Document ID: SEC-2022-1536-0001
Agency: sec
Document Type: Rule
Title: Tailored Shareholder Reports for Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds; Fee Information in Investment Company Advertisements
Posted Date: 2022-11-25T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 226 (Friday, November 25, 2022)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 72758-72858]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-23756]

[[Page 72757]]

Vol. 87

Friday,

No. 226

November 25, 2022

Part IV

Securities and Exchange Commission

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17 CFR Parts 200, 230, 232, et al.

Tailored Shareholder Reports for Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded 
Funds; Fee Information in Investment Company Advertisements; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 87 , No. 226 / Friday, November 25, 2022 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 72758]]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Parts 200, 230, 232, 239, 249, 270, and 274

[Release Nos. 33-11125; 34-96158; IC-34731; File No. S7-09-20]
RIN 3235-AM52

Tailored Shareholder Reports for Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded 
Funds; Fee Information in Investment Company Advertisements

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is 
adopting rule and form amendments that require open-end management 
investment companies to transmit concise and visually engaging annual 
and semi-annual reports to shareholders that highlight key information 
that is particularly important for retail investors to assess and 
monitor their fund investments. Certain information that may be more 
relevant to financial professionals and investors who desire more in-
depth information will no longer appear in funds' shareholder reports 
but will be available online, delivered free of charge upon request, 
and filed on a semi-annual basis on Form N-CSR. The amendments exclude 
open-end management investment companies from the scope of the current 
rule that generally permits registered investment companies to satisfy 
shareholder report transmission requirements by making these reports 
and other materials available online and providing a notice of that 
availability. The amendments also require that funds tag their reports 
to shareholders using the Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language 
(``Inline XBRL'') structured data language to provide machine-readable 
data that retail investors and other market participants may use to 
more efficiently access and evaluate investments. Finally, the 
Commission is adopting amendments to the advertising rules for 
registered investment companies and business development companies to 
promote more transparent and balanced statements about investment 
costs.

DATES: Effective Date: This rule is effective January 24, 2023. 
Compliance Date: The applicable compliance dates are discussion in 
section II.J.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mykaila DeLesDernier, Pamela K. Ellis, 
Senior Counsels; Zeena Abdul-Rahman, Branch Chief; Amanda Hollander 
Wagner, Senior Special Counsel; or Brian McLaughlin Johnson, Assistant 
Director, at (202) 551-6792, Investment Company Regulation Office; Alex 
Bradford, Assistant Chief Accountant; Michael Kosoff, Senior Special 
Counsel, at (202) 551-6921, Disclosure Review and Accounting Office; 
Division of Investment Management; U.S. Securities and Exchange 
Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Commission is adopting amendments to the 
following rules and forms:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Commission reference                CFR citation [17 CFR]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organization; Conduct and Ethics; And        Sec.  Sec.   200.1 through
 Information and Requests.                    200.800.
    Section 800............................  Sec.   200.800.
Securities Act of 1933 (``Securities
 Act''): \1\
    Rule 156...............................  Sec.   230.156.
    Rule 433...............................  Sec.   230.433.
    Rule 482...............................  Sec.   230.482.
Regulation S-T: \2\
    Rule 405...............................  Sec.   232.405.
Securities Act and Investment Company Act
 of 1940 (``Investment Company Act,'' or
 the ``Act''): \3\
    Form N-1A..............................  Sec.  Sec.   239.15A and
                                              274.11A.
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Exchange
 Act'') \4\ and Investment Company Act:
    Form N-CSR.............................  Sec.  Sec.   249.331 and
                                              274.128.
Investment Company Act:
    Rule 30a-2.............................  Sec.   270.30a-2.
    Rule 30e-1.............................  Sec.   270.30e-1.
    Rule 30e-3.............................  Sec.   270.30e-3.
    Rule 31a-2.............................  Sec.   270.31a-2.
    Rule 34b-1.............................  Sec.   270.34b-1.
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    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.
    \2\ 17 CFR 232.10 through 232.903.
    \3\ 15 U.S.C. 80a et seq.
    \4\ 15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.
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Table of Contents

I. Introduction and Background
    A. Regulatory Context, and Developments and Analysis Informing 
Final Rules
    1. Fund Shareholder Reports--Regulatory Context
    2. Developments Supporting Layered Disclosure Approach to Fund 
Shareholder Reports
    3. Evidence of Investor Preferences Regarding Fund Disclosure
    4. Investment Company Advertisements, and Developments Affecting 
Fund Marketing Practices
    B. Overview of the Final Rules
    1. Final Rules' Principal Elements
    2. Other Aspects of Proposal
II. Discussion
    A. Annual Reports
    1. Scope of Annual Report Disclosure, and Registrants Subject to 
Amendments
    2. Contents of the Annual Report
    3. Format and Presentation of Annual Report
    4. Electronic Annual Reports
    B. Semi-Annual Report
    1. Scope and Contents of the Semi-Annual Report
    2. Format and Presentation of Semi-Annual Report
    3. Electronic Semi-Annual Reports Instructions and Requirements
    C. Form N-CSR and Website Availability Requirements
    1. New Form N-CSR Filing Requirements
    2. Website Availability Requirements
    3. Delivery Upon Request Requirements
    D. Disclosure Items Removed From Shareholder Report and Not 
Filed on Form N-CSR
    E. Transmission of Shareholder Reports
    1. Amendments Narrowing Scope of Rule 30e-3
    2. Alternative Transmission Methods for Shareholder Reports and 
Other Regulatory Materials
    3. Alternatives for Satisfying Transmission Requirements for 
Semi-Annual Reports
    F. Prospectuses and SAIs Transmitted Under Rule 30e-1(d)
    G. Investment Company Advertising Rule Amendments

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    1. Requirements for Standardized Fee and Expense Figures
    2. Materially Misleading Statements About Fees and Expenses in 
Investment Company Sales Literature
    3. Additional Suggested Amendments to Investment Company 
Advertising Rules
    H. Inline XBRL Data Tagging
    I. Technical and Conforming Amendments
    J. Compliance Date
III. Other Matters
IV. Economic Analysis
    A. Introduction
    B. Economic Baseline and Affected Parties
    1. Descriptive Industry Statistics
    2. Fund Shareholder Reports
    3. Transmission of Shareholder Reports
    4. Investor Use of Fund Disclosure
    5. Fund Advertisements
    C. Benefits and Costs
    1. Broad Economic Considerations
    2. New Approach for Funds' Shareholder Reports
    3. Advertising Rule Amendments
    D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation
    E. Reasonable Alternatives
    1. More or Less Frequent Disclosure
    2. More or Less Information in Shareholder Reports
    3. Retaining Rule 30e-3 Flexibility or Implementing Access 
Equals Delivery for Open-End Funds Registered on Form N-1A
    4. Limiting the Advertising Rule Amendments to ETFs and Mutual 
Funds
    5. Amending Shareholder Report Requirements To Include Variable 
Insurance Contracts or Registered Closed-End Funds
    6. Requiring All Form N-CSR Disclosures To Be Tagged in Inline 
XBRL
V. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis
    A. Introduction
    B. New Shareholder Report Requirements Under Rule 30e-1
    C. Form N-CSR
    D. Rule 482
    E. Rule 34b-1
    F. Rule 433
    G. Rule 30e-3
    H. Investment Company Interactive Data
VI. Final Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
    A. Need for and Objectives of the Rule and Form Amendments
    B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments
    C. Small Entities Subject to the Rule
    D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements
    1. Annual and Semi-Annual Reports
    2. New Form N-CSR and Website Availability Requirements
    3. Amendments To Scope of Rule 30e-3
    4. Investment Company Advertising Rules
    5. Inline XBRL Data Tagging
    E. Agency Action To Minimize Effect on Small Entities
VII. Statutory Authority
VIII. Text of Proposed Rules and Form Amendments

I. Introduction and Background

    The Commission is adopting rule and form amendments that are 
designed to require mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (``ETFs'') 
to transmit concise and visually engaging annual and semi-annual 
reports to shareholders.\5\ The updated approach to funds' shareholder 
reports will highlight key information that is particularly important 
for retail investors to assess and monitor their fund investments.\6\ 
Other, more detailed information that currently appears in funds' 
shareholder reports will be made available on a website that the 
shareholder report specifies, filed with the Commission on EDGAR, and 
delivered to investors free of charge in paper or electronically upon 
request. These final rules are designed to modernize funds' shareholder 
reports so these reports will better serve the needs of fund 
investors--particularly retail investors.\7\ The final rules will 
require a disclosure approach that emphasizes clearly and concisely the 
information that is particularly useful to a retail audience, will 
encourage disclosure techniques that promote effective communication, 
and will continue to make available information that historically has 
appeared in shareholder reports but that may be more relevant to 
financial professional and other investors who desire more in-depth 
information.
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    \5\ For purposes of this release, the term ``fund'' generally 
refers to an open-end management investment company registered on 
Form N-1A or a series thereof, unless otherwise specified. Mutual 
funds and most ETFs are open-end management investment companies 
registered on Form N-1A. An open-end management investment company 
is an investment company, other than a unit investment trust or 
face-amount certificate company, that offers for sale or has 
outstanding any redeemable security of which it is the issuer. See 
sections 4 and 5(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-
4 and 80a-5(a)(1)].
    \6\ This release refers to funds' annual and semi-annual 
shareholder reports as ``annual reports'' and ``semi-annual 
reports'' respectively, and collectively as ``shareholder reports.''
    \7\ ``EDGAR'' is the Commission's Electronic Data, Gathering, 
Analysis, and Retrieval system.
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    This approach is designed to alleviate concerns that fund retail 
investors currently may receive, and find difficult to use, shareholder 
reports that are lengthy, complex, and not well-suited to their 
needs.\8\ Investors' inability to understand or use shareholder report 
disclosure efficiently may impede their ability to monitor their 
investments and lead to investors maintaining investments in funds that 
may not be aligned with their investment goals. The final rules' 
approach for shareholder reports is a continuation of the Commission's 
initiatives designed to promote clear and concise disclosure for fund 
investors.\9\ It responds to the preferences investors have expressed, 
over the years and in response to the proposed rules.\10\ This approach 
also builds on a similar ``layered'' disclosure approach that most 
funds use to provide prospectus information tailored to investors' 
informational needs.\11\
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    \8\ See Tailored Shareholder Reports, Treatment of Annual 
Prospectus Updates for Existing Investors, and Improved Fee and Risk 
Disclosure for Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds; Fee 
Information in Investment Company Advertisements, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 33963 (Aug. 5, 2020) [85 FR 70716 (Nov. 5, 2020)] 
(``Proposing Release'') at nn.30 and 32, and accompanying text.
    \9\ See, e.g., Enhanced Disclosure and New Prospectus Delivery 
Option for Registered Open-End Management Investment Companies, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 28584 (Jan. 13, 2009) [74 FR 4545 
(Jan. 26, 2009)] (``2009 Summary Prospectus Adopting Release''); 
Investment Company Reporting Modernization, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 32314 (Oct. 13, 2016) [81 FR 81870 (Nov. 18, 2016)] 
(``Investment Company Reporting Modernization Final Rules''); Form 
CRS Relationship Summary; Amendments to Form ADV, Investment 
Advisers Act Release No. 5247 (June 5, 2019) [84 FR 33492 (July 12, 
2019)]; Updated Disclosure Requirements and Summary Prospectus for 
Variable Annuity and Variable Life Insurance Contracts, Investment 
Company Act Release No. 33814 (Mar. 11, 2020) [85 FR 25964 (May 1, 
2020)] (``Variable Contract Summary Prospectus Adopting Release'').
    \10\ See, e.g., 2009 Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 9; see also infra section I.A.3.
    \11\ See infra section I.A.2.
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    In August 2020, the Commission proposed rule and form amendments 
that would require a layered disclosure framework for funds' 
shareholder reports that is substantially similar to the framework we 
are adopting under the final rules.\12\ The Commission also proposed to 
address the means by which shareholder reports are transmitted to fund 
investors. To ensure that all fund investors would experience the 
anticipated benefits of the proposed new tailored disclosure framework, 
the Commission proposed to amend the scope of rule 30e-3--the rule that 
currently permits investment companies to use a ``notice and access'' 
approach to transmitting shareholder reports--to exclude open-end 
funds. Instead, funds would have to provide the reports directly to 
shareholders. In addition to addressing shareholder report contents and 
transmission, the Commission also proposed amendments to the 
Commission's investment company advertising rules that were designed to 
promote more transparent and balanced statements about investment 
costs. The proposal also included a proposed new alternative approach 
to satisfy prospectus delivery requirements for existing fund investors 
(proposed new rule 498B) and proposed amendments to funds' prospectus 
fee and risk disclosure requirements.
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    \12\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8.
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    The Commission received comment letters on the proposal from a 
variety of

[[Page 72760]]

commenters, including funds and investment advisers, law firms, other 
fund service providers, investor advocacy groups, professional and 
trade associations, and interested individuals.\13\ Many commenters 
supported the proposed use of layered disclosure in funds' shareholder 
reports.\14\ Some recommended enhancements and alternatives to certain 
areas of the proposed shareholder reports, with respect to their 
content as well as scope.\15\ While many commenters expressed concern 
regarding the proposed amendments to rule 30e-3, others supported the 
Commission's proposed approach.\16\ Comments on proposed rule 498B were 
mixed, with some commenters expressly supporting the proposal, some 
supporting it with modifications, and others directly opposing it.\17\ 
Comments on the proposed prospectus fee and risk disclosure amendments 
were similarly mixed.\18\ Finally, while a number of the commenters 
that addressed the proposed advertising rule amendments supported them, 
some stated that the proposed amendments were not necessary in light of 
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (``FINRA'') rules addressing 
fee and expense information in retail communications or suggested that 
the Commission modify the scope of the proposed amendments.\19\
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    \13\ The comment letters on the Proposing Release (File No. S7-
09-20) are available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-09-20/s70920.htm.
    \14\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Mutual Fund Directors Forum 
(Jan. 4, 2021) (``Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter''); 
Comment Letter of SIFMA (Dec. 22, 2020) (``SIFMA Comment Letter'').
    \15\ Comments on particular aspects of the proposed rules' 
scope, as well as the proposed shareholder report contents, are 
discussed in detail in sections II.A-B below.
    \16\ See infra section II.E.1.
    \17\ See infra footnotes 68-72 and accompanying text.
    \18\ See infra footnotes 76-79 and 83-84 and accompanying text.
    \19\ See infra sections II.G.1-2; footnote 534 (providing FINRA 
rule 2210's definitions of retail communications and 
correspondence).
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    After considering the comments on the proposal and as discussed in 
more detail below, we are adopting rule and form amendments that would 
effectuate the proposed layered disclosure approach for funds' 
shareholder reports, with modifications to the proposed reports' 
contents and scope in response to comments and to enhance disclosure 
effectiveness. We are also adopting--with targeted clarifying changes, 
but otherwise substantially as proposed--the proposed amendments to 
exclude open-end funds from the scope of rule 30e-3, as well as the 
proposed amendments to the investment company advertising rules. As 
discussed more fully below, we are not adopting proposed rule 498B or 
the proposed amendments to funds' prospectus fee and risk disclosure 
requirements.

A. Regulatory Context, and Developments and Analysis Informing Final 
Rules

1. Fund Shareholder Reports--Regulatory Context
    Fund shareholders receive shareholder reports on a semi-annual 
basis.\20\ These reports include detailed information about a fund's 
operations over a given half- or full-year period. The Investment 
Company Act, as well as Commission rules, prescribe the content 
requirements for funds' shareholder reports.\21\ Shareholder report 
contents include, among other items: information about fund expenses 
and performance, portfolio holdings, funds' financial statements and 
financial highlights (which are audited in annual reports), information 
about a fund's board of directors and management, results of 
shareholder votes, and instructions on how to access additional 
information, including information regarding the fund's proxy voting 
record, code of ethics, and quarterly portfolio holdings.\22\ Certain 
of this information, including fund performance information, is 
required to appear only in annual reports. Some funds also supplement 
this with information that is not required by Commission rules or 
forms, such as a president's letter and general market commentary.\23\
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    \20\ See section 30(e) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 
80a-29(e)]; current and amended rule 30e-1 under the Investment 
Company Act [17 CFR 270.30e-1]. A fund or an intermediary may 
transmit the shareholder report to an investor. Most fund investors 
hold their fund investments as beneficial owners through accounts 
with intermediaries. As a result, intermediaries commonly assume 
responsibility for distributing fund shareholder reports to 
beneficial owners. See Optional internet Availability of Investment 
Company Shareholder Reports, Investment Company Act Release No. 
33115 (June 5, 2018) [83 FR 29158 (June 22, 2018)] (``Rule 30e-3 
Adopting Release''), at paragraph accompanying n.274.
    \21\ See section 30(e) of the Investment Company Act; see also 
current and amended rule 30e-1; Item 27 of current Form N-1A and 
Item 27A of amended Form N-1A (addressing the contents of open-end 
fund shareholder reports).
    \22\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.14-17 and 
accompanying text.
    \23\ See, e.g., id. at n.18 and accompanying text.
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    Many mutual funds and ETFs are organized as single registrants with 
several series (sometimes referred to as portfolios).\24\ From an 
investor's perspective, investing in a series provides the same general 
experience as investing in a fund that is not organized in this way--
each series has its own investment objectives, policies, and 
restrictions, and the Federal securities laws and Commission rules 
often treat each series as a separate fund.\25\ Series of a registrant 
are often marketed separately, without reference to other series or to 
the registrant's name.
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    \24\ See sections 18(f)(1) and (2) of the Investment Company Act 
[15 U.S.C. 80a-18(f)(1) AND (2)]; 17 CFR 270.18f-2 (rule 18f-2 under 
the Investment Company Act).
    \25\ See, e.g., 17 CFR 270.22c-2(c)(2); 17 CFR 270.22e-4(a)(5); 
General Instruction A to Form N-1A (defining ``fund'' to mean a 
registrant or a separate series of the registrant).
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    In addition, a single fund or series can have multiple share 
classes.\26\ Share classes typically differ based on fee structure, 
with each class having a different sales load and distribution and/or 
service fee. Currently, fund registrants may prepare a single 
shareholder report that covers multiple series, as well as multiple 
share classes of each series.
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    \26\ See 17 CFR 270.18f-3 (rule 18f-3 under the Investment 
Company Act).
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    Fund shareholders currently receive shareholder reports in paper or 
electronically, depending on their preferences.\27\ We understand that 
shareholders electing electronic delivery of fund disclosure materials 
typically receive an email that contains a link to where the materials 
are available online.
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    \27\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.21-22 and 
accompanying text; see also Use of Electronic Media for Delivery 
Purposes, Investment Company Act Release No. 21399 (Oct. 6, 1995) 
[60 FR 53458 (Oct. 13, 1995)] (``Electronic Media 1995 Release'') 
(providing Commission views on the use of electronic media to 
deliver information to investors, with a focus on electronic 
delivery of prospectuses, annual reports, and proxy solicitation 
materials); Use of Electronic Media by Broker-Dealers, Transfer 
Agents, and Investment Advisers for Delivery of Information, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 21945 (May 9, 1996) [61 FR 24644 
(May 15, 1996)] (``Electronic Media 1996 Release''); Use of 
Electronic Media, Investment Company Act Release No. 24426 (Apr. 28, 
2000) [65 FR 25843 (May 4, 2000)] (``Electronic Media 2000 
Release'').
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    For those shareholders who have not elected to receive shareholder 
reports electronically, funds currently may rely on rule 30e-3 to 
satisfy shareholder report transmission requirements. If a fund chooses 
to rely on this rule, a shareholder does not receive paper shareholder 
reports directly, but instead receives paper notices that a shareholder 
report is available at an identified website address.\28\ Nonetheless, 
funds relying on rule 30e-3 are required to deliver a paper copy of a 
shareholder report to any person requesting such a copy, and a fund may 
no longer rely on rule 30e-3 with respect to any shareholder who has 
notified the fund (or relevant financial

[[Page 72761]]

intermediary) that the shareholder wishes to receive paper copies of 
shareholder reports.
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    \28\ See current rule 30e-3 [17 CFR 270.30e-3]; Rule 30e-3 
Adopting Release, supra footnote 20.
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    The costs of delivering prospectuses and shareholder reports, 
including printing and mailing costs and processing fees, are generally 
fund expenses borne by shareholders.
2. Developments Supporting Layered Disclosure Approach to Fund 
Shareholder Reports
    The Commission's proposed layered disclosure approach to funds' 
shareholder reports builds on decades of experience with layered fund 
disclosure, as well as the confluence of two other disclosure-related 
developments that we believe support further reliance on the use of 
layered disclosure--the growing length and complexity of shareholder 
reports over time, and the internet's increasingly important role in 
maximizing investor access to information.
    The Commission's rules permitting the use of summary prospectuses 
both recognize investors' preferences for concise and engaging 
disclosure of key information and ensure that additional information 
that may be of interest to some investors is available through a 
layered approach to disclosure.\29\ These rules generally permit funds 
to provide summary prospectuses to investors that include ``streamlined 
and user-friendly information that is key to an investment decision,'' 
with more-detailed information that may be of interest to some 
investors available online.\30\ We believe that these initiatives have 
benefitted investors, and we estimate that approximately 92% of funds 
use summary prospectuses.\31\ The Commission has not previously taken 
comprehensive steps to create a layered disclosure framework for funds' 
shareholder reports.\32\
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    \29\ See supra footnotes 10-11 and accompanying text; see also 
Variable Contract Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 9.
    \30\ See 2009 Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 9, at section I. The vast majority of funds provide: (1) a 
summary prospectus to investors in connection with their initial 
investment decision; and (2) more-detailed information that may be 
of interest to some investors, which is available online in the form 
of the ``statutory prospectus'' and Statement of Additional 
Information (``SAI'').
    \31\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.81 and 
accompanying text. We estimate that as of December 31, 2021, 
approximately 92% of mutual funds and ETFs use a summary prospectus. 
This estimate is based on data on the number of mutual funds and 
ETFs that filed a summary prospectus in 2021 in EDGAR (10,876) and 
the staff's estimate of the total number open-end funds, including 
ETFs, registered on Form N-1A (11,840).
    \32\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.83 and 
accompanying text (noting that the Commission has, however, adopted 
rules that permit streamlined disclosure of portfolio holdings in 
funds' shareholder reports).
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    Funds' shareholder reports generally have become longer and more 
complex over the years. This trend has several sources. The 
Commission's rules have required funds to include additional 
information over the past several decades, and funds commonly 
voluntarily provide additional information beyond that which is 
required, including information about general economic conditions, fund 
performance, and services provided to shareholders.\33\ The ability to 
include multiple series, and multiple share classes of each series, in 
a single report also increases these reports' length and complexity. 
Based on staff analysis, the average annual report is approximately 134 
pages long, and the average semi-annual report is 116 pages long.\34\ 
The length can vary substantially, however. Staff has observed annual 
reports ranging in length from 16 pages to more than 1,000 pages. Most 
reports that are between 22 and 45 pages long tend to cover a single 
series.\35\
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    \33\ See id. at nn.84-86 and accompanying text.
    \34\ These figures are based on a 2020 staff review that 
included a sample of reports from large, mid-sized, and small funds 
that were available on fund websites.
    \35\ See id.
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    These trends have been accompanied by internet technology that has 
continued to evolve, investors' increased access to the internet, and 
the Commission continuing to recognize the role of the internet in 
providing disclosure materials and other information to investors.\36\ 
For example, in 2021, approximately 95% of households owning mutual 
funds had internet access, while only 68% of these households had 
internet access in 2000.\37\ Further advances in technology, including 
increasing use of mobile devices to access information, can make it 
even easier for funds and intermediaries to communicate with investors 
and to provide interactive or customizable information. We understand 
that funds continue to explore additional ways to use technology to 
communicate with investors.\38\ Against this backdrop, the Commission 
has recognized that modernizing the manner in which funds and others 
make information available to investors allows them to leverage the 
benefits of technology and reduce fund costs while considering the 
needs and preferences of investors.\39\ Continued improvements in 
presenting information electronically, as well as investors' 
continually growing comfort with the internet and electronic media as a 
means of accessing fund information, have been integral in making the 
use of layered disclosure in the summary prospectus context a success, 
and we believe these factors will similarly make layered disclosure an 
effective tool in the context of funds' shareholder reports.
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    \36\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.75-78 and 
accompanying text.
    \37\ See Investment Company Institute, 2022 Investment Company 
Fact Book: A Review of Trends and Activities in the Investment 
Company Industry (2022) (``2022 ICI Fact Book''), available at 
https://www.ici.org/system/files/2022-05/2022_factbook.pdf, at 
Figure 7.16.
    \38\ See, e.g., infra footnotes 356-358 and accompanying 
paragraph.
    \39\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.79 and 
accompanying text.
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3. Evidence of Investor Preferences Regarding Fund Disclosure
    The Proposing Release discussed evidence that was available to the 
Commission at the time of the proposal showing that investors generally 
prefer concise, layered disclosure. The proposal considered feedback 
that the Commission received in response to a June 2018 request for 
comment seeking feedback on retail investors' experience with fund 
disclosure and on ways to improve fund disclosure (the ``Fund Investor 
Experience RFC'').\40\ In the proposal, the Commission stated that the 
Fund Investor Experience RFC commenters' overall preference for summary 
disclosure is generally consistent with other information the 
Commission has received--through investor testing conducted prior to 
the proposal, surveys, and other information-gathering--that similarly 
indicates that investors strongly prefer concise, layered 
disclosure.\41\ The Commission also discussed feedback from investors 
responding to the Fund Investor Experience RFC, as well as investors 
participating in certain past quantitative and qualitative investor 
testing initiatives on the Commission's behalf, expressing preferences 
for the inclusion of more tables, charts, and graphs in fund disclosure 
and supporting the conclusion that investors

[[Page 72762]]

view funds' existing shareholder reports as too lengthy and 
complicated.\42\
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    \40\ See Request for Comment on Fund Retail Investor Experience 
and Disclosure, Investment Company Act Release No. 33113 (June 5, 
2018) [83 FR 26891 (June 11, 2018)] (``Investor Experience RFC''). 
The comment letters on the Investor Experience RFC (File No. S7-12-
18) are available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-12-18/s71218.htm. This feedback generally showed that retail investors 
prefer concise, layered disclosure and feel overwhelmed by the 
volume of information they currently receive, with some individual 
investors specifically addressing and supporting a more concise, 
summary shareholder report. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, 
at nn.28-30 and accompanying text.
    \41\ See id. at n.31 and accompanying text.
    \42\ See id. at n.32-37 and accompanying text.
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    Feedback on investors' preferences that the Commission received in 
response to the Proposing Release was consistent with the Commission's 
understanding of investors' preferences that the Proposing Release 
described, with the vast majority of individuals who commented on the 
proposal expressing support for the length, format, and content of the 
proposed streamlined annual report.\43\ Industry commenters expressed 
support for the proposed layered disclosure approach.\44\ Industry 
commenters similarly supported the use of streamlined shareholder 
documents and reducing the length and complexity of information 
shareholders receive, ultimately leading to an improved overall 
investor experience.\45\
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    \43\ See infra footnotes 47-51 and accompanying text.
    \44\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of CFA Institute (Dec. 30, 2020) 
(``CFA Institute Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of Fidelity (Jan. 
4, 2021) (``Fidelity Comment Letter''); Mutual Fund Directors Forum 
Comment Letter.
    \45\ See SIFMA Comment Letter; see also Comment Letter of 
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America (Jan. 4, 2021) 
(``TIAA Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of FS Investments (Jan. 4, 
2021) (``FS Investments Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comments from individual investors similarly suggested that the 
proposed shareholder report approach was in line with their preferences 
in terms of the length of material and content areas that investors 
find to be useful to monitor fund investments. To help market 
participants understand the proposed shareholder report, the Commission 
published a hypothetical annual report to illustrate what a more 
concise, tailored shareholder report could look like, as well as a 
feedback flier that investors could use to provide their views on the 
hypothetical report.\46\ The Commission received feedback flier 
responses from individual investors as well as academics. Of the 
respondents who answered the feedback flier question, ``Overall, would 
the sample shareholder report be useful in monitoring your fund 
investments?'' the vast majority responded positively.\47\ The vast 
majority of respondents who answered a question in the feedback flier 
about the length of the hypothetical report responded that the length 
was ``about right.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, Appendix A 
(``Hypothetical Streamlined Shareholder Report'') available at 
https://www.sec.gov/files/final_2020_im_annual-shareholder%20report.pdf and Appendix B (``Shareholder Report 
Feedback Flier''), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2020/im-shareholder-report-ff.html.
    \47\ Commenters also expressed views about the relative 
usefulness of the different proposed content areas as illustrated in 
the hypothetical report, and these comments are described in more 
detail in section II.A.2 infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One comment letter also included data that this commenter had 
compiled about individual investors' preferences as expressed in 
response to the hypothetical report and feedback flier that the 
Commission published.\48\ This commenter engaged a market research firm 
to provide the feedback flier to 2,000+ mutual fund and/or ETF 
investors and to collate responses from these investors. The commenter 
reported that, based on this analysis, 91% of respondents said that the 
hypothetical streamlined annual and semi-annual reports would be useful 
in monitoring their fund investments.\49\ This analysis found that 78% 
of respondents said that the length was ``about right,'' with 16% 
saying that the length was ``too long'' and 6% saying that the length 
was ``too short.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Comment Letter of Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. 
(Jan. 4, 2021) (``Broadridge Comment Letter'').
    \49\ The Broadridge Comment Letter stated, ``Half of the 
participants were randomly assigned to view the SEC's hypothetical 
streamlined annual shareholder report, and the other half viewed a 
streamlined semi-annual report.'' The Commission only published a 
hypothetical streamlined annual report and did not also publish a 
hypothetical semi-annual report. The hypothetical semi-annual report 
prototype that Broadridge included in its comment letter appears to 
have been created by Broadridge, based on the hypothetical annual 
report that the Commission published.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to feedback flier responses, the Commission also 
received traditional comment letters from individuals, who similarly 
expressed broad support for the proposed approach to fund shareholder 
reports. One remarked that the hypothetical report was ``much better 
than what we have now.'' \50\ Several likewise stated that they 
supported the proposed streamlined shareholder report, with one 
commenting, ``I think it contains the relevant information and would be 
more useful to investors than the current annual report.'' \51\ One 
individual, however, expressed that ``more should be done to push 
transparency, plain English and brevity of disclosure.'' \52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ Comment Letter of James J. Angel (Jan. 6, 2021) (``Angel 
Comment Letter'').
    \51\ Comment Letter of Lisa Barker (Jan. 3, 2021) (``Barker 
Comment Letter''); see also Comment Letter of Ryan O'Malley (Dec. 
29, 2021) (``O'Malley Comment Letter'') (``I generally like the idea 
of a brief shareholder report.''); Comment Letter of Tom Riker (June 
2, 2021) (``Riker Comment Letter'') (``I support the streamlined 
shareholder report proposal.''); see also Comment Letter of Mo 
Abdullah (Oct. 7, 2022) (``Abdullah Comment Letter'') (``The 
proposed shareholder report seems like the right mix of 
information.'').
    \52\ Comment Letter of David Marlboro (Dec. 20, 2020) 
(``Marlboro Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also received feedback on individuals' preferences 
and views through qualitative investor interviews and a study on 
performance benchmarks that the Commission's Office of the Investor 
Advocate (``OIAD'') designed (the ``OIAD Benchmark Study'').\53\ The 
qualitative interviews aimed to generate hypotheses about certain 
content areas in a fund shareholder report that may cause confusion and 
lead to impediments to investor understanding of key information. These 
interviews focused in particular on investors' understanding of fund 
performance disclosure, as displayed in connection with broad-based and 
narrow performance benchmark indexes. The objective of the qualitative 
interviews was to provide background for a more extensive quantitative 
experimental study. In addition, OIAD recommended additional research 
devoted to certain other issues that arose during the qualitative 
interviews, including exploring ways of explaining share classes to 
investors, to the extent that share classes are a necessary component 
of fund disclosures.\54\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ See Alycia Chin, Jonathan Cook, Jay Dhar, Steven Nash, and 
Brian Scholl, How Do Consumers Understand Investment Quality? The 
Role of Performance Benchmarks, Office of the Investor Advocate 
Working Paper 2022-01 (``Chin, et al.''), available at https://www.sec.gov/files/performance-benchmarks-2022-01.pdf.
    \54\ See id. at Appendix B; see also discussion on fund share 
classes as section II.A.1.b infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Following the qualitative interviews, OIAD conducted a study on the 
impact of fund performance benchmarks on investor decision-making. This 
research examined market data, and the results of a large behavioral 
experiment sampling a general population, to understand how fund 
companies employ benchmarks and how individuals respond to the 
presentation of benchmarks. The OIAD Benchmark Study, which is 
discussed in more detail below, analyzes individuals' responses to 
benchmarks, including how individuals respond to benchmarks that 
outperform and underperform the fund, and examines whether there is a 
differential impact in performance graphs' use of broad versus narrow 
benchmarks on a fund's attractiveness.
    Each of these avenues offering evidence of investor preferences and 
behaviors in response to fund disclosure has provided important context 
and support for the final rules' approach to fund shareholder reports. 
Staff will evaluate investor preferences and

[[Page 72763]]

behaviors as they evolve in the future, including through mechanisms 
such as investor testing and investor surveys where appropriate, taking 
into account relevant developments in connection with fund practices, 
investors' preferences, the fund industry, and financial markets in 
connection with any future regulatory initiatives.
4. Investment Company Advertisements, and Developments Affecting Fund 
Marketing Practices
    Many registered investment companies and business development 
companies (``BDCs'') prepare advertising materials, which can include 
materials in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, direct mail 
advertisements, fact sheets, newsletters, and on various web-based 
platforms. These advertising materials are subject to certain 
requirements under Commission rules. The primary Commission rules 
addressing investment company advertising include rules 482 and 433 
under the Securities Act, rule 34b-1 under the Investment Company Act, 
and rule 156 under the Securities Act (the term ``investment company 
advertising rules'' in this release refers to this set of rules).
    Rule 482 establishes certain content, legend, and filing 
requirements for investment company advertisements.\55\ Many of the 
rule's content requirements focus on advertisements that include 
performance data of certain types of funds, including mutual funds, 
ETFs, insurance company separate accounts registered as unit investment 
trusts (``UITs''), and money market funds.\56\
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    \55\ Investment company advertisements typically are 
prospectuses for purposes of the Securities Act. Rule 482 provides a 
framework in which investment company advertisements are deemed to 
be ``omitting prospectuses'' that may include information the 
substance of which is not included in a fund's statutory or summary 
prospectus. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.653-654 
and accompanying text. Instead of relying on rule 482, registered 
closed-end funds and BDCs may use free writing prospectuses in 
accordance with rule 433 and certain other Commission rules for 
advertising purposes. See id. at nn.656-676 and accompanying text.
    \56\ See id. at nn.655-666.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 34b-1 applies to supplemental sales literature (i.e., sales 
literature that is preceded or accompanied by a prospectus) by any 
registered open-end company, UIT, or registered face-amount certificate 
company. Rule 34b-1 includes many of the same requirements as rule 482, 
including the same performance-related requirements.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ See id. at nn.659-661 and accompanying text. The Commission 
adopted rule 34b-1 to help prevent performance claims in 
supplemental sales literature from being misleading and to promote 
comparability and uniformity among supplemental sales literature and 
rule 482 advertisements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 156 states that whether or not a particular description, 
representation, illustration, or other statement involving a material 
fact is misleading depends on evaluation of the context in which it is 
made. The rule discusses several pertinent factors that should be 
weighed in considering whether a particular statement involving a 
material fact is or might be misleading in investment company sales 
literature, including rule 482 advertisements and supplemental sales 
literature.\58\ Rule 156 applies to sales literature used by any person 
to offer to sell or induce the sale of securities of any investment 
company, including registered investment companies and BDCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ See id. at n.662-663 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Separately, rules issued by FINRA regulating members' 
communications with the public provide an important source of 
advertising requirements and guidance for investment companies, as 
underwriters and/or distributors of investment company shares are 
commonly FINRA members.\59\ FINRA rule 2210, ``Communications with the 
Public,'' includes both general and specific standards for 
communications with the public.\60\
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    \59\ FINRA is a self-regulatory organization composed of brokers 
and dealers registered under the Exchange Act.
    \60\ Non-money market fund open-end funds' retail communications 
and correspondence (as defined in FINRA rule 2210, see infra 
footnote 515) that include performance information also must include 
fee and expense information that includes: (1) the fund's maximum 
sales charge; and (2) the total annual fund operating expense ratio, 
gross of any fee waivers or expense reimbursements (i.e., ongoing 
annual fees). These funds' standardized performance information, 
sales charge, and total annual fund operating expense ratio also 
must be set forth prominently. FINRA rule 2210(d)(5). In addition, 
FINRA rule 2210 applies to the retail communications of BDCs. See 
FINRA Rule 2210 Interpretative Guidance at C.1, available at https://www.finra.org/rules-guidance/guidance/faqs/advertising-regulation#b2 (responding, in part, that firms must file with FINRA 
retail communications concerning BDCs that are registered under the 
Securities Act).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In recent years, investment companies increasingly have been 
marketing themselves on the basis of cost in an effort to attract 
investors. For instance, we have observed some funds calling themselves 
``no-expense'' or ``zero-expense'' funds, or emphasizing their low 
expense ratios, despite the fact that investors may incur other 
investment costs.\61\ Comments that the Commission received on the 
Proposing Release similarly recognized ``the trend for some funds to 
market their investment products based on claims of low or no fees.'' 
\62\ Investors may incur certain costs and fees that, despite providing 
revenue to the fund's adviser and its affiliates (or other parties), 
are not direct costs of investing in a fund and so are not reflected in 
a fund's expense ratio, and therefore may be less transparent or clear 
to certain investors.\63\ Additionally, a fund may appear to be a 
``zero expense'' fund because its adviser is waiving fees or 
reimbursing expenses for a period of time, but the fund will incur fees 
and expenses once that arrangement expires. In these and other cases, 
we are concerned that, absent appropriate explanations or limitations, 
investors may believe incorrectly that there are no expenses associated 
with investing in the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ A fund's expense ratio is the figure in its prospectus fee 
table that represents the fund's total annual operating expenses, 
expressed as a percent of the fund's average net assets. See also 
Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section II.H.1.c (discussing 
costs that the expense ratio does not reflect).
    \62\ See CFA Institute Comment Letter; see also Comment Letter 
of the Consumer Federation of America (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter'') (discussing concerns that 
accompany funds being ``increasingly marketed on the basis of 
costs'').
    \63\ For example, an investor may incur intermediary costs, such 
as wrap fees that an investor pays to the sponsor of a wrap fee 
program (which may be the fund's adviser or its affiliates) for 
investment advice, brokerage services, administrative expenses, or 
other fees and expenses. See SEC Division of Examinations, 
Observations from Examinations of Investment Advisers Managing 
Client Accounts That Participate in Wrap Fee Programs (July 21, 
2021), available at https://www.sec.gov/files/wrap-fee-programs-risk-alert_0.pdf. All staff statements represent the views of the 
staff. They are not a rule, regulation, or statement of the 
Commission. The Commission has neither approved nor disapproved 
their content. These staff statements, like all staff statements, 
have no legal force or effect: they do not alter or amend applicable 
law, and they create no new or additional obligations for any 
person. As another example, investment company advertisements that 
advertise low investment costs, based solely on a fund's prospectus 
fee table, might not reflect or recognize other categories of costs 
that may be supplementing a traditional management fee and/or may 
affect the returns an investor experiences (e.g., intermediary 
costs). See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at paragraph 
accompanying n.685.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While investment company advertising rules currently place limits 
on how a fund may present its performance to promote comparability and 
prevent potentially misleading advertisements, these rules generally do 
not prescribe the presentations of fees and expenses in advertisements 
to address similar concerns about comparability or potentially 
misleading information.\64\ Addressing fee comparability in fund 
advertisements is critical both in light of current trends in

[[Page 72764]]

fund marketing and because of the significant long-term effects that 
fund fees and expenses can have on investment returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ Commission rules require a fund to disclose maximum sales 
loads in some advertisements, and FINRA rules also limit how a fund 
advertisement may describe investment costs in some respects, but 
these limitations currently apply only to a subset of fund 
advertisements. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.H.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Overview of the Final Rules

1. Final Rules' Principal Elements
    The final rules consist of the following principal elements:
     Shareholder Reports Tailored to the Needs of Retail 
Shareholders: Under the new framework, shareholders will receive 
concise and visually engaging annual and semi-annual reports designed 
to highlight information that we believe is particularly important for 
retail shareholders to assess and monitor their fund investments on an 
ongoing basis. This information will include--among other things--fund 
expenses, performance, and portfolio holdings. Funds will have the 
flexibility to make electronic versions of their shareholder reports 
more user-friendly and interactive. In addition, funds will be required 
to tag the information in their shareholder reports using Inline XBRL 
structured data language.
     Availability of Additional Information on Form N-CSR and 
Online: Information that may be more relevant to financial 
professionals and other investors who desire more in-depth information 
will be made available online and delivered free of charge in paper or 
electronically upon request. This information also will be filed on a 
semi-annual basis with the Commission on Form N-CSR. This information 
includes, for example, the schedule of investments and other financial 
statement elements. Shareholder reports will contain cover page legends 
directing investors to websites containing this information. 
Accessibility-related requirements that we are adopting will help 
ensure that investors can easily reach and navigate the information 
that appears online.
     Amendments to Scope of Rule 30e-3 to Exclude Funds 
Registered on Form N-1A: To ensure that all fund investors will 
experience the anticipated benefits of the new tailored shareholder 
reports, we are amending the scope of rule 30e-3 to exclude open-end 
funds. This amendment ensures shareholders in open-end funds will 
directly receive the new tailored annual and semi-annual reports, 
either in paper or (if the shareholder has so elected) 
electronically.\65\ This change reflects the Commission's continuing 
efforts to improve the ways investors receive fund disclosure. We 
believe that this approach represents a more effective means of 
improving investors' ability to access and use fund information, and of 
reducing expenses associated with printing and mailing, than continuing 
to permit open-end funds to rely on rule 30e-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ See infra footnote 618 and accompanying text (discussing 
increase in e-delivery requests since the beginning of the COVID-19 
pandemic).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Fee and Expense Information in Investment Company 
Advertisements: Finally, we are adopting amendments that are designed 
to respond to developments that we have observed in investment company 
advertising. These amendments require that presentations of investment 
company fees and expenses in advertisements and sales literature be 
consistent with relevant prospectus fee table presentations and be 
reasonably current. These advertising rule amendments affect all 
registered investment company and BDC advertisements that include fee 
and expense figures, and where the investment company presents total 
annual expense figures in their prospectuses. The amendments therefore 
are not limited to open-end fund advertisements. The amendments also 
address representations of fees and expenses that could be materially 
misleading.
2. Other Aspects of Proposal
    After considering comments, we are not taking final action on 
several aspects of the proposal at this time: (1) proposed new rule 
498B, which would have provided a new alternative approach to satisfy 
prospectus delivery requirements for existing fund investors; and (2) 
proposed amendments to funds' prospectus fee and risk disclosure.
Proposed Rule 498B
    In lieu of providing annual prospectus updates to existing fund 
investors, proposed rule 498B would have provided an alternative 
approach to keep these investors informed about their fund investments 
and updates to their funds that occur year over year.\66\ Under this 
proposed rule, new investors would have received a fund prospectus in 
connection with their initial investment in a fund, as they currently 
do, but funds could have opted into an alternative approach under which 
they would not deliver annual prospectus updates to investors 
thereafter.\67\ The proposed layered disclosure framework would instead 
have relied on the shareholder report and timely notifications to 
shareholders to keep investors informed about their fund investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section II.F.
    \67\ See section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act [15 U.S.C. 
77e(b)(2)] (generally requiring that a fund or financial 
intermediary deliver a prospectus to an investor in connection with 
a purchase of the fund's securities). Because section 5(b)(2) 
requires funds to deliver a prospectus to an investor purchasing 
shares, including existing shareholders who purchase additional 
shares, funds generally provide annual updates of prospectuses to 
all shareholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While some commenters generally supported proposed rule 498B, most 
commenters, even those who supported the proposed rule, suggested 
fairly significant modifications.\68\ A number of commenters directly 
opposed the proposed rule.\69\ Some of these commenters expressed 
concern that existing investors would not continue to receive an 
updated prospectus annually.\70\ Many other opposing commenters also 
expressed concern about the proposed requirement to deliver notices of 
material fund changes.\71\ Other commenters suggested that the proposed 
new approach to satisfying prospectus delivery obligations could 
increase the possibility of shareholder litigation (for example, if 
failing to send a material change notice or not correctly tracking 
existing investors could result in prospectus delivery obligations not 
being satisfied).\72\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. 
(Jan. 5, 2021) (``T. Rowe Price Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of 
Better Markets, Inc. (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Better Markets Comment 
Letter'') (each commenter expressing support for adopting the rule 
as proposed); see also, e.g., Comment Letter of the Investment 
Company Institute (Dec. 21, 2020) (``ICI Comment Letter''); Fidelity 
Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Tom and Mary (Aug. 12, 2020) 
(``Tom and Mary Comment Letter'') (each commenter suggesting 
modifications to the proposed rule).
    \69\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Charles Schwab Investment 
Management, Inc. (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Charles Schwab Comment Letter''); 
TIAA Comment Letter.
    \70\ See, e.g., TIAA Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of 
America II Comment Letter; Broadridge Comment Letter (discussing 
data this commenter compiled about individual investors' preferences 
showing that 88% of surveyed investors ``prefer the status quo of 
annual prospectus delivery'').
    \71\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Dechert LLP (Jan. 4, 2021) 
(``Dechert Comment Letter''); ICI Comment Letter; Comment Letter of 
Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP (Jan. 15, 2021) (``Stradley 
Ronon Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of The Vanguard Group, Inc. 
(Dec. 22, 2020) (``Vanguard Comment Letter''); SIFMA Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \72\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Sidley 
Austin LLP (Dec. 29, 2020) (``Sidley Austin Comment Letter''); 
Comment Letter of the Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness 
(Jan. 4, 2021) (``Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness Comment 
Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Improving the fund disclosure framework and investors' experience 
with fund disclosure continues to be an important priority for the 
Commission, as does the consideration of how to best help investors 
make informed investment decisions and monitor their fund investments. 
In light of the

[[Page 72765]]

comments received, which we believe raise issues that merit further 
consideration, we are not adopting rule 498B at this time.
Proposed Amendments to Funds' Prospectus Fee Disclosure
    The Commission proposed amendments to funds' prospectus disclosure 
requirements to provide greater clarity and more consistent information 
regarding fund fees and expenses. The proposal would have replaced the 
existing fee table in the summary section of funds' statutory 
prospectuses with a simplified fee summary, and the Commission also 
proposed to simplify the fee example that currently appears in funds' 
prospectuses.\73\ The full, existing fee table would be moved to the 
statutory prospectus under the proposal, for use by investors seeking 
additional details about fund fees.\74\ Finally, the proposal would 
have replaced certain terms in the current fee table with terms that 
were designed to be easier to understand by most investors.\75\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at sections 
II.H.1.b-e.
    \74\ See id. at sections II.H.1.b-c.
    \75\ See id. at section II.H.1.f.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comments on the proposed fee summary, simplified example, and 
proposed new fee terminology were mixed. Some agreed that investors 
could benefit from simplified prospectus fee disclosures and generally 
supported the proposed approach.\76\ Several commenters, however, 
opposed the inclusion of the fee summary and noted that having multiple 
different fee presentations could be confusing for investors and would 
be burdensome for funds.\77\ A number of commenters opposed many of the 
proposed new terms, stating that they would not further investor 
comprehension and could be more confusing than the current terms.\78\ 
Some commenters also recommended that the Commission should verify the 
benefits of the proposed approach through additional investor 
testing.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ Comment Letter of Morningstar Inc. (Jan. 4, 2020) 
(``Morningstar Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of Consumer 
Federation of America (Dec 15, 2020) (``Consumer Federation of 
America I Comment Letter'').
    \77\ See, e.g., SIFMA Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; FS 
Investments Comment Letter.
    \78\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; CFA 
Institute Comment Letter; Charles Schwab Comment Letter; Comment 
Letter of Dimensional Fund Advisors (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Dimensional 
Comment Letter'').
    \79\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal also included a new approach to disclosing acquired 
fund fee and expenses (``AFFE'').\80\ Currently, all registered 
investment companies that invest in other ``acquired funds,'' including 
BDCs and private funds that would be investment companies but for 
sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act, disclose 
AFFE in their prospectus fee tables.\81\ AFFE shows the investing 
fund's pro rata share of the fees and expenses of any underlying funds. 
Under the proposal, a fund that invests less than 10% of the value of 
its total fund assets in other funds could disclose AFFE in a footnote 
to the fee table, instead of including AFFE as a fee table line item 
(which is included as a component of the fund's bottom-line ongoing 
annual operating expenses). The proposed new approach to AFFE 
disclosure was designed to maintain the benefits of transparent AFFE 
disclosure and to provide more consistent disclosure of information 
related to indirect costs.\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.H.1.g.
    \81\ See id. at nn.604-605 and accompanying text.
    \82\ See id. at nn.608-614, and accompanying and following 
paragraphs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters expressed varying concerns about the proposed AFFE 
approach. A number of commenters suggested that the proposed approach 
to AFFE disclosure would decrease transparency of funds' AFFE.\83\ 
These commenters urged the Commission to retain the current approach to 
provide investors full and clear information about funds' fees and 
expenses. Some members of the fund industry generally supported the 
changes, although some requested that the proposal be significantly 
broadened, including suggestions to carve BDCs out from the definition 
of ``acquired fund'' altogether.\84\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; Barker Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; Comment 
Letter of Tom Williams (Aug. 6, 2020) (``Williams Comment Letter'').
    \84\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Small Business Investor 
Alliance (Dec. 4, 2020); Comment Letter of the Coalition for 
Business Development (Jan. 4, 2021); ICI Comment Letter; see also, 
e.g., Final Report on 2018 SEC Government-Business Forum on Small 
Business Capital Formation (June 2019), available at https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/gbfor37.pdf (discussing, among other 
things, forum recommendations on BDCs and AFFE. The SEC conducts the 
Government-Business Forum on Small Business Capital Formation 
annually. The recommendations contained in this report are solely 
the responsibility of Forum participants from outside the SEC, who 
were responsible for developing them. The recommendations are not 
endorsed or modified by the SEC and do not necessarily reflect the 
views of the SEC, its Commissioners or any of the SEC's staff 
members.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Helping investors more readily understand fund fees and expenses is 
an important priority of the Commission. In light of the comments 
received, which we believe raise issues that merit further 
consideration, we are not adopting the proposed changes at this time.
Proposed Amendments to Funds' Prospectus Risk Disclosure
    The Commission also proposed amendments to funds' prospectus 
disclosure requirements that were designed to help investors more 
readily understand funds' principal risks.\85\ These amendments would 
have added specificity to the existing requirement that funds must 
disclose principal risks in their prospectuses. The proposed amendments 
clarified that a ``principal'' risk is one that would place more than 
10% of the fund's assets at risk and is reasonably likely to occur in 
the future. The proposal also would have required that funds' 
description of risks be brief and organized in order of importance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section II.H.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While some commenters supported the proposed approach, most 
generally opposed it.\86\ Commenters expressed concern about the 
perceived difficulty and subjectivity of determining which risks 
currently or in the future will place more than 10% of the fund's 
assets at risk, as well as ordering risk disclosure, and the potential 
of increased liability for funds associated with this.\87\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of NASAA (Jan. 4, 2021) (``NASAA Comment 
Letter''); Comment Letter of the Americans for Financial Reform 
Education Fund (Jan. 4, 2021) (``AFREF Comment Letter'') (each 
expressing overall support for the changes); contra ICI Comment 
Letter; Sidley Austin Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of John Hancock (Jan. 4, 2021) (``John Hancock 
Comment Letter'') (each expressing general opposition).
    \87\ See, e.g., Sidley Austin Comment Letter; Comment Letter of 
Federated Hermes (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Federated Hermes Comment 
Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Helping investors more readily understand funds' principal risks is 
an important priority of the Commission. In light of the comments 
received, which we believe raise issues that merit further 
consideration, we are not adopting the proposed risk disclosure 
amendments at this time.

II. Discussion

A. Annual Reports

    In order to effectuate the new streamlined shareholder reports for 
open-end funds, we are adopting substantially as proposed new Item 27A 
to Form N-1A to specify the design and content of funds' annual and 
semi-annual reports. We also are removing, as proposed, the provisions 
in Item 27 of

[[Page 72766]]

current Form N-1A that relate to annual and semi-annual reports.\88\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ The final rules generally require funds to reorganize the 
presentation of currently-required information. To the extent that 
any of the amendments require funds to disclose new information 
other than is required in section 30(e), such changes are 
appropriate in the public interest for the reasons discussed more 
fully in sections II.A.2 and II.B.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The table below summarizes the contents that funds will include in 
their annual reports--or, alternatively, that they will file on Form N-
CSR--in comparison to current shareholder report disclosure 
requirements.\89\ While the new content requirements for shareholder 
reports that are transmitted in paper will generally be the same as the 
requirements for reports that are transmitted electronically (and that 
appear online or are accessible through mobile electronic devices), we 
are adopting, as proposed, instructions that address electronic 
presentation and are designed to provide flexibility to enhance the 
usability of reports that appear online or on mobile devices.\90\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ This release separately discusses the content requirements 
for funds' semi-annual reports. See infra section II.B.
    \90\ See infra section II.A.4.
    \91\ ``Householding'' permits funds to deliver a single copy of 
a prospectus, proxy materials, and a shareholder report to investors 
who share the same address and meet certain other requirements in 
order to avoid duplication of materials to investors who invest in 
funds through a variety of individual and family accounts.

                                         Table 1--Annual Report Contents
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Current annual shareholder report                                   New rule and form
disclosure (current Form provision)   Description of amendments         provisions          Discussed below in
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Add new identifying          Item 27A(b) of Form N-  Section
                                      information to the           1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.a.
                                      beginning of the annual
                                      report.
Expense example (Form N-1A Item      Retain in annual report in   Item 27A(c) of Form N-  Section
 27(d)(1)).                           a more concise form.         1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.b.
Management's discussion of fund      Retain in annual report in   Item 27A(d) of Form N-  Section
 performance (``MDFP'') (Form N-1A    a more concise form.         1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.c.
 Item 27(b)(7)).
                                     Add new fund statistics      Item 27A(e) of Form N-  Section
                                      section to the annual        1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.d.
                                      report.
Graphical representation of          Retain in annual report....  Item 27A(f) of Form N-  Section
 holdings (Form N-1A Item 27(d)(2)).                               1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.e.
                                     Add new material fund        Item 27A(g) of Form N-  Section
                                      changes section to the       1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.f.
                                      annual report.
Changes in and disagreements with    Retain in annual report in   Item 27A(h) of Form N-  Section
 accountants (Form N-1A Item          summary form.                1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.g.
 27(b)(4)).
                                     The entirety of the          Item 8 of Form N-CSR..  Section
                                      currently-required          Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and     II.C.2.II.C.1.c.
                                      disclosure would move to     (b)(3)..
                                      Form N-CSR and would need
                                      to be available online and
                                      delivered (in paper or
                                      electronic format) upon
                                      request.
Statement regarding the              Include a more general       Item 27A(i) of Form N-  Section
 availability of quarterly            reference to the             1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.h.
 portfolio schedule, proxy voting     availability of additional
 policies and procedures, and proxy   fund information in the
 voting record (Form N-1A Item        annual report.
 27(d)(3) through (5)).
                                     Add provision allowing       Item 27A(j) of Form N-  Section
                                      funds to optionally          1A.                     II.A.2.II.A.2.i.
                                      disclose in their annual
                                      reports how shareholders
                                      may revoke their consent
                                      to householding \91\.
Financial statements, including      Move to Form N-CSR.........  Item 7(a) of Form N-    Section
 schedule of investments (Form N-1A  Would need to be available    CSR.                    II.C.1.II.C.1.a.
 Item 27(b)(1)).                      online and delivered (in    Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and
                                      paper or electronic          (b)(3)..
                                      format) upon request.
Financial highlights (Form N-1A      Retain certain data points,  Item 7(b) of Form N-    Section II.C.1.C.1.b.
 Item 27(b)(2)).                      but generally move to Form   CSR.
                                      N-CSR.
                                     Would need to be available   Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and
                                      online and delivered (in     (b)(3).
                                      paper or electronic
                                      format) upon request.
Results of any shareholder votes     Move to Form N-CSR.........  Item 9 of Form N-CSR..  Section
 during the period (Rule 30e-1(b)).  Would need to be available   Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and     II.C.1II.C.1.d.
                                      online and delivered (in     (b)(3)..
                                      paper or electronic
                                      format) upon request.
Remuneration paid to directors,      Move to Form N-CSR.........  Item 10 of Form N-CSR.  Section
 officers, and others (Form N-1A     Would need to be available   Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and     II.C.1.II.C.1.e.
 Item 27(b)(3)).                      online and delivered (in     (b)(3)..
                                      paper or electronic
                                      format) upon request.
Statement regarding the basis for    Move to Form N-CSR.........  Item 11 of Form N-CSR.  Section
 the board's approval of investment  Would need to be available   Rule 30e-1(b)(2) and     II.C.1.II.C.1.f.
 advisory contract (Form N-1A Item    online and delivered (in     (b)(3)..
 27(d)(6)(i)).                        paper or electronic
                                      format) upon request.

