6 percent while noting information that suggests 
heels can be as high as 10 percent. This range is consistent with 
previous theoretical and empirical studies, as referenced in the draft 
TSD, that have estimated the remaining heel in disposable 30-pound 
cylinders to usually range between 2 to 6 percent, though this percent 
could vary depending on the application in which the cylinder is used 
as well as the refrigerant contained in the cylinder. As also reflected 
in the draft TSD, industry estimates that disposable cylinders contain 
a heel that is typically between 1 (~3 percent) to 1.5 pounds (5 
percent). The lead assumption used by EPA to assess the impacts of this 
proposal was to assume the heels are approximately 1.25 pounds (~4 
percent) for a typical disposable cylinder of 25-30 pounds.
    EPA is concerned about the reduction in the amounts of HFC that 
could be available for reclaiming due to losses of HFCs associated with 
current practices of disposing single use, disposable cylinders used in 
the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing or 
fire suppression equipment. Accordingly, proposing to require that HFCs 
contained in disposable cylinders must be recovered prior to the 
disposal of cylinders will reduce HFC losses from disposable cylinders. 
EPA is also aware that as the HFC phasedown continues, scarcity of 
virgin HFCs will increase. HFCs recovered and reclaimed (or recycled, 
in the case of recovered fire suppressants) can be used for servicing, 
repair, disposal, or installation of equipment thus providing 
additional options for increasing the amounts of usable HFCs.
    EPA is proposing a compliance date of January 1, 2025, for 
requiring that disposable cylinders be sent to a reclaimer or fire 
suppressant recycler and for the recovery of HFCs from disposable 
cylinders, in part because EPA understands that a viable distribution 
chain for sending HFCs in containers to reclaimers or fire suppressant 
recyclers already exists. This current distribution chain is currently 
in place for refillable cylinders and cylinders that are exclusively 
used for the recovery of HFCs from equipment, referred to as recovery 
cylinders. This distribution chain could just as effectively be used 
for sending disposable cylinders containing remaining HFCs to 
reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers, and to some extent, already 
is in use for disposable cylinders. Several reclaimers indicated to EPA 
that their existing means for transporting recovery cylinders can also 
be used for disposable cylinders that contain HFCs and that have been 
used in the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment. Further, some 
reclaimers have also indicated that they currently accept disposable 
cylinders to remove and recover any remaining heels left in the 
disposable cylinders.
    HFCs that are recovered from equipment during servicing, repair, or 
disposal of equipment are recovered into designated types of cylinders. 
Such recovery cylinders are, in general, uniquely identifiable (often, 
they are painted gray and yellow). These cylinders are sent to 
reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers after HFCs have been recovered 
in the field from a piece of equipment, either through a distributer or 
wholesaler or directly from a contractor to the reclaimer or fire 
suppressant recycler. Refillable cylinders may be sent to producers, 
blenders, repackagers, reclaimers, and fire suppressant recyclers, or 
other entities for continued use. Therefore, HFCs in recovery and 
refillable cylinders are already transported from the field to 
reclaimers through various means, including with or without a network 
of distributors that collects cylinders. For example, reclaimers, 
wholesalers, or distributors may maintain a fleet of refillable or 
recovery cylinders and may use a deposit-based system for technicians 
and contractors to return the cylinders. EPA notes these distribution 
chains for returning cylinders to the entity responsible for removing 
the remaining the heels are already established and in use. Contractors 
and technicians can make use of the existing channels they may already 
be using to send disposable cylinders to reclaimers or fire suppressant 
recyclers. Thus, the proposed requirement with a compliance date of 
January 1, 2025, that disposable cylinders with remaining heels be sent 
to a reclaimer or fire suppressant recycler is feasible.
    As stated previously, every cylinder, whether disposable or 
refillable, still retains a residual amount of its contents, (e.g., 
heel) even when it is considered empty for purposes of servicing, 
repair, or installation of equipment, and some cylinders may contain 
more than a heel if not all the contents are used. Removing this heel 
requires the use of recovery equipment, like that used to recover 
refrigerant from an appliance. Unfortunately, it currently is not 
common practice to remove the heel from disposable cylinders before 
they are ultimately disposed. Current practices for disposal of 
disposable cylinders are to prevent refilling a disposable cylinder and 
include puncturing the rupture disk or breaking off the shutoff 
valve,\116\ since they are not designed to have material re-enter them. 
The disposal practice also demonstrates that the cylinder no longer 
contains any remaining heel, as any heel that had been in the cylinder 
would be released through these disposal practices. If the practice of 
puncturing the rupture disk or breaking off the shutoff valve has not 
been performed, HFCs in disposable cylinders could be released to the 
atmosphere during the disposal of the cylinder, and ultimately any 
remaining HFCs are released if the cylinder is crushed for scrap metal 
recycling. Even if the cylinder is not used for scrap metal recycling, 
disposable cylinders that are disposed of in a landfill have the 
potential to release any residual HFCs as the seal can degrade over 
time.
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    \116\ EPA also notes that other Federal regulations expressly 
prohibit the transportation of DOT-39 cylinders if refilled (49 CFR 
178.65).
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    EPA is proposing that the remaining heel in containers that have 
been used in the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment would 
not be considered a virgin regulated substance. As EPA

[[Page 72268]]

understands, some reclaimers who currently recover heels or any 
remaining residue from cylinders treat the returned refrigerant as used 
recovered material that could be contaminated and run the heel through 
the reclamation process as though it were returned in a recovery 
cylinder. This practice ensures that the heel is reprocessed, and the 
resulting reclaimed HFC product meets the correct standard. EPA notes 
that under section IV.D.2. of this proposal, reclaimed HFC refrigerants 
would be limited to containing no more than 15 percent virgin HFCs, by 
weight. For the purposes of maximizing the reclaiming of HFCs, EPA does 
not intend for this remaining heel to count as part of the 15 percent 
of virgin HFC refrigerant allowed in reclaimed HFC refrigerant because 
this would penalize reclaimers that are recovering the heel from 
cylinders.
    EPA is also considering and seeking comments on an alternative 
approach to the proposal requiring that disposable cylinders that 
contain HFCs and that have been used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment be returned to an EPA-certified reclaimer or a fire 
suppressant recycler. The alternative approach would involve requiring 
the final processor of a disposable cylinder to ensure that all 
regulated substances, including the remaining heel, have been recovered 
prior to final disposition of the cylinder. EPA currently has similar 
provisions under 40 CFR 82.155 for certain appliances, including 
requirements that a final processor (e.g., scrap recyclers and landfill 
operators) either recover any remaining refrigerant from the appliance 
or receive a verification statement that the refrigerant in the 
disposed appliance has previously been recovered. EPA is also 
considering an approach that would establish a requirement that draws 
from both the lead proposal and alternative approach. The 
distinguishing feature would be to allow more than just EPA-certified 
reclaimers to perform the recovery (e.g., distributors and 
wholesalers), while requiring all recovered material be sent to an EPA-
certified reclaimer. In addition, 82.155(a) states that persons 
recovering refrigerant from certain appliances that would be disposed 
are required to evacuate refrigerant from the appliances. In either 
case, refrigerant must be evacuated from the appliance to a specified 
level using recovery equipment that meets applicable standards. EPA 
would also consider establishing recordkeeping provisions to ensure 
that disposable cylinders that contained HFCs have been evacuated 
appropriately before final disposition (e.g., landfill operator of 
scrap recycler). EPA is seeking comment on all aspects of this 
potential alternative approach. For example, EPA would be interested in 
comments related to the level of vacuum needed or if recovery equipment 
that meet specific standards would be needed to ensure the remaining 
amount of refrigerant in the disposable cylinder is fully removed.
    EPA has separately learned via a petition for partial 
administrative reconsideration of the Allocation Framework Rule (see 
https://www.regulations.gov/comment/EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0044-0229) and 
other communication with one manufacturer who has been developing a 
redesigned disposable cylinder that, according to the company, includes 
features meant to prevent intentional venting and fugitive emissions, 
provide visually identifiable unique handle shapes, and accommodate 
machine-readable tracking identifiers (e.g., QR codes or RFID chips). 
EPA has only limited information on this newly designed disposable 
cylinder prototype and seeks any relevant information from commenters 
on such newly designed disposable cylinders, whether from that 
manufacturer or other manufacturers. EPA understands that the newly-
designed technology from the one manufacturer is proprietary and is a 
prototype that has not been commercialized. EPA seeks comment on 
whether this redesigned cylinder could address heels of HFC remaining 
in the cylinders upon disposal, which result in emissions rather than 
being reclaimed. Given that the language in subsection (h) concerns 
both maximizing reclaiming and minimizing the release of regulated 
substances from equipment and contemplates regulations to control of 
practices, processes, or activities regarding servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation of equipment, EPA is seeking additional 
information about the cylinder's ability to consistently deliver leak 
reductions during normal use. The Agency is also seeking additional 
information about when or if this redesigned cylinder would be 
commercially available. Further, EPA is seeking information about 
whether this redesigned cylinder could improve the ability for the 
remaining heel to be recovered before the cylinder is disposed. 
Additionally, if commenters have information about other cylinder 
manufacturers meeting similar metrics, EPA seeks similar information.
    EPA requests comment on all aspects of this proposal including the 
requirement for disposable cylinders that contain HFCs and that have 
been used for the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment to be sent to 
reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers, respectively; the timing for 
compliance; and the amounts of regulated substances likely to either 
remain in or be emitted from discarded disposable cylinders absent 
requirements for HFC removal. EPA is requesting comment on the current 
channels by which contractors or technicians return cylinders 
containing HFCs to reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers. EPA is 
also seeking comment on the alternative approach which involves the 
final processor ensuring that all regulated substances, including the 
remaining heel, have been recovered prior to final disposition of the 
cylinder. Further, EPA requests comment on the consideration to 
establish a requirement that draws from the lead proposal and the 
alternative approach. EPA is interested in comments of current disposal 
practices for disposable cylinders that involve the recovery of the 
heel and the subsequent handling of the recovered heel.
3. Container Tracking
    EPA is proposing certain tracking requirements for regulated 
substances that are used in servicing, repair, or installation of 
certain equipment. These requirements are being proposed as part of 
implementing subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, as these provisions 
would control practices, processes, or activities regarding servicing, 
repair, or installation of equipment, and would involve a regulated 
substance or, in some cases, the reclaiming of a regulated substance 
used as a refrigerant. More specifically, these requirements would 
control practices, processes, and activities regarding the 
identification of regulated substances that could be used for 
servicing, repair, or installation of certain equipment, as well as the 
tracking of reclaimed HFCs in the supply chain. It is critical for 
technicians and owners or operators of equipment to know the identity 
of the regulated substances that they are using for servicing, repair, 
or installation of equipment, so that they can ensure that those 
regulated substances are compatible with the specifications of that 
equipment. For example, if equipment has been designed for use with 
non-flammable HFCs, it is important that technicians and owners or 
operators can confirm that the HFCs they are using to service, repair, 
or install the equipment is nonflammable. As described above, regulated

[[Page 72269]]

substances are transported or stored during various points in the 
supply chain, particularly for applications where the regulated 
substances are used for the servicing, repair, or installation of 
equipment that contain or will contain the regulated substances. The 
proposed tracking requirements would allow the technicians to verify 
the identity of regulated substances in a container, and that it meets 
any applicable regulatory requirements and technical specifications, 
before they use it for servicing, repair, or installation of certain 
equipment. In addition, understanding the movement of the regulated 
substances through the supply chain (both for virgin HFCs and for HFCs 
that have been recycled (as it relates to fire suppressants) and/or 
reclaimed) is important to understanding the ways they are used and 
where additional opportunities for recovery, reclamation, and/or 
recycling (related to fire suppressants) exist. Further, the ability to 
track regulated substances in the supply chain would allow the Agency 
to account for the actual amount of regulated substances used in 
equipment, verify adherence with the requirements of the regulations, 
and identify sectors, subsectors, or places in the supply chain where 
emissions occur. Tracking movement of regulated substances, including 
to reclaimers in certain circumstances, supports the goal of maximizing 
reclaiming of regulated substances by providing information to better 
identify challenges to increasing reclamation. This information may 
also be useful to better understanding points in the supply chain where 
HFC releases from equipment can be minimized in the future, and thus 
further serve one of the purposes stated in subsection (h)(1).
a. Container Tracking of Regulated Substances
    EPA is proposing that any container (whether disposable or 
refillable) of regulated substances that enters into U.S. commerce and 
contains HFCs that could be used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment must contain a machine-readable tracking identifier (e.g., QR 
code, or another identifier(s)) that contains relevant information, as 
described in this section.
    The proposed tracking requirements for HFCs entering U.S. commerce 
that could be used in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment would allow for tracking the movement 
of reclaimed HFCs and ensure that reclaimed HFCs are used in the 
subsectors in which requirements regarding their use are being 
proposed. These proposed requirements for tracking would also apply to 
HFCs that could be used in the servicing, repair, and installation of 
fire suppression equipment and would allow for the tracking of recycled 
HFC fire suppressants and ensure the use of recycled HFCs for fire 
suppression equipment to meet the proposed requirements. As such, these 
proposed tracking requirements have the added benefit of supporting and 
facilitating efforts to ensure compliance with the proposed 
requirements for the use of reclaimed or recycled HFCs, as applicable, 
in certain RACHP subsectors and the fire suppression sector. They help 
to ensure that technicians and owners or operators of equipment in 
those sectors can easily determine whether the HFCs that they are using 
for servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing 
equipment or fire suppression equipment are reclaimed or recycled, 
respectively, and otherwise meet the proposed requirements. In that 
way, these proposed requirements would further serve the purpose 
described in subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act to maximize the 
reclaiming of regulated substances.
    For tracking the movement of HFCs, EPA is proposing to require the 
generation of a machine-readable tracking identifier (e.g., QR code or 
another identifier) by importers, producers and repackagers, 
reclaimers, and fire suppressant recyclers. Tracking HFCs through 
machine-readable tracking identifiers would provide information that 
helps support compliance with requirements for the use of reclaimed 
HFCs in certain refrigerant-containing equipment, as proposed in this 
action, such as whether reclaimed HFCs are being used in certain RACHP 
subsectors. The machine-readable tracking identifiers would provide 
information that would more easily allow for the determination of 
whether a given container of reclaimed HFCs has met the proposed 
standard in this action that no more than 15 percent virgin HFCs are 
contained in the reclaimed HFCs. Further, the machine-readable tracking 
identifiers would also support compliance of the proposed requirements 
for using recycled HFCs in fire suppression equipment. The machine-
readable tracking identifier must be affixed to containers of regulated 
substances and include certain data elements. When the machine-readable 
tracking identifier is scanned, it will point to a website with a 
database that will indicate if the HFC in the container meets 
regulatory requirements, and provide certain data elements, for 
example, the quantity and common name of the HFC or HFC blend, the name 
it is currently being marketed under (e.g., trade name or brand), and 
the date the container was filled. A discussion of the information that 
would be required is provided in this section of the preamble and a 
discussion of how the data would be treated as confidential or not is 
described in section V. of this preamble. EPA is proposing that in the 
case where a machine-readable tracking identifier affixed to a 
container is damaged or otherwise unreadable, this would be the same as 
not having a machine-readable tracking identifier at all, which would 
be a violation of the proposed requirements.
    EPA is proposing that the tracking information must be updated each 
time the regulated substances that could be used in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment are bought/sold or portioned into another 
container. For example, when regulated substances in larger containers 
are downpacked to smaller containers, the tracking information would 
need to be updated. Tracking information would also be required to be 
updated when the regulated substances in containers are bought or sold 
up to the point of sale to the final customer of the regulated 
substance (e.g., a contractor who purchases regulated substances for 
their use in the servicing, repair, or installation of equipment). EPA 
is proposing that, as the regulated substances move in the supply 
chain, the person selling the regulated substances must scan the 
machine-readable tracking identifier as the container is sold and 
update the tracking information, and the person buying the container of 
regulated substances would need to do the same. For example, EPA is 
proposing that a person selling a container of regulated substances 
would need to identify the person receiving the container and indicate 
if that person is a supplier or a final customer in the tracking 
system. This would document the chain of custody as the regulated 
substance moves through the supply chain. For both disposable and 
refillable cylinders that contain regulated substances that could be 
used in the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment, EPA is proposing 
certain requirements for tracking the movement of the cylinder after it 
is used (as described in section IV.F.3.).

[[Page 72270]]

    EPA is proposing to require any person who produces, imports, 
reclaims, recycles for fire suppression uses, repackages, or fills into 
a container regulated substances, reclaimed regulated substances, or 
recycled regulated substances that could be used in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment must register with EPA in the tracking system no 
later than the first time they would be required to generate a machine-
readable tracking identifier. EPA notes that for those entities that 
may wish to register in advance of the required date to generate a 
machine-readable tracking identifier, registration in the tracking 
system would be available 30 or 60 days prior to the applicable 
compliance date (e.g., as early as November 1, 2024, for producers and 
importers). Likewise, EPA is proposing to require that any person who 
purchases, sells, distributes, or offers for sale or distribution, 
regulated substances that could be used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment must register with EPA in the tracking system no later than 
the first time the person would be required to update tracking 
information in the system. EPA notes that for those persons involved in 
the purchase, sale, or distribution or offering for sale or 
distribution of regulated substances who wish to register earlier may 
do so. To support the effective implementation of the tracking system, 
EPA intends to offer various opportunities for training potential users 
through webinars, fact sheets, and other guidance materials prior to 
the earliest required compliance dates.
    Additional detail on requirements for registering in the tracking 
system can be found in Sec.  84.118 of the proposed regulatory text. To 
support this provision, EPA is prohibiting any person from purchasing 
or receiving, or attempting to purchase or receive regulated substances 
that could be used in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment from 
someone that is not registered with EPA. Nevertheless, EPA is proposing 
that this prohibition would not apply to a person purchasing or 
receiving, or attempting to purchase or receive regulated substances 
only for uses that are not related to refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment (e.g. foams, aerosol propellants). EPA 
notes that for larger containers that contain regulated substances that 
may be used in multiple sectors, the Agency is proposing to require 
those containers would be subject to the proposed prohibition if any 
regulated substances in the container could be used for refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment in order to ensure 
that those regulated substances are accurately accounted for. As EPA 
understands the supply chain, HFCs may change hands one or more times 
before it is purchased by the final entity in the distribution chain 
and subsequently sold to the final customer. As the HFCs move through 
the supply chain to the final customer, sellers/distributors would need 
to scan the containers as they are sold and update the information as 
needed, and buyers who intend to purchase/receive the HFCs, other than 
the final customer, would need to do the same.
    For importers, EPA is proposing that the following information be 
included in the tracking system for the generation of a machine-
readable tracking identifier for regulated substances that could be 
used in servicing, repair, or installation of equipment:
     The name or brand the regulated substance is being sold 
and/or marketed under;
     The date it was imported;
     The size of the container(s);
     The entry number and entry line number associated with the 
import;
     The unique serial number associated with the container;
     The amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container;
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the responsible party at the facility where the 
container of regulated substance(s) was filled; and
     Certification that the contents of the container match the 
substance(s) identified on the label.
    For producers and repackagers of regulated substances, EPA is 
proposing that certain information must be included in the tracking 
system for the generation of a machine-readable tracking identifier for 
regulated substances that could be used in servicing, repair, or 
installation of equipment. This information would be required to be 
included whether a container is filled for the first time after 
production or when transferring regulated substances from one container 
to one or more smaller or larger containers. EPA is proposing the 
following information must be included when generating the machine-
readable tracking identifier:
     The name or brand the regulated substance is being sold 
and/or marketed under;
     The date the container was filled and by whom;
     The unique serial number associated with the container;
     The amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container;
     The quantity of containers it was packaged in;
     The size of the containers;
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the responsible party at the facility where the 
container(s) were filled; and
     Certification that the contents of the container match the 
substance(s) identified on the label.
    EPA is proposing that any person filling a container with reclaimed 
HFC refrigerants that could be used in servicing, repair, or 
installation of equipment include certain information in the tracking 
system for the generation of the machine-readable tracking identifier. 
This information would include the following:
     The name or brand the regulated substance is being sold 
and/or marketed under;
     When the HFC was reclaimed and by whom;
     The date the reclaimed regulated substance was put into a 
container;
     The unique serial number associated with the container;
     The size of the containers;
     The amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container;
     The amount of virgin regulated substance(s) in the 
container, if any, and that the contents of the container are certified 
per Sec.  84.112(d) of the proposed regulatory text;
     Reclaimer certification that the purity of the batch was 
confirmed to meet the specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F; and
     Certification that the contents of the container match the 
substance(s) identified on the label.
    EPA is proposing that any person filling a container with recycled 
regulated substances that could be used for servicing or installing 
fire suppression equipment, including for example fire suppressant 
recyclers, include certain information in the tracking system for the 
generation of the machine-readable tracking identifier. This 
information would include the following:
     The name or brand the regulated substance is being sold 
and/or marketed under;
     The date the container was filled and by whom;
     The size of the containers;
     The unique serial number associated with the container;
     The amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container;

[[Page 72271]]

     The amount of virgin regulated substance(s) in the 
container, if any; and
     Certification that the contents of the container match the 
substance(s) identified on the label.
    EPA is proposing a schedule for those required to generate a 
machine-readable tracking identifier and affix to containers to support 
the effective implementation of the tracking provisions in this 
proposal. As of January 1, 2025, EPA would require machine-readable 
tracking identifiers on all containers of HFCs that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment that are imported, sold or distributed, 
or offered for sale or distribution by producers and importers. As of 
January 1, 2026, EPA would require machine-readable tracking 
identifiers on all containers of HFCs that could be used in the 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment that are filled, sold or distributed, or 
offered for sale or distribution, by all other repackagers and cylinder 
fillers in the United States, including reclaimers and fire suppressant 
recyclers. As of January 1, 2027, EPA would require a machine-readable 
tracking identifier on every container of HFCs that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment that are sold or distributed, offered for 
sale or distribution, purchased or received, or attempted to be 
purchased or received.
    EPA understands that effectively implementing the tracking system 
in industry will require logistical adaptation and technological 
investment. Thus, EPA is proposing a phased-in approach for the 
tracking requirements would support implementation and provide 
additional time after the final rule is published for industry to 
adjust to the proposed requirements when they are fully implemented. 
Under this phased-in approach, the Agency would have more time to 
consult industry and develop an appropriate tracking system. Similarly, 
industry would have more time to adapt existing systems and/or procure 
any technology needed to support the tracking system and train staff. 
Further, this tracking system would have the additional advantage of 
supporting the proposed requirements for the use of reclaimed HFCs. It 
would provide an easy means for an entity to identify reclaimed HFCs 
and thus helps support compliance with those aspects of this proposal. 
For example, the tracking system would help ensure reclaimed HFCs are 
being used consistent with the proposed requirements in section IV.D. 
of this action. EPA notes that the Agency could consider making the 
tracking system available for use on a voluntary basis ahead of the 
applicable compliance dates for different types of users.
    EPA is requesting comment on all aspects of this proposal. In 
particular, EPA is requesting comment on the proposed requirements for 
the tracking system related to the timing of the requirements. EPA is 
seeking comment on the phased-in approach to apply the requirements for 
effective implementation of the proposed provisions. EPA is also 
seeking comment on the time needed by industry for particular 
technological or logistical changes to effectively implement the 
tracking system requirements in this proposal.
b. Container Tracking of Used Cylinders
    EPA is proposing specific requirements for the tracking of 
cylinders that contain HFCs and that have been used for the servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment. As noted in section IV.F.2., after cylinders 
(both disposable and refillable) containing regulated substances have 
been used in these practices, processes, and activities, they still 
have a remaining portion of regulated substances (i.e., the heel). 
Tracking these cylinders that contain a heel serves the purpose 
identified in subsection (h)(1) of maximizing reclaim. Further, 
subsection (h)(2)(A) of the AIM Act provides that EPA consider its 
authority for increasing opportunities for reclaiming of regulated 
substances. Requiring tracking of the remaining heel in cylinders would 
ensure that the heel could be recovered and promote additional reclaim.
    As proposed in section IV.F.2., EPA would require that disposable 
cylinders that contain HFCs and that have been used in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment be required to be returned to a reclaimer or fire 
suppressant recycler so that the remaining regulated substances, 
including heels, can be recovered. EPA is proposing that after a 
disposable cylinder is used in the servicing, repair, or installation 
of such equipment, it would be required to be tracked until it reaches 
an EPA-certified reclaimer or a fire suppressant recycler. As EPA 
understands and describes above, technicians and contractors (for 
refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment) 
currently have channels for returning recovery cylinders. EPA 
anticipates that technicians and contractors would be able to use these 
same channels for returning disposable cylinders to reclaimers or fire 
suppressant recyclers. In some cases, there may be a direct connection 
between technicians or contractors to reclaimers or fire suppression 
recyclers and there is no intermediary step to returning a cylinder. In 
this case, the only tracking step required would be by the reclaimer or 
fire suppressant recycler, who would be registered in the tracking 
system. EPA is proposing that when a reclaimer or fire suppressant 
recycler receives a disposable cylinder with a remaining heel, they 
would be required to scan the machine-readable tracking identifier that 
was already affixed on the disposable cylinder and update the following 
information to confirm receipt:
     The date that the disposable cylinder was received; and
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the disposable cylinder.
    EPA is proposing that when the reclaimer or fire suppressant 
recycler removes the remaining regulated substances from the disposable 
cylinder, they would be required to enter in the tracking system the 
following data elements:
     The date that the regulated substances were removed from 
the disposable cylinder;
     Certification that all remaining regulated substances were 
removed;
     The amount and the name of the recovered regulated 
substance(s).
    In other cases, technicians or contractors may return cylinders to 
a distributor or wholesaler who collects cylinders and then sends them 
to a reclaimer or fire suppressant recycler. In this case, there would 
be an additional tracking step required by the wholesaler or 
distributor, who would already be registered in the tracking system. 
EPA is proposing to require that the distributor or wholesaler 
collecting the disposable cylinders scan the affixed machine-readable 
tracking identifier when they receive it. The wholesaler or distributor 
would be required to enter in the tracking system the following 
information:
     The date that the disposable cylinder was received; and
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the disposable cylinder.
    EPA is proposing to require that when a reclaimer or fire 
suppressant recycler receives a disposable cylinder with a

