Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678-0001
Agency: epa
Document Type: Proposed Rule
Title: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface Coating of Wood Building Products Residual Risk and Technology Review
Posted Date: 2018-05-16T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 95 (Wednesday, May 16, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 22754-22794]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-09080]

[[Page 22753]]

Vol. 83

Wednesday,

No. 95

May 16, 2018

Part II

Environmental Protection Agency

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40 CFR Part 63

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products Residual Risk and Technology Review; 
Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 83 , No. 95 / Wednesday, May 16, 2018 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 22754]]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 63

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678; FRL-9977-32-OAR]
RIN 2060-AT71

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products Residual Risk and Technology Review

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing 
amendments to the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants (NESHAP) for Surface Coating of Wood Building Products to 
address the results of the residual risk and technology review (RTR) 
that the EPA is required to conduct under the Clean Air Act (CAA). We 
found risks due to emissions of air toxics to be acceptable from this 
source category and determined that the current NESHAP provides an 
ample margin of safety to protect public health. We identified no new 
cost-effective controls under the technology review to achieve further 
emissions reductions. The EPA is proposing: To add an alternative 
compliance demonstration equation; to amend provisions addressing 
periods of startup, shutdown and malfunction (SSM); to amend provisions 
regarding electronic reporting; and to make technical and editorial 
changes. The EPA is proposing these amendments to improve the 
effectiveness of the NESHAP. This action also proposes a new EPA test 
method to measure isocyanate compounds in certain surface coatings.

DATES: Comments. Comments must be received on or before June 15, 2018 
unless a public hearing is requested by May 21, 2018. If a public 
hearing is requested, comments must be received on or before July 2, 
2018. Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), comments on the 
information collection provisions are best assured of consideration if 
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your 
comments on or before June 15, 2018.
    Public Hearing. If a public hearing is requested by May 21, 2018, 
then we will hold a public hearing on May 31, 2018 at the location 
described in the ADDRESSES section. The last day to pre-register in 
advance to speak at the public hearing will be May 29, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Comments. Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678, at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. Regulations.gov is our 
preferred method of receiving comments. However, other submission 
formats are accepted. To ship or send mail via the United States Postal 
Service, use the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, EPA Docket Center, Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678, Mail 
Code 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460. Use the 
following Docket Center address if you are using express mail, 
commercial delivery, hand delivery or courier: EPA Docket Center, EPA 
WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, 
DC 20004. Delivery verification signatures will be available only 
during regular business hours.
    Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Send or deliver information 
identified as CBI only to the following address: OAQPS Document Control 
Officer (C404-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 
Attention EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678. Clearly mark the part or all of the 
information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or 
CD-ROM that you mail to the EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD-ROM 
as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD-ROM the 
specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one 
complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as 
CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information 
claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. 
Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with 
procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.
    For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
    The EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA 
will generally not consider comments or comment contents located 
outside of the primary submission (i.e., on the Web, cloud, or other 
file sharing system).
    Public Hearing. If a public hearing is requested, it will be held 
at the EPA's Washington DC Campus located at 1201 Constitution Avenue, 
NW, Washington, DC. If a public hearing is requested, then we will 
provide details about the public hearing on our website at: https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/surface-coating-wood-building-products-national-emission-standard-1. The EPA does not intend 
to publish another document in the Federal Register announcing any 
updates on the request for a public hearing. Please contact Ms. Aimee 
St. Clair at (919) 541-1063 or by email at [email protected] to 
request a public hearing, to register to speak at the public hearing, 
or to inquire as to whether a public hearing will be held.
    The EPA will make every effort to accommodate all speakers who 
arrive and register. If a hearing is held at a U.S. government 
facility, individuals planning to attend should be prepared to show a 
current, valid state- or federal-approved picture identification to the 
security staff in order to gain access to the meeting room. An expired 
form of identification will not be permitted. Please note that the Real 
ID Act, passed by Congress in 2005, established new requirements for 
entering federal facilities. If your driver's license is issued by a 
noncompliant state, you must present an additional form of 
identification to enter a federal facility. Acceptable alternative 
forms of identification include: Federal employee badge, passports, 
enhanced driver's licenses, and military identification cards. 
Additional information on the Real ID Act is available at https://www.dhs.gov/real-id-frequently-asked-questions. In addition, you will 
need to obtain a property pass for any personal belongings you bring 
with you. Upon leaving the building, you will be required to return 
this property pass to the security desk. No large signs will be allowed 
in the building, cameras may only be used outside of the building, and 
demonstrations will not be allowed on federal property for security 
reasons.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this proposed 
action, contact Mr. John Bradfield, Sector Policies and Programs 
Division (E143-03), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711; telephone

[[Page 22755]]

number: (919) 541-3062; fax number: (919) 541-0516; and email address: 
[email protected]. For specific information regarding the risk 
modeling methodology, contact Mr. James Hirtz, Health and Environmental 
Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and 
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle 
Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-0881; fax 
number: (919) 541-0840; and email address: [email protected]. For 
information about the applicability of the NESHAP to a particular 
entity, contact Mr. John Cox, Office of Enforcement and Compliance 
Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA WJC South Building 
(Mail Code 2221A), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460; 
telephone number: (202) 564-1395; and email address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    Docket. The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678. All documents in the docket are 
listed in the Regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some 
information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket 
materials are available either electronically in Regulations.gov or in 
hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, Room 3334, EPA WJC West Building, 
1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is 
open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding 
legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is 
(202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the EPA Docket Center is 
(202) 566-1742.
    Instructions. Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0678. The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be 
included in the public docket without change and may be made available 
online at http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal 
information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed 
to be CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by 
statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or 
otherwise protected through http://www.regulations.gov or email. The 
http://www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' system, 
which means the EPA will not know your identity or contact information 
unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an email 
comment directly to the EPA without going through http://www.regulations.gov, your email address will be automatically captured 
and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket 
and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic 
comment, the EPA recommends that you include your name and other 
contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or 
CD-ROM you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment due to technical 
difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, the EPA may not 
be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should not include 
special characters or any form of encryption and be free of any defects 
or viruses. For additional information about the EPA's public docket, 
visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
    Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations. We use multiple acronyms and 
terms in this preamble. While this list may not be exhaustive, to ease 
the reading of this preamble and for reference purposes, the EPA 
defines the following terms and acronyms here:

AEGL acute exposure guideline level
AERMOD air dispersion model used by the HEM-3 model
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BACT best available control technology
CAA Clean Air Act
CalEPA California EPA
CAP criteria air pollutant
CBI Confidential Business Information
CDX Central Data Exchange
CEDRI Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHIEF Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors
CO catalytic oxidizers
ECHO Enforcement and Compliance History Online
EJ environmental justice
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guideline
ERT Electronic Reporting Tool
GACT generally available control technology
HAP hazardous air pollutant(s)
HCl hydrochloric acid
HDI hex methylene 1,6 diisocyanate
HEM-3 Human Exposure Model, Version 1.1.0
HF hydrogen fluoride
HI hazard index
HQ hazard quotient
IBR incorporation by reference
ICR information collection request
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
km kilometer
LAER lowest achievable emission rate
m\3\ cubic meter
MACT maximum achievable control technology
MDI methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
MI methyl isocyanate
MIR maximum individual risk
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NEI National Emissions Inventory
NESHAP national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
No. Number
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PB-HAP hazardous air pollutants known to be persistent and bio-
accumulative in the environment
PDF portable document format
PRA Paperwork Reduction Act
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
RACT reasonably available control technology
RBLC RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse
REL reference exposure level
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RfC reference concentration
RfD reference dose
RTR residual risk and technology review
SAB Science Advisory Board
SSM startup, shutdown, and malfunction
TDI 2,4 toluene diisocyanate
TO thermal oxidizers
TOSHI target organ-specific hazard index
tpy tons per year
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
UF uncertainty factor
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
URE unit risk estimate
U.S. United States
U.S.C. United States Code
VCS voluntary consensus standards
VOC volatile organic compounds
VOHAP volatile organic hazardous air pollutants
WebFIRE Web Factor Information Retrieval System
XML extensible markup language

    Organization of this Document. The information in this preamble is 
organized as follows:

I. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?
    C. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?
II. Background
    A. What is the statutory authority for this action?
    B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?
    C. What data collection activities were conducted to support 
this action?

[[Page 22756]]

    D. What other relevant background information and data are 
available?
III. Analytical Procedures
    A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?
    B. How do we perform the technology review?
    C. How did we estimate post-MACT risks posed by the source 
category?
IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions
    A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses?
    B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, 
ample margin of safety, and adverse environmental effects?
    C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our 
technology review?
    D. What other actions are we proposing?
    E. What compliance dates are we proposing?
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts
    A. What are the affected sources?
    B. What are the air quality impacts?
    C. What are the cost impacts?
    D. What are the economic impacts?
    E. What are the benefits?
VI. Request for Comments
VII. Submitting Data Corrections
VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
    B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with 
Indian Tribal Governments
    H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 
1 CFR part 51
    K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations

I. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    Table 1 of this preamble lists the NESHAP and associated regulated 
industrial source category that is the subject of this proposal. Table 
1 is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for 
readers regarding the entities that this proposed action is likely to 
affect. The proposed standards, once promulgated, will be directly 
applicable to the affected sources. Federal, state, local and tribal 
government entities would not be affected by this proposed action. As 
defined in the Initial List of Categories of Sources Under Section 
112(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (see 57 FR 31576, 
July 16, 1992), the ``Surface Coating of Wood Building Products'' 
source category is any facility engaged in the surface coating of wood 
building products. Wood building products are defined as any product 
that contains more than 50 percent by weight wood or wood fiber, 
excluding the weight of glass components, and is used in the 
construction, either interior or exterior, of a residential, 
commercial, or institutional building. This NESHAP, 40 Code of Federal 
regulations (CFR) part 63, subpart QQQQ, regulates all operations 
associated with the surface coating of wood building products, which 
includes preparation of the coating for application (e.g., mixing with 
thinners); surface preparation of the wood building products; coating 
application, curing, and drying equipment; equipment cleaning; and 
storage, transfer, and handling of coatings, thinners, cleaning 
materials, and waste materials.

    Table 1--NESHAP and Industrial Source Categories Affected by This
                             Proposed Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Source category                NESHAP          NAICS code \1\
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Wood Building Products..........  Surface Coating of  321211, 321212,
                                   Wood Building       321218, 321219,
                                   Products.           321911, 321999.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ North American Industry Classification System.

B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?

    In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of 
this action is available on the Internet. Following signature by the 
EPA Administrator, the EPA will post a copy of this proposed action at: 
https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/surface-coating-wood-building-products-national-emission-standard-1. Following 
publication in the Federal Register, the EPA will post the Federal 
Register version of the proposal and key technical documents at this 
same website. Information on the overall RTR program is available at 
http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
    A redline version of the regulatory language that incorporates the 
proposed changes in this action is available in the docket for this 
action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678).

C. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?

    Submitting CBI. Do not submit information containing CBI to the EPA 
through http://www.regulations.gov or email. Clearly mark the part or 
all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information on 
a disk or CD-ROM that you mail to the EPA, mark the outside of the disk 
or CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or 
CD-ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to 
one complete version of the comments that includes information claimed 
as CBI, you must submit a copy of the comments that does not contain 
the information claimed as CBI for inclusion in the public docket. If 
you submit a CD-ROM or disk that does not contain CBI, mark the outside 
of the disk or CD-ROM clearly that it does not contain CBI. Information 
not marked as CBI will be included in the public docket and the EPA's 
electronic public docket without prior notice. Information marked as 
CBI will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set 
forth in 40 CFR part 2. Send or deliver information identified as CBI 
only to the following address: OAQPS Document Control Officer (C404-
02), OAQPS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle 
Park, North Carolina 27711, Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-
0678.

II. Background

 A. What is the statutory authority for this action?

    The statutory authority for this action is provided by sections 112 
and 301 of the CAA, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.). Section 112 of 
the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process to develop standards 
for emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from stationary 
sources. Generally, the first stage involves establishing technology-
based standards

[[Page 22757]]

and the second stage involves evaluating those standards that are based 
on maximum achievable control technology (MACT) to determine whether 
additional standards are needed to further address any remaining risk 
associated with HAP emissions. This second stage is commonly referred 
to as the ``residual risk review.'' In addition to the residual risk 
review, the CAA also requires the EPA to review standards set under CAA 
section 112 every 8 years to determine if there are ``developments in 
practices, processes, or control technologies'' that may be appropriate 
to incorporate into the standards. This review is commonly referred to 
as the ``technology review.'' When the two reviews are combined into a 
single rulemaking, it is commonly referred to as the ``risk and 
technology review.'' The discussion that follows identifies the most 
relevant statutory sections and briefly explains the contours of the 
methodology used to implement these statutory requirements. A more 
comprehensive discussion appears in the document titled CAA Section 112 
Risk and Technology Reviews: Statutory Authority and Methodology in the 
docket for this rulemaking.
    In the first stage of the CAA section 112 standard setting process, 
the EPA promulgates technology-based standards under CAA section 112(d) 
for categories of sources identified as emitting one or more of the HAP 
listed in CAA section 112(b). Sources of HAP emissions are either major 
sources or area sources, and CAA section 112 establishes different 
requirements for major source standards and area source standards. 
``Major sources'' are those that emit or have the potential to emit 10 
tons per year (tpy) or more of a single HAP or 25 tpy or more of any 
combination of HAP. All other sources are ``area sources.'' For major 
sources, CAA section 112(d) provides that the technology-based NESHAP 
must reflect the maximum degree of emission reductions of HAP 
achievable (after considering cost, energy requirements, and non-air 
quality health and environmental impacts). These standards are commonly 
referred to as MACT standards. CAA section 112(d)(3) also establishes a 
minimum control level for MACT standards, known as the MACT ``floor.'' 
The EPA must also consider control options that are more stringent than 
the floor. Standards more stringent than the floor are commonly 
referred to as beyond-the-floor standards. In certain instances, as 
provided in CAA section 112(h), the EPA may set work practice standards 
where it is not feasible to prescribe or enforce a numerical emission 
standard. For area sources, CAA section 112(d)(5) gives the EPA 
discretion to set standards based on generally available control 
technologies or management practices (GACT standards) in lieu of MACT 
standards.
    The second stage in standard-setting focuses on identifying and 
addressing any remaining (i.e., ``residual'') risk according to CAA 
section 112(f). Section 112(f)(2) of the CAA requires the EPA to 
determine for source categories subject to MACT standards whether 
promulgation of additional standards is needed to provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent an adverse 
environmental effect. CAA section 112(d)(5) provides that this residual 
risk review is not required for categories of area sources subject to 
GACT standards. Section 112(f)(2)(B) of the CAA further expressly 
preserves the EPA's use of the two-step approach for developing 
standards to address any residual risk and the Agency's interpretation 
of ``ample margin of safety'' developed in the National Emissions 
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Benzene Emissions from Maleic 
Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, Benzene Storage Vessels, 
Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-Product Recovery Plants (Benzene 
NESHAP) (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989). The EPA notified Congress in 
the Risk Report that the Agency intended to use the Benzene NESHAP 
approach in making CAA section 112(f) residual risk determinations 
(EPA-453/R-99-001, p. ES-11). The EPA subsequently adopted this 
approach in its residual risk determinations, and the United States 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (the Court) 
upheld the EPA's interpretation that CAA section 112(f)(2) incorporates 
the approach established in the Benzene NESHAP. See Natural Resources 
Defense Council (NRDC) v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
    The approach incorporated into the CAA and used by the EPA to 
evaluate residual risk and to develop standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2) is a two-step approach. In the first step, the EPA determines 
whether risks are acceptable. This determination ``considers all health 
information, including risk estimation uncertainty, and includes a 
presumptive limit on maximum individual lifetime [cancer] risk (MIR) 
\1\ of approximately [1-in-10 thousand] [i.e., 100-in-1 million].'' 54 
FR 38045, September 14, 1989. If risks are unacceptable, the EPA must 
determine the emissions standards necessary to bring risks to an 
acceptable level without considering costs. In the second step of the 
process, the EPA considers whether the emissions standards provide an 
ample margin of safety ``in consideration of all health information, 
including the number of persons at risk levels higher than 
approximately 1-in-1 million, as well as other relevant factors, 
including costs and economic impacts, technological feasibility, and 
other factors relevant to each particular decision.'' Id. The EPA must 
promulgate emission standards necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health. After conducting the ample margin of 
safety analysis, we consider whether a more stringent standard is 
necessary to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, 
and other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ \\ Although defined as ``maximum individual risk,'' MIR 
refers only to cancer risk. MIR, one metric for assessing cancer 
risk, is the estimated risk if an individual were exposed to the 
maximum level of a pollutant for a lifetime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CAA section 112(d)(6) separately requires the EPA to review 
standards promulgated under CAA section 112 and revise them ``as 
necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes, 
and control technologies)'' no less frequently than every 8 years. In 
conducting this review, which we call the ``technology review,'' the 
EPA is not required to recalculate the MACT floor. NRDC v. EPA, 529 
F.3d 1077, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 2008); Association of Battery Recyclers, 
Inc. v. EPA, 716 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2013). The EPA may consider cost 
in deciding whether to revise the standards pursuant to CAA section 
112(d)(6).

B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?

    The ``Surface Coating of Wood Building Products'' source category 
includes any facility engaged in the surface coating of wood building 
products, which means the application of coatings using, for example, 
roll coaters or curtain coaters in the finishing or laminating of any 
wood building product that contains more than 50 percent by weight wood 
or wood fiber, excluding the weight of any glass components, and is 
used in the construction, either interior or exterior, of a 
residential, commercial, or institutional building. Regulated 
operations include all processes and process units incorporating wood 
building products surface coating operations. The processes include, 
but are not limited to, coating application production lines, emissions 
capture and exhaust ducting systems, cleanup stations, coating 
preparation stations

[[Page 22758]]

(e.g., mixing with thinners), surface preparation of the wood building 
products, curing and drying equipment; and storage, transfer, and 
handling of coatings, thinners, cleaning materials, and waste 
materials. This NESHAP, 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ, regulates surface 
coating of wood building products (referred to in this document as the 
Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP).
    This proposal includes both a residual risk assessment and a 
technology review of the emission sources subject to the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP, which includes numerical 
emission limits for five subcategories of wood building products:
     Exterior siding and primed doorskins;
     Flooring;
     Interior wall paneling or tileboard;
     Other interior panels; and
     Doors, windows, and miscellaneous.

C. What data collection activities were conducted to support this 
action?

    The EPA collected data from several environmental databases that 
included information pertaining to wood building products manufacturing 
facilities with surface coating operations in the United States. The 
primary databases were the Enforcement and Compliance History Online 
(ECHO) database, the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), and the National 
Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 2011 and 2014. Title V operating permits 
were obtained from states that have facilities subject to 40 CFR part 
63, subpart QQQQ. For more details of the title V operating permit 
review, see the memorandum titled Preparation of the Residual Risk 
Modeling Input File for Subpart QQQQ in the docket for this rulemaking 
(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678). No formal information collection 
request was performed.

D. What other relevant background information and data are available?

    In addition to the ECHO, TRI, and NEI databases, the EPA reviewed 
the additional information sources listed below and consulted with 
stakeholders regulated under the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products NESHAP to determine if there have been developments in 
practices, processes, or control technologies by wood building products 
surface coating sources. These include:
     Permit limits and selected compliance options from permits 
collected from state agencies;
     Information on air pollution control options in the wood 
building products surface coating industry from the reasonably 
available control technology (RACT)/best achievable control technology 
(BACT)/lowest achievable emission limits (LAER) Clearinghouse (RBLC);
     Information on the most effective ways to control 
emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and volatile organic HAP 
(VOHAP) from sources in various industries, including the wood building 
products manufacturing industry;
     Product Data Sheets and Material Safety Data Sheets 
submitted with compliance demonstrations; and
     Communication with trade groups and associations 
representing industries in the affected NAICS categories and their 
members.

III. Analytical Procedures

    In this section, we describe the analyses performed to support the 
proposed decisions for the RTR and other issues addressed in this 
proposal.

A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?

    As discussed in section II.A of this preamble and in the Benzene 
NESHAP, in evaluating and developing standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2), we apply a two-step approach to determine whether or not 
risks are acceptable and to determine if the standards provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health. As explained in the Benzene 
NESHAP, ``the first step judgment on acceptability cannot be reduced to 
any single factor'' and, thus, ``[t]he Administrator believes that the 
acceptability of risk under section 112 is best judged on the basis of 
a broad set of health risk measures and information.'' 54 FR 38046, 
September 14, 1989. Similarly, with regard to the ample margin of 
safety determination, ``the Agency again considers all of the health 
risk and other health information considered in the first step. Beyond 
that information, additional factors relating to the appropriate level 
of control will also be considered, including cost and economic impacts 
of controls, technological feasibility, uncertainties, and any other 
relevant factors.'' Id.
    The Benzene NESHAP approach provides flexibility regarding factors 
the EPA may consider in making determinations and how the EPA may weigh 
those factors for each source category. The EPA conducts a risk 
assessment that provides estimates of the MIR posed by the HAP 
emissions from each source in the source category, the hazard index 
(HI) for chronic exposures to HAP with the potential to cause noncancer 
health effects, and the hazard quotient (HQ) for acute exposures to HAP 
with the potential to cause noncancer health effects.\2\ The assessment 
also provides estimates of the distribution of cancer risks within the 
exposed populations, cancer incidence, and an evaluation of the 
potential for adverse environmental effects. The scope of the EPA's 
risk analysis is consistent with the EPA's response to comment on our 
policy under the Benzene NESHAP where the EPA explained that:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The MIR is defined as the cancer risk associated with a 
lifetime of exposure at the highest concentration of HAP where 
people are likely to live. The HQ is the ratio of the potential 
exposure to the HAP to the level at or below which no adverse 
chronic noncancer effects are expected; the HI is the sum of HQs for 
HAP that affect the same target organ or organ system.

    ``[t]he policy chosen by the Administrator permits consideration 
of multiple measures of health risk. Not only can the MIR figure be 
considered, but also incidence, the presence of noncancer health 
effects, and the uncertainties of the risk estimates. In this way, 
the effect on the most exposed individuals can be reviewed as well 
as the impact on the general public. These factors can then be 
weighed in each individual case. This approach complies with the 
Vinyl Chloride mandate that the Administrator ascertain an 
acceptable level of risk to the public by employing his expertise to 
assess available data. It also complies with the Congressional 
intent behind the CAA, which did not exclude the use of any 
particular measure of public health risk from the EPA's 
consideration with respect to CAA section 112 regulations, and 
thereby implicitly permits consideration of any and all measures of 
health risk which the Administrator, in his judgment, believes are 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
appropriate to determining what will `protect the public health'.''

See 54 FR 38057, September 14, 1989. Thus, the level of the MIR is only 
one factor to be weighed in determining acceptability of risks. The 
Benzene NESHAP explained that ``an MIR of approximately one in 10 
thousand should ordinarily be the upper end of the range of 
acceptability. As risks increase above this benchmark, they become 
presumptively less acceptable under CAA section 112, and would be 
weighed with the other health risk measures and information in making 
an overall judgment on acceptability. Or, the Agency may find, in a 
particular case, that a risk that includes MIR less than the 
presumptively acceptable level is unacceptable in the light of other 
health risk factors.'' Id. at 38045. Similarly, with regard to the 
ample margin of safety analysis, the EPA stated in the Benzene NESHAP 
that: ``EPA believes the relative weight of the many

[[Page 22759]]

factors that can be considered in selecting an ample margin of safety 
can only be determined for each specific source category. This occurs 
mainly because technological and economic factors (along with the 
health-related factors) vary from source category to source category.'' 
Id. at 38061. We also consider the uncertainties associated with the 
various risk analyses, as discussed earlier in this preamble, in our 
determinations of acceptability and ample margin of safety.
    The EPA notes that it has not considered certain health information 
to date in making residual risk determinations. At this time, we do not 
attempt to quantify those HAP risks that may be associated with 
emissions from other facilities that do not include the source category 
under review, mobile source emissions, natural source emissions, 
persistent environmental pollution, or atmospheric transformation in 
the vicinity of the sources in the category.
    The EPA understands the potential importance of considering an 
individual's total exposure to HAP in addition to considering exposure 
to HAP emissions from the source category and facility. We recognize 
that such consideration may be particularly important when assessing 
noncancer risks, where pollutant-specific exposure health reference 
levels (e.g., reference concentrations (RfCs)) are based on the 
assumption that thresholds exist for adverse health effects. For 
example, the EPA recognizes that, although exposures attributable to 
emissions from a source category or facility alone may not indicate the 
potential for increased risk of adverse noncancer health effects in a 
population, the exposures resulting from emissions from the facility in 
combination with emissions from all of the other sources (e.g., other 
facilities) to which an individual is exposed may be sufficient to 
result in increased risk of adverse noncancer health effects. In May 
2010, the Science Advisory Board (SAB) advised the EPA ``that RTR 
assessments will be most useful to decision makers and communities if 
results are presented in the broader context of aggregate and 
cumulative risks, including background concentrations and contributions 
from other sources in the area.'' \3\
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    \3\ The EPA's responses to this and all other key 
recommendations of the SAB's advisory on RTR risk assessment 
methodologies (which is available at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/
sabproduct.nsf/4AB3966E263D943A8525771F00668381/$File/EPA-SAB-10-
007-unsigned.pdf) are outlined in a memorandum to this rulemaking 
docket from David Guinnup titled, EPA's Actions in Response to the 
Key Recommendations of the SAB Review of RTR Risk Assessment 
Methodologies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the SAB recommendations, the EPA is incorporating 
cumulative risk analyses into its RTR risk assessments, including those 
reflected in this proposal. The Agency is (1) conducting facility-wide 
assessments, which include source category emission points, as well as 
other emission points within the facilities; (2) combining exposures 
from multiple sources in the same category that could affect the same 
individuals; and (3) for some persistent and bioaccumulative 
pollutants, analyzing the ingestion route of exposure. In addition, the 
RTR risk assessments have always considered aggregate cancer risk from 
all carcinogens and aggregate noncancer HI from all noncarcinogens 
affecting the same target organ system.
    Although we are interested in placing source category and facility-
wide HAP risks in the context of total HAP risks from all sources 
combined in the vicinity of each source, we are concerned about the 
uncertainties of doing so. Because of the contribution to total HAP 
risk from emission sources other than those that we have studied in 
depth during this RTR review, such estimates of total HAP risks would 
have significantly greater associated uncertainties than the source 
category or facility-wide estimates. Such aggregate or cumulative 
assessments would compound those uncertainties, making the assessments 
too unreliable.