[[Page 72767]]

 
Management information and           Remove from shareholder      ......................  Section II.D.
 statement regarding availability     reports, but information
 of additional information about      would remain available in
 fund directors (Form N-1A Item       a fund's SAI, which is
 27(b)(5) and (6)).                   available online or
                                      delivered upon request.
Statement regarding liquidity risk   Remove from shareholder      ......................  Section II.D.
 management program (Form N-1A Item   reports.
 27(d)(6)(ii)).
Rule 30e-3 disclosure, if            Remove from shareholder      ......................  Section II.E.
 applicable (Form N-1A Item           reports.
 27(d)(7)).
Funds have discretion to provide     Disclosures in the annual    Instructions 1 and 12   Section II.A.1.c.
 other information in their           report are restricted to     to Item 27A(a) of
 shareholder reports (e.g.,           that which is required or    Form N-1A.
 president's letter).                 permitted under Item 27A
                                      of Form N-1A (other
                                      materials may accompany
                                      the transmission of the
                                      report, so long they meet
                                      the prominence
                                      requirements for materials
                                      that accompany the report).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Scope of Annual Report Disclosure, and Registrants Subject to 
Amendments
a. Series Scope
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that funds must 
prepare separate annual reports for each series of a fund. As a result, 
under the final rules, a fund shareholder will receive an annual report 
that addresses only the series in which that shareholder is invested. 
Many mutual funds and ETFs are organized as single registrants with 
several series (sometimes referred to as portfolios).\92\ Currently, 
fund registrants may prepare a single shareholder report that covers 
multiple series. As the Commission stated in the Proposing Release, we 
believe this approach contributes to the length and complexity of 
shareholder reports.\93\ Because the length and complexity associated 
with multi-series shareholder reports are inconsistent with our goal of 
creating concise shareholder report disclosure that shareholders can 
more easily use to assess and monitor their ongoing fund investments, 
the final rules will require fund registrants to prepare separate 
annual reports for each series of the fund.\94\ We believe a 
shareholder is more likely to read a shareholder report targeted to 
that shareholder's fund as opposed to a multi-series report that may 
also cover a number of other funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.108-110 and 
accompanying text (noting that each series has its own investment 
objectives, policies and restrictions and that the Federal 
securities laws and Commission rules often treat each series as a 
separate fund).
    \93\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying n.111 (providing examples of how the current 
presentation of multiple series within a single shareholder report 
may confuse shareholders); see also supra at text accompanying 
footnotes 8 and 29.
    \94\ See Instruction 4 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A. As 
proposed, fund registrants could continue to include multiple 
shareholder reports that cover different series in a single Form N-
CSR report filed on EDGAR under the final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most commenters supported this proposed requirement, stating that 
it would significantly reduce the length of the report and make it 
easier for shareholders to navigate.\95\ Some commenters, however, 
urged the Commission to continue to allow fund complexes to bundle the 
shareholder reports of certain types of funds together in one report, 
in selected circumstances.\96\ For example, these commenters urged the 
Commission to allow funds with similar investment strategies to be 
bundled in the same report, such as target date funds, target risk 
funds, state tax exempt funds, and money market funds. These commenters 
argued that shareholders would benefit from seeing other investment 
options that are available to them within the complex. Additionally, 
some of these commenters stated that, because disclosures related to 
funds with similar strategies and risk profiles likely would be 
similar, allowing these funds to be bundled together in a single report 
would allow fund complexes to organize their similarly-managed funds 
efficiently into a single report.\97\ Some commenters likewise argued 
that fund complexes should have further flexibility to bundle series as 
they see fit to allow them to organize their reports efficiently and 
reduce the costs associated with preparing shareholder reports.\98\ 
Finally, some commenters urged the Commission to allow insurance 
companies providing shareholder reports to holders of variable 
contracts to provide combined reports for those series available as 
investment options for a particular variable contract.\99\ These 
commenters stated that this practice would be consistent with rule 498 
under the Securities Act and argued that contract holders would benefit 
from receiving a single document that contains information regarding 
all of the

[[Page 72768]]

investment options available under the variable contract.\100\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; Morningstar 
Comment Letter; NASAA Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Prof. 
William A. Jacobson, Cornell Law School (Dec. 29, 2020) (``Cornell 
Law School Comment Letter''); Barker Comment Letter; see also 
Comment Letter of Donnelley Financial Solutions (Dec. 30, 2020) 
(``DFIN Comment Letter'') (supporting this requirement and stating 
that, if the Commission were to allow certain series to be bundled 
into a single shareholder report, the Commission should at a minimum 
require all information for each series appear together to eliminate 
the need for a shareholder to navigate the entire report to review 
all the information on a single series).
    \96\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Vanguard 
Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Capital Research and Management 
Company (Jan. 4, 2021) (``Capital Group Comment Letter''); John 
Hancock Comment Letter.
    \97\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment 
Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \98\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \99\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \100\ See ICI Comment Letter (stating that, while rule 498 
prohibits the bundling of summary prospectuses for different funds 
together, it provides an exception from this prohibition for funds 
that are all available as investment options for a particular 
variable contract); see also John Hancock Comment Letter (also 
stating that insurance companies that offer funds as investment 
options sometimes request that certain reports be combined rather 
than separated into multiple reports).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we continue to believe a multi-
series report is inconsistent with our goal of creating concise 
shareholder report disclosure that shareholders can more easily use to 
assess and monitor their ongoing fund investments. For example, if the 
report were to include information about multiple series, a shareholder 
that is invested in one series of the registrant would need to spend 
more time searching through the report to find disclosure related to 
that shareholder's investment. Additionally, even if there may be some 
efficiencies gained for fund complexes in bundling the reports of funds 
with similar investment strategies, we believe those benefits are not 
justified by the resulting inconsistency in which some funds' 
shareholder report content would be bundled together in a single report 
while others would have individual shareholder reports.\101\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ See, e.g. Morningstar Comment Letter (also stating that 
the costs associated with creating separate shareholder reports for 
each fund would not be significant because fund complexes would 
simply be required to divide what is currently reported in one 
document into several smaller documents); see also infra section 
IV.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, we believe that bundling funds with similar strategies 
could present an increased risk of shareholder confusion. For instance, 
if two series included in the same shareholder report were to have 
similar names, such as two tax-exempt funds or two target date funds 
where only the target date in the name differs (e.g., ``XYZ Target 
Retirement 2040 Fund'' versus ``XYZ Target Retirement 2045 Fund''), 
there could be a greater risk that a shareholder would mistakenly 
review information that does not relate to that person's 
investment.\102\ Because the shareholder report is designed to assist 
existing shareholders in monitoring their investments on an ongoing 
basis, rather than serving as a mechanism for funds to provide 
shareholders information about other products, we disagree with 
commenters who suggested that bundling funds with similar strategies 
together in a single report, such as target date funds, would be useful 
to investors.\103\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ See Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \103\ See DFIN Comment Letter (noting that the cost of requiring 
only one series to be included in a shareholder report is mitigated 
by the cost savings derived from the proposal's exclusion of 
financial statements from the shareholder report); see also infra 
section IV.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, we have similar concerns about commenters' suggestions 
to permit bundling shareholder reports of those funds that are 
available as investment options underlying variable contracts, although 
this is permitted for summary prospectuses. In the context of reports 
to existing shareholders who use these reports to monitor their 
investments on an ongoing basis (as opposed to prospective investors 
making an initial investment decision and who are a key audience for 
summary prospectuses), we see little benefit to such contract holders 
from allowing insurance companies to bundle together all the underlying 
series, many of which the shareholders are not invested in.\104\ 
Contract holders seeking to shift their investments to other available 
investment options may consult the contract's annual prospectus update, 
or for variable contract registrants that use a summary prospectus, the 
appendix of investment options/portfolio companies that an updating 
summary prospectus is required to include.\105\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ See Variable Contract Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, 
supra footnote 9 at n. 16 (noting that investment options offered by 
variable annuity contracts can be numerous, with some contracts 
offering more than 250 investment options).
    \105\ See Item 18 of Form N-3 [17 CFR 239.17a and 274.11b]; Item 
17 of Form N-4 [17 CFR 239.17b and 274.11c]; Item 18 of Form N-6 [17 
CFR 239.17c and 274.11d].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Class Scope
    To reduce the complexity of disclosure as well as to provide more 
tailored information that is specific to a shareholder's investment in 
the fund, the final rules, in a change from the from the proposal, will 
require that a fund prepare and transmit to the shareholder a 
shareholder report that covers the single class of a multiple-class 
fund in which the shareholder invested.\106\ We requested comment on 
whether a shareholder report should be limited to a single class. After 
considering the comments received in response to this request, among 
other factors, we believe that this requirement will make it easier for 
shareholders to navigate the shareholder report disclosure and 
understand how it applies to their own interests in the fund, as 
shareholders only will receive reports applicable to their share 
class.\107\ Although different share classes of a fund represent 
interests in the same investment portfolio, and certain shareholder 
report disclosure will be the same for all classes, the final rules 
recognize that there is significant disclosure that varies among share 
classes, such as expenses and performance data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ See Instruction 4 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A. To 
effectuate the requirement to prepare separate shareholder reports 
for each share class, we are also adopting changes to: proposed Item 
27A(b)(1) and (b)(2) (to identify on the cover page the class and 
exchange ticker symbol of the class to which the shareholder report 
relates); proposed Item 27A(c), Instruction 1.(e) (to delete the 
requirement that a fund provide a separate line in the expense table 
for each class); proposed Item 27A(d), Instruction 13 (to clarify 
the requirements for management's discussion of fund performance in 
the context of multiple class funds); and proposed Item 27A(e) (to 
add an instruction providing that if a fund includes a statistic 
that is calculated based on the fund's performance or fees, the fund 
must show the statistic for the class of the fund to which the 
report relates, and to clarify that a fund may include performance-
based statistics only if the relevant class has at least one year of 
performance). See infra section II.A.2.
    \107\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at section 
II.B.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters' support for the proposal to include all of a fund's 
share classes in a single shareholder report was mixed. Certain 
commenters generally supported the proposed approach and stated that 
shareholders monitoring their investments may benefit from seeing other 
cheaper classes that may be available.\108\ One of those commenters, 
nevertheless, suggested that it would be beneficial if a fund were to 
provide a brief description of share class availability and investor 
eligibility requirements for each share class.\109\ Other commenters, 
however, suggested that including all share classes in the tailored 
shareholder report could result in lengthy and complex disclosure, 
particularly with the class-specific information regarding fees and 
performance data that would be required under the proposal.\110\ One 
commenter suggested that the Commission require that a fund show class-
specific information, such as information regarding expenses and 
performance data, for only the ``primary'' share class.\111\ Another 
commenter observed that some funds have many classes, many of which 
that are not available to most investors, and suggested that the 
Commission limit the number of classes a fund may show in the annual 
report.\112\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; ICI Comment 
Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \109\ See Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \110\ See Capital Group Comment Letter; see also Tom and Mary 
Comment Letter.
    \111\ See Capital Group Comment Letter.
    \112\ See Tom and Mary Comment Letter.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72769]]

    After considering the statements of support as well as the concerns 
raised by commenters, we have determined to require that a shareholder 
report cover a single class of a multiple-class fund. We agree with 
commenters that including all share classes of a multiple class fund 
could result in lengthy and complex disclosure, particularly when a 
fund has a large number of share classes.\113\ The length and 
complexity that would result by including all classes of multiple class 
fund would make it more difficult for a shareholder to identify 
information, such as fees and performance, that may differ based on the 
share class in which the shareholder invested. Further, such lengthy 
and complex shareholder reports would be inconsistent with our goal of 
creating concise shareholder report disclosure so shareholders can more 
easily use the reports to assess and monitor their ongoing fund 
investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ According to staff review of filings received by the 
Commission on Form N-CEN [17 CFR 274.101] through March 14, 2022, 
the largest number of share classes reported by multiple class fund 
was 23 share classes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Instead of this approach, we considered adopting the approach a 
commenter suggested, in which all share classes could be included in a 
shareholder report if the fund were to provide additional disclosure 
about share class availability and eligibility to assist with a 
shareholder's understanding of share classes.\114\ However, this 
approach would not address the concern that the inclusion of 
information about multiple share classes could result in lengthy and 
complex shareholder report disclosure that would run counter to our 
goal of creating concise shareholder report disclosure.\115\ Further, 
we believe that investors may benefit from having class-specific 
shareholder reports, as it may be difficult for some investors to 
identify or recall the share class in which they had invested. 
Including additional information about share class eligibility would 
not necessarily help to address these concerns. In addition, providing 
concise, plain-English disclosure about share class eligibility could 
be particularly challenging. Based on staff experience, including 
multiple share classes in a shareholder report may make it more 
difficult for some retail shareholders to efficiently review 
information relevant to their share classes, even those with 
specialized knowledge about investing in funds.\116\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \114\ See Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \115\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at 19; see also 
Comment Letter of Frank Dalton (Jan. 3, 2021) (``Frank Dalton 
Comment Letter'') (suggesting that there be one report per fund).
    \116\ See, e.g., Updated Investor Bulletin: Mutual Fund Classes, 
SEC Office of Investor Education and Advocacy (updated Feb. 24, 
2021) available at https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/general-resources/news-alerts/alerts-bulletins/investor-bulletins-61 
(addressing common questions about fund share classes). See also 
supra footnote 54 and accompanying text (describing recommendations 
for future research exploring ways of explaining share classes to 
investors).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize, however, that shareholders and other market 
participants could benefit from information about the other share 
classes offered by a multiple class fund. To assist with shareholders' 
and other market participants' analysis of those share classes, our 
final rules will require website posting of fund documents that will 
enable these parties to obtain information about those other share 
classes easily.\117\ Further, in a change from the proposal, we are 
adopting requirements for funds to tag the shareholder report contents 
in a structured, machine-readable data language, which will make 
shareholder report disclosure, including class-specific disclosure, 
more readily available and easily accessible for aggregation, 
comparison, filtering, and other analysis.\118\ Accordingly, we believe 
it is appropriate to limit a shareholder report to one class of a 
multiple class fund so shareholders can more easily use the reports to 
assess and monitor their ongoing fund investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ See amended rule 30e-1; see also infra section II.C.2 
regarding the posting of information that funds will file as Items 
7-11 of amended Form N-CSR, such as fund financial statements and 
information about changes in and disagreements with accountants.
    \118\ See infra section II.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Scope of Content
    As proposed, the final rules will generally allow a fund to include 
in its annual report only the information that Item 27A of Form N-1A 
specifically permits or requires.\119\ We also are adopting, as 
proposed, three additional provisions related to the content of a 
fund's annual report. First, if a fund's particular circumstances may 
cause the required disclosures to be misleading, the final rules will 
allow a fund to add information to the report that is necessary to make 
the required disclosure items not misleading.\120\ Disclosure in 
response to this provision generally should be brief. Second, as 
proposed, if a required disclosure is inapplicable, the final rules 
will permit the fund to omit the disclosure, and a fund similarly may 
modify a required legend or narrative information if the modified 
language contains comparable information to what is otherwise 
required.\121\ Finally, as proposed, the final rules will not permit a 
fund to incorporate by reference any information into its annual 
report.\122\ That is, a fund could not refer to information that is 
located in other disclosure documents in order to satisfy the content 
requirements for an annual report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ See Instruction 3 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A; see 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.115 (noting that 
funds would have flexibility with respect to the use of online tools 
to assist shareholders in understanding the contents of an annual 
report that appears online or otherwise is provided electronically).
    \120\ See Instruction 2 to Item 27A of amended Form N-1A 
(permitting a fund to include disclosure that is required under 17 
CFR 270.8b-20 (rule 8b-20 under the Investment Company Act)); rule 
8b-20 under the Investment Company Act (providing, ``[i]n addition 
to the information expressly required to be included in a 
registration statement or report, there shall be added such further 
information, if any, as may be necessary to make the required 
statements, in the light of the circumstances under which they are 
made, not misleading''); see also Proposing Release, supra footnote 
8, at paragraph accompanying n.117 (discussing, for example, that if 
a fund changed its investment policies or structure during or since 
the period shown, the expense, performance, or holdings information 
that a fund must include in its annual report may require additional 
disclosure to render those presentations not misleading).
    \121\ See Instruction 7 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A; see 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.119 (discussing that 
a goal of this instruction was to promote better-tailored 
disclosure).
    \122\ See Instruction 5 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A; see 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.120.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the proposed requirement to limit 
the information included in the shareholder report, and they agreed 
that this limitation would help focus shareholder reports on the most 
salient issues to shareholders.\123\ One commenter expressly supported 
the proposal to allow funds to omit information from the required items 
that is inapplicable to the fund, and to modify required legends or 
narratives so long as the modification contains comparable information 
to what is required.\124\ To provide funds with additional flexibility, 
one commenter suggested allowing funds to include supplemental 
information reasonably related to the required content or including an 
``unrestricted'' section of the report

[[Page 72770]]

where funds can provide discretionary content.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of 
America II Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; NASAA Comment 
Letter.
    \124\ See ICI Comment Letter. But see Morningstar Comment Letter 
and Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter (expressing 
concern that allowing funds to modify legends may lead to obscuring 
important information and stressing the importance of maintaining 
consistency where possible in section headers so that investors can 
more readily consume reports since they may receive multiple 
reports).
    \125\ See Sidley Austin Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comments on the proposed prohibition on incorporation by reference 
in the shareholder report were mixed. Some commenters supported the 
proposed prohibition, for example noting it would make it easier for 
shareholders to understand the report without consulting additional 
sources.\126\ By contrast, others opposed this prohibition based on 
concerns that it may lead in increased litigation risk.\127\ Commenters 
sought reassurance that information that will now be submitted online 
on Form N-CSR will still be considered part of the ``total mix of 
information'' assessed by courts in instances of shareholder 
litigation.\128\ The final rules are not intended to change courts' 
assessment of the total mix of information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; 
Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; NASAA Comment 
Letter.
    \127\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter; Stradley Ronon 
Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter.
    \128\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that allowing only the required or permitted 
information to appear in a fund's annual report will promote 
consistency of information presented to shareholders and allow retail 
shareholders to focus on information particularly helpful in monitoring 
their investment in a fund.\129\ As discussed above, the final rules 
provide funds with some flexibility to tailor the required information 
to their unique characteristics.\130\ Additionally, in the limited 
circumstances in which it may be appropriate for a fund to provide less 
or more information than what Item 27A requires or permits, the final 
rules allow the fund to omit information that is inapplicable to the 
fund and/or add additional information to make the required disclosure 
items not misleading. We believe that expanding the shareholder report 
to include supplemental information, for example in an ``unrestricted'' 
section of the report, could lead to significant increases in the 
length of the document and would be inconsistent with our goal of 
focusing the report on the most salient information for shareholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \129\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text following 
n.116 (noting that this approach would also encourage more impartial 
information by preventing funds from adding information commonly 
used in marketing materials).
    \130\ See id. at n.116 (noting that many of the instructions to 
each requirement in the shareholder report provide some flexibility 
so that a fund can tailor its presentation of information to match 
how the fund invests. For instance, a fund has the ability to select 
the categories that are reasonably designed to depict clearly the 
types of a fund's investments when preparing its graphical 
representation of holdings).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the final rules will only permit the inclusion of certain 
information in the annual report and prohibit incorporation by 
reference, funds will be required to refer shareholders to the 
availability of certain additional website information near the end of 
the report.\131\ The final rules, however, will--as proposed-- permit 
funds to provide additional information to shareholders in the same 
transmission as the shareholder report, so long as the shareholder 
report is given greater prominence than any other materials included in 
the same transmission, except for certain specified disclosure 
materials.\132\ The disclosure materials that are exceptions to this 
``greater prominence'' requirement include summary prospectuses, 
statutory prospectuses, notices of the online availability of proxy 
materials, and other shareholder reports. Therefore, we believe that 
the final rules appropriately balance providing funds with the 
flexibility to provide shareholders with information relevant to the 
fund's unique characteristics, while maintaining a concise shareholder 
report that highlights the most relevant information for shareholders 
and promotes comparability across funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \131\ See Item 27A(i) of amended Form N-1A.
    \132\ See Instruction 12 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A; 
see also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text accompanying 
n.125 (explaining that the Commission would consider a fund to 
satisfy the ``greater prominence'' requirement if, for example, the 
shareholder report is on top of a group of paper documents that are 
provided together or, in the case of an electronic transmission, the 
email or other message includes a direct link to the report or 
provides the report in full in the body of the message).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested adding content areas to the shareholder 
report, which they suggested would be useful for investors in 
monitoring their investments.\133\ First, two commenters requested that 
funds be allowed to continue to include information related to the tax 
character of distributions in the shareholder report to comply with 
certain IRS requirements.\134\ These commenters asserted that, absent 
relief from the IRS, funds would have to make a separate mailing to 
shareholders disclosing this tax-related information.\135\ Several 
commenters also suggested that funds should be required to provide 
additional risk-related information.\136\ Finally, one commenter 
suggested that funds should be required to disclose how much the fund 
manager invests in the fund.\137\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \133\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Federated Hermes Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of the Independent Trustees of the 
Morningstar Funds Trust (Oct. 20, 2020) (``Morningstar Trustees 
Comment Letter''); CFA Institute Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment 
Letter.
    \134\ ICI Comment Letter; Federated Hermes Comment Letter.
    \135\ ICI Comment Letter (explaining that the Internal Revenue 
Code requires regulated investment companies, including funds, to 
report the tax character of certain distributions paid in written 
statements delivered to shareholders. Although this requirement is 
satisfied through delivery of the Form 1099-DIV, certain 
shareholders do not receive this form. Therefore, funds frequently 
choose to include this disclosure in the shareholder report as a 
means of ensuring compliance with the reporting requirement).
    \136\ Morningstar Comment Letter; Morningstar Trustees Comment 
Letter (urging the Commission to shorten liquidity risk discussion 
and require additional discussion of other risks if relevant, such 
as derivatives risks and concentration risk); Angel Comment Letter 
(suggesting that a fund be required to disclose its historical 
standard deviation of returns compared to its benchmark's standard 
deviation of returns as a uniform quantitative risk measure).
    \137\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering commenter suggestions, we do not believe it is 
necessary to permit or require any additional content areas in the 
shareholder report under the final rules. First, we believe that this 
disclosure, unlike the other required content areas of the streamlined 
shareholder report, would not as directly contribute to retail 
investors' understanding of the fund's operations and performance over 
the relevant performance period, and would add length and complexity to 
the shareholder report. Additionally, we do not believe it is necessary 
to permit funds to describe the tax character of distributions in the 
shareholder report, because a fund could distill such tax-related 
disclosure in a manner that would meet the final rules' requirements 
for a fund statistic, or if a fund determines that such information is 
relevant to the MDFP, the fund could consider including the relevant 
disclosure in the fund statistics or MDFP sections of the shareholder 
report under the final rules.\138\ Also, as the final rules do not 
alter the requirements for delivering annual prospectus updates, which 
include information about the fund's principal risks, we do not believe 
it is also necessary to require funds to include additional risk-
related information in their shareholder reports.\139\ Similarly, we do 
not believe it is necessary to require funds to include information 
regarding how much the fund manager invests in the

[[Page 72771]]

fund in the shareholder report because such information is already 
disclosed in the fund's SAI and may be available on fund websites, and 
we believe that this disclosure would not be particularly salient to 
retail investors monitoring their investments.\140\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \138\ See infra section II.A.2.c.i (discussing the narrative 
MDFP disclosure requirements) and text accompanying infra footnote 
263 (discussing the requirements for the disclosing additional fund 
statistics).
    \139\ See supra footnote 67.
    \140\ See Item 20(c) of current and amended Form N-1A; see also 
rule 498(e) (requirements to make certain materials--including a 
fund's SAI--available on a website, for funds that use summary 
prospectuses in reliance on rule 498).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Scope With Respect to Other Registrants
    As proposed, the final annual report disclosure rules will apply 
only to shareholder reports for investment companies registered on Form 
N-1A.\141\ The amendments do not extend to other investment companies 
such as closed-end funds, UITs, or open-end managed investment 
companies not registered on Form N-1A (i.e., issuers of variable 
annuity contracts registered on Form N-3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ These funds represent the vast majority of investment 
company assets under management. See infra section IV.B.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters suggested that the Commission should reevaluate 
consistency of disclosure across all different fund types (e.g., 
closed-end funds and UITs, as well as open-end funds) because the 
shareholders across fund types have similar informational needs and 
would likely all benefit from a similar layered approach to 
disclosure.\142\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \142\ Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; CFA 
Institute Comment Letter; Comment Letter from Donald (Attorney) 
(Oct. 12, 2020) (``Donald Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree that disclosure consistency, and continuing to consider 
consistency in informational needs among shareholders in different 
types of investment companies, are important policy matters, and topics 
that the Commission and staff will continue to evaluate. In the past 
several years, the Commission adopted changes to the disclosure 
framework for closed-end funds and variable contracts tailored to these 
investment companies' characteristics.\143\ Before considering any 
additional or different disclosure amendments for closed-end funds and 
variable contracts, we believe it is necessary to understand funds' and 
investors' experience with these new disclosure frameworks for closed-
end funds and variable contracts and assess their impact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \143\ See Variable Contract Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, 
supra footnote 9; Securities Offering Reform for Closed-End 
Investment Companies, Investment Company Act Release No. 33836 (Apr. 
8, 2020) [85 FR 33290 (June 1, 2020)] (``Closed-End Fund Offering 
Reform Adopting Release'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters also suggested that funds offered exclusively to 
other funds or offered only to institutional investors be exempt from 
the obligation to prepare shareholder reports.\144\ These commenters 
argued that, because the shareholder report is oriented towards retail 
shareholders, there is little benefit in requiring funds that are sold 
exclusively to these investors to prepare, transmit, and file these 
reports. These commenters suggested that such funds instead could rely 
on the financial statements and other Form N-CSR requirements filed 
with the Commission to keep institutional investors informed about 
their fund investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ ICI Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not believe that such an exemption is necessary or 
appropriate. Currently registered funds offered exclusively to other 
funds, or only to institutional investors, transmit complete annual and 
semi-annual reports to their shareholders. Under the final rules, these 
funds will now be required to provide shareholders with a significantly 
shorter document. While shareholder reports under the final rules 
include content that is designed to be particularly salient to retail 
investors, these reports include core fund information that all 
investors can use to monitor fund investments, and that supplements 
information that investors could glean from a fund's financial 
statements. Additionally, to the extent a fund limits its investor base 
to institutional investors and is able to qualify for the exclusions 
from the investment company definition in sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7) 
of the Investment Company Act, the fund can operate as a private fund 
under those exclusions and will not be subject to the shareholder 
report requirements of section 30 of the Act.
2. Contents of the Annual Report
    The following table outlines the information the final rule will 
generally require funds to include in their annual reports.

                                        Table 2--Outline of Annual Report
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Item of current form N-
                                             Description          Item of amended form N-  1A containing similar
                                                                            1A                 requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cover Page or Beginning of Report..  Fund/Class Name............  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Ticker Symbol..............  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Principal U.S. Market(s)     Item 27A(b)...........
                                      for ETFs.
                                     Statement Identifying as     Item 27A(b)...........
                                      ``Annual Shareholder
                                      Report''.
                                     Legend.....................  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Statement on Material Fund   Item 27A(b)...........
                                      Changes in the Report.
Content............................  Expense Example............  Item 27A(c)...........  Item 27(d)(1).
                                     Management's Discussion of   Item 27A(d)...........  Item 27(b)(7).
                                      Fund Performance.
                                     Fund Statistics............  Item 27A(e)...........
                                     Graphical Representation of  Item 27A(f)...........  Item 27(d)(2)
                                      Holdings.
                                     Material Fund Changes......  Item 27A(g)...........
                                     Changes in and               Item 27A(h)...........  Item 27(b)(4).
                                      Disagreements with
                                      Accountants.
                                     Availability of Additional   Item 27A(i)...........  Item 27(d)(3) through
                                      Information.                                         (5).
                                     Householding Disclosure      Item 27A(j)...........  (*)
                                      (optional).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Rule 30e-1(f)(3) currently requires a fund to explain, at least once a year, how shareholders may revoke their
  consent to householding. This explanation is not currently required in funds' shareholder reports. As
  proposed, we are not requiring it in the annual report.

[[Page 72772]]

    As proposed, the annual report will not be subject to page or word 
limits under the final rules. Commenters agreed with this approach and 
one commenter stated that adopting a page limit may have the unintended 
effect of producing dense, visually unappealing disclosures when funds 
try to squeeze necessary information into a limited space.\145\ Another 
commenter said that the Commission's proposed approach would provide 
funds with the flexibility to provide explanatory or qualifying 
information to the extent they believe it is necessary or 
appropriate.\146\ We believe that the proposed restrictions on the 
contents of these reports would naturally limit their length, which 
would support our goal of concise, readable disclosure without the need 
for further restrictions on page length or word count.\147\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \145\ Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter.
    \146\ NASAA Comment Letter.
    \147\ See, e.g., infra at text following footnote 271 (stating 
that, in the fund statistics section of the shareholder report, 
funds have the flexibility to include additional statistics that the 
fund believes would help shareholders better understand the fund's 
activities and operation during the reporting period, but cautioning 
that funds should carefully consider the inclusion of any statistic 
that requires extensive narrative explanation).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Cover Page or Beginning of the Report
    The final amendments to Form N-1A will require a fund to provide 
the following information on the cover page or at the beginning of the 
annual report:\148\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \148\ See Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     As proposed, the name of the fund and the class to which 
the annual report relates; \149\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \149\ In a change from the proposal, the final rules will 
require that a shareholder report cover a single class of a 
multiple-class fund. See Instruction 4 to Item 27A(a) of amended 
Form N-1A; see also supra footnote 106 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     As proposed, the exchange ticker symbol of the fund's 
shares, or the ticker symbol of the class adjacent to the class name;
     As proposed, if the fund is an ETF, the principal U.S. 
market(s) on which the fund's shares are traded;
     As proposed, a statement identifying the document as an 
``annual shareholder report;''
     Substantially as proposed, the following legend: ``This 
annual shareholder report contains important information about [the 
Fund] for the period of [beginning date] to [end date]. You can find 
additional information about the Fund at [Fund website address]. You 
can also request this information by contacting us at [toll-free 
telephone number and, as applicable, email address].'' \150\; and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \150\ In a change from the proposal, the legend under the final 
rules does not contain the phrase ``[as well as certain changes to 
the Fund].'' This phrase is duplicative of the requirement under the 
final rules to include a separate legend highlighting that a 
shareholder report describes material fund changes, if applicable. 
See Item 27A(b)(4) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     In addition to the proposed cover page elements, we are 
also adopting a requirement that if the shareholder report describes 
material fund changes, a fund will have to include the following 
prominent statement, or a similar clear and understandable statement, 
in bold-face type: ``This report describes changes to the Fund that 
occurred during the reporting period.'' \151\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \151\ See Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A. The reference to the 
``beginning'' of an annual report is designed to address 
circumstances in which there is not a physical page that would 
precede the report, for example, when the report appears online or 
on a mobile device. See infra section II.A.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the proposed cover page information, 
and some recommended certain enhancements.\152\ One commenter suggested 
that the Commission require funds to include a brief description of 
investor eligibility requirements for each share class so that 
shareholders understand if there is an opportunity to move to a more 
appropriate class.\153\ Another commenter requested that funds disclose 
their investment objectives on the cover page.\154\ One commenter also 
requested that material fund changes should be disclosed on the cover 
page.\155\ Finally, one commenter suggested that the Commission should 
adopt an instruction to the required legend, similar to a current 
instruction in Form N-1A related to prospectuses, to provide 
flexibility for underlying funds used as investment options for 
variable contracts to modify the legend in a manner that is consistent 
with their structure.\156\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \152\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter.
    \153\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \154\ Capital Group Comment Letter.
    \155\ Comment Letter of Dominic Rosa (Sept. 16, 2020) (``Dominic 
Rosa Comment Letter'').
    \156\ See ICI Comment Letter (noting that the term ``us,'' as 
used in the phrase ``contacting us'' in the required legend, could 
be read to refer to the fund. However, for funds that serve as 
investment options for variable contracts, shareholder reports are 
delivered to contract holders. The record holders of underlying 
funds are the insurance company separate accounts, and underlying 
funds have no visibility or access to contract holders); see also 
General Instruction C.3.(d) of current Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, the final rules will require that a shareholder 
report cover a single class of a multiple-class fund.\157\ Therefore, 
we do not believe it is necessary to include additional information 
regarding share class eligibility. Similarly, because shareholders will 
continue to receive annual prospectus updates under the final rules, we 
do not believe it is necessary to require or permit funds to include a 
fund's investment objective (which also appears in the prospectus) in 
the shareholder report. We believe that adding the fund's investment 
objective would be duplicative and, in light of this, unnecessarily 
increase the length of the shareholder report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ See Instruction 4 of Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules also will not require a fund to describe material 
changes on the cover page of the shareholder report. Because the 
shareholder report will be a relatively short document, we anticipate 
investors would see this information within a few pages following the 
cover page or beginning of the report. However, we agree with 
commenters that it may be useful for shareholders to be alerted to 
material changes that occurred during the reporting period. Therefore, 
in a change from the proposal, if a shareholder report includes a 
discussion of material fund changes, the final rules will require the 
cover page of the report to include a prominent statement, in bold-face 
type, explaining that the report describes certain changes to the fund 
that occurred during the reporting period.\158\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we do not believe it is necessary to adopt an instruction 
to the required legend specifically allowing funds that serve as the 
underlying investment options for variable contracts to modify the 
legend in a manner that is consistent their structure. As discussed 
above, Instruction 7 to Item 27A already allows funds to modify a 
required legend or narrative information so long as the modified 
language contains comparable information.\159\ A more specific 
instruction for funds that serve as the underlying investment options 
for variable contracts is unnecessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ See supra text accompanying footnote 121.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Fund Expenses
    The final rules will require a simplified expense presentation in 
the annual report, modified from the proposed presentation to take into 
account concerns raised by commenters. Under the final rules, a fund 
will be required to provide a table showing the expenses associated 
with a hypothetical $10,000 investment in the fund during the preceding 
reporting period in two formats: (1) as a percent of a shareholder's 
investment in the fund

[[Page 72773]]

(i.e., expense ratio), and (2) as a dollar amount. In a change from the 
proposal, the expense presentation under the final rules will not 
require the table also to include information about the fund's total 
return during the period.\160\ Additionally, the final rules do not 
include the proposed requirement for a fund to include an explanation, 
in a footnote to the expense example, that expense information does not 
reflect shareholder transaction costs associated with purchasing or 
selling fund shares.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \160\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.142. The 
proposed expense presentation would have required a fund to show a 
beginning account value of $10,000, costs paid during the period, 
the fund's total return during the period before costs were paid, 
and the ending account value based on the fund's net asset value 
return. See id. at nn.154-155 and accompanying text. Under the 
proposal, ETFs were required to include the ending value of the 
account based on market value return. See id. at n.159 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simplified Expense Table
    The final rules include a simplified expense table that will 
replace the current expense example in the shareholder report, which 
consists of two different tables, along with the currently-required 
narrative preamble.\161\ Commenters generally supported simplifying the 
expense presentation in the shareholder report and eliminating the 
narrative preamble to the table.\162\ In addition, the expense table 
under the final rules is more simplified than the proposed presentation 
and is designed to provide shareholders with a basis for comparing the 
level of current period expenses of different funds (as percentages are 
comparable), as well as to permit shareholders to estimate the costs, 
in dollars, that they incurred over the reporting period. The expense 
presentation will appear as follows, and the individual aspects of the 
example are described in more detail below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying nn.145-146 (explaining that the current expense 
presentation requires funds present two tables: the first showing 
the actual cost in dollars for a $1,000 investment in the fund over 
the prior six-month period based on the actual return of the fund, 
and the second showing the cost in dollars for a $1,000 investment 
in the fund over the prior six-month period based on a hypothetical 
5% annual return); see id. at n.162 and accompanying text 
(discussing the currently-required narrative preamble).
    \162\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; AFREF Comment Letter; NASAA 
Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment Letter; Abdullah Comment 
Letter. But see Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter 
(suggesting that the Commission conduct investor testing to 
determine if investors would prefer the current presentation).

        What Were the Fund Costs for the Last [Year/Six Months]?
              [Based on a hypothetical $10,000 investment]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Costs paid as a
                                           Costs of a    percentage of a
         [Fund or class name]               $10,000          $10,000
                                           investment       investment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     $                %
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, the final rules require a fund to provide the expenses 
associated with a hypothetical $10,000 investment in the fund during 
the preceding reporting period. Currently, funds are required to show 
expenses associated with a $1,000 investment. The Commission proposed 
an increased dollar value in order to present a more realistic 
investment amount for an individual shareholder today.\163\ Commenters 
supported the higher $10,000 assumed investment amount.\164\ One 
commenter, however, stated that funds with a higher minimum investment 
should be required to show that higher investment amount in the expense 
presentation.\165\ As this would undermine comparing different funds, 
we are not requiring funds with higher minimum investment amounts to 
show that higher amount.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.151 and 
accompanying text.
    \164\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \165\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the cost in dollars of a $10,000 investment and the 
expense ratio, the proposed expense table also would have required a 
fund to show returns information, which was designed to facilitate 
shareholders' understanding of how costs and performance affect their 
ending account values. Some commenters, including retail investors, 
requested that the expense example exclude returns information, and 
provide only costs.\166\ These commenters stated that presenting 
returns information in the expense table might be confusing for 
shareholders and repetitive of the performance information that appears 
later in the document. Additionally, one commenter supported an 
approach that includes returns information in the expense table, but 
stressed the importance of highlighting the costs paid in dollars and 
expense ratio tables through text features, such as bold-face type, to 
emphasize the importance of those two data points.\167\ After 
considering commenters' concerns, the presentation of fund expenses 
under the final rules will not include fund returns information because 
we agree that presenting returns information in the expense example is 
duplicative of the returns information that is presented in the MDFP 
section of the report and could add unnecessary complexity and 
confusion to the expense presentation. For example, because a fund's 
reported return would relate to the fund's fiscal year, including 
return information could result in different funds presenting 
substantially different returns based primarily on whether a given 
fund's fiscal year included a time period with aberrant market 
performance. We also believe that the simplified presentation--
presenting just the costs in dollars and the expense ratio--would help 
to focus investors on this key information.\168\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Sandra Degan (Aug. 25, 2020) 
(``Sandra Degan Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of Ubiquity (Sept. 
14, 2020) (``Ubiquity Comment Letter''); Williams Comment Letter; 
Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Barker Comment Letter. Additionally, 
two commenters objected to the ETF-specific requirement to show the 
ending account value based on both NAV and market value return, and 
stated that ETFs should only be required to show NAV. See Ubiquity 
Comment Letter, Tom and Mary Comment Letter.
    \167\ CFA Institute Comment Letter.
    \168\ Because the final rules will not include fund return 
information in the expense example, the expense table will not 
include the proposed ``ending value of the account'' column and 
related instructions, including the proposed instructions requiring 
the presentation of expense information as a mathematical expression 
and the requirement to give more prominence to the ``cost paid'' and 
``cost paid as a percentage of your investment' columns than the 
other columns in the table. Similarly, commenter concerns regarding 
the disclosure related to ETF-specific requirement to show the 
ending account value based on both NAV and market value return are 
moot.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Additional Aspects of the Shareholder Report's Presentation of Expenses
    Some commenters suggested additional modifications to the proposed 
expense presentation. First, we proposed an expense table title: ``What 
were your Fund costs for the period? (based on a hypothetical $10,000 
investment).'' Additionally, under the proposal, the column in the 
table that would include the fund's expense ratio was entitled ``costs 
paid as a percentage of your investment.'' One commenter requested we 
modify these two headers to remove the references to ``your'' because 
an investor might reasonably interpret these uses of the possessive 
pronoun as actually reflecting that investor's own personal 
experience.\169\ We agree, that the use of the term ``your'' in the 
header to the table and the title of the expense ratio column could 
confuse investors, and we have changed these two headers to clarify 
that the expenses presented in

[[Page 72774]]

the table are a reflection of a hypothetical $10,000 investment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \169\ NASAA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the final rules will replace the proposed header 
reference to ``the period'' with a more specific reference to either 
``the past year'' or ``the past six months,'' depending on whether the 
report is an annual or semi-annual report. We believe this more 
specific heading reference to the relevant period will help 
shareholders better appreciate that the figures in the semi-annual 
report expense table reflect a shorter period than the annual report 
(and thus these figures will likely be smaller than the parallel 
figures in the annual report).
    The proposal also would have included a new footnote to the expense 
presentation that would have required a fund to include a footnote 
briefly explaining, in plain English, that the expense information does 
not reflect shareholder transaction costs associated with purchasing or 
selling fund shares.\170\ This was designed to inform investors that 
there may be additional costs not reflected in the expense example, if 
applicable. Some retail investors stated that the proposed footnote is 
of limited value and recommended streamlining it.\171\ After 
considering commenter concerns, we agree this footnote would provide 
limited information to investors, particularly since it would not have 
included quantitative information regarding these costs, and these 
costs may vary based on distribution channel, making it difficult to 
present this information concisely in the footnote or otherwise. By 
merely alerting investors to the possibility of additional costs, the 
proposed footnote could make the table less readable without providing 
investors information they could use effectively in evaluating the 
expense presentation. We therefore are not adopting that proposed 
footnote.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \170\ The proposal would have also required a fund to include a 
footnote to the proposed returns information that would be included 
in the expense presentation, describing other costs that are 
included in the fund's total return if material to the fund. Because 
the final rules' expense presentation does not include returns-
related information, we are not adopting this footnote requirement. 
See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at n.164.
    \171\ Williams Comment Letter; Tom and Mary Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting, as proposed, an instruction that will direct funds 
to calculate ``Costs of a $10,000 investment'' by multiplying the 
figure in the ``Cost paid as a percentage of a $10,000 investment'' 
column by the average account value over the period based on an 
investment of $10,000 at the beginning of the period.\172\ The figure 
in the ``Cost paid as a percentage of your investment'' column, in 
turn, will be the fund's expense ratio as it appears in the fund's most 
recent audited financial statements or financial highlights.\173\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ See Instruction 2(a) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A. 
As proposed, the computation instructions will also require funds to 
assume reinvestment of all dividends and distributions. See 
Instruction 2(b) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A.
    \173\ See Instruction 2(c) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A. 
In the semi-annual report, the fund's expense ratio will be 
calculated in the manner required by Instruction 4(b) to Item 13(a) 
of current and amended Form N-1A, using the expenses for the fund's 
most recent fiscal half-year. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as proposed, we are retaining three current 
instructions that we believe continue to provide important information 
to shareholders.\174\ First, if a fund incurred any ``extraordinary 
expenses'' during the reporting period, the fund may briefly describe, 
in a footnote to the expense table, what the actual expenses would have 
been if these extraordinary expenses were not incurred.\175\ The 
Commission received no comments on this instruction. Second, if a fund 
is a feeder fund, the fund must reflect the aggregate expenses of the 
feeder fund and the master fund in the expense table and include a 
footnote stating that the expense table reflects the expenses of both 
the feeder and master funds.\176\ One commenter supported continuing to 
permit funds to report aggregated fees with the related footnote, and 
noted that allowing reporting in this manner allows investors to more 
easily understand the total expenses they are paying.\177\ No 
commenters opposed the instruction. Finally, if a fund's shareholder 
report covers a period of time that is less than a full reporting 
period, the fund must include a footnote to the table noting this and 
explaining that expenses for a full reporting period would be higher 
than the figures shown.\178\ We received no comments on this 
instruction.\179\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at paragraph 
following n.171.
    \175\ See Instruction 1(d) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A 
(defining ``extraordinary expenses'' as ``expenses that are 
distinguished by their unusual nature and by the infrequency of 
their occurrence. Unusual nature means the expense has a high degree 
of abnormality and is clearly unrelated to, or only incidentally 
related to, the ordinary and typical activities of the Fund, taking 
into account the environment in which the Fund operates. Infrequency 
of occurrence means the expense is not reasonably expected to recur 
in the foreseeable future, taking into consideration the environment 
in which the Fund operates. The environment of a Fund includes such 
factors as the characteristics of the industry or industries in 
which it operates, the geographical location of its operations, and 
the nature and extent of government regulation'').
    \176\ See Instruction 1(b) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A.
    \177\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \178\ See Instruction 1(c) to Item 27A(c) of amended Form N-1A. 
This would generally apply to newly-formed funds that are required 
to file an annual or semi-annual report for a period shorter than 
the reporting period.
    \179\ While the proposal included an instruction that would have 
required a separate expense table, or a separate line item in the 
expense table, for each class of as multiple-class fund, this 
instruction is moot in light of the final rules' requirement that a 
shareholder report cover only a single class of a multiple-class 
fund. See Instruction 4 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A; see 
also footnote 106 and accompanying text; see also Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 7, at n.174 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Feedback on Including Additional or Different Information About Fund 
Costs
    Some commenters also responded to the Commission's request for 
comment on differences in the expense presentations in the annual 
report and prospectus.\180\ These presentations currently differ in 
that the shareholder report expense example is derived from a fund's 
audited financial statements and therefore reflects actual historical 
expenses that a shareholder incurred over the past year (i.e., 
backwards-looking expenses). The prospectus fee table and expense 
example, on the other hand, reflect hypothetical future expenses (i.e., 
forward-looking expenses).\181\ Some commenters argued that the expense 
presentations of the prospectus and annual report should be 
aligned.\182\ Similarly, one commenter suggested that the shareholder 
report expense example should disclose the prospectus expense ratio and 
explain any differences in a footnote.\183\ Furthermore, some 
commenters suggested that the expense presentation in the shareholder 
report should include additional transaction costs, beyond commissions, 
including costs paid from fund assets for investment research and 
payments made to affiliated securities lending agents.\184\ Conversely, 
one commenter urged the Commission to exclude interest expenses and 
dividends paid on short sales from the current expense ratio, on the 
basis that these

[[Page 72775]]

adjustments would make expense information more comparable across 
funds.\185\ Finally, other commenters also argued that the Commission 
should require funds to disclose--on fund websites or in the 
prospectus, as a complement to shareholder report disclosure--best 
execution policies reflecting ``efforts to ensure that fund transaction 
costs, including commission dollars generated by the fund,'' directly 
benefit shareholders.\186\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text following 
n.600; see also, e.g., Dominic Rosa Comment Letter; Barker Comment 
Letter; Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter; 
Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \181\ Currently, the prospectus fee table also reflects sales 
loads that an investor would pay and AFFE, whereas the shareholder 
report expense presentation does not, because these elements are not 
reflected in the fund's financial statements. See Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 8, at n.148 and accompanying text.
    \182\ Dominic Rosa Comment Letter; Barker Comment Letter; Tom 
and Mary Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter.
    \183\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \184\ Dimensional Comment Letter; AFREF Comment Letter.
    \185\ See Morningstar Comment Letter (arguing that removing 
interest and dividend expenses from the expense ratio gives 
investors a better sense for what a fund company is charging them 
for the cost of running the fund and allows funds with different 
types of investments to present their expenses in a comparable way. 
Morningstar has adjusted its methodology for calculating fund 
expense ratios in their data to exclude interest and dividend 
expenses).
    \186\ Comment Letter of Healthy Markets Association (Nov. 6, 
2020) (``Healthy Markets Association Comment Letter''); see also CFA 
Institute Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the prospectus and shareholder report differ in the time 
periods that they reflect (i.e., the prospectus is ``forward looking'' 
while the shareholder report is ``backward looking''), aligning the 
expense presentations in these documents presents significant 
challenges. Additionally, we believe that it would be confusing to 
investors to be given two expense ratios in the shareholder report (one 
backwards-looking, derived from the audited financial statements, and 
the other from the forward-looking prospectus). Furthermore, because 
the shareholder report is designed to provide shareholders with a 
summary of the key information provided in the fund's audited financial 
statements, we continue to believe that the types of costs reflected in 
the shareholder report expense example should be derived from those 
that are included in the fund's audited financial statements. As 
discussed above, however, helping investors more readily understand 
fund fees and expenses is an important priority of the Commission and 
we believe that the general topic of fund fee disclosure effectiveness, 
in light of comments received, merits further consideration.\187\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ See supra text following footnote 84.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Management's Discussion of Fund Performance
    Substantially as proposed, the final rules will largely maintain 
the current requirements for the MDFP section of the annual report, 
with several targeted changes.\188\ In particular, we are adopting 
amendments to the current MDFP requirements to make the disclosure more 
concise. Additionally, the final rules include additional performance-
related information that is available in fund prospectuses, including 
certain performance information and comparative information showing the 
average annual total returns of one or more relevant benchmarks, 
modified from the proposal to take into account the final rule's 
requirement for the shareholder report to cover a single class of a 
multiple-class fund. We also are amending, as proposed, the definition 
of an appropriate broad-based securities market index to require that 
all funds compare their performance to the overall applicable 
securities market, for purposes of both fund annual reports and 
prospectuses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \188\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at text following 
n.176 (explaining that the current MDFP disclosure generally 
includes: a narrative discussion of the factors that materially 
affected the fund's performance; a performance line graph; a table 
showing the fund's average annual total returns; a discussion of the 
effect of any policy or practice of maintaining a specified level of 
distributions to shareholders on the fund's investment strategies 
and per share net asset value, as well as the extent to which the 
fund's distribution policy resulted in distributions of capital; and 
for ETFs that do not provide certain premium or discount information 
on their websites, a table showing the number of days the fund 
shares traded at a premium or discount to net asset value).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Narrative MDFP Disclosure
    As proposed, the final rules retain the current requirement for 
funds' annual reports to include a narrative discussion of factors that 
materially affected a fund's performance during the most recent fiscal 
year, with minor modifications from the current requirements to 
encourage concise disclosure.\189\ In particular, the final rules amend 
the current requirement to specify the disclosure must ``briefly 
summarize'' the ``key'' factors that materially affected the fund's 
performance during the last fiscal year, including the relevant market 
conditions and the investment strategies and techniques used by the 
fund's investment adviser. As proposed, the final rules instruct funds 
not to include lengthy, generic, or overly broad discussions of these 
factors.\190\ The instruction, as proposed, also directs funds to use 
graphics or text features--such as bullet lists or tables--to present 
the key factors, as appropriate. Finally, as proposed, the final rules 
will not allow funds to include any additional information--such as a 
fund president's letter to shareholders, interviews with portfolio 
managers, general market commentary, and other similar information--in 
the shareholder report.\191\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \189\ See Item 27A(d)(1) of amended Form N-1A.
    \190\ See Instruction 1 to Item 27A(d)(1) of amended Form N-1A.
    \191\ See supra text accompanying footnote 131. Additional 
information could, however, accompany the shareholder report 
provided that it meets the prominence requirements for materials 
that accompany the report. See Instruction 12 to Item 27A(a) of 
amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters supported the proposed amendments to the narrative MDFP 
section and stated that the proposed approach appropriately maintains a 
fund's flexibility in presenting information that is most salient to 
investors, while requiring such information to be presented in a 
visually engaging and accessible format.\192\ In addition, survey data 
submitted by a commenter indicated that retail investors, and older 
investors in particular, expressed that the new presentation would help 
them better understand fund performance.\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \192\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \193\ Broadridge Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting the narrative MDFP section as proposed because we 
continue to believe providing shareholders with a more streamlined and 
visually engaging presentation of the key factors affecting fund 
performance will allow shareholders to focus on the most salient fund 
information.\194\ Our approach balances the need for funds to have 
flexibility in determining what information is salient given a fund's 
unique strategy and risk profile, while encouraging funds to present 
that information in a manner that is most effective for shareholders. 
Therefore, we do not believe it is necessary to further limit the 
narrative MDFP disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at text following 
n.180.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Performance Line Graph and Guidance on Use of Market Indexes in 
Performance Disclosure
    Substantially as proposed, the final rules will retain the 
requirements for the performance line graph currently included in 
annual reports, with certain amendments designed to improve the current 
presentation and to reflect that a shareholder report will cover a 
single class of a multiple-class fund.\195\ The shareholder report must 
include a performance line graph that shows the performance of a 
$10,000 investment in the fund and in an appropriate broad-based 
securities market index over a 10-year period.\196\ In addition, a fund 
has

[[Page 72776]]

the option to compare its performance to other indexes, including more 
narrowly based indexes that reflect the market sectors in which the 
fund invests. We continue to believe the line graph presentation helps 
shareholders understand how the fund has performed over a 10-year time 
horizon compared to an appropriate broad-based securities market index 
and other relevant indexes, as applicable.\197\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ See Item 27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A and related 
instructions.
    \196\ An ``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' is 
administered by an organization that is not an affiliated person of 
the fund, its investment adviser, or principal underwriter, unless 
the index is widely recognized and used. See Instruction 6 to Item 
27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A.
    \197\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at nn.191-193 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting the instructions related to the line graph largely 
as proposed, with some conforming changes to reflect other aspects of 
the final rules. First, in a change from the proposal, the final rules 
include an instruction that requires a fund to present performance 
information for the class covered in the shareholder report. Second, as 
proposed, the final rules remove the current instruction that allows 
the line graph to cover periods longer than the past 10 fiscal years. 
Third, as proposed, the final rules include an instruction that defines 
a ``broad-based'' index as one that represents the overall applicable 
domestic or international equity or debt markets, as appropriate.\198\ 
And as proposed, the instructions under the final rules will continue 
to permit a fund to include narrower indexes that reflect the market 
segments in which the fund invests in its performance presentation, 
along with the required appropriate broad-based securities market 
index.\199\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \198\ The amendments to the definition of an appropriate broad-
based securities market index would affect performance presentations 
in fund prospectuses, as well as fund annual reports.
    \199\ See Instruction 7 to Item 27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A. 
This release sometimes refers to the appropriate broad-based 
securities market index as the ``primary index'', and any narrower 
index(es) as ``secondary index(es).''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the retention of the performance 
line graph as well as the prohibition on showing more than 10 years of 
performance.\200\ Some commenters requested enhancements to the line 
graph. For example, one commenter suggested the line graph should 
include percentage values along with dollar amounts to facilitate 
comparisons.\201\ Additionally, one commenter suggested allowing funds 
to add labels at each significant point in the line graph to enhance 
comprehension of risk and improve the user experience.\202\ Two 
commenters suggested funds should be required to include a bar chart of 
returns, similar to what is currently included in the prospectus, along 
with the line graph.\203\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \200\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; Cornell Law School Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment 
Letter; Morningstar Trustees Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment 
Letter. But see ICI Comment Letter (objecting to the prohibition 
showing performance beyond 10 years).
    \201\ Cornell Law School Comment Letter.
    \202\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \203\ Morningstar Trustees Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment 
Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe, as discussed more fully in the Proposing 
Release, that limiting the performance line graph to 10 years is 
important to avoid unrealistic investor performance-related 
expectations and allow investors to easily identify volatility.\204\ We 
also believe adding labels at significant points on the line graph may 
clutter the presentation and hinder an investor's ability to understand 
the information provided.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \204\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at text following 
n.196 (discussing, for example, that for funds that have been in 
existence for a long period of time (e.g., 40 years), a line graph 
that shows the performance of a $10,000 investment at the outset of 
the fund may not be particularly relevant for the average 
shareholder, who likely has not been invested in the fund for such 
an extended period of time).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, we continue to believe the line graph is more useful for 
investors in the shareholder report than a bar chart. Like a bar chart, 
a line graph helps illustrate the variability of a fund's returns 
(e.g., whether the fund's returns have been volatile or relatively 
consistent from year to year). But given the other benefits of the line 
graph--particularly that it presents performance in dollar terms that 
may be easier for some shareholders to assess--the final rules we are 
adopting maintain the line graph presentation.\205\ Moreover, the line 
graph presentation may help investors understand the general benefits 
of long-term investments (e.g., compound interest).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \205\ This complements the percentage-based presentation in the 
average annual total returns table. See Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 8, at n.193.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Comments on Broad-Based Securities Market Index
    Commenter reactions to the proposed definition of an appropriate 
broad-based securities market index were mixed. Some commenters 
supported the retention of the requirement to present performance 
relative to a broad-based index, as well as the proposed 
definition.\206\ One commenter stated that the requirement to compare 
performance to the overall applicable securities markets would be 
useful to investors, as it makes the information more comparable across 
funds, and should ``also help prevent funds from selecting for 
comparison a narrow index designed to make their own performance look 
artificially strong.'' \207\ Another, supporting the proposed 
requirement, stated that the requirement would ``ensure that investors 
have a simple, readily-accessible window into the performance of a 
specific investment fund against the broader performance of the 
securities markets.'' \208\ Some commenters asked for additional 
guidance. For example, one commenter suggested that the definition 
incorporate more specific criteria regarding index methodology.\209\ 
Another commenter requested the Commission to provide additional 
clarity on indexes that would satisfy the proposed definition, such as 
country-specific indexes, ESG indexes, and indexes of particular 
capitalizations.\210\ Further, another commenter suggested that the 
Commission publish a list of permissible indexes.\211\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \206\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Index Industry Association 
(Jan. 4, 2021) (``Index Industry Association Comment Letter''); 
Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; NASAA Comment 
Letter; Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Ubiquity Comment Letter.
    \207\ See Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; see 
also Index Industry Association Comment Letter (comparing fund 
performance against a broad-based market index in fund reporting 
materials ``promotes transparency and helps shareholders evaluate 
their goals''); see also Abdullah Comment Letter (stating that it is 
problematic that funds include narrow indexes as their broad-based 
index).
    \208\ See NASAA Comment Letter.
    \209\ Id.
    \210\ Tom and Mary Comment Letter.
    \211\ Ubiquity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, many industry commenters objected to the proposed 
definition.\212\ These commenters argued that, for some fund strategies 
like multi-asset funds and alternative strategy funds, a comparison to 
an index representing the entire market would be less useful and could 
be misleading to investors because these fund strategies are not 
designed to invest in, nor provide the performance associated with, any 
particular overall market. Commenters also questioned the default 
requirement to include a broad-based index in a fund's performance line 
graph. Although the proposal allows funds to show a secondary index 
that is more tailored to the fund's strategy, commenters argued 
including any broad-based market index would be confusing to investors 
in certain

[[Page 72777]]

circumstances.\213\ For example, one commenter argued that investor 
confusion could result if the Commission were to require an index fund 
that seeks to track a narrow index as a principal investment strategy 
to compare itself to a different, broad-based index.\214\ Furthermore, 
some commenters argued the proposed broad-based index requirement would 
impose additional licensing fees on funds.\215\ Similarly, one 
commenter argued retaining the current ``widely recognized and used'' 
standard for using an affiliated index as a fund's primary index 
disadvantages smaller funds, whose affiliated indexes would be less 
likely to meet this standard and for which the expense of licensing a 
``widely recognized and used'' index may be more significant.\216\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \212\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter (suggests changing index 
definition to ``appropriate index''); SIFMA Comment Letter; 
Morningstar Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; Capital Group 
Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter; TIAA Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of IHS Markit (Jan. 4, 2021) (``IHS Markit Comment 
Letter'').
    \213\ Id.
    \214\ Supplemental Comment Letter of the Investment Company 
Institute (Oct. 10, 2022) (``ICI Comment Letter on the OIAD 
Benchmark Study''). But see Abdullah Comment Letter (``Since 40% of 
fund assets are index funds, it would be interesting to see whether 
the performance [of] an index that lines up quite closely with an 
index fund is useful to investors. I hypothesize that such a 
presentation provides no benefit to an investor and so should not be 
permitted as the sole benchmark.'').
    \215\ ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment 
Letter; Dimensional Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Price Comment Letter; see also infra paragraph accompanying 
footnotes 751-752 (discussing potential effects of the final rules' 
changes to the term ``appropriate broad-based securities market 
index'' on the costs that funds bear, including additional costs to 
funds in the form of index-licensing fees, and stating that the 
amount of these costs will depend, among other things, on market 
competition among index providers). But see Index Industry 
Association Comment Letter (stating fees charged by broad-based 
index providers are small and costs to funds would be minimal).
    \216\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested alternatives designed to alleviate 
investor confusion concerns and to enhance benchmark indexes' 
informational value. For example, some commenters urged the Commission 
to consider requiring labeling the primary index as a ``general market 
index'' (or similar) to clarify how an investor should use the 
information it presents.\217\ Other commenters suggested the primary 
index should be one that is specifically tailored to the fund's 
strategy and the secondary index should be one that represents the 
overall market.\218\ Some of these commenters also suggested that funds 
be permitted to provide additional information about more narrowly 
tailored indexes, such as the index's underlying components and their 
weights,\219\ and an explanation of why the fund believes that the 
chosen index is an appropriate indicator of the fund's 
performance.\220\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \217\ Fidelity Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment Letter.
    \218\ Morningstar Comment Letter; Federated Hermes Comment 
Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter; IHS Markit Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \219\ T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \220\ IHS Markit Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments and the findings of the OIAD Benchmark 
Study, we are adopting the proposed definition of ``appropriate broad-
based securities market index'' and retaining the current requirement 
that a fund must include such an index in its performance line graph. 
We continue to believe all funds should compare their performance to 
the overall market and that including a broad-based index in 
performance disclosure gives investors readily-accessible contextual 
information about market performance.\221\ While performance disclosure 
that includes an index based on a narrow segment of the market may be 
useful for comparison purposes, this does not substitute for the 
inclusion of an index that provides information about the performance 
of the fund against the broader market. For example, if the Commission 
were to permit an index fund that seeks to track a narrow index as a 
principal investment strategy to show only the performance of the 
narrow index it seeks to track, and the performance of the fund and the 
index were very similar (as they would be to the extent that the fund 
tracks the index closely), such a performance presentation would show 
the extent to which the fund tracks the index but would be less helpful 
to investors to provide broader performance context.\222\ As another 
example, the inclusion of a broad-based index helps an investor in a 
sector-specific fund determine not only how the fund's performance 
relates to that of its peers, but how the fund's performance relates to 
the performance relative to the market as a whole. Therefore, investors 
in such funds would benefit from additional contextual information 
regarding the performance of the overall market.\223\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \221\ See supra footnotes 206-208 and accompanying text.
    \222\ See supra footnote 214.
    \223\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter (``Even if a fund 
outperforms its benchmark, that may be slight consolation if the 
strategy itself performs poorly against the market. Therefore, the 
investor should also compare a fund's returns against the market as 
a whole.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules' approach is supported in part by the findings of 
the OIAD Benchmark Study, which observed that benchmarks can help 
contextualize a fund's performance information for investors, and that 
some investors use this information to make investment decisions.\224\ 
The study also found that investors of varying levels of sophistication 
report preferring performance disclosure that includes both broad and 
narrow benchmarks.\225\ Furthermore, while commenters suggested that 
narrower benchmarks could provide more useful comparative information, 
the OIAD Benchmark Study concluded that investors' decision-making was 
generally driven by the positioning of the fund's performance relative 
to the benchmark presented (i.e., whether the fund underperformed or 
outperformed the benchmark), irrespective of whether the benchmark 
presented is narrow or broad.\226\ Therefore, as we continue to believe 
a comparison to the overall market is important contextual information 
for investors, the evidence that the study provided does not, in our 
view, support changing the proposed approach or adopting an alternative 
requirement (for example, requiring the

[[Page 72778]]

inclusion of an ``appropriate'' benchmark as opposed to an 
``appropriate broad-based'' benchmark). In addition, the study showed 
that investors find a fund significantly less attractive when a 
performance graph shows the fund's performance accompanied by a single 
benchmark that outperforms the fund. Therefore, to the extent that it 
could be easier for a fund to find a narrow benchmark that 
underperforms the fund than a broad benchmark, we do not see a reason 
to discontinue the current requirement to include a broad benchmark, as 
the requirement to include only a narrower benchmark could lead to 
gaming behavior. Two commenters specifically addressed the OIAD 
Benchmark Study and raised concerns regarding the methodology used by 
the study and the impact such methodology had on the study's 
conclusions.\227\ However, the elements of the OIAD Benchmark Study 
that support the approach under the final rules are not impacted by the 
methodology concerns that commenters raised.\228\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \224\ See OIAD Benchmark Study, supra footnote 53; see also ICI 
Comment Letter on the OIAD Benchmark Study (noting the importance of 
performance benchmarks to investors).
    \225\ OIAD Benchmark Study, supra footnote 53 at ``Figure 9. 
Preferences for benchmarks.'' In the sections of the OIAD Benchmark 
Study that analyze benchmarks that currently exist in the mutual 
fund industry, the study identified funds' broad-based benchmarks 
first by identifying data from the Morningstar Direct open-end fund 
database that capture ``primary'' and ``secondary'' indexes, and 
then by reclassifying these indexes as broad and narrow benchmarks 
based on the correlation of each index with the S&P 500 Index. 
Commenters objected to the use of the S&P 500 Index in the study's 
methodology, arguing that the Commission should not ``define or 
insinuate that a broad-based index must or should have certain 
correlation to the S&P 500 Index.'' See Abdullah Comment Letter; see 
also ICI Comment Letter on the OIAD Benchmark Study (stating that 
``de facto SEC endorsement of certain indexes would create market 
distortions and likely increase fund licensing costs''). The OIAD 
Benchmark Study, including its methodology and findings, does not 
reflect findings or conclusions by the Commission as to what 
constitutes a broad-based index under the final rules. See infra 
text accompanying footnotes 230-233 (providing general guidance and 
examples of the indexes that would qualify as broad-based indexes 
under the rule).
    \226\ See OIAD Benchmark Study, supra footnote 53; see also ICI 
Comment Letter on the OIAD Benchmark Study (stating that ``the 
underlying results do not find evidence that survey participants 
believed that the broad benchmark is a better reference point than 
the narrow benchmark''). A different academic study also examines 
fund performance benchmarks, but with a focus on funds' behavior 
with respect to the performance benchmarks that they select, how 
benchmark changes affect the appearance of funds' benchmark-adjusted 
performance, as well as fund flows that result from changes in 
performance benchmarks. See Kevin Mullally and Andrea Rossi, Moving 
the Goalposts? Mutual Fund Benchmark Changes and Performance 
Manipulation (June 24, 2022), available at Mullally, Kevin and 
Rossi, Andrea, Moving the Goalposts? Mutual Fund Benchmark Changes 
and Performance Manipulation (June 24, 2022) available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4145883.
    \227\ See Abdullah Comment Letter; see also ICI Comment Letter 
on the OIAD Benchmark Study.
    \228\ Those concerns chiefly focused on the sections of the OIAD 
Benchmark Study that analyze benchmarks that currently exist in the 
mutual fund industry (Section 2, ``Institutional Background on 
Benchmark Requirements,'' Section 7, ``Analysis of Benchmark 
Performance Data,'' and Section 8, ``General Discussion''). These 
concerns focused on the methodology for determining which benchmark 
in a fund's disclosure is the broad-based benchmark that is required 
to appear in its performance disclosure. The discussion of the OIAD 
Benchmark Study included in this section of the release, on the 
other hand, relates to the results of the large behavioral 
experiment that the study describes, as well as the qualitative 
pilot study.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that there is a broad diversity of investment 
strategies that funds employ, and that certain funds, such as multi-
asset and alternative strategy funds, do not invest within a single 
overall market or attempt to provide returns that are related to the 
returns of any single overall market. However, comparing the 
performance of these types of funds against an overall market index 
will provide shareholders with valuable information regarding how their 
investments might have performed had their money been invested directly 
in the holdings included in the index. Further, as discussed above we 
continue to believe that such a presentation may be useful to 
investors. And investors may continue to prefer such a presentation, as 
the OIAD Benchmark Study did not find evidence supporting the notion 
that study participants believe that a narrow benchmark is a better 
reference point than a broad benchmark.\229\ Additionally, the final 
rules will allow funds to include narrower indexes, reflecting the 
market segments in which the fund invests, in the performance 
presentation. This flexibility will allow funds with unique investment 
strategies to show the performance of an index that is more closely 
aligned with the fund's investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \229\ See supra paragraph accompanying footnote 212; see also 
id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A ``broad-based'' index that ``represents the overall applicable'' 
market will of course not necessarily include every security in a given 
market.\230\ The revised definition is designed to ensure that a fund's 
broad-based index is one that reasonably represents the applicable 
market. To assist funds in their selection of indexes, we are providing 
some general guidance and examples of the types of indexes that would 
satisfy the final rules. For example, for a fund that invests primarily 
in the equity securities of a non-U.S. country, an index representing 
the overall equity market of the non-U.S. country would satisfy the 
final rule's requirements.\231\ In contrast, an appropriate benchmark 
for a fund that invests primarily in the equity securities of a subset 
of the U.S. market, such as healthcare companies, should show its 
performance against the overall U.S. equities market, rather than a 
benchmark consisting of only healthcare companies. Such a fund could 
also show its performance against an additional, more narrowly tailored 
healthcare index.\232\ We similarly do not believe that indexes that 
include characteristics such as ``growth,'' ``value,'' ``ESG,'' or 
``small- or mid-cap'' represent the overall market, and therefore these 
indexes would not be appropriate broad-based securities market indexes 
under the final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \230\ ICI Comment Letter (stating that, when selecting an index, 
funds will have to make judgements on how broad an index should be).
    \231\ See Disclosure of Mutual Fund Performance and Portfolio 
Managers, Investment Company Act Release No. 19382 (Apr. 6, 1993) 
[58 FR 19050 (Apr. 12, 1993)], at n.21 and accompanying paragraph.
    \232\ See Instruction 7 to Item 27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An ``appropriate'' broad-based securities market index that a fund 
selects may include components that do not directly overlap with the 
fund's investments, if the index's components share similar economic 
characteristics to the fund's investments such that they provide an 
appropriate point of comparison. For example, funds such as multi-asset 
and alternative strategy funds that do not invest within a single 
overall debt or equity market could select an index that shares other 
economic characteristics with the fund, such as an index that has 
similar volatility to the fund. Additionally, as the Commission stated 
in the Proposing Release, a fund that invests in both equity and debt 
securities could include more than one appropriate broad-based 
securities market index.\233\ Such a fund could also include a blended 
index--one that combines the performance of more than one index, such 
as equity and debt indexes--as an additional index to supplement the 
appropriate broad-based securities market index(es) that the fund 
includes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \233\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text accompanying 
n.202.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, because the indexes that are available for funds to 
select change over time, we are not publishing a list of permissible 
indexes. We also are not further restricting permissible indexes by 
incorporating more specific criteria regarding index methodology, as 
maintaining more specific criteria that are evergreen would be 
challenging in light of developments in funds' investment strategies 
and changes in the availability of indexes over time. We also are not 
adopting commenter suggestions to label indexes or to allow funds to 
provide additional contextual information regarding indexes because we 
think the name of the index itself is sufficient for investor 
understanding and will give investors the opportunity to seek further 
information on the indexes chosen by the fund.\234\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \234\ See OIAD Benchmark Study, supra footnote 53 (finding no 
evidence to support the claim that textual clarifications of 
benchmark's improved investor comprehension or otherwise altered 
investment decisions). But see Abdullah Comment Letter (stating that 
the final rules should require funds to provide textual 
clarifications of indexes where the index components are not obvious 
from the index's name or is not otherwise well known to investors). 
Funds that wish to provide further information regarding the fund's 
performance as it compares to the indexes provided may do so in the 
narrative MDFP section of the release to the extent that such 
disclosure meets the requirements of that section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While we appreciate commenters' concerns regarding index licensing 
fees, we continue to believe comparative performance disclosure 
provides contextual information investors need in order to make 
informed investment decisions. After considering suggestions that 
smaller funds could more readily use affiliated indexes if the 
Commission were to amend the current requirement for such indexes to be 
``widely recognized and used,'' we are retaining the current 
requirement. This is an important protection against potential 
conflicts of interest, including the potential ability of an affiliated 
index