[[Page 72272]]

remaining heel from a distributor or wholesaler, they would be required 
to scan the machine-readable tracking identifier and update information 
in the tracking system. The proposed requirements for reclaimers and 
fire suppressant recyclers to update information in the tracking system 
are the same as would be required if the reclaimer or fire suppressant 
recycler were to receive the disposable cylinder directly from a 
technician or contractor.
    EPA is proposing that the tracking of disposable cylinders to 
reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers would be required as of 
January 1, 2026. This date aligns with the proposed requirement for 
reclaimers and fire suppressant recyclers to track containers they 
fill, sell, or distribute, or offer for sale or distribution with 
regulated substances that could be used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment. Thus, they would be registered in the tracking system 
already and could scan and update information as they receive 
disposable cylinders. This proposed date would also require 
distributors and wholesalers who receive returned disposable cylinders 
to be registered in the tracking system. For those distributors and 
wholesalers that would be receiving disposable cylinders, EPA is 
proposing that they would be required to register in the tracking 
system the first time they would need to access the system to update 
tracking information.
    EPA is proposing to include additional requirements for the 
tracking of refillable cylinders that contain HFCs and that have been 
used in the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment. By nature, EPA 
expects that refillable cylinders would be involved with a return trip 
after they are used and have only a heel remaining. As EPA understands, 
fleets of refillable cylinders may be maintained by those who would 
frequently fill and refill them. For example, some producers, blenders, 
repackagers, and reclaimers may maintain a fleet of refillable 
cylinders. In some cases, these entities may even operate a system to 
track or otherwise maintain their own inventory of refillable 
cylinders. Refillable cylinders differ from disposable in a number of 
ways, notably as it relates to how the remaining regulated substances 
are handled after the refillable cylinder has been used and a heel 
remains. The remaining heel in a refillable cylinder can either be 
recovered, or additional HFC could be added to the refillable cylinder 
if it is the same chemical or blend. EPA understands this practice is 
common especially for larger cylinders, such as ISO tanks and rail 
cars.
    EPA is proposing certain requirements for tracking the return of 
refillable cylinders that have been used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment. Contractors or technicians who are using the refillable 
cylinders for the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment could return 
refillable cylinders to a distributor or wholesaler or they could 
return refillable cylinders directly to a cylinder owner (e.g., 
reclaimer, blender). In either case, EPA is proposing similar tracking 
requirements as those for the tracking of the return of a disposable 
cylinder.
    EPA is proposing that reclaimers or fire suppressant recyclers 
would be required to enter the following information in the tracking 
system when they receive a refillable cylinder that contains HFCs and 
that has been used in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment:
     The date that the refillable cylinder was received;
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the refillable cylinder.
    EPA is proposing that when the reclaimer or fire suppressant 
recycler removes the remaining regulated substances from the refillable 
cylinder, they would be required to enter in the tracking system the 
following data elements:
     The date that the regulated substances were removed from 
the refillable cylinder;
     Certification that all remaining regulated substances were 
removed; and
     The amount and name of the recovered regulated 
substance(s).
    In the case that a refillable cylinder is first sent to a 
distributor or wholesaler, EPA is proposing that the wholesaler or 
distributor enter the following information to the tracking system upon 
receipt of the refillable cylinder:
     The date that the refillable cylinder was received; and
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the refillable cylinder.
    In the case where a refillable cylinder is sent to a person, other 
than an EPA-certified reclaimer or a fire suppressant recycler, capable 
of refilling it with additional HFCs or blend containing HFCs, the 
person filling the container would be required to enter the following 
data elements in the tracking system upon receipt of the refillable 
cylinder:
     The date that the refillable cylinder was received; and
     The name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the refillable cylinder.
    EPA is proposing that when the person, other than an EPA-certified 
reclaimer or a fire suppressant recycler, who received the refillable 
cylinder removes any remaining regulated substances from the refillable 
cylinder or refills the refillable cylinder, that person must scan the 
machine-readable tracking identifier and update the following 
information in the tracking system:
     The date the remaining regulated substance was removed or 
the date the refillable was refilled; and
     The amount and name of the remaining regulated 
substance(s) removed from the refillable cylinder or the amount and 
name of the regulated substance(s) remaining in the refillable cylinder 
before it is refilled.
    EPA is proposing similar timing requirements for the tracking of 
refillable cylinders as they are returned to the cylinder owners (e.g., 
producers, reclaimers, fire suppressant recyclers). The tracking of 
refillable cylinders as they are returned to cylinder owners would be 
required as of January 1, 2026. Again, this date aligns with the 
proposed requirement for reclaimers and fire suppressant recyclers to 
track of containers they fill, sell, or distribute, or offered for sale 
or distribution with regulated substances that could be used in the 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment. Any producers who would be involved with 
tracking steps associated with the return of refillable cylinders would 
have already had experience in the tracking system for a full year. For 
those distributors and wholesalers that would be receiving refillable 
cylinders, EPA is proposing that they would be required to register in 
the tracking system the first time they would need to access the system 
to update tracking information.
    EPA is considering requirements associated with the tracking of 
cylinders that are used for the purpose of recovering regulated 
substances (i.e., recovery cylinders) from refrigerant-containing 
equipment or fire suppression equipment. As described above, these 
recovery cylinders are only intended for the recovery of refrigerants 
or fire suppressants from equipment for the intention of sending the 
material to a reclaimer or fire suppressant recycler. As noted, fleets 
of recovery cylinders may be owned by reclaimers or

[[Page 72273]]

wholesalers or distributors who maintain them using a deposit-based 
system for the return of the cylinders. Contractors and technicians 
would pay a deposit and obtain the recovery cylinders from these 
entities and have the deposit returned when the cylinder is returned. 
In this case, EPA is considering and requesting comment on whether to 
establish tracking requirements for the entities that maintain the 
fleet of recovery cylinders. Such requirements would allow EPA the 
ability to track the amount of material that is recovered from 
equipment and how that material moves in the supply chain until it 
reaches a reclaimer or fire suppressant recycler. EPA is also 
interested in the tracking of recovery cylinders as it would provide 
additional information on the HFCs that are recovered from equipment 
that is being serviced, repaired, or disposed of, and their movement in 
the market and supply chain, and on practices, processes, or activities 
associated with the servicing, repair, or disposal of equipment. EPA is 
requesting comment on these topics, as well as additional information 
on how recovery cylinders are maintained in practice. For example, EPA 
is seeking information regarding whether contractors or technicians are 
owners of recovery cylinders and how they return them to reclaimers or 
fire suppressant recyclers.
    EPA is seeking comment on all aspects of this proposal. 
Specifically, EPA is seeking comment on the timing for requirements to 
track containers (both disposable and refillable) that contain HFCs and 
that have been used in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
equipment. EPA is also seeking additional information on the overall 
movement of cylinders (disposable, refillable, or recovery) in the 
supply chain as they are returned to an entity to recover the regulated 
substances (or refill the container, if it is a refillable cylinder).
4. Small Cans of Refrigerant
    Small cans of refrigerant, that typically contain 2 pounds or less 
of regulated substances, are commonly used by individuals to service 
their own MVACs. This do-it-yourself (DIY) servicing practice is unique 
to the MVAC subsector within the RACHP sector. In the 2016 CAA section 
608 Rule (81 FR 82272, November 18, 2016), EPA finalized an exemption 
from the sales restriction at 40 CFR 82.154(c) for small cans of MVAC 
refrigerant with self-sealing valves. EPA is not proposing to include 
requirements for small cans of refrigerant with self-sealing valves 
(i.e., those that qualify for exemption from the sales restriction 
under 40 CFR 82.154(c)(ix)) to be sent to a reclaimer after use or to 
include such small cans in the proposed container tracking 
requirements. As noted, they are typically used only by DIYers in the 
servicing of their own MVACs and contain no more than 2 pounds of 
regulated substances. Another distinguishing factor is the distribution 
chain for small cans, which are commonly sold directly to DIYers by 
retailers. Accordingly, EPA concludes it is not necessary to require 
that small cans of refrigerant (i.e., those meeting the 608 
requirements) be sent to a reclaimer after use or to include small cans 
in the proposed container tracking system to serve the regulatory 
goals, as described throughout section IV.F. above.
    EPA welcomes comment on all aspects of this proposal. In 
particular, EPA seeks comments on its proposal to not include 
requirements for small cans of refrigerant to be returned to a 
reclaimer after use and to not include them in the proposed container 
tracking system in this rulemaking. In particular, EPA is interested in 
comments related to this provision as it relates to the regulatory 
purpose of maximizing reclaiming of regulated substances and also 
reducing the potential emissions of regulated substances.

G. How is EPA proposing to establish RCRA refrigerant recycling 
alternative standards?

1. Nomenclature Used in This Section
    This section uses the term ``ignitable spent refrigerant'' to 
describe the refrigerants that are potentially subject to RCRA 
hazardous waste regulation under the current rules, and that would 
instead be subject to the proposed RCRA alternative standards for 
refrigerants when recycled for reuse, if these standards are finalized. 
``Ignitability'' is one of the RCRA hazardous waste characteristics and 
is used to identify waste that may pose a risk to human health and the 
environment due to their potential to cause fires if improperly 
managed.\117\ The characteristic of ignitability is defined in 40 CFR 
261.21. As discussed in more detail below in this section, 
``ignitable'' is similar, but not identical, to the term ``flammable'' 
as used in ASHRAE Standard 34-2022. ``Spent'' is used in the same 
context as ``spent material,'' which is defined in 40 CFR 261.1(c)(1) 
as ``any material that has been used and as a result of contamination 
can no longer serve the purpose for which it was produced without 
processing.'' Thus, an ``ignitable spent refrigerant'' is a used 
refrigerant that cannot be reused without first being cleaned, and that 
exhibits the hazardous characteristic of ignitability per 40 CFR 
261.21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ EPA 1980, Background Document for the Hazardous Waste 
Characteristic of Ignitability, May 2, 1980, p.7 https://www.epa.gov/hw/background-document-hazardous-waste-characteristic-ignitability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the terms ``reclaim'' and ``recycle'' have different 
regulatory purposes and definitions under RCRA than under the CAA and 
the AIM Act. Under RCRA, a material is ``reclaimed'' if it is processed 
to recover a usable product, or if it is regenerated. Examples are 
recovery of lead values from spent batteries and regeneration of spent 
solvents (See 40 CFR 261.1(c)(4)). Reclamation is one of the four types 
of ``recycling'' identified in 40 CFR 261.2(c) that can involve 
management of a solid waste under RCRA. Materials that are solid waste 
under RCRA are potentially subject to RCRA hazardous waste 
requirements.
    In contrast, under title VI of the CAA and its implementing 
regulations, ``reclaim'' is a more precise term, requiring the 
reclaimed refrigerant to meet regulatory specifications based on AHRI 
Standard 700-2016, while ``recycle'' means to extract refrigerant from 
an appliance and clean it for reuse in equipment of the same owner 
without meeting all of the CAA requirements for reclamation. See those 
definitions in 40 CFR 82.152. Similarly, under the AIM Act, ``reclaim; 
reclamation'' are defined in subsection (b)(9) of the Act, and that 
definition refers to the purity standards under AHRI Standard 700-2016 
(or an appropriate successor standard adopted by the Administrator) and 
the verification of purity using, at a minimum, the analytical 
methodology described in that standard. ``Recycle'' is not defined in 
the AIM Act.
    To avoid confusion when discussing what regulatory requirements 
would apply to ignitable spent refrigerant, for the purposes of the 
proposed RCRA alternative standards, EPA is using the term ``recycle 
for reuse'' as defined at 40 CFR 266.601 to mean to process an 
ignitable spent refrigerant to remove contamination and prepare it to 
be used again. This umbrella term includes reclaiming ignitable spent 
refrigerants as defined in the context of the RCRA regulations at 40 
CFR 261.1(c), and either reclaiming or recycling refrigerants as 
defined in 40 CFR 82.152. ``Recycle for reuse'' would not include 
recycling that involves burning for energy recovery or use in a manner 
constituting disposal (use in or on the land) as defined in 40 CFR 
261.2(c), or

[[Page 72274]]

sham recycling as defined in 40 CFR 261.2(g).
2. Background
    On February 13, 1991, EPA promulgated an interim final rule 
excluding spent chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants from the 
definition of hazardous waste under RCRA when recycled for reuse (56 FR 
5910). EPA was concerned that subjecting used CFC refrigerants to RCRA 
hazardous waste regulations would result in increased venting of these 
refrigerants, resulting in increased levels of ODS in the stratosphere. 
As described above in section III.C., EPA promulgated a series of rules 
implementing provisions under CAA title VI to phase out class I and 
class II ODS, including CFCs used as refrigerants, and establishing 
standards applicable to the use, disposal, and recycling of ODS 
refrigerants and their substitutes.
    Some of these acceptable substitutes are flammable and likely to 
exhibit the hazardous waste characteristic of ignitability found in 40 
CFR 261.21.\118\ As described in section IV.C.4., ASHRAE Standard 34-
2022 assigns a safety group classification for each refrigerant which 
consists of two alphanumeric characters (e.g., A2 or B1). The capital 
letter indicates the toxicity class (``A'' for lower toxicity) and the 
numeral denotes the flammability. ASHRAE recognizes three 
classifications and one subclass for refrigerant flammability. The 
three main flammability classifications are Class 1, for refrigerants 
that do not propagate a flame when tested as per the ASHRAE 34 
standard, ``Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants;'' 
Class 2, for refrigerants of lower flammability; and Class 3, for 
highly flammable refrigerants, such as the hydrocarbon refrigerants. 
ASHRAE recently updated the safety classification matrix to include a 
new flammability subclass 2L, for flammability Class 2 refrigerants 
that burn very slowly.\119\ Since 2010, EPA's SNAP program has listed a 
number of flammable substitute refrigerants that have ASHRAE safety 
classifications of A3 (higher flammability, lower toxicity refrigerants 
such as propane or isobutane) or A2L (lower flammability, lower 
toxicity refrigerants such as HFC-32 or HFO-1234yf).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ ``Flammability'' as identified by the ASHRAE standards and 
``ignitability'' as identified by the RCRA 40 CFR 261.21 standard 
are both intended to capture the potential for a substance to cause 
fires. However, since the methodology used under these two systems 
differs, EPA is using ``flammability'' when describing the ASHRAE 
standard and ``ignitability'' when describing wastes that are 
regulated under RCRA when they meet the ignitable characteristic in 
Sec.  261.21 and therefore are subject to hazardous waste management 
requirements. In general, a flammable substance would be presumed to 
be also ignitable under RCRA unless testing were to demonstrate 
otherwise.
    \119\ ASHRAE Fact Sheet Update on New Refrigerants Designations 
and Safety Classification November 2022. https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/bookstore/factsheet_ashrae_english_november2022.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The standard for flammability under ASHRAE 34 does not correspond 
precisely with the RCRA standards for ignitability found in 40 CFR 
261.21, but in general, refrigerants with a flammability Class of 2 or 
3 are expected to be ignitable under RCRA. Spent refrigerants with a 
flammability class of 2L may or may not be ignitable hazardous waste, 
depending on the specific chemical(s) used in the refrigerant and 
contamination of the refrigerant during use. Note that even 
refrigerants that do not exhibit the characteristic of ignitability as 
a virgin material could become ignitable with use, especially if 
contaminated with oil or other lubricants, posing a risk of fire if 
mismanaged.\120\ Similarly, the flash point of a refrigerant that is a 
blend of two or more chemicals can change if there is a leak during 
operation or during recovery and storage, when the refrigerant from 
multiple appliances is combined, or if the recovery process is 
incomplete, potentially changing the hazardous waste characteristic of 
the spent refrigerant when collected.
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    \120\ S N Kopylov et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 
272 022064; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022064.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, these ignitable spent refrigerant substitutes do not fall 
under the 40 CFR 261.4(b)(12) RCRA exclusion for refrigerants, since 
that exclusion is limited to CFC refrigerants.\121\ The applicability 
of RCRA to flammable refrigerants is discussed in the 2016 SNAP final 
rule. (81 FR at 86799-86800, December 1, 2016). Consistent with that 
discussion, EPA considers incidental releases of spent refrigerant that 
occur during the maintenance, service, and repair of appliances subject 
to CAA section 608 (which would include venting from appliances of 
refrigerants that are exempt from the venting prohibition under 40 CFR 
82.154(a)), and releases resulting from the disposal of household 
appliances both generally not to be considered disposal of a hazardous 
waste under RCRA. However, ignitable spent refrigerant from commercial 
and industrial appliances (i.e., non-household appliances) would be 
classified as hazardous waste and would need to be managed under the 
applicable RCRA regulations (40 CFR parts 260 through 270) when 
recovered (i.e., removed from an appliance and stored in an external 
container) or disposed of (e.g., vented from a container after 
recovery). These requirements would include generator notification and 
on-site accumulation standards, emergency preparedness and other 
requirements, hazardous waste manifest and transportation requirements 
for the ignitable spent refrigerant, and RCRA permit requirements for 
refrigerant recyclers that store the refrigerant prior to recycling.
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    \121\ EPA is not reopening the original CFC refrigerant 
recycling exclusion and is not requesting comment on 40 CFR 
261.4(b)(12). Any comments received on the CFC refrigerant recycling 
exclusion will be considered out of scope of this rulemaking.
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3. Proposed Alternative RCRA Standards for Spent Ignitable Refrigerants 
Being Recycled for Reuse
    Similar to EPA's concerns expressed in the 1991 rulemaking 
establishing the CFC refrigerant recycling exclusion, EPA is concerned 
that applying RCRA hazardous waste requirements to the substitute 
refrigerants that exhibit the hazardous characteristic of ignitibility 
would discourage recycling and could result in an increase in releases 
of ignitable refrigerants, including HFC ignitable refrigerants, 
contrary to the goals of RCRA and to one of the purposes of regulations 
under subsection (h)(1) of the AIM Act, which is to minimize releases 
of HFCs from equipment. Moreover, inadvertently incentivizing releases 
of refrigerants would be contrary to RCRA section 3004(n), which 
requires EPA to control air emissions from hazardous waste management, 
as may be necessary to protect human health and the environment. 
Finally, the current requirements for recovery of refrigerants under 
the CAA section 608 rules help ensure that the ignitable spent 
refrigerants are legitimately recycled for reuse, and also address the 
flammability risks posed by ignitable spent refrigerants.
    For the reasons stated above, EPA is proposing to add standards 
under 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q applicable to certain ignitable spent 
refrigerants that are recycled for reuse that would apply instead of 
the full RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste requirements. The purpose of 
these standards is to help reduce emissions of ignitable spent 
refrigerants to the lowest achievable level by maximizing the recapture 
and safe recycling of such refrigerants during the maintenance, 
service, repair, and disposal of appliances.

[[Page 72275]]

a. Scope of the Proposed RCRA Alternative Standards
    EPA is proposing that the 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q RCRA 
alternative standards would apply to HFCs and substitutes that do not 
belong to flammability Class 3. EPA is proposing to limit the 
alternative standards to lower flammability substitutes (Class 1, 2 and 
2L) because of the lower risk of fire from the collection and recycling 
for reuse of these refrigerants, and the greater market value of these 
refrigerants, which supports the conclusion that these spent 
refrigerants will be recycled for reuse and not stockpiled, mismanaged, 
or abandoned. EPA has found that a low market value for a reclaimed 
product can increase the likelihood of mismanagement and abandonment 
occurring during hazardous waste recycling activities.\122\
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    \122\ U.S. EPA A Study of the Potential Effects of Market Forces 
on the Management of Hazardous Secondary Materials Intended for 
Recycling, November 2006, available at https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-1HQ-RCRA-2002-0031-0358.
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    In addition to this proposal, EPA is also considering the option of 
expanding the applicability of the RCRA alternative standards to some 
or all A3 refrigerants. Broadening the applicability of the exemption 
could encourage the development of markets for these other recycled 
refrigerants, even if current markets are limited, provided that they 
can be safely recycled for reuse.
    EPA requests comment on the scope of the RCRA alternative 
standards, including the option of expanding the applicability of the 
RCRA alternative standards to Class 3 refrigerants. In addition, EPA 
requests comment on which additional refrigerants should qualify for 
the RCRA alternative standards in the final rule, if EPA determines 
such an expansion is appropriate. EPA requests information on the 
safety and economic feasibility of recycling for reuse Class 2L, 2, and 
3 refrigerants both under current and projected future market 
conditions.
b. Proposed Requirements for the RCRA Alternative Standards
    The specific standards EPA is proposing for ignitable spent 
refrigerant being recycled for reuse either on-site for further use in 
equipment of the same owner, or by the owner of the recovery equipment 
in compliance with MVAC standards in 40 CFR part 82, subpart B, are (1) 
the ignitable spent refrigerants that are recovered (i.e., removed from 
an appliance and stored in an external container) and/or recycled for 
reuse using equipment that is certified for that type of refrigerant 
under 40 CFR 82.36 or 40 CFR 82.158; and (2) the ignitable spent 
refrigerants are not speculatively accumulated as defined in 40 CFR 
261.1(c).
    The specific standards that EPA is proposing for facilities 
receiving refrigerant from off-site to be recycled for reuse are (1) 
the reclaimer must maintain certification by EPA under 40 CFR 82.164; 
(2) the facility must meet the emergency preparedness and response 
requirements of 40 CFR part 261 subpart M, and (3) the ignitable spent 
refrigerants must not be speculatively accumulated as defined in 40 CFR 
261.1(c). EPA is proposing these requirements be included as part of 
the RCRA alternative standard in order to ensure that the ignitable 
spent refrigerant is legitimately recycled for reuse in a way that is 
protective of human health and the environment.
    The proposed requirement that the recovery and/or recycling 
equipment be certified for that type of refrigerant and appliance under 
40 CFR 82.36 (for MVAC systems) or 40 CFR 82.158 (for on-site 
recycling) would specifically address the ignitability hazard during 
refrigerant recovery and recycling for reuse at MVAC recycling 
operations in compliance with 40 part 82 subpart B, or for recycling 
on-site for reuse in appliances by the same owner. In particular, 
appendix B4 to subpart F of 40 CFR part 82--Performance and Safety of 
Flammable Refrigerant Recovery and/or Recycling Equipment requires all 
recovery and/or recycling equipment to be tested to meet standards for 
the test apparatus, test gas mixtures, sampling procedures, analytical 
techniques, and equipment construction that will be used to determine 
the performance and safety of refrigerant recovery.
    The proposed requirement that the spent refrigerant regulated under 
the new alternative standards not be speculatively accumulated per 40 
CFR 261.1(c) would help prevent over-accumulation, mismanagement, and 
abandonment of the spent refrigerant. Restrictions on speculative 
accumulation have been an important element of the RCRA hazardous waste 
recycling regulations since they were originally promulgated on January 
4, 1985 (50 FR 634-637). According to this regulatory provision, 
hazardous secondary materials as defined in 40 CFR 260.10 (which would 
include ignitable spent refrigerants) are accumulated speculatively if 
the person accumulating them cannot demonstrate that the material is 
potentially recyclable. Further, the person accumulating the hazardous 
secondary material must demonstrate that during a calendar year 
(beginning January 1) the amount of such material that is recycled or 
transferred to a different site for recycling is at least 75% by weight 
or volume of the amount of the hazardous secondary material present at 
the beginning of the calendar year (January 1). Hazardous secondary 
materials to be recycled must be placed in a storage unit with a label 
indicating the first date that the material began to be accumulated, or 
the accumulation period must be documented through an inventory log or 
other appropriate method. Otherwise, the hazardous secondary material 
is considered to be speculatively accumulated and not eligible for the 
alternative standards in 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q.
    The requirement that facilities receiving refrigerant from off-site 
to be recycled for reuse maintain certification by EPA under 40 CFR 
82.164 helps ensure that the recycler is experienced in proper 
refrigerant reclamation techniques and will manage the spent 
refrigerant in a manner that minimizes releases, with an explicit limit 
under the CAA section 608 rules of no more than 1.5 percent of the 
refrigerant released during the reclamation process (see 40 CFR 
82.164(a)(3)). The certification requirement also helps with the 
transparency of the RCRA alternative standard since the list of EPA-
certified refrigerant reclaimers is publicly available on EPA's 
website.\123\ In addition, these facilities certified reclaimers under 
CAA section 608 and must follow recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements, per 40 CFR 82.164(d) including (1) maintaining records of 
the names and addresses of persons sending them material for 
reclamation and the quantity of the material (the combined mass of 
refrigerant and contaminants) sent to them for reclamation, and (2) 
reporting annually the quantity of material sent to them for 
reclamation by refrigerant type, the mass of refrigerant reclaimed by 
refrigerant type, and the mass of waste products. Finally, EPA-
certified refrigerant reclaimers must verify that each batch of 
reclaimed refrigerant meets the specifications in the regulations (40 
CFR 82.164(a)(2)), which helps ensure that the reclamation process is 
legitimate recycling under the RCRA regulations. EPA notes that 
reclaimed refrigerant that does not meet the required specifications 
would be considered an off-specification