B. How do we perform the technology review?

    Our technology review focuses on the identification and evaluation 
of developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
have occurred since the MACT standards were promulgated. Where we 
identify such developments, in order to inform our decision of whether 
it is ``necessary'' to revise the emissions standards, we analyze the 
technical feasibility of applying these developments and the estimated 
costs, energy implications, and non-air environmental impacts, and we 
also consider the emission reductions. In addition, we consider the 
appropriateness of applying controls to new sources versus retrofitting 
existing sources.
    For this exercise, we consider any of the following to be a 
``development'':
     Any add-on control technology or other equipment that was 
not identified and considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any improvements in add-on control technology or other 
equipment (that were identified and considered during development of 
the original MACT standards) that could result in additional emissions 
reduction;
     Any work practice or operational procedure that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any process change or pollution prevention alternative 
that could be broadly applied to the industry and that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards; and
     Any significant changes in the cost (including cost 
effectiveness) of applying controls (including controls the EPA 
considered during the development of the original MACT standards).
    In addition to reviewing the practices, processes, and control 
technologies that were considered at the time we originally developed 
(or last updated) the NESHAP, we review a variety of data sources in 
our investigation of potential practices, processes, or controls to 
consider. Among the sources we reviewed were the NESHAP for various 
industries that were promulgated since the MACT standards being 
reviewed in this action. We reviewed the regulatory requirements and/or 
technical analyses associated with these regulatory actions to identify 
any practices, processes, and control technologies considered in these 
efforts that could be applied to emission sources in the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products source category, as well as the 
costs, non-air impacts, and energy implications associated with the use 
of these technologies. Finally, we reviewed information from other 
sources, such as state and/or local permitting agency databases and 
industry-supported databases.

C. How did we estimate post-MACT risks posed by the source category?

    The EPA conducted a risk assessment that provides estimates of the 
MIR for cancer posed by the HAP emissions from each source in the 
source category, the HI for chronic exposures to HAP with the potential 
to cause noncancer health effects, and the HQ for acute exposures to 
HAP with the potential to cause noncancer health effects. The 
assessment also provides estimates of the distribution of cancer risks 
within the exposed populations, cancer incidence, and an evaluation of 
the potential for adverse environmental effects. The seven sections 
that follow this paragraph describe how we estimated emissions and 
conducted the risk assessment. The docket for this rulemaking contains 
the following document which provides more information on the risk 
assessment

[[Page 22760]]

inputs and models: Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of 
Wood Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule. The methods used to assess 
risks (as described in the seven primary steps below) are consistent 
with those peer-reviewed by a panel of the SAB in 2009 and described in 
their peer review report issued in 2010; \4\ they are also consistent 
with the key recommendations contained in that report.
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    \4\ U.S. EPA SAB. Risk and Technology Review (RTR) Risk 
Assessment Methodologies: For Review by the EPA's Science Advisory 
Board with Case Studies--MACT I Petroleum Refining Sources and 
Portland Cement Manufacturing, May 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. How did we estimate actual emissions and identify the emissions 
release characteristics?
    Data were extracted from the ECHO database to determine which 
facilities were potentially subject to the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products NESHAP to develop a facility list. The ECHO database 
provides integrated compliance and enforcement information for about 
800,000 regulated facilities nationwide and it allows for the search of 
information on permit data, inspection dates and findings, violations, 
and enforcement actions. For more details on ECHO, see https://echo.epa.gov/resources/general-info/learn-more-about-echo. The ECHO 
database identified 135 facilities as potentially subject to the 
Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP. Further review of the 
permits for these facilities found that 64 facilities have surface 
coating of wood building products operations, and 55 of those 
facilities are subject to the requirements of 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
QQQQ. We are interested in your comments on the development of the 
facility list used in our analysis. For more details on the facility 
list development, see the memorandum titled Preparation of the Residual 
Risk Modeling Input File for Subpart QQQQ in the docket for this 
rulemaking (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678).
    As discussed in section II.C of this preamble, we used data from 
facility permits, the 2014 NEI (version 1), and the TRI as the basis 
for the emissions used in the risk assessment for the Surface Coating 
of Wood Building Products source category. The NEI is a database that 
contains information about sources that emit criteria air pollutants 
(CAP), CAP precursors, and HAP. The NEI is released every 3 years based 
primarily on data provided by state, local, and tribal air agencies for 
sources in their jurisdictions and supplemented with data developed by 
the EPA. The NEI database includes estimates of actual annual air 
pollutant emissions from point and fugitive sources and emission 
release characteristic data, such as emission release height, 
temperature, diameter, velocity, and flow rates. The NEI database also 
includes locational latitude/longitude coordinates. For more details on 
the NEI, see https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissions-inventory-nei. The TRI tracks the management of certain toxic 
chemicals that may pose a threat to human health and the environment 
through annual facility reporting of how much of each chemical is 
released into the environment. For more details on the TRI, see https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/learn-about-toxics-release-inventory.
    We began compiling an initial draft residual risk modeling input 
file for use in the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP 
residual risk review in 2016.\5\ We made further updates to the source 
category facility list to account for facilities that recently closed 
or reopened, added new products covered by the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products NESHAP, and/or changed their surface coating 
equipment or application techniques.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ For more information, see the memorandum in the docket 
titled Preparation of Residual Risk Modeling Input File for Subpart 
QQQQ. The memorandum describes the source of the inventory data, 
discusses quality assurance of the 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ 
data, provides actual versus allowable and acute risk multipliers 
for subpart QQQQ sources, and identifies potential outliers and 
suspect data for further review.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimated actual emissions based on the 2014 NEI, 
preferentially, and subsequent site-specific inventory revisions 
provided by states or individual facilities. Where 2014 NEI data were 
not available for a facility, we used data from the 2011 NEI and then 
the 2014 TRI. Using this combination of EPA databases, we collected 
emissions information on the 55 sources in the category. We identified 
nine facilities that reported zero HAP emissions for the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products source category, and they were 
excluded from the risk modeling file. As a result, the risk modeling 
file characterized the impact of emissions from 46 sources.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The total HAP emissions for the source category, which were 
included in the modeling file, are approximately 260 tpy. Based on the 
available data, the HAP emitted in the largest quantities are methanol, 
toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone, glycol ethers, 
vinyl acetate, ethylene glycol, methyl methacrylate, formaldehyde, and 
dimethyl phthalate. Other than lead, persistent and bioaccumulative HAP 
(PB-HAP) were not reported as being emitted from this source category. 
Therefore, the only assessment of multipathway risk was for lead, and 
that assessment compared the ambient air lead concentrations to the 
lead National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Further information 
about the multipathway analysis performed for this category follows in 
section III.C.3.d.
2. How did we estimate MACT-allowable emissions?
    The available emissions data in the RTR emissions dataset include 
estimates of the mass of HAP emitted during a specified annual time 
period. These ``actual'' emission levels are often lower than the 
emission levels allowed under the requirements of the current MACT 
standards. The emissions level allowed to be emitted under the MACT 
standards is referred to as the ``MACT-allowable'' emissions level. We 
discussed the use of both MACT-allowable and actual emissions in the 
final Coke Oven Batteries RTR (70 FR 19998-19999, April 15, 2005) and 
in the proposed and final Hazardous Organic NESHAP RTRs (71 FR 34428, 
June 14, 2006, and 71 FR 76609, December 21, 2006, respectively). In 
those actions, we noted that assessing the risks at the MACT-allowable 
level is inherently reasonable since these risks reflect the maximum 
level facilities could emit and still comply with national emission 
standards. We also explained that it is reasonable to consider actual 
emissions, where such data are available, in both steps of the risk 
analysis, in accordance with the Benzene NESHAP approach. (54 FR 38044, 
September 14, 1989.)
    Actual emissions are often lower than MACT-allowable emissions due 
to compliance margins, more stringent state or local rules, or over-
control due to use of control technologies, equipment, or work 
practices that are significantly better than required to meet the 
NESHAP limits. However, over 90 percent of wood building products 
manufacturers use compliant coatings with low- or no-HAP emissions and 
production rate limits. We assume that coatings in the category are 
engineered to meet the standard with a reasonable compliance margin. 
For those operations, we would expect actual emissions to equal MACT-
allowable emissions, because of the use of the compliant coatings and/
or low-HAP coatings. Additionally, for new sources,

[[Page 22761]]

three of five new source limits in the NESHAP are zero-HAP limits, and, 
as a result, we assumed that the reported actual emissions were equal 
to the MACT-allowable emissions for these sources since the MACT-
allowable emissions are zero. For facilities using an add-on control, 
the operating permits indicate that the coating lines may not operate 
without controls. Therefore, we assumed that MACT-allowable emissions 
were equal to actual emissions. We are requesting comment on the 
assumption that actual and MACT-allowable emissions are the same for 
this source category.
    3. How did we conduct dispersion modeling, determine inhalation 
exposures, and estimate individual and population inhalation risks?
    Both long-term and short-term inhalation exposure concentrations 
and health risks from the source category addressed in this proposal 
were estimated using the Human Exposure Model (HEM-3). The HEM-3 
performs three primary risk assessment activities: (1) Conducting 
dispersion modeling to estimate the concentrations of HAP in ambient 
air, (2) estimating long-term and short-term inhalation exposures to 
individuals residing within 50 kilometers (km) of the modeled sources, 
and (3) estimating individual and population-level inhalation risks 
using the exposure estimates and quantitative dose-response 
information.
a. Dispersion Modeling
    The air dispersion model AERMOD, used by the HEM-3 model, is one of 
the EPA's preferred models for assessing air pollutant concentrations 
from industrial facilities.\7\ To perform the dispersion modeling and 
to develop the preliminary risk estimates, HEM-3 draws on three data 
libraries. The first is a library of meteorological data, which is used 
for dispersion calculations. This library includes 1 year (2016) of 
hourly surface and upper air observations from 824 meteorological 
stations selected to provide coverage of the United States and Puerto 
Rico. A second library of United States Census Bureau census block \8\ 
internal point locations and populations provides the basis of human 
exposure calculations (U.S. Census, 2010). In addition, for each census 
block, the census library includes the elevation and controlling hill 
height, which are also used in dispersion calculations. A third library 
of pollutant-specific dose-response values is used to estimate health 
risks. These dose-response values are the latest values recommended by 
the EPA for HAP. They are available at https://www.epa.gov/fera/dose-response-assessment-assessing-health-risks-associated-exposure-hazardous-air-pollutants and are discussed in more detail later in this 
section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ U.S. EPA. Revision to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: 
Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) 
Dispersion Model and Other Revisions (70 FR 68218, November 9, 
2005).
    \8\ A census block is the smallest geographic area for which 
census statistics are tabulated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Risk From Chronic Exposure to HAP That May Cause Cancer
    In developing the risk assessment for chronic exposures, we used 
the estimated annual average ambient air concentrations of each HAP 
emitted by each source for which we have emissions data in the source 
category. The air concentrations at each nearby census block centroid 
were used as a surrogate for the chronic inhalation exposure 
concentration for all the people who reside in that census block. We 
calculated the MIR for each facility as the cancer risk associated with 
a continuous lifetime (24 hours per day, 7 days per week, 52 weeks per 
year, for a 70-year period) exposure to the maximum concentration at 
the centroid of inhabited census blocks. Individual cancer risks were 
calculated by multiplying the estimated lifetime exposure to the 
ambient concentration of each HAP (in micrograms per cubic meter 
([mu]g/m\3\)) by its unit risk estimate (URE). The URE is an upper 
bound estimate of an individual's probability of contracting cancer 
over a lifetime of exposure to a concentration of 1 microgram of the 
pollutant per cubic meter of air. For residual risk assessments, we 
generally use UREs from the EPA's Integrated Risk Information System 
(IRIS). For carcinogenic pollutants without IRIS values, we look to 
other reputable sources of cancer dose-response values, often using 
California EPA (CalEPA) UREs, where available. In cases where new, 
scientifically credible dose-response values have been developed in a 
manner consistent with the EPA guidelines and have undergone a peer 
review process similar to that used by the EPA, we may use such dose-
response values in place of, or in addition to, other values, if 
appropriate.
    To estimate incremental individual lifetime cancer risks associated 
with emissions from the facilities in the source category, the EPA 
summed the risks for each of the carcinogenic HAP \9\ emitted by the 
modeled sources. Cancer incidence and the distribution of individual 
cancer risks for the population within 50 km of the sources were also 
estimated for the source category by summing individual risks. A 
distance of 50 km is consistent with both the analysis supporting the 
1989 Benzene NESHAP (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989) and the 
limitations of Gaussian dispersion models, including AERMOD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The EPA classifies carcinogens as: carcinogenic to humans, 
likely to be carcinogenic to humans, and suggestive evidence of 
carcinogenic potential. These classifications also coincide with the 
terms ``known carcinogen, probable carcinogen, and possible 
carcinogen,'' respectively, which are the terms advocated in the 
EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, published in 1986 
(51 FR 33992, September 24, 1986). In August 2000, the document, 
Supplemental Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of 
Chemical Mixtures (EPA/630/R-00/002), was published as a supplement 
to the 1986 document. Copies of both documents can be obtained from 
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=20533&CFID=70315376&CFTOKEN=71597944. Summing 
the risks of these individual compounds to obtain the cumulative 
cancer risks is an approach that was recommended by the EPA's SAB in 
their 2002 peer review of the EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment 
(NATA) titled NATA--Evaluating the National-scale Air Toxics 
Assessment 1996 Data--an SAB Advisory, available at http://
yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/
214C6E915BB04E14852570CA007A682C/$File/ecadv02001.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Risk From Chronic Exposure to HAP That May Cause Health Effects 
Other Than Cancer
    To assess the risk of noncancer health effects from chronic 
exposure to HAP, we calculate either an HQ or a target organ-specific 
hazard index (TOSHI). We calculate an HQ when a single noncancer HAP is 
emitted. Where more than one noncancer HAP is emitted, we sum the HQ 
for each of the HAP that affects a common target organ system to obtain 
a TOSHI. The HQ is the estimated exposure divided by the chronic 
noncancer dose-response value, which is a value selected from one of 
several sources. The preferred chronic noncancer dose-response value is 
the EPA RfC (https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=IRIS%20Glossary), defined as ``an estimate 
(with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a 
continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including 
sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk 
of deleterious effects during a lifetime.'' In cases where an RfC from 
the EPA's IRIS database is not available or where the EPA determines 
that using a value other than the RfC is appropriate, the chronic 
noncancer dose-response value can be a value from the following 
prioritized sources, which

[[Page 22762]]

define their dose-response values similarly to the EPA: (1) The Agency 
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Minimum Risk Level 
(http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp); (2) the CalEPA Chronic 
Reference Exposure Level (REL) (http://oehha.ca.gov/air/crnr/notice-adoption-air-toxics-hot-spots-program-guidance-manual-preparation-health-risk-0); or (3), as noted above, a scientifically credible dose-
response value that has been developed in a manner consistent with the 
EPA guidelines and has undergone a peer review process similar to that 
used by the EPA.
d. Risk From Acute Exposure to HAP That May Cause Health Effects Other 
Than Cancer
    For each HAP for which appropriate acute inhalation dose-response 
values are available, the EPA also assesses the potential health risks 
due to acute exposure. For these assessments, in order to avoid under-
estimating effects, the EPA makes conservative assumptions about 
emission rates, meteorology, and exposure location. We use the peak 
hourly emission rate,\10\ worst-case dispersion conditions, and, in 
accordance with our mandate under section 112 of the CAA, the point of 
highest off-site exposure to assess the potential risk to the maximally 
exposed individual.
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    \10\ In the absence of hourly emission data, we develop 
estimates of maximum hourly emission rates by multiplying the 
average actual annual emissions rates by a default factor (usually 
10) to account for variability. This is documented in Residual Risk 
Assessment for Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of 
Wood Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule, September, 2017 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule and in Appendix 5 of the report: 
Analysis of Data on Short-term Emission Rates Relative to Long-term 
Emission Rates. Both are available in the docket for this 
rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To characterize the potential health risks associated with 
estimated acute inhalation exposures to a HAP, we generally use 
multiple acute dose-response values, including acute RELs, acute 
exposure guideline levels (AEGLs), and emergency response planning 
guidelines (ERPG) for 1-hour exposure durations), if available, to 
calculate acute HQs. The acute HQ is calculated by dividing the 
estimated acute exposure by the acute dose-response value. For each HAP 
for which acute dose-response values are available, the EPA calculates 
acute HQs.
    An acute REL is defined as ``the concentration level at or below 
which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified 
exposure duration.'' \11\ Acute RELs are based on the most sensitive, 
relevant, adverse health effect reported in the peer-reviewed medical 
and toxicological literature. They are designed to protect the most 
sensitive individuals in the population through the inclusion of 
margins of safety. Because margins of safety are incorporated to 
address data gaps and uncertainties, exceeding the REL does not 
automatically indicate an adverse health impact. AEGLs represent 
threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to 
emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes to 8 hours.\12\ They are 
guideline levels for ``once-in-a-lifetime, short-term exposures to 
airborne concentrations of acutely toxic, high-priority chemicals.'' 
Id. at 21. The AEGL-1 is specifically defined as ``the airborne 
concentration (expressed as ppm (parts per million) or mg/m\3\ 
(milligrams per cubic meter)) of a substance above which it is 
predicted that the general population, including susceptible 
individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or 
certain asymptomatic nonsensory effects. However, the effects are not 
disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of 
exposure.'' Airborne concentrations below AEGL-1 represent exposure 
levels that can produce mild and progressively increasing but transient 
and nondisabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or certain 
asymptomatic, nonsensory effects.'' Id. AEGL-2 are defined as ``the 
airborne concentration (expressed as parts per million or milligrams 
per cubic meter) of a substance above which it is predicted that the 
general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience 
irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or 
an impaired ability to escape.'' Id.
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    \11\ CalEPA issues acute RELs as part of its Air Toxics Hot 
Spots Program, and the 1-hour and 8-hour values are documented in 
Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part I, The 
Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne 
Toxicants, which is available at http://oehha.ca.gov/air/general-info/oehha-acute-8-hour-and-chronic-reference-exposure-level-rel-summary.
    \12\ National Academy of Sciences, 2001. Standing Operating 
Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Levels for Hazardous 
Chemicals, page 2. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/sop_final_standing_operating_procedures_2001.pdf. Note that the 
National Advisory Committee/AEGL Committee ended in October 2011, 
but the AEGL program continues to operate at the EPA and works with 
the National Academies to publish final AEGLs (https://www.epa.gov/aegl).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ERPGs are developed for emergency planning and are intended as 
health-based guideline concentrations for single exposures to 
chemicals.'' \13\ Id. at 1. The ERPG-1 is defined as ``the maximum 
airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all 
individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing 
other than mild transient adverse health effects or without perceiving 
a clearly defined, objectionable odor.'' Id. at 2. Similarly, the ERPG-
2 is defined as ``the maximum airborne concentration below which it is 
believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one 
hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious 
health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability 
to take protective action.'' Id. at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ ERPGS Procedures and Responsibilities. March 2014. American 
Industrial Hygiene Association. Available at: https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/AIHAGuidelineFoundation/EmergencyResponsePlanningGuidelines/Documents/ERPG%20Committee%20Standard%20Operating%20Procedures%20%20-%20March%202014%20Revision%20%28Updated%2010-2-2014%29.pdf.
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    An acute REL for 1-hour exposure durations is typically lower than 
its corresponding AEGL-1 and ERPG-1. Even though their definitions are 
slightly different, AEGL-1s are often the same as the corresponding 
ERPG-1s, and AEGL-2s are often equal to ERPG-2s. The maximum HQs from 
our acute inhalation screening risk assessment typically result when we 
use the acute REL for a HAP. In cases where the maximum acute HQ 
exceeds 1, we also report the HQ based on the next highest acute dose-
response value (usually the AEGL-1 and/or the ERPG-1).
    For this source category, we did not have short-term emissions 
data; therefore, we estimated the peak, short-term emissions using 
available annual emissions data from the NEI. We assumed that the peak, 
1-hour emission rate could exceed a facility's annual average hourly 
emission rate by as much as a factor of 10, under worst-case 
meteorological conditions. For facilities that used compliant coatings, 
the default acute multiplier of 10 is overly conservative because 
compliant coatings result in an emissions profile that is not expected 
to have significant fluctuations in HAP emissions. Further review of 
permits found that two facilities utilizing the compliant coating 
approach only operate coating operations for one 8-hour shift per day, 
therefore, an acute multiplier of 3 was used. The default multiplier of 
10 was applied to all other facilities. A further discussion of why 
these factors were chosen can be found in the memorandum, Preparation 
of the Residual Risk Modeling Input File for

[[Page 22763]]

Subpart QQQQ, available in the docket for this rulemaking.
    In our acute inhalation screening risk assessment, acute impacts 
are deemed negligible for HAP where acute HQs are less than or equal to 
1 (even under the conservative assumptions of the screening 
assessment), and no further analysis is performed for these HAP. In 
cases where an acute HQ from the screening step is greater than 1, we 
consider additional site-specific data to develop a more refined 
estimate of the potential for acute impacts of concern. For this source 
category, we refined our analysis by reviewing the receptor locations 
where the maximum HQ occurred. These refinements are discussed more 
fully in the Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule, which is available in the docket for 
this source category.
4. How did we conduct the multipathway exposure and risk screening 
assessment?
    The EPA conducted a tiered screening assessment examining the 
potential for significant human health risks due to exposures via 
routes other than inhalation (i.e., ingestion). We first determined 
whether any sources in the source category emitted any PB-HAP, as 
identified in the EPA's Air Toxics Risk Assessment Library (see Volume 
1, Appendix D, at http://www2.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-and-modeling-air-toxics-risk-assessment-reference-library).
    For the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products source category, 
we did not identify emissions of any PB-HAP except for lead compounds, 
for which the lead NAAQS was applied to assess multipathway impacts. 
Because we did not identify PB-HAP emissions requiring further 
evaluation, no further evaluation of multipathway risk was conducted 
for this source category.
    In evaluating the potential multipathway risk from emissions of 
lead compounds, rather than developing a screening threshold emission 
rate, we compare maximum estimated chronic inhalation exposure 
concentrations with the level of the current NAAQS for lead.\14\ Values 
below the level of the primary (health-based) lead NAAQS are considered 
to have a low potential for multipathway risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ In doing so, the EPA notes that the legal standard for a 
primary NAAQS--that a standard is requisite to protect public health 
and provide an adequate margin of safety (CAA section 109(b))--
differs from the CAA section 112(f) standard (requiring, among other 
things, that the standard provide an ``ample margin of safety''). 
However, the primary lead NAAQS is a reasonable measure of 
determining risk acceptability (i.e., the first step of the Benzene 
NESHAP analysis) since it is designed to protect the most 
susceptible group in the human population--children, including 
children living near major lead emitting sources. 73 FR 67002/3; 73 
FR 67000/3; 73 FR 67005/1. In addition, applying the level of the 
primary lead NAAQS at the risk acceptability step is conservative, 
since that primary lead NAAQS reflects an adequate margin of safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For further information on the multipathway assessment approach, 
see the Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule, which is available in the docket for 
this action.
5. How did we conduct the environmental risk screening assessment?
a. Adverse Environmental Effects, Environmental HAP, and Ecological 
Benchmarks
    The EPA conducts a screening assessment to examine the potential 
for adverse environmental effects as required under section 
112(f)(2)(A) of the CAA. Section 112(a)(7) of the CAA defines ``adverse 
environmental effect'' as ``any significant and widespread adverse 
effect, which may reasonably be anticipated, to wildlife, aquatic life, 
or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of 
endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of 
environmental quality over broad areas.''
    The EPA focuses on eight HAP, which are referred to as 
``environmental HAP,'' in its screening assessment: six PB-HAP and two 
acid gases. The PB-HAP included in the screening assessment are arsenic 
compounds, cadmium compounds, dioxins/furans, polycyclic organic 
matter, mercury (both inorganic mercury and methyl mercury), and lead 
compounds. The acid gases included in the screening assessment are 
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF).
    The HAP that persist and bioaccumulate are of particular 
environmental concern because they accumulate in the soil, sediment, 
and water. The acid gases, HCl and HF, were included due to their well-
documented potential to cause direct damage to terrestrial plants. In 
the environmental risk screening assessment, we evaluate the following 
four exposure media: Terrestrial soils, surface water bodies (includes 
water-column and benthic sediments), fish consumed by wildlife, and 
air. Within these four exposure media, we evaluate nine ecological 
assessment endpoints, which are defined by the ecological entity and 
its attributes. For PB-HAP (other than lead), both community-level and 
population-level endpoints are included. For acid gases, the ecological 
assessment evaluated is terrestrial plant communities.
    An ecological benchmark represents a concentration of HAP that has 
been linked to a particular environmental effect level. For each 
environmental HAP, we identified the available ecological benchmarks 
for each assessment endpoint. We identified, where possible, ecological 
benchmarks at the following effect levels: Probable effect levels, 
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, and no-observed-adverse-effect 
level. In cases where multiple effect levels were available for a 
particular PB-HAP and assessment endpoint, we use all of the available 
effect levels to help us to determine whether ecological risks exist 
and, if so, whether the risks could be considered significant and 
widespread.
    For further information on how the environmental risk screening 
assessment was conducted, including a discussion of the risk metrics 
used, how the environmental HAP were identified, and how the ecological 
benchmarks were selected, see Appendix 9 of the Residual Risk 
Assessment for the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products Source 
Category in Support of the March 2018 Risk and Technology Review 
Proposed Rule, which is available in the docket for this action.
b. Environmental Risk Screening Methodology
    For the environmental risk screening assessment, the EPA first 
determined whether any facilities in the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products source category emitted any of the environmental HAP. 
For the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products source category, we 
identified emissions of lead compounds.
    Because one or more of the environmental HAP evaluated are emitted 
by at least one facility in the source category, we proceeded to the 
second step of the evaluation.
    To evaluate the potential for adverse environmental effects from 
lead, we compared the average modeled air concentrations (from HEM-3) 
of lead around each facility in the source category to the level of the 
secondary NAAQS for lead. The secondary lead NAAQS is a reasonable 
means of evaluating environmental risk because it is set to provide 
substantial protection against adverse welfare effects which