[[Page 72779]]

provider to manipulate an underlying index to the benefit of the fund.
iii. Performance Table
    Substantially as proposed, the final rules will retain the current 
requirement that funds' annual reports include a table presenting 
average annual total returns for the past 1-, 5-, and 10-year periods, 
with certain amendments designed to reflect that a shareholder report 
will cover a single class of a multiple-class fund.\235\ Specifically, 
as proposed, the final rules will require the table to include several 
additional pieces of information: (1) the average annual total returns 
of an appropriate broad-based securities market index; \236\ and (2) 
the fund's average annual total returns without sales charges (in 
addition to current disclosure showing returns reflecting applicable 
sales charges). While the proposal would have required average annual 
total return information for all available share classes, the final 
rules require this information only for the share class to which the 
report relates, and therefore the final rules will not include this 
proposed requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \235\ See Item 27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A and related 
instructions.
    \236\ As proposed, the final rules also will permit funds to 
include returns information for one or more other relevant indexes, 
such as a more narrowly based index that reflects the market sectors 
in which the fund invests. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, 
at n.215 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as proposed, the final rules simplify the statement 
that currently accompanies the line graph and table.\237\ Also as 
proposed, funds will be required to use text features to make this 
statement noticeable and prominent through, for example, graphics, 
larger font size, or different colors or font styles. Furthermore, 
substantially as proposed, the final rules include a new instruction 
allowing funds to add brief additional disclosure that would 
contextualize the line graph and average annual returns table. 
Specifically, if a material change occurred to the fund during the 
relevant performance period, such as a change in investment adviser or 
a change to the fund's investment strategies, the fund may include a 
brief legend or footnote to describe the change and when it 
occurred.\238\ Finally, as proposed, the final rules require funds that 
provide updated performance information through widely accessible 
mechanisms, such as fund websites, to include a statement in the 
shareholder report directing shareholders to where they can find this 
information.\239\
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    \237\ Under the final rules, funds will be required to include a 
statement to the effect that the fund's past performance is not a 
good predictor of how the fund will perform in the future. The final 
rules also make a conforming change to similar language that must 
appear in the prospectus. See Item 4(b)(2) of amended Form N-1A.
    \238\ Funds will have discretion to determine when to disclose 
information about a prior material change to a fund in connection 
with its performance presentation. However, a fund will need to 
disclose information about such a change if, absent that disclosure, 
the fund's performance presentation would otherwise be misleading. 
See Proposing Release, supra footnote 7, at nn.227-229 and 
accompanying text.
    \239\ If a fund were to include such a statement, it also would 
be required to provide a means of facilitating access to the updated 
performance information, including, for example, a hyperlink to 
where the information may be found if the shareholder report is 
provided electronically or a URL address or QR code if the 
shareholder report is delivered in paper format.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the proposed changes to the average 
annual total returns table, noting that the changes will better align 
this table in the shareholder report with the returns reported in the 
prospectus.\240\ One commenter suggested that funds should be required 
to show the 3-year period of returns, in addition to the proposed 1-, 
5- and 10-year periods.\241\ This commenter stated that an additional 
intermediate time horizon is especially important for funds with less 
than 10 years of performance. Because funds with less than 10 years of 
performance will be required to show performance for the life of the 
fund, we do not believe that an additional intermediate period of 
returns would benefit investors, particularly since the performance 
table already shows two other intermediate periods that are relatively 
close in time (i.e., 1- and 5- year periods).\242\
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    \240\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; 
Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; Capital Group 
Comment Letter (also suggested changing the order of items in report 
to show the average annual total returns table before fund 
expenses). We are maintaining the ordering of the items in the 
shareholder report as proposed because we believe that expense 
information should be highlighted first for shareholders.
    \241\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \242\ Additionally, shareholders interested in reviewing 
performance during periods not shown in the performance table can 
find this information in the performance line graph. See supra text 
accompanying footnote 196.
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iv. Other MDFP Amendments
    As proposed, the final rules simplify the current annual report 
requirement for a fund to discuss the effect of any policy or practice 
of maintaining a specified level of distribution to shareholders (a 
``stable distribution policy'') on the fund's investment strategies and 
per share net asset value during the last fiscal year, as well as the 
extent to which the fund's distribution policy resulted in 
distributions of capital. Specifically, under the final rules, a fund 
that has a stable distribution policy and was unable to maintain the 
specified level during the past fiscal year would need to disclose 
this.\243\ As proposed, the final rules also maintain disclosure 
concerning distributions that resulted in returns of capital.\244\ The 
final rules' requirements, which--as proposed--modify current 
requirements by focusing on circumstances when a fund was unable to 
meet the specified level of distribution in its stable distribution 
policy or had distributions that resulted in returns of capital, are 
designed to provide more meaningful disclosure to shareholders.\245\ No 
commenters discussed these requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \243\ See Item 27A(d)(3) of amended Form N-1A.
    \244\ See id.
    \245\ The Commission recently adopted amendments to limit the 
requirement that ETFs provide premium and discount information in 
their annual reports to only those ETFs that do not provide premium 
and discount disclosure on their websites in accordance with 17 CFR 
270.6c-11 [Investment Company Act rule 6c-11]. See Exchange-Traded 
Funds, Investment Company Act Release No. 33646 (Sept. 25, 2019) [84 
FR 57162 (Oct. 24, 2019)]. As proposed, the final rules do not amend 
this annual report requirement beyond a technical amendment to 
clarify that it only applies to ETFs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules, like current annual report requirements, do not 
require money market funds to include MDFP. Two commenters supported 
maintaining the current approach for money market funds.\246\ One 
requested that the Commission clarify that money market funds are 
permitted, but not required, to provide MDFP in their shareholder 
reports, and are allowed to include some, but not all the required MDFP 
disclosures.\247\ The final rules permit money market funds to retain 
the current option of including MDFP discussion in their shareholder 
reports and clarify that they are permitted but not required to 
disclose some or all of the information required in the MDFP so long as 
the information they choose to include meets the requirements of the 
relevant item, and related instructions on the form, and is not 
incomplete, inaccurate, or misleading.\248\
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    \246\ ICI Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \247\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \248\ See Item 27A(d) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Fund Statistics
    Substantially as proposed, the final rules require a fund to 
disclose certain fund statistics in its annual report, including the 
fund's: (1) net assets, (2) total number of portfolio holdings, (3) for 
funds other than money market funds, portfolio turnover rate, and (4) 
the total advisory fees paid by the fund

[[Page 72780]]

during the reporting period.\249\ As proposed, the final rules also 
permit a fund to disclose any additional statistics that the fund 
believes would help shareholders better understand the fund's 
activities and operations during the reporting period. These provisions 
are designed to provide succinct fund information, in a user-friendly 
format, that encourage investors to focus on certain significant 
factors in evaluating the fund's operations and performance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \249\ See Item 27A(e) of amended Form N-1A. In a change from the 
proposal, the final rules include a new statistic related to the 
disclosure of the total advisory fees the fund paid. Additionally, 
in a change from the proposal, which would have required all funds 
to disclose their portfolio turnover rate, the final rules exclude 
money market funds from the requirement to disclose portfolio 
turnover rate. See infra footnote 260 and accompanying text.
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    The final rules include several related instructions.\250\ First, 
in a change from the proposal (which did not include such an 
instruction), under the final rules the required fund statistics must 
precede any additional permitted statistics the fund chooses to 
include. We believe that disclosing the required statistics first will 
enhance comparability of the required fund statistics across funds. 
Next, as proposed, if a fund provides a statistic also required under 
Form N-1A, the fund must follow Form N-1A instructions describing the 
calculation method for the relevant statistic. Additionally, as 
proposed, the final rules include an instruction that encourages a fund 
to use tables, bullet lists, or other graphics or text features to 
present the fund statistics.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ See Instructions to Item 27A(e) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, if a statistic is included in, or could be derived 
from, a fund's financial statements or financial highlights, the final 
rules require a fund to use or derive such statistic from the fund's 
most recent financial statements or financial highlights. Substantially 
as proposed, the final rules permit a fund to describe briefly the 
significance or limitations of any disclosed statistics in a 
parenthetical or similar presentation. The proposed instruction also 
would have permitted a footnote explaining the significance or 
limitation of any disclosed statistic. In a change from the proposal 
and consistent with commenters' suggestions, the final rules do not 
permit a footnote presentation because we believe that footnotes in 
this context would detract from the concise nature of the statistic 
disclosure, therefore diminishing the effectiveness of disclosed 
information that may be important to shareholders, and that such a 
presentation is inconsistent with the Commission's goal of streamlined, 
plain English disclosure in funds' shareholder reports.\251\ 
Additionally, in a change from the proposal, the instructions to the 
final rules include multiple-class funds' requirements for calculating 
statistics based on the fund's performance or fees, in light of the 
final rules' requirement that a shareholder report cover a single class 
of a multiple-class fund.\252\ Finally, as proposed, the final rules 
state that any additional statistics that a fund chooses to include are 
to be reasonably related to the fund's investment strategy. 
Collectively, these instructions are designed to enhance comparability 
of shareholder reports across funds and prevent disclosure ``creep.'' 
\253\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \251\ See, e.g., Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Williams Comment 
Letter.
    \252\ This instruction specifies that, if a fund is a multiple-
class fund, and the fund provides a statistic that is calculated 
based on the fund's performance or fees (e.g., yield or tracking 
error), the fund must show the statistic for the class of the fund 
to which the report relates.
    \253\ See supra text accompanying footnote 33 (noting that 
funds' shareholder reports generally have become longer and more 
complex over the years).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the proposed requirements to include 
certain fund statistics in the shareholder report.\254\ Some commenters 
requested that certain additional statistics be required or expressly 
permitted. For example, one commenter suggested funds ``with a stated 
ESG-oriented investment strategy'' be allowed to incorporate relevant 
ESG statistics if they wish, and ``make reference to supplementary ESG 
focused content as appropriate.'' \255\ Another commenter urged the 
Commission to require a fund to disclose its unrealized capital gains 
per share as well the fund's historical standard deviation of returns 
compared to its benchmark's standard deviation of returns.\256\ 
Additionally, one commenter requested we expressly permit other 
optional statistics related to the fund's portfolio or the portfolio 
relative to the fund's benchmark index, such as average market 
capitalization, average price/earnings ratio, and average earnings 
growth rate, among others.\257\ Finally, one commenter suggested that 
money market funds be exempt from the requirement to disclose portfolio 
turnover rate.\258\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \254\ See, e.g., Morningstar Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of Purcell Communications (Nov. 11, 2020) (``Purcell 
Communications Comment Letter''); Angel Comment Letter.
    \255\ Purcell Communications Comment Letter (addressing funds 
with environmental, social, and governance (``ESG'') investment 
practices).
    \256\ Angel Comment Letter.
    \257\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \258\ Id. This commenter noted that money market funds are not 
required to calculate and disclose portfolio turnover as part of the 
financial highlights table, and excluding them from this fund 
statistic requirement would be consistent with this approach. See 
Instruction 4(c) to Item 13 of amended Form N-1A (mis-numbered as 
Instruction 4(b) to Item 13 of current Form N-1A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules do not require any of the additional statistics 
that commenters suggested. We continue to believe that required 
statistics should be limited to those that are generally applicable to 
all funds and provide useful context for other required information 
elsewhere in the shareholder report. Because funds will be required to 
provide a graphical presentation of holdings, knowing the fund's net 
assets will allow a shareholder to appreciate better the impact of each 
holding on the overall performance of the fund.\259\ Similarly, we 
continue to believe that, together with the graphical holdings 
information and net assets, knowing the number of a fund's holdings 
could help investors to understand better the fund's diversification, 
which could in turn provide insight into the fund's susceptibility to 
market fluctuations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \259\ Because the measure of a fund's net assets is included in 
the fund's audited financial statements, the fund will be required 
to use or derive such statistic from the fund's audited financial 
statements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, because a higher portfolio turnover rate generally 
indicates higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes, we 
continue to believe that disclosing the fund's portfolio turnover rate 
provides shareholders with a more complete view of the costs associated 
with investing in the fund. However, we agree with the commenter's 
suggestion to exclude money market funds from the requirement to 
disclose portfolio turnover, as most money market funds' securities 
mature in one year or less and have reflected this change in the final 
rules.\260\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \260\ See Item 27A(e) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not requiring a fund to disclose its unrealized capital 
gains per share as suggested by one commenter, although a fund could 
include this information at its option in addition to the required 
statistics. We recognize that capital gains distributions can have 
significant tax consequences for investors holding fund shares in 
taxable accounts, particularly if these distributions are unexpected. 
However, we do not believe that most retail shareholders would 
appreciate the tax implications of unrealized capital gains without 
additional explanatory disclosure, which would add length and

[[Page 72781]]

complexity to the shareholder report.\261\ Additionally, because 
disclosure of unrealized capital gains per share would not be relevant 
to all fund types, such as ETFs, we do not believe it is necessary to 
require the disclosure of a statistic that is not relevant across a 
large percentage of funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \261\ See, e.g., Angel Comment Letter. While this commenter 
urged the Commission to require unrealized capital gains as a fund 
statistic, the commenter stated that the value of such disclosure to 
retail investors is limited to alerting investors that ``this is an 
important item, giving them the desire to learn more about it.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, we are not adopting another commenter's suggestion to 
mandate disclosure of historical standard deviation of returns compared 
to a fund's benchmark's standard deviation of returns because we do not 
believe it would be useful to most retail investors without additional 
disclosure explaining how they should consider such information in 
their investment decision process.\262\ The Commission has considered 
whether funds should be required to disclose uniform risk metrics in 
the past, and as fund strategies continue to diversify and increase in 
complexity, we will continue to consider whether additional risk-
related disclosure or reporting is appropriate and can be disclosed in 
a manner that is salient to retail investors.\263\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \262\ See, e.g., id. (stating that, in addition to the 
historical deviation of the fund over the last 1, 5, and 10 year 
periods, funds should be required to include the historical 
deviation of the fund's benchmark for investors to be able to 
appreciate how much risk their fund has taken over the last 1, 5, 
and 10 year periods as compared to the benchmark's standard 
deviation).
    \263\ See Improving Descriptions of Risk by Mutual Funds and 
Other Investment Companies, Investment Company Act Release No. 20974 
(Mar. 29, 1995) [60 FR 17172 (Apr. 4, 1995)]. Funds currently report 
certain portfolio- and position-level risk metrics on Form N-PORT. 
See Items B.3, C.9.f.v, C.11.c.vii, and C.11.g.iv of Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we do not believe it is necessary to prescribe specific 
statistics that a fund is permitted, but not required, to include. Such 
an approach could lead funds to include all of these additional 
statistics due to the perception that the Commission is encouraging 
these specific statistics, regardless of whether they would be salient 
to the fund's shareholder base. It also may lead to disclosure 
``creep'' and result in a significantly longer and more complex 
shareholder report, contrary to our stated objectives.
    We are, however, in a change from the proposal adopting the 
requirement for funds to disclose an additional statistic regarding the 
total amount of advisory fees paid. To calculate the total advisory 
fees paid, the fund will be required to disclose the amount of 
investment advisory fees that are payable to the investment adviser and 
disclosed in the fund's statement of operations.\264\ This statistic 
provides investors the aggregate amount of actual advisory fees, in 
dollars paid.\265\ This aggregated fund expense information complements 
the information in the expense table and provides fund shareholders 
with a more complete view of the fund's expenses in a concise manner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \264\ See paragraph 2(a) of rule 6-07 of Regulation S-X [17 CFR 
210.6-07]. The total amount of advisory fees should be disclosed on 
a net basis, which will require the calculation of this amount to 
include any reductions or reimbursements of such fees that were in 
effect during the reporting period.
    \265\ The rules generally provide that, when a multiple class 
fund shows statistics that are calculated based on the fund's 
performance or fees, such a fund must show the statistic only for 
the share class that the report covers. See Instruction 7 to Item 
27A(e) of amended Form N-1A. However, the total amount of advisory 
fees paid, as disclosed in the fund statistics section of the 
shareholder report, should not be disclosed on a class-specific 
basis, and must instead be disclosed for the fund as a whole, 
consistent with rule 6-07 of Regulation S-X. We believe that it is 
important for investors to have a complete view of the total amount 
of income an adviser receives from the fund in order to appreciate 
fully the amounts paid to the adviser and to ensure that this number 
is comparable across shareholder reports of other funds, 
irrespective of the class that report covers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Proposing Release, the Commission sought feedback on whether 
other data elements from the financial statements should be included in 
the shareholder reports and whether there are ways to enhance 
transparency of fund expenses.\266\ In particular, the Commission 
sought feedback regarding whether, and if so how, funds could provide 
investors with additional information regarding how a fund's adviser 
and its affiliates receive compensation from the fund in order to 
better understand fund costs and potential conflicts of interest.\267\ 
Commenters suggested a variety of ways to amend the shareholder report 
expense table to provide shareholders with a more complete view of the 
fees charged by the fund.\268\ After considering these comments, we 
believe requiring funds to disclose, in dollars, the total amount of 
advisory fees paid as a single statistic in the shareholder report will 
give an additional tool to investors to understand the aggregate fees 
that investors pay for fund management and will complement the fund 
expense table, which provides the amount of fees paid on a hypothetical 
$10,000 investment. The fees paid on a hypothetical $10,000 investment 
will help investors approximate their own expenses, while the aggregate 
fees paid to the adviser will help contextualize that information by 
allowing investors to consider their own expenses relative to the total 
amount of advisory fees paid. We also believe that this simplified 
presentation of the more complex and detailed expense disclosure 
included in the fund's financial statements will further the 
Commission's goal of providing concise disclosure that will help 
shareholders better understand information provided in the fund's 
financial statements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \266\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text accompanying 
n.411.
    \267\ Id. at text accompanying n.593 (also requesting feedback 
on, among other things, whether funds should disclose any revenue 
paid to the fund's adviser or its affiliates that the fee table does 
not reflect (e.g., outside of the management fee), as a percent of 
fund assets or a percent of the fund's total expenses).
    \268\ See supra footnotes 180-186 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested certain enhancements and additional 
guidance on the proposed statistics requirements. For example, one 
commenter suggested that, if a fund statistic changed significantly 
during the most recent fiscal year, the fund should be permitted to 
briefly describe the factors that contributed to the change.\269\ 
Another commenter suggested funds that choose to change a statistic be 
required to maintain the prior statistic for an additional year, to 
avoid cherry-picking.\270\ Additionally, one commenter suggested that, 
if a fund uses a statistic not otherwise included in the fund's other 
regulatory documents, the fund should be required to direct 
shareholders to where they can find information on the methodology the 
fund used to calculate the statistic.\271\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \269\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \270\ Ubiquity Comment Letter.
    \271\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Aside from the changes discussed above, we are not adopting any 
other changes to the proposed instructions. We do not believe it is 
necessary to allow funds to describe the factors that contributed to 
any significant changes to disclosed statistics that occurred during 
the most recent fiscal year. Such an explanation could require 
potentially technical, narrative disclosure that would make the 
statistics disclosure less concise and less salient. If a fund believes 
that such contextual information would be useful to investors in 
understanding the fund's performance over the relevant period, the fund 
can provide such narrative explanation in the MDFP section of the 
report. We believe it is important to limit any narrative disclosure in 
the fund statistics section in order to maintain the usefulness of such 
disclosures to investors. Relatedly, while the final rules will allow 
funds to

[[Page 72782]]

describe any significance or limitations of any disclosed statistics in 
a parenthetical or similar presentation, funds should carefully 
consider the inclusion of any statistic that requires extensive 
narrative explanation. As proposed, any statistic that the fund opts to 
include in the shareholder report must be one that is reasonably 
related to the fund's investment strategy and one that the fund 
believes would help shareholders better understand the fund's 
activities and operations during the reporting period. A statistic that 
requires extensive explanation may be confusing to retail investors and 
therefore may not help them to better understand the fund's activities 
and operations.
    For similar reasons we are not adopting a commenter's suggestion 
that funds be required to continue to disclose a permitted statistic 
for an additional year before removing it because we believe that such 
a requirement would unnecessarily increase the length and complexity of 
the shareholder report. In addition, if a change in the fund's 
investment strategy during the reporting period caused a statistic to 
be less relevant, requiring a fund to disclose such a statistic for an 
additional year would be confusing to investors. Furthermore, we are 
not adopting the suggested requirement for funds to direct shareholders 
to where they can find information on the methodology the fund used to 
calculate a permitted statistic, because we believe that such a 
requirement could significantly increase the length of the shareholder 
report.
e. Graphical Representation of Holdings
    Substantially as proposed but with certain changes designed to 
address commenters' feedback, the final rules retain the current 
requirements related to the graphical representation of holdings that 
funds include in their shareholder reports, including certain revisions 
designed to improve the current disclosure. Funds will be required to 
disclose one or more tables, charts, or graphs depicting the fund's 
portfolio holdings by category, as of the end of the reporting period, 
as they do today.\272\ As proposed, the final rules specify that a fund 
must disclose its graphical representation of holdings using 
categories, and with a basis of presentation, that are reasonably 
designed to depict clearly the types of investments made by the fund, 
given its investment objectives.\273\ The purpose of the graphical 
representation of holdings disclosure requirement is to illustrate, in 
a concise and user-friendly format, the allocation of a fund's 
investments across particular categories of investments (such as asset 
classes). Commenters indicated that investors view this data as 
important to understanding their fund investments.\274\ We continue to 
believe that a layered approach to the disclosure of portfolio 
holdings, where a graphical representation of holdings continues to 
appear in the annual report, and more detailed and current portfolio 
holdings information--which currently appears in the shareholder report 
as the fund's schedule of investments--is available online and upon 
request, helps shareholders understand how the fund invested its 
assets.\275\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \272\ The categories that funds may depict in the graphical 
representation of holdings may include, for example, type of 
security, industry sector, geographic region, credit quality, or 
maturity.
    \273\ Funds' graphical representation of holdings disclosure 
currently must adhere to these requirements under Item 27(d)(2) of 
current Form N-1A. No commenter addressed these requirements.
    \274\ Responses to the Investor Feedback Flier generally 
indicated that the respondents found the graphical representation of 
holdings information useful in monitoring their investments. See 
supra footnote 47 and accompanying text. Additionally, survey data 
that one commenter provided similarly found a majority of investors 
said that this presentation is useful to them. See supra footnote 48 
and accompanying text.
    \275\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text accompanying 
nn.261-262 (discussing the Commission's understanding of investors' 
preferences with respect to disclosure of funds' portfolio 
holdings). The full schedule of portfolio holdings will be available 
online and upon request on at least a quarterly basis. See rule 30e-
1(b)(2). We discuss the availability of the schedule of investments 
in infra sections II.C.1.a and II.C.2.a. See also rule 6c-11 under 
the Investment Company Act, which requires daily portfolio holdings 
for ETFs relying on the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting several changes to the current graphical 
representation of holdings requirements. First, substantially as 
proposed, we are newly permitting a fund to show its holdings based on 
total exposure to particular categories of investments. Funds will be 
permitted to use this presentation method in addition to ones currently 
available to them, namely, showing holdings based on the percentage of 
net asset value or total investments attributable to each 
category.\276\ We also, as proposed, are adopting minor revisions to 
the current instructions with respect to funds that depict portfolio 
holdings according to credit quality. These revisions are designed to 
keep related disclosures brief and concise. Finally, in a change from 
the proposal and in consideration of comments received, the final rules 
explicitly permit a fund to include, along with the graphical 
representation of holdings, a list of its largest 10 portfolio holdings 
and the percentage of the fund's net asset value, total investments, or 
total exposure attributable to each such holding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ See Item 27(d)(2) of current Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Presentation Based on Total Exposure
    The final rules include flexibility, as proposed, for funds to base 
the tabular or graphic representation of holdings on the fund's total 
exposure to particular categories of investments.\277\ However, in a 
change from the proposal, the final rules will not allow funds to base 
this presentation only on the fund's net exposure to particular 
categories of investments. The final rules allow funds to show net 
exposure in addition to the required total exposure presentation.\278\ 
One commenter specifically supported the proposal to allow such a net 
presentation as useful for funds that have significant derivatives 
investments.\279\ Conversely, another commenter advised that providing 
total, rather than net, exposure provides investors a true sense of the 
fund's exposures.\280\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \277\ See Item 27A(f) of amended Form N-1A.
    \278\ Id.
    \279\ ICI Comment Letter (also stating that this presentation is 
particularly beneficial to funds that hold both long and short 
positions because, under the proposal, they would be allowed present 
the long and short positions separately (i.e., total exposure) or 
show the combined effect of both positions (i.e., net exposure)).
    \280\ Morningstar Comment Letter (arguing that funds should be 
required to show long and short exposures by asset class, rather 
than only the net allocation to better represent the exposures of 
the portfolio).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that expanding the permissible presentations 
to allow a fund to show its holdings based on their investment exposure 
will provide a more meaningful presentation for funds that use 
derivatives to obtain investment exposure as part of their investment 
strategies. Upon further consideration of comments received, we are 
persuaded that showing only a net exposure presentation of holdings may 
not be representative of a fund's exposures, particularly for certain 
funds that hold both long and short positions. For example, allowing 
these funds to show only a net exposure presentation could lead 
investors to believe that the fund's exposure to a particular sector or 
industry is lower than that provided by the fund's investments.\281\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \281\ As an example, if a fund had a 5% long position in XYZ 
Automotive Co. and a 4% short position in QRS Automotive Inc., a 
total exposure presentation would require the fund to show the 5% 
long position in the automotive industry and separately show a 4% 
short position. A net exposure presentation would only show a 
position of 1% in the automotive industry, however, based on the 
assumption that the two investments would be inversely correlated. 
But any assumed correlation may not hold under all circumstances.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72783]]

    For these reasons, under the final rules, a fund that holds both 
long and short positions and chooses to use total exposure as a basis 
for presenting the fund's graphical representation of holdings must 
depict the long and short exposures to each category of investments 
separately. This approach is consistent with the definition of 
``derivatives exposure'' that the Commission adopted in rule 18f-
4.\282\ We also believe that this approach is consistent with the final 
rule requirement that funds disclose holdings categories and a basis of 
presentation in a manner that is ``reasonably designed to depict 
clearly the types of investments made by the Fund, given its investment 
objectives.'' As proposed, a fund that uses total exposure as a basis 
for representing its holdings will also be permitted to include a brief 
explanation of this presentation.\283\ Such a fund also will be 
permitted, but not required, to show a net exposure presentation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \282\ See Use of Derivatives by Registered Investment Companies 
and Business Development Companies Investment Company Act Release 
No. 34084 (Nov. 2, 2020) [85 FR 83162 (Dec. 21, 2020)] 
(``Derivatives Adopting Release'') (requiring derivatives exposure 
calculations to be based on ``gross'' notional amounts, rather than 
a figure based on calculations that net long and short positions).
    \283\ See Item 27A(f) of amended Form N-1A. No commenters 
addressed this permitted explanation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Funds Depicting Portfolio Holdings According to Credit Quality
    For funds that choose to depict portfolio holdings according to 
credit quality, we are adopting as proposed an amendment instructing 
these funds to keep the required disclosures related to this 
presentation brief and concise.\284\ A fund that depicts its portfolio 
holdings according to credit quality is currently required to describe 
how the credit quality of its holdings was determined and, if credit 
ratings are used, the fund must explain why it selected a particular 
credit rating.\285\ The length of this disclosure currently varies 
among funds, and this amendment is designed to keep narrative 
disclosures in the annual report brief. The Commission received no 
comments on the proposed amendment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \284\ See id.
    \285\ See Item 27(d)(2) of current Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Permitted Disclosure of Top 10 Portfolio Holdings
    In a change from the proposal, the final rules will allow a fund to 
disclose, in a table or chart that appears near the fund's graphical 
representation of holdings, the fund's largest 10 portfolio 
holdings.\286\ A fund that chooses to include this presentation also 
may show the percentage of the fund's net asset value, total 
investments, or total exposure attributable to each such holding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \286\ See Item 27A(f) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters suggested that the Commission should require or 
permit funds to include a list of top 10 or 25 holdings and the 
percentage of these holdings.\287\ One of these commenters stated that 
it is ``quite common'' for equity funds to include such information, 
and that such lists are informative to shareholders and do not add 
significantly to the length of the report.\288\ The other commenter 
stated that this additional information would highlight fund 
concentration risk.\289\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \288\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \289\ Morningstar Comment Letter. This commenter stated that 
information about a fund's top 10 holdings would indicate potential 
concentration risk better than the proposed requirement for all 
funds to disclose the number of portfolio holdings as part of their 
disclosures on fund statistics.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree that allowing a fund to include a list of its largest 10 
holdings and the percentage of the fund's net asset value, total 
investments, or total exposure that each such holding represents would 
complement the other information provided in the graphical 
representation of holdings and be informative to shareholders. When 
combined with required disclosure on the number of portfolio holdings, 
this disclosure will provide shareholders with additional information 
about a fund's potential concentration risk. However, we believe that 
allowing funds to show a larger number of individual holdings, such as 
the largest 25 fund holdings, would unnecessarily increase the length 
of the report with little added benefit to shareholders. We are 
permitting disclosure of a fund's top 10 portfolio holdings, rather 
than requiring it, because this disclosure may not be as useful for 
certain types of funds (for example, a fund with hundreds of holdings, 
each representing a very small fraction of the fund's net asset value) 
as it is for others.
Other Comments on Graphical Representation of Holdings
    Additionally, one commenter suggested requiring a fund of funds to 
show its asset allocation based on the underlying holdings of the 
acquired funds.\290\ We are not adopting such a requirement. Because 
the fiscal year end of a top-level fund may differ from that of its 
underlying funds, the top-level fund may not have access to current 
underlying fund holdings information as of the date of the top-level 
fund's shareholder report. A top-level fund would be permitted to show 
its asset allocation based on the underlying holdings of the acquired 
funds, however, provided that the presentation otherwise meets the 
requirements for the graphical representation of holdings disclosure we 
are adopting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \290\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The same commenter suggested that the Commission should require 
funds to standardize the format for showing exposures such that all 
funds use the same terminology and asset classes to enhance 
comparability. While we appreciate the comparative value such an 
approach would provide, we continue to believe that funds should have 
flexibility to tailor disclosure to their specific holdings and 
investment strategies in a manner that best communicates this 
information to shareholders. Maintaining an evergreen, rule-based 
compendium of the terminology that funds could include would be 
challenging, given the diversity of fund strategies and portfolio 
investments. The presentation requirements in the final rules for 
funds' graphical representation of holdings disclosure balances these 
considerations with our interest in clear and salient portfolio 
holdings disclosure.
f. Material Fund Changes
    The final rules will require a fund to describe material changes to 
the fund in the annual report.\291\ We are adopting this requirement 
substantially as proposed, with certain modifications to address 
commenter concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \291\ See Item 27A(g) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specifically, a fund will be required to describe a material change 
since the beginning of the reporting period briefly with respect to any 
of the following items:
     A change in the fund's name (as described in Item 1(a)(1) 
of Form N-1A);
     A change in the fund's investment objectives or goals (as 
described in Item 2 of Form N-1A);
     A change in the fund's annual operating expenses, 
shareholder fees, or maximum account fee (as described in Item 3 of 
Form N-1A), including the termination or introduction of an expense 
reimbursement or fee waiver arrangements;
     A change in the fund's principal investment strategies (as 
described in Item 4(a) of Form N-1A); \292\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \292\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.273 
(discussing the requirements of rule 35d-1, the ``names rule,'' and 
discussing how disclosure of a change in the fund's principal 
investment strategies could serve as a notice of a change to an 
investment policy as required under the names rule).

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[[Page 72784]]

     A change in the principal risks of investing in the fund 
(as described in Item 4(b) of Form N-1A); and
     A change in the fund's investment adviser(s), including 
sub-adviser(s) (as described in Item 5(a) of Form N-1A).\293\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \293\ As proposed, the final rules will not require a fund to 
disclose a change in a sub-adviser where Item 5 of Form N-1A would 
not require the fund to disclose the name of the sub-adviser in its 
prospectus. See Instructions 1 and 2 to Item 5 of current and 
amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as proposed, a fund may describe other material fund 
changes that it would like to disclose to its shareholders.\294\ In a 
change from the proposal, the final rules also permit a fund to 
describe other changes that may be helpful for investors to understand 
the fund's operations and/or performance over the reporting 
period.\295\ A fund also may disclose material planned changes in 
connection with updating its prospectus for the current fiscal year. A 
fund will have to provide a concise description of each change that 
provides enough detail to allow shareholders to understand the change 
and how it may affect shareholders.\296\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \294\ See Item 27A(g) of amended Form N-1A.
    \295\ In a change from the proposal, the final rules include the 
phrase ``or changes that may be helpful for investors to understand 
the fund's operations and/or performance over the reporting period'' 
in this provision. See Item 27A(g) of amended Form N-1A. For 
example, a fund could disclose plans to liquidate or merge the fund, 
even if previously disclosed to shareholders.
    \296\ As proposed, this section of the shareholder report must 
include a legend to the effect of the following: ``This is a summary 
of certain changes [and planned changes] to the Fund since [date]. 
For more complete information, you may review the Fund's next 
prospectus, which we expect to be available by [date] at [website 
address] or upon request at [toll-free telephone number and, as 
applicable, email address].''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The purpose of these requirements is to highlight and consolidate 
disclosure of material changes in a way that increases the salience of 
this disclosure. Currently, fund shareholders typically receive 
information about these changes in: (1) annual prospectus updates; or 
(2) other prospectus updates they may receive throughout the year 
(which can take the form of a prospectus ``sticker'' or an updated copy 
of the fund's prospectus). We are concerned, however, that material 
changes may not always be readily apparent to a shareholder. For 
example, changes in the annual prospectus update may not be easy for an 
average shareholder to identify.\297\ There is no requirement for a 
fund to identify or highlight changes to the fund in its 
prospectus.\298\ We also understand that there is diversity of 
practices among funds regarding what changes result in a prospectus 
sticker, and whether to transmit the sticker to shareholders. The 
categories of fund changes that we are requiring funds to disclose in 
their annual reports are meant to capture the types of material changes 
to a fund's operations that we believe are important to fund 
shareholders, that may influence their investment decisions, and that 
are more likely to occur.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \297\ This also may be the case when a fund delivers a sticker, 
though a sticker typically would identify a change more explicitly.
    \298\ Some other types of registered investment companies 
currently are required to identify certain changes in their 
shareholder disclosure materials. See Variable Contract Summary 
Prospectus Adopting Release, supra footnote 9 (requiring updating 
summary prospectuses for variable contracts, which provide a brief 
description of any important changes with respect to the contract 
that occurred within the prior year to allow investors to better 
focus their attention on new or updated information relating to the 
contract); rule 8b-16(b) under the Investment Company Act (requiring 
certain registered closed-end funds to identify specific types of 
material changes in their annual reports).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal would have added a new section to the annual report 
that would have required funds to describe briefly any material change 
in an enumerated list of items (as well as any other material change 
that the fund chooses to disclose) that has occurred since the 
beginning of the reporting period or that the fund plans to make in 
connection with its annual prospectus update.\299\ Commenter responses 
to this proposed requirement were mixed. Some commenters supported this 
requirement.\300\ Additionally, survey data submitted by one commenter 
indicated that a majority of retail investors found this disclosure 
useful.\301\ Other commenters objected to this disclosure.\302\ These 
commenters argued that providing a list of material changes, without 
the benefit of context from the prospectus, is not useful to investors. 
Additionally, several commenters took issue with the proposed approach 
of providing an enumerated list of material changes that would 
necessitate disclosure, arguing it was too prescriptive.\303\ These 
commenters recommended that the Commission adopt a more principles-
based approach, with one stating this approach would address concerns 
that one fund may reasonably view a particular type of change as 
material while another may not, given differences in funds' respective 
investment objectives, holdings, strategies, and risk profile.\304\ One 
commenter stated that, if the Commission adopts a list, it should 
provide additional guidance to assist funds in determining whether a 
``material'' change has occurred for any enumerated topic.\305\ In 
contrast, one commenter urged the Commission to limit material changes 
to those included in the list and stated that funds should not be given 
the flexibility to disclose additional items in order to limit the 
length of the shareholder report.\306\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \299\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.271-272 and 
accompanying text. The proposed enumerated list of items varied from 
the enumerated list under the final rules by requiring a fund to 
disclose an increase, rather than a change, in the fund's ongoing 
annual fees, transaction fees, or maximum account fee (as described 
in Item 3 of Form N-1A) as well as requiring a fund to disclose a 
change in the fund's portfolio manager(s) (as described in Item 5(b) 
of Form N-1A).
    \300\ See, e.g., Morningstar Comment Letter; NASAA Comment 
Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of America II 
Comment Letter.
    \301\ Broadridge Comment Letter (also stating that surveyed 
investors identified certain changes in particular as important, 
including changes to investment objectives, risks, strategies, fund 
management, and changes that impact fund performance).
    \302\ See, e.g., Stradley Ronon Comment Letter; TIAA Comment 
Letter; Tom and Mary Comment Letter (recommending instead adding the 
proposed list of material changes to the beginning of the 
prospectus).
    \303\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; 
Capital Group Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter (supporting the 
proposed disclosure in principle but objecting to the list 
approach); John Hancock Comment Letter (suggesting replacing list 
with non-exhaustive list of examples as guidance in the adopting 
release).
    \304\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \305\ SIFMA Comment Letter (providing a list of suggested 
factors funds could consider, including: (1) what is the nature of 
the change and does it reflect a change in the way the fund is 
currently being managed and/or does it reflect a material change in 
the fund's risk profile; (2) which section(s) of the prospectus does 
the change impact; (3) how likely would the change be to influence a 
shareholder's decision to continue to invest in the fund; and (4) 
what is the length of time before existing shareholders will have 
``access'' to the information (e.g., in the event the changes will 
be simply folded into the annual prospectus update that will be 
accessible to shareholders on the fund's website).
    \306\ Fidelity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested alternative approaches. For example, 
several suggested defining material changes as those that would require 
a fund to file an amendment to the fund's registration statement 
pursuant to rule 485(a) under the Securities Act.\307\ In contrast, 
some commenters stated that the use of the term ``material'' in this 
section raises questions with respect to the impact of this requirement 
on the concept of materiality embedded in the requirements of rule 
485(a) under the Securities Act.\308\ One commenter

[[Page 72785]]

suggested that a material change should be defined as one that triggers 
a supplement or ``sticker'' filing.\309\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \307\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; 
Federated Hermes Comment Letter.
    \308\ See SIFMA Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter 
(requesting the Commission clarify that changes the fund experiences 
in the list of topics do not necessarily mandate a 485(a) filing); 
see also rule 485(a) and (b) under the Securities Act [17 CFR 
230.485] (post-effective amendments to registration statements filed 
under rule 485(b) may be filed for certain specified purposes, 
including ``making any non-material changes which the registrant 
deems appropriate'').
    \309\ Capital Group Comment Letter. But see ICI Comment Letter; 
SIFMA Comment Letter (each opposing defining material changes as 
those that trigger a rule 497 sticker filing, given the diversity of 
practices among funds on when to sticker and whether to transmit the 
sticker to shareholders).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also raised concerns regarding certain topics included 
in the proposed list of material changes. For example, many commenters 
argued that portfolio manager changes should not be included in the 
list because these changes are immaterial in many circumstances.\310\ 
Additionally, several commenters opposed including planned changes in 
connection with the fund's annual prospectus update, arguing funds 
should only discuss actual changes because planned changes may not be 
finalized.\311\ These commenters also argued that requiring disclosure 
of future changes may create certain operational challenges for 
funds.\312\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \310\ See, e.g., SIFMA Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; 
ICI Comment Letter (arguing that changes in portfolio managers are 
particularly irrelevant for index funds), Fidelity (arguing that 
only changes in the lead portfolio manager, or a fund's single 
portfolio manager, should be considered material).
    \311\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; 
Vanguard Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter; Stradley Ronon Comment Letter.
    \312\ See, e.g., Federated Hermes Comment Letter; Dechert 
Comment Letter (stating that, if funds are required to disclose 
changes that are anticipated to occur after the close of the 
reporting period, there will be an increased administrative burden 
on funds to monitor and track changes that have not yet been 
reported to shareholders and suggesting that funds could be 
permitted, rather than required, to disclose future changes).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also requested additional guidance and clarification 
regarding the list of material fund changes. Many related to fees. One 
commenter requested the Commission clarify that material increases in 
fees should only be disclosed if the increase is the result of a 
material increase in contractual fee rates, rather than the result of a 
loss in a breakpoint or a change in performance-related expenses.\313\ 
Another commenter suggested that, instead of requiring disclosure of 
material increases in the fund's ``ongoing annual fees, transaction 
fees, or maximum account fee, it would be more protective for investors 
to mandate that any new fees be highlighted as well, irrespective of 
how the fees are characterized or the fees' potential magnitude.'' 
\314\ This same commenter requested that the Commission add to the list 
any change in the fund's performance benchmark. Another commenter 
suggested the list also should include a decrease in fund fees and 
expenses, as well as an increase.\315\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \313\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \314\ NASAA Comment Letter.
    \315\ Charles Schwab Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also requested guidance about the level of detail that 
would appear in the required disclosure. One commenter suggested that 
funds be allowed to provide a narrative explanation of the reasons for 
the material change.\316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \316\ CFA Institute Comment Letter; see also Morningstar Comment 
Letter (suggests requiring funds disclose where shareholders can 
find more information regarding material changes).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we are adopting this requirement 
substantially as proposed, with some modifications to address commenter 
concerns. We are retaining a list-based approach, where a fund must 
briefly describe any material change with respect to any listed item 
that has occurred since the beginning of the reporting period. We 
continue to believe that this approach will provide more certainty to 
funds about the types of changes they must disclose and enhance 
consistency of annual report disclosure across funds. We appreciate the 
concern that different funds may reasonably view different types of 
changes as material. We have therefore incorporated an addition to the 
final rules' provision that would permit funds to include material 
changes regarding topics that do not appear on the enumerated list. The 
addition to this proposed provision clarifies that funds also are 
permitted to describe changes that may be helpful for investors to 
understand the fund's operations and/or performance over the reporting 
period.
    We are not, however, defining a material change for this purpose as 
a change that would require a fund to file an amendment to the fund's 
registration statement under rule 485(a) under the Securities Act 
because we do not believe linking this new disclosure requirement to 
that rule is necessary. The concept of materiality is a bedrock feature 
of the federal securities laws, and funds have extensive knowledge and 
experience in applying this standard in a wide array of contexts.\317\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \317\ See, e.g., Basic v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231 (1988) 
(``Basic v. Levinson''); see also Selective Disclosure and Insider 
Trading, Release No. 33-7881 (Aug. 15, 2000) [65 FR 51715 (Aug. 24, 
2000) (citing Basic v. Levinson and stating that materiality has 
been defined by existing case law).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While a fund should base the determination of whether a change is 
material on the facts and circumstances of the fund and the specific 
change, we are providing general guidance on the factors that funds 
could consider in making that determination. Factors funds may wish to 
consider include the nature of the change, whether it reflects a 
material change in the way the fund is currently being managed, whether 
it reflects a material change in the fund's risk profile, which 
section(s) of the prospectus the change affects,\318\ and how likely 
the change would be to influence a shareholder's decision to continue 
to invest in the fund. For example, if a change to the fund's principal 
risks is due to a change in the way the fund is managed, such a change 
would likely be considered a material change. By contrast, if a fund 
that invests heavily in a foreign country changes its description of 
that foreign country risk as a result of changes in the country's 
political landscape, such a change would likely not constitute a 
material change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \318\ A change that affects the summary prospectus is more 
likely to rise to the level of a material change than one that would 
only affect the statutory prospectus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The list of topics under the final rules differs in several ways 
from the proposed list. First, we agree with the commenters who 
suggested that the list should not include changes in portfolio 
managers. Under many circumstances, shareholders may not consider 
portfolio manager changes to be material in their ability to understand 
the fund's operations and performance over the past year, and may not 
consider these to be a material factor in deciding whether to buy, 
sell, or hold fund shares. If a fund considers a portfolio manager 
change to be a material change that should be disclosed, it would be 
permitted to disclose this change under the final rules, as the final 
rules include flexibility to disclose changes about topics that do not 
appear on the list.\319\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \319\ For example, if the fund has a single portfolio manager 
who is well-known in the industry and prominently identified in fund 
advertisements, such a fund might consider a change in its portfolio 
manager to be a material change that would warrant disclosure in the 
shareholder report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, we agree with certain commenters that a fund should have to 
disclose any material change in fund fees, even those that do not 
result in fee increases. We also agree with commenters who suggested 
that that fee movements of any kind, and irrespective of how the fees 
are characterized (i.e., regardless of whether they are the result of a 
change in the contractual fees or a change in performance-related 
fees), are the type of material information that we believe

[[Page 72786]]

retail investors would find to be important in their decisions to 
continue to hold shares of the fund.\320\ Because the termination or 
introduction of an expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangement can 
affect the fees that a shareholder pays, in a change from the proposal 
the final rules clarify that these are changes that should be 
disclosed.\321\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \320\ See supra section I.A.3.
    \321\ The proposed rules would have required disclosure of a 
change of ``the fund's ongoing annual fees, transaction fees, or 
maximum account fee.'' The terms ``ongoing annual fees'' and 
``transaction fees'' reflect the terms that the Commission proposed 
to replace current terms in the fee table: ``annual fund operating 
expenses,'' and ``shareholder fees,'' respectively. Because we are 
not adopting the proposed new terms, the proposed requirements in 
the final rules for disclosing material fund changes include the 
terms ``annual fund operating expenses'' and ``shareholder fees.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, because a change in the fund's index will be 
highlighted in the MDFP section of the shareholder report, we do not 
believe it is necessary to add changes to the index in the enumerated 
list of material fund changes.\322\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \322\ See Instruction 8 to Item 27A(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules do not require disclosure of changes the fund plans 
to make in connection with its next annual prospectus update. We agree 
with commenters that this requirement could create certain operational 
challenges for funds because of the increased administrative burdens 
funds will incur if they have to monitor changes occur after the end of 
the reporting period. A fund, however, will be permitted to include 
such a change in its annual report if it is a material change.\323\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \323\ See Item 27A(g) of amended Form N-1A. The final rules also 
clarify--as the proposal did--that a fund will not be required to 
disclose a material change that it already disclosed in its last 
annual report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants
    As proposed, the final rules require funds to include a concise 
discussion of certain disagreements with accountants in the annual 
report. Specifically, when a fund has a material disagreement with an 
accountant that has resigned or been dismissed, the final rules will 
require the fund to include in its annual report: (1) a statement of 
whether the former accountant resigned, declined to stand for re-
election, or was dismissed and the date thereof; and (2) a brief, plain 
English description of disagreement(s) with the former accountant 
during the fund's two most recent fiscal years and any subsequent 
interim period that the fund discloses on Form N-CSR.\324\ As proposed, 
this required information is a high-level summary of more-detailed 
information that currently is required to appear in funds' shareholder 
reports.\325\ Funds will be required to file the currently-required 
more-detailed information, as proposed, on Form N-CSR. Funds will not 
be required to disclose the absence of disagreements in response to the 
final rules' shareholder report disclosure requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \324\ See Item 27A(h) of amended Form N-1A.
    \325\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying nn.293 and 294. The current disclosure requirement, 
like the requirement we are adopting, is applicable only if a fund's 
accountant has resigned or was dismissed. In this case, the fund has 
to disclose the information that 17 CFR 229.304 [Item 304 of 
Regulation S-K] requires, concerning the circumstances surrounding 
the former accountant's dismissal or resignation, whether in the 
fund's two most recent fiscal years there were certain accounting-
related disagreements with the former accountant, and other related 
information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters overwhelmingly supported these changes, explaining that 
accounting or auditing-related disagreements with accountants are 
particularly significant occurrences that should be prominently 
disclosed to shareholders.\326\ We agree with commenters, and we 
believe that retaining this disclosure in funds' shareholder reports in 
summary form continues to be important because this would enhance the 
prominence of this disclosure and put investors on notice of the 
dismissal or resignation of an accountant and the existence of a 
material disagreement with that accountant. We continue to believe this 
shareholder report disclosure could discourage funds from engaging in 
audit ``opinion shopping.'' \327\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ ICI Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment Letter; Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter.
    \327\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying nn.296-297 (discussing audit opinion shopping).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

h. Availability of Additional Information
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement for funds to include 
a brief, plain English statement in the shareholder report that informs 
investors about certain additional information that is available on the 
fund's website.\328\ This statement must include plain English 
references to, as applicable, the fund's prospectus, financial 
information, holdings, and proxy voting information.\329\ In addition, 
and as proposed, if the shareholder report appears on a fund's website 
or otherwise is provided electronically, the fund must provide a means 
of immediately accessing this additional information (such as a 
hyperlink or QR code).\330\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \328\ See Item 27A(i) of amended Form N-1A. Under the final 
rules the term ``the Fund's'' in the required statement is placed in 
brackets to clarify that such information may be available either on 
the fund's website, or another website belonging to, for example, 
the fund sponsor.
    \329\ Currently, a fund is required to include statements 
regarding the availability of the fund's: (1) quarterly portfolio 
schedule, (2) proxy voting policies and procedures, and (3) proxy 
voting record. See current Items 27(d)(3) through (5) of Form N-1A. 
The final rule consolidates the currently-required statements about 
the availability of this information in a single statement that 
covers this same information, along with information about the 
availability of the prospectus and financial information.
    \330\ See Instruction 9 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, the final rules will provide a fund with the 
flexibility to refer to other information available on this website, if 
it reasonably believes that shareholders would likely view the 
information as important.\331\ This additional information referred to 
in the annual report would have the same status under the Federal 
securities laws as any other website or other electronic content that 
the fund produces or disseminates.\332\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \331\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text following 
n.313 (providing examples of information to which a fund may wish to 
refer investors, such as a document describing the benefits of 
certain types of investments, a description of credit ratings, 
additional performance presentations, or additional commentary about 
how the fund performed).
    \332\ See id. at text accompanying n.315 (noting that the fact 
that a shareholder report references other information available on 
a website does not change the legal status of the referenced 
information); see also discussion at infra section II.A.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters supported the ability of funds to refer to other 
important information available on the fund's website.\333\ We are 
adopting this requirement as proposed. We continue to believe that it 
recognizes the importance of the referenced information to some 
investors. Highlighting the availability and location of additional 
information is consistent with a layered approach to fund disclosure 
that makes more-detailed or technical information available to those 
investors who find the information valuable. Additionally, we believe 
the flexibility for funds to refer to other information in the required 
statement is appropriate because funds may wish to provide additional 
information to investors more tailored or relevant to a given fund. We 
also continue to believe this flexibility is appropriate given the 
content limitations imposed on the shareholder report.\334\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \333\ ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter (also 
discussing the format of information presented online, which we 
discuss below in section II.C.2.b).
    \334\ As proposed, the annual report may only include 
information that Item 27A of amended Form N-1A specifically permits 
or requires. See Instruction 3 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72787]]

i. Householding
    As proposed, the final rules retain the current provision that 
permits funds to explain in their annual report how to revoke consent 
to the householding of the annual report.\335\ One commenter expressly 
supported the proposed requirement, stating that funds have experience 
applying the Commission's householding rules and have found this 
framework to be effective.\336\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \335\ See current rule 30e-1(f); amended rule 30e-1(e); and Item 
27A(j) of amended Form N-1A.
    \336\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 30e-1 currently permits, and our final rules will continue to 
permit, the householding of fund shareholder reports if, in addition to 
the other conditions set forth in the rule, the fund has obtained from 
each investor written or implied consent to the householding of 
shareholder reports at such address.\337\ The rule will continue to 
require funds that wish to household shareholder reports based on 
implied consent to send a notice to each investor stating, among other 
things, that the investors in the household will receive one report in 
the future unless the investors provide contrary instructions. In 
addition, at least once a year, funds relying on the householding 
provision must explain to investors who have provided written or 
implied consent how they can revoke their consent. One way to satisfy 
this annual notice requirement is to include a statement in the annual 
report. The final rules continue to permit funds to include this 
statement in the annual report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \337\ See current rule 30e-1(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Format and Presentation of Annual Report
    We are adopting, substantially as proposed, general instructions 
related to the format and presentation of shareholder reports, designed 
to improve and simplify their presentation and encourage funds to use 
plain-English, investor-friendly principles when drafting their 
reports.\338\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \338\ See generally Instructions to Item 27A(a) of amended Form 
N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, as proposed, the final rules include an instruction 
specifying that the information in annual reports must be appear in the 
same order as is required under the amendments to Form N-1A. Consistent 
with the proposal, the final rules also include requirements that funds 
use ``plain English'' principles for the organization, wording, and 
design of the annual report.\339\ In addition, as proposed, the 
instructions encourage funds to consider using, as appropriate, 
question-and-answer format, charts, graphs, tables, bullet lists, and 
other graphics or text features as a way to help provide context for 
the information presented. Finally, the instructions will include 
legibility requirements for the body of every printed shareholder 
report and other tabular data.\340\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ The proposal included a similar plain English requirement, 
which directed funds to ``use plain English . . . taking into 
consideration Fund shareholders' level of financial experience.'' 
Because funds are familiar with the plain English requirements of 
rule 421 under the Securities Act, and because funds' shareholders' 
level of financial experience may vary within a fund (and may not be 
directly known by a fund), we are adopting limited modifications to 
the proposed requirement. Therefore, the provision in the final 
rules specifies that the plain English requirements of rule 421 
apply to shareholder reports, and disclosure in funds' shareholder 
reports must be provided in plain English under rule 421(d). These 
modifications are designed to enhance consistency with the plain 
English requirements of other aspects of the Federal securities 
laws.
    \340\ In a shareholder report posted on a website or otherwise 
provided electronically, the instructions provide that a fund may 
satisfy legibility requirements applicable to printed documents by 
presenting all required information in a format that promotes 
effective communication as described in Instruction 8 to Item 27A(a) 
of amended Form N-1A.
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    Commenters generally supported the format and presentation 
requirements.\341\ Additionally, according to survey results submitted 
by one commenter, retail investors indicated these requirements would 
be helpful in monitoring their investments.\342\ While no commenters 
objected to the proposed format and presentation requirements, several 
suggested that more standardization than the proposal would result in 
investor protection benefits. One commenter suggested the Commission 
consider requiring standardized language to help investors identify key 
information, and that the Commission could improve readability by 
requiring funds to use standardized language for their benchmarking 
disclosures.\343\ A different commenter, however, supported the 
flexibility that the Commission provided to modify information that 
otherwise would be required to appear in certain proposed headings and 
legends, if this information would not be applicable to a particular 
fund.\344\ Another commenter recommended that the Commission establish 
a ``uniform format'' for the annual report, ``as it has when displaying 
information on more-structured filings like Form N-MFP, to enable 
investors to more easily compare funds.'' \345\
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    \341\ See, e.g., Consumer Federation of America II Comment 
Letter; Broadridge Comment Letter; Sidley Austin Comment Letter; 
TIAA Comment Letter.
    \342\ Broadridge Comment Letter.
    \343\ Comment Letter of Christina Zhu, Assistant Professor of 
Accounting, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Sept. 
29, 2020) (``Wharton Comment Letter'').
    \344\ See ICI Comment Letter; see also discussion at footnote 
124 and accompanying text.
    \345\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
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    We continue to believe that the proposed requirements for 
shareholder reports' format and presentation will help promote 
effective communication between the fund and its investors, and 
therefore are adopting these requirements. For example, requiring that 
information appear in a specific order will promote consistency and 
comparison across funds and allow shareholders to review the most 
salient information, such as fund expenses, first. Additionally, 
``plain English'' and legibility requirements, as well as the format 
and design instructions, will help ensure that shareholder reports are 
easily readable by investors. We are not adopting additional 
requirements for reports' uniformity, such as requiring additional 
standardized language, because we believe the final rules' approach 
appropriately balances the goals of promoting comparability, 
readability, and conciseness, with the variety of funds and strategies 
that will be subject to the final rules' requirements. We also are 
mindful that any further restrictions on the format and presentation of 
shareholder reports could prevent our requirements from remaining 
``evergreen'' in light of evolving technology and increased complexity 
of funds and strategies. Additionally, this approach takes into account 
the differences in format and function between a reporting form that is 
required to support the Commission's examination and regulatory 
programs, and disclosure--like funds' shareholder reports--whose 
primary audience is retail investors.\346\
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    \346\ See, e.g., Money Market Funds Reform, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 29132 (Feb. 23, 2010) [75 FR 10060 (Mar. 4, 2010)], 
at text following n.320 (``MMF Release'') (noting that while the 
information reported to the Commission on Form N-MFP is not 
primarily designed for individual investors, the Commission 
anticipated that many investors, as well as academic researchers, 
financial analysts, and economic research firms, would use this 
information to study money market fund holdings and evaluate their 
risk).
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4. Electronic Annual Reports
    Fund shareholders may access their annual reports online, rather 
than (or in addition to) reviewing the reports in paper format.\347\ We 
recognize that the use of electronic channels, and the overlay of 
electronic tools onto required regulatory documents, may present both

[[Page 72788]]

practical and legal questions for fund registrants and other market 
participants.\348\ We are adopting, as proposed, instructions designed 
to clarify requirements for electronic annual reports and to promote 
the use of interactive, user-friendly electronic design features. These 
instructions include: (1) ordering and presentation requirements for 
reports that appear on a website or are otherwise provided 
electronically; (2) instructions providing additional flexibility for 
funds to add tools and features to reports that appear on a website or 
are otherwise provided electronically; and (3) required links or other 
means for immediately accessing information referenced in reports 
available online.\349\ Coupled with investors' increasing comfort with 
internet-based disclosure, we believe the instructions we are adopting 
will promote electronic disclosure that has the potential to enhance 
the information that printed paper documents and static electronic 
documents (such as those in PDF format) provide. At the same time, we 
are conscious of the need to set minimum standards so that these 
improvements do not detract from the usefulness of the streamlined 
shareholder report and ensure that all investors have access to the 
same baseline level of information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ See supra footnote 140.
    \348\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.B.4.
    \349\ See generally Instructions to Item 27A(a) of amended Form 
N-1A.
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    First we are adopting as proposed clarifications that disclosure 
requirements for the annual report's ``cover page'' will also be 
applicable to the ``beginning'' of the report.\350\ This is designed to 
reflect that electronic reports may not have a physical page at their 
beginning. Similarly, and as proposed, the final item instruction that 
will provide an ordering requirement for the contents of an annual 
report also includes a provision for annual reports that appear on a 
website or are otherwise provided electronically.\351\
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    \350\ See Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A.
    \351\ This instruction specifies that information in an 
electronic report should be organized in a manner that gives each 
item similar prominence, and presents the information in the same 
order, as that provided by the order the instruction prescribes. For 
instance, an annual report available on a website could satisfy this 
requirement if each required disclosure item is presented with equal 
prominence in a separate tab and the order of the tabs follows the 
prescribed order, such as from left-to-right or top-to-bottom. 
Similarly, a mobile application could satisfy this requirement if 
the shareholder report navigation screen presents each shareholder 
report item with equal prominence and follows the prescribed order 
of information.
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    We are also adopting, as proposed, instructions that will provide 
flexibility for funds to add tools and features to annual reports that 
appear on a website or are otherwise provided electronically.\352\ The 
instructions encourage funds to use online tools designed to enhance an 
investor's understanding of material in the annual reports.\353\ When 
using interactive graphics or tools, funds are permitted to include 
instructions on their use and interpretation. The general instructions 
also state that any explanatory or supplemental information that funds 
provide as online tools may not obscure or impede understanding of the 
required disclosures.\354\
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    \352\ See generally Instructions to Item 27A(a) of amended Form 
N-1A.
    \353\ The online tools that funds could use could include, for 
example: video or audio messages, mouse-over windows, pop-up 
definitions or explanations of difficult concepts, chat 
functionality, and expense calculators.
    \354\ See Instruction 10 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For electronic shareholder reports that use online tools, the 
default online presentation must use the values required by Item 27A. 
For example, while the default presentation in the expense example and 
performance line graph must be on a $10,000 assumed investment, a 
feature may permit an investor to enter a different amount, but the 
investor must, as a default, be able to view the assumed amount. One 
result of this instruction will be that when the contents of a fund's 
annual report are derived from the fund's audited financial statements, 
the default online presentation will reflect the audited figures.
    As proposed, under the general instructions we are adopting, any 
information in online tools the fund uses, but is not included in the 
annual report the fund files on amended Form N-CSR, would have the same 
status under the Federal securities laws as any other website or other 
electronic content that the fund produces or disseminates. The 
instruction is designed to remind funds about liability and any filing 
requirements associated with any additional information that a fund 
chooses to include with the online version of its annual report (other 
than the shareholder report information that it files with the 
Commission on amended Form N-CSR). The supplemental information will 
also be subject to a record retention requirement.\355\
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    \355\ Rule 31a-1 under the Act [17 CFR 270.31a-1] provides the 
records that a registered investment company must maintain; current 
rule 31a-2 under the Act [17 CFR 270.31a-2] provides the retention 
period for those records. To address funds' retention of any 
supplemental information that a fund chooses to include in its 
online version of its annual report (other than the shareholder 
report information that the fund files with the Commission on Form 
N-CSR), we are adopting as proposed a conforming change to rule 31a-
2 that requires that every investment company preserve for a period 
not less than six years, the first two years in an easily accessible 
place, any shareholder report required by Sec.  270.30e-1 (including 
any version posted on a website or otherwise provided 
electronically) that is not filed with the Commission in the exact 
form in which it was used. See amended rule 31a-2(a)(7).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we are adopting as proposed a new instruction providing 
that if the shareholder report references other information that is 
available online, the report must include a link or some other means of 
immediately accessing that information.\356\ Under these requirements, 
a fund must include a link specific enough to lead investors directly 
to a specific item or alternatively to a central site with prominent 
links to the referenced information. For example, a reference to a 
fund's prospectus could include a direct link to the prospectus or 
might include a link to the landing page that includes prominent links 
to several fund documents, such as the summary prospectus, SAI and 
annual reports. However, the link cannot lead investors to a home page 
or section of the fund's website other than on which the specified item 
is posted. This requirement is designed to permit the investor easily 
to locate (i.e., without numerous clicks) the information in which the 
investor is interested.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \356\ The instruction states that, for example, the fund should 
provide hyperlinks to the fund's prospectus and financial statements 
if the information is available online. The instruction also states 
that, in an annual report that is delivered in paper format, funds 
may include website addresses, QR codes, or other means of providing 
access to such information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While we did not receive comment on the specific instructions 
proposed, we did receive comments regarding the accessibility of 
information presented online. Commenters who addressed this aspect of 
the proposal generally favored the proposed instructions regarding 
electronic annual reports. One commenter encouraged the use of the 
interactive and user-friendly design features that the proposed 
instructions were designed to encourage.\357\ A different commenter 
stated that the ability for electronic reports to be personalized could 
be a first step toward allowing presentation of personalized expense 
information.\358\ One commenter encouraged the Commission to consider 
the role of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act 
(``ADA'') ``to ensure all investors, including individuals with vision 
issues or those lacking the dexterity to use a

[[Page 72789]]

mouse, can review . . . financial disclosure in their preferred 
delivery channel.'' \359\ We agree that accessibility is an important 
issue for investors. Funds are required to comply with all applicable 
accessibility-related requirements under the ADA or otherwise.\360\
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    \357\ See Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter.
    \358\ See Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter.
    \359\ See DFIN Comment Letter; see also ICI Comment Letter 
(discussing the need to ensure that funds' websites and disclosure 
templates, as modified to comply with any final rules the Commission 
adopts, are accessible, consistent with the ADA).
    \360\ See, e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Public 
Law 101-336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters that discussed the benefits of providing regulatory 
materials electronically also commented on the need for increased 
flexibility in electronic delivery of these materials.\361\ We address 
these comments and topics related to electronic delivery below.\362\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \361\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter; Better Markets Comment 
Letter.
    \362\ See infra sections II.E.2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Semi-Annual Report

    We are specifying the design and content of funds' semi-annual 
reports through Item 27A of amended Form N-1A. These design and content 
specifications are similar to those we are requiring for funds' annual 
reports.
    The table below summarizes the content that funds must include in 
their semi-annual reports and compares the new requirements to current 
semi-annual report disclosure requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \363\ See infra discussion in section II.D regarding disclosure 
items that are being removed from the shareholder report.