[[Page 72276]]

commercial chemical product under 40 CFR 261.2(c) and subject to all 
applicable RCRA regulatory requirements. EPA further notes that persons 
who reclaim HFCs that are listed as regulated substances under the AIM 
Act must meet recordkeeping and reporting requirements as set forth in 
40 CFR 84.31(a) and 84.31(i).
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    \123\ EPA-Certified Refrigerant Reclaimers https://www.epa.gov/section608/epa-certified-refrigerant-reclaimers. Retrieved December 
27, 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, including the requirement that facilities receiving 
refrigerant to be recycled for reuse meet the RCRA standards under 40 
CFR part 261, subpart M, Emergency Preparedness and Response for 
Management of Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials, would also 
address risks posed specifically for ignitable spent refrigerants, 
which are a subset of hazardous secondary materials.\124\ EPA is 
proposing that facilities receiving ignitable spent refrigerants from 
other parties for recycling for reuse be subject to this additional 
emergency preparedness requirement because these third-party recyclers 
would be receiving ignitable spent refrigerant from multiple sources, 
and are likely to store greater volumes for longer time periods than 
companies that recycle for reuse onsite or as part of an MVAC 
refrigerant recovery and recycling system in compliance with 40 CFR 
part 82, subpart B. Proposed requirements include maintaining 
appropriate emergency equipment on site, having access to alarm 
systems, maintaining needed aisle space, making arrangements with local 
emergency authorities, and having a designated emergency coordinator 
who is responsible for responding in the event of an emergency. This 
requirement will help protect human health and the environment in the 
event of a fire or other emergency at the recycler.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ Per 40 CFR 260.10, ``hazardous secondary materials'' means 
a secondary material (e.g., spent material, by-product, or sludge) 
that, when discarded, would be identified as hazardous waste under 
40 CFR part 261. Spent ignitable refrigerant meets this definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is also specifically proposing that all recycling facilities 
receiving ignitable spent refrigerant from off-site meet the emergency 
preparedness and response requirements under 40 CFR 261.410 and 40 CFR 
261.420, which include general personnel training requirements for 
facilities (40 CFR 261.420(g)). While these provisions currently only 
apply to facilities that accumulate more than 6,000 kg of hazardous 
secondary materials at a time, given the ignitability risk posed by the 
spent refrigerants at relatively small volumes, EPA's view is that 
these provisions are the most appropriate for all facilities 
accumulating ignitable spent refrigerants. EPA requests comment on 
these emergency preparedness and response requirements for reclaimers 
receiving ignitable spent refrigerants, including whether more specific 
training requirements for managing ignitable spent refrigerants should 
be included in the alternative RCRA standards, and if so, what aspects 
of refrigerant management those additional training requirements should 
address.
4. Very Small Quantity Generator Wastes
    Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQGs) generate less than 100 kg of 
hazardous waste per month and one kilogram or less per month of acutely 
hazardous waste and are subject to a limited set of federal RCRA 
Subtitle C hazardous waste regulations, provided that they comply with 
the conditions set forth in 40 CFR 262.14. Among those conditions is 
that the VSQG must either treat and dispose of its hazardous waste in 
an on-site facility or ensure delivery to an off-site facility listed 
in 40 CFR 262.14(a)(5). Included in this list is a facility that: (1) 
beneficially uses or reuses, or legitimately recycles or reclaims its 
waste; or (2) treats its waste prior to beneficial use or reuse, or 
legitimate recycling or reclamation.
    For ignitable spent refrigerant regulated under the new proposed 
RCRA alternative standard, EPA is proposing to make a conforming change 
to 40 CFR 262.14(a)(5) to require that these refrigerants be sent to a 
facility that meets the requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q if 
sent off-site for recycling. EPA notes that while this change is more 
stringent than the current RCRA regulations, VSQGs would experience no 
additional burden since under the CAA section 608 rules, all reclaimers 
receiving used ODS refrigerants or non-exempt substitute refrigerants 
from off-site for reclamation must meet EPA's certification 
requirements in 40 CFR 82.164. This proposed revision would not affect 
refrigerants not subject to the new RCRA alternative standard (e.g., 
ignitable spent refrigerants that are not sent off-site to be recycled 
for reuse).
5. RCRA Regulation of Exports and Imports of Ignitable Spent 
Refrigerants
    The proposed RCRA alternative standard is limited to ignitable 
spent refrigerants that are recycled for reuse in the United States, 
and it requires that off-site recycling for reuse be performed at an 
EPA-certified reclaimer per 40 CFR 82.164. Therefore, ignitable spent 
refrigerants intended for export would not qualify for the proposed 
RCRA alternative standard, and would instead be regulated under the 
full RCRA Subtitle C requirements, including the relevant hazardous 
waste export requirements in 40 CFR part 262, subpart H.
    Imports of ignitable spent refrigerants would be allowed under the 
alternative RCRA standards, as long as the imported refrigerants meet 
the requirements of the proposed RCRA alternative standard, including 
being recycled for reuse at an EPA-certified reclaimer per 40 CFR 
82.164. This proposal does not affect or reopen any of the requirements 
for regulated substances established under the AIM Act that are 
codified at 40 CFR part 84, subpart A. EPA requests comment on the 
regulation of exports and imports of ignitable spent refrigerants under 
RCRA, including whether to add export and/or import requirements to the 
RCRA alternative standard under 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q.
6. Applicability of Proposed Alternative Standard in RCRA-Authorized 
States
    Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize states to administer 
the RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste program. Following authorization, 
the authorized state program operates in lieu of the federal 
regulations. EPA retains authority to enforce the authorized state RCRA 
Subtitle C program, although authorized states have primary enforcement 
authority. EPA also retains its authority under RCRA sections 3007, 
3008, 3013, and 7003. The standards and requirements for state 
authorization are found at 40 CFR part 271.
    Prior to enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 
1984 (HSWA), a state with final RCRA authorization administered its 
hazardous waste program entirely in lieu of EPA administering the 
federal program in that state. EPA did not issue permits for any 
facilities in that state, since the state was now authorized to issue 
RCRA permits. When new, more stringent federal requirements were 
promulgated, the state was obligated to enact equivalent authorities 
within specified time frames. However, the new requirements did not 
take effect in an authorized state until the state adopted the 
equivalent state requirements.
    In contrast, under RCRA section 3006(g) (42 U.S.C. 6926(g)), which 
was added by HSWA, new requirements and prohibitions imposed under HSWA 
authority take effect in authorized states at the same time that they 
take effect in unauthorized states. While states must still adopt HSWA-
related provisions as state law to retain authorization, EPA implements 
the HSWA provisions in

[[Page 72277]]

authorized states, including the issuance of any permits pertaining to 
HSWA requirements, until the state is granted authorization to do so.
    Authorized states are required to modify their programs only when 
EPA promulgates federal requirements that are more stringent or broader 
in scope than existing federal requirements. RCRA section 3009 allows 
the states to impose standards more stringent than those in the federal 
program (see 40 CFR 271.1). Therefore, authorized states may, but are 
not required to, adopt federal regulations, both HSWA and non-HSWA, 
that are considered less stringent than previous federal regulations.
7. Effect on State Authorization
    This action proposes to add a new subpart Q to 40 CFR part 266 
Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific 
Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities, and it is being 
proposed under the authority of HSWA due to its purpose of reducing air 
emissions from the management of ignitable spent refrigerants, in 
accordance with EPA's mandate to control air emissions from hazardous 
waste management, as may be necessary to protect human health and the 
environment, per RCRA section 3004(n), which was promulgated under 
HSWA. In addition, the changes to the Very Small Quantity Generator 
Regulations in 40 CFR 262.14 would be promulgated under RCRA section 
3001(d)(4), also a HSWA provision.
    While the proposed exclusion reduces the applicability of many RCRA 
requirements to the recycling of ignitable spent refrigerant, the 
requirement that refrigerant be recovered and/or recycled for reuse 
using equipment that is certified for that type of refrigerant and 
appliance under 40 CFR 82.158, and that the recovered refrigerant be 
recycled for reuse at a facility certified by EPA under 40 CFR 82.164 
would be more stringent than the current RCRA requirements applicable 
to recycling of ignitable spent refrigerant. In addition, the revisions 
to the VSQG regulations in 40 CFR 262.14 are more stringent than the 
current standard. Thus, the proposed amendment would be a HSWA rule 
that is more stringent than the current RCRA program and, if finalized, 
would be applicable on the effective date of the final rule in all 
states.
    In addition to the proposed RCRA alternative standards for Class 1, 
2 and 2L, EPA is also considering the option of expanding the 
applicability of the RCRA alternative standards to some or all A3 
refrigerants. Broadening the applicability of the exemption could 
encourage the development of markets for these other recycled 
refrigerants, even if current markets are limited, provided that they 
can be safely recycled for reuse. In addition, EPA requests comment on 
which additional refrigerants should qualify for the RCRA alternative 
standards in the final rule, if EPA determines such an expansion is 
appropriate. EPA requests information on the safety and economic 
feasibility of recycling for reuse Class 2L, 2, and 3 refrigerants both 
under current and projected future market conditions.

H. MVAC Servicing and Reprocessed Material

    EPA is not proposing requirements focused on implementing 
subsection (h)(2)(B) for MVAC servicing facilities that currently 
reclaim or recycle recovered MVAC refrigerant. EPA understands that 
under current industry practices, a variety of things might occur once 
refrigerant has been recovered from an MVAC system. For example, in 
some situations, MVAC servicing facilities recover refrigerant from the 
MVAC, recycle it consistent with EPA's regulations under CAA section 
609 and return the recycled refrigerant to the same MVAC for continued 
use by the same owner.\125\ In other circumstances, however, EPA 
understands that the recovered MVAC refrigerant is recycled and used in 
servicing a different MVAC system with a different owner (e.g., to 
charge or recharge such a system), thereby in effect selling or 
transferring the refrigerant to a new owner. See 40 CFR 82.34(d)(2). 
Additionally, EPA understands that there are circumstances where 
refrigerant recovered from MVAC systems is reclaimed before it is 
reused or sold or transferred to a new owner.
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    \125\ Another example of an instance where there is no change in 
ownership is the off-site servicing and recharge of MVAC systems for 
a fleet of trucks that are owned by the same company.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The servicing and repair of MVAC systems with HFCs and HFC 
substitutes (e.g., HFO-1234yf and R-744 (CO2)) have long 
been subject to certain requirements that are separate from those that 
apply for the servicing and repair of stationary appliances. 
Regulations under CAA section 609 require that technicians use 
equipment approved pursuant to the standards at 40 CFR 82.36 to service 
and repair MVAC systems. Under those existing regulations, recovered 
refrigerant can either be recycled on-site or off-site using approved 
equipment designed to both recover and recycle refrigerant certified to 
meet SAE J2099.\126\ SAE J2099 establishes the minimum level of 
refrigerant purity (e.g., 98% for HFO-1234yf) required for the 
certification of on-site recovery and recycling machines per SAE 2843 
and SAE J2788. Refrigerant from reclamation facilities that is used for 
the purpose of recharging MVACs must be at or above the standard of 
purity (i.e., 99.5%) level defined in AHRI Standard 700, and EPA 
understands that such reclamation typically occurs off-site. See 40 CFR 
82.32(e)(2).
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    \126\ SAE International, 2012. SAE J2099: Standard of Purity for 
Recycled R-134a (HFC-134a) and R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) for Use in 
Mobile Air-conditioning Systems.
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    Due to the longstanding practice of on-site recycling of MVAC 
refrigerant, some industry stakeholders \127\ question the need to 
reclaim recovered MVAC refrigerant to meet the purity described in AHRI 
Standard 700-2016 as specified in the definition of the terms 
``reclaim'' and ``reclamation'' in subsection (b)(9) of the Act. They 
note that equipment certified to meet SAE J2099 are rated to clean and 
separate material in contaminated refrigerant to a 98% purity level, 
which provides the same level of performance and durability as virgin 
refrigerant for purposes of use in MVACs. They also pointed out the 
ambiguity in the phrase ``(or an appropriate successor standard adopted 
by the Administrator)'' in definition of ``reclaim'' and 
``reclamation'' in the AIM Act. While there may be a variety of 
situations that could lead to the adoption of a successor standard by 
the Administrator within the meaning of subsection (b)(9), in EPA's 
view one such circumstance would be if AHRI published a subsequent 
standard or addendum regarding the reprocessing of a recovered 
regulated substance to a specified purity standard and the analytical 
methodology to verify the purity of that regulated substance, and that 
standard were adopted by the Administrator as a successor standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ March 6, 2023, EPA meeting with Mobile Air Climate Systems 
(MACS) Association and SAE International. Meeting materials 
available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) for this proposed 
rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is aware that AHRI is in consultations with SAE International, 
the Mobile Air Climate Systems (MACS), and other industry stakeholders 
to develop a standard (or update an existing standard) that may be more 
appropriate for MVAC servicing than the AHRI Standard 700-2016.\128\ If

[[Page 72278]]

such a standard is finalized, EPA intends to review it, and any 
supporting information, and consider what implications it might have 
for potential approaches that the Agency might consider in future 
rulemakings to implement subsection (h)(2)(B) for MVAC systems. 
Additionally, the Agency could consider establishing its own purity 
standard and analytical methodology for verification of the purity of 
recovered regulated substances, as well as specifying minimum equipment 
requirements for MVAC systems under subsection (h). Among other things, 
such a standard could be based on consideration of input from 
stakeholders and consensus standards bodies. EPA could consider 
adopting any such standard in a future rulemaking. In light of the time 
needed to develop such standards (whether developed by EPA or standard 
setting organizations) and for EPA to consider whether they are 
appropriate for EPA to adopt as successor standards in the context of 
subsection (h), as well as the implications that such standards might 
have on the regulations that EPA might propose to implement subsection 
(h)(2)(B) for MVAC systems, EPA is not proposing such regulations in 
this NPRM. Instead, EPA intends to issue proposed regulations for this 
sector at a later date, once it has additional clarity on the 
development of such a successor standard and its likely content.
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    \128\ Letter to EPA from AHRI, Alliance for Automotive 
Innovation, Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, and MACS 
dated June 9, 2023. Available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) 
for this proposed rulemaking at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. How is EPA proposing to treat data reported under this rule?

    Consistent with EPA's commitment to transparency in program 
implementation, as well as to proactively encourage compliance, support 
enforcement of program requirements and enable third-party engagement 
to complement EPA's enforcement efforts, EPA is proposing several ways 
it intends to release data that would be collected if this rule were 
finalized as proposed.
    EPA has reviewed the data elements that are proposed to be reported 
under this rule. Based on that review, EPA is proposing certain 
categorical emissions data and confidentiality determinations in 
advance through this notice and comment rulemaking for individual 
reported data elements that EPA would be collecting through this 
rulemaking. This proposal identifies certain information categories 
that must be submitted to EPA that will be subject to disclosure to the 
public without further notice because the information has been 
determined to be either ``emission data'' under 40 CFR 2.301(a), or the 
Agency has found that the information does not meet the standard for 
confidential treatment under Exemption 4 of the Freedom of Information 
Act (FOIA). EPA is also proposing to identify certain other categories 
of information that may be entitled to confidential treatment. For 
information EPA is not determining in this rulemaking to be emission 
data or not otherwise entitled to confidential treatment, EPA will 
apply the 40 CFR part 2 process for establishing case-by-case 
confidentiality determinations. As explained further in the following 
discussion, the emission data and confidentiality determinations in 
this proposed action are intended to increase the efficiency with which 
the Agency responds to FOIA requests and to provide consistency in the 
treatment of the same or similar information. Establishing these 
determinations through this rulemaking will provide predictability for 
both information requesters and submitters. The emission data and 
confidentiality determinations in this proposed rule will also increase 
transparency, as well as supporting compliance with, and enforcement 
of, the program's requirements.

A. Background on Determinations of Whether Information Is Entitled to 
Treatment as Confidential Information

1. Confidential Treatment of Reported Information
    Regulated entities that must submit information to EPA frequently 
claim that some or all of that information is entitled to confidential 
treatment and therefore exempt from disclosure under Exemption 4 of the 
FOIA.\129\ Exemption 4 exempts from disclosure ``trade secrets and 
commercial or financial information obtained from a person [that is] 
privileged or confidential.'' \130\ In order for information to meet 
the requirements of Exemption 4, EPA must find that the information is 
either: (1) a trade secret, or (2) commercial or financial information 
that is: (a) obtained from a person, and (b) privileged or 
confidential.
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    \129\ 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4).
    \130\ 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Generally, when we have information that we intend to disclose 
publicly that is covered by a claim of confidentiality under FOIA 
Exemption 4, EPA has a process to make case-by-case or class 
determinations under 40 CFR part 2 to evaluate whether such information 
qualifies for confidential treatment under the 
exemption.131 132 In this action, EPA is proposing to make 
categorical emission data and confidentiality determinations in advance 
through this notice and comment rulemaking for some information that 
must be submitted to EPA under the proposed requirements. If EPA 
finalizes these determinations, that information would be subject to 
disclosure to the public without further notice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \131\ 40 CFR 2.205.
    \132\ This approach of making categorical determinations for a 
class of information is a well-established Agency practice. Prior 
examples of rules where EPA has made such categorical determinations 
include Confidentiality Determinations for Data Required Under the 
Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule and Amendments to Special 
Rules Governing Certain Information Obtained Under the Clean Air Act 
(76 FR 30817) (May 26, 2011); Control of Air Pollution From New 
Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards (88 FR 4296) 
(January 24, 2023); and Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program: RFS 
Annual Rules (87 FR 39600) (July 1, 2002).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Food Marketing Institute v. 
Argus Leader Media, 139 S. Ct. 2356 (2019) (Argus Leader) addresses the 
meaning of ``confidential'' within the context of FOIA Exemption 4. The 
Court held that ``[a]t least where commercial or financial information 
is both customarily and actually treated as private by its owner and 
provided to the government under an assurance of privacy, the 
information is `confidential' within the meaning of Exemption 4.'' 
\133\ The Court identified two conditions ``that might be required for 
information communicated to another to be considered confidential.'' 
\134\ Under the first condition, ``information communicated to another 
remains confidential whenever it is customarily kept private, or at 
least closely held, by the person imparting it.'' \135\ The second 
condition provides that ``information might be considered confidential 
only if the party receiving it provides some assurance that it will 
remain secret.'' \136\ The Court found the first condition necessary 
for information to be considered confidential within the meaning of 
Exemption 4, but did not address whether the second condition must also 
be met.
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    \133\ Argus Leader, 139 S. Ct. at 2366.
    \134\ Id. at 2363.
    \135\ Id. (internal citations omitted).
    \136\ Id. (internal citations omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Following the issuance of the Court's opinion in Argus Leader, the 
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) issued guidance concerning the 
confidentiality prong of Exemption 4, articulating ``the newly defined 
contours of Exemption 4'' post-Argus Leader.\137\ Where the

[[Page 72279]]

Government provides an express or implied indication to the submitter 
prior to or at the time the information is submitted to the Government 
that the Government would publicly disclose the information, then the 
submitter generally cannot reasonably expect confidentiality of the 
information upon submission, and the information is not entitled to 
confidential treatment under Exemption 4.\138\ In this proposed rule, 
EPA intends to clearly assert that certain information will not be kept 
confidential and will be disclosed publicly, if it is determined to not 
be entitled to confidential treatment in the final version of this 
rule. This assertion aligns with the Supreme Court's decision, and the 
subsequent DOJ guidance that the government's assurances that a 
submission will be treated as not confidential should dictate the 
expectations of submitters. If EPA were to finalize these 
determinations, submitters would be on notice before they submit any 
information that EPA has determined that the identified data elements 
outlined in the tables below, as well as in the memorandum provided in 
the docket for this action titled Proposed Confidentiality 
Determinations and Emission Data Designations for Data Elements in the 
Proposed Rule, will not be entitled to confidential treatment upon 
submission and may be released by the Agency without further notice. As 
a result, submitters will not have a reasonable expectation that the 
information will be treated as confidential; rather, they should have 
the expectation that the information will be disclosed.
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    \137\ ``Exemption 4 After the Supreme Court's Ruling in Food 
Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media and Accompanying Step-by-
Step Guide,'' Office of Information Policy, U.S. DOJ, (October 4, 
2019), available at https://www.justice.gov/oip/exemption-4-after-supreme-courts-ruling-food-marketing-institute-v-argus-leader-media.
    \138\ See id.; see also ``Step-by-Step Guide for Determining if 
Commercial or Financial Information Obtained from a Person is 
Confidential under Exemption 4 of the FOIA,'' Office of Information 
Policy, U.S. DOJ, (updated October 7, 2019), available at https://www.justice.gov/oip/step-step-guide-determining-if-commercial-or-financial-information-obtained-person-confidential.
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    As described further below, EPA is proposing to make categorical 
confidentiality determinations as some of the proposed data elements 
that would be submitted to EPA contain information that is not entitled 
to confidential treatment because either: it is not the type of 
information that submitters customarily keep private or closely held; 
it is already publicly available; or it is discernible information that 
is self-evident or readily observable through reverse engineering by a 
third party.
2. Emissions Data Under Section 114 of the Clean Air Act
    The AIM act provides that, ``[s]ections 113, 114, 304, and 307 of 
the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7413, 7414, 7604, 7607) shall apply to 
this section and any rule, rulemaking, or regulation promulgated by the 
Administrator pursuant to this section as though this section were 
expressly included in title VI of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7671 et seq.).'' 
The CAA states that ``[a]ny records, reports or information obtained 
under [section 114] shall be available to the public. . . .'' \139\ 
Thus, the CAA begins with a presumption that the information submitted 
to EPA will be available to be disclosed to the public. It then 
provides a narrow exception to that presumption for information that 
``would divulge methods or processes entitled to protection as trade 
secrets. . . .'' The CAA then narrows this exception further by 
excluding ``emission data'' from the category of information eligible 
for confidential treatment. While the CAA does not define ``emission 
data,'' EPA has done so by regulation at 40 CFR 2.301(a)(2)(i). EPA 
releases, on occasion, some of the information submitted under CAA 
section 114 to parties outside of the Agency of its own volition, 
through responses to requests submitted under the FOIA,\140\ or through 
civil litigation. As noted in the prior section, generally, when we 
have information that we intend to disclose publicly that is covered by 
a claim of confidentiality under FOIA Exemption 4, EPA has a process to 
make case-by-case or class determinations under 40 CFR part 2. This 
process includes an evaluation of whether such information is or is not 
emission data, and whether it otherwise qualifies for confidential 
treatment under FOIA Exemption 4.\141\
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    \139\ CAA section 114(c); 42 U.S.C. 7414(c).
    \140\ 5 U.S.C. 552.
    \141\ 40 CFR 2.301(a)(2)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The regulations at 40 CFR 2.301 \142\ define emission data to 
include the following:
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    \142\ The Agency is not reopening, taking comment on, or 
proposing to modify this definition.
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    (A) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, 
frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the extent 
related to air quality) of any emission which has been emitted by the 
source (or of any pollutant resulting from any emission by the source), 
or any combination of the foregoing;
    (B) Information necessary to determine the identity, amount, 
frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the extent 
related to air quality) of the emissions which, under an applicable 
standard or limitation, the source was authorized to emit (including, 
to the extent necessary for such purposes, a description of the manner 
or rate of operation of the source); and
    (C) A general description of the location and/or nature of the 
source to the extent necessary to identify the source and to 
distinguish it from other sources (including, to the extent necessary 
for such purposes, a description of the device, installation, or 
operation constituting the source).
    In this proposal, we are applying the regulatory definition of 
``emission data'' in 40 CFR 2.301(a)(2)(i) to propose that certain 
categories of source certification and compliance information are not 
entitled to confidential treatment because they qualify as emissions 
data. If EPA finalizes these determinations, that information would be 
subject to disclosure to the public without further notice. As relevant 
to this proposal, a ``source'' for purposes of the definition in 40 CFR 
2.301 is generally the equipment covered by a proposed regulatory 
requirement, such as a refrigerant-containing appliance or fire 
suppression equipment. EPA's broad general definitions of emissions 
data also exclude certain information related to products still in the 
research and development phase or products not yet on the market except 
for limited purposes. Thus, for example, 40 CFR 2.301(a)(2)(ii) 
excludes information related to ``any product, method, device, or 
installation (or any component thereof) designed and intended to be 
marketed or used commercially but not yet so marketed or used.'' This 
specific exclusion from the definition of emissions data is limited in 
time. EPA does not believe data related to this exclusion are 
implicated in this proposed rulemaking because these data relate to 
equipment currently in use and HFCs moving through commerce.