[[Page 22764]]

can include ``effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, man-made 
materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility and climate, damage 
to and deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation, as 
well as effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well-
being.''
6. How did we conduct facility-wide assessments?
    To put the source category risks in context, we typically examine 
the risks from the entire ``facility,'' where the facility includes all 
HAP-emitting operations within a contiguous area and under common 
control. In other words, we examine the HAP emissions not only from the 
source category emission points of interest, but also emissions of HAP 
from all other emission sources at the facility for which we have data.
    For this source category, we conducted the facility-wide assessment 
using a dataset that the EPA compiled from the 2014 NEI. We used the 
NEI data for the facility and did not adjust any category or ``non-
category'' data. Therefore, there could be differences in the dataset 
from that used for the source category assessments described in this 
preamble. We analyzed risks due to the inhalation of HAP that are 
emitted ``facility-wide'' for the populations residing within 50 km of 
each facility, consistent with the methods used for the source category 
analysis described above. For these facility-wide risk analyses, we 
made a reasonable attempt to identify the source category risks, and 
these risks were compared to the facility-wide risks to determine the 
portion of facility-wide risks that could be attributed to the source 
category addressed in this proposal. We also specifically examined the 
facility that was associated with the highest estimate of risk and 
determined the percentage of that risk attributable to the source 
category of interest. The Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products Source Category in Support of the 
March 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule, available through 
the docket for this action, provides the methodology and results of the 
facility-wide analyses, including all facility-wide risks and the 
percentage of source category contribution to facility-wide risks.
7. How did we consider uncertainties in risk assessment?
    Uncertainty and the potential for bias are inherent in all risk 
assessments, including those performed for this proposal. Although 
uncertainty exists, we believe that our approach, which used 
conservative tools and assumptions in order to avoid under-estimating 
effects, ensures that our decisions are health and environmentally 
protective. A brief discussion of the uncertainties in the RTR 
emissions dataset, dispersion modeling, inhalation exposure estimates, 
and dose-response relationships follows below. Also included are those 
uncertainties specific to our acute screening assessments, multipathway 
screening assessments, and our environmental risk screening 
assessments. A more thorough discussion of these uncertainties is 
included in the Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of 
Wood Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule, which is available in the 
docket for this action. If a multipathway site-specific assessment was 
performed for this source category, a full discussion of the 
uncertainties associated with that assessment can be found in Appendix 
11 of that document, Site-Specific Human Health Multipathway Residual 
Risk Assessment Report.
a. Uncertainties in the RTR Emissions Dataset
    Although the development of the RTR emissions dataset involved 
quality assurance/quality control (QC) processes, the accuracy of 
emissions values will vary depending on the source of the data, the 
degree to which data are incomplete or missing, the degree to which 
assumptions made to complete the datasets are accurate, errors in 
emission estimates, and other factors. The emission estimates 
considered in this analysis generally are annual totals for certain 
years, and they do not reflect short-term fluctuations during the 
course of a year or variations from year to year. The estimates of peak 
hourly emission rates for the acute effects screening assessment were 
based on an emission adjustment factor applied to the average annual 
hourly emission rates, which are intended to account for emission 
fluctuations due to normal facility operations.
b. Uncertainties in Dispersion Modeling
    We recognize there is uncertainty in ambient concentration 
estimates associated with any model, including the EPA's recommended 
regulatory dispersion model, AERMOD. In using a model to estimate 
ambient pollutant concentrations, the user chooses certain options to 
apply. For RTR assessments, we select some model options that have the 
potential to overestimate ambient air concentrations (e.g., not 
including plume depletion or pollutant transformation). We select other 
model options that have the potential to underestimate ambient impacts 
(e.g., not including building downwash). Other options that we select 
have the potential to either under- or overestimate ambient levels 
(e.g., meteorology and receptor locations). On balance, considering the 
directional nature of the uncertainties commonly present in ambient 
concentrations estimated by dispersion models, the approach we apply in 
the RTR assessments should yield unbiased estimates of ambient HAP 
concentrations. We also note that the selection of meteorology dataset 
location could have an impact on the risk estimates. As we continue to 
update and expand our library of meteorological station data used in 
our risk assessments, we expect to reduce this variability.
c. Uncertainties in Inhalation Exposure Assessment
    Although every effort is made to identify all of the relevant 
facilities and emission points, as well as to develop accurate 
estimates of the annual emission rates for all relevant HAP, the 
uncertainties in our emission inventory likely dominate the 
uncertainties in the exposure assessment. Some uncertainties in our 
exposure assessment include human mobility, using the centroid of each 
census block, assuming lifetime exposure, and assuming only outdoor 
exposures. For most of these factors, there is neither an under nor 
overestimate when looking at the maximum individual risks or the 
incidence, but the shape of the distribution of risks may be affected. 
With respect to outdoor exposures, actual exposures may not be as high 
if people spend time indoors, especially for very reactive pollutants 
or larger particles. For all factors, we reduce uncertainty when 
possible. For example, with respect to census-block centroids, we 
analyze large blocks using aerial imagery and adjust locations of the 
block centroids to better represent the population in the blocks. We 
also add additional receptor locations where the population of a block 
is not well represented by a single location.
d. Uncertainties in Dose-Response Relationships
    There are uncertainties inherent in the development of the dose-
response values used in our risk assessments for cancer effects from 
chronic exposures and noncancer effects from both chronic and acute 
exposures. Some uncertainties are generally expressed quantitatively, 
and others are generally expressed in qualitative terms. We note,

[[Page 22765]]

as a preface to this discussion, a point on dose-response uncertainty 
that is stated in the EPA's 2005 Cancer Guidelines; namely, that ``the 
primary goal of EPA actions is protection of human health; accordingly, 
as an Agency policy, risk assessment procedures, including default 
options that are used in the absence of scientific data to the 
contrary, should be health protective'' (EPA's 2005 Cancer Guidelines, 
pages 1-7). This is the approach followed here as summarized in the 
next paragraphs.
    Cancer UREs used in our risk assessments are those that have been 
developed to generally provide an upper bound estimate of risk. That 
is, they represent a ``plausible upper limit to the true value of a 
quantity'' (although this is usually not a true statistical confidence 
limit).\15\ In some circumstances, the true risk could be as low as 
zero; however, in other circumstances the risk could be greater.\16\ 
Chronic noncancer RfC and reference dose (RfD) values represent chronic 
exposure levels that are intended to be health-protective levels. To 
derive dose-response values that are intended to be ``without 
appreciable risk,'' the methodology relies upon an uncertainty factor 
(UF) approach (U.S. EPA, 1993 and 1994) which considers uncertainty, 
variability, and gaps in the available data. The UFs are applied to 
derive dose-response values that are intended to protect against 
appreciable risk of deleterious effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ IRIS glossary (https://ofmpub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&glossaryName=IRIS%20Glossary).
    \16\ An exception to this is the URE for benzene, which is 
considered to cover a range of values, each end of which is 
considered to be equally plausible, and which is based on maximum 
likelihood estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many of the UFs used to account for variability and uncertainty in 
the development of acute dose-response values are quite similar to 
those developed for chronic durations. Additional adjustments are often 
applied to account for uncertainty in extrapolation from observations 
at one exposure duration (e.g., 4 hours) to derive an acute dose-
response value at another exposure duration (e.g., 1 hour). Not all 
acute dose-response values are developed for the same purpose, and care 
must be taken when interpreting the results of an acute assessment of 
human health effects relative to the dose-response value or values 
being exceeded. Where relevant to the estimated exposures, the lack of 
acute dose-response values at different levels of severity should be 
factored into the risk characterization as potential uncertainties.
    Uncertainty also exists in the selection of ecological benchmarks 
for the environmental risk screening assessment. We established a 
hierarchy of preferred benchmark sources to allow selection of 
benchmarks for each environmental HAP at each ecological assessment 
endpoint. We searched for benchmarks for three effect levels (i.e., no-
effects level, threshold-effect level, and probable effect level), but 
not all combinations of ecological assessment/environmental HAP had 
benchmarks for all three effect levels. Where multiple effect levels 
were available for a particular HAP and assessment endpoint, we used 
all of the available effect levels to help us determine whether risk 
exists and whether the risk could be considered significant and 
widespread.
    Although every effort is made to identify appropriate human health 
effect dose-response values for all pollutants emitted by the sources 
in this risk assessment, some HAP emitted by this source category are 
lacking dose-response assessments. Accordingly, these pollutants cannot 
be included in the quantitative risk assessment, which could result in 
quantitative estimates understating HAP risk. To help to alleviate this 
potential underestimate, where we conclude similarity with a HAP for 
which a dose-response value is available, we use that value as a 
surrogate for the assessment of the HAP for which no value is 
available. To the extent use of surrogates indicates appreciable risk, 
we may identify a need to increase priority for an IRIS assessment for 
that substance. We additionally note that, generally speaking, HAP of 
greatest concern due to environmental exposures and hazard are those 
for which dose-response assessments have been performed, reducing the 
likelihood of understating risk. Further, HAP not included in the 
quantitative assessment are assessed qualitatively and considered in 
the risk characterization that informs the risk management decisions, 
including consideration of HAP reductions achieved by various control 
options.
    For a group of compounds that are unspeciated (e.g., glycol 
ethers), we conservatively use the most protective dose-response value 
of an individual compound in that group to estimate risk. Similarly, 
for an individual compound in a group (e.g., ethylene glycol diethyl 
ether) that does not have a specified dose-response value, we also 
apply the most protective dose-response value from the other compounds 
in the group to estimate risk.
e. Uncertainties in Acute Inhalation Screening Assessments
    In addition to the uncertainties highlighted above, there are 
several factors specific to the acute exposure assessment that the EPA 
conducts as part of the risk review under section 112 of the CAA. The 
accuracy of an acute inhalation exposure assessment depends on the 
simultaneous occurrence of independent factors that may vary greatly, 
such as hourly emissions rates, meteorology, and the presence of humans 
at the location of the maximum concentration. In the acute screening 
assessment that we conduct under the RTR program, we assume that peak 
emissions from the source category and worst-case meteorological 
conditions co-occur, thus, resulting in maximum ambient concentrations. 
These two events are unlikely to occur at the same time, making these 
assumptions conservative in the sense that they may over-estimate 
effects. We then include the additional assumption that a person is 
located at this point during this same time period. For this source 
category, these assumptions would tend to be worst-case actual 
exposures as it is unlikely that a person would be located at the point 
of maximum exposure during the time when peak emissions and worst-case 
meteorological conditions occur simultaneously.

IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions

A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses?

    As described above, for the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products source category, we conducted an inhalation risk assessment 
for all HAP emitted, and multipathway and environmental risk screening 
assessments on the only PB-HAP emitted, lead. We present results of the 
risk assessment briefly below and in more detail in the residual risk 
document titled Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of 
Wood Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule, which is available in the 
docket for this action.
1. Inhalation Risk Assessment Results
    Table 2 of this preamble provides an overall summary of the results 
of the inhalation risk assessment. As discussed in section III.C.2 of 
this preamble, we set MACT-allowable HAP emission levels equal to 
actual emissions. For more detail about the MACT-allowable emission 
levels, see the memorandum,

[[Page 22766]]

Preparation of Residual Risk Modeling Input File for Subpart QQQQ,\5\ 
which is available in the docket for this action.

                                Table 2--Surface Coating of Wood Building Products Inhalation Risk Assessment Results \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                  Estimated
                                                                Maximum         population at     Estimated annual   Maximum chronic   Maximum screening
            Risk assessment                 Number of      individual cancer  increased risk of   cancer incidence   noncancer TOSHI    acute noncancer
                                          facilities \2\       risk (in 1      cancer >=1-in-1    (cases per year)         \4\               HQ \5\
                                                              million) \3\         Million
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Category.......................                 46                  6                800             0.0006               0.05                  1
Facility-Wide.........................                 46                 30             26,000              0.004                  7  .................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Based on actual and allowable emissions. For this source category, actual and allowable emissions are identical, so a separate risk assessment was
  not conducted for allowable emissions.
\2\ Number of facilities evaluated in the risk assessment. As described elsewhere, there are additional facilities included in the data set for the
  technology review.
\3\ Maximum individual excess lifetime cancer risk due to HAP emissions from the source category.
\4\ Maximum TOSHI. The target organ with the highest TOSHI for the wood building products source category is the respiratory system.
\5\ The maximum estimated acute exposure concentration was divided by available short-term threshold values to develop an array of HQ values. HQ values
  shown use the lowest available acute threshold value, which in most cases is the REL. When an HQ exceeds 1, we also show the HQ using the next lowest
  available acute dose-response value.

    The inhalation risk modeling performed to estimate risks based on 
actual and allowable emissions relied primarily on emissions data from 
the NEI. The results of the inhalation cancer risk assessment, as shown 
in Table 2 of this preamble, indicate that the MIR could be up to 6-in-
1 million, with formaldehyde from the melamine laminating process as 
the sole contributor (100 percent) to the MIR. The total estimated 
cancer incidence from wood building product coating sources based on 
actual emission levels is 0.0006 excess cancer cases per year or one 
case every 1,667 years, with emissions of formaldehyde (35 percent), 
naphthalene (27 percent), ethyl benzene (21 percent), and chromium (VI) 
compounds (17 percent) contributing to the cancer incidence. In 
addition, we estimate that approximately 800 people have cancer risks 
greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million.
    The maximum modeled chronic noncancer HI (TOSHI) value for the 
source category based on actual emissions is estimated to be 0.05, with 
emissions of formaldehyde from the melamine laminating process as the 
sole contributor (100 percent) to the TOSHI. The target organ affected 
is the respiratory system. There are not any people estimated to have 
exposure to HI levels greater than 1 as a result of emissions from this 
source category.
2. Acute Risk Results
    Table 2 of this preamble shows the acute risk results for this 
category. The screening analysis for acute impacts was based on actual 
emissions, and to estimate the peak emission rates from the average 
rates, an industry-specific multiplier of 3 was used for two 
facilities, and a default factor of 10 was used for the remaining 
facilities. The results of the acute screening analysis indicate that 
the maximum off-facility-site acute HQ is 1, based on the REL value for 
formaldehyde, and occurs at two facilities. One of these two facilities 
used the acute factor of 3 to characterize short-term emissions, while 
the other used the factor of 10. For all other HAP and facilities, 
acute HQ values are less than 1. Refer to the document titled 
Preparation of the Residual Risk Modeling Input File for Subpart QQQQ 
(available in the docket for this action) for a detailed description of 
how the acute factors were developed for this source category. For more 
detailed acute risk results, refer to the residual risk document titled 
Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule, which is available in the docket for 
this action.
3. Multipathway Risk Screening Results
    The only PB-HAP emitted by facilities in this source category is 
lead. Results of the analysis for lead indicate that based on actual 
emissions, the maximum annual off-site ambient lead concentration was 
only 0.1 percent of the primary NAAQS for lead, and if the total annual 
emissions occurred during a 3-month period, the maximum 3-month rolling 
average concentration would still be only 0.5 percent of the NAAQS. 
Therefore, we do not expect any human health multipathway risks as a 
result of emissions from this source category.
4. Environmental Risk Screening Results
    The only environmental HAP emitted by facilities in this source 
category is lead. Results of the analysis for lead indicate that based 
on actual emissions, the maximum annual off-site ambient lead 
concentration was only 0.1 percent of the secondary NAAQS for lead, and 
if the total annual emissions occurred during a 3-month period, the 
maximum 3-month rolling average concentration would still be only 0.5 
percent of the NAAQS. Therefore, we do not expect an adverse 
environmental effect as a result of HAP emissions from this source 
category.
5. Facility-Wide Risk Results
    An assessment of the facility-wide risks was performed to provide 
context for the source category risks, using NEI data as described 
above. The maximum facility-wide cancer MIR is 30-in-1 million, mainly 
driven by formaldehyde, chromium (VI) compounds, and nickel compounds 
emissions from wood drying and enamel coating operations. Wood drying 
is regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart DDDD, the Plywood and 
Composite Wood Products NESHAP, and enamel coating is regulated under 
40 CFR part 63, subpart RRRR, the Surface Coating of Metal Furniture 
NESHAP. Risk and technology reviews are currently underway for both 
NESHAP categories. The total estimated cancer incidence from the 
facility-wide assessment is 0.004 excess cancer cases per year, or one 
excess case in every 250 years. Approximately 26,000 people are 
estimated to have cancer risks greater than 1-in-1 million from 
exposure to HAP emitted from both MACT and non-MACT sources. The 
maximum facility-wide TOSHI is estimated to be 7, mainly driven by 
emissions of acrolein from industrial processes related to wood 
products that are characterized as ``other, not classified'' in NEI. 
Wood drying, regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart DDDD, noted above, 
is presumably the source of the acrolein since the facilities 
identified as sources also dry wood. We estimate that

[[Page 22767]]

approximately 900 people are exposed to noncancer HI levels above 1, 
based on facility-wide emissions.
6. What demographic groups might benefit from this regulation?
    To examine the potential for any environmental justice (EJ) issues 
that might be associated with the source category, we performed a 
demographic analysis, which is an assessment of risks to individual 
demographic groups of the populations living within 5 km and within 50 
km of the facilities. In the analysis, we evaluated the distribution of 
HAP-related cancer and noncancer risks from the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products source category across different demographic groups 
within the populations living near facilities.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Demographic groups included in the analysis are: White, 
African American, Native American, other races and multiracial, 
Hispanic or Latino, children 17 years of age and under, adults 18 to 
64 years of age, adults 65 years of age and over, adults without a 
high school diploma, people living below the poverty level, people 
living two times the poverty level, and linguistically isolated 
people.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The results of the demographic analysis are summarized in Table 3 
below. These results, for various demographic groups, are based on the 
estimated risks from actual emissions levels for the population living 
within 50 km of the facilities.

      Table 3--Surface Coating of Wood Building Products Source Category Demographic Risk Analysis Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                             Population with
                                                                            cancer risk at or   Population with
                                                                               above 1-in-1      chronic hazard
                                                             Nationwide       million due to   index above 1 due
                                                                              wood building     to wood building
                                                                             products surface   products surface
                                                                                 coating            coating
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Population.......................................        317,746,049                800                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Race by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White..................................................                 62                 16                  0
All Other Races........................................                 38                 84                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Race by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White..................................................                 62                 16                  0
African American.......................................                 12                 75                  0
Native American........................................                0.8                0.0                  0
Other and Multiracial..................................                  7                  3                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Ethnicity by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hispanic...............................................                 18                  6                  0
Non-Hispanic...........................................                 82                 94                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Income by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Below Poverty Level....................................                 14                 19                  0
Above Poverty Level....................................                 86                 81                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Education by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Over 25 and without High School Diploma................                 14                 25                  0
Over 25 and with a High School Diploma.................                 86                 75                  0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The results of the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products source 
category demographic analysis indicate that emissions from the source 
category expose approximately 800 people to a cancer risk at or above 
1-in-1 million and no people to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than 
1. The percentages of the at-risk population are greater than their 
respective nationwide percentages for the following demographic groups 
(excluding non-Hispanic): African American, people over 25 without a 
high school diploma, and people living below the poverty level. The 
other demographic groups within the exposed population were similar to 
or lower than the corresponding nationwide percentages.
    The methodology and the results of the demographic analysis are 
presented in a technical report, Risk and Technology Review--Analysis 
of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near Wood Building 
Products Surface Coating Facilities, available in the docket for this 
action.

B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, ample 
margin of safety, and adverse environmental effects?

1. Risk Acceptability
    As noted in section II.A of this preamble, the EPA sets standards 
under CAA section 112(f)(2) using ``a two-step standard-setting 
approach, with an analytical first step to determine an `acceptable 
risk' that considers all health information, including risk estimation 
uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit on MIR of ``approximately 
1-in-10 thousand'' (54 FR 38045, September 14, 1989). We weigh all 
health risk factors in our risk

[[Page 22768]]

acceptability determination, including the cancer MIR, cancer 
incidence, the maximum cancer TOSHI, the maximum acute noncancer HQ, 
the extent of noncancer risks, the distribution of cancer and noncancer 
risks in the exposed population, and the risk estimation uncertainties.
    For this risk assessment, the EPA estimated risks based on actual 
and allowable emissions from wood building products surface coating 
sources. Allowable emissions were estimated to be equal to actual 
emissions. The estimated inhalation cancer risk to the individual most 
exposed to emissions from the source category is 6-in-1-million. 
Approximately 800 people face an increased cancer risk greater than 1-
in-1 million due to inhalation exposure to HAP emissions from this 
source category. The risk analysis indicates very low cancer incidence 
(0.0006 excess cancer cases per year, or one excess case every 1,667 
years), as well as low potential for adverse chronic noncancer health 
effects. The acute screening assessment indicates no pollutants or 
facilities exceeding an HQ value of 1. Therefore, we find there is 
little potential concern of acute noncancer health impacts. In 
evaluating the potential for multipathway effects from emissions of 
lead from the source category, the risk assessment indicates no 
significant potential for multipathway effects.
    Considering all of the health risk information and factors 
discussed above, including the uncertainties discussed in section III 
of this preamble, the EPA proposes that the risks from the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products source category are acceptable.
2. Ample Margin of Safety Analysis and Proposed Controls
    As directed by CAA section 112(f)(2), we conducted an analysis to 
determine if the current emissions standards provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health. Under the ample margin of safety 
analysis, the EPA considers all health factors evaluated in the risk 
assessment and evaluates the cost and feasibility of available control 
technologies and other measures (including the controls, measures, and 
costs reviewed under the technology review) that could be applied to 
this source category to further reduce the risks (or potential risks) 
due to emissions of HAP identified in our risk assessment. In this 
analysis, we considered the results of the technology review, risk 
assessment, and other aspects of our MACT rule review to determine 
whether there are any cost-effective controls or other measures that 
would reduce emissions further to provide an ample margin of safety 
with respect to the risks associated with these emissions.
    Although we are proposing that the risks from this source category 
are acceptable, risk estimates for approximately 800 people in the 
exposed population are above 1-in-1 million, caused by formaldehyde 
emissions from one facility. The maximum acute risk is an HQ of 1 also 
caused by formaldehyde. As a result, we further considered whether the 
MACT standards for this source category provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health.
    Our technology review did not identify any new practices, controls, 
or process options that are being used in this industry, or in other 
industries, that would be cost effective and result in further 
reduction of formaldehyde emissions.\18\ Our review of the operating 
permits for major sources subject to the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products MACT did not reveal any facilities with limits set 
below the current new or existing source limits (Tables 1 and 2, 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart QQQQ). Limits set below the current standards would 
have been an indication that improved controls or lower emission 
compliant coatings were available. As discussed in the technology 
review memorandum, our review of the RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse 
(RBLC) identified three sources that are potentially covered under 40 
CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ, but none contained new control methods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ Technology Review for the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products Source Category--Proposed Rule; see Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2016-0678.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because no new controls, technologies, processes, or work practices 
were identified to reduce formaldehyde emissions and the risk 
assessment determined that the health risks associated with HAP 
emissions remaining after implementation of the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products MACT were acceptable, we are proposing that the 
current standards protect public health with an ample margin of safety.
3. Adverse Environmental Effects
    The emissions data for this source category indicate the presence 
of one environmental HAP, lead, emitted by sources within this source 
category. Based on the results of our environmental risk screening 
assessment, we conclude that there is not an adverse environmental 
effect as a result of HAP emissions from the Surface Coatings of Wood 
Building Products source category.\19\ Thus, we are proposing that it 
is not necessary to set a more stringent standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ The environmental screening analysis is documented in 
Residual Risk Assessment for Wood Building Products Surface Coating 
Sources in Support of the February 2018 Risk and Technology Review 
Proposed Rule, in the docket for this action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our technology 
review?

1. How did we evaluate technological developments?
    Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires a review of ``developments in 
practices, processes and control technologies'' in each source category 
as part of the technology review process. For this technology review, 
the ``developments'' we consider include:
     Add-on control technology that was not identified during 
the NESHAP development;
     improvement to an existing add-on control technology 
resulting in significant additional HAP emissions reductions;
     work practice or operational procedure that was not 
previously identified;
     process change or pollution prevention alternative that 
was not identified; or
     a coating formulation or application technique that was 
not previously identified.
2. What was our analysis and conclusions regarding technological 
developments?
    Our review of the developments in technology for the Surface 
Coating of Wood Building Products source category did not reveal any 
changes that require revisions to the emission standards. In the 
original NESHAP, it was noted that ``the most prevalent form of 
emission control for surface coating of wood building products is the 
use of low-VOC and low-HAP coatings, such as waterborne or ultraviolet-
cured coatings.'' \20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Preliminary Industry Characterization: Wood Building 
Products Surface Coating. Publication No. EPA-453/R-00-004. 
September 1998. Available at https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/coat/flatw/wbppic.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Our review did not identify any new or improved add-on control 
technology, any new work practices, operational procedures, process 
changes, or new pollution prevention approaches that reduce emissions 
in the category that have been implemented at wood building products 
surface coating

[[Page 22769]]

operations since promulgation of the current NESHAP. Consequently, we 
propose that no revisions to the NESHAP are necessary pursuant to CAA 
section 112(d)(6).