                               Table 3--Outline of Semi-Annual Report Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Item of current form N-
                                             Description          Item of amended form N-  1A containing similar
                                                                            1A                 requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cover Page or Beginning of Report..  Fund/Class Name............  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Ticker Symbol..............  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Principal U.S. Market(s)     Item 27A(b)...........
                                      for ETFs.
                                     Statement Identifying as     Item 27A(b)...........
                                      ``Semi-Annual Shareholder
                                      Report''.
                                     Legend.....................  Item 27A(b)...........
                                     Statement on Material Fund   Item 27A(b)...........
                                      Changes in the Report.
Content \363\......................  Expense Example............  Item 27A(c)...........  Item 27(d)(1).
                                     Management's Discussion of   Item 27A(d)...........  Item 27(b)(7).
                                      Fund Performance
                                      (optional).
                                     Fund Statistics............  Item 27A(e)...........
                                     Graphical Representation of  Item 27A(f)...........  Item 27(d)(2).
                                      Holdings.
                                     Material Fund Changes        Item 27A(g)...........
                                      (optional).
                                     Changes in and               Item 27A(h)...........  Item 27(b)(4).
                                      Disagreements with
                                      Accountants.
                                     Availability of Additional   Item 27A(i)...........  Item 27(d)(3)
                                      Information.                                         through(5).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Scope and Contents of the Semi-Annual Report
    As with the annual report, we are limiting the scope of funds' 
semi-annual reports in several respects to reduce the overall length 
and complexity of these reports. The Commission received comment 
supporting the layered disclosure approach for semi-annual reports, 
with some commenters specifically noting their support for the design 
and content of the semi-annual report.\364\ Comments specific to each 
design and content element of the semi-annual report are discussed 
below; on semi-annual report elements where no comments are discussed, 
we received no comments separate from the comments we received on the 
parallel aspect of the annual report that are discussed above.\365\ We 
are adopting the scope and content requirements discussed in this 
section for semi-annual reports largely as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \364\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \365\ In these cases, see generally the discussion in section 
II.A above on why we adopted that particular design or content 
element.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The scope and content requirements for semi-annual report that we 
are adopting today mirror the scope and content requirements for annual 
reports. For the reasons we discuss in section II.A.1, we are requiring 
that fund semi-annual reports be prepared for each series of a fund and 
for each class of a multi-class fund.\366\ We are adopting the 
requirement to limit semi-annual reports to one series of the fund as 
proposed. Requiring a separate semi-annual report for each class of a 
multiple-class fund is a change from the proposal. Our consideration of 
comments received and our rationale for limiting the scope of semi-
annual reports in this way is consistent with our analysis and 
rationale for why we are adopting a parallel scope limitation for 
annual reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \366\ See Instruction 4 to Item 27A of amended Form N-1A; see 
also Instruction 3 to Item 27A of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, we are generally limiting the content a fund may 
include in its semi-annual report to the information that Item 27A of 
Form N-1A specifically permits or requires.\367\ However, as with 
annual reports, the fund may add additional information that is 
necessary to make the required disclosure items not misleading. The 
final amendments to Form N-1A do not permit a fund to incorporate by 
reference any information into its semi-annual report.\368\ 
Collectively, these restrictions parallel our scope and content 
limitations for annual reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \367\ See Instruction 3 to Item 27A of amended Form N-1A.
    \368\ See Instruction 5 to Item 27A of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As is the case today, the semi-annual report will not be subject to 
page or word limits. As noted above and in the Proposing Release, we 
believe a set limit could constrain appropriate disclosure or lead 
funds to omit material information. However, we believe that the limits 
on shareholder report contents should nonetheless limit

[[Page 72790]]

length in support of our goal of concise, readable disclosure.\369\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \369\ Because we estimate that the annual report would be 
approximately 3 to 4 pages in length, we similarly estimate that the 
semi-annual report (which will include fewer required disclosure 
items than the annual report) would be approximately 3 to 4 pages in 
length or shorter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The cover page or beginning of the semi-annual report will 
essentially contain the same content as the annual report (with the 
only difference being references to a ``semi-annual report'' instead of 
an ``annual report'').\370\ Consistent with the requirement for annual 
reports, the semi-annual report cover page must reflect the fact that 
the report includes a statement of material changes, if one was 
included. If the fund's semi-annual report includes a discussion of 
material fund changes, the final rules will require the cover page of 
the report to include a prominent statement, in bold-face type, 
explaining that the report describes certain changes to the fund that 
occurred during the reporting period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \370\ For the specific text of each semi-annual report content 
requirement described in this section, see generally Item 27A of 
amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Semi-annual reports currently include an expense example.\371\ The 
semi-annual report will retain an expense example, which will be 
subject to the same content requirements as the expense example in the 
annual report, including the changes we are adopting to the proposed 
example discussed above.\372\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \371\ See Item 27(d)(1) of current Form N-1A.
    \372\ The expense example in the semi-annual report would cover 
a 6-month reporting period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not currently require MDFP in semi-annual reports. Under the 
final rules, semi-annual reports similarly will not require MDFP, but 
funds may include this disclosure on an optional basis.\373\ We 
understand that it is currently common for funds to include MDFP 
disclosure in their semi-annual reports, and we believe continuing to 
allow this disclosure will enable funds to identify factors that could 
help investors better contextualize other information disclosed in the 
semi-annual report.\374\ One commenter supported this approach.\375\ 
This commenter requested clarification that a fund electing to include 
MDFP in its semi-annual report may provide some, but not all, of the 
information required by the MDFP requirements for annual reports and 
may include total return performance for the six-month period between 
shareholder reports. While a fund is not required to include MDFP 
information in semi-annual reports under the final rules, if a fund 
includes any MDFP information in its semi-annual report, that 
disclosure should, like other disclosure in the semi-annual report, 
reflect the semi-annual reporting period and otherwise must comply with 
the content requirements for that MDFP information in annual 
reports.\376\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \373\ See Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.
    \374\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Investment Company 
Institute on the Investor Experience RFC (``We understand that some 
funds voluntarily include a MDFP in semi-annual shareholder reports 
but others do not.'').
    \375\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \376\ See Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A (providing that 
information that a fund includes at its option must meet the 
requirements of the relevant paragraph, including any related 
instructions, and not be incomplete, inaccurate, or misleading).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Semi-annual reports, like annual reports, will have to include 
certain fund statistics, including the fund's: (1) net assets, (2) 
total number of portfolio holdings, and (3) portfolio turnover 
rate.\377\ As in annual reports, this disclosure requirement is 
intended to provide succinct fund disclosures in a format that 
investors may be more likely to review than long narratives, and is 
designed to help contextualize other disclosures required in semi-
annual reports. In addition, a fund may disclose any additional 
statistics that it believes will help shareholders better understand 
the fund's activities and operations during its most recent fiscal 
half-year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \377\ Semi-annual reports currently must disclose net assets and 
portfolio turnover rate as part of the requirement to disclose 
condensed financial information. See Item 27(c)(2) of current Form 
N-1A. We are adopting certain changes to the proposed fund 
statistics requirements for annual reports, and these changes 
generally likewise apply to the final rules' fund statistics 
requirements for semi-annual reports. See supra section II.A.2.d. We 
are not, however, requiring total expenses paid by the fund to the 
adviser to appear in the semi-annual report in addition to the 
annual report. Providing a ``stub'' figure showing semi-annual 
expenses could confuse investors by making this figure appear lower 
than it would be if it were annualized to show expenses paid during 
a one-year period. The statistics in the semi-annual report figures 
(e.g., portfolio) will reflect the semi-annual reporting period, 
like the other figures that are disclosed in funds' semi-annual 
reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Semi-annual reports currently include a graphical representation of 
holdings.\378\ As proposed, we are retaining the current requirements 
for the graphical representation of holdings in funds' semi-annual 
reports. The graphical representation of holdings in the semi-annual 
report will be subject to the same content requirements as in the 
annual report, including the changes to the proposed content 
requirements that are discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \378\ See Item 27(d)(2) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, we do not require discussion of changes to the fund in 
semi-annual reports. As proposed, such disclosure still will not be 
required, but funds may include this disclosure on an optional 
basis.\379\ We received one comment advocating we require funds to 
disclose material changes every six months in their shareholder reports 
to put investors on notice of these changes, if they do not actively 
review annual prospectus updates.\380\ We continue to believe that 
requiring a discussion of fund changes in the semi-annual report could 
be duplicative in light of other notices of changes that investors 
receive throughout the year, such as prospectus stickers or notices 
that rule 35d-1 under the Investment Company Act (the ``names rule'') 
requires for certain changes in a fund's investment policy. However, we 
are permitting funds to include disclosure describing material fund 
changes in their semi-annual reports because we believe that there 
could be circumstances in which discussing these changes could help 
investors better contextualize other information in the semi-annual 
report. Any such disclosure would have to comply with the content 
requirements for the discussion of material changes in annual 
reports.\381\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \379\ See Item 27A of amended Form N-1A.
    \380\ See NASAA Comment Letter.
    \381\ See supra section II.A.2.f (discussing the final rules' 
requirement for material fund change disclosure in funds' annual 
reports).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, when a fund has a material disagreement with an 
accountant that has resigned or has been dismissed, the fund will be 
subject to the same requirement to include concise discussion of this 
in its semi-annual report as it includes in its annual report.\382\ No 
commenters discussed this proposed requirement for semi-annual reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \382\ See supra section II.A.2.g; see also Item 27A(h) of 
amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above for annual reports, we are adopting, as 
proposed, the requirement that a fund's semi-annual report must include 
a brief, plain English statement that certain additional fund 
information is available on the fund's website, including, as 
applicable the fund's prospectus, financial statements, quarterly 
portfolio schedule, and proxy voting record.\383\ The statement also 
could reference other information on this website that the fund 
reasonably believes shareholders will view as important. This 
requirement builds on the current shareholder report requirements that 
funds must include statements regarding the availability of certain 
information not included in the semi-annual report, namely the fund's: 
(1) quarterly portfolio schedule; (2) proxy

[[Page 72791]]

voting policies and procedures; and (3) proxy voting record.\384\ In 
addition, if the shareholder report appears on a fund's website or 
otherwise is provided electronically, the fund must provide a means of 
facilitating access to that additional information (such as a 
hyperlink).\385\ Collectively, these requirements will be the same as 
the requirements with regard to the availability of additional 
information in annual reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \383\ See supra section II.A.2.h; see also Item 27A(i) of 
amended Form N-1A.
    \384\ See Items 27(d)(3) through (5) of amended Form N-1A.
    \385\ See Instruction 1 to Item 27A(i) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Format and Presentation of Semi-Annual Report
    The semi-annual report generally will be subject to the same format 
and presentation requirements as the annual report. We did not receive 
any comments on format and presentation requirements specific to semi-
annual reports, and we are adopting these requirements with the same 
changes discussed above applicable to the format and presentation of 
annual reports.
    Information in semi-annual reports will be required to appear in 
the same order as the corresponding form items appear in the final 
amendments to Form N-1A.\386\ Any information that a fund may choose to 
include in the semi-annual report will also be subject to this ordering 
requirement (that is, it will have to be presented in the same order as 
the parallel mandatory disclosures in annual reports). Like the 
parallel requirement for annual reports, this ordering requirement is 
designed to ensure that information we believe is most salient to 
shareholders would appear first in the report. The ordering requirement 
also is designed to promote consistency and comparison across funds and 
will place related report contents close together.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \386\ See Instruction 2 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A. 
This instruction also includes provisions that are applicable to a 
semi-annual report that appears on a website or is otherwise 
provided electronically.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The other instructions for annual reports' format and presentation 
discussed above also apply to semi-annual reports. These include the 
``plain English'' instructions for the organization, wording, and 
design of the report. They also include the instructions encouraging 
funds to consider using, as appropriate, question-and-answer format, 
charts, graphs, tables, bullet lists, and other graphics or text 
features as a way to help provide context for the information 
presented.
3. Electronic Semi-Annual Reports Instructions and Requirements
    The final instructions for electronic annual reports that we are 
adopting, including those that promote the use of interactive, user-
friendly electronic design features, will also apply to semi-annual 
reports. We did not receive comments specifically addressing the 
instructions for semi-annual reports and we are adopting these 
requirements as proposed. Among other things, these instructions (1) 
provide ordering and presentation requirements for semi-annual reports 
that appear on a website or are otherwise provided electronically; (2) 
provide flexibility for funds to add additional tools and features to 
semi-annual reports that appear on a website or are otherwise provided 
electronically; and (3) require a semi-annual report to include a link 
or some other means of immediately accessing information referenced in 
the report that is available online.

C. Form N-CSR and Website Availability Requirements

    We are adopting amendments to Form N-CSR and rule 30e-1 to 
implement the final rules' layered disclosure framework for funds' 
shareholder reports. We are requiring funds to continue to file certain 
information, which is currently included in fund shareholder reports, 
on Form N-CSR.\387\ Commenters were broadly supportive of the proposed 
amendments to Form N-CSR.\388\ As discussed below, we received several 
comments suggesting clarification or technical modification to the 
proposed rules. Several commenters stated that they supported the 
layered disclosure approach that the proposed amendments to Form N-CSR 
would effectuate, specifically supporting the proposed allocation of 
information among shareholder reports and Form N-CSR.\389\ We are 
adopting the amendments to Form N-CSR and rule 30e-1 substantially as 
proposed, with some modifications in response to comments raised, 
including technical changes and a change in the amount of time a fund 
will have to make information available online, in response to comments 
received.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \387\ See Items 7 through 11 of amended Form N-CSR. Section 30 
of the Investment Company Act requires funds to file their 
shareholder reports, including certain information that must appear 
in their reports, with the Commission. See Investment Company Act 
sections 30(a), 30(e); see also infra Table 4.
    \388\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Comment Letter of CUSIP 
Global Services (Dec. 31, 2020) (``CUSIP Comment Letter''); 
Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \389\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; 
TIAA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Form N-CSR requirement is designed to continue to make 
available a broader set of fund information than what will appear in 
funds' annual and semi-annual reports. The Form N-CSR information is 
less retail-focused than the information that will appear in funds' 
annual and semi-annual reports, but as detailed below we believe that 
retaining the availability of this information is important for 
investors who desire more in-depth information, financial 
professionals, and other market participants.\390\ This information 
will continue to provide shareholders and other market participants 
with access to historical, immutable data regarding the fund on EDGAR. 
This historical information also will facilitate the Commission's fund 
monitoring responsibilities and could create significant efficiencies 
in the location of information for data gathering, search, and alert 
functions used in those monitoring activities. A fund's principal 
executive and financial officer(s) are required to certify the 
financial and other information included on Form N-CSR, and these 
individuals are subject to liability for material misstatements or 
omissions on Form N-CSR.\391\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \390\ For example, filing on EDGAR facilitates the financial 
statement reviews that section 408 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 
mandates. Additionally, because Form N-CSR is filed with the 
Commission on EDGAR, a fund can incorporate by reference information 
that is disclosed on Form N-CSR, including the fund's financial 
statements, into a fund's registration statement, subject to certain 
limitations. See 17 CFR 270.0-4 [rule 0-4 under the Investment 
Company Act] (additional rules on incorporation by reference for 
funds); 17 CFR 230.411 [rule 411 under the Securities Act] (general 
rules on incorporation by reference in a prospectus); 17 CFR 232.303 
[rule 303 of Regulation S-T] (specific requirements for 
electronically filed documents); General Instruction D to Form N-1A.
    \391\ See 17 CFR 270.30a-2 [rule 30a-2 under the Investment 
Company Act], Item 13(a)(2) of current Form N-CSR, and Item 18(a)(2) 
of amended Form N-CSR; see also Certification of Disclosure in 
Companies' Quarterly and Annual Reports, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 25722 (Aug. 28, 2002) [67 FR 57275 (Sept. 09, 2002)]; 
Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.395 (discussing the 
certification requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Public 
Law 107-204, 116 Stat. 745 (2002)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amendments we are adopting to rule 30e-1, as proposed, will 
require funds to make available on a website the information that they 
will newly have to file on Form N-CSR, and to deliver such information 
upon request to shareholders, free of charge. These website 
availability requirements are designed to provide ready access to this 
information for shareholders who find this information pertinent. The 
requirements also should assist those investors who find it most 
convenient to locate fund materials on a website that is not EDGAR. We 
received several

[[Page 72792]]

comments supporting the proposed website availability 
requirements.\392\ One commenter supported allowing funds to delay the 
availability of materials by 60 instead of 70 days after the end of the 
relevant fiscal period or up to the date the annual report is sent to 
shareholders, whichever is sooner, and as discussed below we are 
incorporating a modification to the proposed rules that reflects this 
suggested shortened time frame.\393\
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    \392\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; CUSIP Comment Letter; and 
Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \393\ See Morningstar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The following table outlines the contents that we proposed and are 
now requiring funds to include in their Form N-CSR filings and make 
available online. Except for the new items to Form N-CSR that the 
Commission is adding as a part of this rulemaking, the current 
requirements of Form N-CSR remain unchanged.\394\
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    \394\ The Proposing Release requested comment on the use of 
CUSIP numbers in Item 6.b of Form N-CSR (which requires information 
about divested securities and was not a form item for which we 
proposed amendments). The Commission received two comments 
supporting the continued use of CUSIP numbers in Form N-CSR. See 
CUSIP Comment Letter and ABA Comment Letter. We are not amending the 
requirements of Item 6.b, and Form N-CSR will continue to require 
that funds provide CUSIP numbers for divested securities that funds 
list in response to Item 6.b.

                Table 4--Outline of Final Rules' Form N-CSR and Website Availability Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        Current rule and form      New disclosure items         New website
 Description (and related statutory       requirement(s) for         for filing on SEC         availability
            requirement)                  shareholder report        forms, under final      requirements, under
                                         disclosure (if any)               rules                final rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Financial statements for funds       Items 27(b)(1) and 27(c)(1)  Item 7(a) of Form N-    Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
 (required by section 30(e) of the    of Form N-1A.                CSR.
 Investment Company Act).
Financial highlights for funds.....  Items 27(b)(2) and 27(c)(2)  Item 7(b) of Form N-    Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
                                      of Form N-1A.                CSR.
Remuneration paid to directors,      Items 27(b)(3) and 27(c)(3)  Item 10 of Form N-CSR.  Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
 officers and others of funds         of Form N-1A.
 (required by section 30(e) of the
 Investment Company Act).
Changes in and disagreement with     Items 27(b)(4) and 27(c)(4)  Item 8 of Form N-CSR..  Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
 accountants for funds.               of Form N-1A; Item 304 of
                                      Regulation S-K.
Matters submitted to fund            Rule 30e-1(b)..............  Item 9 of Form N-CSR..  Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
 shareholders for a vote.
Statement regarding the basis for    Item 27(d)(6) of Form N-1A.  Item 11 of Form N-CSR.  Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
 the board's approval of investment
 advisory contract.
Complete portfolio holdings as of    Currently required in Part   N/A (not currently      Rule 30e-1(b)(2)(ii).
 the close of the fund's most         F of Form N-PORT. Also       required to be filed
 recent first and third fiscal        website availability of      on Form N-CSR; will
 quarters.                            this information currently   not be required to be
                                      required for funds relying   filed on Form N-CSR
                                      on rule 30e-3.               under the final
                                                                   rules).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. New Form N-CSR Filing Requirements
a. Financial Statements
    We are adopting as proposed the requirement for a fund to file its 
most recent complete annual or semi-annual financial statements on Form 
N-CSR, and provide certain data points from the financial statements in 
its annual and semi-annual reports, in lieu of including the fund's 
complete financial statements in its shareholder reports.\395\ 
Consistent with current requirements, the fund's annual financial 
statements must be audited and accompanied by any associated 
accountant's report, while the semi-annual financial statements need 
not be audited.\396\ We received comments requesting clarification 
regarding whether funds will be permitted to prepare and file combined 
financial statements that include multiple series or portfolios in a 
trust. These comments are discussed below.
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    \395\ See Item 7(a) of amended Form N-CSR; see also supra 
section II.A.2.e (discussing the requirement to include a graphical 
representation of a fund's holdings in the shareholder report).
    \396\ See Item 27(b)(1) and 27(c)(1) of current Form N-1A. A 
fund's audited financial statements must include, among other items: 
(1) an audited balance sheet, or statement of assets and 
liabilities, as of the end of the most recent fiscal year; (2) an 
audited statement of operations for the most recent fiscal year; (3) 
an audited statement of cash flows for the most recent fiscal year 
if necessary to comply with generally accepted accounting principles 
(``GAAP''); (4) audited changes in net assets for the two most 
recent fiscal years; and (5) a schedule of investments in securities 
of unaffiliated issuers. See 17 CFR 210.3-18 and 210.6-10 [rules 3-
18 and 6-10 of Regulation S-X].
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    Section 30(e) of the Investment Company Act provides that funds' 
annual and semi-annual reports include the fund's financial statements, 
which in turn must include a statement of assets and liabilities, a 
schedule of investments that shows the amount and value of each 
security owned by the fund on that date, a statement of operations, and 
a statement of changes in net assets.\397\ The annual report must 
include audited financial statements accompanied by a certificate of an 
independent public accountant.\398\ The financial statements (including 
the fund's schedule of portfolio investments) provide data regarding 
the values of the fund's portfolio investments as of the end of the 
reporting period. They provide a ``snapshot'' of data at a particular 
point in time, or, for example in the case of the statement of 
operations, historical data over a specified time period.\399\
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    \397\ See sections 30(e)(1) through (4) of the Investment 
Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-29(e)(1) through (4)], and section 
30(e)(6) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-29(e)(6)].
    \398\ See section 30(g) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 
80a-29(g)].
    \399\ See Investment Company Reporting Modernization, Investment 
Company Act Release No. 31610 (May 20, 2015) [80 FR 33590 (June 12, 
2015)], at text following n.55.
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    The rules under Regulation S-X establish general requirements for 
portfolio holdings disclosures in fund financial statements. 
Information regarding a fund's schedule of portfolio investments is 
designed to enable shareholders to make more informed asset allocation 
decisions by allowing them to monitor better the extent to which their 
investment portfolios overlap. In addition, this information

[[Page 72793]]

may provide shareholders--particularly those with facility in analyzing 
funds' individual portfolio holdings--with information about how a fund 
is complying with its stated investment objective and expose any 
deviation from the fund's investment objective (i.e., style 
drift).\400\ In lieu of providing a complete schedule of portfolio 
investments as part of the financial statements included in its 
shareholder report, a fund may provide a summary schedule of portfolio 
investments (``summary schedule'').\401\
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    \400\ See Shareholder Reports and Quarterly Portfolio Disclosure 
of Registered Management Investment Companies, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 26372 (Feb. 27, 2004) [69 FR 11244 (Mar. 9, 2004)], 
at text accompanying n.32.
    \401\ See Instruction 1 to Item 27(b)(1) of current Form N-1A 
(permitting the inclusion of Schedule VI--summary schedule of 
investments in securities of unaffiliated issuers under 17 CFR 
210.12-12C [Rule 12-12C of Regulation S-X] in lieu of Schedule 1--
Investments of securities of unaffiliated issuers under 17 CFR 
210.12-12 (Rule 12-12 of Regulation S-X)). The summary schedule must 
list, separately, the 50 largest issues and any other issue 
exceeding one percent of the net asset value of the fund at the 
close of the period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules that we are adopting will require funds to provide 
the complete financial statements on Form N-CSR, while retaining the 
graphical representation of holdings in the annual and semi-annual 
reports. We did not receive comment on this element of the proposal and 
are adopting it as proposed. We continue believe that this layered 
approach to disclosure will help shareholders understand how the fund 
invests its assets. This approach is also designed to permit all 
shareholders, including retail shareholders, to monitor and assess 
their ongoing investment in the fund in a concise, easy-to-understand 
pictorial format, while preserving access to the more complete 
financial statements for shareholders that find this broader 
information useful. We understand that investors may find the inclusion 
of a fund's complete financial statements in the annual and semi-annual 
reports to be complex and difficult to understand.\402\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \402\ See Comment Letter of the Investment Company Institute on 
the Investor Experience RFC (stating that the streamlined 
shareholder report mockup that the comment letter included did not 
include certain items, including the fund's full financial 
statements, ``because we concluded that they were of a more 
technical nature that a typical retail investor would not read or 
understand''); see also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at 
n.421 and accompanying text (discussing an industry survey conducted 
by a commenter finding that the ``average retail shareholder'' finds 
most of the items from the financial highlights section difficult to 
understand).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also are adopting amendments to Form N-1A that will eliminate a 
fund's ability to provide a summary schedule in lieu of providing a 
complete schedule of portfolio investments as part of the financial 
statements. We did not receive comment on this aspect of the proposal 
and are adopting it as proposed. We believe that this is appropriate 
because the annual and semi-annual reports will no longer include the 
complete financial statements (which include the schedule of portfolio 
investments). Therefore, because a fund's full schedule of investments 
will only be included on Form N-CSR and on a website as required under 
the final rules, continuing to allow funds to use the summary schedule 
is unnecessary. Furthermore, because the annual and semi-annual reports 
are designed to help investors focus on the most salient features of 
the fund to better evaluate their investment, we do not believe it 
would be useful to shareholders, and may even be confusing, to allow 
funds to provide a summary schedule alongside the complete schedule of 
portfolio investments online. We received comments requesting 
clarification confirming that a fund may prepare and file combined 
financial statements for separate series or portfolios to satisfy Item 
7 of amended Form N-CSR.\403\ Commenters stated that they would incur 
significant financial cost to prepare separate financial statements for 
each series or portfolio of a trust when filing Form N-CSR, without a 
perceived benefit.\404\ As discussed above, funds will be required to 
prepare separate shareholder reports for each series or portfolio in a 
trust, as well as for each share class of a fund, and will no longer be 
permitted to prepare ``combined'' shareholder reports under the final 
rules. The requirement that funds prepare separate shareholder reports 
for each series or portfolio of a trust, as well as for each share 
class, is intended to simplify information for retail investors. This 
rationale is not the same for Form N-CSR filings. We recognize that 
information in Form N-CSR will be lengthier and more complex than the 
information that appears in a fund's shareholder report, and we do not 
believe that funds and their shareholders should be required to bear 
the costs associated with preparing separate financial statements for 
each series or portfolio in a trust. The amendments we are adopting to 
Form N-CSR do not prohibit funds from preparing and submitting 
multicolumn financial statements that include multiple series or 
portfolios, or that address multiple share classes of a fund, provided 
such financial statement presentation is consistent with Regulation S-
X.\405\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \403\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter. These commenters also requested this 
clarification with respect to the financial statements that they 
would make available online under the proposed amendments to rule 
30e-1. See infra section II.C.2.
    \404\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter.
    \405\ Likewise, the final website availability requirements that 
we are adopting as amendments to rule 30e-1 do not prohibit this.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Financial Highlights
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement for funds to file 
their financial highlights information on Form N-CSR.\406\ This 
information is identical to the information currently required in fund 
shareholder reports. Funds will not be required to include financial 
highlights information in their annual or semi-annual reports, with the 
exception of certain specific data points as discussed below. We 
received comments supporting the proposed requirement that funds file 
their financial highlights information on Form N-CSR instead of 
including this information in their shareholder reports.\407\ We did 
not receive any comment letters opposing this proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \406\ See Item 7(b) of amended Form N-CSR.
    \407\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; DFIN Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, funds are required to disclose the condensed financial 
information that Item 13(a) of Form N-1A requires (i.e., financial 
highlights) in their annual and semi-annual reports.\408\ The financial 
highlights include a summary table of financial information covering 
the preceding five years (or since the fund's inception, if less than 
five years).\409\ Under certain circumstances, a fund may incorporate 
by reference its financial highlights from the shareholder report into 
its prospectus.\410\ The information contained in a fund's financial 
highlights generally is designed to help investors evaluate the fund's 
historical performance and the fund manager's investment management 
expertise.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \408\ See Items 27(b)(2) and 27(c)(2) of current Form N-1A; see 
also Item 13(a) of current and amended Form N-1A.
    \409\ The summary table contains information regarding changes 
in a fund's net asset value, total returns, portfolio turnover rate, 
and capital distributions, among other things, during the preceding 
five years. See Item 13(a) of current and amended Form N-1A.
    \410\ See Instruction 4(e) to Item 13 of current Form N-1A. See 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.416 (discussing the 
ability of a fund to currently incorporate the financial highlights 
from a shareholder report into the prospectus if the fund delivers 
the shareholder report simultaneously with the prospectus or if the 
shareholder report has been delivered to shareholders).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the final rules will require funds to file the entirety of 
their financial highlights on Form N-CSR, we also are retaining certain 
elements of the financial highlight information in funds'

[[Page 72794]]

annual and semi-annual reports, as proposed. The final rules require 
that a fund must disclose its expense ratio in the ``Fund Expenses'' 
section of the annual and semi-annual reports. Also, while funds' 
shareholder reports will no longer include annual total returns for 
each of the preceding five years, the MDFP section of the annual report 
will continue to include certain information regarding a fund's annual 
total returns. We are also requiring that funds disclose their net 
assets and portfolio turnover rate (which are data elements from the 
fund's financial highlights) as some of the statistics that funds will 
be required to include in their annual and semi-annual reports.
    Item 13 of current Form N-1A requires a fund to include financial 
highlights information in its prospectus, and an instruction to this 
item permits a fund to incorporate this information from a shareholder 
report under rule 30e-1 by reference into its prospectus.\411\ Because 
funds' shareholder reports will no longer include financial highlights, 
we proposed amending the current instruction to instead allow a fund to 
incorporate by reference into its prospectus its financial highlights 
from Form N-CSR (as opposed to from the fund's shareholder 
report).\412\ We received comments supporting funds being permitted, 
but not required to, incorporate financial highlight information by 
reference.\413\ We did not receive any comments opposing this aspect of 
the proposal. We are adopting this aspect of the proposal as proposed. 
For existing shareholders that have received the fund's shareholder 
report, a fund will be permitted to incorporate the financial 
highlights by reference into the prospectus if the cover page includes 
the legend that Item 1(b)(1) of Form N-1A requires, describing 
additional information available about the fund in the fund's annual 
and semi-annual financial statements and in Form N-CSR.\414\ For new 
investors in the fund, the fund will be required to provide the fund's 
most recent shareholder report along with its prospectus.\415\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \411\ See Instruction (4)(d) to Item 13 of current Form N-1A 
(allowing a fund to incorporate by reference its financial 
highlights from its shareholder report into the prospectus so long 
as the fund delivers the shareholder report with the prospectus 
(i.e., for new shareholders)). If the shareholder report has been 
previously delivered (e.g., to a current shareholder), the fund 
includes a statement clarifying that the financial highlights are 
being incorporated by reference pursuant to the requirements of Item 
1(b)(1) of Form N-1A).
    \412\ See Instruction (4)(e) to Item 13 of proposed Form N-1A; 
see also discussion at Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying n.428.
    \413\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; DFIN Comment Letter.
    \414\ See Instruction (4)(e) to Item 13 of amended Form N-1A; 
see also Item 1(b)(1) of amended Form N-1A. The required legend will 
state (among other things) that: (1) additional information about 
the fund's investments is available in the fund's annual report to 
shareholders and in Form N-CSR; (2) the fund's annual report and 
Form N-CSR are available, without charge, upon request. A fund must 
also explain how shareholders may make inquiries to the fund, 
provide a telephone number for shareholders to call to request the 
fund's annual report and Form N-CSR, and state whether the fund 
makes available Form N-CSR, free of charge, on the fund's website. 
The requirement in Instruction 4(e) to Item 13 of amended Form N-1A 
is parallel to the current requirements for incorporation by 
reference in Instruction 4(d) to Item 13 of current Form N-1A. See 
supra footnote 411.
    \415\ See Instruction (4)(e) to Item 13 of amended Form N-1A
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Changes in and Disagreement With Accountants for Funds
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that a fund must file 
on Form N-CSR the disclosures that Item 304 of Regulation S-K currently 
requires, concerning changes in and disagreements with 
accountants.\416\ We did not receive any comment on this aspect of the 
proposal. Funds must currently include the entirety of this information 
in their shareholder reports. The new Form N-CSR filing requirement 
complements the new requirement that funds must include a high-level 
summary of changes in and disagreements with accountants in their 
annual reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \416\ See Item 8 of amended Form N-CSR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the disclosure that we are requiring funds to include in 
their shareholder reports is designed to put shareholders on notice of 
the dismissal or resignation of an accountant and the existence of a 
material disagreement with that accountant, the information that funds 
will report on Form N-CSR will provide additional, more nuanced and 
technical disclosure that may be informative to some shareholders and 
other market participants. This disclosure could be meaningful as it 
indicates that the fund has especially challenging, subjective, and/or 
complex accounting policies and financial statement disclosures or the 
accountant could not resolve audit findings. We also believe that it is 
appropriate to retain this disclosure in Form N-CSR, a location that 
includes audited financial information, to provide those investors, 
financial professionals, and other market participants who review and 
analyze this disclosure with appropriate contextual information.
d. Matters Submitted for a Shareholder Vote
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that funds must 
include information about matters submitted for a shareholder vote on 
Form N-CSR, rather than in their shareholder reports.\417\ This 
information is identical to the information currently included in fund 
shareholder reports.\418\ We did not receive any comments on this 
aspect of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \417\ See Item 9 of amended Form N-CSR.
    \418\ See current rule 30e-1(b) (providing current shareholder 
report disclosure requirements regarding matters submitted for a 
shareholder vote). The disclosure that currently appears in 
shareholder reports includes: (1) the date of the meeting and 
whether it was an annual or special meeting; (2) if the meeting 
involved the election of directors, the name of each director 
elected at the meeting and the name of each other director whose 
term of office as a director continued after the meeting; and (3) a 
brief description of each matter voted upon at the meeting and the 
number of votes cast for, against or withheld, as well as the number 
of abstentions and broker non-votes as to each such matter, 
including a separate tabulation with respect to each matter or 
nominee for office. The final rules retain the requirement for 
registered investment companies that are not open-end funds to 
include this disclosure in their shareholder reports. See amended 
rule 30e-1(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amendments to the disclosure requirements for matters submitted 
for a shareholder vote are designed to further our layered approach to 
shareholder report disclosure. Shareholder voting plays a valuable role 
in fund regulation, and this disclosure keeps shareholders and other 
parties informed and may operate as a deterrent to self-dealing by the 
fund's adviser.\419\ The final rule balances the importance of 
continuing to make available information about shareholder voting, 
while focusing the content of funds' shareholder reports on concise, 
retail-focused information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \419\ See, e.g., Amendments to Proxy Rules for Registered 
Investment Companies, Investment Company Act Release No. 19957 (Dec. 
16, 1993) [58 FR 67729 (Dec. 22, 1993)], at text following n.6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission's approach of removing shareholder vote information 
from the shareholder report also reflects that shareholders will 
continue to receive information about these matters through other 
channels. Shareholders will continue to receive a detailed description 
of matters submitted for a shareholder vote in fund proxy statements, 
as they do today.\420\

[[Page 72795]]

Furthermore, because the annual report will require funds to describe 
certain material changes that have occurred in the fiscal year, 
shareholders will receive disclosure of certain material changes that 
have resulted from shareholder votes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \420\ See, e.g. Schedule 14A [17 CFR 240.14a-101] under the 
Exchange Act (providing the content requirements for investment 
company proxy statements). Funds also are required to disclose on 
Form N-CEN whether the fund submitted any matters for a shareholder 
vote during the reporting period. The primary audience for Form N-
CEN is not retail investors. This reporting item could, however, 
result in retail investors having access to additional information 
about shareholder votes to the extent that data aggregators or 
others include this data in their retail-investor-facing analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If it would be valuable to a shareholder to review additional 
information about the outcome of matters submitted for a shareholder 
vote, the shareholder will continue to have access to this more-
detailed information, which the fund will file on Form N-CSR. For 
example, certain shareholders and other market participants may want to 
access shareholder vote information on matters such as changes in the 
fund's fundamental policies, investment advisory agreements, board of 
directors, and organizational documents. We also anticipate filing this 
information under a specific Item on Form N-CSR will help interested 
users locate it, as currently it is not required to appear in any 
particular location of funds' often-voluminous shareholder reports, and 
funds' practices with respect to the location and formatting of this 
information vary substantially.
e. Remuneration Paid to Directors, Officers, and Others
    We are adopting, largely as proposed but with a technical change 
suggested by a commenter, the requirement for funds to file the 
aggregate remuneration the fund paid to its directors, officers, and 
certain affiliated persons on Form N-CSR instead of including this 
information in their shareholder reports.\421\ This information is 
identical to the information currently required in fund shareholder 
reports. Funds currently provide this information in their annual 
reports under section 30(e) of the Investment Company Act.\422\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \421\ See Item 10 of amended Form N-CSR.
    \422\ See section 30(e)(5) of the Investment Company Act [15 
U.S.C. 80a-30(e)(5)] (permitting the Commission to require that 
funds transmit to shareholders, at least semi-annually, reports 
containing, among other things, a statement of aggregate 
remuneration paid by the fund during the period covered by the 
report to officers, directors, and certain affiliated persons); see 
also Items 27(b)(3) and 27(c)(3) of current Form N-1A. Funds are 
required to disclose aggregate remuneration paid to: (1) all 
directors and all members of any advisory board for regular 
compensation; (2) each director and each member of an advisory board 
for special compensation; (3) all officers; and (4) each person of 
whom any officer or director of the fund is an affiliated person.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that availability of information about 
remuneration paid to the fund's directors and officers may help 
shareholders to analyze the use of corporate funds and assets, and to 
assess the value the fund's directors and officers bring to the fund. 
This approach also reflects that a fund currently is required to 
provide detailed disclosure regarding compensation paid to each of the 
directors, members of any advisory board, and certain officers and 
affiliates in the fund's SAI. Investors who desire more in-depth 
information, financial professionals, and other market participants who 
would find remuneration-related information valuable (for example, in 
monitoring fund management) will continue to be able to find it in the 
fund's SAI (where compensation information is disclosed for each 
director), as well as in Form N-CSR filings (where compensation 
information is aggregated, as it is in shareholder reports today).
    We received one comment supporting this proposed requirement.\423\ 
Another commenter opposed removing board compensation disclosure from 
shareholder reports and reporting it on Form N-CSR.\424\ This commenter 
stated their concern that not including this information in shareholder 
reports may make it more difficult for investors to hold boards 
accountable as they would not receive a ``push'' communication of it 
through the shareholder report. We continue to believe that this type 
of information is not directly pertinent to a retail shareholder's 
understanding of the fund's operation and performance. We understand 
that this information may have less direct impact on an investor's 
returns than, for example, annual performance and fee information. We 
believe, however, that this type of information is important to retain 
publicly for those investors who want it because this information gives 
context to the fund's returns. We are therefore adopting the proposed 
approach employing layered disclosure principles, where current 
remuneration disclosure will remain available online but will not 
appear in funds' shareholder reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \423\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \424\ Morningstar Trustees Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested a technical change to the proposed rule 
text language.\425\ The commenter noted that, currently funds must 
disclose compensation paid to directors and officers in the annual 
report unless that information is disclosed as part of the financial 
statements. Accordingly, to avoid redundancy, this commenter 
recommended inserting the phrase ``unless the information is disclosed 
as part of the financial statements included in Item 7 [the Item 
requiring the filing of funds' financial statements]'' in the new Form 
N-CSR item addressing remuneration-related information. We agree with 
this commenter that it would be duplicative and unnecessary to require 
funds to disclose this information separately if it is included in 
funds' financial statements, and we have incorporated the requested 
technical change.\426\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \425\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \426\ See Item 10 of amended Form N-CSR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Statement Regarding Basis for Approval of Investment Advisory 
Contract
    Funds currently are required to provide a statement, in the annual 
and semi-annual reports, regarding the basis for the board's approval 
of the fund's investment advisory contract.\427\ The final rules we are 
adopting, as proposed, instead require funds to provide this 
information on Form N-CSR.\428\ We did not receive any comment opposing 
this recommendation and only received comment suggesting a technical 
correction addressing a faulty cross-reference.\429\ We are adopting 
this requirement as proposed, with the suggested technical 
correction.\430\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \427\ See Item 27(d)(6) of current Form N-1A.
    \428\ See Item 11 of amended Form N-CSR. We are also adopting a 
conforming amendment eliminating Item 10(a)(1)(iii) of amended Form 
N-1A, which requires funds to include, in the SAI, a statement 
noting that a discussion regarding the basis for the board's 
approval of any investment advisory contract is available in the 
fund's annual or semi-annual report, as applicable, and providing 
the period covered by the relevant report.
    \429\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \430\ The ICI Comment Letter noted that the instruction to 
proposed Item 11 of Form N-CSR inadvertently included a cross-
reference to ``paragraph (d)(6)(i) of this Item.'' This cross-
reference is a reference to Item 27 of current Form N-1A and was an 
inadvertent error. We are correcting this mistake by removing the 
cross-reference to Form N-1A from Item 11 in amended Form N-CSR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requiring funds to provide shareholders with information regarding 
the board's review of investment advisory contracts preserves 
transparency with respect to those contracts and fees paid for advisory 
services, assists investors in making informed investment decisions, 
and encourages fund boards to engage in vigorous and independent 
oversight of advisory contracts. The Commission proposed to remove this 
disclosure from the shareholder report because it does not pertain 
directly to a retail shareholder's understanding of the operations and 
performance of the fund, and the required information does not lend 
itself to the type of focused disclosure that the proposed annual 
report was designed to include. No commenters objected to the proposed 
approach. Because of the nature and

[[Page 72796]]

quantity of information in this disclosure, we believe that it is 
better suited to appear in a different location that would continue to 
permit access to fund shareholders and other market participants who 
find this information to be particularly useful and meaningful. 
Providing this information on Form N-CSR will continue to allow these 
persons effectively to consider the costs and value of the services 
that the fund's investment adviser renders.\431\
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    \431\ Fund shareholders also will receive disclosure about the 
factors that form the basis for the board's approval of the advisory 
contract if a fund's advisory contract were to require a shareholder 
vote. In this case, the fund would be required to include in its 
proxy statement a discussion of the material factors the board 
considered as part of its decision to approve the fund's investment 
advisory contract. See Item 22(c)(11) of Schedule 14A.
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2. Website Availability Requirements
a. Website Content Requirements
    As proposed, we are requiring a fund to make available on a website 
all of the information that will be newly required on Form N-CSR and no 
longer included in a fund's shareholder reports. A fund must make the 
required disclosures publicly accessible, free of charge, and will be 
required to make this information available from 60 days after the end 
of the relevant fiscal period until 60 days following end of the next 
respective fiscal period.\432\ This requirement represents a 
modification from the proposal, which would have required funds to make 
that same information available from 70 days after the end of the 
fiscal period until 70 days following the next fiscal period.
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    \432\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i) (requiring a fund to 
disclose Items 7 through 11 of Form N-CSR on a website no later than 
60 days after the end of the fiscal half-year or fiscal year of the 
fund until 60 days after the end of the next fiscal half-year or 
fiscal year of the fund, respectively).
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    We received several comments supporting the proposed 70-day 
deadline for making information available on a website.\433\ One 
commenter, however, supported allowing funds to delay the availability 
of materials by 60 instead of 70 days after the end of the relevant 
fiscal period or up to the date the annual report is sent to 
shareholders, whichever is sooner.\434\ Funds are required to transmit 
shareholder reports to investors within 60 days after the close of the 
relevant period.\435\ This commenter supported aligning the information 
that funds would newly have to make available online with the time in 
which funds must transmit their shareholder reports. This would help 
avoid a situation in which an investor has received a shareholder 
report that references the online availability of additional content, 
but the shareholder may not be able to access that content because the 
fund has not yet been required to make it available online. We are 
persuaded by the commenter and in order to facilitate the final rules' 
layered disclosure approach, the final rules require that the 
information on Form N-CSR should be made available on a website within 
60 days--e.g., the same time period that funds are required to transmit 
their shareholder reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \433\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of Independent Directors Council (Dec. 22, 
2020) (``Independent Directors Council Comment Letter'').
    \434\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \435\ See current rule 30e-1(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The new website posting requirement therefore mandates that funds 
post the information contained in Items 7-11 of amended Form N-CSR 
within the suggested 60-day time period. The information contained in 
these items was previously required to be included in the fund's 
shareholder reports, and the time frame for transmitting shareholder 
reports to investors (that is, within 60 days of the end of the fiscal 
period) remains the same under the final rules as it did previously. 
Funds will continue to have 70 days to file the complete Form N-CSR 
with the Commission, as they do today.\436\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \436\ Funds must file Form N-CSR with the Commission within 10 
days of disseminating annual and semiannual reports to shareholders. 
See rule 30b2-1(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, as proposed we are also requiring a fund (other than a 
money market fund) to make its complete portfolio holdings, as of the 
close of the fund's most recent first and third fiscal quarters, 
available on a website.\437\ The Proposing Release would have required 
funds to make this information available within 70 days after the close 
of each such quarter. We did not receive comments on this aspect of the 
proposal. In light of the comment we received regarding the time period 
for making the other required information available online, we are 
similarly requiring that funds make the required portfolio holdings 
information available within 60 days after the close of each quarter. 
For the sake of clarity and consistency, requiring that funds post 
complete portfolio holdings within 60 days of the end of the fiscal 
quarter will ensure a uniform time period in which funds must make the 
required information available online and transmit shareholder reports. 
As proposed, fund's portfolio holdings information for its first and 
third fiscal quarters will have to remain publicly accessible online 
for a full fiscal year.\438\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \437\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(ii).
    \438\ Amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This portfolio holdings information will complement the second and 
fourth fiscal quarter portfolio holdings information that we are also 
requiring funds to make available on a website (as part of the 
requirement to make their financial statements available online). The 
requirement to post first and third quarter portfolio holdings online 
is designed to provide investors and other market participants with 
easy access to a full year of complete portfolio holdings information 
in one location. The new requirement provides centralized access to 
this information, rather than requiring investors to access the fund's 
reports on Form N-PORT for each of those periods separately.\439\ Also, 
we believe that this online portfolio holdings information will be in a 
more user-friendly presentation than the information that funds report 
on Form N-PORT in structured data format.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \439\ Funds currently are required to disclose their holdings as 
of the end of each fiscal quarter in reports on Form N-PORT filed 
with the Commission (which are available on EDGAR). However, all 
open-end funds currently are not required to send holdings 
information as of the end of the first- and third-quarters to 
shareholders or to make that information accessible on a website 
other than EDGAR. See Part F of Form N-PORT (requiring N-PORT filers 
to provide, as exhibits to Form N-PORT, the fund's complete 
portfolio holdings for the end of the first and third quarters of 
the fund's fiscal year, as of the close of the period, no later than 
60 days after the end of the reporting period).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Accessibility and Presentation Requirements
    Under the final rules, funds will have to comply with certain 
conditions designed to ensure the accessibility of information that is 
required to appear online.\440\ We are adopting these rules as 
proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \440\ Amended rule 30e-1(b)(2). These requirements are similar 
to the accessibility requirements of rule 30e-3 and rule 498 under 
the Securities Act (permitting funds to use a summary prospectus to 
satisfy prospectus delivery obligations) and rule 14a-16 under the 
Exchange Act (requiring issuers and other soliciting persons to 
furnish proxy materials by posting these materials on a public 
website and notifying shareholders of the availability of these 
materials and how to access them).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, the website address where the required information appears 
must be specified on the cover page or beginning of the shareholder 
report and cannot be the address of the Commission's electronic filing 
system.\441\ The website address must be specific enough to lead 
investors directly to the particular information, but may be a central 
site with prominent links to the referenced

[[Page 72797]]

information.\442\ The website may not be the home page or section of 
the fund's website other than on which the information is posted. Thus, 
an investor must be able to navigate from the landing page to each of 
the required documents with a single click or tap.\443\ These 
requirements are designed to ensure that investors are able to navigate 
websites with relative ease in order to locate the information that 
they are seeking quickly and easily.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \441\ Amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i) through (iii). The 
Commission's electronic filing system for fund documents is EDGAR. 
Rule 498 under the Securities Act includes a similar requirement. 
See 17 CFR 230.498(b)(1)(v)(A).
    \442\ Instruction 2 to Item 27A(b) of amended Form N-1A 
(describing the requirements for the website address that must 
appear on the cover page or at the beginning of funds' shareholder 
reports).
    \443\ See Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20, at 
n.168 and accompanying text (discussing similar requirements for the 
website link that rule 30e-3 notices must include, including 
Commission guidance that the effect of this requirement is that an 
investor must be able to navigate to each of the documents that must 
appear on the linked website with a single click or tap).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the required online materials must be presented in a format 
convenient for both reading online and printing on paper, and persons 
accessing the materials must be able to retain permanently (free of 
charge) an electronic copy of the materials in this format. These 
conditions are designed to ensure that this online information is user-
friendly and allows shareholders the same ease of reference and 
retention abilities they would have with paper copies. We received 
several comments supporting our proposed amendments regarding 
accessibility of the required information and none opposing them.\444\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Mutual Fund Directors Forum 
Comment Letter. Some commenters also addressed how electronically-
presented materials may benefit individuals with vision issues or 
other individuals for whom disclosure accessibility raises 
particular challenges. See supra section II.A.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, funds will have the option to satisfy the website 
availability requirement for the information that the fund will newly 
have to file on Form N-CSR by posting its most recent Form N-CSR report 
in its entirety on the website the shareholder report specifies.\445\ 
Funds may either post the online information separately for each series 
of the fund, or group the online information by types of materials and/
or by series.\446\ If a fund were to group the information on its 
website by type of materials and/or by series, the grouped information 
would have to meet certain presentation requirements, including that 
the grouped information: (1) is presented in a format designed to 
communicate the information effectively, (2) clearly distinguishes the 
different types of materials and/or each series (as applicable), and 
(3) provides a means of easily locating the relevant information 
(including, for example, a table of contents that includes hyperlinks 
to the specified materials and series). A fund generally should 
consider the terms it uses in its website presentation to describe the 
required materials, for example in a table of contents, to best 
facilitate shareholder understanding. Some funds may submit combined 
Form N-CSR filings that include multiple series, as discussed 
above.\447\ The information contained in these combined Form N-CSR 
filings will also need to meet the presentation requirements of our 
rules. These requirements are designed to allow funds to tailor the 
website presentation of information to the unique aspects of their 
funds, while presenting the information in a manner that facilitates 
shareholder access. For example, for a fund complex that includes 
several funds, each with multiple classes, the fund complex's website 
could include a master table of contents that contains hyperlinks to 
the specific materials for each fund and each class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \445\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(i).
    \446\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(vii). This provision (``The 
[online materials] . . . may either be separately available for each 
series of a fund, or the materials may be grouped by the types of 
materials and/or by series . . .'') incorporates a clarifying change 
from the proposed provision, which read ``The [online materials] . . 
. may be separately available for each series of a fund or grouped 
by the types of materials and/or by series . . . .'' This clarifying 
change is not intended to change the substance of the proposed 
provision.
    \447\ See supra footnotes 403-405 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds will have flexibility in how online information is presented, 
so long as that information is presented consistent with the 
requirements discussed above. One commenter suggested that we mandate 
the use of a table of contents, organized by topic, on the website 
where the newly required information will appear.\448\ This commenter 
suggested that this presentation requirement could help shareholders 
access all of the relevant fund documents more easily. We agree that a 
table of contents organized by topic could, in certain circumstances, 
facilitate shareholder access to fund information. However, we are not 
adopting this requirement because we believe that funds should be able 
to present information online in an investor-friendly manner while also 
taking into account the unique structure and features of the fund. For 
example, the number of series or share classes may affect how a fund 
decides to present information online so that it is easily accessible 
by investors. We also are mindful that adopting prescriptive 
presentation requirements could prevent remaining ``evergreen'' in 
light of evolving technology.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \448\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, the final rule also will include a safe harbor 
providing that a fund shall have satisfied its obligations to transmit 
shareholder reports even if it did not meet the posting requirements of 
the rule for a temporary period of time.\449\ In order to rely on this 
safe harbor, a fund will have to have reasonable procedures in place to 
help ensure that the required materials appear online in the manner 
required by the rule, and also must take prompt action to correct 
noncompliance with the rule's website availability requirements. The 
rule requires prompt action as soon as practicable following the 
earlier of the time at which the fund knows, or reasonably should have 
known, that the required documents are not available in the manner 
prescribed by the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \449\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(2)(vi).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We received no comments on this safe harbor and are adopting it as 
proposed because we recognize that there may be times when, due to 
events beyond a fund's control, such as system outages or other 
technological issues or natural disasters, a fund may temporarily not 
be in compliance with the web posting requirements of the rule. 
Providing this safe harbor by rule may obviate the need to provide 
exemptive relief from the rule's conditions under these very limited 
and extenuating circumstances, as we have done from time to time.\450\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \450\ See, e.g., Exchange Act Release No. 81760 (Sept. 28, 2017) 
[82 FR 46335 (Oct. 4, 2017)] (exemptive relief for individuals and 
entities affected by Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, or Maria); Regulation 
Crowdfunding and Regulation A Relief and Assistance for Victims of 
Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, and Hurricane Maria, Securities 
Act Release No. 10416 (Sept. 27, 2017) [82 FR 45722 (Oct. 2, 2017)]; 
see also Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20, at n.135.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Delivery Upon Request Requirements
    We are requiring funds to send, at no cost to the requestor and by 
U.S. first class mail or other reasonably prompt means, a paper copy of 
any of the materials that will have to appear online to any person 
requesting such a copy within three business days after receiving a 
request for a paper copy.\451\ A fund must also send, at no cost to the 
requestor by email or other reasonably prompt means, an electronic copy 
of any materials discussed above within three business days after 
receiving a request for an electronic copy.\452\ These

[[Page 72798]]

requirements will also apply to any financial intermediary through 
which shares of the fund may be purchased or sold. We are adopting all 
of these requirements as proposed. We understand that some investors 
continue to prefer to receive information in paper format, and 
therefore our rules are designed to allow shareholders to have ready 
access to the fund information that appears online in print format, if 
they so prefer, or to receive electronic copies of this same 
information.\453\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \451\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(3)(i) see also supra section 
II.C.II.C.2.
    \452\ See amended rule 30e-1(b)(3)(ii). The requirement to send 
an electronic copy of materials may be satisfied by sending a direct 
link to the online materials; provided that a current version of the 
materials is directly accessible through the link from the time that 
the email is sent through the date that is six months after the date 
that the email is sent and the email explains both how long the link 
will remain useable and that, if the recipient desires to retain a 
copy of the materials, the recipient should access and save the 
materials.
    \453\ See Proposing Release, supra note 8, at n.476; see also, 
e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter (each discussing investor preferences 
for electronic delivery.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received one comment recommending that the 
Commission replace the requirement that a fund deliver this information 
within three business days with an ``as soon as reasonably practicable 
but not later than fourteen business days'' requirement.\454\ We 
continue to believe that investors would be better served by requiring 
the requested materials to be sent within three business days of the 
request. The three-business-day timeframe also appears in similar 
existing requirements with respect to requests for copies of other 
similar documents.\455\ Based on experience with these other regulatory 
requirements, we believe that three business days generally is an 
appropriate time frame to send shareholders paper copies of 
information. A ``reasonably practicable'' requirement could extend the 
time frame in which certain investors receive requested materials, and 
conversely also could result in funds being required to send materials 
more quickly than within three business days, as funds and 
intermediaries may have the capability to send materials more quickly 
than this time frame.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \454\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \455\ See, e.g., rule 498(f)(1) (parallel delivery upon request 
requirements for funds and intermediaries relying on rule 498); see 
also Instruction 3 to Item 1 of amended Form N-1A (requiring the SAI 
and shareholder reports to be sent within three business days of 
receipt of a request).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested a technical change relating to the proposed 
delivery upon request requirement. This commenter noted the disparity 
that the prospectus cover page statement appears to require the 
entirety of Form N-CSR to be provided to shareholders, while rule 30e-1 
would require only Items 7-11 to be provided.\456\ In response, we are 
adopting a change to the prospectus cover page statement that Form N-1A 
requires. Instead of stating that ``the SAI, the Fund's annual and 
semi-annual reports to shareholders, and Form N-CSR are available, 
without charge, upon request,'' the statement we are adopting will 
require a fund to explain that ``the SAI, the Fund's annual and semi-
annual reports to shareholders, and other information such as Fund 
financial statements are available, without charge, upon request.'' 
\457\ An instruction to this prospectus disclosure requirement 
specifies that the delivery requirement for the information that the 
statement references applies to ``other information such as financial 
statements that the Fund files on Form N-CSR.'' \458\ We believe that 
these changes clarify that funds (and intermediaries) must only provide 
the information in Item 7-11 of Form N-CSR to shareholders upon 
request.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \456\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \457\ See Item 1 of amended Form N-1A.
    \458\ See Instruction 2 to Item 1 of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Disclosure Items Removed From Shareholder Report and Not Filed on 
Form N-CSR

    Our final rules will not require the following currently-required 
shareholder report contents to appear in funds' shareholder reports 
going forward, nor will they require this information to be filed on 
Form N-CSR:

  Table 5--Current Shareholder Report Contents Removed From Shareholder
       Report, and Not Filed on Form N-CSR, Under the Final Rules
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Current rule and
                               form requirement(s)     Description of
         Description             for shareholder      amendments under
                                report disclosure        final rules
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management information and    Form N-1A Item        Remove from
 statement regarding           27(b)(5) and (6).     shareholder
 availability of additional                          reports, but
 information about fund                              identical
 directors.                                          information will
                                                     remain available in
                                                     a fund's SAI, which
                                                     is available online
                                                     or delivered upon
                                                     request.
Statement regarding           Form N-1A Item        Remove from
 liquidity risk management     27(d)(6)(ii).         shareholder
 program.                                            reports, but
                                                     information
                                                     relevant to funds'
                                                     liquidity risk and
                                                     risk management
                                                     will remain
                                                     available on Form N-
                                                     PORT, on Form N-
                                                     CEN, and in funds'
                                                     prospectuses.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, we are removing the information about a fund's 
directors and officers that currently appears in funds' annual reports 
(the ``management information table'') without requiring this 
disclosure to be filed on Form N-CSR. Currently, a fund is required to 
include the management information table both in the annual report and 
in the fund's SAI.\459\ The Commission received one comment supporting 
the proposed removal of the management information table from the 
shareholder report, so long as the information remains disclosed in the 
fund's SAI, and no comments opposing the removal.\460\ Several 
commenters, however, suggested that funds be required to provide 
different information about a fund's directors, including a statement 
on the role of the board, as well as information on board compensation, 
diversity, and board members' investments in the fund.\461\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ See Item 27(b)(5) of current Form N-1A. For each director 
and officer, a fund must disclose: (1) name, address, and age; (2) 
position(s) held with the fund; (3) term of office and length of 
time served with the fund; (4) principal occupation(s) during the 
past five years; (5) number of portfolios in the fund complex 
overseen by the director; and (6) other directorships held by the 
director. See Item 17(a)(1) of current and amended Form N-1A 
(requiring the inclusion of the management information table in the 
fund's SAI).
    \460\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \461\ Morningstar Comment Letter; Morningstar Trustees Comment 
Letter; Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter; Independent 
Directors Council Comment Letter (suggested allowing, but not 
requiring, this disclosure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that shareholders should have access to 
information regarding fund directors but

[[Page 72799]]

that it is unnecessary to include this disclosure in multiple 
regulatory documents. We also do not believe that including the 
management information table in the shareholder report is necessary for 
retail investors to understand a fund's performance and operations over 
the past reporting period. This disclosure--as well as the additional 
information about the board that some commenters requested--pertains 
less directly to retail shareholders' understanding of the operations 
and performance of the fund and does not lend itself to the type of 
focused disclosure that the annual report is designed to include. We 
therefore are not adopting requirements to include the additional 
information about funds' directors.
    While the proposal would have required a fund to include a concise 
statement regarding its liquidity risk management program (``LRMP'') in 
the shareholder report, the final rules do not include this 
requirement.\462\ The final rules also remove the currently-required 
statement regarding the operation and effectiveness of a fund's LRMP 
from the shareholder report. We are not requiring any of the 
shareholder report's currently-required LRMP narrative disclosure to 
appear elsewhere. We believe that other aspects of our disclosure and 
reporting rules require more specific information about funds' 
liquidity risk and risk management to be provided to the public and 
reported to the Commission and staff, and the currently-required 
narrative disclosure in practice does not augment these other 
requirements meaningfully.\463\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \462\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying n.304 (proposing to replace the currently required LRMP 
disclosure with a brief summary of: (1) key factors or market events 
that materially affected the fund's liquidity risk during the 
reporting period; (2) key features of the fund's LRMP; and (3) 
effectiveness of the fund's liquidity risk management program over 
the past year).
    \463\ See, e.g., Items B.7, B.8, C.7 of Form N-PORT; Item C.20 
of Form N-CEN; Items 11(c)(7)-(8) of current and amended Form N-1A; 
see also Investment Company Liquidity Disclosure, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 33142 (June 28, 2018) [83 FR 31859 (July 10, 2018)] 
(``2018 Liquidity Reporting Adopting Release'') at n.59 and 
accompanying text (clarifying how funds should discuss liquidity 
events that materially affected performance in the MDFP section of 
the annual report).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the proposal, the Commission discussed the reforms that it has 
adopted over the past decade that are designed to promote effective 
liquidity risk management across the open-end fund industry and enhance 
disclosure regarding fund liquidity and redemption practices.\464\ 
Based on a review of disclosures that funds are including in their 
shareholder reports as a result of these reforms, the Commission 
proposed modifications to the current disclosure requirements to 
emphasize that the disclosure must be tailored to each fund and be 
concise.\465\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \464\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at text 
accompanying nn.300-302.
    \465\ See id. at nn.305-306 and accompanying text; see also 
Instruction 1 to Item 27A(i) of proposed Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally opposed including a discussion of fund LRMPs 
in the shareholder report. Specifically, several individual 
shareholders opposed the inclusion of the LRMP disclosure in the 
shareholder report, as did many of the investors who responded to the 
Investor Feedback Flier, indicating that LRMP disclosure was not useful 
to them.\466\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \466\ See, e.g., Ubiquity Comment Letter; Williams Comment 
Letter; Tom and Mary Comment Letter. See supra footnote 47 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, industry commenters generally opposed including this 
disclosure in the shareholder report, suggesting different alternatives 
to the proposed approached. Several commenters suggested that LRMP 
disclosure should be moved in its entirety to Form N-CSR for all 
funds.\467\ Some commenters suggested that, as an alternative to all 
funds moving this disclosure to Form N-CSR, funds that meet the 
``highly liquid fund'' and ``In-Kind ETF'' definitions in rule 22e-4 
under the Investment Company Act should have to file this disclosure on 
Form N-CSR, and all other funds should retain this disclosure in the 
shareholder report.\468\ Some commenters also stated that the proposed 
instructions that would modify the current LRMP disclosure requirements 
are complicated and likely to produce boilerplate language, 
particularly for highly liquid funds.\469\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \467\ See, e.g., Morningstar Trustees Comment Letter; ICI 
Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; see also Angel 
Comment Letter; Barker Comment Letter; Abdullah Comment Letter.
    \468\ See, e.g., Morningstar Trustees Comment Letter; ICI 
Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; Sidley Austin Comment 
Letter; Federated Hermes Comment Letter; see also SIFMA Comment 
Letter and Barker Comment Letter (suggesting this disclosure should 
be included in the shareholder report only for funds that hold a 
certain percentage of investments that the fund classifies as ``less 
liquid'' under rule 22e-4).
    \469\ See ICI Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter; 
Vanguard Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter. But see SIFMA 
Comment Letter (arguing that the LRMP disclosure should not be 
customized to individual funds in all cases because liquidity risk 
is managed at the complex level).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has recognized, in considering disclosure related to 
funds' liquidity risks and risk management, that receiving relevant 
information about the operations of a fund and its principal 
investments is important to investors in choosing appropriate funds for 
their risk tolerances.\470\ Historically, the Commission has modified 
the information funds are required to disclose and report about their 
liquidity risk and risk management to address developments in the 
market, funds' practices, and the Commission's evolving understanding 
about how to best convey salient and useful information to 
investors.\471\ In the proposed amendments to funds' current LRMP 
disclosure, the Commission expressed that it preliminarily believed the 
disclosure in its current form is not well-suited to a concise 
shareholder report. We continue to believe this. After considering 
commenters' concerns, however, we are not adopting the proposed 
approach. The proposed approach, even if it would better tailor the 
disclosure currently appearing in funds' shareholder reports, may not 
result in disclosure that pertains directly to a retail shareholder's 
understanding of the operations and performance of the fund, and also 
may not result in the type of focused disclosure that the new 
shareholder report is designed to include. We highlight that funds will 
still be required to discuss in their MDFP the key factors that 
materially affects a fund's performance during the reporting period, 
including the relevant market conditions and the investment strategies 
and techniques used by the fund's investment adviser.\472\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \470\ See Investment Company Liquidity Risk Management Programs, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 32315 (Oct. 13, 2016) [81 FR 
82142 (Nov. 18, 2016)] (``2016 Liquidity Adopting Release''), at 
text preceding n.893.
    \471\ See 2018 Liquidity Reporting Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 463.
    \472\ See Instruction 1 to Item 27A(d)(1) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that helping shareholders to better understand how the 
fund is managing its liquidity risks, which in turn could inform the 
shareholders' ability to monitor their investments in the fund, merits 
further consideration.