B. Data Elements Reported to EPA Under the Leak Repair Provisions

    Consistent with EPA's commitment to transparency in program 
implementation, EPA has reviewed the data elements in the chronically 
leaking appliance report and the other ad hoc reports proposed under 
the leak repair requirements to see if information under the umbrella 
of those data elements could be considered entitled to confidential 
treatment. EPA is proposing to treat certain data elements under the 
leak repair provisions as not entitled to confidential treatment. 
Tables 2 and 3 outline individual data elements that will not be 
handled as confidential, emission data, or

[[Page 72280]]

otherwise not entitled to confidential treatment. Additional 
information on these proposed determinations is provided in the 
memorandum titled Proposed Confidentiality Determinations and Emission 
Data Designations for Data Elements in the Proposed Rule, which is 
available in the docket for this action. There may be additional 
reasons not to release individual data elements determined to not be 
entitled confidential treatment, for example if it is personally 
identifiable information (PII). The Agency will separately determine 
whether any data should be withheld from release for reasons other than 
business confidentiality before data is released. EPA requests comment 
on the following proposed confidentiality determinations.
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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.003

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[[Page 72282]]

    EPA is proposing to find that the information contained within 
these data elements would categorically not be eligible for 
confidential treatment because they are either readily apparent or 
easily ascertainable by an outsider (e.g., owner name, facility name, 
facility address where appliance is located, appliance ID or 
description, and appliance type (comfort cooling, IPR, or commercial 
refrigeration)) or they are considered emissions data under 40 CFR 
2.301 (e.g., refrigerant type, full charge of appliance, annual percent 
refrigerant loss, dates of refrigerant addition, amounts of refrigerant 
added, date of last successful follow-up verification test, explanation 
of cause of refrigerant losses, repair actions taken, and whether a 
retrofit or retirement plan been developed for the appliance, and, if 
so, the anticipated date of retrofit or retirement), or they fit into 
both categories. Similarly, the items included in a request for an 
extension for leak repair, request for relief from the obligation to 
retrofit or retire an appliance, request for an extension of time to 
complete the retrofit or retirement of an appliance, and a notification 
of exclusion of purged refrigerants that are destroyed from annual leak 
rate calculations are likewise not eligible for confidential treatment 
because this information is readily ascertainable/observable by an 
outside entity, or are considered emissions data under 40 CFR 2.301, or 
both. EPA notes that in these provisions, the source of the emissions 
would be the regulated equipment, and in the case of all of these 
notifications these data are necessary to determine the identity, 
amount, frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the 
extent related to air quality) of any emission which has been emitted 
by the source and/or information necessary to determine the identity, 
amount, frequency, concentration, or other characteristics (to the 
extent related to air quality) of the emissions which, under the 
proposed leak repair provisions, the source was authorized to emit; and 
a general description of the location and/or nature of the source to 
the extent necessary to identify the source and to distinguish it from 
other sources (including, to the extent necessary for such purposes, a 
description of the device, installation, or operation constituting the 
source).

C. Data Elements Related to the Generation of Machine-Readable Tracking 
Identifiers and the Tracking of HFCs

    Building on EPA's experience implementing similar requirements 
under the AIM Act, EPA is proposing to maximize program transparency. 
Market transparency would facilitate program implementation and 
increase the public and current market participants' ability to provide 
complementary compliance assurances and engagement.
    Maximizing transparency incentivizes compliance and promotes 
accountability and allows the public and competing companies to 
identify and report noncompliance to EPA.
    As previously noted, EPA is proposing to establish a tracking 
system using machine-readable tracking identifiers to track the 
movement of regulated substances that could be used in servicing, 
repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire 
suppression equipment through commerce, including requiring anyone that 
introduces into interstate commerce or sells a regulated substance that 
could be used in servicing, repair, or installation of equipment to be 
registered in the system. This program will allow buyers to able to 
know that they are purchasing regulated substances that meet the 
regulatory requirements and to help determine whether they consist of 
reclaimed material.
    This proposal involves the collection of certain data elements. 
Anyone who is filling a container or cylinder, whether for the first 
time or when transferring HFCs from one container to one or more 
smaller or larger containers, would be required to enter information in 
the tracking system and, in the case of a container being filled for 
the first time, generate a new machine-readable tracking identifier. 
Such information includes: the brand it would be sold under, the 
quantity and composition of HFC(s) in the container, the date it was 
packaged or repackaged, the quantity of containers it was packaged in, 
and the size of the containers. To help ensure regulated HFCs sold by 
reclaimers are legally reclaimed material and eligible for sale, EPA is 
proposing that reclaimers would need to log into the tracking system 
and, for each container of HFCs prior to selling regulated substances, 
provide information such as the date the HFC was reclaimed and by whom; 
what regulated substance(s) (and/or the blend containing regulated 
substances) is in the container; how many kilograms were put in the 
container and on what date the container was filled; whether the purity 
of the batch was confirmed to meet the specifications in appendix A to 
40 CFR part 82, subpart F; on what date the batch was tested; and who 
certified it met the specifications. If a container is filled with 
reclaimed and virgin HFC(s), EPA proposes that the reclaimer would have 
to also provide information on how much virgin HFC was used.
    If EPA were to finalize a tracking system with machine-readable 
tracking identifiers, EPA is proposing to release several data elements 
associated with each container of HFCs to potential buyers of HFC 
material, to support this system, because it is not the type of 
information that is customarily closely held or kept private by 
companies. We further note that the EPA recently made categorial 
determinations that this same type of information would not be eligible 
for confidential treatment in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 
55116, 55186, October 5, 2021).\143\ Accordingly, submitters of this 
data have no reasonable expectation that these data elements are 
entitled to confidential treatment, and the Agency is therefore not 
required to treat this information as confidential when it is received 
and maintained in Agency records.
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    \143\ As noted elsewhere in this proposal, petitions for 
judicial review challenging aspects of the Allocation Framework Rule 
were filed in the D.C. Circuit. The court rejected all of those 
challenges except for the challenges to the QR code and refillable-
cylinder regulations, which were vacated. Heating, Air Conditioning 
& Refrigeration Distributors Int'l v. EPA, 71 F.4th 59 (D.C. Cir. 
2023). Although that vacatur may affect some of the underlying 
requirements that lead to the categorical determinations in the 
Allocation Framework Rule, the categorical determinations themselves 
were not challenged, and the court's opinion does not address them. 
Thus, the court opinion does not affect the validity of the grounds 
for the categorical determinations in the Allocation Framework Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To allow buyers of HFCs to determine whether the HFC they are 
purchasing complies with regulatory requirements, EPA proposes to 
release the following information: (1) Whether the HFC being sold is 
legal to purchase based on information available to EPA; (2) when the 
container was filled; (3) the specific HFCs in the container; and (4) 
and the brand name the HFCs are being sold under. EPA will also release 
a list of registered suppliers so purchasers know where they can buy 
HFCs that conform to regulatory requirements. As noted above, EPA 
determined in the Allocation Framework Rule that these data elements 
would not be eligible for confidential treatment, and accordingly, 
there would be no reasonable expectation of confidentiality when this 
information is submitted in this context. A more granular description 
of these data elements, together with their proposed confidentiality 
status, is presented in Table 4. There may be additional reasons not to 
release individual data elements determined to not be entitled to 
confidential treatment, for example if it is PII. The Agency will

[[Page 72283]]

separately determine whether any data should be withheld from release 
for reasons other than business confidentiality before data is 
released. EPA has also provided in the docket for this action a 
memorandum that provides additional information on the proposed 
determinations, including listing each individual data element required 
to be reported under this proposed regulation and the proposed 
determination whether each element is entitled to confidential 
treatment or not. The Agency will separately determine whether any data 
should be withheld from release for reasons other than business 
confidentiality before data release. Certification-specific data would 
accompany each kilogram of HFC moving through commerce (as tracked with 
a machine-readable tracking identifier). EPA requests comment on these 
proposed determinations.
    Based on the information available at this time of this proposal, 
EPA is proposing to determine that the entry number and entry line 
number associated with the import (if imported) would be entitled to 
confidential treatment because it is EPA's understanding that these 
numbers could be used to identify the import broker, and thus have the 
potential to reveal confidential business relationships (i.e., the 
relationship between the importer and the import broker). EPA requests 
comment on this determination, including comments on why this 
information may not be entitled to confidential treatment. 
Specifically, EPA requests comment on whether these numbers could be 
used to identify import brokers that would not otherwise be 
identifiable via publicly available information. EPA also requests 
comment on whether the existence of a business relationship between an 
import broker and an importer is information that is customarily 
closely held.
    Based on the information available at this time of this proposal, 
EPA is proposing to determine that the entity/company that fills a 
container is eligible for confidential treatment. EPA's understanding 
is that these data are customarily and actually considered to be 
confidential and closely held by companies. In EPA's experience, these 
data could implicate confidential business relationships (i.e., one 
supplier filling for several brands) and that the revelation of these 
business relationships could implicate the submitter's business or 
competitive position. EPA requests comment from all stakeholders on 
this determination, including comments on why this information may not 
be entitled to confidential treatment. EPA may, based on public 
comment, revise this determination.
    Based on the information available at this time of the proposal, 
EPA is proposing to determine that the chain of custody of the HFCs, 
beyond the two parties currently involved in any specific transaction, 
is eligible for confidential treatment. EPA's understanding is that 
these data elements are customarily and actually considered to be 
confidential and closely held by companies. In EPA's experience, 
business submitters actually and customarily treat their company 
customer lists and supply chains as confidential because public release 
of this information would cause harm to the submitter's business or 
competitive position. For instance, releasing a submitter's customer 
list would allow competitors access to the submitter's valuable and 
otherwise private business asset, which could cause the company to lose 
their market advantage. EPA requests comment from all stakeholders on 
this determination, including comments on why this information may not 
be entitled to confidential treatment.
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[[Page 72285]]

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D. Data Elements Related to Fire Suppression

    As described in section IV.E. of this document, EPA is proposing 
certain reporting requirements related to the use of regulated 
substances in the fire suppression sector. These reporting requirements 
allow for the monitoring of program implementation and of compliance 
with the proposed requirements.
    EPA is proposing to require that certain entities in the fire 
suppression sector provide data to the EPA that is similar to the data 
they already voluntarily collect and report to HEEP as mentioned in 
section IV.E.4.b. Relevant reporting entities covered under this 
proposed requirement include entities that perform first fill of 
equipment, service (e.g., recharge) equipment and/or recycle regulated 
substances, such as equipment manufacturers, distributors, agent 
suppliers or installers that recycle regulated substances. EPA is 
proposing that the covered entities report annually: (1) the quantity 
of each regulated substance held in inventory onsite broken out by 
recovered, recycled, and virgin; (2) the quantity of material (the 
combined mass of regulated substance and contaminants) by regulated 
substance sold and/or recycled for the purpose of installation of new 
equipment and servicing (e.g., recharge) of fire suppression equipment; 
(3) the total mass of each regulated substance sold and/or recycled; 
and (4) the total mass of waste products sent for disposal, along with 
information about the disposal facility if waste is not processed by 
the reporting entity. Table 5 presents a more granular description of 
these data elements, together with their proposed confidentiality 
status. There may be additional reasons not to release individual data 
elements determined to not be entitled confidential treatment, for 
example if it is PII. The Agency will separately determine whether any 
data should be withheld from release for reasons other than business 
confidentiality before data is released.
    EPA proposes to determine that these data are emissions data as 
described at 40 CFR 2.301 because they provide a general description of 
the location and/or nature of the source to the extent necessary to 
identify the source and to distinguish it from other sources. As a 
separate alternative basis, EPA proposes to determine that these data 
are not entitled to confidential treatment because they are not closely 
held as confidential by the submitter. EPA requests comment on these 
proposed determinations. Additional information on the rationale for 
these proposed determinations is provided in a memorandum, which is 
available in the docket for this action.

[[Page 72286]]

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VI. What are the costs and benefits of this proposed action?

A. Background

    EPA is providing information on the costs and benefits for the 
provisions related to managing regulated substances and their 
substitutes in this proposed rule. The analyses, presented in the 
Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule draft 
TSD and the RIA addendum, are contained in the docket to this proposed 
rule and are intended to provide the public with information on the 
relevant costs and benefits of this action, if finalized as proposed, 
and to comply with executive orders. To the extent that EPA has 
considered these analyses in developing an aspect of this proposed 
rule, EPA has summarized those analyses and the relevant results in the 
Analysis of the Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule draft 
TSD, which is available in the docket for this proposed rule. In the 
RIA addendum, EPA also included estimates of the social cost of HFCs in 
order to quantify climate benefits, for the purpose of providing useful 
information to the public and to comply with E.O. 12866. Although EPA 
is using the social costs of HFCs for purposes of that assessment, this 
proposed action does not rely on the estimates of these costs as a 
record basis for the agency action, and EPA would reach the proposed 
conclusions even in the absence of the social costs of HFCs.
    The climate benefits and compliance costs stemming from this 
proposed rule include those related to: (1) the proposed provisions on 
leak repair, leak detection, ALD systems, and recordkeeping and 
reporting related to leak-related provisions; (2) the proposed 
amendments to the RCRA hazardous waste regulations; (3) requiring the 
tracking and management of cylinders for HFCs; (4) requiring use of 
reclaimed HFCs in the initial charging and servicing of certain types 
of refrigerant-containing equipment, along with certification that 
reclaimed refrigerant contains no more than 15 percent, by weight, 
virgin HFCs; and (5) minimizing emissions of HFCs from certain types of 
fire suppression equipment.
    As detailed in the RIA addendum, EPA finds that in some cases 
specific provisions of the proposed rule would result in compliance 
costs for industry, while in other cases they may result in cost 
savings. Provisions that result in a net cost savings may still be 
considered as part of the economic benefits attributable to this rule, 
under the assumption that these activities would not otherwise be 
undertaken at the same scale or rate of adoption in the absence of 
regulation. More discussion of these assumptions and supporting 
literature may be found in section 3.2.2 of the Allocation Framework 
Rule RIA.
    From the Agency's analyses, EPA provides the costs and benefits 
associated with the management of regulated substances and their 
substitutes under the AIM Act as well those associated with the 
proposed amendments to the RCRA hazardous waste regulations. These 
analyses--as summarized below--highlight economic cost and benefits, 
including benefits from leak repair and emissions reductions. Given 
that the provisions EPA is proposing concern HFCs, which are subject to 
the overall phasedown of production and consumption under the AIM Act, 
EPA relied on its previous estimates of the impacts of already 
finalized AIM Act rules as a starting point for the assessment of costs 
and benefits of this rule. Specifically, the Allocation Framework Rule, 
``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Establishing the Allowance 
Allocation and Trading Program Under the American Innovation and 
Manufacturing Act'' (86 FR 55116, October 5, 2021) and the 2024 
Allocation Rule, ``Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance 
Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later Years'' (88 FR 46836, July 
20, 2023) are assumed as a baseline for this proposed rule. In this 
way, EPA analyzed the potential incremental impacts of the proposed 
rule, attributing benefits only insofar as they are additional to those 
already assessed in the Allocation Framework Rule RIA and the 2024 
Allocation Rule RIA addendum (collectively referred to as ``Allocation 
Rules'' in this discussion). For example, a mitigation option in the 
MAC analysis for the Allocation Rules assumed a reduction in 
refrigerant leaks; all costs and benefits calculated for this proposed 
rule are for leak reductions over and above those assumed in the 
previous analysis. Because the proposed Technology Transitions Rule has 
not

[[Page 72287]]

been finalized as of the above analyses, those proposed restrictions 
are not considered part of the baseline for assessing the costs and 
benefits of this proposed rule.
    Climate benefits presented in the RIA Addendum are based on changes 
(increases or reductions) in HFC emissions compared to the Allocation 
Framework Rule compliance case (i.e., after consideration of the 
Allocation Framework Rule and proposed 2024 Allocation Rule) and are 
calculated using four different global estimates of the social cost of 
HFCs (SC-HFCs): the model average at 2.5 percent, 3 percent, and 5 
percent discount rates and the 95th percentile at 3 percent discount 
rate.
    EPA estimates the climate benefits for this rule using a measure of 
the social cost of each HFC (collectively referred to as SC-HFCs) that 
is affected by the rule. The SC-HFCs is the monetary value of the net 
harm to society associated with a marginal increase in HFC emissions in 
a given year, or the benefit of avoiding that increase. In principle, 
the SC-HFCs include the value of all climate change impacts, including 
(but not limited to) changes in net agricultural productivity, human 
health effects, property damage from increased flood risk and natural 
disasters, disruption of energy systems, risk of conflict, 
environmental migration, and the value of ecosystem services. As with 
the estimates of the social cost of other GHGs, the SC-HFC estimates 
are found to increase over time within the models--i.e., the societal 
harm from one metric ton emitted in 2030 is higher than the harm caused 
by one metric ton emitted in 2025--because future emissions produce 
larger incremental damages as physical and economic systems become more 
stressed in response to greater climatic change, and because gross 
domestic product (GDP) is growing over time and many damage categories 
are modeled as proportional to GDP. The SC-HFCs, therefore, reflects 
the societal value of reducing emissions of the gas in question by one 
metric ton. The SC-HFCs is the theoretically appropriate value to use 
in conducting benefit-cost analyses of policies that affect HFC 
emissions. See the RIA addendum for this rule and for the Allocation 
Framework Rule for a more detailed discussion of SC-HFCs and how they 
were derived.
    The gas-specific SC-HFC estimates used in this analysis were 
developed using methodologies that are consistent with the methodology 
underlying estimates of the social cost of other GHGs (carbon dioxide 
[SC-CO2], methane [SC-CH4], and nitrous oxide 
[SC-N2O]), collectively referred to as SC-GHG, presented in 
the Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon, Methane, and 
Nitrous Oxide Interim Estimates under Executive Order 13990 published 
in February 2021 by the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of 
Greenhouse Gases (IWG) (IWG 2021). As a member of the IWG involved in 
the development of the February 2021 SC-GHG TSD, EPA agrees that the 
TSD represents the most appropriate methodology for estimating the 
social cost of GHGs until revised estimates have been developed 
reflecting the latest, peer-reviewed science. Therefore, EPA views the 
SC-HFC estimates used in analysis to be appropriate for use in benefit-
cost analysis until improved estimates of the social cost of other GHGs 
are developed.
    EPA has developed a draft updated SC-GHG methodology within a 
sensitivity analysis in the regulatory impact analysis of EPA's 
November 2022 supplemental proposal for oil and natural gas emissions 
standards that is currently undergoing external peer review and a 
public comment process. While that process continues EPA is 
continuously reviewing developments in the scientific literature on the 
SC-GHG, including more robust methodologies for estimating damages from 
emissions, and looking for opportunities to further improve SC-GHG 
estimation going forward. Most recently, EPA presented a draft set of 
updated SC-GHG estimates within a sensitivity analysis in the 
regulatory impact analysis of EPA's December 2022 supplemental proposal 
for oil and gas standards that that aims to incorporate recent advances 
in the climate science and economics literature.\144\ Specifically, the 
draft updated methodology incorporates new literature and research 
consistent with the National Academies near-term recommendations on 
socioeconomic and emissions inputs, climate modeling components, 
discounting approaches, and treatment of uncertainty, and an enhanced 
representation of how physical impacts of climate change translate to 
economic damages in the modeling framework based on the best and 
readily adaptable damage functions available in the peer reviewed 
literature. EPA solicited public comment on the sensitivity analysis 
and the accompanying draft technical report, which explains the 
methodology underlying the new set of estimates, in the docket for the 
proposed oil and natural gas rule. EPA is also conducting an external 
peer review of this technical report. More information about this 
process and public comment opportunities is available on EPA's website. 
The agency is in the process of reviewing public comments on the 
updated estimates within the oil and natural gas rulemaking docket as 
well as the recommendations of the external peer reviewers. EPA remains 
committed to using the best available science in its analyses. Thus, if 
EPA's updated SC-GHG methodology is finalized before this rule is 
finalized, EPA intends to present monetized climate benefits using the 
updated SC-GHG methodology in the final RIA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and 
Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil 
and Natural Gas Sector Climate Review (87 FR 74702, December 6, 
2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the February 2021 TSD, the IWG emphasized the 
importance and value of considering the benefits calculated using all 
four estimates (model average at 2.5, 3, and 5 percent discount rates, 
and 95th percentile at 3 percent discount rate). In addition, the TSD 
explained that a consideration of climate benefits calculated using 
discount rates below 3 percent, including 2 percent and lower, is also 
warranted when discounting intergenerational impacts. As a member of 
the IWG involved in the development of the February 2021 TSD, EPA 
agrees with this assessment for the purpose of estimating climate 
benefits from HFC reductions as well and will continue to follow 
developments in the literature pertaining to this issue.

B. Estimated Costs and Benefits of Leak Repair and ALD Provisions

    As detailed in the RIA addendum, the number, charge sizes, leak 
rates, and other characteristics of potentially affected RACHP 
equipment were estimated using EPA's Vintaging Model.\145\ The leak 
repair and ALD system provisions proposed are assumed to lead to 
leaking systems to be repaired earlier than they otherwise would have, 
leading to reduced emissions of HFCs. The reduction in HFC emissions 
results in climate benefits due to reduced climate forcing as 
calculated by multiplying avoided emissions by the social cost of each 
SC-HFC.
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    \145\ EPA. 2023. EPA's Vintaging Model representing the 
Allocation Framework Rule as modified by the 2024 Allocation Rule 
RIA Addendum. VM IO file_v4.4_02.04.16_2024 Allocation Rule.
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    In the years 2025-2050, the proposed leak repair and ALD system 
provisions would prevent an estimated 78 MMTCO2e in HFC 
emissions, and the

[[Page 72288]]

present value of the economic benefit of avoiding the damages 
associated with those emissions is estimated at $5.4 billion (in 2022 
dollars, discounted to 2024 using a 3 percent discount rate). The 
annual benefits are estimated to decrease over time due to the HFC 
phasedown and the transition out of the higher-GWP HFCs over time, 
lowering the average GWP of later emissions. For example, it is 
estimated that the leak repair and ALD system provisions would prevent 
3.8 MMTCO2e of HFC emissions in 2030, which decreases to 2.8 
MMTCO2e of HFC emissions in 2040. Table 6 shows the 
estimated reductions in HFC emissions for each year from 2025 to 2050 
for leak repair and ALD provisions in the proposed rule.
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

[[Page 72289]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.007

    Reducing HFC emissions due to fixing leaks earlier would also be 
anticipated to lead to savings for system owner/operators, as less new 
refrigerant would need to be purchased to replace leaked refrigerant. 
In 2025, it is estimated that the proposed leak repair and ALD system 
provisions would lead to savings of approximately $13 million (2022$).

[[Page 72290]]

Unlike the climate benefits, these savings would not be expected to 
decrease over time, as the cost of refrigerant would not decrease with 
the average GWP.
    The compliance costs of the proposed leak repair and inspection 
requirements include the costs of purchasing and operating ALD systems, 
costs of required inspections, and the cost of repairing leaks earlier 
than would have been necessary without the proposed provisions. In the 
years 2025-2050, these proposed provisions would result in compliance 
costs with a present value estimated at $3.6 billion (2022 dollars, 
discounted to 2024 at a 3 percent discount rate). When combined with 
the refrigerant savings, the estimated present value of 2025-2050 net 
compliance costs would be $3.4 billion. Table 7 shows the estimated 
compliance costs, including refrigerant savings, for each year 2025-
2050, as well as the total net costs discounted to 2024 and the 
equivalent annual costs using discount rates of 3 percent and 7 
percent.

[[Page 72291]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.008

[[Page 72292]]

C. Summary of Estimated Costs and Benefits of All Rule Provisions

    As discussed above, the HFC Allocation Framework Rule serves as the 
status quo from which incremental impacts of the proposed rule are 
evaluated. EPA assumes that under the HFC allowance trading mechanism 
promulgated under the Allocation Framework Rule, one possible result of 
some of the proposed provisions in this rule is that industry will 
maximize the use of allowances still available to meet remaining demand 
for HFC production and consumption in a given year. Therefore, 
provisions in this rule requiring the use of reclaimed HFCs for 
refrigerant-containing equipment in certain RACHP subsectors and 
recycled HFCs in fire suppression equipment may not yield significant 
additional HFC consumption reductions, relative to what was previously 
modeled in the Allocation Framework Rule Reference Case. For example, 
if additional reclaimed HFCs are utilized in the commercial 
refrigeration subsector, industry may still shift the use of available 
consumption and production allowances to import or produce HFCs to meet 
demand for other subsectors that are not covered by a reclaim 
requirement. However, the extent of such offsetting effects is 
uncertain.
    To account for this uncertainty, this analysis provides two 
scenarios to illustrate the range of potential incremental impacts. In 
our base case scenario, we conservatively estimate that abatement from 
provisions in this rule may be offset by additional HFC consumption in 
subsectors not covered by this rule, even if these subsectors were 
previously assumed to have consumption abatement in the Allocation Rule 
Reference Case. To illustrate the potential upper bound incremental 
benefits of the proposed rule, we then provide a ``high additionality'' 
case, in which abatement in these additional subsectors is included.
    The present value of the net benefits of this proposed rule are 
equal to the sum of the net costs or benefits of the various provisions 
in each year 2025-2050, discounted to 2024. These estimates are 
provided by each rule provision in Table 8 below. The provisions which 
contribute to the total net benefits are those covering leak 
inspections, leak repair, recordkeeping and reporting, reduced 
emissions and use of recycled HFCs in the fire suppression sector, 
management and ultimate evacuation of disposable cylinders and tracking 
provisions for disposable and refillable cylinders, and the required 
use of reclaimed HFCs in the initial charging and service of certain 
appliances.
    The use of recycled/reclaimed HFCs was already anticipated as a 
path to compliance with the HFC phasedown consumption caps in the 
analysis of the Allocation Framework Rule, but the specific provisions 
of this proposed rule would likely increase the use of recycled/
reclaimed HFCs beyond what was already accounted for in that RIA. To 
the extent this additional use of recycled/reclaimed HFCs displaces 
consumption of virgin HFCs either (a) the reduced consumption of virgin 
HFCs in one sector would free up allocation allowances that would then 
be used elsewhere for consumption of HFCs, or (b) the reduction in the 
consumption of virgin HFCs would result in incremental climate benefits 
under this proposed rule. The former scenario is presented as part of 
the base case and the latter as part of the high additionality case for 
the net benefits in in Table 8.