D. What other actions are we proposing?

    In addition to the proposed determinations described above, we are 
proposing additional revisions. We are proposing revisions to the SSM 
provisions of the MACT rule in order to ensure that they are consistent 
with the Court decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 
2008), which vacated two provisions that exempted sources from the 
requirement to comply with otherwise applicable CAA section 112(d) 
emission standards during periods of SSM. We also are proposing various 
other changes, including an alternative compliance calculation, 
electronic submittal of notifications, compliance reports, and 
performance test reports, a new EPA test method, incorporation by 
reference (IBR) of several test methods (listed in section IV.D.5 
below), and various technical and editorial changes. Additionally, we 
are requesting comment on repeat emissions testing requirements for 
facilities that demonstrate compliance with the standards using add-on 
control devices. Our analyses and proposed changes related to these 
issues are discussed in sections IV.D.1 through 6 of this preamble.
1. Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction
    In its 2008 decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. 
Cir. 2008), the Court vacated portions of two provisions in the EPA's 
CAA section 112 regulations governing the emissions of HAP during 
periods of SSM. Specifically, the Court vacated the SSM exemption 
contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1), holding that 
under section 302(k) of the CAA, emissions standards or limitations 
must be continuous in nature and that the SSM exemption violates the 
CAA's requirement that some CAA section 112 standards apply 
continuously.
    We are proposing the elimination of the SSM exemption in this rule, 
which appears at 40 CFR 63.4700, 40 CFR 63.4720, and in Table 4 to 
Subpart QQQQ of Part 63. Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, we are 
proposing standards in this rule that apply at all times. We are also 
proposing several revisions to Table 4 (the General Provisions 
Applicability Table) as is explained in more detail below. For example, 
we are proposing to eliminate the incorporation of the General 
Provisions' requirement that the source develop an SSM plan. We also 
are proposing to eliminate and revise certain recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements related to the SSM exemption as further 
described below.
    The EPA has attempted to ensure that the provisions we are 
proposing to eliminate are inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in 
the absence of the SSM exemption. We are specifically seeking comment 
on whether we have successfully done so. The EPA believes the removal 
of the SSM exemption creates no additional burden to facilities 
regulated under the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP. 
Deviations currently addressed by a facility's SSM Plan are required to 
be reported in the Semiannual Compliance Report, a requirement that 
remains under the proposal (40 CFR 63.4720). Facilities will no longer 
need to develop an SSM Plan or keep it current (Table 4, 40 CFR part 
63, subpart QQQQ). Facilities will also no longer have to file special 
SSM reports for deviations not described in the their SSM Plan [40 CFR 
63.4720(c)(2)]. We are specifically seeking comment on whether we have 
successfully removed SSM exemptions without adding unforeseen burden.
    Periods of startup and shutdown. In proposing the standards in this 
rule, the EPA has taken into account startup and shutdown periods and, 
for the reasons explained below, is not proposing alternate standards 
for those periods.
    For add-on control systems, the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products NESHAP requires the measurement of thermal oxidizer (TO) 
operating temperature or catalytic oxidizer (CO) average temperature 
across the catalyst bed as well as other types of parameter monitoring. 
Parameter limits apply at all times, including during periods of 
startup and shutdown. The Surface Coating of Wood Building Products 
NESHAP requires TO or CO operating temperature and other add-on control 
device operating parameters to be recorded at least once every 15 
minutes. The Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP specifies 
in 40 CFR 63.4763(c) that if an operating parameter is out of the 
allowed range, this is a deviation from the operating limit and must be 
reported as specified in 40 CFR 63.4710(c)(6) and 63.4720(a)(7).
    Our permit review of the facilities using add-on control as a 
compliance approach indicated that all were required, by permit, to 
have their control system in operation during all time periods when 
coating processes were operational. The rule requires compliance based 
on a 12-month rolling average emissions calculation. Periods of startup 
and shutdown are included, but, because of operational requirements in 
the category, are a very small component of the emissions calculation. 
Therefore, we are not proposing separate standards for startup and/or 
shutdown periods.
    Periods of malfunction. Periods of startup, normal operations, and 
shutdown are all predictable and routine aspects of a source's 
operations. Malfunctions, in contrast, are neither predictable nor 
routine. Instead they are, by definition, sudden, infrequent, and not 
reasonably preventable failures of emissions control, process or 
monitoring equipment. (40 CFR 63.2, definition of malfunction). The EPA 
interprets CAA section 112 as not requiring emissions that occur during 
periods of malfunction to be factored into development of CAA section 
112 standards and this reading has been upheld as reasonable by the 
Court in U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016). Under 
CAA section 112, emissions standards for new sources must be no less 
stringent than the level ``achieved'' by the best controlled similar 
source and for existing sources generally must be no less stringent 
than the average emission limitation ``achieved'' by the best 
performing 12 percent of sources in the category. There is nothing in 
CAA section 112 that directs the Agency to consider malfunctions in 
determining the level ``achieved'' by the best performing sources when 
setting emission standards. As the Court has recognized, the phrase 
``average emissions limitation achieved by the best performing 12 
percent of'' sources ``says nothing about how the performance of the 
best units is to be calculated.'' National Association of Clean Water 
Agencies v. EPA, 734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. Cir. 2013). While the EPA 
accounts for variability in setting emissions standards, nothing in CAA 
section 112 requires the Agency to consider malfunctions as part of 
that analysis. The EPA is not required to treat a malfunction in the 
same manner as the type of variation in performance that occurs during 
routine operations of a source. A malfunction is a failure of the 
source to perform in ``normal or usual manner,'' and no statutory 
language compels the EPA to consider such events in setting CAA section 
112 standards.
    As the Court recognized in U.S. Sugar Corporation, accounting for 
malfunctions in setting standards would be difficult, if not 
impossible, given the myriad different types of malfunctions that can 
occur across all sources in the category and given the difficulties

[[Page 22770]]

associated with predicting or accounting for the frequency, degree, and 
duration of various malfunctions that might occur. Id. at 608 (``the 
EPA would have to conceive of a standard that could apply equally to 
the wide range of possible boiler malfunctions, ranging from an 
explosion to minor mechanical defects. Any possible standard is likely 
to be hopelessly generic to govern such a wide array of 
circumstances.'') As such, the performance of units that are 
malfunctioning is not ``reasonably'' foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra 
Club v. EPA, 167 F.3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (``The EPA typically 
has wide latitude in determining the extent of data-gathering necessary 
to solve a problem. We generally defer to an agency's decision to 
proceed on the basis of imperfect scientific information, rather than 
to `invest the resources to conduct the perfect study.''') See also, 
Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (``In the 
nature of things, no general limit, individual permit, or even any 
upset provision can anticipate all upset situations. After a certain 
point, the transgression of regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable 
acts of third parties,' such as strikes, sabotage, operator 
intoxication or insanity, and a variety of other eventualities, must be 
a matter for the administrative exercise of case-by-case enforcement 
discretion, not for specification in advance by regulation.''). In 
addition, emissions during a malfunction event can be significantly 
higher than emissions at any other time of source operation. For 
example, if an air pollution control device with 99-percent removal 
goes off-line as a result of a malfunction (as might happen if, for 
example, the bags in a baghouse catch fire) and the emission unit is a 
steady state type unit that would take days to shut down, the source 
would go from 99-percent control to zero control until the control 
device was repaired. The source's emissions during the malfunction 
would be 100 times higher than during normal operations. As such, the 
emissions over a 4-day malfunction period would exceed the annual 
emissions of the source during normal operations. As this example 
illustrates, accounting for malfunctions could lead to standards that 
are not reflective of (and significantly less stringent than) levels 
that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. It is 
reasonable to interpret CAA section 112 to avoid such a result. The 
EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with CAA section 112 and 
is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
    Although no statutory language compels the EPA to set standards for 
malfunctions, the EPA has the discretion to do so where feasible. For 
example, in the Petroleum Refinery Sector RTR, the EPA established a 
work practice standard for unique types of malfunction that result in 
releases from pressure relief devices or emergency flaring events 
because information was available to determine that such work practices 
reflected the level of control that applies to the best performing 
sources. 80 FR 75178, 75211-14 (December 1, 2015). The EPA will 
consider whether circumstances warrant setting work practice standards 
for a particular type of malfunction and, if so, whether the EPA has 
sufficient information to identify the relevant best performing sources 
and establish a standard for such malfunctions. We also encourage 
commenters to provide any such information.
    In the event that a source fails to comply with the applicable CAA 
section 112(d) standards as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA 
would determine an appropriate response based on, among other things, 
the good faith efforts of the source to minimize emissions during 
malfunction periods, including preventative and corrective actions, as 
well as root cause analyses to ascertain and rectify excess emissions. 
The EPA would also consider whether the source's failure to comply with 
the CAA section 112(d) standard was, in fact, sudden, infrequent, not 
reasonably preventable and was not instead caused in part by poor 
maintenance or careless operation. 40 CFR 63.2 (definition of 
malfunction).
    If the EPA determines in a particular case that an enforcement 
action against a source for violation of an emission standard is 
warranted, the source can raise any and all defenses in that 
enforcement action and the federal district court will determine what, 
if any, relief is appropriate. The same is true for citizen enforcement 
actions. Similarly, the presiding officer in an administrative 
proceeding can consider any defense raised and determine whether 
administrative penalties are appropriate.
    In summary, the EPA interpretation of the CAA and, in particular, 
CAA section 112 is reasonable and encourages practices that will avoid 
malfunctions. Administrative and judicial procedures for addressing 
exceedances of the standards fully recognize that violations may occur 
despite good faith efforts to comply and can accommodate those 
situations. U.S. Sugar Corporation v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 
(2016).
a. General Duty
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)-(2) by redesignating it as 40 CFR 
63.6(e)(1)(i) and changing the ``yes'' in column 3 to a ``no.'' Section 
63.6(e)(1)(i) describes the general duty to minimize emissions. Some of 
the language in that section is no longer necessary or appropriate 
considering the elimination of the SSM exemption. We are proposing 
instead to add general duty regulatory text at 40 CFR 63.4700(b) that 
reflects the general duty to minimize emissions while eliminating the 
reference to periods covered by an SSM exemption. The current language 
in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) characterizes what the general duty entails 
during periods of SSM. With the elimination of the SSM exemption, there 
is no need to differentiate between normal operations and SSM events in 
describing the general duty. Therefore, the language the EPA is 
proposing for 40 CFR 63.4700(b) does not include that language from 40 
CFR 63.6(e)(1).
    We are also proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 
4) to add an entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(ii) and include a ``no'' in 
column 3. Section 63.6(e)(1)(ii) imposes requirements that are not 
necessary with the elimination of the SSM exemption or are redundant 
with the general duty requirement being added at 40 CFR 63.4700(b).
    We are also proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 
4) to add an entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(iii) and include a ``yes'' in 
column 3.
    Finally, we are proposing to revise the General Provisions table 
(Table 4) to add an entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(2) and include a ``no'' in 
column 3. This paragraph is reserved and is not applicable to 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart QQQQ.
b. SSM Plan
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
to add an entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(3) and include a ``no'' in column 3. 
Generally, these paragraphs require development of an SSM plan and 
specify SSM recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM 
plan. As noted, the EPA is proposing to remove the SSM exemptions. 
Therefore, affected units will be subject to an emission standard 
during such events. The applicability of a standard during such events 
will ensure that sources have ample incentive to plan for and achieve 
compliance, and, thus, the SSM plan requirements are no longer 
necessary.

[[Page 22771]]

c. Compliance With Standards
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
entries for 40 CFR 63.6(f) and (h) by re-designating these sections as 
40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and (h)(1) and including a ``no'' in column 3. The 
current language in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) excludes sources from non-opacity 
standards during periods of SSM, while the current language in 40 CFR 
63.6(h)(1) excludes sources from opacity standards during periods of 
SSM. As discussed above, the Court in Sierra Club vacated the 
exemptions contained in this provision and held that the CAA requires 
that some CAA section 112 standards apply continuously. Consistent with 
Sierra Club, the EPA is proposing to revise standards in this rule to 
apply at all times.
d. Performance Testing
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
entry for 40 CFR 63.7(e) by re-designating it as 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1) and 
including a ``yes'' in column 3. Section 63.7(e)(1) describes 
performance testing requirements. Section 63.4764(a) of the current 
rule specifies that performance testing must be conducted when the 
emission capture system and add-on control device are operating at 
representative conditions. You must document why the conditions 
represent normal operation. As in 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), performance tests 
conducted under this subpart should not be conducted during 
malfunctions because conditions during malfunctions are often not 
representative of normal operating conditions. The EPA is proposing to 
add language that requires the owner or operator to record the process 
information that is necessary to document operating conditions during 
the test and include in such record an explanation to support that such 
conditions represent normal operations. Section 63.7(e) requires that 
the owner or operator make available to the Administrator such records 
``as may be necessary to determine the condition of the performance 
test'' available to the Administrator upon request, but does not 
specifically require the information to be recorded. The regulatory 
text the EPA is proposing to add to this provision builds on that 
requirement and makes explicit the requirement to record the 
information.
e. Monitoring
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
by re-designating 40 CFR 63.8(c) as 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1), adding entries 
for 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) through (iii) and including ``no'' in column 3 
for paragraphs (i) and (iii). The cross-references to the general duty 
and SSM plan requirements in those subparagraphs are not necessary 
considering other requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require good air 
pollution control practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)) and that set out the 
requirements of a QC program for monitoring equipment (40 CFR 63.8(d)).
f. Recordkeeping
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
by adding an entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) and including a ``no'' in 
column 3. Section 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the recordkeeping 
requirements during startup and shutdown. These recording provisions 
are no longer necessary because the EPA is proposing that recordkeeping 
and reporting applicable to normal operations will apply to startup and 
shutdown. Special provisions applicable to startup and shutdown, such 
as a startup and shutdown plan, have been removed from the rule (with 
exceptions discussed below), thereby reducing the need for additional 
recordkeeping for startup and shutdown periods.
    We are also proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 
4) by adding an entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv)-(v) and including a 
``no'' in column 3. When applicable, the provision requires sources to 
record actions taken during SSM events when actions were inconsistent 
with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer appropriate because 
SSM plans will no longer be required.
    We are also proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 
4) by adding an entry for 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) and including a ``no'' in 
column 3. The EPA is proposing that 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer 
applies. When applicable, the provision allows an owner or operator to 
use the affected source's SSM plan or records kept to satisfy the 
recordkeeping requirements of the SSM plan, specified in 40 CFR 
63.6(e), to also satisfy the requirements of 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10) 
through (12). The EPA is proposing to eliminate this requirement 
because SSM plans would no longer be required, and, therefore, 40 CFR 
63.10(c)(15) no longer serves any useful purpose for affected units.
g. Reporting
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 4) 
entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) by changing the ``yes'' in column 3 to a 
``no.'' Section 63.10(d)(5) describes the reporting requirements for 
startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions. To replace the General 
Provisions reporting requirement for malfunctions, the EPA is proposing 
to replace the SSM report under 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) with the existing 
reporting requirements under 40 CFR 63.4720(a). The replacement 
language differs from the General Provisions requirement in that it 
eliminates periodic SSM reports as a stand-alone report. We are 
proposing language that requires sources that fail to meet an 
applicable standard at any time to report the information concerning 
such events in the semiannual report to be required under the proposed 
rule. We are proposing that the report must contain the number, date, 
time, duration, and the cause of such events (including unknown cause, 
if applicable), a list of the affected source or equipment, an estimate 
of the quantity of each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission 
limit, and a description of the method used to estimate the emissions.
    Examples of such methods would include mass balance calculations, 
measurements when available, or engineering judgment based on known 
process parameters. The EPA is proposing this requirement to ensure 
that there is adequate information to determine compliance, to allow 
the EPA to determine the severity of the failure to meet an applicable 
standard, and to provide data that may document how the source met the 
general duty to minimize emissions during a failure to meet an 
applicable standard.
    We will no longer require owners or operators to determine whether 
actions taken to correct a malfunction are consistent with an SSM plan, 
because plans would no longer be required. The proposed amendments, 
therefore, eliminate the cross-reference to 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(i) that 
contains the description of the previously required SSM report format 
and submittal schedule from this section. These specifications are no 
longer necessary because the events will be reported in otherwise 
required reports with similar format and submittal requirements.
    The proposed amendments also eliminate the cross-reference to 40 
CFR 63.10(d)(5)(ii). Section 63.10(d)(5)(ii) describes an immediate 
report for startups, shutdown, and malfunctions when a source failed to 
meet an applicable standard, but did not follow the SSM plan. We will 
no longer require owners and operators to report when actions taken 
during a startup, shutdown, or malfunction were not consistent with an 
SSM plan, because plans would no longer be required.

[[Page 22772]]

2. Alternative Compliance Calculations
    An alternative monitoring request was submitted to the EPA which 
proposed utilizing a HAP emission factor to demonstrate compliance with 
the emission rate without add-on controls compliance option instead of 
the current emission factor in the rule which assumes that all HAP in 
the coating is emitted to the atmosphere. As discussed below, we are 
proposing to include this compliance calculation approach in this 
rulemaking to allow any facility utilizing a similar process to use the 
approach without requiring the submittal of an alternative monitoring 
request to the EPA under the provisions of 40 CFR 63.8(f). The proposed 
amendment adds compliance flexibility, but does not alter the emission 
standard.
    The coating process uses a liquid catalyst to initiate chemical and 
physical change of the coating materials by the formation of a cross-
linked polymer, and involves spraying wood panels with a two-part 
mixture consisting of a HAP-containing resin and a non-HAP catalyst. 
The catalyst polymerizes the resin to form the applied coating within a 
matter of seconds. The result is that the HAP in the resin is nearly 
completely polymerized and, as a result, the air emissions of HAP are a 
very small fraction of the total HAP applied.
    We are proposing to add a new equation to the existing compliance 
demonstration calculations to more adequately represent the HAP amounts 
emitted by this type of surface coating or any similar coating. The 
existing equation assumes that all of the HAP in the coating is 
emitted. Facilities wishing to apply this emission calculation method 
could submit to the EPA an alternative monitoring request, however, 
this would add a compliance burden. To reduce the burden, we are adding 
alternative compliance demonstration equations, which do not assume 100 
percent of the HAP in the coating is emitted. The proposed 
demonstration equations would use a HAP emission factor based on 
initial stack testing of the proposed coating process. This approach 
quantifies emissions in a way that is representative of the actual 
emissions from this coating operation.
2. Emissions Testing
    The EPA is proposing amendments to the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products NESHAP that would provide an additional compliance 
demonstration equation. Facilities using the proposed alternative 
compliance demonstration equation (40 CFR 63.4751(i)) of the emission 
rate without add-on controls option would be required to conduct an 
initial performance test to demonstrate compliance. As explained in the 
technical supporting memoranda accompanying this proposal,\18\ 
performance testing is needed to develop process specific emission 
factors to demonstrate compliance for the new alternative equation. In 
addition, requiring initial performance testing under the proposed 
option would be equitable with respect to sources meeting the currently 
promulgated compliance demonstration requirements, as facilities 
demonstrating compliance through the currently promulgated emission 
rate with add-on controls option (40 CFR 63.4691(c)) are already 
required to conduct a similar initial air emissions performance test to 
demonstrate compliance. This amendment is expected to impact one 
facility, with a one-time cost of $22,000 for the initial performance 
test.
    Additionally, the EPA is requesting comment on whether a periodic 
emissions testing provision should be added to the rule for sources 
using add-on controls. Currently, there are four existing facilities 
that have operating permits indicating the use of add-on control 
devices for wood building product surface coating operations. Only one 
of those facilities is not conducting a performance test on at least a 
5-year frequency due to state requirements. The repeat performance 
testing provision on which the Agency is requesting comment would 
impact this facility if the provisions were finalized, with an 
estimated cost of $22,000 for each repeat performance test. The 
periodic testing provision on which the Agency is requesting comment 
would also require facilities utilizing the proposed alternative 
compliance demonstration equations (40 CFR 63.4751(i)) of the emission 
rate without add-on controls option to conduct a periodic air emissions 
performance test to develop process specific emissions factors to 
demonstrate continuing compliance. The periodic testing provision which 
the EPA is requesting comment would require one performance test at 
least every 5 years. The inclusion of a periodic repeat testing 
requirement would help demonstrate that emissions control equipment is 
continuing to operate as designed and that the facility remains in 
compliance with the standard.
3. Electronic Reporting
    The EPA is proposing that owners and operators of facilities 
subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ submit electronic copies of 
compliance reports, which include performance test reports, semiannual 
reports, and notifications, through the EPA's Central Data Exchange 
(CDX) using the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface 
(CEDRI). Specifically, we are proposing that owners and operators 
create performance test reports using the Electronic Reporting Tool 
(ERT) and submit the performance test reports, as well as notifications 
and semiannual reports through CEDRI. The EPA believes that the 
electronic submittal of the reports addressed in this proposed 
rulemaking will increase the usefulness of the data contained in those 
reports, is in keeping with current trends in data availability, will 
further assist in the protection of public health and the environment, 
and will ultimately result in less burden on the regulated community. 
Under current requirements, paper reports are often stored in filing 
cabinets or boxes, which make the reports more difficult to obtain and 
use for data analysis and sharing. Electronic storage of such reports 
makes data more accessible for review, analysis, and sharing. 
Electronic reporting also eliminates paper-based, manual processes, 
thereby saving time and resources, simplifying data entry, eliminating 
redundancies, minimizing data reporting errors and providing data 
quickly and accurately to affected facilities, air agencies, the EPA, 
and the public.
    In 2011, in response to Executive Order 13563, the EPA developed a 
plan \21\ to periodically review its regulations to determine if they 
should be modified, streamlined, expanded, or repealed to make 
regulations more effective and less burdensome. The plan includes 
replacing outdated paper reporting with electronic reporting. In 
keeping with this plan and the White House's Digital Government 
Strategy,\22\ in 2013 the EPA issued an agency-wide policy specifying 
that new regulations will require reports to be electronic to the 
maximum extent possible.\23\ By requiring electronic submission of 
specified reports in this proposed rule,

[[Page 22773]]

the EPA is taking steps to implement this policy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Improving Our Regulations: Final Plan for Periodic 
Retrospective Reviews of Existing Regulations, August 2011. 
Available at: https://www.regulations.gov, Document ID No. EPA-HQ-
OA-2011-0156-0154.
    \22\ Digital Government: Building a 21st Century Platform to 
Better Serve the American People, May 2012. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/egov/digital-government/digital-government-strategy.pdf
    \23\ E-Reporting Policy Statement for EPA Regulations, September 
2013. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/epa-ereporting-policy-statement-2013-09-30.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA website that stores the submitted electronic data, WebFIRE, 
is easily accessible to everyone and provides a user-friendly interface 
that any stakeholder can access. By making data readily available, 
electronic reporting increases the amount of data that can be used for 
many purposes. One example is the development of emissions factors. An 
emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the 
quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity 
associated with the release of that pollutant (e.g., kilograms of 
particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors 
facilitate the estimation of emissions from various sources of air 
pollution and are an important tool in developing emissions 
inventories, which in turn are the basis for numerous efforts, 
including trends analysis, regional- and local-scale air quality 
modeling, regulatory impact assessments, and human exposure modeling. 
Emissions factors are also widely used in regulatory applicability 
determinations and in permitting decisions.
    The EPA has received feedback from stakeholders asserting that many 
of the EPA's emissions factors are outdated or not representative of a 
particular industry emission source. While the EPA believes that the 
emissions factors are suitable for their intended purpose, we recognize 
that the quality of emissions factors varies based on the extent and 
quality of underlying data. We also recognize that emissions profiles 
on different pieces of equipment can change over time due to a number 
of factors (fuel changes, equipment improvements, industry work 
practices), and it is important for emissions factors to be updated to 
keep up with these changes. The EPA is currently pursuing emissions 
factor development improvements that include procedures to incorporate 
the source test data that we are proposing be submitted electronically. 
By requiring the electronic submission of the reports identified in 
this proposed action, the EPA would be able to access and use the 
submitted data to update emissions factors more quickly and 
efficiently, creating factors that are characteristic of what is 
currently representative of the relevant industry sector. Likewise, an 
increase in the number of test reports used to develop the emissions 
factors will provide more confidence that the factor is of higher 
quality and representative of the whole industry sector.
    Additionally, by making the records, data, and reports addressed in 
this proposed rulemaking readily available, the EPA, the regulated 
community, and the public will benefit when the EPA conducts its CAA-
required technology and risk-based reviews. As a result of having 
performance test reports and air emission data readily accessible, our 
ability to carry out comprehensive reviews will be increased and 
achieved within a shorter period of time. These data will provide 
useful information on control efficiencies being achieved and 
maintained in practice within a source category and across source 
categories for regulated sources and pollutants. These reports can also 
be used to inform the technology-review process by providing 
information on improvements to add-on control technology and new 
control technology.
    Under an electronic reporting system, the EPA's Office of Air 
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) would have air emissions and 
performance test data in hand; OAQPS would not have to collect these 
data from the EPA Regional offices or from delegated authorities or 
industry sources in cases where these reports are not submitted to the 
EPA Regional offices. Thus, we anticipate fewer or less substantial 
information collection requests (ICRs) may be needed in conjunction 
with prospective CAA-required technology and risk-based reviews. We 
expect this to result in a decrease in time spent by industry to 
respond to data collection requests. We also expect the ICRs to contain 
less extensive stack testing provisions, as we will already have stack 
test data electronically. Reduced testing requirements would be a cost 
savings to industry. The EPA should also be able to conduct these 
required reviews more quickly, as OAQPS will not have to include the 
ICR collection time in the process or spend time collecting reports 
from the EPA Regional offices. While the regulated community may 
benefit from a reduced burden of ICRs, the general public benefits from 
the Agency's ability to provide these required reviews more quickly, 
resulting in increased public health and environmental protection.
    Electronic reporting minimizes submission of unnecessary or 
duplicative reports in cases where facilities report to multiple 
government agencies and the agencies opt to rely on the EPA's 
electronic reporting system to view report submissions. Where delegated 
authorities continue to require a paper copy of these reports and will 
accept a hard copy of the electronic report, facilities will have the 
option to print paper copies of the electronic reporting forms to 
submit to the delegated authorities, and, thus, minimize the time spent 
reporting to multiple agencies. Additionally, maintenance and storage 
costs associated with retaining paper records could likewise be 
minimized by replacing those records with electronic records of 
electronically submitted data and reports.
    Delegated authorities could benefit from more streamlined and 
automated review of the electronically submitted data. For example, 
because performance test data would be readily-available in a standard 
electronic format, delegated authorities would be able to review 
reports and data electronically rather than having to conduct a review 
of the reports and data manually. Having reports and associated data in 
electronic format facilitates review through the use of software 
``search'' options, as well as the downloading and analyzing of data in 
spreadsheet format. Additionally, delegated authorities would benefit 
from the reported data being accessible to them through the EPA's 
electronic reporting system wherever and whenever they want or need 
access, as long as they have access to the Internet. The ability to 
access and review reports electronically assists delegated authorities 
in determining compliance with applicable regulations more quickly and 
accurately, potentially allowing a faster response to violations, which 
could minimize harmful air emissions. This change benefits both 
delegated authorities and the public.
    The proposed electronic reporting of data is consistent with 
electronic data trends (e.g., electronic banking and income tax 
filing). Electronic reporting of environmental data is already common 
practice in many media offices at the EPA. The changes being proposed 
in this rulemaking are needed to continue the EPA's transition to 
electronic reporting.
    As noted above, we are proposing that 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ 
performance test reports be submitted through the EPA's ERT. With the 
exception of the method proposed in conjunction with this rulemaking, 
all test methods listed under 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ are 
currently supported by the ERT. The proposal would require that 
performance test results collected using test methods that are not 
supported by the ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT Web site at the time of 
the test be submitted to the Administrator at the appropriate address 
listed in 40 CFR 63.13, unless the Administrator agrees to or specifies 
an alternate reporting method.