E. Transmission of Shareholder Reports

1. Amendments Narrowing Scope of Rule 30e-3
    Subject to conditions, current rule 30e-3 generally permits 
investment companies to satisfy shareholder report transmission 
requirements by making these reports and other materials available 
online and providing a notice of that availability instead of directly 
mailing the report to shareholders.\473\

[[Page 72800]]

We are amending the scope of rule 30e-3 to exclude investment companies 
registered on Form N-1A, which will be transmitting tailored annual and 
semi-annual reports to shareholders. We received many comments both 
supporting and opposing the proposed amendments to rule 30e-3. After 
considering these comments, we are adopting these amendments largely as 
proposed. We are adopting technical changes to the proposed amendments 
to clarify that the scope of rule 30e-3 is narrowed with respect to the 
shareholder reports of all funds registered on Form N-1A, including 
those funds that serve as underlying funds of insurance company 
separate accounts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \473\ Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received several comments supporting the proposed 
amendments to 30e-3.\474\ One commenter specifically stated that the 
proposed new concise shareholder report ``offers a more-effective means 
of improving investors' ability to access and use fund information than 
continuing to permit open-end funds to rely on rule 30e-3, while also 
delivering significant cost savings over requiring delivery of 100+ 
page shareholder reports.'' \475\ One commenter stated that the 
justification for rule 30e-3 is no longer warranted given that under 
the proposed new framework, the number of pages for a shareholder 
report would be reduced from hundreds of pages to a few pages.\476\ 
This commenter stated that, under these changed circumstances, a return 
to the default of mail-based paper delivery of shareholder reports 
themselves is the best way to ensure that fund investors benefit from 
the new tailored disclosure framework.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \474\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter; Better Markets Comment 
Letter; Barker Comment Letter.
    \475\ See Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter.
    \476\ See CFA Institute Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the Commission also received many comments opposing the 
proposal, advocating for open-end funds to continue to be permitted to 
rely on rule 30e-3. Commenters stated that funds already have incurred 
the costs of complying with rule 30e-3, but because they could only 
rely on the rule starting in 2021, they have not fully realized the 
perceived benefits of the rule.\477\ They stated that funds would be 
required to undo the processes that they have undergone to convert 
their current shareholder report transmission practices, which 
commenters noted were costly.\478\ Specifically, some commenters stated 
that funds would need to re-implement legacy shareholder report 
transmission processes that were discontinued when they initially 
adjusted these processes in preparing to rely on rule 30e-3.\479\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \477\ See, e.g., Stradley Ronan Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter; TIAA Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment 
Letter.
    \478\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \479\ See, e.g., Federated Hermes Comment Letter; Vanguard 
Comment Letter; Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter; SIFMA 
Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also expressed concern that investors may be confused by 
the change to the transmission method of their shareholder reports as a 
result of our rule amendments because investors have been receiving 
notices identifying the upcoming transmission changes that went into 
effect in January 2021.\480\ One commenter stated that the fund 
manager, as the investor's fiduciary, should be able to determine the 
most effective manner to distribute fund disclosure documents, while 
evaluating investor preference, costs, alternative transmission 
options, and other factors.\481\ Commenters argued that investors have 
already received notification from funds that their shareholder reports 
will be available to access online, unless they request direct 
delivery, and the proposed amendments therefore would result in a 
change in transmission method for a number of investors' shareholder 
reports.\482\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \480\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Independent Directors Council Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment 
Letter.
    \481\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \482\ See, e.g., John Hancock Comment Letter; Federated Hermes 
Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated that the proposed amendments to 30e-3 may 
halt fund innovation to improve the effectiveness of electronic fund 
disclosure efforts.\483\ Because funds will no longer be able to 
satisfy shareholder report transmission requirements by making these 
reports available online, these commenters stated that funds will no 
longer have an incentive to innovate the manner in which they present 
fund information online. For example, one commenter stated that 
electronic delivery incentivized funds to provide hyperlinked 
disclosures and interactive graphs, calculators and other materials 
that permit individual investors to understand fund performance.\484\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \483\ See, e.g., Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter; 
SIFMA Comment Letter; TIAA Comment Letter.
    \484\ See Mutual Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, commenters expressed the view that the proposed amendments 
to rule 30e-3 would be contrary to investors' expressed preferences for 
electronic delivery.\485\ Several fund commenters stated that investors 
have demonstrated a behavioral preference for digital engagement, 
noting that these funds have observed that most retail investors prefer 
to engage on fund-related issues through the fund's digital 
platform.\486\ These commenters believe that the preference for digital 
engagement is best supported by the electronic delivery of fund 
documents, including rule 30e-3's notice and website access approach 
for delivering shareholder reports. The Commission received several 
comments indicating that the vast majority of fund investors have not 
indicated a preference for receiving paper copies of fund documents 
following the adoption of rule 30e-3.\487\ One commenter discussed a 
survey this commenter conducted, finding that only \1/2\ of one percent 
of direct-at-fund accounts requested paper shareholder reports in 
response to fund requests related to complying with rule 30e-3.\488\ 
Another commenter likewise noted that less than 0.5% of investors have 
contacted the commenter to request the receipt of printed documents 
under rule 30e-3.\489\ Similarly, another commenter stated that it has 
received requests for delivery of paper fund documents from 0.1% of 
shareholders who directly own shares in the fund.\490\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \485\ See, e.g., Center for Capital Markets Competiveness 
Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; Comment Letter of State 
Street Global Advisors (Jan. 4, 2021) (``State Street Comment 
Letter''); Capital Group Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \486\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter.
    \487\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \488\ See ICI Comment Letter. These ICI survey respondents 
manage approximately $18 trillion of mutual fund assets, 
representing approximately 85 percent of industry mutual fund assets 
at the end of June 2020. See Letter to Dalia Blass, Director, 
Division of Investment Management, U.S. Securities and Exchange 
Commission from the Investment Company Institute, (Sept. 10, 2020), 
available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/265-33/26533-7964920-224992.pdf.
    \489\ See Vanguard Comment Letter; see also Capital Group 
Comment Letter (``From our perspective, it is telling that following 
the adoption of Rule 30e-3, only 0.40% of all of our funds' 
shareholders opted in to receiving paper copies, signaling strong 
investor support for accessing information online.'').
    \490\ See T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering commenters' input, we are adopting the amendments 
to rule 30e-3 substantially as proposed, with certain technical 
changes. As noted in the proposal, the new approach to funds' 
shareholder reports reflects the Commission's continuing efforts to 
search for better ways of providing investors with the disclosure that 
they

[[Page 72801]]

need. Rather than allowing fund managers to determine the transmission 
method for shareholder reports, the final rule ensures that all 
investors will receive the anticipated benefits of streamlined 
shareholder reports. We continue to believe that the new disclosure 
approach for shareholder reports represents a more-effective means of 
improving investors' ability to access and use fund information, and of 
preserving much of the expected cost savings to funds and investors 
that funds would experience by choosing to rely on rule 30e-3. 
Moreover, that investors will also receive annual prospectus updates 
under the final rules because we are not taking final action on 
proposed rule 498B does not diminish the centrality of fund shareholder 
reports. Providing information in shareholder reports directly to 
shareholders--as opposed to providing a notice of these reports' 
availability--will best effectuate the goals of the streamlined 
shareholder report.
    We acknowledge, as commenters discussed, that many funds have 
already come into compliance with rule 30e-3 and have borne the costs 
associated with that rule. We also understand, as commenters stated, 
that investors may not be expecting to receive their shareholder 
reports in their mailbox in light of receiving notices of the upcoming 
transmission changes.\491\ We continue to believe, however, that 
investors will benefit from receiving streamlined information delivered 
directly to them, rather than receiving that information indirectly via 
a rule 30e-3 notice with no substantive content and a hyperlink to the 
streamlined disclosure itself. Instead of receiving a one-page notice 
describing how investors may access their shareholder reports online, 
investors will now receive a streamlined shareholder report that may 
fit on a trifold self-mailer that is delivered directly to them. 
Fundamentally, under both rule 30e-3 and these final rules (to the 
extent an investor does not elect electronic delivery), a fund would 
transmit to investors a short paper document in the mail that provides 
a link to more information online. But under the final rules, this 
short document will contain key information that investors can use to 
monitor their fund investments, unlike a rule 30e-3 notice, which 
contains no substantive content. Now that we are adopting streamlined 
shareholder reports--as opposed to the lengthy and less reader-friendly 
versions in place at the time the Commission adopted rule 30e-3--we 
believe investors will benefit from receiving these reports directly, 
rather than receiving them indirectly via a rule 30e-3 notice with a 
hyperlink.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \491\ Funds will not be required to notify investors of the 
change in transmission method prior to the compliance date of the 
amendments to rule 30e-3, but are permitted to at the fund's 
discretion. Such a notice could, for example, be included along with 
a fund's shareholder report, provided that it meets the prominence 
requirements for materials that accompany the report. See 
Instruction 12 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules' approach reflects our continued understanding 
based on commenter feedback on the proposal, responses to the fund 
Investor Experience RFC, investor testing and surveys as discussed in 
section I.A.3 above, and other disclosure reform initiatives that 
shareholders strongly prefer layered disclosure, with summary 
information provided to them directly and more detailed information 
available elsewhere.\492\ In assessing investor preferences, we 
understand--as commenters discussed--that few investors opted into 
continuing to receive the current, lengthy fund shareholder reports in 
paper after receiving 30e-3 notices. We do not, however, believe that 
this can be taken as evidence that investors would prefer to receive a 
rule 30e-3 notice instead of the new streamlined shareholder report, 
given the relative salience of the new reports versus the current 
reports, and the positive feedback the Commission has received about 
the proposed reports and the disclosure principles underlying these 
reports.\493\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \492\ See Fund Investor Experience RFC and comments received in 
response to the RFC, supra footnote 40; see also Consumer Federation 
of America I Comment Letter; Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at 
section II.G; supra section I.A.2 (discussing the developments 
supporting layered disclosure approach to fund shareholder reports).
    \493\ Investor inertia also may make it less likely for 
investors to elect a change affirmatively with respect to the 
regulatory disclosure they receive. See infra footnote 504 
(discussing that investor inertia makes it less likely for investors 
affirmatively to elect to change the default method of delivery of 
fund materials).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, many commenters supported a regulatory approach 
that would reflect investors' preferences around digital engagement 
with fund regulatory materials. We agree that the Commission should 
consider ways to streamline the information that is delivered in paper 
to fund investors and enhance fund information that is presented 
electronically. The new streamlined shareholder report shifts many of 
the lengthier, more technical aspects of fund disclosure from the 
shareholder report that is delivered directly to investors to be filed 
on Form N-CSR and made available on a website. We also do not believe 
that the final rules' approach with respect to rule 30e-3 will reduce 
funds' incentives or ability to offer innovative online regulatory 
disclosure. Many investors will review shareholder reports online, 
whether by opting into e-delivery or via links provided in the 
streamlined shareholder reports. And our final rules also encourage 
funds to continue to innovate the electronic presentation of fund 
information. Outside the scope of these amendments, funds have 
incentives to present shareholder reports on their websites--for 
example, because including more interactive, dynamic fund disclosure 
may be popular with investors and therefore could produce reputational 
benefits--which may also serve as a motivation for innovation.
    Along with comments about the proposed narrowing of the scope of 
rule 30e-3, the Commission also received several comments requesting 
clarification regarding how the proposed amendments to rule 30e-3 would 
affect the shareholder report transmission requirements for variable 
contract separate accounts that are registered as UITs.\494\ Rule 30e-2 
requires these UITs to transmit the shareholder reports of the funds 
that serve as these contracts' underlying investments--which are 
registered on Form N-1A--to the UITs' investors.\495\ These UITs 
currently may rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy their shareholder report 
transmission requirements under rule 30e-2.\496\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \494\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Committee of Annuity 
Insurers (Dec. 22, 2020) (``CAI Comment Letter''); ICI Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of the Insured Retirement Institute (Jan. 4, 
2021) (``IRI Comment Letter''); Stradley Ronon Comment Letter.
    \495\ See rule 30e-2.
    \496\ Current rule 30e-3(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the rules we are adopting and as was proposed, no shareholder 
report transmission requirements for funds that are registered on Form 
N-1A may be satisfied by relying on rule 30e-3.\497\ We understand that 
the underlying funds of variable contract UITs are solely funds that 
are registered on Form N-1A. Therefore, in effect, variable contract 
UITs may no longer rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy their shareholder 
report transmission requirements with respect to underlying funds 
registered on Form N-1A.\498\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \497\ See amended rule 30e-3(h)(2) (defining ``fund'' as ``a 
management company registered on Form N-2 . . . or Form N-3 . . . 
and any separate series of the management company'').
    \498\ See, e.g., Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
IV.I (Paperwork Reduction Act analysis for the proposed amendments 
to rule 30e-3, where the Commission's estimates of the burden of the 
proposed amendments do not exclude investment companies registered 
on Form N-1A that serve as variable contracts' underlying 
investments).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72802]]

    The commenters who requested clarification on this aspect of the 
proposal noted that the proposed rule text did not explicitly carve out 
variable contract separate account UITs from rule 30e-3, because the 
proposed amendments retained references to a fund being able to rely on 
rule 30e-3 to satisfy shareholder report transmission requirements 
under rule 30e-2.\499\ The proposed amendments effectively would not 
permit UITs to satisfy shareholder report transmission obligations 
under rule 30e-2, however, because the amendments would exclude all 
Form N-1A-registered funds, including those that serve as variable 
contracts' underlying investments, from the scope of rule 30e-3. To 
clarify the scope of the amendments to rule 30e-3 and more clearly 
effectuate the Commission's regulatory intent as reflected in the 
proposed amendments, the amendments to rule 30e-3 that we are adopting 
remove current references to shareholder report transmission 
requirements under rule 30e-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \499\ Current rule 30e-3(a) states that a company may satisfy 
its obligation to transmit a report required by rule 30e-1 or rule 
30e-2 to a shareholder or record if all of the conditions set forth 
in paragraphs (b) through (e) of the rule are satisfied. The 
proposed rule amendments did not amend this provision of the current 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Alternative Transmission Methods for Shareholder Reports and Other 
Regulatory Materials
    Related to the comments on the proposed amendments to rule 30e-3, 
the Commission also received comments suggesting alternative methods of 
transmitting shareholder reports. Many of these comments were framed in 
terms of modernizing the Commission's guidance that governs electronic 
delivery.\500\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \500\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; 
Federated Hermes Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested an ``access equals delivery'' 
framework.\501\ Under this alternative, shareholder reports would be 
deemed to be delivered if they were made available online without the 
notice that rule 30e-3 currently requires. For example, one commenter 
stated that the Commission should reevaluate shareholder report 
disclosure and transmission requirements by first amending the format 
and substance of shareholder reports, and then adopting an ``access 
equals delivery'' standard for all fund disclosure documents.\502\ 
Several commenters similarly suggested that the Commission permit funds 
to satisfy their transmission obligations, for both shareholder reports 
and prospectus updates, by filing them with the Commission, posting 
them on a website, and delivering them upon request to 
shareholders.\503\ Commenters stated that investors have expressed a 
preference for accessing fund disclosures electronically, however there 
is inertia around shareholders affirmatively opting-in to electronic 
delivery.\504\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \501\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter; Federated Hermes 
Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; see also discussion at infra 
footnotes 758-761 and accompanying text.
    \502\ See Federated Hermes Comment Letter.
    \503\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter; Charles Schwab Comment Letter; State Street Comment Letter; 
Capital Group Comment Letter.
    \504\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Charles Schwab 
Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rather than adopting an ``access equals delivery'' approach as 
discussed by commenters above, one commenter urged the Commission to 
reevaluate electronic delivery of fund documents, but to take up this 
issue in a separate rulemaking that takes a comprehensive review of the 
potential for electronic delivery.\505\ This commenter asserted that 
investor engagement is not necessarily supported by switching the 
delivery of fund documents from paper to electronic, but instead 
encouraged the Commission to examine how to leverage electronic 
resources to enhance investor engagement as well as investor 
understanding of fund disclosures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \505\ See CFA Institute Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These commenters raise important considerations for any future 
initiative on the delivery of fund regulatory materials, and the 
Commission and staff are continuing to consider these issues. 
Rescinding rule 30e-3 in its entirety or reconsidering the Commission's 
electronic delivery regime for fund materials, however, merits further 
consideration.
3. Alternatives for Satisfying Transmission Requirements for Semi-
Annual Reports
    Funds will continue to be required to comply with the current 
requirements with regard to the frequency of transmitting shareholder 
reports, which are statutorily mandated to be transmitted on a semi-
annual basis.\506\ The Commission requested comment on alternative 
approaches to satisfy the statutory requirement to transmit semi-annual 
reports.\507\ For example, the Commission stated that it considered 
proposing to allow funds to satisfy the semi-annual report transmission 
obligation by filing certain information on Form N-CSR and/or updating 
certain information on a website and requested comment on these 
approaches. We received feedback regarding these alternative approaches 
from commenters that both supported the current transmission 
requirements and those who preferred potential alternative approaches 
to satisfy these requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \506\ See section 30(e) of the Investment Company Act.
    \507\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.C.3.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters supported the alternatives that the Commission 
discussed in the Proposing Release.\508\ Commenters also suggested 
different permutations of these alternatives, as well as ancillary 
requirements that could accompany these alternatives. For example, some 
commenters suggested that funds should have to include disclosure in 
the preceding annual report that the semi-annual report would be posted 
to a fund's website no later than a particular date and clarify that 
investors may obtain a paper copy of the report by contacting the 
fund.\509\ Commenters cited a variety of reasons for favoring 
alternatives where semi-annual report transmission could be satisfied 
by Commission filing and/or website posting. For example, some 
commenters stated that the purpose of requiring direct transmission of 
the semi-annual report is not clear, opining that the content of the 
semi-annual report is duplicative of information that some funds 
already make available on fund websites, that the information funds 
choose to post online is more timely, and that monthly or quarterly 
fact sheets that are already made available online may be more 
useful.\510\ Additionally, commenters cited cost savings for funds and 
investors as a basis for eliminating the direct transmission 
requirements for semi-annual reports.\511\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \508\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; Charles Schwab Comment Letter; Capital 
Group Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \509\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter.
    \510\ See, e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter.
    \511\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter; ICI Comment 
Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also received comments supporting an approach that would 
continue to require the direct transmission of semi-annual reports to 
investors.\512\ One commenter stated that there is no evidence that 
investors would see updated information posted on fund websites if it 
were no longer delivered to them.\513\ Additionally, this

[[Page 72803]]

commenter cited a study indicating that current shareholders prefer a 
twice-yearly delivery approach for shareholder reports.\514\ Another 
commenter stated that elimination of the tailored shareholder report 
for semi-annual reports would reduce investor disclosure delivery and 
therefore reduce overall investor engagement and restrict 
information.\515\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \512\ See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; DFIN Comment 
Letter.
    \513\ See CFA Institute Comment Letter.
    \514\ See supra footnote 48 and accompanying text (discussing 
survey conducted by Broadridge); CFA Institute Comment Letter 
(discussing Broadridge survey). Asked about current shareholder 
reports, for example, more than 80% of survey respondents said the 
current twice-yearly delivery is ``about right.'' Specifically, 44% 
said they would prefer to receive the concise shareholder reports 
twice a year, 42% said they would like to receive them quarterly, 
and only 13% said they would like to receive them just once a year.
    \515\ See DFIN Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments received, we are not adopting any of the 
alternative transmission requirements discussed in the proposal or 
suggested by commenters for semi-annual reports. Requiring investors to 
access a website to ``pull'' regulatory disclosures for their 
investments would place the burden on investors to seek out information 
without providing them any contemporaneous notification that updated 
disclosures are electronically available. The burden of accessing the 
semi-annual report would remain with the investor if notification of 
the date of the website publication of the semi-annual report is only 
included in the annual report. The timeliness of the ``push'' of 
information to the investor on a semi-annual basis is an important 
element of our current disclosure framework. The information that will 
be included in the semi-annual report has been streamlined to only 
include the information that we believe will be most useful and salient 
to investors in assessing and monitoring their fund investments. Thus, 
with respect to a transmission process that requires investors ``pull'' 
regulatory documents, the final rules do not incorporate any of the 
alternative approaches to semi-annual report transmission that 
commenters discussed.

F. Prospectuses and SAIs Transmitted Under Rule 30e-1(d)

    We are adopting, as proposed, amendments that would rescind rule 
30e-1(d). This rule provision permits a fund to transmit a copy of its 
prospectus or SAI in place of its shareholder report, if either or both 
of the prospectus or SAI includes all of the information that would 
otherwise be required to be contained in the shareholder report. We 
continue to believe that the consolidation of a fund's prospectus, SAI, 
and shareholder report disclosures into a single document is 
inconsistent with the layered disclosure framework we are adopting 
today, and we also understand that funds rarely rely on this rule 
provision in practice.\516\ The Commission did not receive any comments 
directly addressing this aspect of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \516\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.H.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Investment Company Advertising Rule Amendments

    We are adopting amendments to the Commission's investment company 
advertising rules designed to promote transparent and balanced 
presentations of fees and expenses in investment company 
advertisements.\517\ These amendments will apply to all investment 
companies that are subject to the Commission's advertising rules, 
including mutual funds, ETFs, registered closed-end funds, and 
BDCs.\518\ We are adopting the amendments addressing investment company 
fee and expense presentations in advertisements largely as 
proposed.\519\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \517\ For purposes of this release, we generally refer to the 
types of investment company communications covered by amended rules 
482, 156, 433, and 34b-1 as ``advertisements,'' unless otherwise 
noted. The Commission's recently adopted rule amendments relating to 
investment adviser advertisements did not address investment company 
advertising rules. See Investment Adviser Marketing, Investment 
Advisers Act Release No. 5653 (Dec. 22, 2020) [86 FR 13024 (Mar. 5, 
2021)] (``IA Marketing Release'').
    \518\ As a result, for purposes of this section II.G, the term 
``fund'' is not limited to mutual funds and ETFs registered on Form 
N-1A. Instead, we use this term more broadly in this section to 
refer to any investment company that is subject to the Commission's 
investment company advertising rules, including registered closed-
end funds and BDCs.
    \519\ We are not adopting the proposed modifications to the 
disclosure legend that accompanies certain investment companies' 
advertisements of performance data. The proposal would have required 
the legend to state that past performance is ``not a good 
predictor'' of future results instead of, as is currently required, 
stating that past performance ``does not guarantee'' future results. 
See proposed rule 482(b)(3)(i) under the Securities Act [17 CFR 
230.482(b)(3)(i)]. While no commenters specifically addressed this 
part of the proposal, we believe further consideration on amending 
this required legend in the context of performance disclosure in 
fund advertisements is merited, and we are not adopting this aspect 
of the proposed amendments to rule 482 at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Requirements for Standardized Fee and Expense Figures
    To promote more consistent and transparent presentations of 
investment costs in investment company advertisements, we are adopting 
amendments to rules 482, 433, and 34b-1 to require that investment 
company advertisements providing fee or expense figures for the 
investment company include certain standardized fee and expense 
figures, and that these figures must adhere to certain prominence and 
timeliness requirements.\520\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \520\ See amended rule 482(i)(1) under the Securities Act [17 
CFR 230.482(i)(1)]; see also amended rule 433 under the Securities 
Act [17 CFR 230.433(c)(3)] and amended rule 34b-1 under the 
Investment Company Act [17 CFR 270.34b-1(c)(1)].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Inclusion of Required Fee and Expense Figures
    The final amendments to rule 482 will require that investment 
company advertisements providing fee and expense figures include: (1) 
the maximum amount of any sales load, or any other nonrecurring fee; 
and (2) the total annual expenses without any fee waiver or expense 
reimbursement arrangement (collectively, the ``required fee and expense 
figures'') based on the methods of computation for a prospectus that 
the fund's Investment Company Act or Securities Act registration 
statement form prescribes for those figures.\521\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \521\ In an expense reimbursement arrangement, the adviser 
reimburses the fund for expenses incurred. In a fee waiver 
arrangement, the adviser agrees to waive a portion of its fee in 
order to limit fund expenses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because we believe these are important figures for assessing the 
fees and expenses of fund investments, any advertisement presenting fee 
and expenses figures must include these items. These requirements, 
however, would apply only to investment company advertisements that 
include fee and expense figures, and therefore an advertisement would 
not need to include the required fee and expense figures if it only 
included general, narrative information about fee and expense 
considerations and did not include any numerical fee or expense 
amounts.\522\ Similarly, if an investment company does not present 
total annual expense figures in its prospectus, the final amendments 
addressing the required fee and expense figures would be inapplicable. 
For example, the registration statement forms for variable insurance 
contract separate accounts do not require that total annual expense

[[Page 72804]]

figures be presented, and therefore, we understand that total annual 
expense figures are not presented in variable insurance contract 
prospectuses.\523\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \522\ Similar to associated prospectus requirements, if an 
advertisement covers only a subset of a fund's share classes, the 
advertisement could provide the required fee and expense information 
for those classes only. See, e.g., Instruction 1(e) to Item 3 of 
current and amended Form N-1A. An advertisement might, for example, 
only refer to the fund's fees and expenses in the context of the 
disclosure required by amended rule 482(b)(1), which requires a 
statement advising an investor to consider the investment 
objectives, risks, and charges and expenses of the fund carefully 
before investing. Further, amended rule 482(i) would not apply to 
advertisements that provide the disclosure required by current rule 
482(b)(3)(ii), but otherwise contain no other fee or expense 
figures.
    \523\ See, e.g., CAI Comment Letter; IRI Comment Letter; Comment 
Letter of Anonymous (Oct. 27, 2020) (``Anonymous Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We designed the requirements for standardized fee and expense 
figures to promote consistent fee and expense computations across 
investment company advertisements, particularly within the same fund 
category, and to facilitate investor comparisons. We are requiring 
consistency with prospectus requirements because, like a fund's summary 
or statutory prospectus, advertisements are often designed for 
prospective investors and may influence an investment decision.
    The final amendments we are adopting to rules 34b-1 and 433 
incorporate rule 482's requirements for required fee and expense 
figures.\524\ These amendments will help ensure that the same fee and 
expense-related requirements are applied consistently across registered 
investment company and BDC advertisements and sales literature.\525\ As 
a result, regardless of whether an advertisement is in the form of a 
rule 482 advertisement or rule 34b-1 supplemental sales literature, or 
whether a registered closed-end fund or BDC advertisement uses rule 482 
or rule 433 for a free writing prospectus, the advertisement would be 
subject to the same requirements regarding fee and expense 
information.\526\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \524\ See amended rule 34b-1(c). The amendments to rule 34b-1 
will apply to any registered investment company or BDC 
advertisement, pamphlet, circular, form letter, or other sales 
literature addressed to or intended for distribution to prospective 
investors in connection with a public offering (collectively, 
``sales literature'') that includes fee and expense figures (and 
where the investment company presents total annual expense figures 
in its prospectus). The current provisions of rule 34b-1, which 
largely relate to performance information, will continue to apply 
only to sales literature that is required to be filed with the 
Commission by section 24(b) of the Investment Company Act. See also 
amended rule 433(c)(3).
    \525\ The amendments to rule 34b-1 apply, for example, to sales 
literature that is excluded from the definition of ``prospectus'' in 
section 2(a)(10) of the Securities Act and thus is not subject to 
rule 482. See also supra section I.A.4 (discussing the scope of 
communications that amended rules 482, 34b-1, and 433 address).
    \526\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at paragraphs 
accompanying nn.679-681.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The comments that the Commission received about the proposed 
investment company advertising rule amendments were mixed. Some 
commenters provided some general reactions supporting the proposed 
advertising rule amendments, and others expressed concerns about the 
proposed rules' scope. Commenters also addressed the interaction 
between the proposed amendments and current FINRA requirements 
regarding communications with the public, as those requirements address 
fee and expense information in certain investment company 
advertisements.
Comments Expressing General Support for Proposed Inclusion of Required 
Fee and Expense Figures
    Several commenters stated that the proposed investment company 
advertising rule amendments should help investors make more informed 
investment decisions by more easily comparing costs among various 
funds.\527\ Certain commenters also supported the application of those 
proposed amendments to all types of registered investment companies and 
BDCs.\528\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \527\ See Better Markets Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of 
America II Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \528\ See Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; John 
Hancock Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Comments Addressing FINRA's Communications Rules
    Some commenters expressed broad-based concerns about the scope of 
the proposed amendments. While these commenters shared the investor 
protection concerns that underlie the proposed advertising rule 
amendments, they supported narrowing of the scope of the proposed 
amendments, and also questioned the need for the proposed amendments in 
light of FINRA's current requirements that address communications with 
the public.\529\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \529\ See supra footnote 60 and accompanying text; see also, 
e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters discussed the similarities between the requirements 
for standardized fee and expense figures in the proposed amendments and 
the requirements that FINRA rule 2210(d)(5) imposes on fee and expense 
presentations in retail communications and correspondence that present 
non-money market fund performance data.\530\ Specifically, those 
commenters discussed that, like the FINRA rule, the Commission's 
proposed rules would require a fund whose advertisements include fee 
and expense figures to include in such advertisements: (1) the fund's 
maximum sales charge; and (2) the total annual fund operating expense 
ratio, gross of any fee waivers or expense reimbursements (i.e., 
ongoing annual fees).\531\ Those commenters, nevertheless, recognized 
that there were key differences in scope between the proposed 
amendments to the investment company advertising rules and FINRA rule 
2210(d)(5).\532\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \530\ See Fidelity Comment Letter and ICI Comment Letter; see 
also supra paragraph accompanying footnotes 59-60.
    \531\ FINRA rule 2210(d)(5). This provision only applies to 
retail communications and correspondence that present non-money 
market fund open-end management investment company performance data 
as permitted by rule 482 and rule 34b-1.
    \532\ See ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters observed that the Commission's proposed amendments would 
apply to all investment company advertisements that include fee and 
expense figures, while FINRA's rule applies only to retail 
communications and correspondence that present the performance of non-
money market funds.\533\ These commenters maintained that the proposed 
advertising amendments' reach to institutional investors was neither 
necessary nor warranted. One commenter stated that after ``careful 
consideration and rulemaking,'' FINRA developed its rules governing 
communications with the public by creating differing standards for 
retail and institutional communications.\534\ Another commenter 
asserted that FINRA has the more appropriate rule structure to govern 
investment company advertising, and also argued that FINRA rule 
2210(d)(5) provides greater flexibility for communications aimed at 
institutions by distinguishing between sophisticated institutional 
investors and retail investors who require greater protection.\535\ A 
commenter also observed that FINRA rule 2210(d)(5) has been in effect 
for many years and that the vast majority of advertisements concerning 
fee information are filed with and reviewed by FINRA staff.\536\

[[Page 72805]]

The commenter suggested that, if FINRA and the Commission agree such an 
approach would be appropriate, FINRA could expand coverage of its 
communications rules in more tailored ways that would recognize the 
``fundamental'' differences between retail communications and 
institutional communications.\537\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \533\ See Fidelity Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \534\ Fidelity Comment Letter; FINRA Rule 2210(a)(3) defines an 
institutional communication as any written (including electronic) 
communication that is distributed or made available only to 
institutional investors, but does not include a member's internal 
communications. FINRA Rule 2210(a)(5) defines a retail communication 
as a written communication (including electronic) that is 
distributed or made available to more than 25 retail investors 
within any 30-day calendar period. FINRA Rule 2210(a)(2) defines 
correspondence as any written (including electronic) communication 
that is distributed or made available to 25 or fewer retail 
investors within any 30 calendar-day period.
    \535\ See ICI Comment Letter; see also Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \536\ Fidelity Comment Letter; see rule 24b-3 under the 
Investment Company Act [17 CFR 270.24b-3] (deeming, in part, any 
advertisement or other sales literature intended for distribution to 
prospectus investors to be filed with the Commission for purposes of 
section 24(b) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-24(b)] 
upon filing with a national securities association that has rule 
providing standards for the investment company advertising practices 
of its members and has established and implemented procedures to 
review that advertising).
    \537\ Fidelity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Apart from the suggestion to narrow the scope of the proposed 
amendments to exclude institutional investors, commenters more 
fundamentally questioned the need for the proposed amendments. One 
commenter recommended that the Commission not adopt the proposed 
advertising rules because ``the robust SEC advertising rules and FINRA 
rule 2210 more than suffice to inform investors of the fees and costs 
of investing.'' \538\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \538\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we are adopting the amendments as 
proposed. We agree FINRA has an important investor protection role that 
it accomplishes, in part, through its review and regulation of certain 
communications of its member broker-dealers.\539\ For example, FINRA 
rule 2210(d)(5) references the Commission's investment company 
advertising rules, and the Commission's investment company advertising 
rules recognize FINRA's review of investment company 
advertisements.\540\ Nonetheless, FINRA rule 2210(d)(5)'s requirements 
apply only to the disclosure of fees and expenses in retail 
communications and correspondence that present performance data of 
open-end funds that are not money market funds. By contrast, our 
advertising rule amendments will address the disclosure of fees and 
expenses in the advertisements not only for open-end funds that include 
fee and expense figures, but also for closed-end funds and BDCs that 
include these figures.\541\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \539\ See, e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter and ICI Comment Letter.
    \540\ See, e.g., FINRA rule 2210(d)(5); amended rule 482 under 
the Securities Act [17 CFR 230.482] and rule 24b-3 under the 
Investment Company Act [17 CFR 270.24b-3]; see also, e.g., rule 
497(i) under the Securities Act [17 CFR 230.497(i)] (providing, in 
part, that an investment company advertisement deemed to be a 
section 10(b) prospectus under rule 482 is considered to be filed 
with the Commission upon the filing of that advertisement with 
FINRA).
    \541\ See supra footnotes 522-523.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, the Commission's investment company advertising rules are 
based, in part, on the Commission's broad investor protection statutory 
mandate to help ensure that an investor's evaluation of fund shares is 
based on adequate and accurate information that is fairly 
presented.\542\ That statutory mandate applies to all investors 
regardless of the investor's level of investment sophistication, 
regardless of the distribution channel (e.g., a broker-dealer does not 
have to be involved in the communication), and regardless of the type 
of registered investment company or BDC in which the investor invested. 
For example, our current investment company advertising rules' 
requirements with respect to performance disclosure do not distinguish 
between retail and institutional investors, and it would be 
inconsistent with our current approach to build in such a distinction 
with regard to the presentation of fees and expenses in investment 
company advertisements. Consistent with our statutory mandate, 
therefore, the amendments to our advertising rules generally apply to 
any registered investment company or BDC advertisement that presents 
fee and expense figures. This enhanced standardization of fee and 
expense presentations that will be promoted by the advertising 
amendments may assist investors and other market participants in 
comparing investment products, as the fees and expense presentation 
requirements will not vary among the type of registered investment 
company or BDC advertisement. In addition, the enhanced standardization 
may assist institutional investors, including institutional investors 
representing 401(k) retirement plans, with their understanding of the 
fees and charges assessed by the funds in which their plans may invest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \542\ 15 U.S.C. 80a-1-1(b)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, we disagree that our amendments are not necessary or 
warranted, in light of existing FINRA rules. As discussed above, the 
scope of the Commission's investment company advertising rules is 
broader than FINRA rule 2210(d)(5), and the Commission's rules would 
apply to issuer communications regardless of whether a broker-dealer is 
involved in the communication. In addition, the advertising rule 
amendments are not inconsistent with FINRA's rules. Under FINRA rules, 
all member communications--whether correspondence, retail 
communications, or institutional communications, and whether they apply 
to registered investment companies or BDCs--must be fair and balanced 
and not misleading.\543\ FINRA has similarly published regulatory 
notices that provide guidance on fee-related discussion in 
communications with the public that may mislead investors.\544\ Both 
the Commission's investment company advertising rules, which address 
consistency and clarity in investment company advertisements' fee and 
expense presentations, and FINRA's communication rules, further the 
goal of preventing misleading investment company fee and expense 
presentations by promoting transparent presentations of investment 
costs in investment company advertisements.\545\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \543\ See, e.g., FINRA rule 2210(d)(1)(A); see supra footnote 60 
(regarding the application of FINRA rule 2210 to BDCs).
    \544\ FINRA Regulatory Notice 13-23; NASD Notice to Members 06-
48 (discussing, in part, the requirement that certain mutual fund 
performance sales materials disclose (1) the standardized 
performance mandated by SEC rules and (2) to the extent applicable, 
the maximum deferred sales charge or the maximum deferred sales 
charge imposed on purchases and (3) the expense ratio, gross of any 
fee waivers and expense reimbursements); NASD Regulatory & 
Compliance Alert (Winter 2001) (interpreting NASD Rule 2210 (now, 
FINRA Rule 2210) as requiring member communications that present 
variable life insurance performance to prominently disclose the 
significant impact that fees have on such performance); and NASD 
Regulatory & Compliance Alert (Fall 1994) (alerting members that for 
investment companies that have a front-end sales load, that all 
advertisements and supplemental sales literature containing an 
investment company ranking must disclose, in part, whether the 
ranking takes sales charges into account).
    \545\ See, e.g., Morningstar Comment Letter (applauding the 
Commission for better aligning the investment company advertising 
rules with FINRA rules 2210 and 2241).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Requirements Addressing Prominence, Fee Waivers and Expense 
Reimbursements, and Timeliness in Standardized Fee and Expense Figures
    The final amendments, like the proposed amendments, also 
incorporate prominence requirements for fee and expense figures that 
appear in investment company advertisements.\546\ The final amendments 
will permit investment company advertisements to include other figures 
regarding a fund's fees and expenses in addition to the required fee 
and expense figures that the final rules prescribe. Those 
advertisements, however, will have to present the required fee and 
expense figures at least as prominently as any other included fee and 
expense figures. For example, under the final amendments, an 
advertisement could include a fund's fees and expenses net of certain 
amounts, such as a fee waiver or expense reimbursement arrangement, as 
we understand some fund advertisements do today. An advertisement, 
however, could not present the net figure more prominently

[[Page 72806]]

than the required fee and expense figures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \546\ See amended rules 482(i)(1) and 433(c)(3) under the 
Securities Act; Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section 
II.I; see also amended rules 156 and 34b-1(c)(1)(i) under the 
Investment Company Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter addressed the proposed prominence requirements. That 
commenter supported allowing investment company advertisements to 
include other figures regarding a fund's fees and expenses as long as 
the advertisement presents the required fee and expense figures at 
least as prominently as any other included fee and expense 
figures.\547\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \547\ Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting the prominence requirements for investment company 
fee and expense figures in advertisements, as proposed. The Commission 
continues to believe this requirement will protect investors by 
ensuring that standard fee and expense figures are prominently featured 
in the advertisement so the investor can understand better how other 
fee and expense presentations, including a presentation of the fund's 
net expenses, may relate to the investor's investment costs.
    In addition, the final amendments require advertisements that 
include a fund's total annual expenses net of fee waiver or expense 
reimbursement arrangement amounts also to include the expected 
termination date of the arrangement.\548\ We received no comments on 
this requirement, and we are adopting it as proposed. We believe this 
requirement will help investors better understand how a fee waiver or 
expense reimbursement arrangement may affect their investment costs by 
providing information about how long the arrangement will likely be in 
place (including that it may be terminated at any time).\549\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \548\ See amended rule 482(i)(2); Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 8, at section II.1.
    \549\ This also is similar to information that funds generally 
must include in their prospectuses when including total annual 
expenses net of a fee waiver or expense reimbursement arrangement. 
See Instruction 3(e) to Item 3 of current and amended Form N-1A; 
Instruction 4(b) to Item 3 of current and amended Form N-1A; 
Instruction 15(e) to Item 4 of Form N-3; Instruction 17 to Item 4 of 
Form N-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, as proposed, the final amendments include a timeliness 
requirement for fee and expense information in investment company 
advertisements.\550\ The timeliness requirement applies to fee and 
expense figures as well as to relevant narrative information. Fee and 
expense information will need to be as of the date of the fund's most 
recent prospectus or, if the fund no longer has an effective 
registration statement under the Securities Act, as of its most recent 
annual report.\551\ A fund will, however, be able to provide more 
current information, if available. The Commission received two comments 
about the proposed timeliness requirement, and each commenter supported 
the proposed requirement so funds could not use stale or outdated 
information in their advertisements.\552\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \550\ See amended rule 482(j); Proposing Release, supra footnote 
8, at section II.I.
    \551\ In the case of a new fund that does not yet have an 
effective registration statement, fee and expense information will 
need to be as of the date of the fund's most recent prospectus filed 
with the Commission. See amended rule 482(j).
    \552\ Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; John 
Hancock Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting the timeliness requirement, as proposed. The 
Commission continues to believe it is appropriate to include a 
timeliness requirement designed to protect investors by preventing 
investment company advertisements from including stale, outdated 
information about a fund's fees and expenses. The final amendments will 
require, for instance, a registered open-end fund maintaining an 
effective Securities Act registration statement on Form N-1A to provide 
its maximum sales load (or other nonrecurring fee) and gross total 
annual expenses, as of the date of the fund's most recent prospectus. 
As another example, a registered closed-end fund including fee and 
expense figures in a rule 482 advertisement, which presents total 
annual expense figures in its prospectus but does not maintain an 
effective Securities Act registration statement, will need to provide 
its gross total annual expenses, as of the date of the fund's most 
recent annual report.\553\ Each example demonstrates how the final 
amendments protect investors by helping to ensure that a fund presents 
fee and expense figures in its advertisements that are reasonably 
current, which in turn helps to ensure that these figures are not 
misleading.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \553\ Under these circumstances, the registered closed-end fund 
will not have a maximum sales load to report in its advertisement 
because it does not have an effective Securities Act registration 
statement and cannot presently sell the fund's securities. The 
registered closed-end fund's gross total annual expenses will be 
computed using the method in Item 3 of Form N-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Materially Misleading Statements About Fees and Expenses in 
Investment Company Sales Literature
    The final amendments to rule 156 address statements and 
representations about a fund's fees and expenses that could be 
materially misleading.\554\ Specifically, the final amendments provide 
that representations about fees or expenses associated with an 
investment in a fund could be misleading because of statements or 
omissions involving a material fact, including situations where 
portrayals of the fees and expenses associated with an investment in 
the fund omit explanations, qualifications, limitations, or other 
statements necessary or appropriate to make the portrayals not 
misleading. We are adopting these amendments as proposed.\555\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \554\ Amended rule 156(b)(4).
    \555\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section II.I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated they share the Commission's expressed 
concern about funds that market themselves as ``zero expense'' or ``no 
expense funds'' without mentioning other costs investors would incur 
when investing in the fund.\556\ These commenters expressed support for 
the proposed amendments to rule 156. Another commenter, however, 
suggested that the proposed amendments were ``unnecessary'' in light of 
FINRA rule 2210(d)(1)(A), which requires that communications be based 
on the principles of fair dealing and good faith and prohibits 
omissions of any material fact that, in light of the context of the 
material presented, would cause the communication to be 
misleading.\557\ This commenter asserted that the proposed amendments 
would require funds to include even more fee and expense information in 
their sales literature than in their prospectuses (e.g., securities 
lending costs). Alternatively, the commenter suggested that if the 
Commission were to adopt the proposed amendments, it should provide 
guidance that the amendments would not (1) preclude a fund from 
omitting non-material information relating to fees and expenses from 
sales literature; or (2) require that sales literature include 
disclosures that funds do not presently include their prospectus fee 
table presentations.\558\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \556\ Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; CFA 
Institute Comment Letter.
    \557\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \558\ Id.; see also infra paragraph accompanying footnote 561.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree rule 156 broadly prohibits the use of materially 
misleading sales literature in connection with the offer or sale of 
security issued by an investment company, and FINRA rule 2210(d)(1)(A) 
requires that communications be based on the principles of fair dealing 
and good faith and not be misleading. The amendments to rule 156, 
however, are designed to protect investors by specifically addressing 
practices that could lead to materially misleading representations 
about fees and charges. As funds are increasingly marketed on the basis 
of costs, we remain concerned that investment companies and

[[Page 72807]]

intermediaries may, in some cases, be incentivized to understate or 
obscure the costs associated with a fund investment.\559\ Rule 156 
addresses the types of information in investment company sales 
literature that could be misleading for purposes of the federal 
securities laws, including section 17(a) of the Securities Act and 
section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and rule 10b-5 thereunder. The 
amendments to rule 156 will specify certain pertinent factors that 
could be considered to determine whether or not a particular 
representation is materially misleading, and are designed to address, 
for example, the Commission's concerns about funds that market 
themselves as ``zero expense'' or ``no expense funds'' without 
mentioning other costs investors would incur when investing in the 
fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \559\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section II.I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The additional factors are designed to assist investment companies 
and their intermediaries, including FINRA members, when they consider 
whether a presentation of fee and expense information in investment 
company sales literature is materially misleading under Commission 
rules. The factors also could assist such intermediaries when they 
consider whether a presentation of fee and expense information in 
investment company sales literature is materially misleading under any 
other principles-based rule regarding investment company sales 
literature to which such intermediaries may be subject, such as FINRA 
rule 2210(d)(1)(A).
    Consistent with the current framework in rule 156, whether a 
particular description, representation, illustration, or other 
statement involving a fund's fees and expenses is materially misleading 
depends on evaluation of the context in which it is made.\560\ Under 
the amendments to rule 156 that we are adopting, a fund could, 
therefore, determine not to include certain information regarding fees 
and charges from sales literature if, based on an evaluation of the 
context of the fees and charges presentation, the omission of that 
information would not be materially misleading.\561\ In such cases, a 
fund may determine not to include in its sales literature expenses that 
do not appear in the fund's prospectus fee table, such as expenses 
related to its securities lending activities or other non-material 
information regarding fees and expenses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \560\ See amended rule 156(b).
    \561\ See supra footnotes 557-558 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, like current rule 156, the final amendments will apply 
to all investment company sales literature, regardless of whether the 
investment company's prospectus contains total annual expense 
figures.\562\ We are not limiting the scope of the amendments to rule 
156 to a subset of investment companies because our concerns regarding 
materially misleading statements about fees and expenses are not 
limited to certain types of investment companies. For example, 
depending on the facts and circumstances, it may be materially 
misleading for a variable contract advertisement to provide the current 
range of fees and charges that could be assessed without also 
indicating the maximum range of those fees and charges that may be 
assessed. Our investment company advertising rule amendments are 
designed to work together to promote balanced and transparent 
presentations of fees and expense information in all investment company 
sales literature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \562\ See amended rule 156(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Additional Suggested Amendments to Investment Company Advertising 
Rules
    Some commenters suggested expansion of the proposed amendments to 
address other topics. One commenter recommended that the Commission 
expand the proposed amendments to require that the use of third-party 
ratings in an investment company advertisement not be misleading and be 
current.\563\ That commenter suggested that the fund should specify the 
information on which the rating is based and that the rating should be 
representative of the fund and share class being advertised. In 
addition, the commenter recommended that the Commission address the 
illustration of synthetic performance before fund inception. The 
commenter stated that new funds seeking to illustrate synthetic 
performance should only be able to do so when these funds are related 
in specific ways to another registered fund.\564\ Another commenter 
similarly requested, without discussion, that the Commission codify 
staff guidance regarding predecessor fund performance.\565\ Further, a 
commenter suggested that the Commission require a single, all-inclusive 
number showing all the fees that an investor could expect to pay. That 
commenter, however, recognized that such a ``bottom-line'' number may 
not be feasible.\566\ Finally, a different commenter suggested that the 
Commission amend the proposal to address AFFE disclosure in investment 
company advertisements.\567\ These suggestions were generally beyond 
the scope of this rulemaking, which is focused on the presentation of 
fund fees and expenses in investment company advertisements. Because we 
continue to consider changes to open-end funds' prospectus fee table, 
including the proposed changes to AFFE disclosure, we are not 
addressing the commenter's suggestion regarding AFFE in investment 
company advertisements at this time.\568\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \563\ See Morningstar Comment Letter (suggesting further 
integration between the SEC's advertising rules and FINRA rule 2241, 
which addresses research analysts and research reports).
    \564\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \565\ Ubiquity Comment Letter.
    \566\ CFA Institute Comment Letter.
    \567\ Cornell Law School Comment Letter.
    \568\ See supra section I.B.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Inline XBRL Data Tagging

    In a change from the proposal, we are adopting requirements for 
funds to tag the shareholder report contents in a structured, machine-
readable data language, which will make shareholder report disclosure 
more readily available and easily accessible for aggregation, 
comparison, filtering, and other analysis. Specifically, our final 
rules require funds to tag the disclosures in Inline XBRL in accordance 
with rule 405 of Regulation S-T and the EDGAR Filer Manual.\569\ The 
use of Inline XBRL will allow retail investors and other market 
participants to use automated analytical tools to extract the 
information sought wherever it may be located within a filing.\570\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \569\ See General Instruction C.4 to Form N-CSR; General 
Instructions C.3.(g)(iii) and (iv) to Form N-1A; 17 CFR 
232.405(b)(2)(i).
    \570\ The Commission has an open source Inline XBRL Viewer that 
allows the user to make an Inline XBRL data human-readable and 
allows filers to more readily filter and identify errors. Anyone 
with a recent standard internet browser can view any Inline XBRL 
filing on EDGAR at no cost. More information about the Commission's 
Inline XBRL Viewer is available at https://www.sec.gov/structureddata/osd-inline-xbrl.html. Studies suggest XBRL 
requirements increase the information content of prices, reduce the 
informational advantages held by insiders over public investors, 
heighten the relevance, understandability, and comparability of 
financial information for non-professional investors, and enhance 
the reports and recommendations published by financial analysts, 
thereby indirectly benefitting retail investors for whom such 
analysts represent a significant source of investment information. 
See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.852.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds are currently subject to structured data requirements for 
certain aspects of their disclosure and reporting. In 2009, the 
Commission adopted rules requiring operating company financial 
statements and mutual fund risk/return summaries to

[[Page 72808]]

be submitted in XBRL entirely within an exhibit to a filing.\571\ In 
2018, the Commission adopted modifications to these requirements by 
requiring issuers to use Inline XBRL to reduce the time and effort 
associated with preparing XBRL filings and improve the quality and 
usability of XBRL data for investors.\572\ The Commission has also 
adopted requirements for most registered investment companies to file 
monthly reporting of portfolio securities on a quarterly basis, in a 
structured data language.\573\ Much of this information is publicly 
available as structured data on the Commission's website at 
www.sec.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \571\ Interactive Data to Improve Financial Reporting, 
Securities Act Release No. 9002 (Jan. 30, 2009) [74 FR 6776 (Feb. 
10, 2009)] as corrected by Securities Act Release No. 9002A (Apr. 1, 
2009) [74 FR 15666 (Apr. 7, 2009)]; Interactive Data for Mutual Fund 
Risk/Return Summary, Investment Company Act Release No. 28617 (Feb. 
11, 2009) [74 FR 7748] (Feb. 19, 2009)]).
    \572\ Inline XBRL Filing of Tagged Data, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 33139 (June 28, 2018) [83 FR 40846, 40847 (Aug. 16, 
2018)]. Inline XBRL allows filers to embed XBRL data directly into 
an HTML document, eliminating the need to tag a copy of the 
information in a separate XBRL exhibit. Id. at 40851.
    \573\ See Investment Company Reporting Modernization Final 
Rules, supra footnote 9; see also Amendments to the Timing 
Requirements for Filing Reports on Form N-PORT, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 33384 (Feb. 27, 2019) [84 FR 7980 (Mar. 6, 2019)]. 
Money market funds must report portfolio information on Form N-MFP. 
See MMF Release, supra footnote 346.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Proposing Release, the Commission specifically discussed the 
alternative of requiring information filed on Form N-CSR to be tagged 
in Inline XBRL format and requested comment on this option.\574\ The 
Commission discussed the potential benefits of tagging some or all of 
Form N-CSR--including the streamlined shareholder report--in Inline 
XBRL. The Commission stated such a requirement could, for example, 
benefit investors by enabling efficient retrieval, aggregation and 
analysis of information of information in Form N-CSR and by 
facilitating comparisons across funds and time periods. While an Inline 
XBRL tagging requirement was not proposed, the Commission sought 
comment on whether some or all of Form N-CSR should be tagged using 
Inline XBRL or some other structured machine-readable format and 
whether certain parts of the tailored shareholder report should be 
tagged.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \574\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at sections 
III.E.8. and III.E.9; see also Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, 
at section II.B.2.B (requesting comment on whether the funds should 
be required to submit interactive data files to the Commission using 
XBRL containing their expense examples in fund annual reports).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters who addressed this discussion generally supported 
tagging all or certain parts of the information filed on Form N-CSR 
using a structured data language.\575\ Some commenters advocated an 
expansive tagging approach, either expressly or implicitly supporting 
all of the shareholder report contents, as well as all of the Form N-
CSR disclosure items, to be tagged.\576\ One commenter observed if 
information in the streamlined shareholder report were tagged, fund 
companies, broker-dealers, and others could create personalized and 
interactive experiences by, for example, using the tagged data to 
populate email templates with information that is ``ingested'' from 
filings made with the Commission.\577\ Another commenter requested 
specific sections of funds' shareholder reports to be tagged, such as 
performance information.\578\ In addition, some commenters addressed 
the particular structured machine-readable data language to be used to 
tag some or all of the information filed on Form N-CSR, specifically 
supporting the use of Inline XBRL.\579\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \575\ See, e.g., Better Markets Comment Letter; Broadridge 
Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; 
Morningstar Comment Letter; Comment Letter of XBRL US (Jan. 4, 2021) 
(``XBRL US Comment Letter'').
    \576\ See, e.g., Better Markets Comment Letter; Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; 
XBRL US Comment Letter.
    \577\ Broadridge Comment Letter.
    \578\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \579\ See, e.g., Broadridge Comment Letter, Morningstar Comment 
Letter, and XBRL US Comment Letter. But see Abdullah Comment Letter 
(suggesting that the Commission make Inline XBRL tagged data 
available in a more user-friendly format, and stating that the 
Commission's existing tagged data filings on EDGAR are difficult to 
use).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we are requiring the contents of 
the shareholder report to be tagged using Inline XBRL. We believe the 
information in these reports is particularly salient to funds' largely 
retail shareholder base, and the benefits of tagging this information 
likewise will be beneficial in helping these investors, as well as 
other market participants, understand funds' performance and 
operations. The final rules, however, only will require that the 
streamlined shareholder reports--and not other information that funds 
file on Form N-CSR--to be tagged. Consistent with our objective of 
including in the shareholder report the information we believe is 
particularly important for retail shareholders to assess and monitor 
their fund investments on an ongoing basis, we believe that tagging 
this information in Inline XBRL format will provide a tool that helps 
these investors (through third parties that analyze tagged information) 
monitor their investments.\580\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \580\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter (in the context of its 
discussion of the proposed delivery upon request requirements for 
Form N-CSR, stating that the ICI believes ``much of information in 
Form N-CSR is of little or no interest to shareholders (e.g., audit 
fees paid, Sarbanes-Oxley certifications, etc.)).''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While tagging other information filed on Form N-CSR also could be a 
useful tool for other fund investors and other market participants, we 
believe a broader tagging requirement merits further consideration. 
Form N-CSR is used by both open and closed-end management investment 
companies and some variable annuity separate accounts to file 
shareholder reports, as well as other information, with the Commission. 
Broader requirements to tag other content filed on Form N-CSR, could 
include further consideration of content filed by closed-end management 
investment companies and some variable annuity separate accounts that 
are not subject to our tailored shareholder report disclosure 
requirements.
    In addition, we believe the use of Inline XBRL will promote the 
benefits of tagging information in the streamlined shareholder report 
more effectively than requiring a non-machine readable data language 
such as ASCII or HTML. The Inline XBRL tagging requirements will enable 
automated extraction and analysis of data in the shareholder reports 
for retail investors and other market participants who seek to access 
information about funds, both directly and through information that 
intermediaries such as data aggregators and financial analysts provide. 
Providing a standardized, structured data framework could facilitate 
more efficient investor large-scale analysis and comparisons across 
funds and across time periods.
    An Inline XBRL requirement will facilitate other analytical 
benefits, such as the ability to compare/redline specific disclosures 
in a shareholder report automatically against the same disclosures in 
other periods, and to perform targeted assessments of specific 
narrative disclosures within the shareholder report rather than 
performing such assessments on an entire unstructured document. For 
retail investors and other market participants, requiring funds to tag 
their shareholder reports in a structured data language will both 
increase the availability, and reduce the cost, of collecting and 
analyzing such information, potentially increasing transparency and 
mitigating the potential informational costs as compared to 
unstructured disclosure.

[[Page 72809]]

Further, for filers, Inline XBRL can enhance the efficiency of review, 
yield time and costs savings, and potentially enhance the quality of 
data compared to other machine-readable standards, as certain errors 
would be easier to correct because the data is also human readable.
    This aspect of our final rules is in keeping with the Commission's 
ongoing efforts to implement reporting and disclosure reforms that take 
advantage of the benefits of advanced technology to modernize the fund 
reporting and disclosure regime and, among other things, to help 
investors and other market participants better assess different funds. 
The use of Inline XBRL to tag the streamlined shareholder reports also 
furthers the Commission's goal of making information more readily 
accessible and user-friendly in an electronic format to retail 
investors as well as promoting investor engagement online.

I. Technical and Conforming Amendments

    We are adopting the proposed technical amendments to Form N-
1A.\581\ Specifically, the Commission proposed to update the current 
SAI requirement to provide the age and length of service for a fund's 
officers and directors to allow funds to instead disclose for each 
officer and director the birth year and the year their service 
began.\582\ The Commission also proposed a similar instruction for the 
length of service for portfolio managers that must be disclosed in the 
prospectus to permit a fund to disclose the year the portfolio 
manager's service began.\583\ The Commission stated that permitting a 
fund to use a static date rather than updating this information 
annually will reduce a burden on funds, while providing investors 
equivalent information, and we continue to believe this. The Commission 
also has observed that some funds already disclose each officer's and 
director's year of birth and the date the services of the officers, 
directors and portfolio managers began. No commenters addressed these 
proposed amendments, and we are adopting them as proposed.\584\
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    \581\ In addition to the proposed technical amendments discussed 
in this section, the Commission proposed certain conforming 
amendments relating to proposed rule 498B and the proposed 
amendments to funds' prospectus fee disclosure. See Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 8, at paragraphs accompanying nn.693-695. As 
we are not adopting these aspects of the proposal at this time, we 
are also not adopting the related proposed conforming amendments. 
The Commission also proposed conforming amendments to withdraw 
previously-adopted amendments to Form N-1A and rule 498 that became 
effective on January 1, 2021. Those proposed amendments related to 
rule 30e-3 legends that were required to be included in funds' 
summary and statutory prospectuses. We are not adopting those 
amendments because the requirement to include such legends in funds' 
summary and statutory prospectuses expired on January 1, 2022. See 
Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20, at amendatory 
instructions 5, 6, and 16.
    \582\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8; see also Item 
17(a)(1) of proposed Form N-1A.
    \583\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8; see also Item 
5(b) of proposed Form N-1A.
    \584\ See Item 17(a)(1) and Item 5(b) of amended Form N-1A.
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    We are also adopting conforming edits to rule 30a-2 under the 
Investment Company Act to reflect numbering revisions to Form N-CSR are 
a result of the final rules we are adopting.

J. Compliance Date

    We are adopting a transition period after the effective date of the 
amendments as proposed in order to allow funds adequate time to adjust 
their shareholder report disclosure and transmission practices, as the 
final rules will require. We received comments on this aspect of the 
proposal and after consideration of commenters' views, we continue to 
believe the 18-month transition period provides an appropriate amount 
of time for funds to comply with the new framework.
    Certain commenters requested that we instead adopt a 24-month 
transition period to allow funds additional time to adjust their 
practices.\585\ We continue to believe that the transition period we 
are adopting strikes the appropriate balance between allowing funds 
time to adjust their practices and allowing investors and shareholders 
to benefit from the new disclosure framework. We believe an 18-month 
transition period is adequate for these purposes. The transition period 
we are adopting is generally consistent with the transition periods 
associated with other disclosure- or advertising-based amendments the 
Commission has recently adopted.\586\
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    \585\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; 
Federated Hermes Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter.
    \586\ See, e.g., Derivatives Adopting Release, supra footnote 
282, at section II.L; Good Faith Determinations of Fair Value, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 34128 (Dec. 3, 2020) [86 FR 748 
(Feb. 10, 2021)], at section II.G.
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    A summary of the transition periods for the various aspects of the 
framework follows.
     Shareholder reports and related requirements. All 
shareholder reports for funds registered on Form N-1A will have to 
comply with Item 27A of Form N-1A if they are transmitted to 
shareholders 18 months or more after the effective date. These funds 
also will have to comply with the amendments to rule 30e-1 and Form N-
CSR no later than 18 months after the effective date by, among other 
things, meeting the website availability requirements for the new Form 
N-CSR items. Funds' registration statements and post-effective 
amendments to registration statements filed 18 months or more after the 
effective date that are required to include an appropriate broad-based 
securities market index must include an index that is consistent with 
the final rules' new definition of a ``broad-based'' index.
     Rule 30e-3 amendments. The amendments to the scope of rule 
30e-3 are effective 18 months after the effective date in order to 
provide time for funds relying on rule 30e-3 to transition to the 
proposed disclosure framework.
     Amended advertising rules. There will be a transition 
period of 18 months after the effective date for investment company 
advertisements to comply with the amendments to rules 482, 433, and 
34b-1. We have not provided an additional compliance period for the 
amendments to rule 156 after the amended rule is effective.
     Inline XBRL data tagging. There will be a transition 
period of 18 months after the effective date for funds to comply with 
the Inline XBRL data tagging amendments to rule 405 of Regulation S-T, 
Form N-1A, and Form N-CSR.
     Technical amendments. Funds' registration statements and 
post-effective amendments to registration statements filed following 
the effective date must reflect the requirements of Item 5(b) and 
17(a)(1) of amended Form N-1A.