[[Page 72293]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.009

BILLING CODE 6450-01-C

VII. How is EPA considering environmental justice?

    Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) and Executive 
Order 14008 (86 FR 7619, January 27, 2021) establish federal executive 
policy on environmental justice. Executive Order 14096, signed April 
21, 2023, builds on the prior Executive Orders to further advance 
environmental justice (88 FR 25251).
    Executive Order 12898's main provision directs federal agencies, to 
the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to make 
environmental justice part of their mission by identifying and 
addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human 
health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and 
activities on people of color and low-income populations in the United 
States. EPA defines \146\ environmental justice as the fair treatment 
and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin, or income with respect to the development, 
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and 
policies.\147\ Meaningful involvement means that: (1) potentially 
affected populations have an appropriate opportunity to participate in 
decisions about a proposed activity that will affect their environment 
and/

[[Page 72294]]

or health; (2) the public's contribution can influence the regulatory 
Agency's decision; (3) the concerns of all participants involved will 
be considered in the decision-making process; and (4) the rule-writers 
and decision-makers seek out and facilitate the involvement of those 
potentially affected.\148\ The term ``disproportionate impacts'' refers 
to differences in impacts or risks that are extensive enough that they 
may merit Agency action. In general, the determination of whether there 
is a disproportionate impact that may merit Agency action is ultimately 
a policy judgment which, while informed by analysis, is the 
responsibility of the decision-maker. The terms ``difference'' or 
``differential'' indicate an analytically discernible distinction in 
impacts or risks across population groups. It is the role of the 
analyst to assess and present differences in anticipated impacts across 
population groups of concern for both the baseline and proposed 
regulatory options, using the best available information (both 
quantitative and qualitative) to inform the decision-maker and the 
public.\149\
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    \146\ EPA recognizes that E.O. 14096 (88 FR 25251, April 21, 
2023) provides a new terminology and a new definition for 
environmental justice, as follows: ``the just treatment and 
meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of income, race, 
color, national origin, Tribal affiliation, or disability, in agency 
decision-making and other Federal activities that affect human 
health and the environment so that people: (i) are fully protected 
from disproportionate and adverse human health and environmental 
effects (including risks) and hazards, including those related to 
climate change, the cumulative impacts of environmental and other 
burdens, and the legacy of racism or other structural or systemic 
barriers; and (ii) have equitable access to a healthy, sustainable, 
and resilient environment in which to live, play, work, learn, grow, 
worship, and engage in cultural and subsistence practices.'' For 
additional information, see https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/04/26/2023-08955/revitalizing-our-nations-commitment-to-environmental-justice-for-all.
    \147\ See, e.g., Environmental Protection Agency. 
``Environmental Justice.'' Available at: https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice.
    \148\ The criteria for meaningful involvement are contained in 
EPA's May 2015 document ``Guidance on Considering Environmental 
Justice During the Development of an Action.'' Environmental 
Protection Agency, 17 Feb. 2017. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/guidance-considering-environmental-justice-during-development-action.
    \149\ The definitions and criteria for ``disproportionate 
impacts,'' ``difference,'' and ``differential'' are contained in 
EPA's June 2016 document ``Technical Guidance for Assessing 
Environmental Justice in Regulatory Analysis.'' Available at: 
https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/technical-guidance-assessing-environmental-justice-regulatory-analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Executive Order 14008 calls on agencies to make achieving 
environmental justice part of their missions ``by developing programs, 
policies, and activities to address the disproportionately high and 
adverse human health, environmental, climate-related and other 
cumulative impacts on disadvantaged communities, as well as the 
accompanying economic challenges of such impacts.'' Executive Order 
14008 further declares a policy ``to secure environmental justice and 
spur economic opportunity for disadvantaged communities that have been 
historically marginalized and overburdened by pollution and under-
investment in housing, transportation, water and wastewater 
infrastructure, and health care.''
    In addition, the Presidential Memorandum on Modernizing Regulatory 
Review calls for procedures to ``take into account the distributional 
consequences of regulations, including as part of a quantitative or 
qualitative analysis of the costs and benefits of regulations, to 
ensure that regulatory initiatives appropriately benefit, and do not 
inappropriately burden disadvantaged, vulnerable, or marginalized 
communities.'' \150\ EPA also released its June 2016 ``Technical 
Guidance for Assessing Environmental Justice in Regulatory Analysis'' 
(2016 Technical Guidance) to provide recommendations that encourage 
analysts to conduct the highest quality analysis feasible, recognizing 
that data limitations, time and resource constraints, and analytic 
challenges will vary by media and circumstance.\151\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \150\ Presidential Memorandum on Modernizing Regulatory Review, 
January 20, 2021. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/modernizing-regulatory-review/.
    \151\ Technical Guidance for Assessing Environmental Justice in 
Regulatory Analysis, June 2016. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-06/documents/ejtg_5_6_16_v5.1.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For this action, EPA conducted an environmental justice analysis 
\152\ using a methodology similar to that we used as part of the 
Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55116, October 5, 2021). The 
information provided in this section is for informational purposes 
only; EPA is not relying on the information in this section as a record 
basis for this proposed action. Following the analytical approach used 
in the Allocation Framework Rule RIA, EPA has provided demographic data 
and the cancer and respiratory risks to surrounding communities. This 
update includes the most recent data available for the AirToxScreen 
dataset from 2020.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \152\ EPA recognizes that new terminology and a new definition 
for environmental justice were established in E.O. 14096 (88 FR 
25251, April 21, 2023). When the analysis of this proposed rule was 
performed, EPA was operating under prior guidance available here: 
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/considering-ej-in-rulemaking-guide-final.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The analysis shows that communities near the nineteen identified 
HFC reclamation facilities are generally more diverse than the national 
average with respect to race and ethnicity. While the median income of 
these communities is slightly higher than the national average, there 
are more low-income households. Across the nineteen facilities, total 
respiratory risk and total cancer risk are lowest for the communities 
nearest the reclamation sites. While the total respiratory index for 
communities within one mile of these nineteen facilities are slightly 
higher (.32 compared to the national average of .31), the risk for 
those closest to the facilities appears smaller than for those at 
greater distances (3-, 5-, and 10-mile radii).
    This rule is expected to result in benefits in the form of reduced 
GHG emissions. The analysis conducted for this rule also estimates that 
a portion of these benefits would be incremental to emissions 
reductions that were anticipated under the Allocation Framework Rule 
alone, thus further reducing the risks of climate change.
    While providing additional overall climate benefits, this rule may 
also result in changes in emissions of air pollutants or other 
chemicals which are potential byproducts of HFC reclamation processes 
at affected facilities. The market for reclaimed HFCs could drive 
changes in potential risk for communities living near these facilities, 
but the changes in emissions that could have local effects are 
uncertain. However, the nature and location of the emission changes are 
uncertain. Moreover, there is insufficient information at this time 
about which facilities will change reclamation processes. Given limited 
information at this time, it is unclear to what extent this rule will 
impact existing disproportionate adverse effects on communities living 
near HFC reclamation facilities.\153\ The Agency will continue to 
evaluate the impacts of this proposed rulemaking on communities with 
environmental justice concerns and consider further action, as 
appropriate, to protect health in communities affected by HFC 
reclamation. While the environmental justice analysis was conducted for 
informational purposes only, EPA welcomes the public's input on the 
environmental justice analysis contained in the RIA addendum for this 
proposed rule, as well as broader input

[[Page 72295]]

on other health and environmental risks the Agency should assess.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \153\ Statements made in this section on the environmental 
justice analysis draw support from the following citations: Banzhaf, 
Spencer, Lala Ma, and Christopher Timmins. 2019. Environmental 
justice: The economics of race, place, and pollution. Journal of 
Economic Perspectives; Hernandez-Cortes, D. and Meng, K.C., 2020. Do 
environmental markets cause environmental injustice? Evidence from 
California's carbon market (No. w27205). NBER; Hu, L., Montzka, 
S.A., Miller, B.R., Andrews, A.E., Miller, J.B., Lehman, S.J., 
Sweeney, C., Miller, S.M., Thoning, K., Siso, C. and Atlas, E.L., 
2016. Continued emissions of carbon tetrachloride from the United 
States nearly two decades after its phaseout for dispersive uses. 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Mansur, E. and 
Sheriff, G., 2021. On the measurement of environmental inequality: 
Ranking emissions distributions generated by different policy 
instruments.; U.S. EPA. 2011. Plan EJ 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. 
EPA, Office of Environmental Justice.; U.S. EPA. 2015. Guidance on 
Considering Environmental Justice During the Development of 
Regulatory Actions. May 2015.; USGCRP. 2016. The Impacts of Climate 
Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific 
Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VIII. Request for Advance Comment on Approaches for Establishing 
Requirements for Technician Training

    For purposes of ensuring the safety of technicians and consumers, 
subsection (h)(1) directs EPA to promulgate regulations to control, 
where appropriate, any practice, process, or activity regarding the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment that 
involves: a regulated substance, a substitute for a regulated 
substance, the reclaiming of a regulated substance used as a 
refrigerant, or the reclaiming of a substitute for a regulated 
substance used as a refrigerant (42 U.S.C. 7675(h)(1)). Subsection 
(h)(1) further provides that this includes requiring, where 
appropriate, that any such servicing, repair, disposal, or installation 
be performed by a trained technician meeting minimum standards, as 
determined by EPA.
    As discussed above in section III.C., regulations issued under CAA 
section 608 for managing stationary refrigeration and air conditioning 
appliances include, among other things, technician certification 
requirements (40 CFR 82.161). Additionally, regulations issued under 
CAA section 609 currently requires that anyone servicing or repairing 
an MVAC system for consideration must be properly trained and certified 
(40 CFR 82.34(a)(2)). However, since establishing these regulatory 
programs in the 1990s, the use of flammable or mildly flammable 
refrigerants have increased.154 155
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \154\ TEAP 2022 Progress Report (May 2022) and 2018 Quadrennial 
Assessment Report. Available online at: https://ozone.unep.org/science/assessment/teap.
    \155\ Volume 3: Decision XXXIII/5--Continued provision of 
information on energy-efficient and low-global-warming-potential 
technologies, Technological and Economic Assessment Panel, United 
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), May 2022. Available online at: 
https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/TEAP-EETF-report-may-2022.pdf.
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    EPA is aware that many innovative technologies are being introduced 
to continue to meet the air conditioning and refrigeration needs in the 
United States and around the world. Typically, newer equipment meets 
higher efficiency standards. For many applications, there has been and 
likely will continue to be an increased use of flammable and mildly 
flammable refrigerants. While these refrigerants can be safely used in 
equipment properly designed for their use, it is not advisable to use 
these refrigerants in equipment specifically designed for non-flammable 
refrigerants. Previously, when listing certain flammable refrigerants 
for specific end-uses as acceptable subject to use conditions under the 
SNAP program, EPA took advance comment on a requirement for training 
(85 FR 35874, June 12, 2020). EPA is also aware that many entities, 
including equipment manufacturers, trade associations, unions, trade 
schools, and other organizations provide training for technicians and 
many offer specific training for refrigerants designated by ASHRAE as 
2, 2L, and 3.
    EPA requests advance comment on whether the Agency should establish 
requirements for RACHP technician training and/or certification to 
address servicing equipment using ASHRAE 2, 2L, and 3 refrigerants, and 
if so, potential approaches for doing so. EPA is particularly seeking 
advance comment on whether through a separate rulemaking, EPA should 
propose to establish training and/or certification requirements for 
technicians under subsection (h), and, if so, how such a training and/
or certification program might be managed, and to what extent or for 
which types of HFCs and/or their substitutes such requirements should 
apply. EPA is also requesting advance comment on whether technicians 
who are currently trained and certified under CAA sections 608 (for 
servicing of stationary refrigeration appliances) and/or CAA section 
609 (for servicing of MVAC systems) should be required to be certified 
under subsection (h) of the AIM Act, and whether any future technician 
training requirements should also be incorporated into the proposed 
RCRA 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q requirements for ignitable spent 
refrigerants being recycled for reuse, or if the Agency should provide 
grandfathering for technicians certified by an approved CAA section 608 
or 609 certifier. EPA is not proposing and will not be finalizing a 
technician training and certifying program on which it is seeking 
advance comment as part of this rulemaking. Accordingly, EPA does not 
intend to respond to any advance information received on the options 
discussed in these sections in any final rulemaking for this proposal. 
However, EPA will consider those comments as part of a potential future 
notice and comment rulemaking to establish a training and/or 
certification program.

IX. Statutory and Executive Order Review

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory Review

    This action is a ``significant regulatory action'', as defined 
under section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866, as amended by Executive 
Order 14094. Accordingly, EPA, submitted this action to the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) for Executive Order 12866 review. 
Documentation of any changes made in response to the Executive Order 
12866 review is available in the docket. EPA prepared an analysis of 
the potential costs and benefits associated with this action. This 
analysis, Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis Addendum: Analysis of the 
Economic Impact and Benefits of the Proposed Rule: American Innovation 
and Manufacturing (AIM) Act Subsection H Management of Regulated 
Substances, is available in the docket for this action (Docket Number 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606) and is summarized in section I.C. and section VI. 
of this preamble.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) under the PRA. The Information Collection Request (ICR) document 
that EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 2778.01. You can 
find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule, and it is briefly 
summarized here.
    Subsection (k)(1)(C) of the AIM Act states that section 114 of the 
CAA applies to the AIM Act and rules promulgated under it as if the AIM 
Act were included in title VI of the CAA. Thus, section 114 of the 
Clean Air Act, which provides authority to EPA Administrator to require 
recordkeeping and reporting in carrying out provisions of the CAA, also 
applies to and supports this rulemaking.
    EPA is proposing certain data collection for registration in the 
tracking system for containers of HFC refrigerants as well as HFC fire 
suppression agents that could be used in the servicing, repair, and/or 
installation of refrigerant-containing or fire suppression equipment in 
order to encourage compliance and aid enforcement. Separately, EPA is 
proposing certain labeling requirements for containers of reclaimed 
HFCs. EPA is also proposing recordkeeping and reporting requirements 
for owners or operators of applicable refrigerant-containing appliances 
that contain HFCs

[[Page 72296]]

or their substitutes to support compliance with the leak repair 
provisions, as well as recordkeeping and reporting requirements for the 
proposed fire suppression provisions for HFCs. Additionally, where ALD 
systems are required, EPA is proposing that owners or operators 
maintain records regarding the annual calibration or audit of the 
system.
    Respondents/affected entities: Respondents and affected entities 
will be individuals or companies that own, operate, service, repair, 
recycle, dispose, or install equipment containing HFCs or their 
substitutes addressed by this proposed rule, as well as individuals or 
companies that recover, recycle, or reclaim HFCs or their substitutes.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (AIM Act and section 
114 of the CAA).
    Estimated number of respondents: 851,304.
    Frequency of response: Quarterly, annually, and as needed depending 
on the nature of the report.
    Total estimated burden: 223,432 hours (per year). Burden is defined 
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: $15,966,834 (per year), includes annualized 
capital or operation and maintenance costs.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's 
regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    Submit your comments on the Agency's need for this information, the 
accuracy of the provided burden estimates and any suggested methods for 
minimizing respondent burden to EPA using the docket identified at the 
beginning of this rule. EPA will respond to any ICR-related comments in 
the final rule. You may also send your ICR-related comments to OMB's 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs using the interface at 
https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAMain. Find this particular 
information collection by selecting ``Currently under Review--Open for 
Public Comments'' or by using the search function. Since OMB is 
required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days 
after receipt, OMB must receive comments no later than November 20, 
2023.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities (SISNOSE) under the 
RFA. The small entities subject to the requirements of this action 
include those that may use as refrigerant, use as a fire suppression 
agent, reclaim, or recycle HFCs. EPA estimates that approximately 896 
of the 176,042 potentially affected small entities could incur costs in 
excess of one percent of annual sales/revenue and that approximately 70 
small entities could incur costs in excess of three percent of annual 
sales/revenue. Because there is not a substantial number of small 
entities that may experience a significant impact, it can be presumed 
that this action will have no SISNOSE. Details of this analysis are 
presented in Appendix H of ``Analysis of the Economic Impact and 
Benefits of the Proposed Rule: American Innovation and Manufacturing 
(AIM) Act Subsection H Management of Regulated Substances.'' (Docket ID 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606).

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action contains a federal mandate under UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-
1538, that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for 
state, local and Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private 
sector in any one year. Accordingly, EPA has prepared a written 
statement required under section 202 of UMRA. The statement is included 
in the docket for this action and briefly summarized here. This action 
contains a federal mandate that may result in expenditures that exceed 
the inflation-adjusted UMRA threshold of $100 million by the private 
sector in any one year, but it is not expected to result in 
expenditures of this magnitude by state, local, and Tribal governments 
in the aggregate. The rule is estimated to result in average annual 
cost to the private sector of $228 million for the period 2025 through 
2050. When adjusted for inflation, the $100 million UMRA threshold 
established in 1995 is equivalent to approximately $184 million in 2022 
dollars, the year dollars for the cost estimates in this proposed rule. 
Thus, the cost of the rule to the private sector in the aggregate 
exceeds the inflation-adjusted UMRA threshold.
    This action is not subject to the requirements of section 203 of 
UMRA because it contains no regulatory requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have Tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. It will not have substantial direct effects on 
Tribal governments, on the relationship between the Federal government 
and Indian Tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities 
between the Federal government and Indian Tribes, as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to 
this action. EPA periodically updates Tribal officials on air 
regulations through the monthly meetings of the National Tribal Air 
Association and will share information on this rulemaking through this 
and other fora.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045 directs federal agencies to include an 
evaluation of the health and safety effects of the planned regulation 
on children in federal health and safety standards and explain why the 
regulation is preferable to potentially effective and reasonably 
feasible alternatives. This action is subject to Executive Order 13045 
because it is a significant regulatory action under section 3(f)(1) of 
Executive Order 12866, and EPA believes that the environmental health 
or safety risk addressed by this action has a disproportionate effect 
on children. Accordingly, we have evaluated the environmental health or 
safety effects of climate change on children.
    GHGs, including HFCs, contribute to climate change. The GHG 
emissions reductions resulting from implementation of this rule will 
further improve children's health. The assessment literature cited in 
EPA's 2009 and 2016 Endangerment Findings concluded that certain 
populations and life stages, including children, the elderly, and the 
poor, are most vulnerable to climate-related health effects. The 
assessment literature since 2016 strengthens these conclusions by 
providing more detailed findings regarding these groups' 
vulnerabilities and the projected impacts they may experience.
    These assessments describe how children's unique physiological and 
developmental factors contribute to making them particularly vulnerable 
to climate change. Impacts to children are expected from heat waves, 
air pollution,

[[Page 72297]]

infectious and waterborne illnesses, and mental health effects 
resulting from extreme weather events. In addition, children are among 
those especially susceptible to most allergic diseases, as well as 
health effects associated with heat waves, storms, and floods. 
Additional health concerns may arise in low-income households, 
especially those with children, if climate change reduces food 
availability and increases prices, leading to food insecurity within 
households. More detailed information on the impacts of climate change 
to human health and welfare is provided in section III.B. of this 
preamble.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not a ``significant energy action'' because it is 
not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy. This action applies to certain 
regulated substances and certain applications containing regulated 
substances, none of which are used to supply or distribute energy.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    This rulemaking does not involve technical standards.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations and 
Executive Order 14096: Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to 
Environmental Justice for All

    EPA believes that the human health or environmental conditions that 
exist prior to this action result in or have the potential to result in 
disproportionate and adverse human health or environmental effects on 
communities with environmental justice concerns. EPA carefully 
evaluated available information on HFC reclamation facilities and the 
characteristics of nearby communities to evaluate these impacts in the 
context of this proposed rulemaking. Based on this analysis, EPA finds 
evidence of environmental justice concerns near HFC reclamation 
facilities from cumulative exposure to existing environmental hazards 
in these communities.
    The analysis shows that communities near the nineteen identified 
HFC reclamation facilities are generally more diverse than the national 
average with respect to race and ethnicity. While the median income of 
these communities is slightly higher than the national average, there 
are more low-income households. Across the nineteen facilities, total 
respiratory risk and total cancer risk are lowest for the communities 
nearest the reclamation sites. While the cancer risk within 1-mile of 
the facilities is lower than the national average, the cancer and 
respiratory risks are otherwise slightly elevated compared to the 
average.
    This rule is expected to result in benefits in the form of reduced 
GHG emissions. The analysis conducted for this rule also estimates that 
a portion of these benefits would be incremental to emissions 
reductions that were anticipated under the Allocation Framework Rule 
alone, thus further reducing the risks of climate change.
    While providing additional overall climate benefits, this rule may 
also result in changes in emissions of air pollutants or other 
chemicals which are potential byproducts of HFC reclamation processes 
at affected facilities. The market for reclaimed HFCs could drive 
changes in potential risk for communities living near these facilities 
due to the changes in emissions that could have local effects is 
uncertain. However, the nature and location of the emission changes are 
uncertain. Moreover, there is insufficient information at this time 
about which facilities will change reclamation processes. Given limited 
information at this time, it is unclear to what extent this rule will 
impact existing disproportionate adverse effects on communities living 
near HFC reclamation facilities. The Agency will continue to evaluate 
the impacts of this proposed rulemaking on communities with 
environmental justice concerns and consider further action, as 
appropriate, to protect health in communities affected by HFC 
reclamation. The information supporting this Executive Order review is 
contained in section VII. of this preamble.

List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 84

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Air pollution control, Chemicals, Climate change, Emissions, 
Reclaiming, Recycling, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 261

    Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Recycling, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 262

    Environmental protection, Exports, Hazardous materials 
transportation, Hazardous waste, Imports, Labeling, Packaging and 
containers, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 266

    Environmental protection, Energy, Hazardous waste, Recycling, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 270

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Confidential business information, Hazardous materials transportation, 
Hazardous waste, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water 
pollution control, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 271

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Confidential business information, Hazardous materials transportation, 
Hazardous waste, Indians--lands, Intergovernmental relations, 
Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water pollution 
control, Water supply.

Michael S. Regan,
Administrator.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, EPA proposes to amend 40 
CFR parts 84, 261, 262, 266, 270, and 271 as follows:

PART 84--PHASEDOWN OF HYDROFLUOROCARBONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 84 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: Pub. L. 116-260, Division S, Sec. 103.

0
2. Add to part 84, subpart C consisting of Sec. Sec.  84.100 through 
84.124 to read as follows:

Subpart C--Management of Regulated Substances

Sec.
84.100 Purpose.
84.102 Definitions.
84.104 Prohibitions.
84.106 Leak repair.
84.108 Automatic leak detection systems.
84.110 Emissions from fire suppression equipment.
84.112 Reclamation.
84.114 Exemptions.
84.116 Requirements for disposable cylinders.
84.118 Container tracking system.
84.120 Container tracking of used cylinders.
84.122 Treatment of data submitted under 40 CFR part 84, subpart C.
84.124 Relationship to other laws.

Sec.  84.100  Purpose.

    The purpose of the regulations in this subpart is to implement 
subsection (h) of 42 U.S.C. 7675, with respect to

[[Page 72298]]

controls for any practice, process, or activity regarding the 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of equipment, for purposes 
of maximizing reclaiming, minimizing the release of regulated 
substances from equipment, and ensuring the safety of technicians and 
consumers.

Sec.  84.102  Definitions.