[[Page 22774]]

    In addition to electronically reporting the results of performance 
tests, we are proposing the requirement to electronically submit 
notifications and the semiannual compliance report required in 40 CFR 
63.4720. The proposal would require the owner or operator use the 
appropriate spreadsheet template in CEDRI for the subpart. If the 
reporting template specific to the subpart is not available at the time 
that the report is due, the owner or operator would submit the report 
to the Administrator at the appropriate addresses listed in the General 
Provisions. The owner or operator would begin submitting reports 
electronically with the next report that is due, once the electronic 
template has been available for at least 1 year. The EPA is currently 
working to develop the templates for 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ. We 
are specifically taking comment on the content, layout, and overall 
design of the spreadsheet templates, which are presented as an Excel 
spreadsheet in the docket titled Electronic Reporting for Subpart QQQQ 
Semiannual Reports.\24\ We plan to finalize a required reporting format 
with the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Electronic Reporting for Subpart QQQQ Semiannual Reports; 
see Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated in 40 CFR 63.4720(d)(2), the proposal also requires that 
notifications be reported electronically though CEDRI. Currently, there 
are no templates for notifications in CEDRI for this subpart. 
Therefore, the owner or operator must submit these notifications in 
portable document format (PDF).
    Additionally, we have identified two broad circumstances in which 
electronic reporting extensions may be provided. In both circumstances, 
the decision to accept your claim of needing additional time to report 
is within the discretion of the Administrator, and reporting should 
occur as soon as possible.
    In 40 CFR 63.4720(d)(3), we address the situation where an 
extension may be warranted due to outages of the EPA's CDX or CEDRI 
which preclude you from accessing the system and submitting required 
reports. If either the CDX or CEDRI is unavailable at any time 
beginning 5 business days prior to the date that the submission is due, 
and the unavailability prevents the submission of a report by the 
required date, the facility may assert a claim of EPA system outage. We 
consider 5 business days prior to the reporting deadline to be an 
appropriate timeframe because if the system is down prior to this time, 
facilities will have 1 week to complete reporting once the system is 
back online. However, if the CDX or CEDRI is down during the week a 
report is due, we realize that this could greatly impact the ability to 
submit a required report on time. We will notify facilities about known 
outages as far in advance as possible by CHIEF Listserv notice, posting 
on the CEDRI Web site and posting on the CDX Web site so that 
facilities can plan accordingly and still meet the reporting deadline. 
However, if a planned or unplanned outage occurs and a facility 
believes that it will affect or it has affected compliance with an 
electronic reporting requirement, we have provided a process to assert 
such a claim.
    In 40 CFR 63.4720(d)(4), we address the situation where an 
extension may be warranted due to a force majeure event, which is 
defined as an event that will be or has been caused by circumstances 
beyond the control of the affected facility, its contractors, or any 
entity controlled by the affected facility that prevents compliance 
with the requirement to submit a report electronically as required by 
this rule. Examples of such events are acts of nature, acts of war or 
terrorism, or equipment failure or safety hazards beyond the control of 
the facility. If such an event occurs or is still occurring or if there 
are still linger effects of the event in the 5 business days prior to a 
submission deadline, we have provided a process to assert a claim of 
force majeure.
    We are providing these potential extensions to protect facilities 
from noncompliance in cases when a facility cannot successfully submit 
a report by the reporting deadline for reasons outside of its control 
as described above. We are not providing an extension for other 
instances. Facility representatives should register for CEDRI far in 
advance of the initial compliance date in order to make sure that they 
can complete the identity proofing process prior to the initial 
compliance date. Additionally, we recommend developing reports early, 
in case any questions arise during the reporting process.
4. New EPA Test Method 326
    We are proposing EPA Method 326 to address technical issues related 
to VOHAP content measured in certain surface coatings containing 
isocyanates. Because there is currently no EPA test method for 
isocyanate emissions, as part of this action, we are proposing specific 
isocyanate compound sample collection and analytical requirements as 
Method 326 of 40 CFR part 63, Appendix A. Method 326 is based on ``A 
Method for Measuring Isocyanates in Stationary Source Emissions'' which 
was proposed on December 8, 1997 (62 FR 64532) as Method 207, but was 
never promulgated. Method 326 does not significantly modify the 
sampling and analytical techniques of the previously proposed method, 
but includes additional QC procedures and associated performance 
criteria to ensure the overall quality of the measurement.
    Method 326 is based on the EPA Method 5 sampling train employing a 
derivatizing reagent [1-(2-pyridyl) piperazine in toluene] in the 
impingers to immediately stabilize the isocyanate compounds upon 
collection. Collected samples are analyzed using high performance 
liquid chromatography and an appropriate detector under laboratory 
conditions sufficient to separate and quantify the isocyanate 
compounds.
    The sampling and analytical techniques were validated at three 
sources according to EPA Method 301 (40 CFR 63, Appendix A) and the 
report of this validation, titled Laboratory Development and Field 
Evaluation of a Generic Method for Sampling and Analysis of 
Isocyanates, can be found in the docket. Under the proposed rule, this 
validated technique would be used to reliably collect and analyze 
gaseous isocyanate emissions from Surface Coatings of Wood Building 
Products for methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), methyl isocyanate 
(MI), hex methylene 1,6 diisocyanate (HDI), and 2,4 toluene 
diisocyanate (TDI). This method will also provide a tool for state and 
local governments, industry, and the EPA to reliably measure emissions 
of MDI, MI, HDI, and/or TDI from other types of stationary sources, 
such as pressed board, flexible foam, and spray booths.
5. Incorporation by Reference Under 1 CFR Part 51
    The EPA is proposing regulatory text that includes IBR. In 
accordance with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, the EPA is proposing to 
incorporate by reference the following voluntary consensus standards 
(VCS) described in the amendments to 40 CFR 63.14:

     ANSI A135.4-2012, Basic Hardboard, IBR approved for 40 
CFR 63.4781.
     ASTM D1475-90, Standard Test Method for Density of 
Paint, Varnish Lacquer, and Related Products, IBR approved for 40 
CFR 63.4741(b) and (c) and 63.4751(c).
     ASTM D1963-85 (1996), Standard Test Method for Specific 
Gravity of Drying Oils, Varnishes, Resins, and Related Materials at 
25/25[deg]C, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.4741(a) and 63.4761(j).
     ASTM D2111-95 (2000), Standard Test Methods for 
Specific Gravity of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their 
Admixtures, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.4741(a) and 63.4761(j).

[[Page 22775]]

     ASTM D2369-01, Test Method for Volatile Content of 
Coatings, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.4741(a) and 63.4761(j).
     ASTM D2697-86 (Reapproved 1998), Standard Test Method 
for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings, IBR 
approved for 40 CFR 63.4741(a) and (b) and 63.4761(j).
     ASTM D4840-99, Standard Guide for Sampling Chain-of-
Custody Procedures, IBR approved for Method 326 in appendix A to 
part 63.
     ASTM D6093-97 (Reapproved 2003), Standard Test Method 
for Percent Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings 
Using a Helium Gas Pycnometer, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.4741(a) 
and (b) and 63.4761(j).
     ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010), Standard Test Method 
for Determination of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct 
Interface Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, including 
Annexes A1 through A8, Approved October 1, 2010, IBR approved for 40 
CFR 63.4751(i) and 63.4766(b).

    While the ASTM methods D2697-86 and D6093-97 were incorporated by 
reference when 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ was originally promulgated 
(68 FR 31760), the methods are being cited in additional paragraphs in 
the proposed rule, requiring a revision to their IBR. The ANSI method 
and the other ASTM methods are being incorporated by reference for 40 
CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ for the first time under this rulemaking.
6. Technical and Editorial Changes
    The following are additional proposed changes that address 
technical and editorial corrections:
     Revised the monitoring requirements section in 40 CFR 
63.4764 to clarify ongoing compliance provisions to address startup and 
shutdown periods when certain parameters cannot be met;
     Revised the recordkeeping requirements section in 40 CFR 
63.4730 to include the requirement to record information on failures to 
meet the applicable standard;
     Revised the terminology in the delegation of authority 
section in 40 CFR 63.4780 to match the definitions in 40 CFR 63.90;
     Revised the references to several test method appendices; 
and
     Revised the General Provisions applicability table (Table 
4 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ) to align with those sections of the 
General Provisions that have been amended or reserved over time.

E. What compliance dates are we proposing?

    The EPA is proposing that existing affected sources must comply 
with the amendments in this rulemaking no later than 180 days after the 
effective date of the final rule. The EPA is also proposing that 
affected sources that commence construction or reconstruction after May 
16, 2018 must comply with all requirements of the subpart, including 
the amendments being proposed, no later than the effective date of the 
final rule or upon startup, whichever is later. All affected existing 
facilities would have to continue to meet the current requirements of 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ until the applicable compliance date of 
the amended rule. The final action is not expected to be a ``major 
rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2), so the effective date of the 
final rule will be the promulgation date as specified in CAA section 
112(d)(10). For existing sources, we are proposing two changes that 
would impact ongoing compliance requirements for 40 CFR part 63, 
subpart QQQQ. As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, we are proposing 
to add a requirement that notifications, performance test results, and 
the semiannual reports using the new template be submitted 
electronically. We are also proposing to change the requirements for 
SSM by removing the exemption from the requirements to meet the 
standard during SSM periods and by removing the requirement to develop 
and implement an SSM plan. Additionally, we are proposing to add a new 
compliance demonstration equation that adds flexibility to meeting the 
standard, but this change does not affect ongoing compliance. Our 
experience with similar industries that are required to convert 
reporting mechanisms, install necessary hardware, install necessary 
software, become familiar with the process of submitting performance 
test results electronically through the EPA's CEDRI, test these new 
electronic submission capabilities, reliably employ electronic 
reporting, and convert logistics of reporting processes to different 
time-reporting parameters, shows that a time period of a minimum of 90 
days, and more typically 180 days, is generally necessary to 
successfully complete these changes. Our experience with similar 
industries further shows that this sort of regulated facility generally 
requires a time period of 180 days to read and understand the amended 
rule requirements; evaluate their operations to ensure that they can 
meet the standards during periods of startup and shutdown as defined in 
the rule and make any necessary adjustments; adjust parameter 
monitoring and recording systems to accommodate revisions; and update 
their operations to reflect the revised requirements. The EPA 
recognizes the confusion that multiple different compliance dates for 
individual requirements would create and the additional burden such an 
assortment of dates would impose. From our assessment of the timeframe 
needed for compliance with the entirety of the revised requirements, 
the EPA considers a period of 180 days to be the most expeditious 
compliance period practicable, and, thus, is proposing that existing 
affected sources be in compliance with all of this regulation's revised 
requirements within 180 days of the regulation's effective date. We 
solicit comment on this proposed compliance period, and we specifically 
request submission of information from sources in this source category 
regarding specific actions that would need to be undertaken to comply 
with the proposed amended requirements and the time needed to make the 
adjustments for compliance with any of the revised requirements. We 
note that information provided may result in changes to the proposed 
compliance date.

V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts

A. What are the affected sources?

    There are currently 55 wood building product manufacturing 
facilities operating in the United States that conduct surface coating 
operations and are subject to the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products NESHAP. The 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ affected source is 
the collection of all the items listed in 40 CFR 63.4682(b)(1) through 
(4) that are used for surface coating of wood building products. A new 
affected source is a completely new wood building products surface 
coating source where previously no wood building products surface 
coating source had existed.

B. What are the air quality impacts?

    At the current level of control, emissions of total HAP are 
approximately 260 tpy. Compared to pre-MACT levels, this represents a 
significant reduction of HAP for the category. Prior to the development 
of the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP, the EPA 
estimated HAP emissions to be 14,311 tons annually.\25\ The proposed 
amendments will require all 55 major sources with equipment subject to 
the Wood Building Products Coating NESHAP to operate

[[Page 22776]]

without the SSM exemption. We were unable to quantify the specific 
emissions reductions associated with eliminating the SSM exemption. 
However, eliminating the SSM exemption will reduce emissions by 
requiring facilities to meet the applicable standard during SSM 
periods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 
(NESHAP) for the Wood Building Products (Surface Coating) Industry--
Background Information for Proposed Standards; EPA-453/R-00-003; May 
2001.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Indirect or secondary air emissions impacts are impacts that would 
result from the increased electricity usage associated with the 
operation of control devices (i.e., increased secondary emissions of 
criteria pollutants from power plants). Energy impacts consist of the 
electricity and steam needed to operate control devices and other 
equipment that would be required under this proposed rule. The EPA 
expects no secondary air emissions impacts or energy impacts from this 
rulemaking.
    For further information, see the memorandum titled Cost Impacts of 
the Subpart QQQQ Residual Risk and Technology Review, in the docket for 
this action.

C. What are the cost impacts?

    We estimate that each facility in the source category will 
experience costs as a result of these proposed amendments that are 
estimated as part of the reporting and recordkeeping costs. Each 
facility will experience costs to read and understand the rule 
amendments. Costs associated with the elimination of the SSM exemption 
were estimated as part of the reporting and recordkeeping costs and 
include time for re-evaluating previously developed SSM record systems. 
Costs associated with the requirement to electronically submit 
notifications and semi-annual compliance reports using CEDRI were 
estimated as part of the reporting and recordkeeping costs and include 
time for becoming familiar with CEDRI and the reporting template for 
semi-annual compliance reports. The recordkeeping and reporting costs 
are presented in section V.III.C of this preamble.
    The EPA estimates that one facility will be impacted from this 
proposed regulatory action. This facility will conduct an initial 
performance test to demonstrate compliance with the proposed 
alternative compliance equation, as proposed in their request for an 
alternative monitoring method. This initial performance test has a one-
time cost of $22,000. The total estimated labor costs for the rule are 
summarized in the Supporting Statement for the ICR in the docket for 
this action. The estimated labor cost includes an estimated labor cost 
of $36,618 for all 55 affected facilities to become familiar with the 
proposed rule requirements. For further information, see the memorandum 
titled Cost Impacts of the Subpart QQQQ Residual Risk and Technology 
Review, in the docket for this action.

D. What are the economic impacts?

    Economic impact analyses focus on changes in market prices and 
output levels. If changes in market prices and output levels in the 
primary markets are significant enough, impacts on other markets may 
also be examined. Both the magnitude of costs needed to comply with a 
proposed rule and the distribution of these costs among affected 
facilities can have a role in determining how the market will change in 
response to a proposed rule.
    For the one facility expected to conduct an initial performance 
test and become familiar with the proposed rule requirements, the costs 
associated with 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQ's proposed requirements 
are less than 0.001 percent of annual sales revenues. For the remaining 
54 facilities, the costs associated with becoming familiar with the 
proposed rule requirements are also less than 0.001 percent of annual 
sales revenues. These costs are not expected to result in a significant 
market impact, regardless of whether they are passed on to the 
purchaser or absorbed by the firms.

E. What are the benefits?

    The EPA did not propose changes to the emission limit requirements 
and estimates the proposed changes to SSM, recordkeeping, reporting, 
and monitoring are not economically significant. Because these proposed 
amendments are not considered economically significant, as defined by 
Executive Order 12866 and because no emission reductions were 
estimated, we did not estimate any benefits from reducing emissions.

VI. Request for Comments

    We solicit comments on all aspects of this proposed action. In 
addition to general comments on this proposed action, we are also 
interested in additional data that may improve the risk assessments and 
other analyses. We are specifically interested in receiving any 
improvements to the data used in the site-specific emissions profiles 
used for risk modeling. Such data should include supporting 
documentation in sufficient detail to allow characterization of the 
quality and representativeness of the data or information. Section VII 
of this preamble provides more information on submitting data.

VII. Submitting Data Corrections

    The site-specific emissions profiles used in the source category 
risk and demographic analyses and instructions are available for 
download on the RTR website at http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. The data files include detailed information for each HAP 
emissions release point for the facilities in the source category.
    If you believe that the data are not representative or are 
inaccurate, please identify the data in question, provide your reason 
for concern, and provide any ``improved'' data that you have, if 
available. When you submit data, we request that you provide 
documentation of the basis for the revised values to support your 
suggested changes. To submit comments on the data downloaded from the 
RTR website, complete the following steps:

    1. Within this downloaded file, enter suggested revisions to the 
data fields appropriate for that information.
    2. Fill in the commenter information fields for each suggested 
revision (i.e., commenter name, commenter organization, commenter 
email address, commenter phone number, and revision comments).
    3. Gather documentation for any suggested emissions revisions 
(e.g., performance test reports, material balance calculations, 
etc.).
    4. Send the entire downloaded file with suggested revisions in 
Microsoft[supreg] Access format and all accompanying documentation 
to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0678 (through the method described 
in the ADDRESSES section of this preamble).
    5. If you are providing comments on a single facility or 
multiple facilities, you need only submit one file for all 
facilities. The file should contain all suggested changes for all 
sources at that facility (or facilities). We request that all data 
revision comments be submitted in the form of updated 
Microsoft[supreg] Excel files that are generated by the 
Microsoft[supreg] Access file. These files are provided on the RTR 
website at http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.

VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This action is not a significant regulatory action and was, 
therefore, not submitted to the OMB for review.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs

    This action is not expected to be an Executive Order 13771 
regulatory action

[[Page 22777]]

because this action is not significant under Executive Order 12866.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to the OMB under the PRA. The ICR document 
that the EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 2034.07. You can 
find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule (Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2016-0678), and it is briefly summarized here.
    We are proposing changes to the paperwork requirements for the 
Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP in the form of 
eliminating the SSM reporting and SSM plan requirements, and requiring 
electronic submittal of all compliance reports (including performance 
test reports), and some notifications.
    Respondents/affected entities: Respondents include wood building 
product manufacturing facilities with surface coating operations 
subject to the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (authorized by 
section 114 of the CAA).
    Estimated number of respondents: 55.
    Frequency of response: The frequency of responses varies depending 
on the burden item. Responses include initial notifications, 
notification of compliance status, reports of periodic performance 
tests, and semiannual compliance reports.
    Total estimated burden: The annual recordkeeping and reporting 
burden for this information collection, averaged over the first 3 years 
of this ICR, is estimated to total 19,600 labor hours per year. Burden 
is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: $1,418,000 per year in labor costs and an 
additional one-time cost of $22,000 for an initial performance test at 
one facility. Included in the $1,418,000 per year in labor cost 
estimate is a labor cost of $36,618 for all 55 facilities to become 
familiar with the proposed rule requirements.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    Submit your comments on the Agency's need for this information, the 
accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods 
for minimizing respondent burden to the EPA using the docket identified 
at the beginning of this rule. You may also send your ICR-related 
comments to OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs via 
email to [email protected], Attention: Desk Officer for the 
EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR 
between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must receive comments no 
later than June 15, 2018. The EPA will respond to any ICR-related 
comments in the final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. In 
making this determination, the impact of concern is any significant 
adverse economic impact on small entities. An agency may certify that a 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities if the rule relieves regulatory burden, has no 
net burden or otherwise has a positive economic effect on the small 
entities subject to the rule. We conducted an Economic Impact analysis 
which is available in the docket for this proposal, EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-
0678. For all the facilities affected by the proposal, including the 
small businesses, the costs associated with the proposed rule 
requirements are less than 0.001 percent of annual sales revenues. Our 
conclusion is that there are no significant economic impacts on a 
substantial number of small entities from these proposed amendments. We 
have, therefore, concluded that this action will have no net regulatory 
burden for all directly regulated small entities.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million or 
more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The action imposes 
no enforceable duty on any state, local, or tribal governments or the 
private sector.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. It will not have substantial direct effects on 
tribal governments, on the relationship between the federal government 
and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities 
between the federal government and Indian tribes, as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. This proposed rule imposes requirements on 
owners and operators of wood building product surface coating 
facilities and not tribal governments. The EPA does not know of any 
wood building product surface coating facilities owned or operated by 
Indian tribal governments. However, if there are any, the effect of 
this rule on communities of tribal governments would not be unique or 
disproportionate to the effect on other communities. Thus, Executive 
Order 13175 does not apply to this action.

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is 
not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and 
because the EPA does not believe the environmental health or safety 
risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to 
children. This action's health and risk assessments are contained in 
sections III and IV of this preamble and further documented in the risk 
report titled Residual Risk Assessment for the Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products Source Category in Support of the March 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule, in the docket for this action.

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR 
Part 51

    This action involves technical standards. The EPA proposes to use 
ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010), ``Standard Test Method for 
Determination of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct Interface 
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy'' as an alternative to 
using

[[Page 22778]]

Method 320 under certain conditions and incorporate this alternative 
method by reference. Method 320 is proposed to be added for the 
measurement of organic HAP emissions if formaldehyde is a major organic 
HAP component of the surface coating exhaust stream. Also, instead of 
the current ASTM D 6348-12e1 standard, the ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 
2010) standard is referenced in the Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products NESHAP. The QC criteria in ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010) are 
more closely matched to the testing requirements in this NESHAP. Use of 
ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010) is defined in 40 CFR 63.4751(i)(4). 
ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010) is an extractive Fourier Transform 
Infrared Spectroscopy based field test method and is used to quantify 
gas phase concentrations of multiple target compounds in emission 
streams from stationary sources.
    ANSI A135.4-2012 is reasonably available from the Composite Panel 
Association, 19465 Deerfield Avenue, Suite 306, Leesburg, VA 20176. The 
standard specifies requirements and test methods for water absorption, 
thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, surface 
finish, dimensions, squareness, edge straightness, and moisture content 
for five classes of hardboard, including tileboard, part of a 
subcategory in the standard.
    The EPA also proposes to use ASTM D4840-99, ``Standard Guide for 
Sampling Chain-of-Custody Procedures,'' in Method 326 for its chain of 
custody procedures and incorporate this alternative method by 
reference. The ASTM D4840-99 guide contains a comprehensive discussion 
of potential requirements for a sample chain-of-custody program and 
describes the procedures involved in sample chain-of-custody. The 
purpose of ASTM D4840-99 procedures is to provide accountability for 
and documentation of sample integrity from the time samples are 
collected until the time samples are disposed. Method 326 is proposed 
to be added for the measurement of organic HAP emissions if isocyanate 
is a major organic HAP component of the surface coating exhaust stream.
    The EPA proposes to use the following five VCS as alternatives to 
Method 24 for the determination of volatile matter content, water 
content, density, volume solids, and weight solids of surface coatings 
and incorporate these VCS by reference:
     ASTM D1963-85 (1996), ``Standard Test Method for Specific 
Gravity of Drying Oils, Varnishes, Resins, and Related Materials at 25/
25[deg]C.'' This test method is used for the determination of the 
specific gravity of drying oils, varnishes, alkyd resins, fatty acids, 
and related materials.
     ASTM D2111-95 (2000), ``Standard Test Methods for Specific 
Gravity of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures.'' These 
test methods are used for the determination of the specific gravity of 
halogenated organic solvents and solvent admixtures.
     ASTM D2369-01, ``Test Method for Volatile Content of 
Coatings.'' This test method describes a procedure used for the 
determination of the weight percent volatile content of solvent-borne 
and waterborne coatings.
     ASTM D2697-86 (Reapproved 1998), ``Standard Test Method 
for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings.'' This 
test method is applicable to the determination of the volume of 
nonvolatile matter in coatings.
     ASTM D6093-97 (Reapproved 2003), ``Standard Test Method 
for Percent Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings 
Using a Helium Gas Pycnometer.'' This test method is used for the 
determination of the percent volume nonvolatile matter in clear and 
pigmented coatings.
    The ASTM standards are reasonably available from the American 
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post 
Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. See http://www.astm.org/.
    While the EPA has identified another 18 VCS as being potentially 
applicable to this proposed rule, we have decided not to use these VCS 
in this rulemaking. The use of these VCS would not be practical due to 
lack of equivalency, documentation, validation date, and other import 
technical and policy considerations. See the memorandum titled 
Voluntary Consensus Standard Results for National Emission Standards 
for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface Coating of Wood Building 
Products, in the docket for this proposed rule for the reasons for 
these determinations.
    Under 40 CFR 63.7(f) and 40 CFR 63.8(f) of subpart A of the General 
Provisions, a source may apply to the EPA for permission to use 
alternative test methods or alternative monitoring requirements in 
place of any required testing methods, performance specifications, or 
procedures in the final rule or any amendments.
    The EPA welcomes comments on this aspect of the proposed rulemaking 
and, specifically, invites the public to identify potentially 
applicable VCS and to explain why such standards should be used in this 
regulation.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    The EPA believes that this action does not have disproportionately 
high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
populations, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples, as 
specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    The documentation for this decision is contained in section IV.B of 
this preamble and the technical report titled Risk and Technology 
Review--Analysis of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near 
Wood Building Products Surface Coating Sources, which is located in the 
public docket for this action.
    We examined the potential for any EJ issues that might be 
associated with the source category, by performing a demographic 
analysis of the population close to the facilities. In this analysis, 
we evaluated the distribution of HAP-related cancer and noncancer risks 
from the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP source 
category across different social, demographic, and economic groups 
within the populations living near facilities identified as having the 
highest risks. The methodology and the results of the demographic 
analyses are included in a technical report, Risk and Technology 
Review--Analysis of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near 
Wood Building Product Surface Coating Facilities, available in the 
docket for this action.
    The results of the Surface Coating of Wood Building Products NESHAP 
source category demographic analysis indicate that emissions from the 
source category expose approximately 800 people to a cancer risk at or 
above 1-in-1 million and no one exposed to a chronic noncancer TOSHI 
greater than 1. The specific demographic results indicate that the 
percentage of the population potentially impacted by emissions is 
greater than its corresponding national percentage for the minority 
population (84 percent for the source category compared to 38 percent 
nationwide), the African American population (75 percent for the source 
category compared to 12 percent nationwide) and for the population over 
age 25 without a high school diploma (25 percent for the source 
category compared to 14 percent nationwide). The proximity results 
(irrespective of risk) indicate that the population percentages for 
certain demographic categories within 5 km of source category emissions 
are greater than the

[[Page 22779]]

corresponding national percentage for those same demographics. The 
following demographic percentages for populations residing within close 
proximity to facilities with Surface Coating of Wood Building Products 
source category facilities are higher than the corresponding nationwide 
percentage: African American, ages 65 and up, over age 25 without a 
high school diploma, and below the poverty level.
    The risks due to HAP emissions from this source category are low 
for all populations (e.g., inhalation cancer risks are less than 6-in-1 
million for all populations and noncancer HIs are less than 1). We do 
not expect this proposal to achieve significant reductions in HAP 
emissions. We have concluded that this proposal will not have 
unacceptable adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
or low-income populations. The proposal does not affect the level of 
protection provided to human health or the environment. However, this 
proposal, if finalized, will provide additional benefits to these 
demographic groups by improving the compliance, monitoring, and 
implementation of the NESHAP.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous 
substances, Incorporation by reference, Surface Coating of Wood 
Building Products, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: April 23, 2018.
E. Scott Pruitt,
Administrator.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, part 
63 of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as 
follows:

PART 63--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart A--[Amended]

0
2. Section 63.14 is amended by:
0
a. Redesignating paragraphs (i) through (s) as (j) through (t);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (d) as (i);
0
c. Redesignating paragraphs (e) through (h) as (d) through (g);
0
d. Redesignating paragraph (c) as (h);
0
e. Adding new paragraph (c).;
0
f. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (g)(11);
0
g. Redesignating newly redesignated paragraphs (g)(60) through (g)(105) 
as (g)(64) through (g)(109);
0
h. Redesignating newly redesignated paragraphs (g)(24) through (g)(59) 
as (g)(27) through (g)(62);
0
i. Redesignating newly redesignated paragraphs (g)(20) through (g)(23) 
as (g)(22) through (g)(25);
0
j. Redesignating newly redesignated paragraphs (g)(18) through (g)(19) 
as (g)(19) through (g)(20);
0
k. Adding new paragraphs (g)(18), (21), (26) and (63); and
0
l. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (g)(29), (77), and (82).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  63.14  Incorporations by reference.

* * * * *
    (c) American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd 
Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, Telephone (212) 642-4980, and 
http://www.ansi.org.
    (1) ANSI A135.4-2012, Basic Hardboard, approved June 8, 2012, IBR 
approved for Sec.  63.4781.
    (2) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (11) ASTM D1475-90, Standard Test Method for Density of Paint, 
Varnish Lacquer, and Related Products, IBR approved for appendix A to 
subpart II and Sec. Sec.  63.4741(b) and (c) and 63.4751(c).
* * * * *
    (18) ASTM D1963-85 (1996), Standard Test Method for Specific 
Gravity of Drying Oils, Varnishes, Resins, and Related Materials at 25/
25 [deg]C, approved 1996, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  63.4741(a) and 
63.4761(j).
* * * * *
    (21) ASTM D2111-95 (2000), Standard Test Methods for Specific 
Gravity of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures, approved 
2000, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  63.4741(a) and 63.4761(j).
* * * * *
    (26) ASTM D2369-01, Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings, 
approved 2001, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  63.4741(a) and 63.4761(j).
* * * * *
    (29) ASTM D2697-86 (Reapproved 1998), Standard Test Method for 
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings, IBR approved 
for Sec. Sec.  63.3161(f), 63.3521(b), 63.3941(b), 63.4141(b), 
63.4741(a) and (b), 63.4761(j), 63.4941(b), and 63.5160(c).
* * * * *
    (63) ASTM D4840-99, Standard Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody 
Procedures, approved 1999, IBR approved for Method 326 in appendix A to 
part 63.
* * * * *
    (77) ASTM D6093-97 (Reapproved 2003), Standard Test Method for 
Percent Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings Using 
a Helium Gas Pycnometer, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  63.3161, 63.3521, 
63.3941, 63.4141, 63.4741(a) and (b), 63.4761(j), 63.4941(b), and 
63.5160(c).
* * * * *
    (82) ASTM D6348-03 (Reapproved 2010), Standard Test Method for 
Determination of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct Interface 
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, including Annexes A1 
through A8, Approved October 1, 2010, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  
63.1571(a), 63.4651(i), 63.4766(b), Tables 4 and 5 to subpart JJJJJ, 
tables 4 and 6 to subpart KKKKK, tables 1, 2, and 5 to subpart UUUUU 
and appendix B to subpart UUUUU.
* * * * *

Subpart QQQQ--[Amended]

0
3. Section 63.4683 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to 
read as follows:

Sec.  63.4683  When do I have to comply with this subpart?