III. Other Matters

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, the Office of Information 
and Regulatory Affairs has designated these rules as a ``major rule'' 
as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). If any of the provisions of these rules, 
or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held to be 
invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or 
application of such provisions to other persons or circumstances that 
can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

IV. Economic Analysis

A. Introduction

    We are mindful of the costs imposed by, and the benefits obtained 
from, our rules. Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act, section 2(b) of the 
Securities Act, and section 2(c) of the Investment Company Act state 
that when the Commission is engaging in rulemaking under such

[[Page 72810]]

titles and is required to consider or determine whether the action is 
necessary or appropriate in (or, with respect to the Investment Company 
Act, consistent with) the public interest, the Commission shall 
consider whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and 
capital formation, in addition to the protection of investors. Further, 
section 23(a)(2) of the Exchange Act requires the Commission to 
consider, among other matters, the impact such rules will have on 
competition and states that the Commission shall not adopt any rule 
that will impose a burden on competition not necessary or appropriate 
in furtherance of the purposes of the Exchange Act. The following 
analysis considers, in detail, the potential economic effects that may 
result from the rule amendments, including the benefits and costs to 
investors and other market participants as well as the broader 
implications of the rule amendments for efficiency, competition, and 
capital formation.
    The rule amendments will affect the provision of information by 
funds to investors. Under the rule amendments, funds will provide 
shareholders with more concise and visually engaging shareholder 
reports that highlight key information, including fund expenses, 
performance, and holdings.\587\ The rule amendments will also affect 
how funds transmit shareholder reports. Under the rule amendments, 
funds registered on Form N-1A will not be permitted to send notices 
regarding the online availability of shareholder reports in reliance on 
rule 30e-3. Instead, funds will transmit the more concise shareholder 
report in full.\588\ Through a layered disclosure approach, additional 
information that may be of more relevance to market professionals and 
some shareholders, such as fund financial statements, will be available 
online and delivered in paper or electronic format upon request, free 
of charge.\589\ Accessibility-related requirements will help ensure 
that investors can easily reach and navigate the information that 
appears online.\590\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \587\ See supra sections II.A and II.B.
    \588\ See supra section II.E.
    \589\ See supra section II.C.
    \590\ See supra section II.C.2.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also under the rule amendments, funds will prepare and transmit to 
each shareholder a separate shareholder report for each fund series and 
class. Many mutual funds and ETFs are organized as single registrants 
with several series (sometimes referred to as portfolios).\591\ 
Currently, fund registrants may prepare a single shareholder report 
that covers multiple series and this contributes to the length and 
complexity of shareholder reports.\592\ This rule amendment will enable 
shareholders to receive information that is more concise and salient 
using a consistent approach across funds in requiring that funds 
transmit a report to each investor that contains only information on 
the series and class of the fund in which the shareholder is 
invested.\593\
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    \591\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.108-110 and 
accompanying text (noting that each series has its own investment 
objectives, policies and restrictions and that the Federal 
securities laws and Commission rules often treat each series as a 
separate fund).
    \592\ See id. at text accompanying n.111 (providing examples of 
how the current presentation of multiple series within a single 
shareholder report may confuse shareholders); see also supra text 
accompanying footnotes 8 and 29.
    \593\ See Instruction 4 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A. As 
proposed, fund registrants could continue to include multiple 
shareholder reports that cover different series in a single Form N-
CSR report filed on EDGAR under the final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, under the rule amendments, funds will tag their 
shareholder reports in the structured (i.e., machine-readable) Inline 
XBRL data language. Currently, funds are not required to tag their 
shareholder reports in Inline XBRL or any other structured data 
language. This rule amendment will facilitate analysis of the 
disclosures included on funds' streamlined shareholder reports, 
providing informational benefits to investors.
    Finally, to improve fee and expense information that is available 
to investors more generally, we are adopting amendments to the 
investment company advertising rules to require that investors receive 
more transparent and consistent fee and expense information.\594\ These 
rule amendments will affect all registered investment company and BDC 
advertisements and are not limited to open-end fund advertisements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \594\ See supra section II.G.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We expect the rule amendments to benefit investors by permitting 
them to make more efficient use of their time and attention, and by 
facilitating informed investment decisions and choice among financial 
products. We expect some funds to experience lower costs of delivering 
materials under the rule amendments, which may be passed on to 
investors as a further benefit of the rule amendments, while other 
funds may experience increased costs of delivery and other aspects of 
the rule amendments, which will be a cost of the rule amendments to the 
shareholders of those funds.

B. Economic Baseline and Affected Parties

1. Descriptive Industry Statistics
    The rule amendments will affect funds and investors who receive 
fund disclosure and fund advertising under the current rules.\595\ 
Approximately 108.1 million individuals own shares of registered 
investment companies, representing 62.2 million (or 47.9%) of U.S. 
households. An estimated 102.6 million individuals own shares of mutual 
funds in particular, representing 59.0 million (or 45%) of U.S. 
households.\596\ Changes in technology have led to changes in how 
investors obtain and use information from shareholder reports.\597\ In 
2021, approximately 95% of households owning mutual funds had internet 
access, while only 68% of these households had internet access in 
2000.\598\
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    \595\ The vast majority (88%) of mutual fund shares are 
estimated to be held through retail accounts. See 2022 ICI Fact 
Book, supra footnote 37. Based on staff analysis of Form 13F data, 
the mean institutional holding is estimated to be approximately 50% 
for exchange-traded funds. We calculated ``institutional holding'' 
as the sum of shares held by institutions (as reported on Form 13F 
filings) divided by shares outstanding (as reported in CRSP). Year-
end 2021 Form 13F filings were used to estimate institutional 
ownership. We note that there are long-standing questions around the 
reliability of data obtained from Form 13F filings.] See Covered 
Investment Fund Research Reports, Investment Company Act Release No. 
33311 (Nov. 30, 2018) [83 FR 64180, 64199 (Dec. 13, 2018), at n.223; 
see also Reporting Threshold for Institutional Investment Managers, 
Exchange Act Release No. 89290 (July 10, 2020) [85 FR 46016] (July 
31, 2020), at n.63 (proposing certain technical amendments to Form 
13F that the Commission believes may reduce filer mistakes and data 
inaccuracies).
    \596\ See 2022 ICI Fact Book, supra footnote 37. Among mutual 
fund-owning households, 66% held funds outside employer-sponsored 
retirement accounts, with 19% owning funds only outside such plans.
    \597\ See supra section I.A.1.
    \598\ See 2022 ICI Fact Book, supra footnote 37, at Figure 7.16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on staff analysis of Form N-CEN filings, we estimate that, as 
of December 2021, the number of funds that will be affected by the 
amendments to the disclosure and transmission requirements for 
shareholder reports is 11,840, including 9,396 mutual funds and 2,444 
ETFs that register on Form N-1A.\599\ As of December 2021, the 9,396 
mutual funds (i.e., series, or classes of series, of trusts registered 
on Form N-1A) had average total net assets of $26.3 trillion and 29,046 
authorized share classes.\600\ The 2,444 ETFs (i.e., series,

[[Page 72811]]

or classes of series, of trusts registered on Form N-1A) had average 
total net assets of $5.1 trillion and 2,577 authorized share classes as 
of December 2021.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \599\ These estimates are based on staff analysis of Form N-CEN 
filings received through December 2021.
    \600\ The estimate of the number of authorized share classes is 
based on responses to Form N-CEN, Item C.2.a., and includes non-ETF 
share classes of multi-class ETFs. We estimate that the average 
number of classes per open-end fund series was 2.68 with a median of 
2 and a maximum of 23 classes per series, based on staff analysis of 
March 2022 Form N-CEN data, with two thirds (66%) of the open-end 
fund series having more than one class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The scope of the final advertising rule amendments is broader than 
that of the other elements of this rulemaking. The advertising rule 
amendments will apply to other registered investment companies and to 
BDCs, in addition to mutual funds and ETFs. As of December 2021, there 
were 1,338 other registered investment companies, including 656 
registered closed-end funds, 20 funds that could file registration 
statements or amendments to registration statements on Form N-3, and 
662 UITs.\601\ As of December 2021, there were 103 BDCs with $209.4 
billion in total assets.\602\ The rule amendments will also affect 
financial intermediaries and other third parties that are involved in 
the distribution and use of shareholder reports and fund advertising. 
We understand that most fund investors are not direct shareholders of 
record, but instead engage an investment professional and hold their 
fund investments as beneficial owners through accounts with 
intermediaries such as broker-dealers.\603\ As a result, intermediaries 
commonly distribute fund materials to beneficial owners, including 
shareholder reports and advertising materials. In the case of broker-
dealers, self-regulatory organization (``SRO'') rules provide that 
broker-dealer member firms are required to distribute annual reports, 
as well as ``interim reports,'' to beneficial owners on behalf of 
issuers, so long as an issuer (i.e., the fund) provides satisfactory 
assurance that the broker-dealer will be reimbursed for expenses (as 
defined in SRO rules) incurred by the broker-dealer for distributing 
the materials.\604\ Based on information reported on Form BD, we 
estimate that 1,366 broker-dealers sell mutual funds' shares and may 
deliver shareholder reports and advertising materials that will be 
affected by the rule amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \601\ We estimate that all registered investment companies would 
be affected by the advertising rule amendments. Based on staff 
analysis of Form N-CEN filings received as of December 2021, this 
includes all mutual funds and ETFs; 656 closed-end funds registered 
on Form N-2, with average total net assets of $356 billion; 20 
variable annuity separate accounts registered as management 
investment companies on Form N-3, with total assets of $277.6 
billion; and 662 UITs, with total assets of $2.7 trillion (including 
5 ETFs that are registered as UITs with total assets of $724 
billion).
    \602\ To estimate the number of BDCs, we use data from Form 10-K 
and Form 10-Q filings as of the fourth quarter of 2021. Our 
estimates exclude BDCs that may be delinquent, wholly owned 
subsidiaries of other BDCs, and BDCs in master-feeder structures.
    \603\ By one estimate, approximately 75% of accounts are held 
through brokers and other intermediaries, excluding positions held 
in employer-sponsored plans. See Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 20, at n.275.
    \604\ See, e.g., NYSE rule 465(2); NYSE rules 451(a)(1) and (2); 
FINRA rule 2251(e)(1)(C); FINRA rule 2251.01.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Fund Shareholder Reports
    Funds provide information about their past operations and 
activities to investors through periodic shareholder reports. Funds 
transmit shareholder reports to ongoing shareholders twice-annually. 
Thus, shareholders receive both a semi-annual and an annual report from 
the fund. Shareholder reports provide information about a fund's 
performance (in the case of an annual report), expenses, holdings, and 
other matters (e.g., statements about the fund's liquidity management 
program, the basis for approval of an investment advisory contract, and 
the availability of additional information about the fund). The reports 
also include financial statements, which include audited financials (in 
the case of the annual report).
    Many mutual funds and ETFs are organized as single registrants with 
several series (sometimes referred to as portfolios).\605\ Currently, 
fund registrants may prepare a single shareholder report that covers 
multiple series, as well as multiple share classes of each series.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \605\ See supra section I.A.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Shareholder reports can be quite long.\606\ The average length of a 
shareholder report exceeds 100 pages.\607\ Based on staff analysis of 
shareholder reports available on fund websites, we estimate that the 
average annual report length is 134 pages and the average semi-annual 
report length is 116 pages, or 87% of the average length of a fund's 
annual report.\608\
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    \606\ See supra section I.A.2.
    \607\ Under the current rules, funds are required to include the 
full financial statements and financial highlights in the 
shareholder report. This contributes to shareholder reports' length 
and limits the ability of funds to provide concise mailings. See 
Proposing Release, supra footnote 8 at n.16 and accompanying text.
    \608\ See supra footnote 34 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds must transmit the shareholder reports to shareholders and 
file them on EDGAR using Form N-CSR. In addition, funds often provide 
their shareholder reports on their websites. Commission rules affect 
the extent to which funds publish shareholder reports on public 
websites. All funds that rely on rule 498 to deliver summary 
prospectuses are required to make their shareholder reports available 
online at the website address identified at the beginning of the 
summary prospectus. We estimate that approximately 90% of funds 
currently provide their shareholder reports on their websites.\609\ 
Under the current rules, the information in the Edgar N-CSR filings 
that is not in the fund shareholder report need not be delivered or 
otherwise made available to investors online.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \609\ We base this estimate on the number of filings pursuant to 
rule 497(k) (``Summary prospectus filing requirements'') under the 
Investment Company Act [17 CFR 230.497(k)] filed from May 2021 to 
May 2022. In addition, a fund relying on rule 30e-3 is required to 
make its shareholder reports publicly accessible on a website. In 
the case of rule 30e-3, the shareholder report must be available at 
the website address specified in the notice the fund would send to 
shareholders under the rule. Funds that rely on rule 30e-3 are also 
required to make their complete portfolio holdings for each quarter 
available online. See also T. Rowe Price Comment Letter (expressing 
the view that retirement plan participants, specifically older 
participants, overwhelmingly prefer to engage electronically with 
their funds and presenting survey evidence in which the preference 
was held by 88 percent of Baby Boomers as well as 93 percent of 
Millennials) and Fidelity Comment Letter (``elements currently 
required (and that would continue to be required under the Proposal) 
are routinely available to shareholders on fund websites. 
Information related to performance, expenses, and graphical holdings 
are all updated frequently on the internet, providing more timely 
information to shareholders when making an investment decision'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Our staff has observed varying practices with respect to the use of 
benchmarks by funds in disclosing their performance in the prospectus 
and annual reports. Some funds include the performance of a single 
benchmark index in their performance disclosure, while others include 
the performance of more than one benchmark index in this 
disclosure.\610\ Index providers generally charge fees for the right to 
present the performance of benchmark indexes (the required appropriate 
broad-based securities market index, as well as any additional 
index(es) a fund chooses to include) in their disclosure documents. 
These fees are not generally disclosed to the public.\611\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \610\ The staff of the Office of the Investor Advocate also has 
observed these varying practices with respect to the use of 
benchmarks by funds. See OIAD Benchmark Study, supra footnote 53.
    \611\ Current rules do not require that funds disclose the 
licensing fees that they pay to index providers separately from 
other fund expenses. A 2021 study ``collect[s] the first data on the 
licensing fees between index providers and ETF sponsors by reading 
all ETF filings on [EDGAR]'' and found that the fees are disclosed 
by ETF sponsors on a voluntary basis and that only about 10% of the 
ETFs in the study disclose their licensing fees. The study presents 
a ``first analysis of ETF index licensing fees,'' and despite ``this 
limitation and possible selection bias,'' estimates that index-
tracking ETFs pay an index fee equal to one-third of their 
management fee and that ``estimated licensing fees were 4.4 bps of 
an ETF's AUM on average'' in 2019 (and, for example, State Street 
``pays 3 bps of the ETF assets plus a flat fee of $600,000 per year 
to S&P Dow Jones'' and Invesco QQQ Trust paying ``9 bps . . . in the 
form of licensing fees to the index provider (NASDAQ), who owns the 
underlying NASDAQ-100 index''). See An, et al., Index Providers: 
Whales Behind the Scenes of ETFs (Jan. 28, 2022), available at 
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3855836. Because 
the funds in the study are equity funds and may include a 
disproportionate share of index-tracking funds (as the examples 
indicate), the licensing fee data it includes may not be 
representative of licensing fees that funds pay solely for purposes 
of performance disclosure. See Index Industry Association Comment 
Letter (stating that index providers typically charge 
proportionately low fees for the merely comparative uses of an 
index, such as publication of charts and graphs in a fund's 
shareholder reports).

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[[Page 72812]]

    Funds are not currently required to structure their shareholder 
reports in Inline XBRL or any other structured, machine-readable data 
language. However, funds are subject to Inline XBRL tagging 
requirements for other Commission filings--specifically, for the risk/
return summary disclosure in their prospectuses.\612\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \612\ See General Instruction C.3.(g) to current and amended 
Form N-1A; rule 405(b)(2)(i) of Regulation S-T (17 CFR 
232.405(b)(2)(i)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Transmission of Shareholder Reports
    Under Commission rules and guidance, transmission of shareholder 
reports occurs by paper or email, depending on the investor's expressed 
preference. The Commission has provided guidance permitting electronic 
delivery of required disclosure materials under certain 
circumstances.\613\ Under this guidance, funds can transmit shareholder 
reports electronically in lieu of paper if they satisfy certain 
conditions relating to investor notice, access, and evidence of 
delivery. Funds (or intermediaries) acting consistently with this 
guidance typically obtain an investor's informed consent to electronic 
delivery to satisfy the ``evidence of delivery'' condition. Fund 
investors that have elected electronic delivery typically receive an 
email that contains a link or a notice with a link to where the 
materials are available online. One commenter on the proposal projected 
a rate of digital delivery of 80%-85% in 2023 for all mutual fund and 
ETF positions held in street name.\614\ One commenter estimated that 
the vast majority (96 percent) of fund-company respondents to a survey 
offer e-deliver of investor materials.\615\ The estimated proportion of 
shareholders who elect to receive fund disclosure by email has 
increased over time and varies among funds. By one earlier estimate 
provided as a comment to the Fund Investor Experience RFC, the average 
enrollment rate for electronic delivery was 19.35% for direct-held 
positions (i.e., shares purchased directly through an account with the 
fund) and 55% for beneficial positions (i.e., shares purchased through 
an account with an intermediary).\616\ Based on a 2020 survey of fund 
companies, one commenter on the proposal estimated that e-delivery of 
shareholder reports and prospectuses to direct held accounts comprises 
approximately 34% of all deliveries to those accounts.\617\ One 
commenter on the proposal estimated that 24 percent of respondents on a 
survey reported a positive spike in requests for e-delivery from 
direct-at-fund accounts since the beginning of the COVID-19.\618\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \613\ See Electronic Media 1995 Release, supra footnote 27 
(providing Commission views on the use of electronic media to 
deliver information to investors, with a focus on electronic 
delivery of prospectuses, annual reports, and proxy solicitation 
materials); Electronic Media 1996 Release, supra footnote 27; 
Electronic Media 2000 Release, supra footnote 27.
    \614\ See Broadridge Comment Letter. This commenter estimated 
that 73% of the shareholder reports and prospectuses were digital at 
the time of the comment (inclusive of householding, e-delivery, and 
account consolidations) and that this was more than twice the level 
of digital delivery found among direct-held accounts.
    \615\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \616\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.734 and 
accompanying text.
    \617\ See Broadridge Comment Letter (citing evidence from a 2020 
ICI survey).
    \618\ See ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds are not permitted to provide electronic delivery unless the 
fund shareholder has requested (and thus opted into) electronic 
delivery.\619\ Commenters on the proposal have argued that the 
enrollment rate for electronic delivery would be higher if funds were 
permitted to provide electronic delivery as the default and 
shareholders were permitted to opt into paper delivery on request.\620\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \619\ With respect to the transmission mechanism, fund 
shareholders currently receive shareholder reports in paper or 
electronically, depending on their preferences. See supra section 
I.A.1.
    \620\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter (inertia around 
shareholder requests for e-delivery when the default for electronic 
delivery is opt-in rather than opt-out) and Broadridge Comment 
Letter (``If the delivery default were switched from paper to 
electronic, we estimate that mutual fund companies would save 
between $30 million and $40 million by transmitting streamlined 
shareholder reports and annual summary prospectuses electronically, 
instead of by mail. This estimate assumes that a change in the 
default would raise the level of digital delivery from between 80% 
and 85% in 2023 to 90% instead (for all mutual fund and ETF 
positions held in street name).''); see also ICI Comment Letter; 
SIFMA Comment Letter; Charles Schwab Comment Letter; Federated 
Hermes Comment Letter; TIAA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Starting in 2021, certain investment companies have been permitted 
under rule 30e-3 to send a short notice that a semi-annual or annual 
report is available online to shareholders instead of transmitting the 
shareholder report, in order to satisfy semi-annual report transmission 
requirements under rules 30e-1 and 30e-2.\621\ For example, funds have 
been permitted to send a short paper notice instead of transmitting the 
shareholder report in paper. Rule 30e-3 does not modify the 
transmission method for shareholders who request receiving the reports 
in paper or who have elected to receive the reports in electronic 
form.\622\ Funds that intended to rely on rule 30e-3 before 2022 were 
required to provide a notice to shareholders of this intent in their 
prospectuses and shareholder reports. Under rule 30e-3, what 
shareholders see when they access a shareholder report does not vary in 
substance or length according to whether they access the report online 
or by requesting a paper copy.\623\ The funds that rely on rule 30e-3 
to transmit their shareholder reports are required to make their 
shareholder reports available online (at the website address specified 
in the notice the fund sends to shareholders under the rule) and to 
make their complete portfolio holdings for each quarter available 
online. Transmission of the report is generally less costly for funds 
that choose to rely on rule 30e-3 than if they had not chosen to rely 
on rule 30e-3 because printing and mailing costs are lower for a short 
paper notice as opposed to a full-length report.\624\ However, to 
implement the requirements of rule 30e-3, funds incurred costs to make 
adjustments to their shareholder report transmission practices.\625\ We 
estimate that 89% percent of funds registered on Form N-1A currently 
rely on rule 30e-3, and that the same percentage of UITs

[[Page 72813]]

currently rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy shareholder report transmission 
obligations under rule 30e-2.\626\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \621\ For a discussion of UITs that currently may rely on rule 
30e-3 to satisfy their shareholder report transmission requirements 
under rule 30e-2, and how the final rules address these UITs, see 
supra footnotes 495-499 and accompanying paragraphs.
    \622\ Rule 30e-3 requires the fund to deliver shareholder 
reports in paper to those shareholders who expressly opt in to paper 
delivery. For funds that rely on rule 30e-3, other shareholders who 
have not consented to electronic delivery receive a link to the 
shareholder report in a paper notice from the fund.
    \623\ See supra section IV.B.2.
    \624\ Shareholders of funds that rely on rule 30e-3 may request 
paper copies of the full report, which has the effect of reducing 
the cost savings to funds associated with rule 30e-3.
    \625\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
John Hancock Comment Letter see also supra footnote 479 and related 
text (discussing costs for funds to convert their current 
shareholder report transmission processes to comply with rule 30e-
3).
    \626\ Our estimate reflects the percent of open-end funds 
registered on Form N-1A that included a statement notifying 
investors of their intent to rely on rule 30e-3 in annual or semi-
annual reports filed on Form N-CSR in 2020. See also Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 8 at n.738 (stating that, in a June 2019 
survey, the ICI found that 97 percent of member funds responding to 
the survey planned to rely on rule 30e-3). We apply this same 
percentage to estimate the number of UITs that rely on rule 30e-3 to 
satisfy their obligations under rule 30e-2, as the Commission has 
historically taken a similar estimation approach, and we have no 
reason to believe this estimation approach is inappropriate. See 
Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20, at section III.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A summary of the transmission scenarios that would occur without 
the rule amendments (in the baseline), along with typical transmission 
outcomes for semi-annual and annual shareholder reports (``reports''), 
appears in table 6 below. As indicated, the baseline transmission 
outcomes vary across funds and shareholders, according to their 
expressed preferences and circumstances:

         Table 6--Transmission Scenarios for Shareholder Reports Without the Rule Amendments (Baseline)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Shareholder requests      Shareholder requests      Shareholder makes no
    Fund relies on rule 30e-3?        electronic delivery          paper delivery           delivery election
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes..............................  Email (with link to 100+   Paper mail (100+ page)    Paper notice (1 page)
                                    page report)               report                    with link to 100+ page
                                                                                         report
No...............................  Email (with link to 100+   N/A\1\                    Paper mail (100+ page)
                                    page report)                                         report
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: 1. ``N/A'' reflects the fact that, if a fund does not rely on rule 30e-3, paper delivery of the full
  (semi-annual or annual) shareholder report is the default delivery mechanism. If the fund relies on rule 30e-
  3, however, delivery of a paper notice with a link to the online location of the shareholder report becomes
  the default, as the table indicates. As discussed above, we estimate that the report lengths for the semi-
  annual and annual reports are 116 and 134 pages, respectively.

4. Investor Use of Fund Disclosure
    The Proposing Release discussed evidence that was available to the 
Commission at the time of the proposal showing that investors generally 
prefer concise, layered disclosure and supporting the conclusion that 
investors view funds' existing shareholder reports as too lengthy and 
complicated.\627\ The feedback on investors' preferences that the 
Commission received in response to the Proposing Release was consistent 
with the Commission's understanding of investors' preferences that the 
Proposing Release described regarding the length, format, and content 
of the proposed streamlined annual report.\628\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \627\ See supra section I.A.3 (Evidence of Investor Preferences 
Regarding Fund Disclosure). This feedback generally showed that 
retail investors prefer concise, layered disclosure and feel 
overwhelmed by the volume of information they currently receive, 
with some individual investors specifically addressing and 
supporting a more concise, summary shareholder report. See Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 8, at nn.28-30 and accompanying text.
    \628\ See supra footnotes 47-51 and accompanying text; see also, 
e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; Mutual 
Fund Directors Forum Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; TIAA 
Comment Letter; FS Investments Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Fund Advertisements
    The Commission rules on investment company advertising apply to all 
registered investment companies and BDCs. These rules largely focus on 
how certain types of funds present their performance in advertisements. 
While investment company advertising rules limit how a fund may present 
its performance to promote comparability and prevent potentially 
misleading advertisements, these rules generally do not similarly 
prescribe the presentation of fees and expenses in advertisements.\629\ 
This focus reflects the Commission's understanding that investors use 
information about performance to choose among funds and concern that, 
absent requirements to standardize how funds present performance in 
advertisements, investors may be susceptible to basing their investment 
decisions on information that is inaccurate or creates an inaccurate 
impression of the fund's performance.\630\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \629\ See supra section I.A.4.
    \630\ See Mutual Fund Sales Literature Interpretive Rule, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 10915 (Oct. 26, 1979) [44 FR 
64070 (Nov. 6, 1979)] (``Rule 156 Adopting Release''); Investment 
Company Sales Literature Interpretive Rule, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 10621 (Mar. 8, 1979) [44 FR 16935 (Mar. 20, 1979)], at 
paragraph accompanying n.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the Commission rules regarding the presentation of 
performance information, FINRA rules that govern member broker-dealers' 
communications with the public provide an important source of 
advertising requirements and guidance for investment companies.\631\ As 
discussed in section I.A.4, FINRA rule 2210(d)(5), the specific 
requirements of the FINRA rules for the presentation of fee and expense 
information in non-money market open-end funds' communications with the 
public, do not apply to closed-end fund or BDC advertisements or to 
non-money market fund open-end investment company advertisements to 
institutional investors. FINRA rules do not apply to investment company 
advertisements where a broker-dealer is not involved in disseminating 
the particular communication.\632\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \631\ FINRA rule 2210, ``Communications with the Public,'' 
includes both general and specific standards for communications with 
the public, and requires non-money market fund open-end funds' 
communications with the public that include performance information 
to include certain specified fee and expense information, as 
discussed in supra sections I.A.4 and II.G.1. See also, e.g., 
Fidelity Comment Letter and ICI Comment Letter (discussing the scope 
of FINRA rule 2210).
    \632\ See paragraphs accompanying supra footnotes 530, 539-542.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Benefits and Costs

    Where possible, we have attempted to quantify the benefits, costs, 
and effects on efficiency, competition, and capital formation expected 
to result from the rule amendments. We are providing both a qualitative 
assessment and quantified estimates of the potential economic effects 
of the rule amendments where feasible. As explained in more detail 
below, because we do not have, and in certain cases do not believe we 
can reasonably obtain, reliable quantitative evidence to use as a basis 
for our analysis, we are unable to quantify certain economic effects. 
For example, because the rule amendments will provide fund investors 
with more tailored, concise disclosures than they currently receive, it 
is possible that readership of the fund disclosures will

[[Page 72814]]

increase. We do not have reliable quantitative estimates of the extent 
to which the use of more concise disclosure will enhance readership 
compared to the baseline scenario in which funds continue to transmit 
the materials that investors now receive.
    Similarly, changes in the format and content of the annual and 
semi-annual reports under the rule amendments may reduce the amount of 
time and effort that shareholders allocate to monitoring their fund 
investments and making portfolio decisions (that is, whether to buy 
additional shares, or to continue to hold or sell a fund investment). 
We also do not have reliable quantitative estimates of the extent to 
which the transmission of the more concise, tailored reports will 
reduce the amount of time and effort investors allocate to monitoring 
their fund investments or to making portfolio decisions, or the value 
of that time and effort to investors. Nor do we have such estimates for 
the baseline conditions, without the rule amendments. The Commission 
did not receive public comment regarding the specific estimates of 
benefits and costs in the Proposing Release, although it did receive 
comments suggesting that certain aspects of the shareholder report 
requirements would be more burdensome than the Commission estimated at 
the proposal. We have adjusted the proposal's annual estimated costs to 
reflect such comments and changes from the proposal (for example, 
requiring class-specific shareholder reports), as well as to reflect 
updated estimates of the number of affected funds and the wage 
rates.\633\ In addition, in those circumstances in which we do not have 
quantitative evidence, we have provided a qualitative analysis of the 
economic impact of the rule amendments relative to the baseline 
environment. Our inability to quantify these costs, benefits, or other 
effects does not imply these effects are less significant from an 
economic perspective.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \633\ See infra footnote 724; see also infra section V for 
details on the adjustments to the cost estimates that we have made 
though adjustments to the PRA cost estimates, which are expressed as 
changes from the estimates in the Proposing Release in the estimated 
burden hours (and related costs) associated with relevant rule 
amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Broad Economic Considerations
    The economic analysis of the benefits and costs of the rule 
amendments is based on broad economic considerations regarding fund 
disclosure and fund advertising.
a. Fund Disclosure
    The rule amendments will provide fund shareholders with more 
concise and more readily usable disclosures that are consistent across 
funds and that highlight information that is key to retail shareholders 
for the purpose of monitoring fund investments and informing portfolio 
decisions, while providing layered access to other information that 
shareholders now receive that may be of more relevance to market 
professionals and some fund shareholders.
    Under the new approach, funds will provide shareholders with annual 
and semi-annual reports that highlight key information, including fund 
expenses, performance, and portfolio holdings in a format that is 
consistent across funds.\634\ Funds will tag their shareholder reports 
in Inline XBRL and will have flexibility to make electronic versions of 
their shareholder reports more user-friendly and interactive. Funds 
will be required to make other information, such as the schedule of 
investments and other financial statement elements, available to 
shareholders online and to deliver the information free of charge in 
paper or electronically upon request in addition to providing it on a 
semi-annual basis with the Commission on Form N-CSR. Shareholder 
reports will contain cover page legends directing investors to websites 
containing this information. Accessibility-related requirements that we 
are adopting will help ensure that investors can easily reach and 
navigate the information that appears online. The new shareholder 
report will replace the notice that some shareholders currently receive 
from open-end funds in reliance on rule 30e-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \634\ As discussed in section II.A, supra, the final rule 
amendments incorporate certain changes from the proposal to address 
commenters' feedback. These changes are discussed in more detail 
above. However, the final rules' layered disclosure approach mirrors 
the layered disclosure approach that the proposal incorporated, and 
(except as noted in section II.D supra) the content items that would 
appear in the proposed shareholder report cover the same topics as 
the contents that the final rules require.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, under the new approach, funds will be required to 
provide a separate shareholder report for each series and share class 
of a fund. This is a change from the proposal, which would not have 
required a separate shareholder report for each share class of a fund. 
The effect is to provide shareholders with information that is more 
concise and narrowly tailored to their specific investments in the 
funds and to reduce the complexity of the disclosures that shareholders 
receive. For example, shareholders who hold more than one class of a 
fund will receive separate reports, instead of a single report, 
although the reports may be provided in a single mailing or delivery 
under the final rule.\635\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \635\ See Instruction 12 to Item 27A(a) of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the rule amendments, funds also will provide investors with 
disclosures that better enable them to make performance comparisons 
among funds and between funds and other investments.
    The economic analysis of the effects of these amendments is based 
in part on the comments and evidence the Commission received in 
response to the Proposing Release and the Fund Investor Experience RFC 
and the investor testing and surveys that are discussed in section 
I.A.3 above.\636\ It is also based in part on the evidence from 
academic studies that have documented potential benefits of providing 
more concise and tailored disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \636\ For more discussion of the comments on the Proposing 
Release, see supra sections II.A-II.G.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Recent academic studies have produced findings and conclusions that 
are consistent with our belief that investors will benefit from more 
concise and tailored disclosures under the rule amendments. Some of 
these studies were the subject of comments on the Proposing Release. 
For example, one commenter identified a study consistent with the 
conclusion that ``high-fee funds attempt to obfuscate their high 
fees.'' \637\ Another commenter identified a study of fee disclosure 
reforms in Australia concluding that ``salient fee disclosure has a 
material impact on investors' decisions.'' \638\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \637\ See Wharton Comment Letter (citing paper by Ed deHaan, et. 
al, Obfuscation in Mutual Funds 72 J. Acct. & Econ. No. 2/3 (Mar. 
13, 2020, revised Jul. 12, 2021), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3540215; see also Bruce I. Carlin, Strategic Price 
Complexity in Retail Financial Markets, 91 J. Fin. Econ., 278-287 
(March 2009).
    \638\ See Comment Letter of Kingsley Fong (Jan. 4, 2021) (citing 
abstract by Roger M. Edelen et. al., Disclosure, Inattention and 
Conflicted Remuneration in Financial Advice (citation omitted)). 
Edelen et al. present a study of the effects a 2012 Australian law 
known as the Future of Financial Advice (FOFA). They find that the 
law's required disclosure of an ``advice fee'' in a stand-alone Fee 
Disclosure Statement led to an ``economically and statistically 
significant'' change in client (investor) behavior. In addition, 
they find evidence of further changes in investor behavior from the 
law's requirement that investors must ``opt into'' financial advice. 
The evidence of an effect of an opt-in requirement, even in the 
presence of the Fee Disclosure Statement, indicates that investors 
can benefit from reforms that go beyond enhanced salience to address 
investor inattention. (``Our evidence confirms the literature view 
that salient fee disclosure has a material impact on investors' 
decisions. But our evidence on the FOFA opt-in requirement is more 
novel and arguably more important.'')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72815]]

    In the proposal, we considered studies that applied to certain 
elements of the rule amendments in addition to studies that applied 
more broadly to the framing of our analysis of the economic impact. 
Some of the research that we considered identified characteristics that 
may increase the effectiveness of a disclosure document to consumers, 
as discussed below.\639\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \639\ See George Loewenstein et al., Disclosure: Psychology 
Changes Everything, Harv. Pub. L. (working paper no. 13-30, Aug. 18, 
2013) (``Loewenstein Paper''), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2312708 (retrieved from SSRN Elsevier database). The paper 
provides a survey of the literature regarding disclosure regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specifically, the research we considered suggests that, because 
individuals can exhibit limited ability to absorb and understand the 
implications of the disclosed information, for example due to limited 
attention or low level of financial sophistication,\640\ more targeted 
and simpler disclosures may be more effective in communicating 
information to investors than more complex disclosures. Specifically, 
the academic studies that we considered suggest that costs, such as 
from increased investor confusion or reduced understanding of the key 
elements of the disclosure, are likely to increase as disclosure 
documents become longer, more complex, or more reliant on narrative 
text.\641\ Consistent with such findings, other empirical evidence 
suggests that disclosure simplification may benefit consumers of 
disclosed information.\642\ This research supports the notion that 
shorter and more focused disclosures could be more effective at 
increasing investor understanding than longer, more complex 
disclosures. For example, a concise shareholder report could more 
effectively communicate information to investors than current 
shareholder reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \640\ See, e.g., David Hirshleifer & Siew Hong Teoh, Limited 
Attention, Information Disclosure, and Financial Reporting (Sept. 
2003) (``Hirshleifer & Teoh Study'') available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=334940; Lauren E. Willis, Decision Making and the Limits of 
Disclosure: The Problem of Predatory Lending: Price, 65 MD. L. REV. 
707 (2006).
    \641\ See, e.g., Samuel B. Bonsall & Brian P. Miller, The Impact 
of Narrative Disclosure Readability on Bond Ratings and the Cost of 
Debt, 22 Rev. Acct. Stud. 608 (2017) and Alistair Lawrence, 
Individual Investors and Financial Disclosure, 56 J. ACCT. & ECON. 
130 (2013).
    \642\ See, e.g., Sumit Agarwal, et al., Regulating Consumer 
Financial Products: Evidence from Credit Cards Nat'l Bureau of Econ. 
Rsch (working paper no. 19484, Sept. 28, 2013, last revised Mar. 28, 
2022), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2332556 (finding that 
a series of requirements in the Credit Card Accountability 
Responsibility and Disclosure Act (CARD Act), including several 
provisions designed to promote simplified disclosure, have produced 
substantial decreases in both over-limit fees and late fees, thus 
saving U.S. credit card users $12.6 billion annually).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another characteristic of effective disclosures documented in the 
academic research that we considered is disclosure salience.\643\ 
Salience detection is a key feature of human cognition allowing 
individuals to focus their limited time and attention on a subset of 
the available information and causing them to place relatively greater 
weight on this information in their decision-making processes.\644\ 
Within the context of disclosures, information disclosed more 
saliently, such as information presented in bold text, or at the top of 
a page, tends to be more effective in attracting attention than less 
saliently disclosed information, such as information presented in a 
footnote. Some research finds that more visible disclosure signals are 
associated with stronger stakeholder responses to these signals.\645\ 
Moreover, some research suggests that increasing signal salience is 
particularly helpful to consumers with lower education levels and lower 
financial literacy.\646\ There is also empirical evidence that 
visualization improves individual perception of information.\647\ For 
example, one experimental study shows that tabular reports lead to 
better decision making and graphical reports lead to faster decision 
making (when people are subject to time constraints).\648\ Overall, 
these findings suggest that problems such as limited attention may be 
alleviated if key information in shareholder reports is emphasized, is 
reported closer to the beginning of the document, and is visualized in 
some manner (e.g., tables, graphs, bullet lists). However, it is also 
important to note that, given a choice, registrants may opt to 
emphasize elements of the disclosure that are most beneficial to 
themselves rather than investors, while deemphasizing elements of the 
disclosure that they regard as least beneficial.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \643\ See, e.g., Pedro Bordalo et al., Salience, 14 Ann. Rev. 
Econ. (2022) (reviewing the growing economics literature on salience 
and economic behavior).
    \644\ See Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast And Slow, Farrar, 
Straus and Giroux, 1st ed. (Apr. 2, 2013) and Shelley E. Taylor, 
Social Cognition: From Brains To Culture SAGE Publ'n Ltd., 3d ed. 
(Mar. 15, 2017).
    \645\ See Hirshleifer & Teoh Study, supra footnote 640.
    \646\ See, e.g., Victor Stango & Jonathan Zinman, Limited and 
Varying Consumer Attention: Evidence from Shocks to the Salience of 
Bank Overdraft Fees, 27 REV. FIN. STUD. 990 (2014).
    \647\ See John Hattie, Visible Learning: A Synthesis Of Over 800 
Meta-Analyses Relating To Achievement, Routledge; 1st ed. (Nov. 18, 
2008).
    \648\ See Izak Benbasat & Albert Dexter, An Investigation of the 
Effectiveness of Color and Graphical Information Presentation Under 
Varying Time Constraints, 10 Mgmt. Info. Sys. Q. no. 1 (Mar. 1986).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is also a trade-off between allowing more disclosure 
flexibility and ensuring more disclosure comparability (e.g., through a 
more consistent approach to disclosure across funds). Greater 
disclosure flexibility potentially allows the disclosure to reflect 
more relevant information, as disclosure providers can tailor the 
information to firms' own specific circumstances. Although disclosure 
flexibility allows for disclosure of more decision-relevant 
information, it also allows registrants to emphasize information that 
is most beneficial to themselves rather than investors, while 
deemphasizing information that is least beneficial to the 
registrants.\649\ Economic incentives to present one's operations and 
performance in a better light may drive funds to deemphasize 
information that may be relevant to retail investors. Moreover, 
although the requirement for a consistent approach across funds can 
make it harder to tailor disclosed information to a fund's specific 
circumstances, it also comes with some benefits. For example, people 
are generally able to make more coherent and rational decisions when 
they have comparative information that allows them to assess relevant 
trade-offs.\650\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \649\ This flexibility, however, operates within a statutory and 
regulatory framework that addresses materially misleading statements 
and omissions by issuers. See, e.g., section 10(b) of the Exchange 
Act; rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act; see also supra footnote 543 
and accompanying text (discussing FINRA rules that require all 
member communications to be fair and balanced and not misleading).
    \650\ See, e.g., Jeffrey R. Kling, et al., Comparison Friction: 
Experimental Evidence from Medicare Drug Plans, 127 Q. J. Econ. 199 
(2012) (finding that in a randomized field experiment, in which some 
senior citizens choosing between Medicare drug plans that were 
randomly selected to receive a letter with personalized, 
standardized, comparative cost information (``the intervention 
group'') while another group (``the comparison group'') received a 
general letter referring them to the Medicare website, plan 
switching was 28% in the intervention group, but only 17% in the 
comparison group, and the intervention caused an average decline in 
predicted consumer cost of about $100 a year among letter 
recipients); Christopher K. Hsee, et al., Preference Reversals 
Between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Options: A Review and 
Theoretical Analysis, 125 Psychol. Bull. 576 (1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, studies have found that changes in the structure or 
format of disclosure can improve (or decrease) investor understanding 
of the disclosures being made. Every disclosure document not only 
presents new information to retail investors but also provides a 
particular structure or format for this information that affects 
investors' evaluation of the

[[Page 72816]]

disclosure.\651\ This ``framing effect'' could lead investors to draw 
different conclusions depending on how information is presented. 
Because of such framing effects, it is important that the structure of 
a disclosure document supports the intended purpose of the disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \651\ See Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, The Framing of 
Decisions and the Psychology of Choice, 211 Sci. 453 (1981).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Advertising
    The final advertising rule amendments will enhance the transparency 
of the fees and expenses that are associated with investing in a 
particular investment company.\652\ To obtain this improvement in 
transparency, the amendments will require that presentations of fund 
fees and expenses in registered investment company and BDC 
advertisements and sales literature be consistent with the relevant 
prospectus fee table presentations and be reasonably current.\653\ 
These rule amendments will require that funds use a consistent approach 
to the presentation of the fee and expense information that appears in 
fund advertisements and add to the pertinent factors that should be 
considered to determine whether or not a particular representation is 
materially misleading.\654\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \652\ As detailed in section I.A.4 supra, investment company 
advertisements typically are prospectuses for purposes of the 
Securities Act. Rule 34b-1 under the Investment Company Act is 
designed to help prevent performance claims in supplemental sales 
literature from being misleading and to promote comparability and 
uniformity among supplemental sales literature and covered 
advertisements.
    \653\ See supra section II.G.1 (discussion of final rule 
amendments regarding fund advertisements).
    \654\ See supra sections II.G.1-II.G.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the presentation of fees and expenses, the amendments to 
rules 482, 433 and 34b-1 will require that investment company 
advertisements providing fee or expense figures for the investment 
company include certain standardized fee and expense figures, and that 
these figures must adhere to certain prominence and timeliness 
requirements.\655\ The amendments will apply to advertisements of any 
registered investment company or BDC. The amendments will require that 
the fee and expense presentations prominently include timely 
information about a fund's maximum sales load (or any other 
nonrecurring fee) and gross total annual expenses, computed in a manner 
that is consistent with relevant prospectus requirements. Further, if 
an advertisement includes an investment company's total annual expenses 
net of a fee waiver or expense reimbursement amount in addition to the 
required gross annual expense figure, the advertisement will need to 
disclose the expected termination date of that arrangement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \655\ See supra section II.G.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding materially misleading statements, the amendments to rule 
156 will add to the pertinent factors that should be considered to 
determine whether or not a particular representation is materially 
misleading. The rule amendments provide that, when considering whether 
a particular statement involving a material fact is or might be 
misleading, weight should be given to representations about the fees or 
expenses associated with an investment in the fund that could be 
misleading because of statements or omissions involving a material 
fact.
    By enhancing the transparency and salience of the fees and expenses 
in fund advertising materials, we expect that the rule amendments will 
reduce investor search costs and reduce the risk of a mismatch between 
investor preferences and investor choice while also introducing certain 
new costs in the production and delivery of fund advertising to 
investors. Costs could include costs to funds (and their 
intermediaries) of assessing compliance with the new requirements we 
are adopting in relation to the requirements of FINRA's rules on 
communications with the public, to the extent that a communication 
could be subject to both sets of requirements.\656\ These effects may 
vary across investors and funds according to the conditions of their 
participation in the market for financial products.\657\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \656\ See also infra text following footnote 666.
    \657\ For example, we understand that the registration statement 
forms for variable insurance product separate accounts do not 
require that total annual expense figures be presented, and 
therefore, we understand that total annual expense figures are not 
presented in these separate accounts' prospectuses. See supra 
footnote 523 and accompanying text. The final amendments addressing 
the required fee and expense figures are inapplicable if an 
investment company does not present total annual expense figures in 
its prospectus, and therefore these amendments would be inapplicable 
to advertisements for such variable insurance contracts. See section 
II.G.1 supra. But see supra paragraph accompanying footnote 562 
(discussing variable contract advertisements that could be 
materially misleading under rule 156).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The economic analysis of the effects of the final advertising rule 
amendments is based in part on the observation that, in recent years, 
many funds have reduced the fees they charge to investors and on 
comments that the Commission received on the Proposing Release.\658\ 
The staff has observed that some funds have highlighted low fees in 
their advertising materials as a salient factor for investors to 
consider when choosing among funds.\659\ For example, we understand 
that some funds are advertised as ``zero expense'' or ``no expense'' 
funds based on the information included in their prospectus fee tables, 
potentially leading investors to believe these funds impose no costs 
even though the adviser or an affiliate may be collecting fees or 
incurring money otherwise from the investor's fund investment. As a 
result, investors may be more likely today to consider a fund's fees 
when making their investment choices than they were when the Commission 
last updated the investment company advertising rules.\660\ Also as a 
result, funds may face increased incentives to understate or obscure 
fees in their advertising materials. This is distinct from the 
incentives of funds to incur marketing costs to influence the 
likelihood of being observed by investors.\661\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \658\ See supra section II.G for discussion of comments on the 
advertising rule amendments. Some commenters stated that the 
advertising rule amendments should help investors make more informed 
investment decisions by more easily comparing costs among various 
funds. See Better Markets Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of 
America II Comment Letter; John Hancock Comment Letter. In addition, 
some commenters stated that the proposed amendments were not 
necessary in light of FINRA rules addressing fee and expense 
information in retail communications. See Fidelity Comment Letter; 
ICI Comment Letter.
    \659\ Comments that the Commission received on the Proposing 
Release similarly recognized ``the trend for some funds to market 
their investment products based on claims of low or no fees.'' See 
CFA Institute Comment Letter; see also Consumer Federation of 
America II Comment Letter (discussing concerns that accompany funds 
being ``increasingly marketed on the basis of costs'').
    \660\ See, e.g., Michael Goldstein, Issues Facing the U.S. Money 
Management Industry: Presentation to SEC Asset Management Advisory 
Committee (Jan. 2020), at 27-28, available at https://www.sec.gov/files/Empirical-Research-Issues-Facing-US-MM.pdf; Ben Phillips, 
Remarks and Discussion: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 
Asset Management Advisory Committee (Jan. 14, 2020), at 2, 8, and 
15, available at https://www.sec.gov/files/BenPhillips-CaseyQuirk-Deloitte.pdf.
    \661\ See, e.g., Nikolai Roussanov, et al., Marketing Mutual 
Funds, Nat'l Bureau Econ. Rsch.(working paper no. 25056, Jan. 3 
2018, last revised Sep. 11, 2020), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3093438 (``Roussanov, et 
al.'') (developing and estimating a structural model of the effects 
of mutual fund marketing with costly investor search).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Advertising can benefit investors by reducing information 
asymmetries and thereby lowering investor search costs, leading to more 
efficient matches between investor preferences and choices. The 
effectiveness of advertising in lowering search costs and improving 
match efficiency depends on the accuracy of the information and on the 
investor's ability to understand the information.\662\ Indeed, it is 
possible for

[[Page 72817]]

investors to be made worse off by fund marketing efforts. For example, 
a positive relation between funds' marketing efforts and investor flows 
(cash investment from investors) is well-documented among mutual 
funds.\663\ In that context, the adviser to the fund bears marketing 
expenses as part of its total operating cost, and fund shareholders are 
found to bear some of that cost in the form of fund expenses--unless 
shareholders react by switching to a similar fund that has lower 
expenses. One study observed that funds charge higher fees to cover the 
marketing cost as they engage in an ``arms race'' for similar pools of 
investors.\664\ Some of this cost is passed on to investors according 
to their abilities to distinguish among funds and thus ultimately their 
costs of searching across funds. The authors suggest that as fees 
increase, investors with a high search cost would be more likely to be 
made worse off by the increase in fees and related marketing 
expenditures than those with low search costs.\665\ This is because the 
investors with the high search costs would be more likely to match with 
asset managers of poor ability, and because the higher fees would 
reduce returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \662\ For example, Edelen et al. (2021) study a regulatory 
change for financial advisers that required salient annual fee 
disclosure and biennial opt-in (unresponsive clients default out of 
advice), and banned conflicted remuneration. They conclude that 
requiring salient disclosure has a material impact on investors' 
decisions and that other factors including investor attention play a 
role in determining investor choice. See supra footnote 638.
    \663\ See, e.g., Prem Jain & Joanna Wu, Truth in Mutual Fund 
Advertising: Evidence on Future Performance and Fund Flows, 2 J. FIN 
937 (Apr. 2000) (finding that advertising in funds increases flows 
(comparing advertised funds with non-advertised funds closest in 
returns and with the same investment objective)); Steven Gallaher, 
Ron Kaniel & Laura T. Starks, Madison Avenue Meets Wall Street: 
Mutual Fund Families, Competition and Advertising (Jan. 31, 2006), 
available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=879775; Ron Kaniel & Robert 
Parham, WSJ Category Kings--The Impact of Media Attention on 
Consumer and Mutual Fund Investment, Simon Bus. Sch. (working paper 
no. FR-15-07, Nov. 18, 2015), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2556627 (finding a significant and positive impact of 
advertising expenditures and the resulting media prominence of the 
funds on fund inflows).
    \664\ See Roussanov, et al., supra footnote 661.
    \665\ See id. (``Heterogeneity in search costs faced by 
investors captures the wide variation in financial sophistication 
(and perhaps even cognitive ability) required to consider and 
analyze the different investment alternatives.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The effects of the advertising rule amendments will be relatively 
greater for advertising materials that are not currently covered by the 
FINRA advertising rules. Specifically, as discussed in section 
II.G.1.a, the objectives of some of the FINRA advertising rules are 
similar to those of the rule amendments, even while the scope of the 
FINRA advertising rules is narrower than that of the final advertising 
rule amendments.\666\ To the extent that a fund's advertisements that 
include fee and expense information already reflect the requirements of 
FINRA rule 2210(d)(5), which includes specific requirements for the 
presentation of fee and expense information, the beneficial effects of 
the advertising rule amendments will be relatively smaller than for the 
advertising materials of a fund that is not currently subject to the 
FINRA rule's requirements (e.g., because it is not an open-end fund, 
because it is intended for non-retail audiences, or because a broker-
dealer is not involved in disseminating the particular communication).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \666\ See, e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter. 
Commenters questioned the need for the proposed amendments in light 
of FINRA's current requirements that address communications with the 
public, as discussed in section II.G.1.a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. New Approach for Funds' Shareholder Reports
    The following sections discuss the potential costs and benefits of 
the rule amendments' approach to funds' shareholder reports. Table 7 
provides an overview comparison of the shareholder content and 
transmission outcomes with the rule amendments versus without the rule 
amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \667\ According to one comment on the Proposing Release, the 
mailing of streamlined shareholder reports instead of rule 30e-3 
notices would provide estimated savings to fund companies of between 
$15 million and $20 million in calendar year 2023, primarily from 
the elimination of the regulated incremental notice & access fee 
with a slight offset in higher print costs for streamlined 
shareholder reports (assuming 80% of streamlined shareholder reports 
will be distributed digitally). According to this comment, 
streamlined shareholder reports would not entail regulated 
incremental notice & access fees for fund report notice & access 
mailings. See Broadridge Comment Letter (``Delivery Cost Savings of 
Streamlined Shareholder Reports: Mailing streamlined shareholder 
reports instead of notices would provide modest additional savings 
to fund companies. We estimate the extra savings would be between 
$15 million and $20 million in calendar year 2023. Much of the added 
savings is from reduced processing fees.'').
    \668\ See supra footnote 34 and accompanying text (discussing 
the average page length of shareholder report based on staff 
analysis).

            Table 7--Shareholder Report Content and Transmission With and Without the Rule Amendments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Fund relies on rule 30e-
    Fund relies on rule 30e-3?        Shareholder requests       3, and  Shareholder      Shareholder makes no
                                      electronic delivery      requests paper delivery      delivery election
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes..............................  With rule: Email with      With rule: Paper mail     With rule: Paper mail
                                    link to streamlined 3-4    with streamlined 3-4      with streamlined 3-4
                                    page report.               page report..             page report.
                                   Without rule: Email with   Without rule: paper mail  Without rule: Paper mail
                                    link to 100+ page report.  with 100+ page report.    with 1 page notice
                                                              (Printing and mailing      including link to 100+
                                                               cost decrease and         page online report.
                                                               processing fee           (Printing and mailing
                                                               decrease).                cost increase and
                                                                                         processing fee
                                                                                         decrease).\667\
No...............................  With rule: Email with      N/A.....................  With rule: Paper mail
                                    link to streamlined 3-4                              with streamlined 3-4
                                    page report.                                         page report.
                                   Without rule: email with                             Without rule: Paper mail
                                    link to 100+ page report.                            with 100+ page report.
                                                                                        (Printing and mailing
                                                                                         cost decrease).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Page lengths are illustrative and likely to vary across funds.\668\ The costs and benefits of the
  required modification to shareholder report transmission under the rule amendments will vary across the
  baseline transmission scenarios--i.e., the scenario that would be in place at the time of the rule
  implementation if the current rules had remained in place--that are shown in the table. Some of the costs and
  benefits will be transitional and others will be sustained. Each will depend on factors beyond what appears in
  the table, as discussed below. In addition, under the rule amendments, shareholders may request delivery of
  paper or electronic copies of the documents that funds will be required to make available online. As discussed
  above, we estimate that the report lengths for the semi-annual and annual reports are 116 and 134 pages,
  respectively, and that the streamlined shareholder report is a trifold (3-4 pages).

[[Page 72818]]

a. Benefits
    The benefits of the rule amendments include benefits from the 
introduction of the new streamlined shareholder reports, savings in the 
cost of transmission, and benefits from the Form N-CSR amendments.
i. Streamlined Shareholder Reports
    The transmission of more concise and visually engaging shareholder 
reports by funds under the approach of the rule amendments is likely to 
reduce the investor effort required to monitor existing fund 
investments and to make subsequent portfolio decisions.\669\ Key 
information provided in a concise, user-friendly presentation could 
allow investors to understand information about a fund's operations and 
activities and to compare information across products more easily or 
efficiently. This may lead investors to make decisions that better 
align with their investment goals.\670\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \669\ Many commenters have expressed support for the new 
approach to funds' shareholder reports with layered disclosure, as 
detailed in section I.A.3. See, e.g., Mutual Fund Directors Forum 
Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter; CFA Institute Comment Letter; Fidelity 
Comment Letter.
    \670\ Research suggests that individuals are generally able to 
make more efficient decisions when they have comparative information 
that allows them to assess relevant trade-offs. See, e.g., supra 
footnote 650.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amendments to the definition of the broad-based index will 
require that funds provide investors with more reliable and consistent 
access to information about the performance of the fund relative to the 
performance of a broad market portfolio of securities than under 
current rules. Some investors in funds that do not currently benchmark 
their performance against an index that would qualify as an 
``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' under the 
definition in the final rules will gain access to information about the 
fund's performance against an index that represents that overall 
applicable debt or equity markets under the rule amendments.\671\ Funds 
that currently present performance relative to an index that would not 
qualify as an ``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' under 
the definition in the final rules may continue to provide this 
information to investors alongside information about the performance of 
the broad-based index.\672\ All investors will therefore have, and may 
benefit from, reliable access to information about the performance of 
the fund relative to the required broad-based benchmark, either as the 
only benchmark or in addition to another benchmark, under the rule 
amendment.\673\ To the extent that some investors already have easy 
access to information about the performance of commonly recognized 
indexes of broad market performance, from sources other than fund 
disclosure documents, some commenters suggested that those investors 
may not realize benefits from the new definition.\674\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \671\ This release discusses the anticipated benefits of this 
disclosure approach above. See supra paragraph accompanying 
footnotes 221-226.
    \672\ As under current rules, funds will be required to present 
their performance relative to the performance of an ``appropriate 
broad-based securities market index'' under the final rules. The 
amended instructions to the form requirements, however, include a 
new definition of ``broad-based'' index, which defines this term as 
``an index that represents the overall applicable domestic or 
international equity or debt markets, as appropriate.'' As under 
current rules, the final rules the Commission is adopting continue 
to allow funds to present performance relative to narrower, tailored 
indexes. See supra section II.A.2. Commenters indicated that the two 
types of benchmark disclosures benefit investors in different ways. 
First, by including a broad-based index, consistent with the new 
definition, funds will provide investors with easier access to 
information about the fund performance relative to the performance 
of the entire market. See, e.g., NASAA Comment Letter (regarding the 
purpose of this benchmarking as ensuring investors of a simple 
readily-accessible window into the performance of a specific 
investment fund against the broader performance of the securities 
markets). See also Mary and Tom Comment Letter and Ubiquity Comment 
Letter. Second, by including information about performance relative 
to a second, narrower benchmark, funds may provide investors with 
information about how the fund performance tracks that of funds with 
similar strategies. See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter (helpful 
for investors to compare with a blend of indexes representing the 
typical asset allocation of the fund is more appropriate for certain 
types of funds that invest in multiple asset classes); Dimensional 
Comment Letter (a more precise comparison allows investors to better 
evaluate how effectively the fund has pursued its stated strategy); 
ICI Comment Letter (providing examples of the use of appropriate 
tailored benchmarks for setting advisers' performance-based fees and 
for other purposes that include evaluating the performance of a 
technology fund as a technology fund); John Hancock Comment Letter 
(fund performance comparisons to indexes are commonly used during 
the annual review of advisory agreements performance by a fund's 
board of trustees); Morningstar Comment Letter (the appropriate 
benchmark needs to be matched to the investment strategy of the 
fund, such as a value fund should be matched to an index of value 
stocks); T. Rowe Price Comment Letter (the appropriate index for 
evaluating the performance of a technology fund as a technology fund 
is not a broad-based index); TIAA Comment Letter (the most relevant 
comparison for investors is the index--with a similar investment 
strategy or level of exposure--against which the fund (and its 
board) benchmarks for performance purposes).
    \673\ The individuals who participated in the OIAD Benchmark 
Study ``overwhelming expressed a preference for a graph with both 
narrow and broad benchmarks.'' This study focused on benchmarks for 
actively managed equity funds. See supra footnote 53.
    \674\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter (performance information for 
commonly recognized indexes may be free to investors and easily 
accessible through different widely available channels (e.g., online 
news or financial websites).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters on the proposal suggested that the required 
benchmarking of fund performance against a broad-based index could 
affect the level of confusion that investors may face when interpreting 
fund performance disclosures.\675\ The potential effects may vary 
across funds and investors. The views of commenters on the effect on 
investor confusion were mixed. For some investors, the required use of 
a broad-based index as a benchmark will reduce the level of confusion 
by requiring consistency across funds in the reporting of fund 
performance relative to a benchmark. Currently, confusion can arise 
from the practice of some funds using a broad-based index as a 
benchmark and others using another, narrower index. This creates the 
potential for investors to confuse the two benchmarks when comparing 
the performance reports of different funds. The rule amendment would 
reduce this source of potential confusion. However, for investors who 
prefer or anticipate fund disclosure relative to a narrower benchmark, 
the rule amendments would introduce potential for confusing the broad-
based index for a narrow index by requiring funds to disclose 
performance relative to the broad-based index. The requirement to 
report performance relative to both broad and narrow indexes for those 
funds that prefer to retain the narrow index will limit the potential 
for such confusion, which will decline over time as investors gain 
experience with the new disclosure framework.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \675\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter, ICI Comment 
Letter, SIFMA Comment Letter, T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By limiting each shareholder report to information about a single 
series and share class of a fund, the rule amendments will further 
reduce the complexity of the shareholder report by focusing it more 
narrowly on the shareholder's fund investment.\676\ Shareholders will 
then be able to identify information more quickly the series and class 
in which they invest, instead of having to find their fund in a long 
report that covers multiple series, funds and classes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \676\ See supra sections II.A.1.a-b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule amendments require funds to distill certain key 
information--such as expenses, performance, and holdings--and use 
graphs, tables, and other more visually engaging presentations using 
the approach of the rule amendments in their shareholder reports.\677\ 
By

[[Page 72819]]

providing conditions under which funds have flexibility in using 
technology to provide interactive or user-friendly features in 
electronic versions of their shareholder reports, the rule amendments 
may provide shareholders with access to information that is more 
tailored to their individual needs and circumstances (e.g., performance 
or expense information based on their individual investment amounts), 
which may facilitate better monitoring of fund investments or more 
informed investment decisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \677\ See supra footnotes 647 and 648 and accompanying text 
(discussing studies suggesting that visualization improves an 
individual's perception of information).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is evidence to suggest that consumers benefit from 
disclosures that highlight key information.\678\ Some studies have 
found that the benefit occurs from the ability of investors to spend 
less time making their investment decisions. For example, one study 
finds that the use of summary prospectuses helps investors spend less 
time and effort to make investment decisions.\679\ This research is 
consistent with the 2012 Financial Literacy Study, which showed that at 
least certain investors favor a layered approach to disclosure with the 
use, wherever possible, of tailored disclosures containing key 
information about an investment product or service.\680\ We understand 
that investors may prefer a layered approach to save time in reaching 
similar investment decisions, although the enhanced salience of the 
information that investors receive through the layered approach also 
could lead to better decisions. \681\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \678\ See, e.g., supra footnote 642; see also Robert Clark, et 
al., Can Simple Informational Nudges Increase Employee Participation 
in a 401(k) Plan?, Nat'l Bureau Econ. Rsch. (working paper no. 
19591, Oct. 2013), available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w19591. 
The authors find that a flyer with simplified information about an 
employer's 401(k) plan, and about the value of contributions 
compounding over a career, had a significant effect on participation 
rates.
    \679\ See John Beshears, et al., How Does Simplified Disclosure 
Affect Individuals' Mutual Fund Choices? Nat'l Bureau Econ. Rsch. 
(working paper no. 14859, Apr. 2009, revised Dec. 2011), available 
at https://www.nber.org/papers/w14859.
    \680\ See SEC Staff, Study Regarding Financial Literacy Among 
Investors: As Required by Section 917 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street 
Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Aug. 2012) (``Financial Literacy 
Study''), available at https://www.sec.gov/files/917-financial-literacy-study-part1.pdf.
    \681\ The evidence from academic studies of whether and how 
salient disclosure affects investor choice is mixed. For example, 
Edelen et al, supra footnote 638, reports (in a study finding that 
``increased salience helps nudge clients toward better decisions'') 
that the effects of salience on investor attention are limited 
relative to other factors (including client literacy, gender and 
behavioral biases); Beshears, et al., supra footnote 679, conclude 
(in a study finding that investors spend less time making investment 
decisions when they are able to use summary prospectuses) that the 
use of the summary prospectus does not affect investors' portfolio 
investor choices (in particular, ``On the positive side, the Summary 
Prospectus reduces the amount of time spent on the investment 
decision without adversely affecting portfolio quality. On the 
negative side, the Summary Prospectus does not change, let alone 
improve, portfolio choices. Hence, simpler disclosure does not 
appear to be a useful channel for making mutual fund investors more 
sophisticated . . . .'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, investors allocate their attention selectively,\682\ and 
the sheer volume of disclosure that investors receive about funds may 
discourage investors from reading the materials that are currently 
delivered to them. For example, in connection with the development of 
the summary prospectus, the observations of a 2008 telephone survey 
conducted on behalf of the Commission with respect to mutual fund 
statutory prospectuses are consistent with the view that the volume of 
disclosure may discourage investors from reading disclosures.\683\ That 
survey observed that many mutual fund investors did not read statutory 
prospectuses because they are long, complicated, and hard to 
understand. Responses to investor surveys, based on the feedback fliers 
addressing the Proposing Release, and on the Fund Investor Experience 
RFC, similarly suggest that shareholders may be more likely to read 
more concise shareholder reports.\684\ If the rule amendments increase 
readership of fund shareholder reports, they could improve the 
efficiency of portfolio allocations made on the basis of disclosed 
information for shareholders who otherwise would not have read the fund 
disclosures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \682\ See, e.g., Loewenstein Paper, supra footnote 639; 
Hirshleifer and Teoh Study, supra footnote 640.
    \683\ Prior to the Commission's 2009 adoption of mutual fund 
summary prospectus rules, the Commission engaged a consultant to 
conduct focus group interviews and a telephone survey concerning 
investors' views and opinions about various disclosure documents 
filed by companies, including mutual funds. During this process, 
investors participating in focus groups were asked questions about a 
hypothetical summary prospectus. Investors participating in the 
telephone survey were asked questions relating to several disclosure 
documents, including mutual fund prospectuses. See Abt SRBI, Inc., 
Final Report: Focus Groups on a Summary Mutual Fund Prospectus (May 
2008), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-28-07/s72807-142.pdf.
    \684\ See, e.g., supra section I.A.3 (describing survey findings 
presented in Broadridge Comment Letter); see also, e.g., Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 7, at n.44 (discussing: (1) the results of a 
quantitative survey related to fund disclosure in which 
approximately 39% of investors said they would be more likely to 
look at or review a summary format of a fund's annual and semi-
annual reports, as well as (2) an investor survey of a summary 
shareholder report prototype, in which more than 90% of participants 
indicated that they would be more likely to read the summary 
prototype than a full-length shareholder report).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other information that shareholders currently receive under the 
baseline, including financial statements and financial highlights, will 
be available online and delivered upon request to those shareholders 
who are interested in more detailed information.\685\ As a result, 
shareholders who use this information to monitor their fund investments 
or inform portfolio decisions could continue to access and use this 
information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \685\ See supra section II.C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By tailoring the information that funds provide to meet the needs 
of retail shareholders, the rule amendments could facilitate better or 
more efficient monitoring of fund investments and overall investment 
decision-making.\686\ The magnitude of this effect will depend on the 
extent to which investors review the disclosures directly as a basis 
for their choices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \686\ See infra section IV.D regarding effects on competition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The requirement that funds tag their shareholder reports in Inline 
XBRL, a structured (i.e., machine-readable) data language, could 
provide further informational benefits to fund shareholders by making 
the reports more readily available for aggregation, comparison, 
filtering, and other analysis. Retail investors may derive particular 
benefit from the assembly and analysis of fund disclosures by third 
parties (such as financial analysts and data aggregators) that make the 
disclosures more informative and understandable.\687\ For example, XBRL 
requirements for public operating company financial statement 
disclosures have been observed to improve investor understanding of the 
disclosed information.\688\ While those observations are specific to 
operating company financial statement