    For the terms not defined in this subpart but that are defined in 
Sec.  84.3, the definitions in Sec.  84.3 shall apply. For the purposes 
of this subpart C:
    Certified technician means a technician that has been certified per 
the provisions at 40 CFR 82.161.
    Comfort cooling means the refrigerant-containing appliances used 
for air conditioning to provide cooling in order to control heat and/or 
humidity in occupied facilities including but not limited to 
residential, office, and commercial buildings. Comfort cooling 
appliances include but are not limited to chillers, commercial split 
systems, and packaged roof-top units.
    Commercial refrigeration means the refrigerant-containing 
appliances used in the retail food and cold storage warehouse 
subsectors. Retail food appliances include the refrigeration equipment 
found in supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants and other food 
service establishments. Cold storage includes the refrigeration 
equipment used to store meat, produce, dairy products, and other 
perishable goods.
    Component, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means a part of the refrigerant circuit within an appliance including, 
but not limited to, compressors, condensers, evaporators, receivers, 
and all of its connections and subassemblies.
    Custom-built means that the industrial process refrigeration 
equipment or any of its components cannot be purchased and/or installed 
without being uniquely designed, fabricated and/or assembled to satisfy 
a specific set of industrial process conditions.
    Disposal, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the process leading to and including:
    (1) The discharge, deposit, dumping or placing of any discarded 
refrigerant-containing appliance into or on any land or water;
    (2) The disassembly of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
discharge, deposit, dumping or placing of its discarded component parts 
into or on any land or water;
    (3) The vandalism of any refrigerant-containing appliance such that 
the refrigerant is released into the environment or would be released 
into the environment if it had not been recovered prior to the 
destructive activity;
    (4) The disassembly of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
reuse of its component parts; or
    (5) The recycling of any refrigerant-containing appliance for 
scrap.
    Equipment means any device that contains, uses, detects or is 
otherwise connected or associated with a regulated substance or 
substitute for a regulated substance, including any refrigerant-
containing appliance, component, or system.
    Fire suppression equipment means any device that is connected to or 
associated with a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated 
substance, including blends and mixtures, consisting in part or whole 
of a regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance, and 
that is used for fire suppression purposes. This term includes and such 
equipment, component, or system. This term does not include mission-
critical military end uses and systems used in deployable and 
expeditionary situations. This term also does not include space 
vehicles as defined in 40 CFR 84.3.
    Fire suppression technician means any person who in the course of 
servicing, repair, disposal, or installation of fire suppression 
equipment could be reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the 
fire suppression equipment and therefore release fire suppressants into 
the environment.
    Follow-up verification test, as it relates to a refrigerant-
containing appliance, means those tests that involve checking the 
repairs to an appliance after a successful initial verification test 
and after the appliance has returned to normal operating 
characteristics and conditions to verify that the repairs were 
successful. Potential methods for follow-up verification tests include, 
but are not limited to, the use of soap bubbles as appropriate, 
electronic or ultrasonic leak detectors, pressure or vacuum tests, 
fluorescent dye and black light, infrared or near infrared tests, and 
handheld gas detection devices.
    Full charge, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the amount of refrigerant required for normal operating 
characteristics and conditions of the appliance as determined by using 
one or a combination of the following four methods:
    (1) Use of the equipment manufacturer's determination of the full 
charge;
    (2) Use of appropriate calculations based on component sizes, 
density of refrigerant, volume of piping, and other relevant 
considerations;
    (3) Use of actual measurements of the amount of refrigerant added 
to or evacuated from the appliance, including for seasonal variances; 
and/or
    (4) Use of an established range based on the best available data 
regarding the normal operating characteristics and conditions for the 
appliance, where the midpoint of the range will serve as the full 
charge.
    Industrial process refrigeration means complex customized 
refrigerant-containing appliances that are directly linked to the 
processes used in, for example, the chemical, pharmaceutical, 
petrochemical, and manufacturing industries. This sector also includes 
industrial ice machines, appliances used directly in the generation of 
electricity, and ice rinks. Where one appliance is used for both 
industrial process refrigeration and other applications, it will be 
considered industrial process refrigeration equipment if 50 percent or 
more of its operating capacity is used for industrial process 
refrigeration.
    Initial verification test, as it relates to a refrigerant-
containing appliance, means those leak tests that are conducted after 
the repair is finished to verify that a leak or leaks have been 
repaired before refrigerant is added back to the appliance.
    Installation means the process of setting up equipment for use, 
which may include steps such as completing the refrigerant circuit, 
including charging equipment with a regulated substance or substitute 
for a regulated substance, or connecting cylinders containing a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance to a 
total flooding fire suppression system, such that the equipment can 
function and is ready for use for its intended purpose.
    Leak inspection, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the examination of an appliance to detect and 
determine the location of refrigerant leaks. Potential methods include, 
but are not limited to, ultrasonic tests, gas-imaging cameras, bubble 
tests as appropriate, or the use of a leak detection device operated 
and maintained according to manufacturer guidelines. Methods that 
determine whether the appliance is leaking refrigerant but not the 
location of a leak, such as standing pressure/vacuum decay tests, sight 
glass checks, viewing receiver levels, pressure checks, and charging 
charts, must be used in

[[Page 72299]]

conjunction with methods that can determine the location of a leak.
    Leak rate, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means the rate at which an appliance is losing refrigerant, measured 
between refrigerant charges. The leak rate is expressed in terms of the 
percentage of the appliance's full charge that would be lost over a 12-
month period if the current rate of loss were to continue over that 
period. The rate must be calculated using one of the following methods. 
The same method must be used for all appliances subject to the leak 
repair requirements located at an operating facility.
    (1) Annualizing Method.
    (i) Step 1. Take the number of pounds of refrigerant added to the 
appliance to return it to a full charge, whether in one addition or if 
multiple additions related to same leak, and divide it by the number of 
pounds of refrigerant the appliance normally contains at full charge;
    (ii) Step 2. Take the shorter of the number of days that have 
passed since the last day refrigerant was added or 365 days and divide 
that number by 365 days;
    (iii) Step 3. Take the number calculated in Step 1 and divide it by 
the number calculated in Step 2; and
    (iv) Step 4. Multiply the number calculated in Step 3 by 100 to 
calculate a percentage. This method is summarized in the following 
formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.010

    (2) Rolling Average Method.
    (i) Step 1. Take the sum of the pounds of refrigerant added to the 
appliance over the previous 365-day period (or over the period that has 
passed since the last successful follow-up verification test showing 
all identified leaks in the appliance were repaired, if that period is 
less than one year);
    (ii) Step 2. Divide the result of Step 1 by the pounds of 
refrigerant the appliance normally contains at full charge; and
    (iii) Step 3. Multiply the result of Step 2 by 100 to obtain a 
percentage. This method is summarized in the following formula:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP19OC23.011

    Mothball, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means to evacuate refrigerant from an appliance, or the affected 
isolated section or component of an appliance, to at least atmospheric 
pressure, and to temporarily shut down that appliance.
    Motor vehicle, as used in this subpart, means any vehicle which is 
self-propelled and designed for transporting persons or property on a 
street or highway, including but not limited to passenger cars, light-
duty vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles. This definition does not 
include a vehicle where final assembly of the vehicle has not been 
completed by the original equipment manufacturer.
    Motor vehicle air conditioners (MVAC) means mechanical vapor 
compression refrigerant-containing appliances used to cool the driver's 
or passenger's compartment of any motor vehicle. This definition is 
intended to have the same meaning as defined in 40 CFR 82.32.
    MVAC-like appliance means a mechanical vapor compression, open-
drive compressor refrigerant-containing appliance with a full charge of 
20 pounds or less of refrigerant used to cool the driver's or 
passenger's compartment of off-road vehicles or equipment. This 
includes, but is not limited to, the air-conditioning equipment found 
on agricultural or construction vehicles. This definition is intended 
to have the same meaning as defined in 40 CFR 82.152.
    Normal operating characteristics and conditions, as it relates to a 
refrigerant-containing appliance, means appliance operating 
temperatures, pressures, fluid flows, speeds, and other 
characteristics, including full charge of the appliance, that would be 
expected for a given process load and ambient condition during normal 
operation. Normal operating characteristics and conditions are marked 
by the absence of atypical conditions affecting the operation of the 
appliance.
    Owner or operator means any person who owns, leases, operates, or 
controls any equipment or who controls or supervises any practice, 
process, or activity that is subject to any requirement pursuant to 
this subpart.
    Recover means the process by which a regulated substance, or where 
applicable, a substitute for a regulated substance, is removed, in any 
condition, from equipment; and stored in an external container, with or 
without testing or processing the regulated substance or substitute for 
a regulated substance.
    Recycling, when referring to fire suppression or fire suppressants, 
means the testing and/or reprocessing of regulated substances used in 
the fire suppression sector to certain purity standards.
    Refrigerant, for purposes of this subpart, means any substance, 
including blends and mixtures, consisting in part or whole of a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance that is 
used for heat transfer purposes, including those that provide a cooling 
effect.
    Refrigerant circuit, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the parts of an appliance that are normally connected 
to each other (or are separated only by internal valves) and are 
designed to contain refrigerant.
    Refrigerant-containing appliance means any device that contains and 
uses a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated substance as a 
refrigerant including any air conditioner, motor vehicle air 
conditioner, refrigerator,

[[Page 72300]]

chiller, or freezer. For a system with multiple circuits, each 
independent circuit is considered a separate appliance.
    Refrigerant-containing equipment means equipment as defined in this 
subpart that contains, uses, or is otherwise connected or associated 
with a regulated substance or substitute for a regulated substance that 
is used as a refrigerant. This definition includes refrigerant-
containing components, refrigerant-containing appliances, and MVAC-like 
appliances. This term does not include mission-critical military end 
uses and systems used in deployable and expeditionary situations. This 
term also does not include space vehicles as defined in 40 CFR 84.3.
    Repackager means an entity who transfers regulated substances, 
either alone or in a blend, from one container to another container 
prior to sale or distribution or offer for sale or distribution. An 
entity that services system cylinders for use in fire suppression 
equipment and returns the same regulated substances to the same system 
cylinder it was recovered from after the system cylinder is serviced is 
not a repackager.
    Repair, for purposes of this subpart and as it relates to a 
particular leak in a refrigerant-containing appliance, means making 
adjustments or other alterations to that refrigerant-containing 
appliance that have the effect of stopping leakage of refrigerant from 
that particular leak.
    Reprocess means using procedures, such as filtering, drying, 
distillation and other chemical procedures to remove impurities from a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance.
    Retire, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, means 
the removal of the refrigerant and the disassembly or impairment of the 
refrigerant circuit such that the appliance as a whole is rendered 
unusable by any person in the future.
    Retrofit, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing appliance, 
means to convert an appliance from one refrigerant to another 
refrigerant. Retrofitting includes the conversion of the appliance to 
achieve system compatibility with the new refrigerant and may include, 
but is not limited to, changes in lubricants, gaskets, filters, driers, 
valves, o-rings or appliance components. Retrofits required under this 
subpart shall be done to a refrigerant with a lower global warming 
potential.
    Seasonal variance, as it relates to a refrigerant-containing 
appliance, means the removal of refrigerant from an appliance due to a 
change in ambient conditions caused by a change in season, followed by 
the subsequent addition of an amount that is less than or equal to the 
amount of refrigerant removed in the prior change in season, where both 
the removal and addition of refrigerant occurs within one consecutive 
12-month period.
    Stationary refrigerant-containing equipment means refrigerant-
containing equipment, as defined in this subpart, that is not a motor 
vehicle air conditioner or an MVAC-like appliance, as defined in this 
subpart.
    Substitute for a regulated substance means a substance that can be 
used in equipment in the same or similar applications as a regulated 
substance, to serve the same or a similar purpose, including but not 
limited to a substance used as a refrigerant in a refrigerant-
containing appliance or as a fire suppressant in fire suppression 
equipment, provided that the substance is not a regulated substance or 
an ozone-depleting substance.
    Technician, as it relates to any person who works with refrigerant-
containing appliances, means any person who in the course of servicing, 
repair, or installation of a refrigerant-containing appliance (except 
MVACs) could be reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the 
refrigerant circuit and therefore release refrigerants into the 
environment. Technician also means any person who in the course of 
disposal of a refrigerant-containing appliance (except small appliances 
as defined in 40 CFR 82.152, MVACs, and MVAC-like appliances) could be 
reasonably expected to violate the integrity of the refrigerant circuit 
and therefore release refrigerants from the appliances into the 
environment. Activities reasonably expected to violate the integrity of 
the refrigerant circuit include but are not limited to: Attaching or 
detaching hoses and gauges to and from the appliance; adding or 
removing refrigerant; adding or removing components; and cutting the 
refrigerant line. Activities such as painting the appliance, rewiring 
an external electrical circuit, replacing insulation on a length of 
pipe, or tightening nuts and bolts are not reasonably expected to 
violate the integrity of the refrigerant circuit. Activities conducted 
on refrigerant-containing appliances that have been properly evacuated 
pursuant to 40 CFR 82.156 are not reasonably expected to release 
refrigerants unless the activity includes adding refrigerant to the 
appliance. Technicians could include but are not limited to installers, 
contractor employees, in-house service personnel, and owners and/or 
operators of refrigerant-containing appliances.
    Virgin regulated substance means any regulated substance that has 
not had any bona fide use in equipment except for those regulated 
substances contained in the heel or the residue of a container that has 
had a bona fide use in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
equipment.

Sec.  84.104  Prohibitions.

    (a) Sale of recovered refrigerant. No person may sell, distribute, 
or transfer to a new owner, or offer for sale, distribution, or 
transfer to a new owner, any regulated substance used as a refrigerant 
in stationary refrigerant-containing equipment consisting in whole or 
in part of recovered regulated substances, unless the recovered 
regulated substance:
    (1) Has been reclaimed by a person who has been certified as a 
reclaimer under 40 CFR 82.164 and has been reclaimed to the levels as 
specified in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F; or
    (2) Is sold, distributed, or transferred to a new owner, or offered 
for sale, distribution, or transfer to a new owner solely for the 
purposes of being reclaimed or destroyed.
    (b) [Reserved]

Sec.  84.106  Leak repair.

    (a) Applicability. This section applies to refrigerant-containing 
appliances with a full charge of 15 or more pounds of refrigerant where 
the refrigerant is composed in whole or in part of:
    (1) A regulated substance as listed in subsection (c) of the AIM 
Act or in appendix A to part 84, or
    (2) A substitute for a regulated substance that has a global 
warming potential greater than 53, where the global warming potential 
is as determined under the following hierarchy:
    (i) Where trans-dichloroethylene, also referred to as HCO-1130(E), 
is used neat or in a blend, the global warming potential shall be five;
    (ii) Where cis-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, also referred 
to as HCFO-1224yd(Z), is used neat or in a blend, the global warming 
potential shall be one;
    (iii) For each substitute for a regulated substance that is not 
HCO-1130(E) or is not HCFO-1224yd(Z), but does have a global warming 
potential listed in the Fourth Assessment Report of the 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global warming potential 
of the substitute for a regulated substance shall be that listed as the 
100-year integrated global warming potential and shall be the net 
global warming potential;

[[Page 72301]]

    (iv) For each substitute for a regulated substance that is not HCO-
1130(E), is not HCFO-1224yd(Z), and is not listed in the Fourth 
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the 
global warming potential of the substitute for a regulated substance 
shall be that listed as the 100-year integrated global warming 
potential in the 2022 report by the World Meteorological Organization, 
titled ``Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022'';
    (v) For each substitute for a regulated substance, that is not HCO-
1130(E), is not HCFO-1224yd(Z), is not listed in the Fourth Assessment 
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and is not 
listed in the 2022 report by the World Meteorological Organization, the 
global warming potential of the substitute for a regulated substance 
shall be that listed in Table A-1 to 40 CFR part 98, as it existed on 
[DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], 
including the use of default global warming potential values for 
substitutes for regulated substances that are not specifically listed 
in that table;
    (vi) For cases in (iii) through (v) above where a qualifier, 
including but not limited to approximately, ~, less than, <, much less 
than, <<, and greater than, >, is provided with a global warming 
potential value, the value shown shall be the global warming potential 
of the constituent without consideration of the qualifier;
    (vii) For constituents that do not have a global warming potential 
as provided in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section, the 
global warming potential of the constituent shall be zero.
    (3) Notwithstanding the criteria in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this 
section, the requirements of this section do not apply to:
    (i) Appliances (as defined in 40 CFR 82.152) containing solely an 
ozone-depleting substance as a refrigerant;
    (ii) Refrigerant-containing appliances used for the residential and 
light commercial air conditioning and heat pumps subsector.
    (4) Compliance dates. The requirements of this section apply for 
refrigerant-containing appliances with a full charge of 50 or more 
pounds as of 60 days after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN 
THE FEDERAL REGISTER] in the Federal Register and for refrigerant-
containing appliances with a full charge between 15 and 50 pounds as of 
1 year after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] in the Federal Register.
    (b) Leak rate calculation. Persons adding or removing refrigerant 
from a refrigerant-containing appliance must, upon conclusion of that 
installation, service, repair, or disposal provide the owner or 
operator with documentation that meets the applicable requirements of 
paragraph (l)(2) of this section. The owner or operator must calculate 
the leak rate every time refrigerant is added to an appliance unless 
the addition is made immediately following a retrofit, installation of 
a new appliance, or qualifies as a seasonal variance.
    (c) Requirement to address leaks through appliance repair, or 
retrofitting or retiring an appliance. (1) Owners or operators must 
repair refrigerant-containing appliances with a leak rate over the 
applicable leak rate in this paragraph in accordance with paragraphs 
(d) through (f) of this section unless the owner or operator elects to 
retrofit or retire the refrigerant-containing appliance in compliance 
with paragraphs (h) and (i) of this section. If the owner or operator 
elects to repair leaks but fails to bring the leak rate below the 
applicable leak rate, the owner or operator must create and implement a 
retrofit or retirement plan in accordance with paragraphs (h) and (i) 
of this section.
    (2) Leak rates:
    (i) 20 percent leak rate for commercial refrigeration equipment;
    (ii) 30 percent leak rate for industrial process refrigeration 
equipment; and
    (iii) 10 percent leak rate for comfort cooling appliances, 
refrigerated transport appliances, or other refrigerant-containing 
appliances with a full charge of 15 or more pounds of refrigerant not 
covered by (c)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section.
    (d) Appliance repair. Owners or operators must identify and repair 
leaks in accordance with this paragraph within 30 days (or 120 days if 
an industrial process shutdown is required) of when refrigerant is 
added to a refrigerant-containing appliance exceeding the applicable 
leak rate in paragraph (c) of this section.
    (1) A certified technician must conduct a leak inspection, as 
described in paragraph (g) of this section, to identify the location of 
leaks.
    (2) Leaks must be repaired such that the leak rate is brought below 
the applicable leak rate. This must be confirmed by the leak rate 
calculation performed upon the next refrigerant addition. The leaks 
will be presumed to be repaired if, over the 12-month period after the 
repair, there is no further refrigerant addition or if the leak 
inspections required under paragraph (g) of this section and/or 
automatic leak detection systems required by Sec.  84.108 do not find 
any leaks in the appliance. Repair of leaks must be documented by both 
an initial and a follow-up verification test or tests.
    (3) The time frames in paragraphs (d) through (f) of this section 
are temporarily suspended when an appliance is mothballed. The time 
will resume on the day additional refrigerant is added to the 
refrigerant-containing appliance (or component of a refrigerant-
containing appliance if the leaking component was isolated).
    (e) Verification tests. The owner or operator must conduct both 
initial and follow-up verification tests on each leak that was repaired 
under paragraph (d) of this section.
    (1) Initial verification test. Unless granted additional time, an 
initial verification test must be performed within 30 days (or 120 days 
if an industrial process shutdown is required) of a refrigerant-
containing appliance exceeding the applicable leak rate in paragraph 
(c) of this section. An initial verification test must demonstrate that 
for leaks where a repair attempt was made, the adjustments or 
alterations to the refrigerant-containing appliance have held.
    (i) For repairs that can be completed without the need to open or 
evacuate the refrigerant-containing appliance, the test must be 
performed after the conclusion of the repair work and before any 
additional refrigerant is added to the refrigerant-containing 
appliance.
    (ii) For repairs that require the evacuation of the refrigerant-
containing appliance or portion of the refrigerant-containing 
appliance, the test must be performed before adding any refrigerant to 
the refrigerant-containing appliance.
    (iii) If the initial verification test indicates that the repairs 
have not been successful, the owner or operator may conduct as many 
additional repairs and initial verification tests as needed within the 
applicable time period.
    (2) Follow-up verification test. A follow-up verification test must 
be performed within 10 days of the successful initial verification test 
or 10 days of the refrigerant-containing appliance reaching normal 
operating characteristics and conditions (if the refrigerant-containing 
appliance or isolated component was evacuated for the repair(s)). Where 
it is unsafe to be present or otherwise impossible to conduct a follow-
up verification test when the system is operating at normal operating 
characteristics and conditions, the verification test must, where 
practicable, be conducted prior to the system returning to normal 
operating characteristics and conditions.

[[Page 72302]]

    (i) A follow-up verification test must demonstrate that leaks where 
a repair attempt was made are repaired. If the follow-up verification 
test indicates that the repairs have not been successful, the owner or 
operator may conduct as many additional repairs and verification tests 
as needed to bring the refrigerant-containing appliance below the leak 
rate within the applicable time period and to verify the repairs.
    (f) Extensions to the appliance repair deadlines. Owners or 
operators are permitted more than 30 days (or 120 days if an industrial 
process shutdown is required) to comply with paragraphs (d) and (e) of 
this section if they meet the requirements of (f)(1) through (4) of 
this section or the refrigerant-containing appliance is mothballed. The 
request will be considered approved unless EPA notifies the owners or 
operators otherwise.
    (1) One or more of the following conditions must apply:
    (i) The refrigerant-containing appliance is located in an area 
subject to radiological contamination or shutting down the refrigerant-
containing appliance will directly lead to radiological contamination. 
Additional time is permitted to the extent needed to conduct and finish 
repairs in a safe working environment.
    (ii) Requirements of other applicable Federal, state, local, or 
Tribal regulations make a repair within 30 days (or 120 days if an 
industrial process shutdown is required) impossible. Additional time is 
permitted to the extent needed to comply with the pertinent 
regulations.
    (iii) Components that must be replaced as part of the repair are 
not available within 30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process 
shutdown is required). Additional time is permitted up to 30 days after 
receiving delivery of the necessary components, not to exceed 180 days 
(or 270 days if an industrial process shutdown is required) from the 
date the refrigerant-containing appliance exceeded the applicable leak 
rate.
    (2) Repairs to leaks that the technician has identified as 
significantly contributing to the exceedance of the leak rate and that 
do not require additional time must be completed and verified within 
the initial 30 day repair period (or 120 day repair period if an 
industrial process shutdown is required);
    (3) The owner or operator must document all repair efforts and the 
reason for the inability to make the repair within the initial 30 day 
repair period (or 120 day repair period if an industrial process 
shutdown is required); and
    (4) The owner or operator must request an extension from EPA 
electronically, in the manner specified by EPA, within 30 days (or 120 
days if an industrial process shutdown is required) of the refrigerant-
containing appliance exceeding the applicable leak rate in paragraph 
(c) of this section. Extension requests must include: Identification 
and address of the facility; the name of the owner or operator of the 
refrigerant-containing appliance; the leak rate; the method used to 
determine the leak rate and full charge; the date the refrigerant-
containing appliance exceeded the applicable leak rate; the location of 
leak(s) to the extent determined to date; any repair work that has been 
performed thus far, including the date that work was completed; the 
reasons why more than 30 days (or 120 days if an industrial process 
shutdown is required) are needed to complete the repair; and an 
estimate of when the work will be completed. If the estimated 
completion date is to be extended, a new estimated date of completion 
and documentation of the reason for that change must be submitted to 
EPA within 30 days of identifying that the completion date must be 
extended. The owner or operator must keep a dated copy of this 
submission.
    (g) Leak inspections. (1) The owner or operator must conduct a leak 
inspection in accordance with the following schedule on any 
refrigerant-containing appliance exceeding the applicable leak rate in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (i) For commercial refrigeration and industrial process 
refrigeration appliances with a full charge of 500 or more pounds, leak 
inspections must be conducted once every three months until the owner 
or operator can demonstrate through the leak rate calculations required 
under paragraph (b) of this section that the appliance has not leaked 
in excess of the applicable leak rate for four quarters in a row.
    (ii) For commercial refrigeration and industrial process 
refrigeration appliances with a full charge of 50 or more pounds but 
less than 500 pounds, leak inspections must be conducted once per year 
until the owner or operator can demonstrate through the leak rate 
calculations required under paragraph (b) of this section that the 
appliance has not leaked in excess of the applicable leak rate for one 
year.
    (iii) For comfort cooling appliances and other appliances not 
covered by paragraphs (g)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, leak 
inspections must be conducted once per year until the owner or operator 
can demonstrate through the leak rate calculations required under 
paragraph (b) of this section that the appliance has not leaked in 
excess of the applicable leak rate for one year.
    (2) Leak inspections must be conducted by a certified technician 
using method(s) determined by the technician to be appropriate for that 
refrigerant-containing appliance.
    (3) All visible and accessible components of a refrigerant-
containing appliance must be inspected, with the following exceptions:
    (i) Where components are insulated, under ice that forms on the 
outside of equipment, underground, behind walls, or are otherwise 
inaccessible;
    (ii) Where personnel must be elevated more than two meters above a 
support surface; or
    (iii) Where components are unsafe to inspect, as determined by site 
personnel.
    (4) Quarterly or annual leak inspections are not required on 
refrigerant-containing appliances, or portions of refrigerant-
containing appliances, continuously monitored by an automatic leak 
detection system that is audited or calibrated annually. An automatic 
leak detection system may directly detect refrigerant in air, monitor 
its surrounding in a manner other than detecting refrigerant 
concentrations in air, or monitor conditions of the appliance. An 
automatic leak detection system being used for this purpose must meet 
the requirements for automatic leak detection systems per Sec.  
84.108(c) through (g) and Sec.  84.108(i).
    (i) When an automatic leak detection system is only being used to 
monitor portions of a refrigerant-containing appliance, the remainder 
of the refrigerant-containing appliance continues to be subject to any 
applicable leak inspection requirements.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (h) Retrofit or retirement plans. (1) The owner or operator must 
create a retrofit or retirement plan within 30 days of:
    (i) A refrigerant-containing appliance leaking above the applicable 
leak rate in paragraph (c) of this section if the owner or operator 
intends to retrofit or retire rather than repair the leak;
    (ii) A refrigerant-containing appliance leaking above the 
applicable leak rate in paragraph (c) of this section if the owner or 
operator fails to take any action to identify or repair the leak; or
    (iii) A refrigerant-containing appliance continues to leak above 
the applicable leak rate after having conducted the required repairs 
and verification tests under paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.