* * * * *
    (a) For a new or reconstructed affected source, the compliance date 
is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1), (2) or (3) of this section:
    (1) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected 
source is before May 28, 2003, the compliance date is May 28, 2003; 
except that the compliance date for the revised requirements 
promulgated at Sec. Sec.  63.4683, 63.4700, 63.4710, 63.4720, 63.4730, 
63.4741, 63.4751, 63.4761, 63.4763, 63.4764, 63.4766, 63.4781, Table 4 
of this subpart QQQQ, and Appendix A of this subpart QQQQ published on 
[DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] is [DATE 
180 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER].
    (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected 
source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the date of 
initial startup of your affected source; except that if the initial 
startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 
28, 2003, but on or before May 16, 2018, the compliance date for the 
revised requirements promulgated at Sec. Sec.  63.4683, 63.4700, 
63.4710, 63.4720, 63.4730, 63.4741, 63.4751, 63.4761, 63.4763, 63.4764, 
63.4766, 63.4781,

[[Page 22780]]

Table 4 of this subpart QQQQ, and Appendix A of this subpart QQQQ 
published on [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] is [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE 
IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER].
    (3) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected 
source occurs after May 16, 2018, the compliance date is [DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] or the date of 
startup, whichever is later.
    (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance date is the 
date 3 years after May 28, 2003, except that the compliance date for 
the revised requirements promulgated at Sec. Sec.  63.4683, 63.4700, 
63.4710, 63.4720, 63.4730, 63.4741, 63.4751, 63.4761, 63.4763, 63.4764, 
63.4766, 63.4781, Table 4 of this subpart QQQQ, and Appendix A of this 
subpart QQQQ published on [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER] is [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF 
FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER].
0
4. Section 63.4700 is amended by:
0
a. Revising the introductory text of paragraph (a)(2), paragraphs 
(a)(2)(i) and (ii);
0
b. Adding paragraph (a)(3); and
0
c. Revising paragraphs (b) and (d).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  63.4700  What are my general requirements for complying with this 
subpart?

    (a) * * *
    (2) Any coating operation(s) at existing sources for which you use 
the emission rate with add-on controls option, as specified in Sec.  
63.4691(c), must be in compliance with the applicable emission 
limitations as specified in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (iii) of this 
section.
    (i) Prior to [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE 
IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], the coating operation(s) must be in 
compliance with the applicable emission limit in Sec.  63.4690 at all 
times, except during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction 
(SSM). After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER], the coating operation(s) must be in compliance with 
the applicable emission limit in Sec.  63.4690 at all times.
    (ii) Prior to [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER], the coating operation(s) must be in compliance with 
the applicable operating limits for emission capture systems and add-on 
control devices required by Sec.  63.4692 at all times, except during 
periods of SSM, and except for solvent recovery systems for which you 
conduct liquid-liquid material balances according to Sec.  63.4761(j). 
After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER], the coating operation(s) must be in compliance with the 
operating limits for emission capture systems and add-on control 
devices required by Sec.  63.4692 at all times, except for solvent 
recovery systems for which you conduct liquid-liquid material balances 
according to Sec.  63.4761(j).
* * * * *
    (3) For new or reconstructed sources with initial startup after May 
16, 2018, any coating operation(s) for which you use the emission rate 
with add-on controls option, as specified in Sec.  63.4691(c), must be 
in compliance with the applicable emission limitations and work 
practice standards as specified in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) through (iii) 
of this section.
    (i) The coating operation(s) must be in compliance with the 
applicable emission limit in Sec.  63.4690 at all times.
    (ii) The coating operation(s) must be in compliance with the 
operating limits for emission capture systems and add-on control 
devices required by Sec.  63.4692 at all times, except for solvent 
recovery systems for which you conduct liquid-liquid material balances 
according to Sec.  63.4761(j).
    (iii) The coating operation(s) must be in compliance with the work 
practice standards in Sec.  63.4693 at all times.
    (b) For existing sources as of May 16, 2018, prior to [DATE 181 
DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], you must 
always operate and maintain your affected source, including all air 
pollution control and monitoring equipment you use for purposes of 
complying with this subpart, according to the provisions in Sec.  
63.6(e)(1)(i). After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN 
THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for such existing sources and after [DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for new or 
reconstructed sources, you must always operate and maintain your 
affected source, including associated air pollution control equipment 
and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good 
air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions. The general 
duty to minimize emissions does not require you to make any further 
efforts to reduce emissions if levels required by the applicable 
standard have been achieved. Determination of whether a source is 
operating in compliance with operation and maintenance requirements 
will be based on information available to the Administrator which may 
include, but is not limited to, monitoring results, review of operation 
and maintenance procedures, review of operation and maintenance 
records, and inspection of the source.
* * * * *
    (d) For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if your affected 
source uses an emission capture system and add-on control device, you 
must develop a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan (SSMP) 
according to the provisions in Sec.  63.6(e)(3). The SSMP must address 
startup, shutdown, and corrective actions in the event of a malfunction 
of the emission capture system or the add-on control device. The SSMP 
must also address any coating operation equipment that may cause 
increased emissions or that would affect capture efficiency if the 
process equipment malfunctions, such as conveyors that move parts among 
enclosures.
0
5. Section 63.4710 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(8)(ii) to read 
as follows:

Sec.  63.4710  What notifications must I submit?

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (8) * * *
    (ii) For the emission rate without add-on controls option, provide 
the calculation of the total mass of organic HAP emissions for each 
month; the calculation of the total volume of coating solids used each 
month; and the calculation of the 12-month organic HAP emission rate, 
using Equations 1 and 1A (or 1A-alt) through 1C, 2, and 3, 
respectively, of Sec.  63.4751.
* * * * *
0
6. Section 63.4720 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a)(6)(ii) and the introductory text of paragraph 
(a)(7);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (a)(7)(i) through (a)(7)(xiv) as paragraphs 
(a)(7)(i)(A) through (a)(7)(i)(N);
0
c. Adding new paragraph (a)(7)(i) introductory text;
0
d. Revising paragraph (a)(7)(ii) and the introductory text of paragraph 
(c); and
0
e. Adding paragraph (d).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

[[Page 22781]]

Sec.  63.4720  What reports must I submit?

    (a) * * *
    (6) * * *
    (ii) The calculations used to determine the 12-month organic HAP 
emission rate for the compliance period in which the deviation 
occurred. You must provide the calculations for Equations 1, 1A (or 1A-
alt) through 1C, 2, and 3 in Sec.  63.4751; and if applicable, the 
calculation used to determine mass of organic HAP in waste materials 
according to Sec.  63.4751(e)(4). You do not need to submit background 
data supporting these calculations (e.g., information provided by 
materials suppliers or manufacturers, or test reports).
* * * * *
    (7) Deviations: emission rate with add-on controls option. You must 
be in compliance with the emission limitations in this subpart as 
specified in paragraphs (7)(i) and (ii) of this section.
    (i) For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if you used the 
emission rate with add-on controls option and there was a deviation 
from an emission limitation (including any periods when emissions 
bypassed the add-on control device and were diverted to the 
atmosphere), the semiannual compliance report must contain the 
information in paragraphs (a)(7)(i)(A) through (N) of this section. 
This includes periods of SSM during which deviations occurred.
* * * * *
    (ii) After [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] for new and reconstructed sources and after [DATE 180 DAYS 
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for 
existing sources, if you used the emission rate with add-on controls 
option and there was a deviation from an emission limitation (including 
any periods when emissions bypassed the add-on control device and were 
diverted to the atmosphere), the semiannual compliance report must 
contain the information in paragraphs (a)(7)(ii)(A) through (M) of this 
section.
    (A) The beginning and ending dates of each compliance period during 
which the 12-month organic HAP emission rate exceeded the applicable 
emission limit in Sec.  63.4690.
    (B) The calculations used to determine the 12-month organic HAP 
emission rate for each compliance period in which a deviation occurred. 
You must provide the calculation of the total mass of organic HAP 
emissions for the coatings, thinners, and cleaning materials used each 
month, using Equations 1 and 1A through 1C of Sec.  63.4751; and, if 
applicable, the calculation used to determine mass of organic HAP in 
waste materials according to Sec.  63.4751(e)(4); the calculation of 
the total volume of coating solids used each month, using Equation 2 of 
Sec.  63.4751; the calculation of the mass of organic HAP emission 
reduction each month by emission capture systems and add-on control 
devices, using Equations 1 and 1A through 1D of Sec.  63.4761, and 
Equations 2, 3, and 3A through 3C of Sec.  63.4761, as applicable; the 
calculation of the total mass of organic HAP emissions each month, 
using Equation 4 of Sec.  63.4761; and the calculation of the 12-month 
organic HAP emission rate, using Equation 5 of Sec.  63.4761. You do 
not need to submit the background data supporting these calculations 
(e.g., information provided by materials suppliers or manufacturers, or 
test reports).
    (C) A brief description of the CPMS.
    (D) The date of the latest CPMS certification or audit.
    (E) The date and time that each CPMS was inoperative, except for 
zero (low-level) and high-level checks.
    (F) The date, time, and duration that each CPMS was out-of-control, 
including the information in Sec.  63.8(c)(8).
    (G) The date and time period of each deviation from an operating 
limit in Table 3 to this subpart, date and time period of any bypass of 
the add-on control device.
    (H) A summary of the total duration of each deviation from an 
operating limit in Table 3 to this subpart, each bypass of the add-on 
control device during the semiannual reporting period, and the total 
duration as a percent of the total source operating time during that 
semiannual reporting period.
    (I) A breakdown of the total duration of the deviations from the 
operating limits in Table 3 to this subpart and bypasses of the add-on 
control device during the semiannual reporting period by identifying 
deviations due to control equipment problems, process problems, other 
known causes, and other unknown causes; a list of the affected source 
or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions.
    (J) A summary of the total duration of CPMS downtime during the 
semiannual reporting period and the total duration of CPMS downtime as 
a percent of the total source operating time during that semiannual 
reporting period.
    (K) A description of any changes in the CPMS, coating operation, 
emission capture system, or add-on control device since the last 
semiannual reporting period.
    (L) For each deviation from the work practice standards, a 
description of the deviation, the date and time period of the 
deviation, and the actions you took to correct the deviation.
    (M) A statement of the cause of each deviation.
* * * * *
    (c) SSM reports. For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER 
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if you used 
the emission rate with add-on controls option and you had an SSM during 
the semiannual reporting period, you must submit the reports specified 
in paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section.
* * * * *
    (d) Electronic reporting. (1) Within 60 days after the date of 
completing each performance test (as defined in Sec.  63.2) required by 
this subpart, the owner or operator must submit the results of the 
performance test following the procedure specified in either paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section.
    (i) For data collected using test methods supported by the EPA's 
Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) as listed on the EPA's ERT website 
(https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert) at the time of the test, the owner or operator must 
submit the results of the performance test to the EPA via CEDRI. (CEDRI 
can be accessed through the EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/).) Performance test data must be submitted in a file 
format generated using the EPA's ERT or an alternate electronic file 
format consistent with the extensible markup language (XML) schema 
listed on the EPA's ERT website. If the owner or operator claims that 
some of the performance test information being submitted is 
confidential business information (CBI), the owner or operator must 
submit a complete file generated through the use of the EPA's ERT or an 
alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the 
EPA's ERT website, including information claimed to be CBI, on a 
compact disc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage 
media to the EPA. The electronic media must be clearly marked as CBI 
and mailed to U.S. EPA/OAPQS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, 
Measurement Policy Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham,

[[Page 22782]]

NC 27703. The same ERT or alternate file with the CBI omitted must be 
submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as described earlier in this 
paragraph.
    (ii) For data collected using test methods that are not supported 
by the EPA's ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT website at the time of the 
test, the owner or operator must submit the results of the performance 
test to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in Sec.  
63.13 unless the Administrator agrees to or specifies an alternative 
reporting method.
    (2) You must submit notifications and semiannual compliance reports 
to the EPA via the CEDRI. (CEDRI can be accessed through the EPA's CDX 
(https://cdx.epa.gov/).) You must use the appropriate electronic report 
in CEDRI for this subpart or an alternative electronic file format 
consistent with the XML schema listed on the CEDRI website (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/compliance-and-emissions-data-reporting-interface-cedri). If the reporting form 
specific to this subpart is not available in CEDRI at the time that the 
report is due, you must submit the report to the Administrator at all 
the appropriate addresses listed in Sec.  63.13. Once the reporting 
template has been available in CEDRI for 1 year, you must begin 
submitting all subsequent reports via CEDRI. The reports must be 
submitted by the deadlines specified in this subpart, regardless of the 
method in which the reports are submitted.
    (3) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX, and due to a planned or actual outage of either 
the EPA's CEDRI or CDX systems within the period of time beginning 5 
business days prior to the date that the submission is due, you will be 
or are precluded from accessing CEDRI or CDX and submitting a required 
report within the time prescribed, you may assert a claim of EPA system 
outage for failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. You 
must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as soon as 
possible following the date you first knew, or through due diligence 
should have known, that the event may cause or caused a delay in 
reporting. You must provide to the Administrator a written description 
identifying the date, time and length of the outage; a rationale for 
attributing the delay in reporting beyond the regulatory deadline to 
the EPA system outage; describe the measures taken or to be taken to 
minimize the delay in reporting; and identify a date by which you 
propose to report, or if you have already met the reporting requirement 
at the time of the notification, the date you reported. In any 
circumstance, the report must be submitted electronically as soon as 
possible after the outage is resolved. The decision to accept the claim 
of EPA system outage and allow an extension to the reporting deadline 
is solely within the discretion of the Administrator.
    (4) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX and a force majeure event is about to occur, 
occurs, or has occurred or there are lingering effects from such an 
event within the period of time beginning 5 business days prior to the 
date the submission is due, the owner or operator may assert a claim of 
force majeure for failure to timely comply with the reporting 
requirement. For the purposes of this section, a force majeure event is 
defined as an event that will be or has been caused by circumstances 
beyond the control of the affected facility, its contractors, or any 
entity controlled by the affected facility that prevents you from 
complying with the requirement to submit a report electronically within 
the time period prescribed. Examples of such events are acts of nature 
(e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods), acts of war or terrorism, 
or equipment failure or safety hazard beyond the control of the 
affected facility (e.g., large scale power outage). If you intend to 
assert a claim of force majeure, you must submit notification to the 
Administrator in writing as soon as possible following the date you 
first knew, or through due diligence should have known, that the event 
may cause or caused a delay in reporting. You must provide to the 
Administrator a written description of the force majeure event and a 
rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the regulatory 
deadline to the force majeure event; describe the measures taken or to 
be taken to minimize the delay in reporting; and identify a date by 
which you propose to report, or if you have already met the reporting 
requirement at the time of the notification, the date you reported. In 
any circumstance, the reporting must occur as soon as possible after 
the force majeure event occurs. The decision to accept the claim of 
force majeure and allow an extension to the reporting deadline is 
solely within the discretion of the Administrator.
0
7. Section 63.4730 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (c)(3) and the introductory text of paragraph 
(k);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (k)(1) through (4) as paragraphs (k)(1)(i) 
through (iv);
0
c. Adding new introductory text of paragraph (k)(1) and new paragraph 
(k)(2);
0
d. Redesignating paragraphs (k)(5)(i) through (iii) as paragraphs 
(k)(1)(v)(A) through (C);
0
e. Redesignating introductory text of paragraph (k)(5) as introductory 
text of paragraph (k)(1)(v) and revising the newly redesignated 
paragraph;
0
f. Redesignating paragraphs (k)(6)(i) and (ii) as paragraphs 
(k)(1)(vi)(A) and (B);
0
g. Redesignating introductory text of paragraph (k)(6) as introductory 
text of paragraph (k)(1)(vi) and revising the newly redesignated 
paragraph; and
0
h. Redesignating paragraphs (k)(7) and (8) as paragraphs (k)(1)(vii) 
and (viii).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  63.4730  What records must I keep?

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) For the emission rate without add-on controls option, a record 
of the calculation of the total mass of organic HAP emissions for the 
coatings, thinners, and cleaning materials used each month, using 
Equations 1, 1A (or 1A-alt) through 1C, and 2 of Sec.  63.4751; and, if 
applicable, the calculation used to determine mass of organic HAP in 
waste materials according to Sec.  63.4751(e)(4); the calculation of 
the total volume of coating solids used each month, using Equation 2 of 
Sec.  63.4751; and the calculation of each 12-month organic HAP 
emission rate, using Equation 3 of Sec.  63.4751.
* * * * *
    (k) If you use the emission rate with add-on controls option, you 
must keep the records specified in paragraphs (k)(1) through (2) of 
this section.
    (1) For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]:
* * * * *
    (v) For each capture system that is not a PTE, the data and 
documentation you used to determine capture efficiency according to the 
requirements specified in Sec. Sec.  63.4764 and 63.4765(b) through 
(e), including the records specified in paragraphs (k)(1)(v)(A) through 
(C) of this section that apply to you.
* * * * *
    (vi) The records specified in paragraphs (k)(1)(vi)(A) and (B) of 
this section for each add-on control device organic HAP destruction or 
removal efficiency determination as specified in Sec.  63.4766.
* * * * *
    (2) After [DATE of PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL

[[Page 22783]]

REGISTER] for new and reconstructed sources and after [DATE 180 DAYS 
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for 
existing sources:
    (i) The records required to show continuous compliance with each 
operating limit specified in Table 3 to this subpart that applies to 
you.
    (ii) For each capture system that is a PTE, the data and 
documentation you used to support a determination that the capture 
system meets the criteria in Method 204 of appendix M to 40 CFR part 51 
for a PTE and has a capture efficiency of 100 percent, as specified in 
Sec.  63.4765(a).
    (iii) For each capture system that is not a PTE, the data and 
documentation you used to determine capture efficiency according to the 
requirements specified in Sec. Sec.  63.4764 and 63.4765(b) through 
(e), including the records specified in paragraphs (k)(2)(iii)(A) 
through (C) of this section that apply to you.
    (A) Records for a liquid-to-uncaptured-gas protocol using a 
temporary total enclosure or building enclosure. Records of the mass of 
total volatile hydrocarbon (TVH) as measured by Method 204A or F of 
appendix M to 40 CFR part 51 for each material used in the coating 
operation, and the total TVH for all materials used during each capture 
efficiency test run, including a copy of the test report. Records of 
the mass of TVH emissions not captured by the capture system that 
exited the temporary total enclosure or building enclosure during each 
capture efficiency test run as measured by Method 204D or E of appendix 
M to 40 CFR part 51, including a copy of the test report. Records 
documenting that the enclosure used for the capture efficiency test met 
the criteria in Method 204 of appendix M to 40 CFR part 51 for either a 
temporary total enclosure or a building enclosure.
    (B) Records for a gas-to-gas protocol using a temporary total 
enclosure or a building enclosure. Records of the mass of TVH emissions 
captured by the emission capture system as measured by Method 204B or C 
of appendix M to 40 CFR part 51 at the inlet to the add-on control 
device, including a copy of the test report. Records of the mass of TVH 
emissions not captured by the capture system that exited the temporary 
total enclosure or building enclosure during each capture efficiency 
test run as measured by Method 204D or E of appendix M to 40 CFR part 
51, including a copy of the test report. Records documenting that the 
enclosure used for the capture efficiency test met the criteria in 
Method 204 of appendix M to 40 CFR part 51 for either a temporary total 
enclosure or a building enclosure.
    (C) Records for an alternative protocol. Records needed to document 
a capture efficiency determination using an alternative method or 
protocol as specified in Sec.  63.4765(e), if applicable.
    (iv) The records specified in paragraphs (k)(2)(iv)(A) and (B) of 
this section for each add-on control device organic HAP destruction or 
removal efficiency determination as specified in Sec.  63.4766.
    (A) Records of each add-on control device performance test 
conducted according to Sec. Sec.  63.4764 and 63.4766.
    (B) Records of the coating operation conditions during the add-on 
control device performance test showing that the performance test was 
conducted under representative operating conditions.
    (v) Records of the data and calculations you used to establish the 
emission capture and add-on control device operating limits as 
specified in Sec.  63.4767 and to document compliance with the 
operating limits as specified in Table 3 to this subpart.
    (vi) A record of the work practice plan required by Sec.  63.4693, 
and documentation that you are implementing the plan on a continuous 
basis.
0
8. Section 63.4741 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2), the defined 
terms ``mvolatiles'' and ``Davg'' in Equation 1 
in the introductory text of paragraph (b)(3), and paragraph (c) to read 
as follows:

Sec.  63.4741  How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the 
emission limitations?

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (2) Method 24 (appendix A-7 to 40 CFR part 60). For coatings, you 
may use Method 24 to determine the mass fraction of nonaqueous volatile 
matter and use that value as a substitute for mass fraction of organic 
HAP. (Note: Method 24 is not appropriate for those coatings with a 
water content that would result in an effective detection limit greater 
than the applicable emission limit.) One of the voluntary consensus 
standards in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (v) may be used as an 
alternative to using Method 24.
    (i) ASTM Method D1963-85 (1996), ``Standard Test Method for 
Specific Gravity of Drying Oils, Varnishes, Resins, and Related 
Materials at 25/25[deg]C,'' (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14);
    (ii) ASTM Method D2111-95 (2000), ``Standard Test Methods for 
Specific Gravity of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their 
Admixtures,'' (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14);
    (iii) ASTM Method D2369-01, ``Test Method for Volatile Content of 
Coatings,'' (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14);
    (iv) ASTM Method D2697-86 (1998), ``Standard Test Method for Volume 
Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings,'' (incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  63.14); and
    (v) ASTM Method D6093-97 (Reapproved 2003), ``Standard Test Method 
for Percent Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings 
Using a Helium Gas Pycnometer,'' (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14).
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    mvolatiles = Total volatile matter content of the 
coating, including HAP, volatile organic compounds (VOC), water, and 
exempt compounds, determined according to Method 24 in appendix A-7 of 
40 CFR part 60, grams volatile matter per liter coating.
    Davg = Average density of volatile matter in the 
coating, grams volatile matter per liter volatile matter, determined 
from test results using ASTM Method D1475-90, ``Standard Test Method 
for Density of Paint, Varnish Lacquer, and Related Products,'' 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), information from the 
supplier or manufacturer of the material, or reference sources 
providing density or specific gravity data for pure materials. If there 
is disagreement between ASTM Method D1475-90 test results and other 
information sources, the test results will take precedence.
    (c) Determine the density of each coating. Determine the density of 
each coating used during the compliance period from test results using 
ASTM Method D1475-90, ``Standard Test Method for Density of Paint, 
Varnish Lacquer, and Related Products,'' (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14), or information from the supplier or manufacturer of 
the material. If there is disagreement between ASTM Method D1475-90 
test results and the supplier's or manufacturer's information, the test 
results will take precedence.
* * * * *
0
9. Section 63.4751 is amended by revising paragraph (c) and the defined 
term ``A'' in Equation 1 in the introductory text of paragraph (e) and 
adding paragraph (i) to read as follows:

Sec.  63.4751  How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the 
emission limitations?

* * * * *
    (c) Determine the density of each material. Determine the density 
of each

[[Page 22784]]

coating, thinner, and cleaning material used during each month from 
test results using ASTM Method D1475-90, ``Standard Test Method for 
Density of Paint, Varnish Lacquer, and Related Products,'' 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), information from the 
supplier or manufacturer of the material, or reference sources 
providing density or specific gravity data for pure materials. If there 
is disagreement between ASTM Method D1475-90 test results and such 
other information sources, the test results will take precedence.
* * * * *
    (e) * * *

A = Total mass of organic HAP in the coatings used during the month, 
grams, as calculated in Equation 1A (or 1A-alt) of this section.
* * * * *
    (i) Alternative compliance demonstration. As an alternative to 
paragraph (h) of this section, you may demonstrate initial compliance 
by conducting a performance test using Method 25A of appendix A-7 to 40 
CFR part 60 or Method 320 or 326 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 63 for 
formaldehyde or isocyanates respectively to obtain an organic HAP 
emission factor (EF). The voluntary consensus standard ASTM D6348-03 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) may be used as an 
alternative to using Method 320 under the conditions specified in 
paragraphs (i)(4)(A) and (B) of this section.
    (1) You must also calculate the mass of organic HAP emitted from 
the coatings used during the month using Equation 1A-alt of this 
section:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.000

Where:

A = Total mass of organic HAP in the coatings used during the month, 
grams.
Volc,i = Total volume of coating, i, used during the 
month, liters.
Dc,j = Density of coating, i, grams coating per liter of 
coatings.
Wc,i = Mass fraction of organic HAP in coating, i, grams 
organic HAP per gram coating.
EFc,i = Organic HAP emission factor (three run average 
from performance testing, evaluated as proportion of mass organic 
HAP emitted to mass of organic HAP in the coatings used during the 
performance test).
m = Number of different coatings used during the month.

    (2) Calculate the organic HAP emission rate for the 12-month 
compliance period, grams organic HAP per liter coating solids used, 
using Equation 3 of this section.
    (3) The organic HAP emission rate for the initial 12-month 
compliance period, calculated using Equation 3 of this section, must be 
less than or equal to the applicable emission limit in Sec.  63.4690. 
You must keep all records as required by Sec. Sec.  63.4730 and 
63.4731. As part of the Notification of Compliance Status required by 
Sec.  63.4710, you must identify the coating operation(s) for which you 
used the emission rate without add-on controls option and submit a 
statement that the coating operation(s) was (were) in compliance with 
the emission limitations during the initial compliance period because 
the organic HAP emission rate was less than or equal to the applicable 
emission limit in Sec.  63.4690, determined according to this section.
    (4) If ASTM D6348-03 is used, the conditions specified in 
paragraphs (i)(4)(i) and (ii) must be met.
    (i) Test plan preparation and implementation in the Annexes to ASTM 
D6348-03, sections A1 through A8 are mandatory.
    (ii) In ASTM D6348-03 Annex A5 (Analyte Spiking Technique), the 
percent (%) R must be determined for each target analyte (Equation A5.5 
of ASTM D6348-03). In order for the test data to be acceptable for a 
compound, %R must be between 70 and 130 percent. If the %R value does 
not meet this criterion for a target compound, the test data are not 
acceptable for that compound, and the test must be repeated for that 
analyte following adjustment of the sampling and/or analytical 
procedure before the retest. The %R value for each compound must be 
reported in the test report, and all field measurements must be 
corrected with the calculated %R value for that compound using the 
following equation: Reported Result = (Measured Concentration in the 
Stack x 100)/%R.
0
10. Section 63.4761 is amended by revising paragraph (j)(3) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  63.4761  How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

* * * * *
    (j) * * *
    (3) Determine the mass fraction of volatile organic matter for each 
coating, thinner, and cleaning material used in the coating operation 
controlled by the solvent recovery system during the month, grams 
volatile organic matter per gram coating. You may determine the 
volatile organic matter mass fraction using Method 24 of 40 CFR part 
60, appendix A-7, one of the voluntary consensus standards specified in 
Sec.  63.4741(a)(2)(i) through (v) (incorporated by reference, see 
Sec.  63.14), or an EPA approved alternative method, or you may use 
information provided by the manufacturer or supplier of the coating. In 
the event of any inconsistency between information provided by the 
manufacturer or supplier and the results of Method 24 of 40 CFR part 
60, appendix A-7, or an approved alternative method, the test method 
results will take precedence unless after consultation, a regulated 
source could demonstrate to the satisfaction of the enforcement agency 
that the formulation data were correct.
* * * * *
0
11. Section 63.4763 is amended by revising paragraph (h) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  63.4763  How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the 
emission limitations?