[[Page 72820]]

disclosures (including footnotes), and not to disclosures from funds 
outside the financial statements, they indicate that the proposed 
Inline XBRL requirements could provide fund investors with increased 
insight into key fund information (e.g., expenses, performance, and 
holdings) at specific funds and across funds, asset managers, and time 
periods.\689\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \687\ See infra footnote 689. Retail investors in operating 
companies have been observed to rely heavily on analyst 
interpretation of financial information. See, e.g., Alastair 
Lawrence, James P. Ryans, & Estelle Y. Sun, Investor Demand for 
Sell-Side Research, 92 Acct. Rev. 2 (2017).
    \688\ See, e.g., Jacqueline L. Birt, Kala Muthusamy & Poonam 
Bir, XBRL and the Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial 
Information, 30 Account. Res. J. 107 (2017) available at https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eme:arjpps:arj-11-2014-0105 (finding 
``financial information presented with XBRL tagging is significantly 
more relevant, understandable and comparable to non-professional 
investors''); Steven F. Cahan, et al., The roles of XBRL and 
Processed XBRL in 10-K Readability, J. Bus. Fin. Acct. (2021), 
available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4030204 (finding 10-K file 
size reduces readability before XBRL's adoption since 2012, but 
increases readability after XBRL adoption, indicating ``more XBRL 
data improves users' understanding of the financial statements''); 
Jap Efendi, et. al., Does the XBRL Reporting Format Provide 
Incremental Information Value? A Study Using XBRL Disclosures During 
the Voluntary Filing Program, 52 ABACUS 259 (2016), available at 
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2795334 (retrieved from SSRN Elsevier 
database) (finding XBRL filings have larger relative informational 
value than HTML filings).
    \689\ Investors could benefit from their direct use of the 
Inline XBRL data, or through indirect use of the data (i.e., through 
information intermediaries such as financial media, data 
aggregators, academic researchers, et al.). See, e.g., Nina 
Trentmann, Companies Adjust Earnings for Covid-19 Costs, But Are 
They Still a One-Time Expense? Wall St. J. (Sept. 24, 2020) (citing 
an XBRL research software provider as a source for the analysis 
described in the article), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/companies-adjust-earnings-for-covid-19-costs-but-are-they-still-a-one-time-expense-11600939813 (retrieved from Factiva 
database); Bloomberg Lists BSE XBRL Data, XBRL.org (2018); Rani 
Hoitash & Udi Hoitash, Measuring Accounting Reporting Complexity 
With XBRL. 93 Account. Rev. 259-287 (2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the rule amendments that exclude funds from rule 30e-3 
will have the effect of enabling some fund shareholders to receive key 
information to monitor their fund investments or inform their 
investment decisions more directly as compared to the baseline. This 
may lead to more efficient allocation of capital across funds and other 
investments.\690\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \690\ See supra section I.A.3 (discussing investor preferences 
for concise, layered disclosure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The magnitude of these effects of the rule amendments will 
generally depend on how many shareholders rely on the reports that are 
the subject of the rule amendments to monitor their funds.\691\ In 
addition, it will depend on whether and how the current users of the 
reports change the way they monitor their investments in response to 
the tailored disclosures and, for other shareholders, how many will 
choose to rely on the reports under the rule amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \691\ See infra section IV.D regarding effects on capital 
formation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Transmission Cost Savings
    The rule amendments will reduce some of the costs to funds of 
providing information to shareholders. As the owners of the fund 
assets, shareholders could benefit from this cost reduction in 
proportion to their holdings of those assets. The amount of the cost 
savings will vary across funds, depending on the expressed preferences 
of the fund and its shareholders for paper versus electronic delivery 
consistent with the Commission guidance on electronic delivery and, 
with respect to shareholder reports, rule 30e-3 notices. The scenarios 
where transmission costs may decline under the rule amendments, 
relative to the baseline scenario, are indicated in Table 7 and 
discussed below. The rule amendments will reduce the cost of 
transmitting a shareholder report by a larger per-fund amount for funds 
that do not rely on rule 30e-3 (transmit the full report) than for 
funds that rely on rule 30e-3 (transmit a notice).\692\ Thus, we 
consider separately the transmission-cost savings from the rule 
amendments for funds under each of these two baseline transmission 
scenarios.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \692\ But see supra section II.E.1 and footnotes 477-480 and 
accompanying text (noting that some commenters stated that funds 
already have incurred the costs of complying with current rule 30e-
3, but because they could only rely on the rule starting in 2021, 
they have not fully realized the perceived benefits of the rule. 
Additionally funds stated that they will incur costs associated with 
undoing the processes that they have undergone to convert their 
current shareholder report transmission processes, which commenters 
noted were costly. Specifically, some commenters stated that funds 
would need to re-implement legacy shareholder report transmission 
processes that were discontinued when they initially adjusted these 
processes in preparing to rely on rule 30e-3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For funds that do not rely on rule 30e-3, the rule amendments will 
reduce transmission costs by replacing the cost of transmitting current 
annual and semi-annual reports with the lower cost of transmitting the 
concise reports to those shareholders who do not request e-delivery. 
The transmission cost includes the cost of printing, mailing and 
processing fees. We estimate that funds will transmit annual and semi-
annual reports as trifold mailings (3-4 pages) under the rule 
amendments instead of the annual reports that are approximately 134 
pages on average and the semi-annual reports that are approximately 116 
pages on average. One commenter on the Fund Investor Experience RFC 
estimated that transmitting a concise shareholder report instead of the 
current shareholder reports will reduce the per unit cost of 
transmission from $0.50 to $0.33 annually, which is a reduction of 
$0.17 per unit or 34 percent.\693\ The commenter's per unit 
transmission cost estimates assume that 3 out of 10 fund shareholders 
receive a shareholder report by mail.\694\ We understand that these 
costs may or may not be representative of the costs for all funds. For 
example, the commenter's estimates are based on costs for delivering 
shareholder reports to shareholders who hold their shares in beneficial 
accounts and may not reflect any differences in costs for directly held 
accounts.\695\ Nevertheless, we believe that the estimate of 34 percent 
is a reasonable estimate of the likely decline in the per-unit cost of 
delivering the concise report for funds that do not rely on rule 30e-3 
under the rule amendments.\696\ Thus, for these funds, we estimate that 
the rule amendments will reduce their current shareholder report 
transmission costs by 34 percent on average, resulting in an average 
annual cost savings of approximately $7,040 per fund that does not rely 
on rule 30e-3.\697\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \693\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.782.
    \694\ See id. We understand that the commenter's cost estimates 
are not limited to shareholder reports that are delivered by mail 
and, instead, the cost per unit averages the costs of different 
transmission mechanisms (including paper and electronic delivery). 
See, e.g., Comment Letter of Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. 
(Oct. 31, 2018) on File No. S7-13-18, available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-13-18/s71318-4593946-176328.pdf (estimating 
that the average cost of paper, printing, and postage of a mailed 
shareholder report is $0.94).
    \695\ For instance, we understand that the average enrollment 
rate for electronic delivery may be lower for direct-held accounts, 
which would result in higher per unit costs for delivering current 
shareholder reports than the commenter provided. See supra footnote 
616 and accompanying text. In addition, the cost of delivering 
shareholder reports currently, and the costs we estimate for 
shareholder reports under the final rules, vary by individual funds 
based on a number of factors. For example, we understand that 
printing and mailing costs vary depending on the length of the 
fund's shareholder reports and the number of reports it delivers by 
mail.
    \696\ $0.17 estimated reduction in shareholder report 
transmission costs associated with summary shareholder reports/$0.50 
estimated costs of transmitting current shareholder reports = 34 
percent.
    \697\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n. 786 and 
accompanying text (noting that the Commission estimated annual 
printing and mailing costs (inclusive of processing fees) of 
$20,707.33 absent rule 30e-3 per fund). $20,707.33 x 34 percent = 
$7,040.49.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For funds that rely on rule 30e-3, the rule amendments will reduce 
costs because it will be less costly to mail and process the concise 
report than the rule 30e-3 notice. Specifically, while the cost of 
printing the concise report may be greater than the cost of printing 
the notice (see table 7), the processing fees will be lower.\698\ The 
overall cost of transmission, which includes the costs of printing, 
mailing, and processing fees, will likely be lower for the concise 
report.\699\ One commenter estimated that transmitting (delivering) a 
concise shareholder report instead of a rule 30e-

[[Page 72821]]

3 notice will reduce the transmission cost from $0.36 to $0.33 
annually, which is a decrease of $0.03 per unit or approximately 8 
percent.\700\ This is assuming that 3 out of 10 fund shareholders 
receive a shareholder report by mail and is based on the commenter's 
experience processing shares held in beneficial accounts.\701\ We 
understand that this estimate may or may not be representative of the 
average costs for all funds. For example, the average enrollment rate 
for electronic delivery may be lower for direct-held accounts, which 
will result in higher per unit costs than the commenter provided.\702\ 
As another example, to the extent a fund currently shares a single, 
consolidated rule 30e-3 notice with other funds to notify a shareholder 
of the website address(es) for each fund's report, and the fund has 
many shareholders who are invested in those other funds, the fund may 
not experience the same extent of cost savings under the rule 
amendments.\703\ This estimate also does not take into account the 
final rules' requirement to transmit shareholder reports that cover 
only one share class; to the extent that delivery costs would increase 
if delivery processes needed to be updated to reflect this requirement, 
this would increase the estimate for these funds. Nevertheless, we 
believe that the estimate of approximately 8 percent is a reasonable 
estimate of the likely average decline in the per-unit cost of 
transmitting the concise report rather than rule 30e-3 notices.\704\ 
Thus, for funds that rely on rule 30e-3, we estimate that the rule 
amendments will reduce their current shareholder report transmission 
costs by approximately 8 percent, on average, and that the average 
annual cost savings will be approximately $1,243 per fund that relies 
on rule 30e-3.\705\
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    \698\ According to one commenter on the proposal, much of the 
incremental savings is from reduced processing fees. Specifically, 
the streamlined reports would not entail regulated incremental 
notice & access fees for fund report notice & access mailings. See 
Broadridge Comment Letter.
    \699\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.787 (noting 
that one commenter on the Fund Investor Experience RFC stated that 
processing fees on average would be $0.20 for rule 30e-3 notices and 
$0.15 for concise shareholder reports); see also Broadridge Comment 
Letter (explaining that processing fees will be lower under the 
proposed rule amendments, thereby causing the total amount to be 
lower; this commenter did not provide any updated estimates of 
average processing fees for notices or for concise shareholder 
reports).
    \700\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.788 and 
accompanying text. We did not receive comments on this estimate in 
response to the proposal.
    \701\ See id.
    \702\ See supra footnote 616 and accompanying text.
    \703\ See Rule 30e-3 Adopting Release, supra footnote 20, at 
paragraph accompanying n.211 (discussing consolidated rule 30e-3 
notices).
    \704\ $0.03 average reduction in transmission costs for summary 
shareholder reports/$0.36 average cost of delivering rule 30e-3 
notices = 8.33 percent.
    \705\ Based on one estimate from a commenter on the Fund 
Investor Experience RFC, delivering the concise report instead of 
the rule 30e-3 notice would reduce the per-unit transmission cost 
from $0.36 to $0.33, or $0.03 per unit. See Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 8, at n.788 and accompanying text. This is $0.03/$0.17 or 
approximately 17.65 percent of estimated per-unit reduction in the 
shareholder report transmission costs for funds that do not rely on 
rule 30e-3. We thus estimate that the savings from delivering the 
concise report instead of the notice is 17.65 percent of the 
estimated $7,040.49 cost savings from delivering the concise report 
instead of the full report, or 17.65 percent x $7,040.49 = 
$1,242.65.
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    The total shareholder report transmission cost savings from the 
rule amendments will be a weighted combination of the savings in 
transmission costs for funds that rely on rule 30e-3 and the savings 
for funds that do not rely on rule 30e-3. For example, if 89 percent of 
funds send rule 30e-3 notices before the rule amendments are in effect, 
the transmission cost savings from the rule amendments will be an 
estimated $13.1 million from those funds.\706\ In addition, if 11 
percent of funds do not rely on rule 30e-3 before any rule amendments 
are in effect, the transmission cost savings will be $9.2 million from 
those funds.\707\ Thus, the aggregate transmission costs savings for 
shareholder reports from the rule amendments will be $22.3 
million.\708\
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    \706\ 11,840 funds x 89 percent x $1,242.64 estimated savings in 
transmission costs per fund that delivers a rule 30e-3 notice = 
$13.1 million.
    \707\ 11,840 funds x 11 percent x $7,040.49 estimated savings 
per fund that delivers the full report (and does not rely on rule 
30e-3) = $9.2 million.
    \708\ The weighted average savings in transmission cost per fund 
is (89 percent x $1,242.64) + (11 percent x $7,040.49) = $1,105.95 + 
$774.45 = $1,880.4. Multiplying this across all 11,840 funds yields 
an estimated transmission cost savings from the proposal of 11,840 
funds x $1,880.4 per fund = $22.3 million. That is, the aggregate 
cost savings is $13.1 million + $ 9.2 million = $22.3 million.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We understand that the estimated cost savings for shareholder 
reports will depend on factors in addition to those discussed above. 
These include the extent to which funds that send notices under rule 
30e-3 actually experience a transmission cost savings under the rule 
amendments. For example, if the cost of transmitting a concise 
shareholder report were about the same as the cost of sending a notice 
under rule 30e-3, then our estimated cost savings would decline from 
$22.3 million to $9.2 million. As another example, if fewer than 89 
percent of funds send notices under rule 30e-3, then our estimated 
aggregate cost savings would be greater than $22.3 million because a 
larger number of funds would experience the higher transmission cost 
savings.
iii. Amendments to the Form N-CSR Requirements
    There also are benefits associated with the requirement of the rule 
amendments that funds continue to file on Form N-CSR certain 
information, such as financial statements and financial highlights, 
which will no longer appear in shareholder reports, relative to the 
alternative of not continuing to require such filings. The continued 
availability of this information, including on a historical basis on 
EDGAR, will allow investors and other market participants to continue 
to analyze this information over time. This historical information also 
may facilitate the Commission's efforts in administering the regulation 
of funds to benefit investors. Finally, a fund's principal executive 
and financial officer(s) will continue to be required to certify the 
financial and other information included on Form N-CSR and will 
continue to be subject to liability for material misstatements or 
omissions on Form N-CSR.
b. Costs
    We expect funds and fund shareholders to incur transition costs of 
adapting to the new approach to funds' shareholder reports. Some 
shareholders also could incur ongoing costs due to a mismatch between 
their preferences and the design of the rule amendments. Finally, we 
expect costs to arise from implementing the rule amendments.
i. Transition to New Approach
    Fund shareholders could experience certain transition costs under 
the rule amendments, and some shareholders may experience ongoing 
costs. Transition costs will include the costs of the inconvenience to 
some shareholders of adapting to the new materials and to the changes 
in the presentation of information. While the more concise shareholder 
reports required by the rule amendments will likely reduce investor 
comprehension costs, investors will nevertheless bear a one-time cost 
of the inconvenience of adjusting to the changes in the disclosures 
they receive. These costs are likely to be relatively lower for less 
experienced shareholders and relatively greater for the more seasoned 
shareholders who are accustomed to existing fund practices.
    Shareholders in funds that rely on rule 30e-3 to send paper notices 
to notify shareholders that a shareholder report is available online--
including investors in UITs that rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy 
shareholder report transmission requirements under rule 30e-2--may 
experience greater transition costs than shareholders in funds that are 
not relying on rule 30e-3. For example, those shareholders who 
currently receive rule 30e-3 notices may experience some confusion when 
a fund begins to transmit concise shareholder reports.\709\ However, 
shareholders

[[Page 72822]]

receiving the annual and semi-annual reports as required under the rule 
amendments will be receiving tailored information more directly than 
through the rule 30e-3 notice, and a fund that relies on rule 30e-3 
will be able to communicate to investors about these shareholder report 
changes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \709\ See supra paragraph accompanying footnotes 480-482.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, shareholders may face initial costs in addressing any 
confusion that might arise during the transition to the new ``broad-
based'' index definition.\710\ For example, for shareholders who 
currently receive fund disclosures that are relative to a benchmark 
that is inconsistent with the final rules' definition of a ``broad-
based'' index, the inclusion of a new index could cause confusion.\711\ 
The potential for this confusion will be greatest during the transition 
and diminish over time as shareholders become more familiar with the 
newly required disclosure practice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \710\ See ICI Comment Letter on the OIAD Benchmark Study.
    \711\ A fund that selects an index for its prospectus 
performance disclosure that is different from the index used for the 
immediately preceding period must explain the reason(s) for the 
selection of a different index and provide information for both the 
newly selected and the former index. See Instruction 2(c) to Item 4 
of amended Form N-1A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Costs to Shareholders After the Transition
    Beyond transition costs, the rule amendments will impose costs on 
shareholders who prefer to receive the baseline disclosure as opposed 
to the more concise and tailored disclosure they will receive under the 
rule amendments. These shareholders may experience costs associated 
with locating additional information online or requesting delivery of 
materials they will no longer automatically receive. Some shareholders 
may rely on information that is currently included in the annual and 
semi-annual report but will, under the rule amendments, be located in 
other documents, such as Form N-CSR or the SAI. Those shareholders will 
incur the cost of reviewing multiple disclosure documents to locate the 
information that was previously located in a single document. The 
significance of this cost will likely depend on several factors, 
including the delivery method and relative importance of each piece of 
information to the individual shareholder. For those shareholders who 
prefer to receive disclosures in paper, the rule amendments provide an 
option for the shareholder to request the mailing of a paper copy of 
the new Form N-CSR items, such as financial statements, that will no 
longer appear in shareholder reports.
    For some shareholders, the cost of making requests for additional 
information will be small and therefore, the cost of losing their 
preferred option as the default under the rule amendments will be 
small. Those shareholders will likely react to the rule amendments by 
making the effort to request continued mailing of more-detailed semi-
annual information. For those shareholders, the cost of the rule 
amendments will include the cost of the inconvenience from having to 
make the request. Shareholders who find it relatively burdensome to 
make a request for continued mailing, however, will be migrated over to 
the new approach for funds' shareholder reports and face disutility 
from migrating to the new tailored disclosures. By providing a 
mechanism for shareholders to continue to receive the more-detailed 
information, the rule amendments will limit this disutility. Thus, the 
overall cost of inconvenience or disutility to those shareholders who 
prefer the approach to delivery of fund's shareholder reports under the 
current rules to the approach that is being adopted through the rule 
amendments will depend on how difficult it is for shareholders to 
request continued mailings of more-detailed semi-annual information by 
funds after the rule amendments go into effect.
    In addition, the requirement for funds to provide a separate 
shareholder report for each series and share class of a fund could 
limit the usefulness of the shareholder report as a means for 
shareholders to compare their current fund investment with alternative 
investments in other series and share classes of the fund.\712\ Because 
information about multiple series and multiple share classes will no 
longer be consolidated in a single shareholder report, an investor 
wishing to use shareholder reports to compare information would need to 
use multiple reports to do so. Any burden associated with the use of 
multiple reports, however, could be mitigated through the increase in 
comparability among shareholder reports, as a result of the reduced 
complexity of shareholder reports, significantly shorter report length, 
and the content and formatting requirements that are designed to 
promote comparability across funds by causing reports to highlight the 
most relevant information for shareholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \712\ But see discussion in supra section II.A.1.a (discussing 
the relative benefit of such comparisons to existing investors who 
use shareholder reports to monitor their investments on an ongoing 
basis, as opposed to prospective investors making initial investment 
decisions and using the fund prospectuses to inform these 
decisions).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If investors do make fewer comparisons among series and/or share 
classes using the shareholder report, shareholders could turn to other 
methods for comparing their current investment with alternatives. One 
such method could be to use the web tools provided under the rule 
amendments.\713\ We believe these tools could be particularly useful 
for investors who wish to compare series and share classes within a 
report, and would permit investors who wish to do so to retain the 
ability to make effective series and share class comparisons while 
receiving a separate report for each series and share class. Investors 
also could continue to consult prospectus disclosure for certain 
information about available share classes, as investors will continue 
to receive annual prospectus updates, and the prospectus includes 
class-specific information (for example, about fund fees, performance, 
and various classes' respective sales loads). Investors who make fewer 
comparisons among series and/or share classes using the shareholder 
report, and who do not turn to the tools or existing disclosure 
described in this paragraph, could be made worse off by the elimination 
of the single shareholder report for multiple series and share classes 
of funds under the rule amendments.\714\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \713\ See supra section II.A.4.
    \714\ To assist with shareholders' and other market 
participants' analysis of those share classes, the rule amendments 
will require website posting of fund documents that will enable a 
shareholder or other market participants to easily obtain 
information about those other share classes. The interactive data 
requirements of the rule amendments also will enable shareholders 
and other market participants to conduct efficient comparisons of 
those share classes. See supra sections II.C.2 and II.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, some shareholders may incur costs of continued 
inconvenience from the new definition of a ``broad-based'' index.\715\ 
Specifically, the new definition will cause a fund that currently 
reports its performance alongside one or more indexes that are 
inconsistent with the new definition (and no index that meets the new 
definition) instead to report its performance alongside an index that 
meets the required ``broad-based'' index definition, and any optional 
more narrowly based index(es). To the extent that any shareholders 
would prefer a performance presentation that solely includes one or 
more indexes that do not meet the new definition, these shareholders 
would be made worse off

[[Page 72823]]

on an ongoing basis by the new definition in the final rule amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \715\ See ICI Comment Letter on the OIAD Benchmark Study.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, fund shareholders will bear some costs of the new approach 
for funds' shareholder reports through the increased expenses that 
funds will incur to implement the rule amendments and passed through to 
shareholders in the form of fund expenses. We discuss these costs of 
implementing the rule amendments next.
iii. Expenses of Implementation
    The costs of transmitting shareholder reports, including preparing 
the reports, and printing and mailing costs and processing fees, are 
generally fund expenses borne by shareholders. The cost of preparing 
the reports under the rule amendments will include new costs to funds, 
and thus fund investors, associated with the payment of licensing fees 
to index providers, as we explain in this section.
    Some of the changes in transmission from the rule amendments will 
cause fund shareholders to face greater fund expenses than they 
otherwise would. In addition to the transition costs associated with 
preparing the new streamlined shareholder report, with new scope and 
content requirements (discussed in more detail below), the likelihood 
and extent of these increases will depend on the fund's baseline 
transmission scenario, as follows. For funds that rely on rule 30e-3, 
including UITs that rely on the rule to satisfy shareholder report 
transmission requirements under rule 30e-2, the costs of printing and 
mailing shareholder reports will be higher under the final rule 
amendments.\716\ We generally believe these additional printing and 
mailing costs will be small. For example, funds may be able to transmit 
the shareholder reports under the final rule amendments as a trifold 
mailing, which will only incrementally increase the printing and 
mailing costs of a rule 30e-3 notice. One commenter on the Fund 
Investor Experience RFC estimated that a concise shareholder report 
will be approximately $0.01 more expensive to print than a rule 30e-3 
notice.\717\ We estimate that this cost increase will be less than the 
estimated decline in the cost of processing fees. Moreover, to the 
extent a fund shareholder invests in multiple of a registrant's funds 
or multiple series and/or share classes of a fund, and the funds would 
otherwise have used a single shareholder report, the final rule 
amendments may increase printing and mailing costs in some instances if 
certain disclosures across the funds otherwise are the same (and taking 
into account multiple streamlined shareholder reports under the final 
rules, compared to a single, potentially significantly lengthier report 
under the baseline). The ability to send multiple reports to a 
shareholder in a single mailing or transmission limits the cost of the 
requirement to send multiple reports rather than a single report to 
shareholders who hold more than one class or series of a fund. These 
costs are distinct from the processing fees that will be lower under 
the rule amendment.\718\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \716\ As discussed below, funds that rely on rule 30e-3 or plan 
to rely on rule 30e-3 will also incur transition costs under the 
rule amendments; see also supra footnote 625 and accompanying text.
    \717\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at n.801 and 
accompanying text.
    \718\ See, e.g., Broadridge Comment Letter (regarding 
transmission costs); see also John Hancock Comment Letter 
(suggesting that for funds not offered to retail investors, the 
funds would incur additional costs associated with preparing 
separate reports with no associated benefit).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a further transmission-related cost, funds will incur costs 
under the rule amendments in rule 30e-1 to deliver certain materials to 
shareholders upon request. The extent of these costs will depend on how 
many shareholders prefer the current transmission approach in which 
they receive additional shareholder report information, how many of 
these shareholders will prefer to request these materials directly 
(e.g., in paper) instead of accessing them online, and whether the 
shareholders request paper or electronic copies of these materials. We 
estimate that a fund will incur an average annual printing and mailing 
cost of $500 to deliver the materials that will be available online and 
that will be required to be delivered in paper to investors upon 
request under the adopted amendments to rule 30e-1.\719\ We are unable 
to quantify the number of shareholders who will request these materials 
or the amount of mailings that a fund will have to make each year under 
the final rules. However, based on our understanding of fund 
shareholders' internet usage, and of the prevalence of fund 
shareholders requesting paper documents upon request (for example, in 
the context of rule 498), we anticipate that very few shareholders will 
request these materials in paper and therefore that funds will have to 
make few paper mailings under the final rules.\720\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \719\ See infra section V.B. Because we do not have specific 
data regarding the cost of printing and mailing the materials that 
must be provided on request, or the number of requests for printed 
materials that funds will receive annually, for purposes of our 
analysis we estimate $500 per year for each fund to collectively 
print and mail such materials upon request. Investors could also 
request to receive these materials electronically. We estimate that 
there will be negligible external costs associated with emailing 
electronic copies of these documents.
    \720\ See supra footnote 37 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to transmission-related costs, funds will experience 
other costs as a result of the rule amendments, including both 
transition costs and ongoing costs. These other costs will result from 
the required changes to the scope and contents of shareholder reports 
(including requiring separate reports for each fund series, and for 
each share class of a fund), new Form N-CSR items, new website 
availability requirements, and amendments to the scope of rule 30e-3. 
The compliance costs associated with the amendments to rule 30e-3 will 
only affect funds that rely on that rule. The other categories of 
compliance costs will affect all funds. These different categories of 
costs could be reflected in fund expenditures that funds could pass on 
to shareholders. The expenditures could be to procure the services of 
third parties for the purpose of implementing the changes to fund 
disclosure and shareholder report transmission practices under the rule 
amendments, as we understand some funds utilize outside providers for 
these compliance responsibilities.
    Funds will experience transition costs to modify their current 
shareholder report disclosures. Specifically, funds will incur costs to 
modify their shareholder reports to comply with the scope and content 
requirements of the rule amendments. While the Commission did not 
receive comments on the proposed estimated costs associated with these 
amendments, it did receive comments suggesting that certain aspects of 
the new shareholder report requirements may be more burdensome than the 
Commission estimated at proposal.\721\ We have adjusted our estimates 
to reflect these comments, as well as to reflect modifications to the 
proposal (for example, requiring multi-class funds to prepare separate 
shareholder reports for each class).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \721\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter (suggesting that 
any additional length and complexity in reports resulting from 
multi-series presentations may be outweighed by the benefits to 
shareholders, such as target date fund shareholders, where it may be 
more beneficial to see multiple fund options and how each fund's 
asset mix will shift over time); Federated Hermes Comment Letter 
(suggesting that the proposal would significantly burden fund 
complexes without a corresponding proportional benefit to 
shareholders; and stating that the proposal would require 
significant costs to open-end funds, investment advisers, financial 
intermediaries, fund administrators, printers and other fund service 
providers to make all of the formatting, system programming, website 
development, and other changes that would be necessary to comply 
with the proposal); John Hancock Comment Letter.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72824]]

    We estimate that the initial aggregate costs to funds of modifying 
their annual report disclosure and complying with the new requirements 
for annual reports will be $324.8 million, and $45.1 million annually 
thereafter.\722\ We estimate that the initial aggregate costs to funds 
of modifying their semi-annual report disclosure and complying with the 
new requirements for semi-annual reports will be $162.4 million, and 
$22.6 million annually thereafter.\723\ Initial costs will include 
costs associated with designing the concise shareholder reports, 
amending the scope of shareholder reports to cover a single fund series 
and share class, implementing any operational changes needed to prepare 
and transmit separate shareholder reports for different fund series and 
share classes, revising existing disclosure practices for shareholder 
report items as required by the adopted rule amendments (e.g., 
management's discussion of fund performance, including the definition 
of the term ``appropriate broad-based securities market index,'' as 
well as the expense presentation), and developing disclosures for the 
required new shareholder report items (i.e., fund statistics and 
material fund changes). The ongoing costs will largely be attributable 
to the costs of preparing new shareholder report disclosure items under 
the rule amendments, since funds already incur the costs of preparing 
the other shareholder report disclosures today.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \722\ The estimated initial cost for the final rules' annual 
reports is based on the following calculations: 72 hours x $381 
(blended wage rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer) = 
$27,432 per fund. 11,840 funds x $27,432 = $324,794,880. The 
estimated annual cost for the final rules' annual reports is based 
on the following calculations: 10 hours x $381 (blended wage rate 
for compliance attorney and senior programmer) = $3,810 per fund. 
11,840 funds x $3,810 = $45,110,400. See infra section V.B.
    \723\ The estimated initial cost of the final rules' semi-annual 
reports is based on the following calculation: 36 hours x $381 
(blended wage rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer) = 
$13,716 per fund. 11,840 funds x $13,716 = $162,397,440. The 
estimated annual cost for the final rules' semi-annual reports is 
based on the following calculations: 5 hours x $381 (blended wage 
rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer) = $1,905 per 
fund. 11,840 funds x $1,905 = $22,555,200. See infra section V.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds also will incur costs from the requirement of the rule 
amendment to transmit a separate shareholder report for each series and 
share class of each fund. These costs will be borne by fund 
shareholders as a fund expense. The aggregate costs--which are 
incorporated in the estimates for complying with the new requirements 
for annual and semi-annual reports discussed above--will depend on the 
number of shareholders who currently hold shares of multiple series of 
a fund, and multiple share classes of a fund.\724\ Because such 
shareholders will, under the final rules, receive a separate 
shareholder report for each series and share class, costs to provide 
shareholder reports to these shareholders will increase under the final 
rules compared to the baseline (under which they receive a single, 
combined shareholder report). We do not have information about how many 
fund shareholders currently hold shares of multiple series, or multiple 
share classes of a fund, and so we are not able to quantify these 
costs. Aggregate costs also will depend on the costs of updating 
processes of delivering fund materials to reflect that a shareholder 
will receive a series- and share-class-specific shareholder report. 
Because funds, intermediaries, and service providers already have 
processes in place to transmit series-specific regulatory materials 
(for example, summary prospectuses, which cover only one series), we 
believe that current processes may be modified and entirely new 
processes will not need to be developed. We do not, however, have the 
cost data associated with these current processes to be able to 
estimate what the incremental cost increase would be.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \724\ The effect of the addition of the requirement to transmit 
a separate report for each class, in addition to for each series, is 
to increase the burden of the rule by an amount no greater than the 
increase in the overall burden that is estimated below at infra 
section V.B, table 8. Specifically, we assume that funds would incur 
costs of the requirement to transmit a separate report for each 
share class as initial costs rather than ongoing costs, and that the 
upper bound of these initial costs would be no greater than $20,574 
per fund. This estimate is based on the increase in final rules' PRA 
burden hours estimates compared to estimates in the proposal. This 
increase recognizes that comments suggested that certain aspects of 
the new shareholder report requirements may be more burdensome than 
the Commission estimated at proposal, as well as to reflect changes 
from the proposal such as requiring class-specific shareholder 
reports. Because this estimate increase takes into account elements 
in addition to the requirement for class-specific shareholder 
reports, the estimate increase should be viewed as an upper bound 
estimate. The estimate is based on the following calculations: 
($13,716 estimate for annual reports ((72 initial hours estimate in 
final rules--36 hours estimate in proposed rules) x $381 blended 
rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer)) + ($6,858 
estimate for semi-annual reports ((36 initial hours estimate in 
final rules--18 hours estimate in proposed rules) x $381 blended 
rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer)) = $20,574.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, funds could incur costs from the final rules' changes 
to the definition of a ``broad-based'' index to one that represents the 
overall applicable domestic or international equity or debt markets, as 
appropriate. This aspect of the final rules would affect those funds 
that change the index that they include in their performance disclosure 
in response to this new definition. These costs will be borne by the 
fund shareholders. The cost per fund will include the cost of a 
licensing fee, paid to the index provider, and the cost of updating the 
disclosures. The aggregate cost of the licensing fees to fund 
shareholders will depend on the per-fund cost and on the number of 
funds that change their benchmarks in response to the final rules. In 
addition, funds will incur costs related to attaining any necessary 
board approvals and costs of updating their disclosures to reflect the 
change, in addition to costs of updating marketing and other materials 
where fund indexes are used.
    We believe that the cost of the final rules' change to the 
definition of ``broad-based'' index could be significant for those 
funds that change their indexes in response to the final rules. This 
belief is based on comments we received on the proposal.\725\ The cost 
is difficult to quantify. We did not provide a cost estimate in the 
proposal. The cost depends on the index licensing fees, which vary 
across funds, and on the number of funds that determine that a change 
in their benchmark is necessary as a result of the rule amendments. 
Commenters who expressed concerns about the cost of the requirement did 
not provide any estimates of the costs in their comments on the 
proposal. Some comments, however, expressed the view that the cost of 
the new licensing fee payments would be economically significant.\726\ 
In

[[Page 72825]]

addition, some comments stated that more than half of funds may need to 
change the index that they include in their performance disclosures, 
and face new licensing fees.\727\ The OIAD Benchmark Study found that 
there is a relatively large number of benchmarks in use among funds 
with all strategies, and that ``the definitions of broad and narrow 
benchmarks appear to be the subject of some interpretation.'' These 
comments indicate that the final rules' changes to the definition of 
``broad-based'' index may affect the index choices and related 
performance disclosures of a significant number of funds.\728\
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    \725\ See, e.g., SIFMA Comment Letter, regarding the non-trivial 
costs of the rule amendment; see also infra footnote 726.
    \726\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter (the potential 
licensing cost increases, which would be borne by shareholders, 
outweigh the benefit to shareholders from requiring funds to utilize 
broad-based indexes in their disclosure documents), Dimensional 
Comment Letter (requirement would result in duplicative licensing 
fees from index providers and higher costs to fund shareholders); 
Fidelity Comment Letter (if all funds are required to benchmark 
against an index like the S&P Index, there would be an increase in 
licensing costs to the funds that use that index, which ultimately 
will be borne by the investors); ICI Comment Letter (if a new fund 
wishes to use as its broad-based index one that is not included in 
the fund complex's current licensing agreements, the fund typically 
will incur additional costs to do so. Smaller fund complexes with 
fewer (or more limited) licensing agreement in place may be more 
likely to incur costs when these events occur); SIFMA Comment Letter 
(the operational and index licensing costs to funds, and ultimately 
shareholders, to implement the required changes in order to comply 
with the changed definition would not be trivial. These costs may 
include licensing fees charged by index providers, the cost related 
to attaining any necessary board approvals, the cost of updating 
fund disclosure for these changes, and the cost of associated 
updates to marketing and other materials where fund indexes are 
used).
    \727\ See Mary and Tom Comment Letter (a majority of funds may 
need to change their primary index in response).
    \728\ See Chin, et al. (2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, under the rule amendments, funds will incur costs 
associated with tagging the streamlined shareholder reports in Inline 
XBRL. Various XBRL and Inline XBRL preparation solutions have been 
developed and used by operating companies and investment companies to 
fulfill their structuring requirements, and some evidence suggests 
that, for smaller operating companies, XBRL compliance costs have 
decreased over time.\729\ Based in part on our considerable experience 
with XBRL implementation in connection with the Commission's other XBRL 
requirements, we estimate that the initial aggregate costs to funds of 
tagging their streamlined shareholder reports will be $81.2 
million.\730\
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    \729\ An AICPA survey of 1,032 public operating companies with 
$75 million or less in market capitalization in 2018 found an 
average cost of $5,850 per year, a median cost of $2,500 per year, 
and a maximum cost of $51,500 per year for fully outsourced XBRL 
creation and filing, representing a 45% decline in average cost and 
a 69% decline in median cost since 2014. See Michael Cohn, AICPA 
Sees 45% Drop in XBRL Costs for Small Companies, Acct. Today (Aug. 
15, 2018), available at https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/aicpa-sees-45-drop-iSn-xbrl-costs-for-small-reporting-companies (retrieved 
from Factiva database). Note that this survey was limited to small 
operating companies; investment companies have substantively 
different tagging requirements, and may have different tagging 
processes as well. For example, compared to smaller operating 
companies, smaller investment companies are more likely to outsource 
their tagging infrastructure to large third-party service providers. 
As a result, it may be less likely that economies of scale arise 
with respect to Inline XBRL compliance costs for investment 
companies than for operating companies. Additionally, a NASDAQ 
survey of 151 listed issuers in 2018 found an average XBRL 
compliance cost of $20,000 per quarter, a median XBRL compliance 
cost of $7,500 per quarter, and a maximum XBRL compliance cost of 
$350,000 per quarter in XBRL costs per quarter. See Letter from 
Nasdaq, Inc. (Mar. 21, 2019), available at https://listingcenter.nasdaq.com/assets/Letter%20from%20John%20Zecca%20to%20Ms.%20Vanessa%20Countryman%20re%20File%20No.%20S7-26-18%20(March%2021,%202019).pdf; Request for 
Comment on Earnings Releases and Quarterly Reports, Release No. 33-
10588 (Dec. 18, 2018) [83 FR 65601 (Dec. 21, 2018)]. Like the 
aforementioned AICPA survey, this survey was limited to operating 
companies.
    \730\ The estimated aggregate initial cost for the final rules' 
Inline XBRL requirements is based on the following calculations: 18 
hours x $381 (blended wage rate for compliance attorney and senior 
programmer) = $6,858 per fund. 11,840 funds x $6,858 = $81,198,720. 
See infra section V.H. Consistent with similar Inline XBRL estimates 
for current XBRL filers, we estimate no ongoing burden, as this is 
already incorporated into the current burden estimate for funds that 
are complying with requirements to tag disclosures using Inline 
XBRL. See id.; see also, e.g., Enhanced Disclosures by Certain 
Investment Advisers and Investment Companies about Environmental, 
Social, and Governance Investment Practices, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 34594 (May 25, 2022) [87 FR 36654 (June 17, 2022)], at 
section IV.E. The Commission's prior experience with XBRL 
implementation includes its implementation of XBRL and Inline XBRL 
requirements for operating company financial statement disclosures 
and mutual fund prospectus risk/return summary disclosures. See 
supra footnotes 571-572 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds also will incur costs of complying with the new Form N-CSR 
disclosure items. As funds already prepare the disclosure that the 
required N-CSR items will cover for purposes of current shareholder 
reports and disclose that information on Form N-CSR as part of their 
shareholder reports, we do not believe the costs of the new N-CSR 
disclosure will be significant. Commenters on the proposal suggested 
these costs could be significant if they were required to prepare 
separate financial statements for each series or portfolio of a trust 
when filing Form N-CSR, but the final rules do not prohibit funds from 
preparing and submitting multicolumn financial statements that include 
multiple series or portfolios, or that address multiple share classes 
of a fund in ways that would mitigate these costs.\731\ However, we 
recognize that funds may face some costs of rearranging their 
disclosures within Form N-CSR. We estimate that the costs of the 
required new Form N-CSR items will initially be $162.4 million and 
$45.1 million annually thereafter.\732\
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    \731\ See supra footnotes 408-409 and accompanying text.
    \732\ The initial costs of the final rules' new Form N-CSR 
requirements are based on the following calculations: 18 hours per 
filing x 2 filings per year per fund x $381 (blended wage rate for 
compliance attorney and senior programmer) = $13,716 per fund. 
11,840 funds x $13,716 = $162,397,440. The annual cost of the final 
rules' new Form N-CSR requirements are based on the following 
calculations: 5 hours per filing x 2 filings per fund x $381 
(blended wage rate for compliance attorney and senior programmer) = 
$3,810 per fund. 11,840 funds x $3,810 = $45,110,400. See infra 
section V.C. These PRA burden estimates do not account for the fact 
that funds are currently required to prepare the same general 
disclosure for purposes of their shareholder reports. Thus, these 
PRA-related estimates may over-estimate the costs of the final 
rules' Form N-CSR disclosure items, particularly the transition 
costs.
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    In addition, funds will be required to provide additional 
information online under the rule amendments to rule 30e-1, and deliver 
the additional information in paper or electronically upon request. 
With respect to rule 30e-1, this will include online availability (and 
delivery upon request) of the disclosure that the rule amendments will 
remove from shareholder reports, including financial statements and 
financial highlights, as well as quarterly portfolio holdings.
    For instance, under the adopted amendments to rule 30e-1, funds 
will likely incur costs associated with providing online access to the 
new Form N-CSR disclosure items (i.e., the information that the adopted 
rule amendments will remove from shareholder reports). Funds that do 
not currently rely on rule 30e-3 will also incur costs to provide their 
quarterly portfolio holdings online. We estimate that the initial costs 
of complying with the website availability requirements in rule 30e-1 
will be $38.6 million, with ongoing annual costs of $12.9 million.\733\ 
We also estimate that the ongoing annual cost of the rule's requirement 
to deliver these materials in paper or electronically to shareholders 
on request will be $5.9 million.\734\
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    \733\ See infra section V.B. The estimated initial cost of 
complying with rule 30e-1's website availability requirements is 
based on the following calculations: 12 hours x $272 (wage rate for 
webmaster) = $3,264 per fund. 11,840 funds x $3,264 = $38,645,760. 
The estimated ongoing annual cost is based on the following 
calculations: 4 hours x $272 (wage rate for webmaster) = $1,088 per 
fund. 11,840 funds x $1,088 = $12,881,920.
    \734\ See id. The estimated ongoing annual cost of complying 
with rule 30e-1's delivery upon request requirements is based on the 
following calculation: $500 per fund x 11,840 funds = $5,920,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, to the extent that affected funds, including UITs that 
rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy shareholder report transmission 
requirements under rule 30e-2, have changed their operations for the 
purpose of relying on rule 30e-3, those funds would bear the costs 
associated with the adopted rule amendment's prohibition on open-end 
funds relying on rule 30e-3. These costs could include, among others, 
changes to internal systems and adjustments to agreements with third-
party vendors contracted to provide relevant services.\735\ Moreover, 
funds may choose to take additional steps to inform their shareholders 
about the modified approach to delivering shareholder reports under the 
adopted rule amendment, and these funds would

[[Page 72826]]

likely incur additional transition costs. We lack data to quantify 
these costs because we do not have information about how many funds 
would choose to provide discretionary notices or other information to 
their shareholders to explain the required changes to shareholder 
report transmission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \735\ See supra footnotes 483-484 and accompanying text; see 
also supra footnote 625 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Advertising Rule Amendments
a. Benefits
    The rule amendments that require standardized fee and expense 
figures \736\ will benefit investors by providing more consistent fee 
and expense presentations across investment company advertisements 
relative to the baseline and thereby facilitate investor comparisons of 
those fee and expense figures across advertisements.\737\ The benefits 
to investors will depend on the extent to which funds' advertisements 
already reflect the requirements of FINRA for the presentation of fee 
and expense information in member communications with the public.\738\
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    \736\ See supra section II.G.1.
    \737\ Several commenters indicated that the proposed advertising 
rule amendments would enable investors to make more informed 
investment decisions by more easily comparing costs across various 
funds in response to the proposed rule. See, e.g., Better Markets 
Comment Letter; Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; 
John Hancock Comment Letter (all as discussed in section II.G.1.a, 
supra).
    \738\ See supra text following footnote 666.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By reducing the chance of misleading information being presented to 
investors--e.g., so that useful information faces less competition for 
investor attention from other information--the rule amendments may 
increase the salience of relevant fee and expense figures to investors 
and reduce the chance of a mismatch between the investors' preferences 
and their choices of investment products among the various 
alternatives, thereby increasing the efficiency of investors' 
investment decisions. The extent to which increasing the salience of 
fee and expense information in advertisements benefits an investor 
considering an investment in a fund depends on the importance of the 
information contained in fund advertising materials relative to the 
other information that is available to the investor for the purpose of 
monitoring fund investments and choosing between the fund and other 
financial products.
    The rule amendments may reduce the likelihood of investors 
misinterpreting investment company advertisements. For example, the 
recent experience of the Commission is that funds sometimes market 
themselves as ``zero expense'' or ``no expense'' funds based solely on 
information in their prospectus fee tables.\739\ In some cases a fund's 
prospectus fee table may show no transaction costs and no ongoing 
charges only because the fund adviser, the adviser's affiliates, or 
others are collecting fees elsewhere from these investors. An 
advertisement for such a ``zero expense'' fund that shows only fund 
costs, based on the prospectus fee table, could be materially 
misleading if it omitted material facts regarding other costs that 
investor would incur when investing in the fund.\740\ Absent 
appropriate explanations or limitations, referring to such a fund as a 
``zero expense'' fund can materially mislead investors and cause them 
to believe incorrectly that there are no expenses associated with 
investing in the fund.\741\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \739\ The Commission received comments on the trend for some 
funds to market their investment products based on claims of low 
costs or no fees. See, e.g., CFA Institute Comment Letter; see also 
Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter.
    \740\ See section I.A.4 for discussion of the Commission's 
experience and related concerns regarding practices in which 
investors may believe incorrectly that there are no expenses 
associated with investing in the fund.
    \741\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that the advertising rule amendments reduce fund 
incentives to understate or obscure their fees, the rule amendments may 
enable investors more easily to distinguish funds according to their 
actual fees, enabling some investors to obtain lower fees, such as by 
altering their choices among available investment alternatives.\742\ In 
addition, funds may respond to the greater ability of investors to 
distinguish among funds according to their actual fees by lowering 
their fees, thereby further benefiting investors. We also discuss this 
effect on the incentives of funds to compete based on fees and 
implications for capital formation in section IV.D below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \742\ Some comments on the Proposing Release stated that the 
proposed investment company advertising rule amendments would help 
investors make more informed investment decisions by more easily 
comparing costs among various funds. See Better Markets Comment 
Letter; Consumer Federation of America II Comment Letter; John 
Hancock Comment Letter.
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b. Costs
    Investment companies and third parties involved in preparing or 
disseminating investment company advertisements will incur costs to 
comply with the final advertising rule amendments. The expenses that 
funds incur to implement the rule amendments will be a cost to 
investors. We discuss those expenses below.
i. Modifying Advertising Materials
    The cost of our amendments to the advertising rules will include 
the direct cost of modifying advertising materials to bring them into 
compliance with the final advertising rule amendments. This may require 
internal review and approval of advertisements beyond what occurs under 
the current rule, particularly where an advertisement is not already 
required to present certain fee and expense figures under existing 
FINRA rules (for example, advertisements by funds other than open-end 
funds, advertisements intended for non-retail audiences, or 
advertisements where a broker-dealer is not involved in disseminating 
the particular communication).\743\ For example, while many investment 
company advertisements are subject to timeliness requirements related 
to the presentation of performance information, they currently are not 
subject to similar timeliness requirements for fee and expense 
information. With respect to advertisements that are currently subject 
to FINRA requirements addressing the presentation of fee and expense 
information, funds and their intermediaries may incur costs to assess 
compliance with, and any overlap between, the requirements we are 
adopting and existing FINRA rules. We expect some of these costs to be 
borne in the first year after the rule amendments go into effect. That 
is, they will be transition costs and not sustained beyond the first 
year. We estimate that the initial costs associated with the final 
advertising rule amendments will be $274.3 million.\744\ These costs 
will be borne by funds and thus by their shareholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \743\ See supra sections I.A.4, II.G.
    \744\ See infra sections V.D through V.F. We estimate that 
approximately 48,000 investment company advertisements (including 
supplemental sales literature) each year would be subject to the 
final amendments to rules 482, 34b-1, and 433. This includes 36,492 
communications that are advertisements subject to rule 482, 7,209 
communications that are supplemental sales literature subject to 
rule 34b-1, and 4,300 communications that are registered closed-end 
fund or BDC free writing prospectuses under rule 433. We estimate an 
initial burden of 15 hours per communication associated with the 
amendments to each of these rules. The estimated initial costs of 
the final advertising rule amendments is based on the following 
calculation: 15 hours x $381 (blended wage rate for compliance 
attorney and senior programmer) x 48,000 communications = 
$274,320,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ongoing costs of the advertising rule amendments will be 
greater for some types of fund advertisements than others. For example, 
the amendments will require the fee and expense figures in 
advertisements to be calculated in the

[[Page 72827]]

manner the registrant's Investment Company Act or Securities Act 
registration form prescribes for a prospectus. This requirement could 
make it more burdensome to prepare advertisements for some types of 
registrants, such as closed-end funds that do not maintain updated 
prospectuses and, thus, may not calculate current fees and expenses in 
the manner the amendments will require. It will be more costly to 
prepare these advertisements (if they include fee and expense 
information) because of the need to develop new procedures for annually 
calculating these registrants' fees and expenses in accordance with 
prospectus fee table requirements. In addition, the cost of compliance 
will be relatively greater for funds that react to the advertising rule 
amendments by initiating or enhancing a compliance program after 
previously having no such program or only a very limited program in 
place. We estimate that the ongoing annual costs of the advertising 
rule amendments will be $91.4 million.\745\ The costs of the 
advertising rule amendments will be smaller for some types of fund 
advertisements than others. For example, the advertising rule 
amendments requiring standardized fee and expense figures will affect 
only those fund advertisements that include fee and expense figures. As 
another example, if an investment company does not present total annual 
expense figures in its prospectus, the final amendments addressing the 
required fee and expense figures would be inapplicable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \745\ See infra sections V.D through V.F; see also supra 
footnote 744. We estimate an annual burden of 5 hours per 
communication associated with the final amendments to rules 482, 
34b-1, and 433. The estimated annual costs of the final advertising 
rule amendments is based on the following calculation: 5 hours x 
$381 (blended wage rate for compliance attorney and senior 
programmer) x 48,000 communications = $91,440,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Potential for Loss of Information
    Finally, some investors could experience the loss of information 
about fees and expenses as a cost of the advertising rule amendments. 
Specifically, some funds might cease advertising (or cease including 
fee and expense figures or total annual expense figures in their 
advertising) rather than incur the extra compliance costs. In such 
instance, investors who rely on the advertisements to make investment 
decisions or to compare funds might have less complete information for 
these purposes under the rule amendments than they do currently. 
Anticipating that investors have less complete information, funds might 
then have weaker incentives to differentiate themselves from other 
funds in ways that are designed to attract and benefit informed 
investors. However, we believe this is unlikely because we do not 
anticipate that the compliance costs will be great enough to cause 
funds to cease advertising (or to cease including fee and expense 
figures or total annual expense figures in their advertising). 
Moreover, such loss of information would be mitigated to the extent 
that the information that investors receive is more accurate and 
salient than they would receive in the absence of the rule, and because 
other avenues exist for investors to obtain information about funds 
(for example, fund prospectuses or information provided by third 
parties that analyze fund information).

D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation

    This section describes the effects we expect the rule amendments to 
have on efficiency, competition, and capital formation.
    Efficiency. Key to this analysis are the concepts of efficiency in 
the use of investor time and attention and in the use of fund resources 
from the real economy to meet shareholder report transmission 
obligations. We regard changes and amendments that reduce these costs 
as increasing economic efficiency, with changes and amendments that 
increase these costs having the opposite effect. Also key is the 
concept of ``information asymmetry''--in this case, the lack of 
information that investors may have about funds and other investment 
products and the related difficulties that some investors may face in 
understanding and using the information that is available to them.
    The rule amendments will enable investors to use their time and 
attention more efficiently. To investors, the costs of investing in a 
fund are more than just the dollar cost, and include the value of an 
individual's time and attention that is spent gaining an understanding 
of the fund. Further, for those investors who do not gain a full 
understanding of the fund, there could be a cost stemming from a 
potential mismatch between the investor's goals and the fund risk 
profile and fee structure. Depending on the size of an individual's 
position in a fund, certain of these additional costs could be 
considerable in comparison to the monetary costs associated with the 
investment and could discourage investors from gathering information 
about different investment alternatives and evaluating existing 
investments even in circumstances where reviewing available shareholder 
reports could be beneficial.
    The overall efficiency gains from the effect of the rule amendments 
on how investors allocate their time and attention will depend on the 
ease with which investors are able to transition to the new approach to 
fund shareholder reports and find the disclosures and other materials 
of that new approach easier to use. Some individuals may prefer the 
current approach. Their time and attention may be used less efficiently 
under the rule amendments, which will require them to go to the trouble 
of requesting their preferred materials rather than receiving them 
automatically as will occur in the current approach. However, despite 
these potential limitations, we expect the efficiency gain and cost 
reduction from changes in the use of investor time and attention 
resulting from the rule amendments will tend to be positive, because 
the new approach under the amendments is specifically designed to make 
the disclosures easier for retail investors to use while continuing to 
provide access to more detailed information for the market 
professionals and other investors who wish to access them.\746\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \746\ These provisions would thus not have efficiency effects 
for financial professionals and other investors who currently rely 
on more detailed information online that will continue to be 
accessible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the rule amendments may affect economic efficiency 
through changes in disclosure and advertising content. The rule 
amendments to the content of shareholder report disclosure and the 
presentation of advertising materials will increase the consistency of 
the presentation of their contents across funds (and, in the 
advertising rule amendment, across a wider range of investment 
opportunities) and thereby promote their comparability. This may make 
it easier for investors to make comparisons across funds, and between 
funds and other investment products. As a result, investors may face 
lower search costs in choosing among funds, and among investment 
opportunities more generally. In addition, investors and other market 
participants may be more easily able to monitor their fund and other 
investments.
    Some of the rule amendments would unbundle the provision of 
information on funds and across classes and series of a fund. Apart 
from other effects of those rule amendments, the effect of unbundling 
could increase the cost to some investors of accessing information or 
of using information to compare their current fund investments with 
alternatives. Under rule 30e-1, funds

[[Page 72828]]

would make information available online that is currently provided in 
the shareholder report. To the extent that some investors who would 
have used this information under the current rules respond to the rule 
amendment by no longer using this information, the effect may be to 
reduce the efficiency of their search across investments. Under the 
rule amendment requiring separate transmission of information about 
fund series and reports, funds would no longer make information about 
fund series and funds available on a single transmission. Investors who 
would have relied on that information to make comparisons between their 
current investment and investments in other classes and series of the 
fund will likely face greater difficulty accessing this information 
under the rule amendments than currently. In each instance, the effect 
would be to reduce the efficiency of search across alternative 
investments on the part of those investors.
    The rule amendments that reduce information asymmetry and search 
costs may reduce barriers that funds and intermediaries face in 
supplying investment opportunities to investors, and that investors may 
face in comparing and evaluating the suitability of the investments 
initially and, as fund shareholders, over the period of the 
investment.\747\ These effects of the rule amendments may be reduced to 
the extent that shareholders currently rely on the bundled transmission 
of reports on fund series and classes that would be transmitted 
separately under the rule amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \747\ As noted above, there may be investors who would prefer 
the approach to disclosure that is now in place and who would under 
the approach under the final rule amendments need to take extra 
steps to continue to use the disclosures that they use in making 
investment decisions currently. To the extent this occurs, the final 
rule amendments could lead to additional costs and reduced 
efficiency for such investors in their evaluation of fund 
investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These increases in efficiency and related cost reductions could 
manifest as a higher likelihood that investors make use of the 
disclosures that funds provide through their shareholder reports and 
advertising materials, and thus lead to investment decisions that are 
more informationally efficient. First, these efficiencies may increase 
the likelihood that investors choose a mix and level of fund 
investments that are consistent with their overall financial 
preferences and objectives--a level that may be higher or lower than 
will occur presently. Second, making it easier for investors to use the 
information that is disclosed under the rule amendments that require 
concise, tailored shareholder report disclosures and more consistent 
fee and expense presentations across investment company advertisements 
relative to the baseline could facilitate more efficient investor 
allocation of assets across funds. These effects on efficiency will be 
limited, however, to the extent that investors rely on third parties 
for advice in selecting among financial products and those third 
parties use more information than what shareholders receive under the 
rule amendments.\748\
    Competition. The rule amendments that affect information asymmetry 
between investors and funds may, by reducing investor search costs, 
affect competition. Specifically, the rule amendments that require 
changes to shareholder reports (including the newly required tagging of 
shareholder reports in Inline XBRL) and fund advertising will enable 
investors to compare fees and expenses and other information more 
easily across funds, and between funds and other financial products, 
and could therefore affect competition among funds by making it easier 
for lower-fee funds to distinguish themselves from other funds.\749\ 
This could lead investors to shift their assets from higher-fee funds 
to lower-fee funds. It also could lead funds, in anticipation of this, 
to lower their fees or otherwise take steps to draw investor flows away 
from competing funds or avoid outflows to competing funds under the new 
approach to funds' shareholder reports. It could lead funds to exit 
that are not as easily able to compete on the basis of fees and 
expenses as a result of the new approach, and other funds to enter and 
compete for investor assets more efficiently than is currently 
occurring. The effect on competition among funds may be limited, 
however, to the extent that investors rely on third parties who are not 
affected by the rule amendments for advice in selecting among financial 
products.\750\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \749\ With respect to Inline XBRL tagging, this anticipated 
effect would be analogous to the observed effect whereby XBRL 
requirements for public operating company financial statements have 
infused company-specific financial characteristics into competitive 
public markets. See Yu Cong, et al., The Impact of XBRL Reporting on 
Market Efficiency, 28 J. Info Sys. 181 (2014) (finding ``XBRL 
reporting facilitates the generation and infusion of idiosyncratic 
information into the market'').
    \750\ For example, one investor survey found that 24% of 
surveyed mutual fund investors agreed with the statement, ``I rely 
on a financial adviser or broker to look at these sorts of [fund] 
documents.'' See Inv. Co. Inst., Mutual Fund Investors' Views on 
Shareholder Reports: Reactions to a Summary Shareholder Report 
Prototype (Oct. 2018), available at https://www.ici.org/pdf/ppr_18_summary_shareholder.pdf, at 20. Within subsets of the 
surveyed investors, 57% of mutual fund investors aged 65 and older, 
and 58% of mutual fund investors with household incomes less than 
$50,000, agreed with this statement. See id. at nn.19 and 20. A 
third party adviser, for example, may prefer to access all 
information that is available about a fund online rather than rely 
solely on the information in the prospectus and shareholder report 
that is the subject of the proposal. Such an adviser would not 
change its information or advice under the proposal. Funds would not 
anticipate such a change, and there would be a lesser effect on 
competition among funds accordingly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the rule amendments that affect the definition of a 
``broad-based'' index will affect competition among providers of the 
index information that funds include in their performance disclosure. 
Specifically, the amendments will define a ``broad-based'' index in a 
way that will likely reduce the number of indexes that qualify as an 
``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' (and reduce the 
number of suppliers of qualifying index licenses to funds) for 
disclosure purposes. To the extent that the final rules' change to the 
definition affects the index choices of funds, the final rules will 
increase the demand for qualifying index licenses. Funds incur costs of 
the use of indexes under their licensing agreements with index 
providers and a new fund that wishes to use as its broad-based index 
one that is not included in the fund complex's current licensing 
agreements, or that wishes to change indexes, would incur additional 
costs under the licensing agreement.\751\ The amount of these costs 
will depend, among other things, on market competition among index 
providers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \751\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter (discussing competition 
among index providers in relation to the fund index licensing 
agreement). According to this commenter, smaller fund complexes with 
fewer (or more limited) licensing agreements in place may be more 
likely to incur costs of changing indexes or adding an index.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Index-licensing fees could increase if the rule amendment results 
in a reduction in the number of index providers producing indexes that 
are ``appropriate broad-based securities market indexes'' that is large 
enough to permit those index providers to increase their fees or, 
alternatively, if the change increases demand by funds to license 
indexes and there is limited competition among index providers 
producing indexes that are ``appropriate broad-based securities market 
indexes.'' For example, one commenter suggested that the market for 
indexes is concentrated and that a definition that strongly favors 
existing and widely recognized indexes could inhibit entry into the 
market for indexes that are acceptable under the regulations, thereby 
limiting competition in ways that may lead funds to incur higher index 
costs.\752\

[[Page 72829]]