[[Page 72303]]

    (2) A retrofit or retirement plan must, at a minimum, contain the 
following information:
    (i) Identification and location of the refrigerant-containing 
appliance;
    (ii) Type and full charge of the refrigerant used in the 
refrigerant-containing appliance;
    (iii) Type and full charge of the refrigerant to which the 
refrigerant-containing appliance will be converted, if retrofitted;
    (iv) Itemized procedure for converting the refrigerant-containing 
appliance to a different refrigerant, including changes required for 
compatibility with the new substitute, if retrofitted;
    (v) Plan for the disposition of recovered refrigerant;
    (vi) Plan for the disposition of the refrigerant-containing 
appliance, if retired; and
    (vii) A schedule, not to exceed one year, for completion of the 
appliance retrofit or retirement.
    (3) The retrofit or retirement plan must be signed by an authorized 
company official, dated, accessible at the site of the refrigerant-
containing appliance in paper copy or electronic format, and available 
for EPA inspection upon request.
    (4) All identified leaks must be repaired as part of any retrofit 
under such a plan.
    (5) A retrofit or retirement plan must be implemented as follows:
    (i) Unless granted additional time, all work performed in 
accordance with the plan must be finished within one year of the plan's 
date (not to exceed 12 months from when the plan was finalized as 
required in paragraph (h)(1) of this section).
    (ii) The owner or operator may request that EPA relieve it of the 
obligation to retrofit or retire a refrigerant-containing appliance if 
the owner or operator can establish within 180 days of the plan's date 
that the refrigerant-containing appliance no longer exceeds the 
applicable leak rate and if the owner or operator agrees in writing to 
repair all identified leaks within one year of the plan's date 
consistent with paragraph (h)(4) and (h)(5)(i) of this section. The 
owner or operator must submit to EPA the retrofit or retirement plan as 
well as the following information: The date that the requirement to 
develop a retrofit or retirement plan was triggered; the leak rate; the 
method used to determine the leak rate and full charge; the location of 
the leak(s) identified in the leak inspection; a description of repair 
work that has been completed; a description of repair work that has not 
been completed; a description of why the repair was not conducted 
within the time frames required under paragraphs (d) and (f) of this 
section; and a statement signed by an authorized official that all 
identified leaks will be repaired and an estimate of when those repairs 
will be completed (not to exceed one year from date of the plan). The 
request will be considered approved unless EPA notifies the owners or 
operators within 60 days of receipt of the request that it is not 
approved.
    (i) Extensions to the one-year retrofit or retirement schedule. 
Owners or operators may request more than one year to comply with 
paragraph (h) of this section if they meet the requirements of this 
paragraph. The request will be considered approved unless EPA notifies 
the owners or operators within 60 days of receipt of the request that 
it is not approved. The request must be submitted to EPA 
electronically, in the manner specified by EPA, within seven months of 
discovering the refrigerant-containing appliance exceeded the 
applicable leak rate. The request must include the identification of 
the refrigerant-containing appliance; name of the owner or operator; 
the leak rate; the method used to determine the leak rate and full 
charge; the date the refrigerant-containing appliance exceeded the 
applicable leak rate; the location of leaks(s) to the extent determined 
to date; any repair work that has been finished thus far, including the 
date that work was finished; a plan to finish the retrofit or 
retirement of the refrigerant-containing appliance; the reasons why 
more than one year is necessary to retrofit or retire the refrigerant-
containing appliance; the date of notification to EPA; and an estimate 
of when retrofit or retirement work will be finished. A dated copy of 
the request must be available on-site in either electronic or paper 
copy. If the estimated completion date is to be revised, a new 
estimated date of completion and documentation of the reason for that 
change must be submitted to EPA electronically, in the manner specified 
by EPA, within 30 days. Additionally, the time frames in paragraphs (h) 
and (i) of this section are temporarily suspended when a refrigerant-
containing appliance is mothballed. The time will resume running on the 
day additional refrigerant is added to the refrigerant-containing 
appliance (or component of a refrigerant-containing appliance if the 
leaking component was isolated).
    (1) Extensions available to industrial process refrigeration. 
Owners or operators of industrial process refrigeration equipment may 
request additional time beyond the one-year period in paragraph (h) of 
this section to finish the retrofit or retirement under the following 
circumstances.
    (i) Requirements of other applicable Federal, state, local, or 
Tribal regulations make a retrofit or retirement within one year 
impossible. Additional time is permitted to the extent needed to comply 
with the pertinent regulations;
    (ii) The new or the retrofitted equipment is custom-built as 
defined in this subpart and the supplier of the appliance or one of its 
components has quoted a delivery time of more than 30 weeks from when 
the order is placed. The appliance or appliance components must be 
installed within 120 days after receiving delivery of the necessary 
parts;
    (iii) The equipment is located in an area subject to radiological 
contamination and creating a safe working environment will require more 
than 30 weeks; or
    (iv) After receiving an extension under paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of 
this section, owners or operators may request additional time if 
necessary to finish the retrofit or retirement of equipment. The 
request must be submitted to EPA before the end of the ninth month of 
the initial extension and must include the same information submitted 
for that extension, with any necessary revisions. A dated copy of the 
request must be available on-site in either electronic or paper copy. 
The request will be considered approved unless EPA notifies the owners 
or operators within 60 days of receipt of the request that it is not 
approved.
    (j) Chronically leaking appliances. Owners or operators of 
refrigerant-containing appliances containing 15 or more pounds of 
refrigerant that leak 125 percent or more of the full charge in a 
calendar year must submit a report containing the information required 
in paragraph (m)(4) of this section to EPA by March 1 of the subsequent 
year.
    (k) Purged refrigerant. In calculating annual leak rates, purged 
refrigerant that is destroyed at a verifiable destruction efficiency of 
98 percent or greater will not be counted toward the leak rate.
    (l) Recordkeeping. All records identified in this paragraph must be 
kept for at least three years in electronic or paper format, unless 
otherwise specified.
    (1) Upon installation or [DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF 
THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] owners or operators must 
determine the full charge of all refrigerant-containing appliances with 
15 or more pounds of refrigerant

[[Page 72304]]

and maintain the following information for each appliance until three 
years after the appliance is retired:
    (i) The identification of the owner or operator of the refrigerant-
containing appliance;
    (ii) The address where the appliance is located;
    (iii) The full charge of the refrigerant-containing appliance and 
the method for how the full charge was determined;
    (iv) If using method 4 (using an established range) for determining 
full charge, records must include the range for the full charge of the 
refrigerant-containing appliance, its midpoint, and how the range was 
determined;
    (v) Any revisions of the full charge, how they were determined, and 
the dates such revisions occurred.
    (vi) The date of installation.
    (2) Owners or operators must maintain a record including the 
following information for each time a refrigerant-containing appliance 
with a full charge of 15 or more pounds is installed, serviced, 
repaired, or disposed of, when applicable.
    (i) The identity and location of the refrigerant-containing 
appliance;
    (ii) The date of the installation, service, repair, or disposal 
performed;
    (iii) The part(s) of the refrigerant-containing appliance being 
installed, serviced, repaired, or disposed;
    (iv) The type of installation, service, repair, or disposal 
performed for each part;
    (v) The name of the person performing the installation, service, 
repair, or disposal;
    (vi) The amount and type of refrigerant added to, or in the case of 
disposal removed from, the appliance;
    (vii) The full charge of the refrigerant-containing appliance; and
    (viii) The leak rate and the method used to determine the leak rate 
(not applicable when disposing of the refrigerant-containing appliance, 
following a retrofit, installing a new refrigerant-containing 
appliance, or if the refrigerant addition qualifies as a seasonal 
variance).
    (3) If the installation, service, repair, or disposal is done by 
someone other than the owner or operator, that person must provide a 
record containing the information specified in paragraph (l)(2)(i) 
through (vi) of this section, when applicable, to the owner or 
operator.
    (4) Owners or operators must keep records of leak inspections that 
include the date of inspection, the method(s) used to conduct the leak 
inspection, a list of the location of each leak that was identified, 
and a certification that all visible and accessible parts of the 
refrigerant-containing appliance were inspected. Technicians conducting 
leak inspections must, upon conclusion of that service, provide the 
owner or operator of the refrigerant-containing appliance with 
documentation that meets these requirements.
    (5) If using an automatic leak detection system, the owner or 
operator must maintain records regarding the installation and the 
annual audit and calibration of the system, a record of each date the 
monitoring system identified a leak, and the location of the leak.
    (6) Owners or operators must maintain records of the dates and 
results of all initial and follow-up verification tests. Records must 
include the location of the refrigerant-containing appliance, the 
date(s) of the verification tests, the location(s) of all repaired 
leaks that were tested, the type(s) of verification test(s) used, and 
the results of those tests. Technicians conducting initial or follow-up 
verification tests must, upon conclusion of that service, provide the 
owner or operator of the appliance with documentation that meets these 
requirements.
    (7) Owners or operators must maintain retrofit or retirement plans 
developed in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section.
    (8) Owners or operators must maintain retrofit and/or retirement 
extension requests submitted to EPA in accordance with paragraph (i) of 
this section.
    (9) Owners or operators that suspend the deadlines in this section 
by mothballing a refrigerant-containing appliance must keep records 
documenting when the appliance was mothballed and when additional 
refrigerant was added to the appliance (or isolated component).
    (10) Owners or operators who exclude purged refrigerants that are 
destroyed from annual leak rate calculations must maintain records to 
support the amount of refrigerant claimed as sent for destruction. 
Records must be based on a monitoring strategy that provides reliable 
data to demonstrate that the amount of refrigerant claimed to have been 
destroyed is not greater than the amount of refrigerant actually purged 
and destroyed and that the 98 percent or greater destruction efficiency 
is met. Records must include flow rate, quantity or concentration of 
the refrigerant in the vent stream, and periods of purge flow. Records 
must include:
    (i) The identification of the facility and a contact person, 
including the address and telephone number;
    (ii) A description of the refrigerant-containing appliance, 
focusing on aspects relevant to the purging of refrigerant and 
subsequent destruction;
    (iii) A description of the methods used to determine the quantity 
of refrigerant sent for destruction and type of records that are being 
kept by the owners or operators where the appliance is located;
    (iv) The frequency of monitoring and data-recording; and
    (v) A description of the control device, and its destruction 
efficiency.
    (11) Owners or operators that exclude additions of refrigerant due 
to seasonal variance from their leak rate calculation must maintain 
records stating that they are using the seasonal variance flexibility 
and documenting the amount added and removed under paragraph (l)(2) of 
this section.
    (12) Owners or operators that submit reports to EPA in accordance 
with paragraph (m) of this section must maintain copies of the 
submitted reports and any responses from EPA.
    (m) Reporting. All notifications must be submitted electronically 
in the manner specified by EPA.
    (1) Owners or operators must notify EPA electronically, in the 
manner specified by EPA, in accordance with paragraph (f) of this 
section when seeking an extension of time to complete repairs.
    (2) Owners or operators must notify EPA electronically, in the 
manner specified by EPA, in accordance with paragraph (h)(5)(ii) of 
this section when seeking relief from the obligation to retrofit or 
retire an appliance.
    (3) Owners or operators must notify EPA electronically, in the 
manner specified by EPA, in accordance with paragraph (i) of this 
section when seeking an extension of time to complete the retrofit or 
retirement of an appliance.
    (4) Owners or operators must report to EPA electronically, in a 
manner specified by EPA, the following in accordance with paragraph (j) 
of this section for any refrigerant-containing appliance that leaks 125 
percent or more of the full charge in a calendar year.
    (i) Basic identification information (i.e., owner name or operator, 
facility name, facility address where appliance is located, and 
appliance ID or description);
    (ii) Refrigerant-containing appliance type (comfort cooling or 
other, industrial process refrigeration, or commercial refrigeration);
    (iii) Refrigerant type;
    (iv) Full charge of appliance (pounds);
    (v) Annual percent refrigerant loss;
    (vi) Dates of refrigerant addition;

[[Page 72305]]

    (vii) Amounts of refrigerant added;
    (viii) Date of last successful follow-up verification test;
    (ix) Explanation of cause refrigerant losses;
    (x) Description of repair actions taken; and
    (xi) Whether a retrofit or retirement plan been developed for the 
refrigerant-containing appliance and if so, the anticipated date of 
retrofit or retirement.
    (5) When excluding purged refrigerants that are destroyed from 
annual leak rate calculations, owners or operators must notify EPA 
electronically, in the manner specified by EPA, within 60 days after 
the first time the exclusion is used by the facility where the 
appliance is located. The report must include the information included 
in paragraph (l)(10) of this section.

Sec.  84.108  Automatic leak detection systems.

    (a) Owners or operators of refrigerant-containing appliances used 
for industrial process refrigeration or commercial refrigeration with a 
full charge of 1,500 pounds or greater of a refrigerant containing a 
regulated substance or a substitute for a regulated substance with a 
GWP greater than 53 must install and use an automatic leak detection 
system in accordance with this section.
    (b) (1) Owners and operators of refrigerant-containing appliances 
subject to paragraph (a) of this section installed on or after [DATE 60 
DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] must install and use automatic leak detection systems within 
30 days of the appliance installation.
    (2) Owners and operators of refrigerant-containing appliances 
subject to paragraph (a) of this section installed before [DATE 60 DAYS 
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] 
must install and use automatic leak detection systems by [DATE 1 YEAR 
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER].
    (c) Automatic leak detection systems must be installed in 
accordance with manufacturer instructions.
    (d) Automatic leak detection systems must be audited and calibrated 
annually.
    (e) Automatic leak detection systems are required to monitor 
components located inside an enclosed building or structure.
    (f) For automatic leak detection systems that directly detect the 
presence of a refrigerant in air, the system must:
    (1) Have sensors or intakes placed so that they will continuously 
monitor the refrigerant concentrations in air in proximity to the 
compressor, evaporator, condenser, and other areas with a high 
potential for a refrigerant leak;
    (2) Accurately detect a concentration level of 10 parts per million 
of vapor of the specific refrigerant or refrigerants used in the 
refrigerant-containing appliance(s); and
    (3) Alert the owner or operator when a refrigerant concentration of 
100 parts per million of vapor of the specific refrigerant or 
refrigerants used in the appliance(s) is reached.
    (g) For automatic leak detection systems that monitor conditions of 
the refrigerant-containing appliance, the system must automatically 
alert the owner or operator when measurements indicate a loss of 50 
pounds of refrigerant or 10 percent of the full charge, whichever is 
less.
    (h) When an automatic leak detection system alerts an owner or 
operator of a leak as described in this paragraph owners and operators 
of refrigerant-containing appliances using automatic leak detection 
systems must:
    (1) Calculate the leak rate within 30 days (or 120 days where an 
industrial process shutdown would be necessary) of an alert and, if the 
leak rate is above the applicable leak rate as described in Sec.  
84.106(c)(2), comply with the full suite of leak repair provisions in 
Sec.  84.106; or
    (2) Preemptively repair the identified leak before adding 
refrigerant to the appliance and then calculate the leak rate within 30 
days (or 120 days where an industrial process shutdown would be 
necessary) of an alert. If the leak rate is above the applicable leak 
rate as described in Sec.  84.106(c)(2), the owner or operator must 
comply with the full suite of leak repair provisions in Sec.  84.106.
    (3) Where a refrigerant-containing appliance using an automatic 
leak detection system is found to be leaking above the applicable leak 
rate as described in Sec.  84.106(c)(2), and the automatic leak system 
is only being used to monitor portions of an appliance, the remainder 
of the appliance continues to be subject to any applicable leak 
inspection requirements, as described in Sec.  84.106(g).
    (i) Recordkeeping. The owner or operator must maintain records for 
at least three years in electronic or paper format, unless otherwise 
specified, regarding:
    (1) The installation of the automatic leak detection system;
    (2) The annual audit and calibration of the system;
    (3) A record of each date the automatic leak detection system 
triggers an alert; and
    (4) The location of the leak.

Sec.  84.110  Emissions from fire suppression equipment.

    (a) As of January 1, 2025, no person installing, servicing, 
repairing, or disposing of fire suppression equipment containing a 
regulated substance may knowingly vent or otherwise release into the 
environment any regulated substances used in such equipment.
    (1) Release of regulated substances during testing of fire 
suppression equipment is not subject to this prohibition under 
paragraph (a) of this section if the following four conditions are met:
    (i) Equipment employing suitable alternative fire suppression 
agents are not available;
    (ii) Release of fire suppression agent is essential to demonstrate 
equipment functionality;
    (iii) Failure of the system or equipment would pose great risk to 
human safety or the environment; and
    (iv) A simulant agent cannot be used in place of the regulated 
substance for testing purposes.
    (2) This prohibition under paragraph (a) of this section does not 
apply to qualification and development testing during the design and 
development process of fire suppression equipment containing regulated 
substances when such tests are essential to demonstrate equipment 
functionality and when a suitable simulant agent cannot be used in 
place of the regulated substance for testing purposes.
    (3) This prohibition does not apply to the emergency release of 
regulated substances for the legitimate purpose of fire extinguishing, 
explosion inertion, or other emergency applications for which the 
equipment were designed.
    (b) As of January 1, 2025, no owner or operator of fire suppression 
equipment containing regulated substances shall allow the release of 
regulated substances to occur as a result of failure to maintain such 
equipment.
    (c) As of January 1, 2025, recycled regulated substances must be 
used for the initial installation of new fire suppression equipment, 
including both total flooding systems and streaming applications, that 
is installed in the United States, and for the servicing and/or repair 
of existing fire suppression equipment in the United States, including 
both total flooding systems and streaming applications. This 
requirement does not apply to onboard aerospace fire suppression 
applications

[[Page 72306]]

that qualify for application-specific allowances under regulations at 
Sec.  84.13.
    (1) Any person using equipment to recover, store, and transfer 
regulated substances used in fire suppression equipment must evacuate 
equipment used to recover, store, and transfer regulated substances 
prior to each use to prevent contamination, arrange for destruction of 
the recovered regulated substances as necessary, and collect and 
dispose of wastes from recycling process.
    (2) Any person using recovery and recycling equipment to recover 
regulated substances from fire suppression equipment must (1) operate 
and maintain recovery and recycling equipment in accordance with 
manufacturer specifications to ensure that the equipment performs as 
specified; (2) repair leaks in storage, recovery, recycling, or 
charging equipment used with regulated substances before use; and (3) 
ensure that cross-contamination does not occur through the mixing of 
regulated substances that may be contained in similar cylinders.
    (d) Any person who employs fire suppression technicians who 
install, service, repair, or dispose of fire suppression equipment 
containing regulated substances shall train technicians hired on or 
before January 1, 2025, on emissions reduction of regulated substances 
by June 1, 2025. Fire suppression technicians hired after January 1, 
2025, shall be trained regarding emissions reduction of regulated 
substances within 30 days of hiring, or by June 1, 2025, whichever is 
later.
    (1) The fire suppression technician training shall cover an 
explanation of the purpose of the training requirement, including the 
significance of minimizing releases of HFCs and ensuring technician 
safety, (b) an overview of regulated substances and environmental 
concerns with regulated substances, including other federal, state, 
local, or Tribal fire, building, safety, and environmental codes and 
standards, (c) a review of relevant regulations concerning regulated 
substances, including the requirements of the regulated substances 
emissions reduction program for fire suppression equipment, and (d) 
specific technical instruction relevant to avoiding unnecessary 
emissions of regulated substances during the servicing, repair, 
disposal, or installation of fire suppression equipment at each 
individual facility.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (e) As of January 1, 2025, no person shall dispose of fire 
suppression equipment containing regulated substances except by 
recovering the regulated substances themselves or by arranging for the 
recovery of the regulated substances by a fire suppression equipment 
manufacturer, a distributor, or a fire suppressant recycler.
    (f) As of January 1, 2025, no person shall dispose of regulated 
substances used as a fire suppression agent except by sending it for 
recycling to a fire suppressant recycler or a reclaimer certified under 
40 CFR 82.164, or by arranging for its destruction using one of the 
controlled processes listed in Sec.  84.29.
    (g) Recordkeeping and reporting. (1) As of January 1, 2025, any 
person who performs first fill of fire suppression equipment, service 
(e.g., recharge) of fire suppression equipment and/or recycles 
regulated substances recovered from fire suppression equipment, such as 
equipment manufacturers, distributors, agent suppliers or installers 
that recycle regulated substances must submit a report to EPA annually 
by February 14th of each year (covering prior year's activity from 
January 1 through December 31): the quantity of material (the combined 
mass of regulated substance and contaminants) by regulated substance 
broken out by sold, recovered, recycled, and virgin for the purpose of 
installation of new equipment and servicing and/or repair of existing 
fire suppression equipment; the total mass of each regulated substance 
broken out by sold, recovered, recycled, and virgin; and the total mass 
of waste products sent for disposal, along with information about the 
disposal facility if waste is not processed by the reporting entity. 
Such records must be maintained for three years in either electronic or 
paper format.
    (2) As of January 1, 2025, any person who employs fire suppression 
technicians who service, repair, install, or dispose of fire 
suppression equipment containing regulated substances must maintain an 
electronic or paper copy of the fire suppression technician training 
used, and make available to EPA upon request a copy of the training. 
These entities must document that they have provided training to 
personnel and must maintain these records for three years in either 
electronic or paper format.
    (3) As of January 1, 2025, owners and operators of fire suppression 
equipment containing regulated substances must maintain records 
documenting that regulated substances are recovered from the fire 
suppression equipment before it is sent for disposal, either by 
recovering the regulated substances themselves before sending the 
equipment for disposal or by leaving the regulated substances in the 
equipment and sending it for disposal to a facility, such as a fire 
suppression equipment manufacturer, distributor, or a fire suppressant 
recycler. Such records must be maintained for three years in either 
electronic or paper format.

Sec.  84.112  Reclamation.

    (a) No person may sell, identify, or report refrigerant as being 
reclaimed for use in the installation, servicing, or repair of 
refrigerant-containing equipment if the regulated substance component 
of the resulting refrigerant contains more than 15 percent, by weight, 
of virgin regulated substance.
    (b) No person may sell, identify, or report refrigerant as being 
reclaimed if it contains any recovered regulated substance that has not 
had bona fide use in equipment, unless that refrigerant was removed 
from the heel or residue of a container that had a bona fide use in the 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment.
    (c) Labeling. As of January 1, 2026, reclaimers certified under 40 
CFR 82.164 must affix a label to any container being sold or 
distributed or offered for sale or distribution that contain reclaimed 
regulated substances to certify that the contents do not exceed 15 
percent, by weight, of virgin regulated substances.
    (1) The label must read: ``The contents of this container do exceed 
the limit on virgin regulated substance per 40 CFR 84.112(a).''
    (2) The label must be:
    (i) In English;
    (ii) Durable and printed or otherwise labeled on, or affixed to, an 
external surface of the container;
    (iii) Readily visible and legible;
    (iv) Able to withstand open weather exposure without a substantial 
reduction in visibility or legibility; and
    (v) Displayed on a background of contrasting color.
    (d) Recordkeeping. As of January 1, 2026, reclaimers certified 
under 40 CFR 82.164 must generate a record to certify that the 
reclaimed regulated substances being used to fill a container that will 
be sold or distributed or offered for sale or distribution do not 
exceed 15 percent, by weight, of virgin regulated substances.
    (1) The record must be generated electronically, in a format 
specified by EPA.
    (2) The record must contain the following information:
    (i) the name, address, contact person, email address, and phone 
number of the reclaimer certified under 40 CFR 82.164;

[[Page 72307]]

    (ii) the date the container was filled with reclaimed regulated 
substance(s);
    (iii) the amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container(s);
    (iv) certification that the contents of the container are from a 
batch where the amount of virgin regulated substances does not exceed 
15 percent, by weight, of the total regulated substances;
    (v) the unique serial number associated with the container(s) 
filled from the batch;
    (vi) identification of the batch of reclaimed regulated substances 
used to fill the container(s); and
    (vii) the percent, by weight, of virgin regulated substance(s) in 
the batch used to fill the container(s).
    (3) The record must be maintained by the reclaimer certified under 
40 CFR 82.164 for three years.
    (e) As of January 1, 2028, reclaimed refrigerant must be used for 
the initial charge, whether charged in a factory or in the field, for 
new refrigerant-containing equipment that is installed in the United 
States in the following subsectors, if the refrigerant-containing 
equipment being charged uses a refrigerant that contains a regulated 
substance:
    (1) Residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat 
pumps;
    (2) Cold storage warehouses;
    (3) Industrial process refrigeration;
    (4) Stand-alone retail food refrigeration;
    (5) Supermarkets;
    (6) Refrigerated transport; and
    (7) Automatic commercial ice makers.
    (f) As of January 1, 2028, reclaimed refrigerant must be used when 
servicing and/or repairing refrigerant-containing equipment in the 
following subsectors, if the refrigerant-containing equipment serviced 
and/or repaired uses a refrigerant that contains a regulated substance:
    (1) Stand-alone retail food refrigeration;
    (2) Supermarket systems;
    (3) Refrigerated transport; and
    (4) Automatic commercial ice makers.

Sec.  84.114  Exemptions.

    (a) The regulations under this subpart do not apply to a regulated 
substance or a substitute for a regulated substance that is contained 
in a foam.
    (b) [Reserved]

Sec.  84.116  Requirements for disposable cylinders.

    (a) As of January 1, 2025, any person who uses a disposable 
cylinder must send such disposable cylinder to either a reclaimer 
certified under 40 CFR 82.164 or fire suppressant recycler, consistent 
with the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, for its 
remaining contents to be removed, when:
    (1) The disposable cylinder contains a regulated substance;
    (2) The disposable cylinder was used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment; and
    (3) The person does not intend to use the disposable cylinder in 
future servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing 
equipment or fire suppression equipment.
    (b) Disposable cylinders that meet the criteria in paragraphs 
(a)(1), (2), and (3) of this section must be sent to:
    (1) A reclaimer certified under 40 CFR 82.164, if the disposable 
cylinder was used in the servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment, or
    (2) A fire suppressant recycler, if the disposable cylinder was 
used in the servicing, repair, or installation of fire suppression 
equipment.
    (c) As of January 1, 2025, a reclaimer certified under 40 CFR 
82.164 or a fire suppressant recycler who receives a disposable 
cylinder meeting the criteria in paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (3) of 
this section must remove all remaining contents from the disposable 
cylinder prior to disposal.
    (d) Small cans of refrigerant that contain no more than two pounds 
of refrigerant and that qualify for the exemption described in 40 CFR 
82.154(c)(1)(ix) are not required to be sent to a reclaimer certified 
under 40 CFR 82.164 and such small cans are not required to have 
remaining regulated substance removed from them prior to disposal.