    (h) For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], consistent with 
Sec. Sec.  63.6(e) and 63.7(e)(1), deviations that occur during a 
period of SSM of the emission capture system, add-on control device, or 
coating operation that may affect emission capture or control device 
efficiency are not violations if you demonstrate to the Administrator's 
satisfaction that you were operating in accordance with Sec.  
63.6(e)(1). The Administrator will determine whether deviations that 
occur during a period you identify as an SSM are violations, according 
to the provisions in Sec.  63.6(e).
0
12. Section 63.4764 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to 
read as follows:

Sec.  63.4764  What are the general requirements for performance tests?

    (a) * * *
    (1) Representative coating operation operating conditions. You must 
conduct the performance test under representative operating conditions 
for the coating operation. Operations during periods of startup, 
shutdown, and nonoperation do not constitute representative conditions. 
You may not

[[Page 22785]]

conduct performance tests during periods of malfunction. You must 
record the process information that is necessary to document operating 
conditions during the test and explain why the conditions represent 
normal operation. Upon request, you shall make available to the 
Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine the 
conditions of performance tests.
    (2) Representative emission capture system and add-on control 
device operating conditions. You must conduct the performance test when 
the emission capture system and add-on control device are operating at 
a representative flow rate, and the add-on control device is operating 
at a representative inlet concentration. Representative conditions 
exclude periods of startup and shutdown. You may not conduct 
performance tests during periods of malfunction. You must record 
information that is necessary to document emission capture system and 
add-on control device operating conditions during the test and explain 
why the conditions represent normal operation.
* * * * *
0
13. Section 63.4766 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(1) through (4) and (b);
0
b. Adding paragraphs (b)(4) and (5); and
0
c. Revising paragraphs (d) and (f).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  63.4766  How do I determine the add-on control device emission 
destruction or removal efficiency?

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (1) Use Method 1 or 1A of appendix A-1 to 40 CFR part 60, as 
appropriate, to select sampling sites and velocity traverse points.
    (2) Use Method 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, or 2F of appendix A-1 to 40 CFR part 
60, or Method 2G of appendix A-2 to 40 CFR part 60, as appropriate, to 
measure gas volumetric flow rate.
    (3) Use Method 3, 3A, or 3B of appendix A-2 to 40 CFR part 60, as 
appropriate, for gas analysis to determine dry molecular weight. You 
may also use as an alternative to Method 3B, the manual method for 
measuring the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide content of 
exhaust gas in ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981, ``Flue and Exhaust Gas 
Analyses [Part 10, Instruments and Apparatus]'' (incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  63.14).
    (4) Use Method 4 of appendix A-3 to 40 CFR part 60 to determine 
stack gas moisture.
* * * * *
    (b) Measure total gaseous organic mass emissions as carbon at the 
inlet and outlet of the add-on control device simultaneously, using 
Method 25 or 25A of appendix A-7 to 40 CFR part 60, and Method 320 or 
326 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 63, as specified in paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (5) of this section. The voluntary consensus standard ASTM 
D6348-03 (incorporated by reference in Sec.  63.14) may be used as an 
alternative to using Method 320 if the conditions specified in Sec.  
63.4751(i)(4)(A) and (B) are met. You must use the same method for both 
the inlet and outlet measurements.
    (1) Use Method 25 of appendix A-7 to 40 CFR part 60 if the add-on 
control device is an oxidizer, and you expect the total gaseous organic 
concentration as carbon to be more than 50 parts per million (ppm) at 
the control device outlet.
    (2) Use Method 25A of appendix A-7 to 40 CFR part 60 if the add-on 
control device is an oxidizer, and you expect the total gaseous organic 
concentration as carbon to be 50 ppm or less at the control device 
outlet.
    (3) Use Method 25A of appendix A-7 to 40 CFR part 60 if the add-on 
control device is not an oxidizer.
    (4) If Method 25A is used, and if formaldehyde is a major organic 
HAP component of the surface coating exhaust stream, use Method 320 of 
appendix A to 40 CFR part 63 or ASTM D6348-03 (incorporated by 
reference in Sec.  63.14) to determine formaldehyde concentration.
    (5) In addition to Method 25 or 25A, use Method 326 of appendix A 
to 40 CFR part 63 if isocyanate is a major organic HAP component of the 
surface coating exhaust stream.
* * * * *
    (d) For each test run, determine the total gaseous organic 
emissions mass flow rates for the inlet and the outlet of the add-on 
control device, using Equation 1 of this section. If there is more than 
one inlet or outlet to the add-on control device, you must calculate 
the total gaseous organic mass flow rate using Equation 1 of this 
section for each inlet and each outlet and then total all of the inlet 
emissions and total all of the outlet emissions. The mass emission 
rates for formaldehyde and individual isocyanate must be determined 
separately.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.001

Where:

Mf = Total gaseous organic emissions mass flow rate, 
grams per hour (h).
MW = Molecular weight of analyte of interest (12 for Method 25 and 
25A results).
Cc = Concentration of organic compounds in the vent gas 
(as carbon if determined by Method 25 or Method 25A), parts per 
million by volume (ppmv), dry basis.
Qsd = Volumetric flow rate of gases entering or exiting 
the add-on control device, as determined by Method 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, 
2F, or 2G, dry standard cubic meters/hour (dscm/h).
41.6 = Conversion factor for molar volume, gram-moles per cubic 
meter (mol/m\3\) (@293 Kelvin (K) and 760 millimeters of mercury 
(mmHg)).
* * * * *
    (f) Determine the emission destruction or removal efficiency of the 
add-on control device as the average of the efficiencies determined in 
the three test runs and calculated in Equation 2 of this section. 
Destruction and removal efficiency must be determined independently for 
formaldehyde and isocyanates.
0
14. Section 63.4781 is amended by revising paragraph (3) under the 
definition of ``deviation'' and revising the definition of 
``tileboard'' to read as follows:

Sec.  63.4781  What definitions apply to this subpart?

* * * * *
    Deviation means any instance in which an affected source subject to 
this subpart, or an owner or operator of such a source:
* * * * *
    (3) For existing sources until [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if your affected 
source fails to meet any emission limit, or operating limit, or work 
practice standard in this subpart during SSM, regardless of whether or 
not such failure is permitted by this subpart.
* * * * *
    Tileboard means hardboard that meets the specifications for Class I 
given by the standard ANSI A135.4-2012 (incorporated by reference, see 
Sec.  63.14) as approved by the American National

[[Page 22786]]

Standards Institute. The standard specifies requirements and test 
methods for water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, 
tensile strength, surface finish, dimensions, squareness, edge 
straightness, and moisture content for five classes of hardboard. 
Tileboard is also known as Class I hardboard or tempered hardboard.
0
15. Table 4 to subpart QQQQ is amended to read as follows:
    You must comply with the applicable General Provisions requirements 
according to the following table:

       Table 4 to Subpart QQQQ of Part 63--Applicability of General Provisions to Subpart QQQQ of Part 63
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Citation                       Subject          Applicable to subpart QQQQ        Explanation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   63.1(a)(1)-(14)............  General Applicability..  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.1(b)(1)-(3).............  Initial Applicability    Yes.......................  Applicability to
                                     Determination.                                       subpart QQQQ is also
                                                                                          specified in Sec.
                                                                                          63.4681.
Sec.   63.1(c)(1).................  Applicability After      Yes.......................
                                     Standard Established.
Sec.   63.1(c)(2).................  Applicability of Permit  No........................  Area sources are not
                                     Program for Area                                     subject to subpart
                                     Sources.                                             QQQQ.
Sec.   63.1(c)(3).................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.1(c)(4)-(5).............  Extensions and           Yes.......................
                                     Notifications.
Sec.   63.1(d)....................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.1(e)....................  Applicability of Permit  Yes.......................
                                     Program Before
                                     Relevant Standard is
                                     Set.
Sec.   63.2.......................  Definitions............  Yes.......................  Additional definitions
                                                                                          are specified in Sec.
                                                                                           63.4781.
Sec.   63.3(a)-(c)................  Units and Abbreviations  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.4(a)(1)-(5).............  Prohibited Activities..  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.4(b)-(c)................  Circumvention/           Yes.......................
                                     Severability.
Sec.   63.5(a)....................  Construction/            Yes.......................
                                     Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(b)(1)-(6).............  Requirements for         Yes.......................
                                     Existing, Newly
                                     Constructed, and
                                     Reconstructed Sources.
Sec.   63.5(c)....................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.5(d)....................  Application for          Yes.......................
                                     Approval of
                                     Construction/
                                     Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(e)....................  Approval of              Yes.......................
                                     Construction/
                                     Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(f)....................  Approval of              Yes.......................
                                     Construction/
                                     Reconstruction Based
                                     on Prior State Review.
Sec.   63.6(a)....................  Compliance With          Yes.......................
                                     Standards and
                                     Maintenance
                                     Requirements--Applicab
                                     ility.
Sec.   63.6(b)(1)-(7).............  Compliance Dates for     Yes.......................  Sec.   63.4683
                                     New and Reconstructed                                specifies compliance
                                     Sources.                                             dates.
Sec.   63.6(c)(1)-(5).............  Compliance Dates for     Yes.......................  Sec.   63.4683
                                     Existing Sources.                                    specifies compliance
                                                                                          dates.
Sec.   63.6(d)....................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(i)..............  General Duty to          No........................  See Sec.   63.4700(b)
                                     Minimize Emissions.                                  for general duty
                                                                                          requirement.
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(ii).............  Requirement to Correct   No........................
                                     Malfunctions ASAP.
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(iii)............  Operation and            Yes.......................
                                     Maintenance
                                     Requirements
                                     Enforceable
                                     Independent of
                                     Emissions Limitations.
Sec.   63.6(e)(2).................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.6(e)(3).................  SSMP...................  No........................
Sec.   63.6(f)(1).................  Compliance Except        No........................
                                     During SSM.
Sec.   63.6(f)(2)-(3).............  Methods for Determining  Yes.......................
                                     Compliance.
Sec.   63.6(g)(1)-(3).............  Use of an Alternative    Yes.......................
                                     Standard.
Sec.   63.6(h)....................  Compliance with Opacity/ No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Visible Emissions                                    establish opacity
                                     Standards.                                           standards and does not
                                                                                          require continuous
                                                                                          opacity monitoring
                                                                                          systems (COMS).
Sec.   63.6(i)(1)-(16)............  Extension of Compliance  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.6(j)....................  Presidential Compliance  Yes.......................
                                     Exemption.
Sec.   63.7(a)(1).................  Performance Test         Yes.......................  Applies to all affected
                                     Requirements--Applicab                               sources. Additional
                                     ility.                                               requirements for
                                                                                          performance testing
                                                                                          are specified in Sec.
                                                                                          Sec.   63.4764,
                                                                                          63.4765, and 63.4766.
Sec.   63.7(a)(2).................  Performance Test         Yes.......................  Applies only to
                                     Requirements--Dates.                                 performance tests for
                                                                                          capture system and
                                                                                          control device
                                                                                          efficiency at sources
                                                                                          using these to comply
                                                                                          with the standard.
                                                                                          Sec.   63.4760
                                                                                          specifies the schedule
                                                                                          for performance test
                                                                                          requirements that are
                                                                                          earlier than those
                                                                                          specified in Sec.
                                                                                          63.7(a)(2).
Sec.   63.7(a)(3).................  Performance Tests        Yes.......................
                                     Required By the
                                     Administrator.
Sec.   63.7(a)(4).................  Notification of Delay    Yes.......................
                                     in Performance Testing
                                     Due to Force Majeure.
Sec.   63.7(b)-(e)................  Performance Test         Yes.......................  Applies only to
                                     Requirements--Notifica                               performance tests for
                                     tion, Quality                                        capture system and add-
                                     Assurance, Facilities                                on control device
                                     Necessary for Safe                                   efficiency at sources
                                     Testing, Conditions                                  using these to comply
                                     During Test.                                         with the standard.
Sec.   63.7(e)(1).................  Performance Testing....  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.7(f)....................  Performance Test         Yes.......................  Applies to all test
                                     Requirements--Use of                                 methods except those
                                     Alternative Test                                     used to determine
                                     Method.                                              capture system
                                                                                          efficiency.

[[Page 22787]]

 
Sec.   63.7(g)-(h)................  Performance Test         Yes.......................  Applies only to
                                     Requirements--Data                                   performance tests for
                                     Analysis,                                            capture system and add-
                                     Recordkeeping,                                       on control device
                                     Reporting, Waiver of                                 efficiency at sources
                                     Test.                                                using these to comply
                                                                                          with the standard.
Sec.   63.8(a)(1)-(2).............  Monitoring               Yes.......................  Applies only to
                                     Requirements--Applicab                               monitoring of capture
                                     ility.                                               system and add-on
                                                                                          control device
                                                                                          efficiency at sources
                                                                                          using these to comply
                                                                                          with the standard.
                                                                                          Additional
                                                                                          requirements for
                                                                                          monitoring are
                                                                                          specified in Sec.
                                                                                          63.4768.
Sec.   63.8(a)(3).................  [Reserved].............  No........................
Sec.   63.8(a)(4).................  Additional Monitoring    No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Requirements.                                        have monitoring
                                                                                          requirements for
                                                                                          flares.
Sec.   63.8(b)....................  Conduct of Monitoring..  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.8(c)(1).................  Continuous Monitoring    Yes.......................  Applies only to
                                     System (CMS) Operation                               monitoring of capture
                                     and Maintenance.                                     system and add-on
                                                                                          control device
                                                                                          efficiency at sources
                                                                                          using these to comply
                                                                                          with the standard.
                                                                                          Additional
                                                                                          requirements for CMS
                                                                                          operations and
                                                                                          maintenance are
                                                                                          specified in Sec.
                                                                                          63.4768.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(i)..............  General Duty to          No........................
                                     Minimize Emissions and
                                     CMS Operation.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(ii).............  Operation and            Yes.......................
                                     Maintenance of CMS.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(iii)............  Requirement to Develop   No........................
                                     SSM Plan for CMS.
Sec.   63.8(c)(2)-(3).............  Monitoring System        Yes.......................
                                     Installation.
Sec.   63.8(c)(4).................  CMSs...................  No........................  Sec.   63.4768
                                                                                          specifies the
                                                                                          requirements for the
                                                                                          operation of CMS for
                                                                                          capture systems and
                                                                                          add-on control devices
                                                                                          at sources using these
                                                                                          to comply.
Sec.   63.8(c)(5).................  COMS...................  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                                                                          have opacity for
                                                                                          visible emission
                                                                                          standards.
Sec.   63.8(c)(6).................  CMS Requirements.......  Yes.......................  Sec.   63.4768
                                                                                          specifies the
                                                                                          requirements for
                                                                                          monitoring systems for
                                                                                          capture systems and
                                                                                          add-on control devices
                                                                                          at sources using these
                                                                                          to comply.
Sec.   63.8(c)(7).................  CMS Out-of-Control       Yes.......................
                                     Periods.
Sec.   63.8(c)(8).................  CMS Out-of-Control       No........................  Sec.   63.4720 requires
                                     Periods Reporting.                                   reporting of CMS out-
                                                                                          of-control periods.
Sec.   63.8(d)-(e)................  Quality Control Program  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     and CMS Performance                                  require the use of
                                     Evaluation.                                          continuous emissions
                                                                                          monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.8(f)(1)-(5).............  Use of an Alternative    Yes.......................
                                     Monitoring Method.
Sec.   63.8(f)(6).................  Alternative to Relative  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Accuracy Test.                                       require the use of
                                                                                          continuous emissions
                                                                                          monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.8(g)(1)-(5).............  Data Reduction.........  No........................  Sec.  Sec.   63.4767
                                                                                          and 63.4768 specify
                                                                                          monitoring data
                                                                                          reduction.
Sec.   63.9(a)-(d)................  Notification             Yes.......................
                                     Requirements.
Sec.   63.9(e)....................  Notification of          Yes.......................  Applies only to capture
                                     Performance Test.                                    system and add-on
                                                                                          control device
                                                                                          performance tests at
                                                                                          sources using these to
                                                                                          comply with the
                                                                                          standard.
Sec.   63.9(f)....................  Notification of Visible  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Emissions/Opacity Test.                              have opacity or
                                                                                          visible emission
                                                                                          standards.
Sec.   63.9(g)(1)-(3).............  Additional               No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Notifications When                                   require the use of
                                     Using CMS.                                           continuous emissions
                                                                                          monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.9(h)....................  Notification of          Yes.......................  Sec.   63.4710
                                     Compliance Status.                                   specifies the dates
                                                                                          for submitting the
                                                                                          notification of
                                                                                          compliance status.
Sec.   63.9(i)....................  Adjustment of Submittal  Yes.......................
                                     Deadlines.
Sec.   63.9(j)....................  Change in Previous       Yes.......................
                                     Information.
Sec.   63.10(a)...................  Recordkeeping/           Yes.......................
                                     Reporting--Applicabili
                                     ty and General
                                     Information.
Sec.   63.10(b)(1)................  General Recordkeeping    Yes.......................  Additional requirements
                                     Requirements.                                        are specified in Sec.
                                                                                          Sec.   63.4730 and
                                                                                          63.4731.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(i)-(ii)........  Recordkeeping of         No........................
                                     Occurrence and
                                     Duration of Startups
                                     and Shutdowns.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(iii)...........  Recordkeeping Relevant   Yes.......................
                                     to CMS.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(iv)-(v)........  Recordkeeping Relevant   No........................
                                     to SSM.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(vi)-(xi).......  Recordkeeping for CMS    Yes.......................
                                     Malfunctions.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xii)...........  Records................  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xiii)..........  .......................  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                                                                          require the use of
                                                                                          continuous emissions
                                                                                          monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xiv)...........  .......................  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.10(b)(3)................  Recordkeeping            Yes.......................
                                     Requirements for
                                     Applicability
                                     Determinations.

[[Page 22788]]

 
Sec.   63.10(c)(1)-(6)............  Additional               Yes.......................
                                     Recordkeeping
                                     Requirements for
                                     Sources with CMS.
Sec.   63.10(c)(7)-(8)............  .......................  No........................  The same records are
                                                                                          required in Sec.
                                                                                          63.4720(a) (7).
Sec.   63.10(c)(9)-(14)...........  .......................  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.10(c)(15)...............  Use of SSM Plan........  No........................
Sec.   63.10(d)(1)................  General Reporting        Yes.......................  Additional requirements
                                     Requirements.                                        are specified in Sec.
                                                                                           63.4720.
Sec.   63.10(d)(2)................  Report of Performance    Yes.......................  Additional requirements
                                     Test Results.                                        are specified in Sec.
                                                                                           63.4720(b).
Sec.   63.10(d)(3)................  Reporting Opacity or     No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Visible Emissions                                    require opacity or
                                     Observations.                                        visible emissions
                                                                                          observations.
Sec.   63.10(d)(4)................  Progress Reports for     Yes.......................
                                     Sources With
                                     Compliance Extensions.
Sec.   63.10(d)(5)................  SSM Reports............  No........................  Malfunctions shall be
                                                                                          reported based on
                                                                                          compliance option
                                                                                          under Sec.
                                                                                          63.4720(a)(5-7).
Sec.   63.10(e)(1)-(2)............  Additional CMS Reports.  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                                                                          require the use of
                                                                                          continuous emissions
                                                                                          monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.10(e)(3)................  Excess Emissions/CMS     No........................  Sec.   63.4720(b)
                                     Performance Reports.                                 specifies the contents
                                                                                          of periodic compliance
                                                                                          reports.
Sec.   63.10(e)(4)................  COMS Data Reports......  No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                                                                          specify requirements
                                                                                          for opacity or COMS.
Sec.   63.10(f)...................  Recordkeeping/Reporting  Yes.......................
                                     Waiver.
Sec.   63.11......................  Control Device           No........................  Subpart QQQQ does not
                                     Requirements/Flares.                                 specify use of flares
                                                                                          for compliance.
Sec.   63.12......................  State Authority and      Yes.......................
                                     Delegations.
Sec.   63.13......................  Addresses..............  Yes.......................
Sec.   63.14......................  Incorporation by         Yes.......................  Test Methods ANSI
                                     Reference.                                           A135.4-2012, ANSI/ASME
                                                                                          PTC 19.10-1981, Part
                                                                                          10, ASTM D1475-90,
                                                                                          ASTM D1963-85, ASTM
                                                                                          D2111-95 (2000), ASTM
                                                                                          D2369-01, ASTM D2697-
                                                                                          86 (Reapproved 1998),
                                                                                          ASTM D4840-99, ASTM
                                                                                          D6093-97 (Reapproved
                                                                                          2003), and ASTM D6348-
                                                                                          03 (Reapproved 2010)
                                                                                          (incorporated by
                                                                                          reference, see Sec.
                                                                                          63.14).
Sec.   63.15......................  Availability of          Yes.......................
                                     Information/
                                     Confidentiality.
Sec.   63.16......................  Requirements for         Yes.......................
                                     Performance Track
                                     Member Facilities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
16. Appendix A to Part 63 is amended to add Method 326 to read as 
follows:

Method 326--Method for Determination of Isocyanates in Stationary 
Source Emissions

1.0 Scope and Application

    This method is applicable to the collection and analysis of 
isocyanate compounds from the emissions associated with manufacturing 
processes. This method is not inclusive with respect to specifications 
(e.g., equipment and supplies) and sampling procedures essential to its 
performance. Some material is incorporated by reference from other EPA 
methods. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, persons using this 
method should have a thorough knowledge of at least Method 1, Method 2, 
Method 3, and Method 5 found in Appendices A-1, A-2, and A-3 in Part 60 
of this title.
    1.1 Analytes. This method is designed to determine the mass 
emission of isocyanates being emitted from manufacturing processes. The 
following is a table (Table 1-1) of the isocyanates and the 
manufacturing process at which the method has been evaluated:

                                              Table 326-1--Analytes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Detection
          Compound's name                CAS No.       limit (ng/               Manufacturing process
                                                        m\3\) \a\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI).....        584-84-9             106  Flexible Foam Production.
1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate             822-06-0             396  Paint Spray Booth.
 (HDI).
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate            101-68-8             112  Pressed Board Production.
 (MDI).
Methyl Isocyanate(MI)..............        624-83-0             228  Not used in production.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Estimated detection limits are based on a sample volume of 1 m\3\ and a 10-ml sample extraction volume.

    1.2 Applicability. Method 326 is a method designed for determining 
compliance with National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants (NESHAP). Method 326 may also be specified by New Source 
Performance

[[Page 22789]]

Standards (NSPS), State Implementation Plans (SIPs), and operating 
permits that require measurement of isocyanates in stationary source 
emissions, to determine compliance with an applicable emission standard 
or limit.
    1.3 Data Quality Objectives (DQO). The principal objective is to 
ensure the accuracy of the data at the actual emissions levels and in 
the actual emissions matrix encountered. To meet this objective, method 
performance tests are required and NIST-traceable calibration standards 
must be used.

2.0 Summary of Method

    2.1 Gaseous and/or aerosol isocyanates are withdrawn from an 
emission source at an isokinetic sampling rate and are collected in a 
multicomponent sampling train. The primary components of the train 
include a heated probe, three impingers containing derivatizing reagent 
in toluene, an empty impinger, an impinger containing charcoal, and an 
impinger containing silica gel.
    2.2 The liquid impinger contents are recovered, concentrated to 
dryness under vacuum, brought to volume with acetonitrile (ACN) and 
analyzed with a high pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC).

3.0 Definitions [Reserved]

4.0 Interferences

    4.1 The greatest potential for interference comes from an impurity 
in the derivatizing reagent, 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine (1,2-PP). This 
compound may interfere with the resolution of MI from the peak 
attributed to unreacted 1,2-PP.
    4.2 Other interferences that could result in positive or negative 
bias are (1) alcohols that could compete with the 1,2-PP for reaction 
with an isocyanate and (2) other compounds that may co-elute with one 
or more of the derivatized isocyanates.
    4.3 Method interferences may be caused by contaminants in solvents, 
reagents, glassware, and other sample processing hardware. All these 
materials must be routinely shown to be free from interferences under 
conditions of the analysis by preparing and analyzing laboratory method 
(or reagent) blanks.
    4.3.1 Glassware must be cleaned thoroughly before using. The 
glassware should be washed with laboratory detergent in hot water 
followed by rinsing with tap water and distilled water. The glassware 
may be dried by baking in a glassware oven at 400 [deg]C for at least 
one hour. After the glassware has cooled, it should be rinsed three 
times with methylene chloride and three times with acetonitrile. 
Volumetric glassware should not be heated to 400 [deg]C. Instead, after 
washing and rinsing, volumetric glassware may be rinsed with 
acetonitrile followed by methylene chloride and allowed to dry in air.
    4.3.2 The use of high purity reagents and solvents helps to reduce 
interference problems in sample analysis.

5.0 Safety

    5.1 Organizations performing this method are responsible for 
maintaining a current awareness file of Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration (OSHA) regulations regarding safe handling of the 
chemicals specified in this method. A reference file of material safety 
data sheets should also be made available to all personnel involved in 
performing the method. Additional references to laboratory safety are 
available.