Sec.  84.118  Container tracking system.

    (a) Scope and applicability. Machine-readable tracking identifiers 
may only be generated by a person that produces, imports, reclaims, 
recycles for fire suppression use, repackages, or fills into a 
container regulated substances for distribution or sale in U.S. 
commerce that could be used in servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment and that 
reports to EPA consistent with paragraph (d) of this section. All 
containers of regulated substances that enter U.S. commerce and that 
could be used in servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment, with the limited 
exceptions described in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, must have a 
machine-readable tracking identifier affixed to them on the following 
schedule:
    (1) As of January 1, 2025, all containers of regulated substances 
imported and all containers sold or distributed or offered for sale or 
distribution by producers and importers that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or fire suppression equipment must have a machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed on them.
    (2) As of January 1, 2026, all containers of regulated substances 
filled and all containers sold or distributed or offered for sale or 
distribution that could be used in servicing, repair, or installation 
of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment by 
all other repackagers and cylinder fillers in the United States not 
included in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, including reclaimers and 
fire suppressant recyclers, must have a machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed on them.
    (3) As of January 1, 2027, every container of regulated substances 
that could be used in servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment sold or 
distributed, offered for sale or distribution, purchased or received, 
or attempted to be purchased or received must have a machine-readable 
tracking identifier affixed on them.
    (b) Prohibitions. Every kilogram of regulated substances that could 
be used in servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing 
equipment or fire suppression equipment that is sold or distributed, 
offered for sale or distribution, purchased or received, or attempted 
to be purchased or received in violation of this section is a separate 
violation of this subpart. Sale or distribution, offer for sale or 
distribution, purchase or receipt, or attempt to purchase or receive 
less than one kilogram of regulated substances in violation of this 
section is a separate violation of this subpart.
    (1) No person may sell or distribute, or offer for sale or 
distribution, and no person may purchase or receive, or attempt to 
purchase or receive, a container of regulated substance(s) that could 
be used in servicing, repair, or refrigerant-containing equipment or 
fire suppression installation of equipment unless the container has a 
valid machine-readable tracking identifier affixed on it.
    (2) No person may sell or distribute, or offer for sale or 
distribution, regulated substances that could be used in servicing, 
repair, or installation of

[[Page 72308]]

refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment unless 
that person is registered with EPA consistent with paragraph (d) of 
this section.
    (3) No person may purchase or receive, or attempt to purchase or 
receive, regulated substances that could be used in servicing, repair, 
or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment from a person that is not registered with EPA consistent with 
paragraph (d) of this section;
    (4) The following situations are exempt from the prohibitions in 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section:
    (i) The regulated substances were recovered from a motor vehicle 
air conditioner (MVAC) or MVAC-like appliance in accordance with 40 CFR 
part 82, subpart B and are sold or distributed or offered for sale or 
distribution by the same person who recovered the regulated substances 
for use only in MVAC equipment or MVAC-like appliances.
    (ii) The regulated substances were previously used, have been 
recovered from refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment, and are intended for reclamation or fire suppressant 
recycling; and
    (A) The person selling or distributing the regulated substances 
certifies in writing to the person purchasing or receiving the 
regulated substances that they were recovered from refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment and provides the 
date of recovery; and
    (B) The person purchasing or receiving the regulated substances is 
an EPA-certified reclaimer, a registered fire suppressant recycler 
consistent with paragraph (d) of this section, or a registered supplier 
of regulated substances consistent with paragraph (d) of this section.
    (iii) The regulated substances are contained in small cans of 
refrigerant that contain no more than two pounds of refrigerant and 
that qualify for the exemption described in 40 CFR 82.154(c)(1)(ix).
    (iv) The regulated substances are intended solely for uses other 
than in refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression equipment.
    (c) Required practices. The following practices are required, 
unless listed in paragraph (b)(4) of this section:
    (1) Any person producing, importing, reclaiming, recycling for fire 
suppression uses, repackaging, selling or distributing, or offering to 
sell or distribute regulated substances that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing or fire 
suppression equipment must register with EPA consistent with paragraph 
(d) of this section.
    (2) Any person who imports, sells, or distributes, or offers for 
sale or distribution a container of regulated substance or reclaimed 
regulated substance that could be used in servicing, repair, or 
installation of any refrigerant-containing or fire suppression 
equipment, or recycled regulated substances that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of fire suppression equipment, must 
permanently affix a machine-readable tracking identifier to the 
container using the standards defined by EPA prior to the import, sale 
or distribution, or offer for sale or distribution of the container. 
For the purposes of this section, examples of when a container of 
regulated substances, reclaimed regulated substances, or recycled 
regulated substances is imported, sold or distributed, or offered for 
sale or distribution include the date of importation (consistent with 
19 CFR 101.1) and departure from a production, reclamation, fire 
suppressant recycling, repackaging or filling facility.
    (3) At the time of sale or distribution or offer for sale or 
distribution, a person selling or distributing or offering for sale or 
distribution a container of regulated substance that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing or fire 
suppression equipment must ensure there is a valid and legible machine-
readable tracking identifier on each container of regulated substance, 
scan the machine-readable tracking identifier to identify a 
transaction, identify the person receiving the regulated substance, and 
indicate whether the person receiving the regulated substance is a 
supplier or final customer.
    (4) At the time of sale or distribution, a person taking ownership 
of a container of regulated substance that is a registered supplier 
must ensure there is a valid and legible machine-readable tracking 
identifier on each container of regulated substance and scan the 
machine-readable tracking identifier in the tracking system to identify 
a transaction.
    (d) Recordkeeping and reporting.
    (1) Importers. Any person importing a container of regulated 
substance that could be used in servicing, repair, or installation of 
refrigerant-containing or fire suppression equipment must enter the 
following information in the tracking system to generate a machine-
readable tracking identifier for each container of regulated substance 
imported: the name or brand the regulated substance is being sold and/
or marketed under, the date it was imported, the unique serial number 
associated with the container, the size of the container, the amount 
and name of the regulated substance(s) in the container, the name, 
address, contact person, email address, and phone number of the 
responsible party at the facility where the container of regulated 
substance(s) was filled, the entry number and entry line number 
associated with the import, and certification that the contents of the 
container match the substance(s) identified on the label.
    (2) Reclaimers. Any person filling a container with a reclaimed 
regulated substance that could be used in servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment must enter the 
following information in the tracking system to generate a machine 
readable-tracking identifier for each container of regulated substance 
sold or distributed or offered for sale or distribution: the name or 
brand the regulated substance is being sold and/or marketed under, when 
the regulated substance was reclaimed and by whom, the date the 
reclaimed regulated substance was put into a container, the unique 
serial number associated with the container, the size of the container, 
the amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the container, 
certification that the contents of the container match the substance(s) 
identified on the label, and certification that the purity of the batch 
was confirmed to meet the specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 
82, subpart F. If a container is filled with reclaimed and virgin 
regulated substance(s), the reclaimer must provide the amount of virgin 
regulated substance included in the container and that the contents of 
the container are certified per Sec.  84.112(d).
    (3) Fire suppressant recyclers. Any person filling a container with 
a recycled regulated substance that could be used in servicing, repair, 
or installation of fire suppression equipment must enter the following 
information in the tracking system to generate a machine-readable 
tracking identifier for each container of regulated substance sold or 
distributed or offered for sale or distribution: the name or brand the 
regulated substance is being sold and/or marketed under, the date the 
container was filled and by whom, the unique serial number associated 
with the container, the size of the container, certification that the 
contents of the container match the substance(s) identified on the 
label, and the amount and name of the regulated substance(s) in the 
container. If a container is filled

[[Page 72309]]

with recycled and virgin regulated substance(s), the recycler must 
provide the amount of virgin regulated substance included in the 
container.
    (4) Producers and repackagers. Anyone who is filling a container, 
whether for the first time after production or when transferring 
regulated substances from one container to one or more smaller or 
larger containers, must enter information in the tracking system and 
generate a machine-readable tracking identifier for the container(s) of 
packaged regulated substances that could be used in servicing, repair, 
or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment that are sold or distributed or offered for sale or 
distribution: the name or brand the regulated substance is being sold 
and/or marketed under, the date the container was filled and by whom, 
the unique serial number associated with the container, the amount and 
name of the regulated substance(s) in the container, the quantity of 
containers it was packaged in, the size of the containers, 
certification that the contents of the container match the substance(s) 
identified on the label, and the name, address, contact person, email 
address, and phone number of the responsible party at the facility 
where the container(s) were filled.
    (5) Machine-readable tracking identifier generators registration. 
Any person who produces, imports, reclaims, recycles for fire 
suppression uses, repackages or fills a container of regulated 
substances or reclaimed regulated substances that could be used in 
servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-containing equipment 
or recycled regulated substances that could be used in the servicing, 
repair, or installation of fire suppression equipment must register 
with EPA in the tracking system no later than the first time they would 
be required to generate a machine-readable tracking identifier. The 
registration information provided must contain the name and address of 
the company, contact information for the owner of the company, the 
date(s) of and State(s) in which the company is incorporated and State 
license identifier(s), the address of each facility that sells or 
distributes or offers for sale or distribution regulated substances, 
and how the company introduces regulated substances into U.S. commerce. 
If any of the registration information changes, these reports must be 
updated and resubmitted within 60 days of the change.
    (6) Supplier registration. Any person who sells, distributes, or 
offers for sale or distribution, regulated substances that could be 
used in the servicing, repair, or installation of refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment must register with 
EPA in the tracking system no later than first time the person would be 
required to update tracking information in the system. The registration 
information provided must contain the name and address of the company, 
contact information for the owner of the company, the date(s) of and 
State(s) in which the company is incorporated and State license 
identifier(s), and the address of each facility that sells or 
distributes regulated substances. If any of the registration 
information changes, these reports must be updated and resubmitted 
within 60 days of the change.

Sec.  84.120  Container tracking of used cylinders.

    (a) Scope and applicability. Cylinders that contain regulated 
substances and that have been used in the servicing, repair, or 
installation of refrigerant-containing equipment or fire suppression 
equipment and that have a machine-readable tracking identifier affixed 
on them are subject to the following tracking requirements, as 
applicable, as of January 1, 2026:
    (1) Any person receiving a cylinder subject to requirements under 
paragraph (a) of this section must be registered in the tracking system 
no later than the first time they would be required to update 
information in the tracking system.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (b) Disposable cylinders. (1) Reclaimers and fire suppressant 
recyclers.
    (i) Upon receipt of a disposable cylinder meeting the applicability 
criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, reclaimers certified under 
40 CFR 82.164 and fire suppressant recyclers must scan the machine-
readable tracking identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the 
following information in the tracking system: the date the disposable 
cylinder was received and the name, address, contact person, email 
address, and phone number of the person who sent the disposable 
cylinder.
    (ii) Upon removal of any remaining regulated substance from the 
disposable cylinder meeting the applicability criteria in paragraph (a) 
of this section, reclaimers certified under 40 CFR 82.164 and fire 
suppressant recyclers must scan the machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the following information 
in the tracking system: the date that the regulated substances were 
removed from the disposable cylinder; certification that all regulated 
substances were removed; and the amount and name of the removed 
regulated substance(s).
    (2) Suppliers. (i) Upon receipt of a disposable cylinder meeting 
the applicability criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, 
distributors and wholesalers must scan the machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the following information 
in the tracking system: the date the disposable cylinder was received 
and the name, address, contact person, email address, and phone number 
of the person who sent the disposable cylinder.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (c) Refillable cylinders. (1) Exemptions.
    (i) Refillable cylinders that contain only regulated substances 
that were previously used and have been recovered refrigerant-
containing equipment or fire suppression equipment and are intended for 
reclamation or fire suppressant recycling are exempt from the 
requirements under this section.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (2) Reclaimers and fire suppressant recyclers.
    (i) Upon receipt of a refillable cylinder meeting the applicability 
criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, reclaimers certified under 
40 CFR 82.164 and fire suppressant recyclers must scan the machine-
readable tracking identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the 
following information in the tracking system: the date the refillable 
cylinder was received and the name, address, contact person, email 
address, and phone number of the person who sent the refillable 
cylinder.
    (ii) Upon removal of any remaining regulated substance from the 
refillable cylinder meeting the applicability criteria in paragraph (a) 
of this section, reclaimers certified under 40 CFR 82.164 and fire 
suppressant recyclers must scan the machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the following information 
in the tracking system: the date the remaining regulated substance was 
removed from the refillable cylinder, certification that all remaining 
regulated substances were removed, and the amount and name of the 
removed regulated substance.
    (3) Suppliers. (i) Upon receipt of a refillable cylinder meeting 
the applicability criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, 
distributors and wholesalers must scan the machine-readable tracking 
identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the following

[[Page 72310]]

information in the tracking system: the date the refillable cylinder 
was received and the name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the refillable cylinder.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (4) Any person, other than those meeting the requirements per 
paragraphs (c)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section, who refills a refillable 
cylinder with regulated substances or a blend containing regulated 
substances, is subject to the following requirements:
    (i) Upon receipt of a refillable cylinder meeting the applicability 
criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, any person as described per 
paragraph (c)(4) of this section must scan the machine-readable 
tracking identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the following 
information in the tracking system: the date the refillable cylinder 
was received and the name, address, contact person, email address, and 
phone number of the person who sent the refillable cylinder.
    (ii) Upon removal of any remaining regulated substance from the 
refillable cylinder meeting the applicability criteria in paragraph (a) 
of this section, any person as described per paragraph (c)(4) of this 
section must scan the machine-readable tracking identifier affixed to 
the cylinder and update the following information in the tracking 
system: the date the remaining regulated substances were removed from 
the refillable cylinder; and the amount and name of the removed 
regulated substance(s).
    (iii) Upon refilling a refillable cylinder, without removing the 
remaining amount of regulated substances, meeting the applicability 
criteria in paragraph (a) of this section with additional regulated 
substance or a blend containing a regulated substance, any person as 
described per paragraph (c)(4) of this section must scan the machine-
readable tracking identifier affixed to the cylinder and update the 
following information in the tracking system: the date the refillable 
cylinder is refilled; and the amount and the name of the regulated 
substance(s) that remained in the refillable cylinder before it was 
refilled.
    (d) Small cans of refrigerant that contain no more than two pounds 
of regulated substances and that qualify for the exemption at 40 CFR 
82.154(c)(1)(ix) are exempt from the tracking requirements under this 
section.

Sec.  84.122  Treatment of data submitted under 40 CFR part 84, subpart 
C.

    (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, 40 CFR 2.201 
through 2.215 and 2.301 do not apply to data submitted under this 
subpart that EPA has determined through rulemaking to be either of the 
following:
    (1) Emission data, as defined in 40 CFR 2.301(a)(2), determined in 
accordance with section 114(c) and 307(d) of the Clean Air Act; or
    (2) Data not otherwise entitled to confidential treatment.
    (b) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (d) of this section, 
40 CFR 2.201 through 2.208 and 2.301(c) and (d) do not apply to data 
submitted under this subpart that EPA has determined through rulemaking 
to be entitled to confidential treatment. EPA shall treat that 
information as confidential in accordance with the provisions of 40 CFR 
2.211, subject to paragraph (d) of this section and 40 CFR 2.209.
    (c) Upon receiving a request under 5 U.S.C. 552 for data submitted 
under this subpart that EPA has determined through rulemaking to be 
entitled to confidential treatment, the relevant Agency official shall 
furnish the requestor a notice that the information has been determined 
to be entitled to confidential treatment and that the request is 
therefore denied. The notice shall include or cite to the appropriate 
EPA determination.
    (d) A determination made through rulemaking that information 
submitted under this subpart is entitled to confidential treatment 
shall continue in effect unless, subsequent to the confidentiality 
determination through rulemaking, EPA takes one of the following 
actions:
    (1) EPA determines through a subsequent rulemaking that the 
information is emission data or data not otherwise entitled to 
confidential treatment; or
    (2) The Office of General Counsel issues a final determination, 
based on the requirements of 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4), stating that the 
information is no longer entitled to confidential treatment because of 
change in the applicable law or newly discovered or changed facts. 
Prior to making such final determination, EPA shall afford the business 
an opportunity to submit comments on pertinent issues in the manner 
described by 40 CFR 2.204(e) and 2.205(b). If, after consideration of 
any timely comments submitted by the business, the Office of General 
Counsel makes a revised final determination that the information is not 
entitled to confidential treatment, the relevant agency official will 
notify the business in accordance with the procedures described in 40 
CFR 2.205(f)(2).

Sec.  84.124  Relationship to other laws.

    Section (k) of the AIM Act states that sections 113, 114, 304, and 
307 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7413, 7414, 7604, 7607) shall apply 
to this section and any rule, rulemaking, or regulation promulgated by 
the Administrator pursuant to this section as though this section were 
expressly included in title VI of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7671 et seq.). 
Violation of this part is subject to Federal enforcement and the 
penalties laid out in section 113 of the Clean Air Act.

PART 261--IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

0
3. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921, 6922, 6924(y) and 
6938.

Subpart A--General

0
4. In Sec.  261.6, revise paragraph (a)(2) and add paragraph (a)(2)(v) 
to read as follows:

Sec.  261.6  Requirements for recyclable materials.

    (a) * * *
    (2) The following recyclable materials are not subject to the 
requirements of this section but are regulated under subparts C through 
Q of part 266 of this chapter and all applicable provisions in parts 
268, 270, and 124 of this chapter.
* * * * *
    (v) Ignitable spent refrigerants recycled for reuse (40 CFR part 
266, subpart Q).
* * * * *

Subpart M--Emergency Preparedness and Response for Management of 
Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials

0
5. In Sec.  261.400, revise the introductory text and add paragraph (c) 
to read as follows:

Sec.  261.400  Applicability.

    The requirements of this subpart apply to those areas of an entity 
managing hazardous secondary materials excluded under Sec.  
261.4(a)(23), (a)(24), and/or, for ignitable spent refrigerants, 
regulated under the alternative standards at Sec.  266 subpart Q, where 
hazardous secondary materials are generated or accumulated on site.
* * * * *
    (c) Reclamation facilities receiving refrigerant from off-site to 
be recycled for reuse under Sec.  266 subpart Q must comply with 
Sec. Sec.  261.410 and 261.420.

[[Page 72311]]

PART 262--STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

0
6. The authority citation for part 262 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6906, 6912, 6922-6925, 6937, 6938 and 
6939g.

Subpart A--General

0
7. In Sec.  262.14, revise paragraph (a)(5)(vi) to read as follows:

Sec.  262.14  Conditions for exemption for a very small quantity 
generator.

    (a) * * *
    (5) * * *
    (vi) A facility which:
    (A) Beneficially uses or reuses, or legitimately recycles or 
reclaims its waste; or
    (B) Treats its waste prior to beneficial use or reuse, or 
legitimate recycling or reclamation; and
    (C) For ignitable spent refrigerants regulated under part 266 
subpart Q, meets the requirements of that subpart; or
* * * * *

PART 266--STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS WASTES 
AND SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

0
8. The authority citation for part 266 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 1006, 2002(a), 3001-3009, 3014, 3017, 
6905, 6906, 6912, 6921, 6922, 6924-6927, 6934, and 6937.

0
9. Add to part 266, subpart Q consisting of Sec. Sec.  266.600 through 
266.602 to read as follows:

Subpart Q--Ignitable Spent Refrigerants Recycled for Reuse

Sec.
266.600 Purpose and applicability.
266.601 Definitions for this subpart.
266.602 Standards for facilities that recycle ignitable spent 
refrigerant for reuse under this subpart.

Sec.  266.600  Purpose and applicability.

    (a) The purpose of this subpart is to reduce emissions of ignitable 
spent refrigerants to the lowest achievable level by maximizing the 
recovery and safe recycling for reuse of such refrigerants during the 
maintenance, service, repair, and disposal of appliances.
    (b) The requirements of this subpart operate in lieu of parts 262 
through 270 and apply to lower flammability spent refrigerants, as 
defined in Sec.  266.601, where the refrigerant exhibits the hazardous 
waste characteristic of ignitability per Sec.  261.21 and is being 
recycled for reuse in the U.S.
    (c) These requirements do not apply to other ignitable spent 
refrigerants. Ignitable spent refrigerants not subject to this subpart 
are subject to all applicable requirements of parts 262 through 270 
when recovered (i.e., removed from an appliance and stored in an 
external container) and/or disposed of.

Sec.  266.601  Definitions for this subpart.

    For the purposes of this subpart, the following terms have the 
meanings given below:
    (a) Refrigerant has the same meaning as defined in 40 CFR 82.152.
    (b) Recycle for reuse, when referring to an ignitable spent 
refrigerant, means to process the refrigerant to remove contamination 
and prepare it to be used again. ``Recycle for reuse'' does not include 
recycling that involves burning for energy recovery or use in a manner 
constituting disposal as defined in Sec.  261.2(c), or sham recycling 
as defined in Sec.  261.2(g).
    (c) Lower flammability spent refrigerant means a spent refrigerant 
that does not have a flammability classification of 3 (highly 
flammable) under the most recent edition of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 
Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.

Sec.  266.602  Standards for facilities that recycle ignitable spent 
refrigerant for reuse under this subpart.

    (a) Persons who recycle ignitable spent refrigerants for reuse 
either on-site for further use in equipment of the same owner, or in 
compliance with motor vehicle air conditioner (MVAC) standards in 40 
CFR part 82, subpart B must:
    (1) Recover (i.e., remove from an appliance and store in an 
external container) and/or recycle for reuse the ignitable spent 
refrigerant using equipment that is certified for that type of 
refrigerant and appliance under Sec.  82.36 and 82.158; and
    (2) Not speculatively accumulate the ignitable spent refrigerant 
per Sec.  261.1(c).
    (b) Persons receiving refrigerant from off-site to be recycled for 
reuse under this subpart must:
    (1) Maintain certification by EPA under Sec.  82.164,
    (2) Meet the emergency preparedness and response requirements of 40 
CFR part 261, subpart M; and
    (3) Not speculatively accumulate the ignitable spent refrigerant 
per Sec.  261.1(c).

PART 270--EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE HAZARDOUS WASTE 
PERMIT PROGRAM

0
10. The authority citation for part 270 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912, 6924, 6925, 6927, 6939, and 
6974.

Subpart A--General Information

0
11. In Sec.  270.1, add paragraph (c)(2)(xi) to read as follows:

Sec.  270.1  Purpose and scope of the regulations in this part.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (xi) Recyclers of ignitable spent refrigerants subject to 
regulation under 40 CFR part 266, subpart Q.
* * * * *

PART 271--REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION OF STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE 
PROGRAMS

0
12. The authority citation for part 271 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6926, and 6939g.

Subpart A--Requirements for Final Authorization

0
13. Amend Sec.  271.1 by:
0
a. In table 1 in paragraph (j)(2) adding the entry ``[Date of 
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register]'' in 
chronological order.
0
b. In table 2 in paragraph (j)(2) adding the entry ``[Date of 
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register]'' in 
chronological order.
    The additions read as follows:

Sec.  271.1  Purpose and scope.

* * * * *
    (j) * * *
    (2) * * *

[[Page 72312]]

               Table 1--Regulations Implementing the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Federal Register
          Promulgation date              Title of regulation           reference              Effective date
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
[Date of publication of the final      Standards for the        [Federal Register        [Date of publication of
 rule in the Federal Register].         Management of            citation of the final    the final rule in the
                                        Ignitable Spent          rule].                   Federal Register].
                                        Refrigerants Recycled
                                        for Reuse.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These regulations implement HSWA only to the extent that they apply to tank systems owned or operated by
  small quantity generators, establish leak detection requirements for all new underground tank systems, and
  establish permitting standards for underground tank systems that cannot be entered for inspection.
\2\ These regulations, including test methods for benzo(k)fluoranthene and technical standards for drip pads,
  implement HSWA only to the extent that they apply to the listing of Hazardous Waste No. F032, and wastes that
  are hazardous because they exhibit the Toxicity Characteristic. These regulations, including test methods for
  benzo(k)fluoranthene and technical standards for drip pads, do not implement HSWA to the extent that they
  apply to the listings of Hazardous Waste Nos. F034 and F035.
\3\ The following portions of this rule are not HSWA regulations: Sec.  Sec.   264.19 and 265.19 for final
  covers.
\4\ The following portions of this rule are not HSWA regulations: Sec.  Sec.   260.30, 260.31, 261.2.
\5\ These regulations implement HSWA only to the extent that they apply to the standards for staging piles and
  to Sec.  Sec.   264.1(j) and 264.101(d) of this chapter.

            Table 2--Self-Implementing Provisions of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Self-implementing                                  Federal Register
            Effective date                    provision              RCRA citation              reference
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
[Date of publication of the final      Standards for the        3001(d)(4), 3004(n)....  [Federal Register
 rule in the Federal Register].         Management of                                     citation of the final
                                        Ignitable Spent                                   rule].
                                        Refrigerants Recycled
                                        for Reuse.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note that the effective date was changed to Jan. 29, 1986 by the Nov. 29, 1985 rule.
\2\ Note that the effective date was changed to Sept. 22, 1986 by the Mar. 24, 1986 rule.

[FR Doc. 2023-22526 Filed 10-18-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P