6.0 Equipment and Supplies

    6.1 Sample Collection. A schematic of the sampling train used in 
this method is shown in Figure 207-1. This sampling train configuration 
is adapted from Method 5 procedures, and, as such, most of the required 
equipment is identical to that used in Method 5 determinations. The 
only new component required is a condenser.
    6.1.1 Probe Nozzle. Borosilicate or quartz glass; constructed and 
calibrated according to Method 5, sections 6.1.1.1 and 10.1, and 
coupled to the probe liner using a Teflon union; a stainless steel nut 
is recommended for this union. When the stack temperature exceeds 210 
[deg]C (410 [deg]F), a one-piece glass nozzle/liner assembly must be 
used.
    6.1.2 Probe Liner. Same as Method 5, section 6.1.1.2, except metal 
liners shall not be used. Water-cooling of the stainless steel sheath 
is recommended at temperatures exceeding 500 [deg]C (932 [deg]F). 
Teflon may be used in limited applications where the minimum stack 
temperature exceeds 120 [deg]C (250 [deg]F) but never exceeds the 
temperature where Teflon is estimated to become unstable [approximately 
210 [deg]C (410 [deg]F)].
    6.1.3 Pitot Tube, Differential Pressure Gauge, Filter Heating 
System, Metering System, Barometer, Gas Density Determination 
Equipment. Same as Method 5, sections 6.1.1.3, 6.1.1.4, 6.1.1.6, 
6.1.1.9, 6.1.2, and 6.1.3.
    6.1.4 Impinger Train. Glass impingers are connected in series with 
leak-free ground-glass joints following immediately after the heated 
probe. The first impinger shall be of the Greenburg-Smith design with 
the standard tip. The remaining five impingers shall be of the modified 
Greenburg-Smith design, modified by replacing the tip with a 1.3-cm (1/
2-in.) I.D. glass tube extending about 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) from the bottom 
of the outer cylinder. A water-jacketed condenser is placed between the 
outlet of the first impinger and the inlet to the second impinger to 
reduce the evaporation of toluene from the first impinger.
    6.1.5 Moisture Measurement. For the purpose of calculating 
volumetric flow rate and isokinetic sampling, you must also collect 
either Method 4 in Appendix A-3 to this part or other moisture 
measurement methods approved by the Administrator concurrent with each 
Method 326 test run.
    6.2 Sample Recovery
    6.2.1 Probe and Nozzle Brushes; Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 
bristle brushes with stainless steel wire or PTFE handles are required. 
The probe brush shall have extensions constructed of stainless steel, 
PTFE, or inert material at least as long as the probe. The brushes 
shall be properly sized and shaped to brush out the probe liner and the 
probe nozzle.
    6.2.2 Wash Bottles. Three. PTFE or glass wash bottles are 
recommended; polyethylene wash bottles must not be used because organic 
contaminants may be extracted by exposure to organic solvents used for 
sample recovery.
    6.2.3 Glass Sample Storage Containers. Chemically resistant, 
borosilicate amber glass bottles, 500-mL or 1,000-mL. Bottles should be 
tinted to prevent the action of light on the sample. Screw-cap liners 
shall be either PTFE or constructed to be leak-free and resistant to 
chemical attack by organic recovery solvents. Narrow-mouth glass 
bottles have been found to leak less frequently.
    6.2.4 Graduated Cylinder. To measure impinger contents to the 
nearest 1 ml or 1 g. Graduated cylinders shall have subdivisions not >2 
mL.
    6.2.5 Plastic Storage Containers. Screw-cap polypropylene or 
polyethylene containers to store silica gel and charcoal.
    6.2.6 Funnel and Rubber Policeman. To aid in transfer of silica gel 
or charcoal to container (not necessary if silica gel is weighed in 
field).
    6.2.7 Funnels. Glass, to aid in sample recovery.
    6.3 Sample Preparation and Analysis.
    The following items are required for sample analysis.
    6.3.1 Rotary Evaporator. Buchii Model EL-130 or equivalent.
    6.3.2 1000 ml Round Bottom Flask for use with a rotary evaporator.

[[Page 22790]]

    6.3.3 Separatory Funnel. 500-ml or larger, with PTFE stopcock.
    6.3.4 Glass Funnel. Short-stemmed or equivalent.
    6.3.5 Vials. 15-ml capacity with PTFE lined caps.
    6.3.6 Class A Volumetric Flasks. 10-ml for bringing samples to 
volume after concentration.
    6.3.7 Filter Paper. Qualitative grade or equivalent.
    6.3.8 Buchner Funnel. Porcelain with 100 mm ID or equivalent.
    6.3.9 Erlenmeyer Flask. 500-ml with side arm and vacuum source.
    6.3.10 HPLC with at least a binary pumping system capable of a 
programmed gradient.
    6.3.11 Column Systems Column systems used to measure isocyanates 
must be capable of achieving separation of the target compounds from 
the nearest eluting compound or interferents with no more than 10 
percent peak overlap.
    6.3.12 Detector. UV detector at 254 nm. A fluoresence detector (FD) 
with an excitation of 240 nm and an emission at 370 nm may be also used 
to allow the detection of low concentrations of isocyanates in samples.
    6.3.13 Data system for measuring peak areas and retention times.

7.0 Reagents and Standards

    7.1 Sample Collection Reagents.
    7.1.1 Charcoal. Activated, 6-16 mesh. Used to absorb toluene vapors 
and prevent them from entering the metering device. Use once with each 
train and discard.
    7.1.2 Silica Gel and Crushed Ice. Same as Method 5, sections 7.1.2 
and 7.1.4 respectively.
    7.1.3 Impinger Solution. The impinger solution is prepared by 
mixing a known amount of 1-(2-pyridyl) piperazine (purity 99.5+ %) in 
toluene (HPLC grade or equivalent). The actual concentration of 1,2-PP 
should be approximately four times the amount needed to ensure that the 
capacity of the derivatizing solution is not exceeded. This amount 
shall be calculated from the stoichiometric relationship between 1,2-PP 
and the isocyanate of interest and preliminary information about the 
concentration of the isocyanate in the stack emissions. A concentration 
of 130 [mu]g/ml of 1,2-PP in toluene can be used as a reference point. 
This solution shall be prepared, stored in a refrigerated area away 
from light, and used within ten days of preparation.
    7.2 Sample Recovery Reagents.
    7.2.1 Toluene. HPLC grade is required for sample recovery and 
cleanup (see Note to 7.2.2 below).
    7.2.2 Acetonitrile. HPLC grade is required for sample recovery and 
cleanup. Note: Organic solvents stored in metal containers may have a 
high residue blank and should not be used. Sometimes suppliers transfer 
solvents from metal to glass bottles; thus blanks shall be run before 
field use and only solvents with a low blank value should be used.
    7.3 Analysis Reagents. Reagent grade chemicals should be used in 
all tests. All reagents shall conform to the specifications of the 
Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, 
where such specifications are available.
    7.3.1 Toluene, C6H5CH3. HPLC Grade 
or equivalent.
    7.3.2 Acetonitrile, CH3CN (ACN). HPLC Grade or 
equivalent.
    7.3.3 Methylene Chloride, CH2Cl2. HPLC Grade 
or equivalent.
    7.3.4 Hexane, C6H14. HPLC Grade or 
equivalent.
    7.3.5 Water, H2O. HPLC Grade or equivalent.
    7.3.6 Ammonium Acetate, CH3CO2NH4.
    7.3.7 Acetic Acid (glacial), CH3CO2H.
    7.3.8 1-(2-Pyridyl)piperazine, (1,2-PP), [gteqt]99.5% or 
equivalent.
    7.3.9 Absorption Solution. Prepare a solution of 1-(2-
pyridyl)piperazine in toluene at a concentration of 40 mg/300 ml. This 
solution is used for method blanks and method spikes.
    7.3.10 Ammonium Acetate Buffer Solution (AAB). Prepare a solution 
of ammonium acetate in water at a concentration of 0.1 M by 
transferring 7.705 g of ammonium acetate to a 1,000 ml volumetric flask 
and diluting to volume with HPLC Grade water. Adjust pH to 6.2 with 
glacial acetic acid.

8.0 Sample Collection, Storage and Transport

    Note:  Because of the complexity of this method, field personnel 
should be trained in and experienced with the test procedures in 
order to obtain reliable results.

    8.1 Sampling
    8.1.1 Preliminary Field Determinations. Same as Method 5, section 
8.2.
    8.1.2 Preparation of Sampling Train. Follow the general procedure 
given in Method 5, section 8.3.1, except for the following variations: 
Place 300 ml of the impinger absorbing solution in the first impinger 
and 200 ml each in the second and third impingers. The fourth impinger 
shall remain empty. The fifth and sixth impingers shall have 400 g of 
charcoal and 200-300 g of silica gel, respectively. Alternatively, the 
charcoal and silica gel may be combined in the fifth impinger. Set-up 
the train as in Figure 326-1. During assembly, do not use any silicone 
grease on ground-glass joints.

    Note:  During preparation and assembly of the sampling train, 
keep all openings where contamination can occur covered with PTFE 
film or aluminum foil until just before assembly or until sampling 
is about to begin.

    8.1.3 Leak-Check Procedures. Follow the leak-check procedures given 
in Method 5, sections 8.4.2 (Pretest Leak-Check), 8.4.3 (Leak-Checks 
During the Sample Run), and 8.4.4 (Post-Test Leak-Check), with the 
exception that the pre-test leak-check is mandatory.
    8.1.4 Sampling Train Operation. Follow the general procedures given 
in Method 5, section 8.5. Turn on the condenser coil coolant 
recirculating pump and monitor the gas entry temperature. Ensure proper 
gas entry temperature before proceeding and again before any sampling 
is initiated. It is important that the gas entry temperature not exceed 
50[deg] C (122 [deg]F), thus reducing the loss of toluene from the 
first impinger. For each run, record the data required on a data sheet 
such as the one shown in Method 5, Figure 5-3.
    8.2 Sample Recovery. Allow the probe to cool. When the probe can be 
handled safely, wipe off all external particulate matter near the tip 
of the probe nozzle and place a cap over the tip to prevent losing or 
gaining particulate matter. Do not cap the probe tip tightly while the 
sampling train is cooling down because this will create a vacuum in the 
train. Before moving the sample train to the cleanup site, remove the 
probe from the sample train and cap the opening to the probe, being 
careful not to lose any condensate that might be present. Cap the 
impingers and transfer the probe and the impinger/condenser assembly to 
the cleanup area. This area should be clean and protected from the 
weather to reduce sample contamination or loss. Inspect the train prior 
to and during disassembly and record any abnormal conditions. It is not 
necessary to measure the volume of the impingers for the purpose of 
moisture determination as the method is not validated for moisture 
determination. Treat samples as follows:
    8.2.1 Container No. 1, Probe and Impinger Numbers 1 and 2. Rinse 
and brush the probe/nozzle first with toluene twice and then twice 
again with acetonitrile and place the wash into a glass container 
labeled with the test run identification and ``Container No. 1.'' When 
using these solvents ensure that proper ventilation is available. 
Quantitatively transfer the liquid from the first two impingers and the

[[Page 22791]]

condenser into Container No. 1. Rinse the impingers and all connecting 
glassware twice with toluene and then twice again with acetonitrile and 
transfer the rinses into Container No. 1. After all components have 
been collected in the container, seal the container, and mark the 
liquid level on the bottle.
    8.2.2 Container No. 2, Impingers 3 and 4. Quantitatively transfer 
the liquid from each impinger into a glass container labeled with the 
test run identification and ``Container No. 2.'' Rinse each impinger 
and all connecting glassware twice with toluene and twice again with 
acetonitrile and transfer the rinses into Container No. 2. After all 
components have been collected in the container, seal the container, 
and mark the liquid level on the bottle.

    Note:  The contents of the fifth and sixth impinger (silica gel) 
can be discarded.

    8.2.3 Container No. 3, Reagent Blank. Save a portion of both 
washing solutions (toluene/acetonitrile) used for the cleanup as a 
blank. Transfer 200 ml of each solution directly from the wash bottle 
being used and combine in a glass sample container with the test 
identification and ``Container No. 3.'' Seal the container, and mark 
the liquid level on the bottle and add the proper label.
    8.2.4 Field Train Proof Blanks. To demonstrate the cleanliness of 
sampling train glassware, you must prepare a full sampling train to 
serve as a field train proof blank just as it would be prepared for 
sampling. At a minimum, one complete sampling train will be assembled 
in the field staging area, taken to the sampling area, and leak-
checked. The probe of the blank train shall be heated during and the 
train will be recovered as if it were an actual test sample. No gaseous 
sample will be passed through the sampling train. Field blanks are 
recovered in the same manner as described in sections 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 
and must be submitted with the field samples collected at each sampling 
site.
    8.2.5 Field Train Spike. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the 
sampling train, field handling, and recovery procedures you must 
prepare a full sampling train to serve as a field train spike just as 
it would be prepared for sampling. The field spike is performed in the 
same manner as the field train proof blank with the additional step of 
adding the Field Spike Standard to the first impinger after the initial 
leak check. The train will be recovered as if it were an actual test 
sample. No gaseous sample will be passed through the sampling train. 
Field train spikes are recovered in the same manner as described in 
sections 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 and must be submitted with the samples 
collected for each test program.
    8.3 Sample Transport Procedures. Containers must remain in an 
upright position at all times during shipment. Samples must also be 
stored at <4[deg]C between the time of sampling and concentration. Each 
sample should be extracted and concentrated within 30 days after 
collection and analyzed within 30 days after extraction. The extracted 
sample must be stored at 4[deg]C.
    8.4 Sample Custody. Proper procedures and documentation for sample 
chain of custody are critical to ensuring data integrity. The chain of 
custody procedures in ASTM D4840-99 ``Standard Guide for Sampling 
Chain-of-Custody Procedures'' (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14) shall be followed for all samples (including field samples and 
blanks).

9.0 Quality Control

    9.1 Sampling. Sampling Operations. The sampling quality control 
procedures and acceptance criteria are listed in Table 326-2 below; see 
also section 9.0 of Method 5.
    9.2 Analysis. The analytical quality control procedures required 
for this method includes the analysis of the field train proof blank, 
field train spike, and reagent and method blanks. Analytical quality 
control procedures and acceptance criteria are listed in Table 326-3 
below.
    9.2.1 Check for Breakthrough. Recover and determine the 
isocyanate(s) concentration of the last two impingers separately from 
the first two impingers.
    9.2.2 Field Train Proof Blank. Field blanks must be submitted with 
the samples collected at each sampling site.
    9.2.3 Reagent Blank and Field Train Spike. At least one reagent 
blank and a field train spike must be submitted with the samples 
collected for each test program.
    9.2.4 Determination of Method Detection Limit. Based on your 
instrument's sensitivity and linearity, determine the calibration 
concentrations or masses that make up a representative low level 
calibration range. The MDL must be determined at least annually for the 
analytical system using an MDL study such as that found in section 15.0 
to Method 301 of appendix A to part 63 of this chapter.

                           Table 326-2--Sampling Quality Assurance and Quality Control
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            QA/QC Criteria               Acceptance criteria           Frequency          Consequence if not met
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling Equipment Leak Checks.......  <=0.00057 m3/min (0.020  Prior to, during         Prior to: Repair and
                                        cfm) or 4% of sampling   (optional) and at the    repeat calibration.
                                        rate, whichever is       completion to sampling. During/Completion:
                                        less.                                             None, testing should
                                                                                          be considered invalid.
Dry Gas Meter Calibration--Pre-Test    within 2%    Pre-test...............  Repeat calibration
 (individual correction factor--Yi).    of average factor                                 point
                                        (individual).
Dry Gas Meter Calibration--Pre-Test    1.00  1%...  Pre-test...............  Adjust the dry gas
 (average correction factor--Yc).                                                         meter and recalibrate.
Dry Gas Meter Calibration--Post-test.  Average dry gas meter    Each Test..............  Adjust sample volumes
                                        calibration factor                                using the factor that
                                        agrees with 5% Yc.                                      volume.
Temperature sensor calibration.......  Absolute temperature     Prior to initial use     Recalibrate; sensor may
                                        measures by sensor       and before each test     not be used until
                                        within 1.5% of a
                                        reference sensor.
Barometer calibration................  Absolute pressure        Prior to initial use     Recalibrate; instrument
                                        measured by instrument   and before each test     may not be used until
                                        within 10    thereafter.              specification is met.
                                        mm Hg of reading with
                                        a mercury barometer or
                                        NIST traceable
                                        barometer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 22792]]

                          Table 326-3--Analytical Quality Assurance and Quality Control
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            QA/QC Criteria               Acceptance criteria           Frequency          Consequence if not met
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calibration--Method Blanks...........  <5% level of expected    Each analytical method   Locate source of
                                        analyte.                 blank.                   contamination;
                                                                                          reanalyze.
Calibration--Calibration Points......  At least six             Each analytical batch..  Incorporate additional
                                        calibration point                                 calibration points to
                                        bracketing the                                    meet criteria.
                                        expected range of
                                        analysis.
Calibration--Linearity...............  Correlation coefficient  Each analytical batch..  Verify integration,
                                        >0.995.                                           reintegrate. If
                                                                                          necessary,
                                                                                          recalibrate.
Calibration--secondary standard        Within 10%   After each calibration.  Repeat secondary
 verification.                          of true value.                                    standard verification,
                                                                                          recalibrate if
                                                                                          necessary.
Calibration--continual calibration     Within 10%   Daily and after every    Invalidate previous ten
 verification.                          of true value.           ten samples.             sample analysis,
                                                                                          recalibrate and repeat
                                                                                          calibration, reanalyze
                                                                                          samples until
                                                                                          successful.
Sample Analysis......................  Within the valid         Each sample............  Invalidate the sample
                                        calibration range.                                if greater than the
                                                                                          calibration range and
                                                                                          dilute the sample so
                                                                                          that it is within the
                                                                                          calibration range.
                                                                                          Appropriately flag any
                                                                                          value below the
                                                                                          calibration range.
Replicate Samples....................  Within 10%   Each sample............  Evaluate integrations
                                        of RPD.                                           and repeat sample
                                                                                          analysis as necessary.
Field Train Proof Blank..............  <=10% level of expected  Each test program......  Evaluate source of
                                        analyte.                                          contamination.
Field Train Spike....................  Within 30%   Each test program......  Evaluate performance of
                                        of true value.                                    the method and
                                                                                          consider invalidating
                                                                                          results.
Breakthrough.........................  Final two impingers      Each test run..........  Invalidate test run.
                                        Mass collected is >5%
                                        of the total mass or
                                        >20% of the total mass
                                        when the measured
                                        results are 20% of the
                                        applicable standard.
                                        Alternatively, there
                                        is no breakthrough
                                        requirement when the
                                        measured results are
                                        10% of the applicable
                                        standard.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10.0 Calibration and Standardization

    Note:  Maintain a laboratory log of all calibrations.

    10.1 Probe Nozzle, Pitot Tube Assembly, Dry Gas Metering System, 
Probe Heater, Temperature Sensors, Leak-Check of Metering System, and 
Barometer. Same as Method 5, sections 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 
8.4.1, and 10.6, respectively.
    10.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatograph. Establish the retention 
times for the isocyanates of interest; retention times will depend on 
the chromatographic conditions. The retention times provided in Table 
10-1 are provided as a guide to relative retention times when using a 
C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5[micro]m particle size column, a 2 ml/min 
flow rate of a 1:9 to 6:4 Acetonitrile/Ammonium Acetate Buffer, a 50 
[micro]l sample loop, and a UV detector set at 254 nm.

                  Table 326-4--Example Retention Times
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Retention Times
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Retention
                          Compound                               time
                                                               (minutes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MI..........................................................        10.0
1,6-HDI.....................................................        19.9
2,4-TDI.....................................................        27.1
MDI.........................................................        27.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    10.3 Preparation of Isocyanate Derivatives.
    10.3.1 HDI, TDI, MDI. Dissolve 500 mg of each isocyanate in 
individual 100 ml aliquots of methylene chloride (MeCl2), 
except MDI which requires 250 ml of MeCl2. Transfer a 5-ml 
aliquot of 1,2-PP (see section 7.3.8) to each solution, stir and allow 
to stand overnight at room temperature. Transfer 150 ml aliquots of 
hexane to each solution to precipitate the isocyanate-urea derivative. 
Using a Buchner funnel, vacuum filter the solid-isocyanate-urea 
derivative and rinse with 50 ml of hexane. Dissolve the precipitate in 
a minimum aliquot of MeCl2. Repeat the hexane precipitation 
and filtration twice. After the third filtration, dry the crystals at 
50 [deg]C and transfer to bottles for storage. The crystals are stable 
for at least 21 months when stored at room temperature in a closed 
container.
    10.3.2 MI. Prepare a 200 [micro]g/ml stock solution of methyl 
isocyanate-urea, transfer 60 mg of 1,2-PP to a 100-ml volumetric flask 
containing 50 ml of MeCl2. Carefully transfer 20 mg of 
methyl isocyanate to the volumetric flask and shake for 2 minutes. 
Dilute the solution to volume with MeCl2 and transfer to a 
bottle for storage. Methyl isocyanate does not produce a solid 
derivative and standards must be prepared from this stock solution.
    10.4 Preparation of calibration standards. Prepare a 100 [micro]g/
ml stock solution of the isocyanates of interest from the individual 
isocyanate-urea derivative as prepared in sections 10.3.1 and 10.3.2. 
This is accomplished by dissolving 1 mg of each isocyanate-urea 
derivative in 10 ml of Acetonitrile. Calibration standards are prepared 
from this stock solution by making appropriate dilutions of aliquots of 
the stock into Acetonitrile.
    10.5 Preparation of Method Blanks. Prepare a method blank for each 
test

[[Page 22793]]

program (up to twenty samples) by transferring 300 ml of the absorption 
solution to a 1,000-ml round bottom flask and concentrate as outlined 
in section 11.2.
    10.6 Preparation of Field Spike Solution. Prepare a field spike 
solution for every test program in the same manner as calibration 
standards (see Section 10.4). The mass of the target isocyanate in the 
volume of the spike solution for the field spike train shall be 
equivalent to that estimated to be captured from the source 
concentration for each compound; alternatively, you may also prepare a 
solution that represents half the applicable standard.
    10.7 HPLC Calibrations. See Section 11.1.

11.0 Analytical Procedure

    11.1 Analytical Calibration. Perform a multipoint calibration of 
the instrument at six or more upscale points over the desired 
quantitative range (multiple calibration ranges shall be calibrated, if 
necessary). The field samples analyzed must fall within at least one of 
the calibrated quantitative ranges and meet the performance criteria 
specified below. The lowest point in your calibration curve must be at 
least 5, and preferably 10, times the MDL. For each calibration curve, 
the value of the square of the linear correlation coefficient, i.e., 
r\2\, must be >=0.995, and the analyzer response must be within 10 percent of the reference value at each upscale calibration 
point. Calibrations must be performed on each day of the analysis, 
before analyzing any of the samples. Following calibration, a secondary 
standard shall be analyzed. A continual calibration verification (CCV) 
must also be performed prior to any sample and after every ten samples. 
The measured value of this independently prepared standard must be 
within 10 percent of the expected value. Report the results 
for each calibration standard secondary standard, and CCV as well as 
the conditions of the HPLC. The reports should include at least the 
peak area, height, and retention time for each isocyanate compound 
measured as well as a chromatogram for each standard.
    11.2 Concentration of Samples. Transfer each sample to a 1,000-ml 
round bottom flask. Attach the flask to a rotary evaporator and gently 
evaporate to dryness under vacuum in a 65 [deg]C water bath. Rinse the 
round bottom flask three times each with 2 ml of acetonitrile and 
transfer the rinse to a 10-ml volumetric flask. Dilute the sample to 
volume with acetonitrile and transfer to a 15-ml vial and seal with a 
PTFE lined lid. Store the vial <=4 [deg]C until analysis.
    11.3 Analysis. Analyze replicative samples by HPLC, using the 
appropriate conditions established in section 10.2. The width of the 
retention time window used to make identifications should be based upon 
measurements of actual retention time variations of standards over the 
course of a day. Three times the standard deviation of a retention time 
for a compound can be used to calculate a suggested window size; 
however, the experience of the analyst should weigh heavily in the 
interpretation of the chromatograms. If the peak area exceeds the 
linear range of the calibration curve, the sample must be diluted with 
acetonitrile and reanalyzed. Average the replicate results for each 
run. For each sample you must report the same information required for 
analytical calibrations (Section 11.1). For non-detect or values below 
the detection limit of the method, you shall report the value as ``<'' 
numerical detection limit.

12.0 Data Analysis and Calculations

    Nomenclature and calculations, same as in Method 5, section 6, with 
the following additions below.
    12.1 Nomenclature.

AS = Response of the sample, area counts.
b = Y-intercept of the linear regression line, area counts.
BR = Percent Breakthrough
CA = Concentration of a specific isocyanate compound in the 
initial sample, [micro]g/ml.
CB = Concentration of a specific isocyanate compound in the 
replicate sample, [micro]g/ml.
CI = Concentration of a specific isocyanate compound in the 
sample, [micro]g/ml.
Crec = Concentration recovered from spike train, [micro]g/
ml.
CS = Concentration of isocyanate compound in the stack gas, 
[micro]g/dscm
CT = Concentration of a specific isocyanate compound 
(Impingers 1-4), [micro]g/dscm
Cspike = Concentration spiked, [micro]g/ml.
C4 = Concentration of a specific isocyanate compound 
(Impingers 14), [micro]g/dscm
FIm = Mass of Free Isocyanate
FTSrec = Field Train Spike Recovery
Im = Mass of the Isocyanate
Imw = MW of the Isocyanate
IUm = Mass of Isocyanate-urea derivative
IUmw = MW of the isocyanate-urea
M= Slope of the linear regression line, area counts-ml/[micro]g.
mI = Mass of isocyanate in the total sample
MW = Molecular weight
RPD = Relative Percent Difference
VF = Final volume of concentrated sample, typically 10 ml.
Vmstd = Volume of gas sample measured by the dry-gas meter, 
corrected to standard conditions, dscm (dscf).

    12.2 Conversion from Isocyanate to the Isocyanate-urea derivative. 
The equation for converting the amount of free isocyanate to the 
corresponding amount of isocyanate-urea derivative is as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.002

    The equation for converting the amount of IU derivative to the 
corresponding amount of FIm is as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.003

    12.3 Calculate the correlation coefficient, slope, and intercepts 
for the calibration data using the least squares method for linear 
regression. Concentrations are expressed as the x-variable and response 
is expressed as the y-variable.
    12.4 Calculate the concentration of isocyanate in the sample:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.004
    
    12.5 Calculate the total amount collected in the sample by 
multiplying the concentration ([micro]g/ml) times the final volume of 
acetonitrile (10 ml).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.005

    12.6 Calculate the concentration of isocyanate ([micro]g/dscm) in 
the stack gas.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.006

    12.7 Calculate Relative Percent Difference (RPD) for each 
replicative sample
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.007

    12.8 Calculate Field Train Spike Recovery
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.008
    
    12.9 Calculate Percent Breakthrough
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.009
    
Where:

    K = 35.314 ft\3\/m\3\ if Vm(std) is expressed in English units. 
= 1.00 m\3\/m\3\ if Vm(std) is expressed in metric units.

13.0 Method Performance

    Evaluation of sampling and analytical procedures for a selected 
series of compounds must meet the quality control criteria (See Section 
9) for each associated analytical determination. The sampling and 
analytical procedures

[[Page 22794]]

must be challenged by the test compounds spiked at appropriate levels 
and carried through the procedures.

14.0 Pollution Prevention [Reserved]

15.0 Waste Management [Reserved]

16.0 Alternative Procedures [Reserved]

17.0 References

1. Martin, R.M., Construction Details of Isokinetic Source-Sampling 
Equipment, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, April 1971, PB-203 060/BE, APTD-0581, 35 pp.
2. Rom, J.J., Maintenance, Calibration, and Operation of Isokinetic 
Source Sampling Equipment, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, March 1972, PB-209 022/BE, APTD-
0576, 39 pp.
3. Schlickenrieder, L.M., Adams, J.W., and Thrun, K.E., Modified 
Method 5 Train and Source Assessment Sampling System: Operator's 
Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/8-85/003/
1985).
4. Shigehara, R.T., Adjustments in the EPA Nomograph for Different 
Pitot Tube Coefficients and Dry Molecular Weights, Stack 
SamplingNews, 2:4-11 (October 1974).
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR part 60, Appendices 
A-1, A-2, and A-3, Methods 1-5.
6. Vollaro, R.F., A Survey of Commercially Available Instrumentation 
for the Measurement of Low-Range Gas Velocities, Research Triangle 
Park, NC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions 
Measurement Branch, November 1976 (unpublished paper).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16MY18.010

[FR Doc. 2018-09080 Filed 5-15-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P