However, we believe there will be many providers of indexes that 
qualify as ``broad-based'' under the final rules, which will prevent 
funds from incurring such higher index costs.\753\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \752\ See, e.g., supra footnote 751. According to this 
commenter, the index market is concentrated, and the top three 
players are estimated to have a 71 percent share.
    \753\ See supra paragraphs accompanying footnotes 230-232. Under 
the definition of a ``broad-based'' index in the final rules, we 
anticipate that funds could use multiple currently extant indexes as 
the appropriate broad-based securities market index that appears in 
their performance disclosure. See also supra footnotes 725-727 and 
accompanying text (discussing the costs that will be incurred by 
funds that will be required to change their indexes in response to 
the final rules).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we noted earlier in section IV.C.3.b that certain funds 
may respond to the final advertising rule amendments by limiting their 
advertising of certain fee and expense information. Reduced advertising 
of fees and expenses could affect the way in which funds compete for 
investor assets, causing funds to focus competition on other 
dimensions. At the same time, a reduction in fund advertising could 
limit the benefit of competition to investors by reducing the 
efficiency with which they are able to make comparisons across funds 
and identify the funds that best match their preferences.
    Capital Formation. The rule amendments could lead to an increase in 
capital formation. First, to the extent they increase the efficiency of 
exchange in markets for funds and other financial products, the rule 
amendments could lead to changes in fund investment in these products. 
Greater investment in ETFs, mutual funds, and other products, for 
example, could lead to increased demand for their underlying 
securities. The increased demand for those securities could, in turn, 
facilitate capital formation.
    We further note that, to the extent that increased or decreased 
investment in these financial products reflects substitution from other 
investment vehicles, the effect on capital formation will be attenuated 
because this will reduce the net change in the overall amount of 
investment in the capital markets.
    The rule amendments may, by lowering the cost of delivering 
disclosures to fund shareholders, attract new investors to funds and 
increase the amount of capital that is invested through those funds. If 
so, the rule amendments could promote capital formation. We are unable 
to estimate precisely the magnitude of capital formation effects that 
may result from our projected cost savings under the rule amendments 
because the magnitude of such effects may be affected by the extent of 
pass-through cost savings and by other factors that affect the flow of 
investor capital into mutual funds and ETFs, including other components 
of fund returns, overall market returns, and returns on investments 
other than funds. To the extent that any rule amendments will increase 
the transmission cost, we expect the opposite effect to occur.
    The rule amendments are designed to make shareholder reports easier 
for shareholders to use and to help investors better understand fees 
and expenses through fund advertisements. To the extent that it becomes 
easier for investors to use fund disclosures or to understand 
investment fees and expenses, the effect may improve retail investors' 
understanding about, and confidence in, the market for funds and other 
investment products, which may increase participation in this market by 
investors that previously avoided it. Such additional entry by new 
investors could increase the level of total capital across markets and 
increase the demand for new investment products and securities, which 
could lower the cost of capital for operating companies, precipitate 
capital formation in aggregate across the economy, and facilitate 
economic growth. These effects on capital formation will be limited, 
however, to the extent that investors rely on sources that are not 
affected by the rule amendments for advice in selecting among financial 
products. \754\ To the extent that there are any effects on capital 
formation, we do not have reason to believe that they will be 
significant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \754\ See also supra footnote 748.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Reasonable Alternatives

1. More or Less Frequent Disclosure
    The rule amendments will maintain a fund's obligation to transmit 
an annual and a semi-annual report to shareholders without affecting 
their frequency. Alternatively, we could have required an increase or 
reduction in the frequency of reports that funds are required to 
transmit to shareholders.
    As one alternative, the Commission could have increased the 
required frequency of transmission of reports to shareholders beyond 
what will occur under the rule amendments. For example, the Commission 
could have required funds to transmit shareholder reports on a 
quarterly basis, rather than on a semi-annual basis as would continue 
to be the case under the rule amendments. To the extent shareholders 
review these additional reports, receiving the reports more frequently 
could have kept shareholders better informed about their fund 
investments and could have enhanced shareholders' familiarity and 
comfort with reviewing shareholder report disclosures, since they would 
have encountered such disclosures more frequently. As a result, 
investors may have made more informed investment decisions. However, 
increasing the frequency of reports would have required greater 
allocation of fund resources to preparing and delivering shareholder 
reports, which would have increased fund (and shareholder) costs. In 
addition, receiving more frequent shareholder reports would have placed 
greater demands on shareholder time and attention compared to the 
proposal, which could have decreased the likelihood of shareholders 
reviewing the reports and relying on them to inform their investment 
decisions.\755\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \755\ Existing research notes that individuals exhibit limited 
ability to absorb and process information. See supra section IV.C.1; 
Richard E. Nisbett & Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and 
Shortcomings of Social, Nisbett & Ross (Prentice Hall 1980); 
Hirshleifer and Teoh Study, supra footnote 640.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission could also have adopted rule amendments that provide 
funds with alternatives to transmitting the semi-annual report, such as 
by permitting the requirement to transmit semi-annual reports to be 
satisfied by a fund filing certain information on Form N-CSR or by 
making information available on a website (either semi-annually or more 
frequently). Relative to the rule amendments, funds would have 
benefitted from the cost savings associated with no longer being 
required to transmit the semi-annual report. Funds also could have 
experienced lower costs associated with preparing disclosures, 
particularly if the information they were required to provide on 
websites largely replicated information that many funds already provide 
online in monthly or quarterly fact sheets.\756\ Shareholders could 
have benefitted from these cost savings to the extent funds pass them 
through. However, shareholders who prefer to receive information more 
frequently than annually, as they currently do, would have incurred 
costs associated with the reduced frequency of transmission, such as 
costs of locating information online instead of in the delivered semi-
annual report. In addition, to the extent we permitted this approach to 
be optional for the fund (e.g., funds could either provide certain 
information online or transmit semi-annual reports), the alternative 
may have led to shareholders in some funds

[[Page 72830]]

receiving less direct information than those in other funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \756\ See generally supra section II.E.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. More or Less Information in Shareholder Reports
    The rule amendments will make the disclosures that funds transmit 
to shareholders more concise, without materially changing the overall 
amount or scope of information that funds provide to their shareholders 
(either in shareholder reports or separately online). The Commission 
could have required more (or less) information in fund shareholder 
reports and less (or more) information online or upon request only than 
under the amendments. We could have further reduced the overall amount 
of disclosure that funds are required to prepare and provide, e.g., by 
no longer requiring funds to provide disclosure regarding the basis for 
the board's approval of investment advisory contracts.
    The benefits of requiring more information to be included in 
shareholder reports (with less information online or upon request only) 
would have been that fewer investors would need to take any additional 
steps needed to access the information online, which would have reduced 
the burdens on those investors. However, this alternative also would 
have had certain costs. For example, requiring more information in 
shareholder reports may have reduced the likelihood that shareholders 
review the reports because they may have been more likely to feel 
overwhelmed by the length of the reports. Shareholder reports that 
include more information than under the rule amendments may also have 
made it harder for shareholders to find key information within the 
report. Moreover, increasing the length of shareholder reports by 
requiring additional content could also have increased the transmission 
costs for funds (which could also be passed on to shareholders), 
particularly with respect to printing and mailing costs.
    As another alternative, we could have further limited the content 
of shareholder reports. This alternative could have resulted in 
shareholder reports that are easier for shareholders to review and 
could have reduced costs associated with the preparation and 
transmission of shareholder reports. However, this alternative may have 
reduced the utility of shareholder reports for many if not most 
shareholders if the reports did not include the key information those 
shareholders have tended to use for the purpose of monitoring their 
fund investments or making portfolio decisions. If, as part of this 
alternative, we had required funds to provide the information removed 
from shareholder reports to shareholders upon request or online, those 
shareholders would have faced the burden of requesting the information 
or locating it online. If we had instead removed certain disclosure 
requirements entirely, the costs to funds of preparing disclosure would 
have declined. This approach would, however, have reduced access to 
information for all market participants, which may have resulted in 
less informed monitoring or investment decisions by shareholders or by 
the market professionals they rely on for investment advice.
3. Retaining Rule 30e-3 Flexibility or Implementing Access Equals 
Delivery for Open-End Funds Registered on Form N-1A
    The rule amendments will exclude funds registered on Form N-1A from 
current rule 30e-3. Under the rule amendments, affected funds will be 
required to transmit concise shareholder reports directly to 
shareholders in order to meet their transmission obligations. Funds 
will not have the flexibility instead to send a notice with information 
about the online location of the shareholder report, as is the case 
under current rule 30e-3.
    As an alternative, the Commission could have continued to permit 
the affected funds to rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy their shareholder 
report transmission obligations (whether by retaining rule 30e-3 or 
allowing a fund to choose either to send a rule 30e-3 notice or 
streamlined shareholder report). This alternative would have provided 
optionality to funds to determine their preferred method for delivering 
shareholder reports where shareholders have not expressed a clear 
preference for electronic delivery or paper delivery of the report and 
could have reduced costs of delivery for some funds compared to the 
proposal, such as for those funds that have already begun to prepare to 
rely on rule 30e-3. It also could have reduced any shareholder 
confusion where funds have notified shareholders of their intent to 
rely on rule 30e-3 and of the associated upcoming changes to 
shareholder report transmission. However, given that we do not expect 
the shareholder reports under the rule amendments to be of a length 
that would result in significant delivery cost disparities compared to 
the notice that funds must deliver under rule 30e-3, we do not believe 
that excluding relevant funds from rule 30e-3 would have significantly 
changed the costs of delivery relative to the baseline.\757\ For 
instance, the amendments may reduce processing fees associated with 
delivering shareholder reports through intermediaries and should not 
significantly increase printing and mailing costs. Moreover, we believe 
that delivering a concise shareholder report to shareholders may help 
them more efficiently monitor their fund investments. This is because 
the rule amendments will enable shareholders who would otherwise have 
received paper notices under rule 30e-3 (those who have not elected 
electronic delivery) to avoid the additional step of finding the report 
online.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \757\ See supra sections IV.C.2.a.ii and IV.C.2.b.iii 
(discussing our belief that the proposed shareholder reports could 
be trifold self-mailers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the Commission could have adopted an access equals 
delivery approach as an alternative to the shareholder report delivery 
approach we are adopting.\758\ The effect of an access equals delivery 
approach would be that funds would post their streamlined shareholder 
reports online, without the notice that rule 30e-3 currently requires, 
rather than delivering them by email or postal mail to fund 
shareholders and their households. One benefit of this approach that 
commenters raised involved the potential for a cost reduction (which 
would be passed on to fund shareholders).\759\ As discussed above, 
commenters discussing this approach raise considerations for any future 
initiative on the delivery of fund regulatory materials.\760\ We 
anticipate that any further initiative on the delivery of fund 
regulatory materials would address these considerations.\761\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \758\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter (urging adoption 
of an access equals delivery approach for shareholder reports and 
annual prospectus updates); TIAA Comment Letter (urging an 
incremental approach, focusing first on the format and substance of 
shareholder reports, urging the adoption of access equals delivery 
with respect to all disclosure documents); T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter (recommending access equals delivery for semi-annual 
shareholder reports).
    \759\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter, Federated Hermes 
Comment Letter, TIAA Comment Letter, T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \760\ See supra section II.E.2.
    \761\ See, e.g., Marlboro Comment Letter and CFA Comment Letter 
(discussing considerations regarding an access equals delivery 
approach).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Limiting the Advertising Rule Amendments to ETFs and Mutual Funds
    The final amendments to the advertising rule will apply to all 
registered investment companies and BDCs. The scope of entities 
affected by these amendments will therefore be broader than affected by 
the other rule

[[Page 72831]]

amendments, which apply only to open-end funds, such as mutual funds, 
and to ETFs. As an alternative, we could also have limited the scope of 
the advertising rule amendments to apply only to open-end funds.
    Under this alternative, the advertising rule amendments would have 
applied to a narrower class of entities than under the amendments being 
adopted. The effect would have been to reduce both the cost and 
benefits of the advertising amendments that are discussed in section 
IV.C.3, as these costs and benefits would then accrue only to 
shareholders and issuers of the narrowed class of entities, and not to 
shareholders and issuers of any entities that would be excluded under 
the alternative. In addition, the alternative could have led to a 
disparity in the quality of the information that is available to market 
participants about funds that would be covered by the advertising rule 
amendments under the alternative and the entities that would be outside 
its scope. This could have led to reduced comparability and distortions 
in investor choice across registered investment companies and BDCs, 
relative to the approach the Commission is adopting, which would apply 
the standards across all of these entities evenly.
5. Amending Shareholder Report Requirements To Include Variable 
Insurance Contracts or Registered Closed-End Funds
    The new approach to funds' shareholder reports under the rule 
amendments applies only to funds registered on Form N-1A. Those rule 
amendments do not apply to other registered management investment 
companies that transmit annual and semi-annual reports under rule 30e-
1.\762\ Alternatively, we could have extended the new approach to 
shareholder reports and related rule amendments to other registered 
management investment companies, including closed-end funds that 
register on Form N-2 and variable annuity separate accounts that 
register on Form N-3. Like shareholders in open-end funds registered on 
Form N-1A, shareholders in these other funds could have benefitted from 
more concise shareholder reports. Several comments on the Proposing 
Release suggested that the shareholders of these other funds would 
benefit from the layered approach to disclosure under the rule 
amendments.\763\ However, the Commission has recently amended the 
disclosures that shareholders in these funds receive, as we explained 
above and in the proposing release. Specifically, for example, the 
recently adopted changes to closed-end fund disclosures include 
multiple changes to these funds' shareholder report disclosure.\764\ In 
addition, while the recently-adopted changes to the variable contract 
disclosure framework are focused more on prospectus disclosure and not 
shareholder report disclosure, we anticipate that these amendments 
would significantly change investors' experience with variable contract 
disclosure.\765\ Before considering any additional or different 
disclosure amendments for closed-end funds and variable contracts, we 
believe it is necessary to understand funds' and investors' experience 
with these new disclosure frameworks for closed-end funds and variable 
contracts and assess their impact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \762\ Although all registered management investment companies 
are subject to rule 30e-1, the information a registered management 
investment company must include in its shareholder report is 
specified in the relevant Investment Company Act registration 
statement form (i.e., Form N-1A, Form N-2, or Form N-3).
    \763\ Several commenters suggested that shareholders across fund 
types (e.g., closed-end funds and UITs, as well as open-end funds) 
have similar informational needs and thus would all likely benefit 
from the layered approach to disclosure of the rule amendments. See, 
e.g., Tom and Mary Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter; CFA 
Institute Comment Letter; Donald Comment Letter.
    \764\ See Closed-End Fund Offering Reform Adopting Release, 
supra footnote 143, at section II.I.2.a (discussing new annual 
report requirements for funds that file a short-form registration 
statement), section II.I.2.b (discussing MDFP disclosure that would 
appear in registered closed-end funds' annual reports), and section 
II.I.5 (discussing enhancements to certain registered closed-end 
funds' annual report disclosure).
    \765\ See Variable Contract Summary Prospectus Adopting Release, 
supra footnote 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Requiring All Form N-CSR Disclosures To Be Tagged in Inline XBRL
    Under the rule amendments, the shareholder reports will be required 
to be tagged in Inline XBRL, but the remainder of Form N-CSR will not. 
Alternatively, we could have required all of Form N-CSR to be tagged in 
Inline XBRL. Some of the comments on the Proposing Release that 
discussed Inline XBRL advocated for this more expansive approach.\766\ 
Requiring funds to also tag the remaining disclosures on Form N-CSR 
would enable more efficient retrieval, aggregation, and analysis of 
those disclosures compared to the final rule amendments, under which 
the disclosures will remain untagged.\767\ Such a requirement would 
also have imposed additional filing preparation costs (specifically, 
the costs of applying additional Inline XBRL tags to Form N-CSR) on 
funds compared to the final rule amendments.\768\ Because Form N-CSR is 
used by both open and closed-end management investment companies to 
file shareholder reports, as well as other information, we have 
determined to limit the tagging requirements under the final rule 
amendments to the content that is the focus of the final rule 
amendments (namely, the shareholder reports filed by open-end 
management investment companies). We believe the information in these 
reports is particularly salient to funds' largely retail shareholder 
base, and the benefits of tagging this information likewise will be 
beneficial in helping these investors, as well as other market 
participants, understand funds' performance and operations. We believe 
adding requirements to tag other content filed on Form N-CSR, including 
content filed by closed-end management investment companies, merits 
further consideration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \766\ See, e.g., Better Markets Comment Letter; Consumer 
Federation of America II Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; 
XBRL US Comment Letter.
    \767\ See supra section IV.C.2.a.i.
    \768\ See supra section IV.C.2.b.iii.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis

A. Introduction

    Certain provisions of the final rules contain ``collection of 
information'' requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (``PRA'').\769\ We are submitting the proposed 
collections of information to the Office of Management and Budget 
(``OMB'') for review in accordance with the PRA.\770\ The titles for 
the existing collections of information are: (1) ``Rule 30e-1 under the 
Investment Company Act, Reports to Stockholders of Management 
Companies'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0025) (2) ``Form N-CSR, Certified 
Shareholder Report under the Exchange Act and under the Investment 
Company Act for Registered Management Investment Companies''(OMB 
Control No. 3235-0570); (3) ``Rule 482 under the Securities Act of 1933 
Advertising by an Investment Company as Satisfying Requirements of 
Section 10'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0565); (4) ``Rule 34b-1 under the 
Investment Company Act, Sales Literature Deemed to be Misleading'' (OMB 
Control No. 3235-0346); (5) ``Rule 433 under the Securities Act of 
1933'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0617); (6) ``Rule 30e-3 under the 
Investment Company Act, internet Availability of Reports to 
Shareholders''

[[Page 72832]]

(OMB Control No. 3235-0758); and (7) ``Investment Company Interactive 
Data'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0642). An agency may not conduct or 
sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of 
information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \769\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 through 3521.
    \770\ 44 U.S.C. 3507(d); 5 CFR 1320.11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission published notice soliciting comments on the 
collection of information requirements in the Proposing Release and 
submitted the proposed collections of information to OMB for review in 
accordance with 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. While the 
Commission received no comments specifically addressing the estimated 
PRA burdens and costs that the Proposing Release described, it did 
receive comments discussing the burdens of implementing certain aspects 
of the proposal, including the associated collections of information as 
defined in the PRA. We discuss these comments below, along with 
discussing updated estimates of the collection of information burdens 
associated with the amendments to rule 30e-1 under the Investment 
Company Act and Form N-CSR. We also discuss the amendments to rule 482 
under the Securities Act, rule 34b-1 under the Investment Company Act, 
rule 433 under the Securities Act, and rule 30e-3 under the Investment 
Company Act, as well as amendments that would affect the existing 
Investment Company Interactive Data collection of information.\771\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \771\ In the Proposing Release, we included estimated PRA 
burdens and costs associated with the proposed amendments to Form N-
1A. Those proposed amendments addressed fee and risk disclosure as 
well as removing a rule 30e-3 legend, which since has been removed 
from Form N-1A. See supra section I.B. Because we are not adopting 
our proposed amendments to Form N-1A, we have not included PRA 
burdens and costs associated with that registration form.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. New Shareholder Report Requirements Under Rule 30e-1

    We have previously estimated that it takes a total of 1,039,868 
hours, and involves a total external cost burden of $149,244,791 to 
comply with the collection of information associated with rule 30e-
1.\772\ Compliance with the disclosure requirements of rule 30e-1 is 
mandatory. Responses to the disclosure requirements are not kept 
confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \772\ This estimate is based on the last time the rule's 
information collection was submitted for PRA renewal in 2020. The 
estimates in the Proposing Release were based on earlier approved 
estimates (1,028,658 hours and $147,750,391 external cost burden), 
and these earlier approved estimates are reflected in the ``Proposed 
Estimates'' section of Table 9 below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the PRA 
estimates for rule 30e-1 in the Proposing Release, although it did 
receive comments suggesting that certain aspects of the new shareholder 
report requirements may be more burdensome than the Commission 
estimated at proposal. We have adjusted the proposal's estimated annual 
burden hours and total time costs to reflect these comments, to reflect 
changes from the proposal (for example, requiring class-specific 
shareholder reports), as well as to reflect updated wage rates.
    The table below summarizes our PRA initial and ongoing annual 
burden estimates associated with the amendments to rule 30e-1.
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P

[[Page 72833]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.033

[[Page 72834]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.034

C. Form N-CSR

    In our most recent PRA submission for Form N-CSR, we estimated the 
annual compliance burden to comply with the collection of information 
requirement of Form N-CSR is 227,137 burden hours with an internal cost 
burden of $80,860,772, and an external cost burden estimate of 
$5,949,924.\773\ Compliance with the disclosure requirements of Form N-
CSR is mandatory, and the responses to the disclosure requirements are 
not kept confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \773\ This estimate is based on the last time the rule's 
information collection was submitted for PRA renewal in 2022. The 
estimates in the Proposing Release were based on earlier approved 
estimates (179,443 hours and $3,129,984 external cost burden), and 
these earlier approved estimates are reflected in the ``Proposed 
Estimates'' section of Table 10 below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the PRA 
estimates for Form N-CSR in the Proposing Release. We have adjusted the 
proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs, however, 
to reflect updated wage rates.
    The table below summarizes our PRA initial and ongoing annual 
burden estimates associated with the amendments to Form N-CSR.

[[Page 72835]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.035

D. Rule 482

    In our most recent Paperwork Reduction Act submission for rule 482, 
the Commission estimated the annual burden to comply with rule 482's 
information collection requirements to be 212,927 hours, with a time 
cost of $74,098,735, and with no annual

[[Page 72836]]

external cost burden.\774\ Compliance with the requirements of rule 482 
is mandatory, and responses to the information collections are not kept 
confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \774\ This estimate is based on the last time the rule's 
information collection was submitted for PRA renewal in 2020. The 
estimates in the Proposing Release were based on earlier approved 
estimates (278,161 hours, with internal time costs of $76,702,896 
and no external cost burden), and these earlier approved estimates 
are reflected in the ``Proposed Estimates'' section of Table 11 
below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For purposes of estimating the burden of the final rules 
amendments, we estimate that 38,013 responses to rule 482 are filed 
annually.\775\ We estimate that approximately 96% of these rule 482 
responses provide fee and expense figures in qualifying advertisements 
and would, therefore, be required to comply with the final rule 
amendments regarding such information (for example, ensuring that the 
fee and expense figures are presented in accordance with the prominence 
and timeliness requirements in the amendments to rule 482). Similarly, 
we estimate that 96% of the responses to rule 482 (i.e., 36,492 
responses) provide advertisements that include information regarding a 
fund's total annual expenses and would, therefore, have to comply with 
the final rule amendments regarding such information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \775\ The Commission estimates that there was a total of 41,953 
responses to rule 482 that either were filed with FINRA or with the 
Commission in 2021. Of those, the Commission estimates that 1,124 
were responses from closed-end funds and BDCs, and that 2,816 were 
responses from variable insurance contracts. The number of responses 
filed with the SEC is based on the average number of responses filed 
with the Commission from 2019-2021. The Commission assumes that, 
moving forward, closed-end funds and BDCs will choose to use free 
writing prospectuses under rule 433, and also that variable 
insurance contracts will not be subject to the amendments to rule 
482. Therefore, we exclude closed-end funds, BDCs, and variable 
insurance contracts from the total responses to rule 482 for 
purposes of this estimate. The exclusion of variable insurance 
contracts represents a change from the PRA estimate at proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the PRA 
estimates for rule 482 in the Proposing Release. We have adjusted the 
proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs, however, 
to reflect updated wage rates and adjustments to our estimates of the 
number of responses that would be affected by the final rule 
amendments.
    The table below summarizes our PRA initial and ongoing estimates 
for the internal burdens associated with the amendments to rule 482:

[[Page 72837]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.036

[[Page 72838]]

E. Rule 34b-1

    To apply the same fee and expense-related requirements consistently 
across all registered investment company and BDC advertisements and 
supplemental sales literature, we are amending rule 34b-1 in a manner 
that mirrors our amendments to rule 482.\776\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \776\ See supra section II.G.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For purposes of estimating the burden of the final rules 
amendments, we estimate that 7,509 responses to rule 34b-1 are filed 
annually.\777\ We estimate that approximately 96% of the rule 34b-1 
responses provide fee and expense figures in qualifying advertisements 
and would, therefore, be required to comply with the final rule 
amendments regarding such information. Similarly, we estimate that 96% 
of the responses to rule 34b-1 (i.e., 7,209 responses) provide 
advertisements that include information regarding a fund's total annual 
expenses and would, therefore, have to comply with the final rule 
amendments regarding such information. Compliance with the requirements 
of rule 34b-1 is mandatory, and the responses to the information 
collections are not kept confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \777\ The Commission estimates that there was a total of 8,227 
total responses to rule 34b-1 that either were filed with FINRA or 
with the Commission in 2021. (The estimated number of responses in 
the Proposing Release was significantly lower because the responses 
filed with FINRA were inadvertently omitted.) Of those, the 
Commission estimates that 718 were responses from variable insurance 
contracts. The number of responses filed with the SEC is based on 
the average number of responses filed with the Commission from 2019-
2021. The Commission assumes that variable insurance contracts will 
not be subject to the amendments to rule 34b-1. Therefore, we 
exclude variable insurance contracts from the total responses to 
rule 34b-1 for purposes of this estimate. We have subtracted these 
718 responses from the estimate of 8,227 total responses to estimate 
the responses to rule 34b-1 for purposes of calculating the burden 
estimate of the final rule amendments (8,227-718 = 7,509). The 
exclusion of variable insurance contracts also represents a change 
from the PRA estimate at proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our most recent Paperwork Reduction Act submission for rule 34b-
1, we estimated the annual compliance burden to comply with the 
collection of information requirement in rule 34b-1 is 46,278 hours, 
with an internal cost burden of $13.8 million.\778\ There is no annual 
external cost burden attributed to rule 34b-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \778\ This estimate is based on the last time the rule's 
information collection was submitted for PRA renewal in 2021. The 
estimates in the Proposing Release were based on earlier approved 
estimates (26,008 hours, with internal time costs of $73,000,000 and 
no external cost burden), and these earlier approved estimates are 
reflected in the ``Proposed Estimates'' section of Table 12 below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the PRA 
estimates for rule 34b-1 in the Proposing Release. We have adjusted the 
proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs, however, 
to reflect updated wage rates and adjustments to our estimates of the 
number of responses that would be affected by the final rule 
amendments.
    The table below summarizes the estimates for internal burdens 
associated with the new requirements under the final amendments to rule 
34b-1.

[[Page 72839]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.037

[[Page 72840]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.038

F. Rule 433

    We are amending rule 433 to require a registered closed-end fund or 
BDC free writing prospectus to comply with the content, presentation, 
and timeliness requirements of the final amendments to rule 482, as 
applicable, if the free writing prospectus includes fee and expense 
information.\779\ As a result, regardless of whether a registered 
closed-end fund or BDC advertisement uses rule 482 or rule 433, the 
advertisement will be subject to the same requirements regarding fee 
and expense information.\780\ Compliance with the requirements of rule 
433 is mandatory, and the responses to the information collections are 
not kept confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \779\ See supra section II.G.
    \780\ See supra footnote 775 (noting that, for purposes of the 
PRA for rule 482, we excluded responses from closed-end funds, BDCs, 
and variable contracts).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our most recent Paperwork Reduction Act submission for rule 433, 
we estimated the annual compliance burden to comply with the collection 
of information requirement rule 433 is 6,391 hours, at a time cost of 
$7,668,800, and an external cost burden estimate of $7,669,017. As part 
of the rulemaking that accompanied that Paperwork Reduction Act 
submission, we also estimated that there will be 791 closed-end funds 
and BDCs filing approximately 4,271 free writing prospectuses.
    For purposes of this PRA analysis, we estimate that there will be 
791 closed-end funds and BDCs filing approximately 4,479 free writing 
prospectuses annually. We estimate that approximately 96% of the 4,479 
responses provide fee and expense figures in free writing prospectuses 
and will, therefore, be required to comply with the final rule 
amendments regarding such information.\781\ Similarly, we estimate that 
96% of these responses (i.e., 4,300 responses) will include information 
regarding a fund's total annual expenses and will, therefore, have to 
comply with the final rule amendments regarding such information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \781\ Our estimate of the internal ongoing burdens is based on 
our most recent PRA submission. See Closed-End Fund Offering Reform 
Adopting Release, supra footnote 143. We are assuming, however, that 
the rule and rule and form amendments that the Commission adopted in 
that release will increase the prevalence of the use of free writing 
prospectuses by BDCs and registered closed-end funds. The transition 
to the rule and rule and forms amendments adopted in that release is 
continuing to occur because although certain of the closed-end fund 
offering reform rule and rule and form amendments became effective 
on August 1, 2021, their compliance dates are not until 2023.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the PRA 
estimates for rule 433 in the Proposing Release. We have adjusted the 
proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs, however, 
to reflect updated wage rates and adjustments to our estimates of the 
number of responses that would be affected by the final rule 
amendments.
    The table below summarizes the estimated ongoing internal burdens 
associated with this new requirement under rule 433:

[[Page 72841]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.039

[[Page 72842]]

G. Rule 30e-3

    We are amending the scope of rule 30e-3 to exclude investment 
companies registered on Form N-1A.\782\ Because this amendment would 
decrease the number of funds that would be able to rely on rule 30e-3, 
we are updating the PRA analysis for rule 30e-3 to account for any 
burden decrease that would result from this decrease in respondents. We 
are not updating the rule 30e-3 PRA analysis in any other respect. 
Reliance on the rule is voluntary; however, compliance with the rule's 
conditions is mandatory for funds relying on the rule. Responses to the 
information collections are not kept confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \782\ See supra section II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our most recent PRA submission for rule 30e-3, we estimated for 
this rule a total hour burden of 24,719 hours, with a total annual 
external cost burden of $81,926,160.\783\ The table below summarizes 
our PRA estimates associated with the final amendments to the scope of 
rule 30e-3. The Commission did not receive public comment regarding the 
PRA estimates for the proposed amendments to rule 30e-3 in the 
Proposing Release. We have adjusted the proposal's estimated annual 
burden hours and total time costs, however, to reflect updated wage 
rates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \783\ This estimate is based on the last time the rule's 
information collection was submitted for PRA renewal in 2022. The 
estimates in the Proposing Release were based on earlier approved 
estimates (28,758 hours and $79,031,220 external cost burden). Of 
those costs, at proposal the Commission estimated that 24,459.4 
hours, at a time cost of $8,674,306, and an external cost of 
$69,965,020, were attributed to the compliance costs of open-end 
funds registered on Form N-1A.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.040

H. Investment Company Interactive Data

    We are adopting new requirements for funds to tag shareholder 
report contents required by Item 27A of amended Form N-1A in Inline 
XBRL. While the requirement to tag the contents of a fund's shareholder 
report is new, funds subject to this new requirement are otherwise 
currently required to tag certain disclosures in Inline XBRL.\784\ Our 
PRA estimates reflect the fact that the funds affected by this 
amendment are familiar with Inline XBRL and will have more limited 
implementation costs than would be estimated for funds tagging 
disclosure for the first time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \784\ See supra footnotes 571 and 572 and accompanying text 
discussing current Inline XBRL requirements for funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In our most recent PRA submission for Investment Company 
Interactive Data, we estimated a total aggregate annual hour burden of 
252,684 hours, and a total aggregate annual external cost burden of 
$15,449,450.\785\ Compliance with the interactive data requirements is 
mandatory, and the responses will not be kept confidential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \785\ This estimate is based on the last time this information 
collection was approved in 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The table below summarizes our PRA estimates for the initial and 
ongoing annual burdens associated with the amendments to require 
tagging shareholder reports, as well as Regulation S-T.

[[Page 72843]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25NO22.041

BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

VI. Final Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis

    The Commission has prepared the following Final Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis (``FRFA'') in accordance with section 604 of the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (``RFA'').\786\ It relates to: the final 
amendments to funds' annual and semi-annual report requirements, new 
Form N-CSR requirements, and new website availability requirements; the 
final investment company advertising rule amendments; final amendments 
to require that funds tag their shareholder reports in Inline XBRL; and 
the final technical and conforming amendments. An Initial Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis (``IRFA'') was prepared in accordance with the RFA 
and included in the Proposing Release.\787\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \786\ 5 U.S.C. 604.
    \787\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 8, at section V.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Need for and Objectives of the Rule and Form Amendments

    The Commission is adopting new rule, rule amendments, and form 
amendments that create a simplified disclosure framework for mutual 
funds and exchange-traded funds to highlight key information for 
investors. Under the final rules, fund investors will continue to 
receive fund prospectuses in connection with their initial investment 
in a fund, as they do today. On an ongoing basis thereafter, the 
investors will receive more concise and visually engaging annual and 
semi-annual reports designed to highlight information that we believe 
is particularly important for retail shareholders to assess and monitor 
their ongoing fund investments. The final rule amendments promotes a 
layered disclosure framework that complements the shareholder report by 
continuing to make available additional information that may be of 
interest to some investors, including the fund's financial statements. 
The information will be available online, reported on Form N-CSR, and 
delivered to an investor on request, free of charge. The final rules 
would also provide funds the flexibility to make electronic versions of 
their shareholder reports more user-friendly and interactive. We are 
also requiring that funds tag their reports to shareholders using 
Inline XBRL to provide machine-readable data that retail investors 
could use to more efficiently access and evaluate their investments.
    We are also adopting rule amendments that no longer permit mutual 
funds and exchange-traded funds required to register on Form N-1A to 
rely on rule 30e-3 to satisfy shareholder report transmittal 
requirements, in order to promote the provision of consistent 
disclosure that we believe is best tailored to investors' informational 
needs. To improve fee- and expense-related information more broadly, we 
are amending investment company advertising rules to promote more 
transparent and balanced statements about investment costs. The 
advertising rule amendments affect all

[[Page 72844]]

registered investment companies and BDCs.

B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments

    In the Proposing Release, we requested comment on every aspect of 
the IRFA, including the number of small entities that would be affected 
by the proposed rule and form amendments, the existence or nature of 
the potential impact of the proposals on small entities discussed in 
the analysis, and how to quantify the impact of the proposed 
amendments. We also requested comment on the proposed compliance 
burdens and the effect these burdens would have on smaller entities.
    Although we did not receive comments specifically addressing the 
IRFA, one commenter noted the potential impact of an aspect of proposed 
rule where funds would be required to include in their annual reports 
comparing performance of $10,000 in investment in the fund and in an 
appropriate broad-based securities market index over a 10 year period. 
The commenter stated that the cost for smaller fund complexes to change 
or add an additional index may be higher than for other funds.\788\ 
Smaller funds may have fewer licensing agreements and thus may incur 
costs associated with this requirement, which may hinder competition 
for smaller funds.\789\ As discussed above, the definition of the term 
``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' in the management's 
discussion of fund performance section of the shareholder report could 
result in additional costs to funds, in the form of index-licensing 
fees and the costs of updating disclosure for funds that change the 
broad-based index they include in their performance disclosure in 
response to this requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \788\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \789\ See supra footnote 215 (discussing commenters arguing that 
the proposed broad-based index requirement would impose additional 
licensing fees on funds, with one commenter (ICI) stating that 
smaller funds with fewer (or more limited) licensing agreements in 
place may be more likely to incur these costs).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Small Entities Subject to the Rule

    For purposes of Commission rulemaking in connection with the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act, an investment company is a small entity if, 
together with other investment companies in the same group of related 
investment companies, it has net assets of $50 million or less as of 
the end of its most recent fiscal year.\790\ Commission staff estimates 
that, as of June 2022, approximately 43 open-end funds (including 11 
ETFs), 31 closed-end funds, and 11 BDCs are small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \790\ 17 CFR 270.0-10(a). Recognizing the growth in assets under 
management in investment companies since rule 0-10(a) was adopted, 
the Commission plans to revisit the definition of a small entity in 
rule 0-10(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements

    The new rule and form amendments will impact current reporting, 
recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements for funds, including 
those considered to be small entities.
1. Annual and Semi-Annual Reports
    We are adopting tailored disclosure requirements for funds' annual 
and semi-annual reports to help shareholders focus on key information 
that we believe is most useful for assessing and monitoring fund 
investments on an ongoing basis, including information about a fund's 
expenses, portfolio holdings, and performance. Among other things, 
shareholder reports will be revised to include new disclosures (such as 
material changes and fund statistics in annual reports), simplify 
certain disclosures (such as MDFP in annual reports), and remove 
certain disclosures (such as financial statements currently found in 
semi-annual and annual reports).\791\ We also are adopting amendments 
to improve the design of funds' shareholder reports by encouraging 
funds to use features that promote effective communications (e.g., 
tables, charts, bullet lists, question-and-answer formats) and 
permitting funds to use technology to enhance an investor's 
understanding of material in electronic versions of shareholder 
reports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \791\ See supra section II.A.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that approximately 43 funds are small entities that are 
required to prepare and transmit shareholder reports under the final 
rules.\792\ We expect the final rules to result in some initial 
implementation costs but, going forward, will reduce the burdens 
associated with these existing disclosure requirements related to 
shareholder reports. We estimate that preparing amended annual report 
disclosure will cost $27,432 for each fund, including small entities in 
its first year of compliance, and $3,810 for each subsequent year.\793\ 
We further estimate that preparing amended semi-annual report 
disclosure will cost $13,716 for each fund, including small entities, 
in its first year of compliance, and $1,905 for each subsequent 
year.\794\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \792\ See text following supra footnote 790.
    \793\ See supra footnote 722 and accompanying text.
    \794\ See supra footnote 723 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. New Form N-CSR and Website Availability Requirements
    We are adopting a layered disclosure framework that complements the 
amended shareholder report requirements by continuing to make available 
to investors' additional, less retail-focused information, including 
the fund's financial statements. This additional information, which we 
believe will primarily benefit financial professionals and other 
investors who desire more in-depth information, will be available 
online, reported on Form N-CSR, and delivered to an investor on 
request, free of charge.\795\ This new Form N-CSR disclosure also will 
need to be available on the website specified on the cover page or at 
the beginning of the fund's annual report and delivered in paper or 
electronically upon request, free of charge.\796\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \795\ See supra section II.C.3.
    \796\ See supra section II.C.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that approximately 43 funds are small entities will be 
required to comply with the new Form N-CSR and website availability 
requirements.\797\ We further estimate that complying with the new Form 
N-CSR and website availability requirements will cost $6,858 for each 
fund, including small entities, in its first year of compliance, and 
$1,905 for each subsequent year.\798\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \797\ See supra footnote 790 and accompanying text.
    \798\ See supra footnote 732 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Amendments to Scope of Rule 30e-3
    Subject to conditions, rule 30e-3 generally permits investment 
companies to satisfy shareholder report transmission requirements by 
making these reports and other materials available online and providing 
a notice of the reports' online availability instead of directly 
mailing the report (or emailing an electronic version of the report) to 
shareholders. We are amending the scope of rule 30e-3 to exclude 
investment companies registered on Form N-1A, which will be 
transmitting tailored shareholder reports under the final rules. This 
amendment to the scope of the rule is designed to help ensure that all 
investors in these funds experience the anticipated benefits of the new 
disclosure framework.\799\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \799\ See supra section II.E.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72845]]

4. Investment Company Advertising Rules
    We are amending the Commission's investment company advertising 
rules (for purposes of this release, Securities Act rules 482, 156, and 
433 and Investment Company Act rule 34b-1) to promote transparent and 
balanced presentations of fees and expenses in investment company 
advertisements.\800\ As investment companies increasingly compete and 
market themselves on the basis of costs, we are concerned that 
investment company advertisements may mislead investors by creating an 
inaccurate impression of the costs associated with an investment.\801\ 
The advertising rule amendments generally apply to any investment 
company, including mutual funds, ETFs, registered closed-end funds, and 
BDCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \800\ See supra section II.G.
    \801\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specifically, we are amending Securities Act rules 433 and 482 and 
Investment Company Act rule 34b-1 to promote transparent and balanced 
presentations of fees and expenses in investment company 
advertisements. We also are amending Securities Act rule 156 to provide 
factors an investment company should consider to determine whether 
representations about the fees and expenses associated with an 
investment in the fund could be materially misleading.
    We estimate that 43 open-end funds (including 11 ETFs), 31 closed-
end funds, and 11 BDCs are small entities that will be affected by our 
final amendments to investment company advertising rules. As discussed 
above, we estimate that compliance with these final amendments will 
cost $5,715 for each advertisement, including small entities, in the 
first year, and $1,905 per year for each subsequent year.\802\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \802\ See supra footnote 744 and 745 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Inline XBRL Data Tagging
    We are adopting requirements for funds to tag the shareholder 
report contents in Inline XBRL, which will make shareholder report 
disclosure more readily available and easily accessible for 
aggregation, comparison, filtering, and other analysis.\803\ This 
requirement is a change from the proposed rule, which did not propose 
to require funds to tag the shareholder reports or other aspects of 
Form N-CSR in Inline XBRL. This aspect of our final rules is in keeping 
with the Commission's ongoing efforts to implement reporting and 
disclosure reforms that take advantage of the benefits of advanced 
technology to modernize the fund reporting and disclosure regime and, 
among other things, to help investors and other market participants 
better assess different funds. The Inline XBRL data tagging requirement 
generally apply to any investment company, including mutual funds, 
ETFs, registered closed-end funds, and BDCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \803\ See supra section II.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that 43 open-end funds (including 11 ETFs), 31 closed-
end funds, and 11 BDCs are small entities are small entities that will 
be affected by our final rule requiring the tagging of shareholder 
report information. As discussed above, we estimate that compliance 
with these final rules will cost $6,858 for each shareholder report, 
including small entities, in the first year.\804\ Consistent with 
similar tagging requirements, we estimate no ongoing burden, as this is 
already incorporated into the current burden estimate for funds that 
are complying with requirements to tag disclosures using Inline 
XBRL.\805\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \804\ See supra footnote 730 and accompanying text.
    \805\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Agency Action To Minimize Effect on Small Entities

    The RFA directs the Commission to consider significant alternatives 
that would accomplish our stated objective, while minimizing any 
significant economic impact on small entities. We considered the 
following alternatives for small entities in relation to our proposal: 
(1) establishing different reporting, recordkeeping, and other 
compliance requirements or frequency, to account for resources 
available to small entities; (2) exempting funds that are small 
entities from the proposed reporting, recordkeeping, and other 
compliance requirements, to account for resources available to small 
entities; (3) clarifying, consolidating, or simplifying the compliance 
requirements under the final rules for small entities; and (4) using 
performance rather than design standards.
    As discussed above, our final rules: (1) amend the shareholder 
report content and disclosure requirements; (2) amend to the scope of 
rule 30e-3 to exclude UIT separate accounts and funds registered on 
Form N-1A; (3) rescind rule 30e-1(d) (which currently permits a fund to 
transmit a copy of its prospectus or SAI in place of its shareholder 
report under certain conditions); (4) require that funds tag their 
reports in Inline XBRL; (5) amends the advertising rules for funds, 
including BDCs; and (6) amends Form N-CSR. Collectively, these 
amendments are designed to tailor the disclosures that funds provide by 
using layered disclosure principles to create a new disclosure 
framework designed to meet the informational needs of different 
investors (i.e., initial investors versus existing shareholders, and 
retail investors versus those who desire more information). The final 
amendments are designed to focus on key information different investors 
must to make informed investment decisions and, for existing 
shareholders, to assess and monitor their fund investments. In 
addition, our final rules amend investment company advertising rules to 
promote transparent and balanced presentations of fees and expenses in 
investment company advertisements. We are also adopting final rules 
requiring funds to tag their shareholder reports using Inline XBRL to 
provide machine-readable data that retail investors could use to more 
efficiently access and evaluate their investments.
    We do not believe it would be appropriate to establish different 
reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements or 
frequency, to account for resources available to small entities. Small 
entities currently follow the same requirements that large entities do 
when preparing, transmitting, and filing shareholder reports; preparing 
and sending or giving prospectuses to investors; and preparing 
investment company advertisements and supplemental sales literature. If 
the final rules included different requirements for small funds, it 
could raise investor protection concerns for investors in small funds 
to the extent that investors in small funds would not receive the same 
disclosures as investors in larger funds.
    For example, to the extent that small funds may have fewer 
resources to invest in investor education or marketing materials, 
investors in small funds may have fewer opportunities outside of 
regulatory disclosures to obtain key information needed to make 
informed investment decisions and assess and monitor their fund 
investments. For this reason, it is important that the regulatory 
disclosures that small funds provide to investors are consistent in 
terms of content and frequency with the disclosures that larger funds 
provide to investors, so that all investors have the tools they need to 
meet their informational needs. More generally, the disclosure 
requirements we are adopting are tailored to meet the informational 
needs of different groups of investors, and to implement a layered 
disclosure framework that would benefit all

[[Page 72846]]

investors. Permitting different disclosure requirements for small funds 
would result in small fund investors not experiencing the anticipated 
benefits of the new tailored disclosure framework. Furthermore, uniform 
prospectus fee and risk disclosure requirements allow all investors to 
compare funds reporting the same information on the same frequency, and 
help all investors to make informed investment decisions based upon 
those comparisons.
    Similarly, we do not believe it would be appropriate to exempt 
small funds from the final amendments. As discussed above, our 
contemplated disclosure framework will be disrupted if investors in 
smaller funds received different disclosures than investors in larger 
funds. We believe that investors in all funds should benefit from the 
Commission's disclosure amendments, not just investors in large funds.
    We do not believe that clarifying, consolidating, or simplifying 
the compliance requirements under the final amendments for small funds 
would permit us to achieve our stated objectives. Many of the 
amendments we are adopting are based on existing rules or disclosure 
frameworks. We anticipate that building on existing regulatory 
frameworks and concepts should help to ease certain compliance burdens 
for funds, including small funds. For example, many of our amendments 
to fund shareholder reports and Form N-CSR largely reframe existing 
disclosure requirements to tailor disclosures to the informational 
needs of different investors, as opposed to requiring new disclosures 
for which funds would need to generate and develop reporting and 
compliance procedures for the first time.
    Finally, we do not believe it would be appropriate to use 
performance rather than design standards. As discussed above, we 
believe the regulatory disclosures that small funds provide to 
investors should be consistent with the disclosures provided to 
investors in larger entities. Our disclosure requirements are tailored 
to meet the informational needs of different investors, and to 
implement a layered disclosure framework. We believe all fund investors 
should experience the anticipated benefits of the new tailored 
disclosure framework.

VII. Statutory Authority

    The Commission is adopting the rules and forms contained in this 
document under the authority set forth in the Securities Act, 
particularly, section 19 thereof [15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.], the Exchange 
Act, particularly, sections 13, 23, and 35A thereof [15 U.S.C. 78a et 
seq.], the Investment Company Act, particularly, sections 8, 24, 30, 
and 38 thereof [15 U.S.C. 80a et seq.], and 44 U.S.C. 3506, 3507.

List of Subjects

17 CFR Part 200

    Administrative practice and procedure, Organization and functions 
(Government agencies).

17 CFR Parts 230, 232 and 239

    Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Part 240

    Brokers, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Parts 270, 274, and 249

    Investment companies, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Securities.

VIII. Text of Proposed Rules and Form Amendments

    For reasons set forth in the preamble, title 17, chapter II of the 
Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:

PART 200--ORGANIZATION; CONDUCT AND ETHICS; AND INFORMATION AND 
REQUESTS

Subpart N--Commission Information Collection Requirements Under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act: OMB Control Numbers

0
1. The authority citation for subpart N of part 200 continues to read 
as follows:

    Authority:  44 U.S.C. 3506; 44 U.S.C. 3507.

PART 230--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

0
2. The authority citation for part 230 continues to read in part as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77b, 77b note, 77c, 77d, 77f, 77g, 77h, 
77j, 77r, 77s, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78d, 78j, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o, 78o-
7 note, 78t, 78w, 78ll(d), 78mm, 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-28, 80a-29, 80a-
30, and 80a-37, and Pub. L. 112-106, sec. 201(a), sec. 401, 126 
Stat. 313 (2012), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

0
3. Amend Sec.  230.156 by adding paragraph (b)(4) to read as follows:

Sec.  230.156  Investment company sales literature.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (4) Representations about the fees or expenses associated with an 
investment in the fund could be misleading because of statements or 
omissions made involving a material fact, including situations where 
portrayals of the fees and expenses associated with an investment in 
the fund omit explanations, qualifications, limitations, or other 
statements necessary or appropriate to make the portrayals not 
misleading.
* * * * *

0
4. Amend Sec.  230.433 by adding paragraph (c)(3) to read as follows:

Sec.  230.433  Conditions to permissible post-filing free writing 
prospectuses.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) A free writing prospectus with respect to securities of a 
registered closed-end investment company or a business development 
company that includes fee or expense information must comply with 
paragraphs (i) and (j) of Sec.  230.482 (Rule 482), as applicable.
* * * * *

0
5. Amend Sec.  230.482 by adding paragraphs (i) and (j) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  230.482  Advertising by an investment company as satisfying 
requirements of section 10.

* * * * *
    (i) Advertisements including fee or expense figures. An 
advertisement that provides fee or expense figures for an investment 
company must include the following:
    (1) The maximum amount of any sales load, or any other nonrecurring 
fee, and the total annual expenses without any fee waiver or expense 
reimbursement arrangement, based on the methods of computation 
prescribed by the investment company's registration statement form 
under the 1940 Act or under the Act for a prospectus and presented at 
least as prominently as any other fee or expense figure included in the 
advertisement; and
    (2) The expected termination date of a fee waiver or expense 
reimbursement arrangement, if the advertisement provides total annual 
expenses net of fee waiver or expense reimbursement arrangement 
amounts.
    (j) Timeliness of fee and expense information. Fee and expense 
information contained in an advertisement must be as of the date of the 
investment company's most recent prospectus or, if the company no 
longer has an effective registration statement under the Act, as of the 
date of its most recent annual shareholder report, except that a 
company may provide more current information if available.

[[Page 72847]]

PART 232--REGULATION S-T--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR 
ELECTRONIC FILINGS

0
6. The general authority citation for part 232 continues to read, in 
part, as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s(a), 77z-3, 
77sss(a), 78c(b), 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 78w(a), 78ll, 80a-6(c), 
80a-8, 80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-37, 7201 et seq.; and 18 U.S.C. 1350, 
unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

0
7. Amend Sec.  232.405 by revising (b)(2)(i) as follows:
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Items 2, 3, and 4 of Sec. Sec.  239.15A and 274.11A of this 
chapter (Form N-1A), as well as any information provided in response to 
Item 27A(b)-(h) of Form N-1A included in any report to shareholders 
filed on Sec. Sec.  249.331 and 274.128 of this chapter (Form N-CSR);

PART 239--FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

0
8. The general authority citation for part 239 is revised to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 
77sss, 78c, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 78o-7 note, 78u-5, 78w(a), 78ll, 
78mm, 80a-2(a), 80a-3, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-13, 80a-24, 80a-26, 
80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-37, and sec. 71003 and sec. 84001, Pub. L. 114-
94, 129 Stat. 1321, unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

PART 270--RULES AND REGULATIONS, INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

0
9. The authority for part 270 continues to read in part as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq., 80a-34(d), 80a-37, 80a-39, 
and Pub. L. 111-203, sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless 
otherwise noted.
* * * * *
    Section 270.30e-1 is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g, 77h, 
77j, 77s, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 78w(a), 80a-8, 80a-29, and 80a-37.
* * * * *

0
10. Amend Sec.  270.30a-2 by:
0
a. In paragraph (a), removing the reference to ``the form specified in 
Item 12(a)(2) of Form N-CSR'' and adding in its place the reference 
``the form specified in Item 18(a)(2) of Form N-CSR''; and
0
b. In paragraph (b), removing the reference to ``Item 12(b) of Form N-
CSR'' and adding in its place the reference to ``Item 18(b) of Form N-
CSR.''

0
11. Amend Sec.  270.30e-1 by:
0
a. Removing paragraph (d);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (b) and (c) as paragraphs (c) and (d);
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (b); and
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (c) and (d) and paragraph 
(f)(2)(ii)(F).
    The addition and revisions read as follows:

Sec.  270.30e-1  Reports to stockholders of management companies.

* * * * *
    (b)(1) To satisfy its obligations under section 30(e) of the 1940 
Act, an open-end management investment company registered on Form N-1A 
(Sec. Sec.  239.15A and 274.11A of this chapter) also must:
    (i) Make certain materials available on a website, as described 
under paragraph (b)(2) of this section; and
    (ii) Deliver certain materials upon request, as described under 
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
    (2) The following website availability requirements are applicable 
to an open-end management investment company registered on Form N-1A 
(Sec. Sec.  239.15A and 274.11A of this chapter).
    (i) The company must make the disclosures required by Items 7 
through 11 of Form N-CSR (Sec. Sec.  249.331 and 274.128 of this 
chapter) publicly accessible, free of charge, at the website address 
specified at the beginning of the report to stockholders under 
paragraph (a) of this section, no later than 60 days after the end of 
the fiscal half-year or fiscal year of the company until 60 days after 
the end of the next fiscal half-year or fiscal year of the company, 
respectively. The company may satisfy the requirement in this paragraph 
(b)(2)(i) by making its most recent report on Form N-CSR publicly 
accessible, free of charge, at the specified website address for the 
time period that this paragraph (b)(2)(i) specifies.
    (ii) Unless the company is a money market fund under Sec.  270.2a-
7, the company must make the company's complete portfolio holdings, if 
any, as of the close of the company's most recent first and third 
fiscal quarters, after the date on which the company's registration 
statement became effective, presented in accordance with the schedules 
set forth in Sec. Sec.  210.12-12 through 210.12-14 of this chapter 
(Regulation S-X), which need not be audited. The complete portfolio 
holdings required by this paragraph (b)(2)(ii) must be made publicly 
accessible, free of charge, at the website address specified at the 
beginning of the report to stockholders under paragraph (a) of this 
section, not later than 60 days after the close of the of the first and 
third fiscal quarters until 60 days after the end of the next first and 
third fiscal quarters of the company, respectively.
    (iii) The website address relied upon for compliance with this 
section may not be the address of the Commission's electronic filing 
system.
    (iv) The materials that are accessible in accordance with paragraph 
(b)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section must be presented on the website in a 
format, or formats, that are convenient for both reading online and 
printing on paper.
    (v) Persons accessing the materials specified in paragraph 
(b)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section must be able to permanently retain, 
free of charge, an electronic version of such materials in a format, or 
formats, that meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this 
section.
    (vi) The requirements set forth in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) 
of this section will be deemed to be met, notwithstanding the fact that 
the materials specified in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and (ii) of this 
section are not available for a time in the manner required by 
paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section, provided that:
    (A) The company has reasonable procedures in place to ensure that 
the specified materials are available in the manner required by 
paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section; and
    (B) The company takes prompt action to ensure that the specified 
materials become available in the manner required by paragraphs 
(b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section, as soon as practicable following 
the earlier of the time at which it knows or reasonably should have 
known that the materials are not available in the manner required by 
paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section.
    (vii) The materials specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) or (ii) of 
this section may either be separately available for each series of a 
fund, or the materials may be grouped by the types of materials and/or 
by series, so long as the grouped information:
    (A) Is presented in a format designed to communicate the 
information effectively;
    (B) Clearly distinguishes the different types of materials and/or 
each series (as applicable); and
    (C) Provides a means of easily locating the relevant information 
(including, for example, a table of contents that includes hyperlinks 
to the specific materials and series).
    (3) The following requirements to deliver certain materials upon 
request are applicable to an open-end management investment company 
registered on Form N-1A (Sec. Sec.  239.15A and 274.11A of this 
chapter).

[[Page 72848]]

    (i) The company (or a financial intermediary through which shares 
of the company may be purchased or sold) must send, at no cost to the 
requestor and by U.S. first class mail or other reasonably prompt 
means, a paper copy of any of the materials specified in paragraph 
(b)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section, to any person requesting such a copy 
within three business days after receiving a request for a paper copy.
    (ii) The company (or a financial intermediary through which shares 
of the company may be purchased or sold) must send, at no cost to the 
requestor, and by email or other reasonably prompt means, an electronic 
copy of any of the materials specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) or (ii) 
of this section, to any person requesting such a copy within three 
business days after receiving a request for an electronic copy. The 
requirement to send an electronic copy of the requested materials may 
be satisfied by sending a direct link to the online location of the 
materials; provided that a current version of the materials is directly 
accessible through the link from the time that the email is sent 
through the date that is six months after the date that the email is 
sent and the email explains both how long the link will remain useable 
and that, if recipients desire to retain a copy of the materials, they 
should access and save the materials.
    (c) For registered management companies other than open-end 
management investment companies registered on Form N-1A, if any matter 
was submitted during the period covered by the shareholder report to a 
vote of shareholders, through the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, 
furnish the following information:
    (1) The date of the meeting and whether it was an annual or special 
meeting.
    (2) If the meeting involved the election of directors, the name of 
each director elected at the meeting and the name of each other 
director whose term of office as a director continued after the 
meeting.
    (3) A brief description of each matter voted upon at the meeting 
and the number of votes cast for, against or withheld, as well as the 
number of abstentions and broker non-votes as to each such matter, 
including a separate tabulation with respect to each matter or nominee 
for office.
    (i) Instruction 1 to paragraph (c). The solicitation of any 
authorization or consent (other than a proxy to vote at a shareholders' 
meeting) with respect to any matter shall be deemed a submission of 
such matter to a vote of shareholders within the meaning of this 
paragraph (c).
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (d) Each report shall be transmitted within 60 days after the close 
of the period for which such report is being made.
* * * * *
    (f) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (F) Contain the following prominent statement, or similar clear and 
understandable statement, in bold-face type: ``Important Notice 
Regarding Delivery of Shareholder Materials''. This statement also must 
appear on the envelope in which the notice is delivered. Alternatively, 
if the notice is delivered separately from other communications to 
investors, this statement may appear either on the notice or on the 
envelope in which the notice is delivered;
* * * * *

0
12. Revise Sec.  270.30e-3 to read as follows:

Sec.  270.30e-3  Internet availability of reports to shareholders.

    (a) General. A Fund may satisfy its obligation to transmit a report 
required by Sec.  270.30e-1 (``Report'') to a shareholder of record if 
all of the conditions set forth in paragraphs (b) through (e) of this 
section are satisfied.
    (b) Availability of report to shareholders and other materials. (1) 
The following materials are publicly accessible, free of charge, at the 
website address specified in the Notice from the date the Fund 
transmits the Report as required by Sec.  270.30e-1 until the Fund next 
transmits a report required by Sec.  270.30e-1 with respect to the 
Fund:
    (i) Current report to shareholders. The Report.
    (ii) Prior report to shareholders. Any report with respect to the 
Fund for the prior reporting period that was transmitted to 
shareholders of record pursuant to Sec.  270.30e-1.
    (iii) Complete portfolio holdings from reports containing a summary 
schedule of investments. If a report specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) 
or (ii) of this section includes a summary schedule of investments 
(Sec.  210.12-12B of this chapter) in lieu of Schedule I--Investments 
in securities of unaffiliated issuers (Sec.  210.12-12 of this 
chapter), the Fund's complete portfolio holdings as of the close of the 
period covered by the report, presented in accordance with the 
schedules set forth in Sec. Sec.  210.12-12 through 210.12-14 of 
Regulation S-X (Sec. Sec.  210.12-12 through 210.12-14 of this 
chapter), which need not be audited.
    (iv) Portfolio holdings for most recent first and third fiscal 
quarters. The Fund's complete portfolio holdings as of the close of the 
Fund's most recent first and third fiscal quarters, if any, after the 
date on which the Fund's registration statement became effective, 
presented in accordance with the schedules set forth in Sec. Sec.  
210.12-12 through 210.12-14 of Regulation S-X [Sec. Sec.  210.12-12 
through 210.12-14 of this chapter], which need not be audited. The 
complete portfolio holdings required by this paragraph (b)(1)(iv) must 
be made publicly available not later than 60 days after the close of 
the fiscal quarter.
    (2) The website address relied upon for compliance with this 
section may not be the address of the Commission's electronic filing 
system.
    (3) The materials that are accessible in accordance with paragraph 
(b)(1) of this section must be presented on the website in a format, or 
formats, that are convenient for both reading online and printing on 
paper.
    (4) Persons accessing the materials specified in paragraph (b)(1) 
of this section must be able to retain permanently, free of charge, an 
electronic version of such materials in a format, or formats, that meet 
the conditions of paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
    (5) The conditions set forth in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of 
this section shall be deemed to be met, notwithstanding the fact that 
the materials specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section are not 
available for a time in the manner required by paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (4) of this section, provided that:
    (i) The Fund has reasonable procedures in place to ensure that the 
specified materials are available in the manner required by paragraphs 
(b)(1) through (4) of this section; and
    (ii) The Fund takes prompt action to ensure that the specified 
documents become available in the manner required by paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (4) of this section, as soon as practicable following the 
earlier of the time at which it knows or reasonably should have known 
that the documents are not available in the manner required by 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section.
    (c) Notice. A paper notice (``Notice'') meeting the conditions of 
this paragraph (c) must be sent to the shareholder within 70 days after 
the close of the period for which the Report is being made. The Notice 
may contain only the information specified by paragraphs (c)(1), (2), 
and (3) of this section, and may include pictures, logos, or similar 
design elements so long as the design is

[[Page 72849]]

not misleading and the information is clear.
    (1) The Notice must be written using plain English principles 
pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section and:
    (i) Contain a prominent legend in bold-face type that states ``[An] 
Important Report[s] to [Shareholders] of [Fund] [is/are] Now Available 
Online and In Print by Request.'' The Notice may also include 
information identifying the Fund, the Fund's sponsor (including any 
investment adviser or sub-adviser to the Fund), a variable annuity or 
variable life insurance contract or insurance company issuer thereof, 
or a financial intermediary through which shares of the Fund are held.
    (ii) State that the Report contains important information about the 
Fund, including its portfolio holdings and financial statements. The 
statement may also include a brief listing of other types of 
information contained in the Report.
    (iii) State that the Report is available at the website address 
specified in the Notice or, upon request, by mail, and encourage the 
shareholder to access and review the Report.
    (iv) Include a website address where the Report and other materials 
specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section are available. The 
website address must be specific enough to lead investors directly to 
the documents that are required to be accessible under paragraph (b)(1) 
of this section, rather than to the home page or a section of the 
website other than on which the documents are posted. The website may 
be a central site with prominent links to each document. In addition to 
the website address, the Notice may contain any other equivalent method 
or means to access the Report or other materials specified in paragraph 
(b)(1) of this section.
    (v) Provide a toll-free (or collect) telephone number to contact 
the Fund or the shareholder's financial intermediary, and:
    (A) Provide instructions describing how a shareholder may request a 
paper or email copy of the Report and other materials specified in 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section at no charge, and an indication that 
the shareholder will not otherwise receive a paper or email copy;
    (B) Explain that the shareholder can at any time elect to receive 
print reports in the future and provide instructions describing how a 
shareholder may make that election (e.g., by contacting the Fund or by 
contacting the shareholder's financial intermediary); and
    (C) If applicable, provide instructions describing how a 
shareholder can elect to receive shareholder reports or other documents 
and communications by electronic delivery.
    (2) The Notice may include additional methods by which a 
shareholder can contact the Fund or the shareholder's financial 
intermediary (e.g., by email or through a website), which may include 
any information needed to identify the shareholder.
    (3) A Notice may include content from the Report if such content is 
set forth after the information required by paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section.
    (4) The Notice may not be incorporated into, or combined with, 
another document, except that the Notice may incorporate or combine one 
or more other Notices.
    (5) The Notice must be sent separately from other types of 
shareholder communications and may not accompany any other document or 
materials; provided, however, that the Notice may accompany:
    (i) One or more other Notices;
    (ii) A current Statutory Prospectus, Statement of Additional 
Information, or Notice of internet Availability of Proxy Materials 
under Sec.  240.14a-16 of this chapter;
    (iii) In the case of a Fund held in a separate account funding a 
variable annuity or variable life insurance contract, such contract or 
the Statutory Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information for 
such contract; or
    (iv) The shareholder's account statement.
    (6) A Notice required by this paragraph (c) will be considered 
transmitted to a shareholder of record if the conditions set forth in 
Sec.  270.30e-1(f), Sec.  240.14a-3(e), or Sec.  240.14c-3(c) of this 
chapter are satisfied with respect to that shareholder.
    (d) Plain English requirements. (1) To enhance the readability of 
the Notice, plain English principles must be used in the organization, 
language, and design of the Notice.
    (2) The Notice must be drafted so that, at a minimum, it 
substantially complies with each of the following plain English writing 
principles:
    (i) Short sentences;
    (ii) Definite, concrete, everyday words;
    (iii) Active voice;
    (iv) Tabular presentation or bullet lists for complex material, 
whenever possible;
    (v) No legal jargon or highly technical business terms; and
    (vi) No multiple negatives.
    (e) Delivery of paper copy upon request. A paper copy of any of the 
materials specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section must be 
transmitted to any person requesting such a copy, at no cost to the 
requestor and by U.S. first class mail or other reasonably prompt 
means, within three business days after a request for a paper copy is 
received.
    (f) Investor elections to receive future reports in paper. (1) This 
section may not be relied upon to transmit a Report to a shareholder if 
the shareholder has notified the Fund (or the shareholder's financial 
intermediary) that the shareholder wishes to receive paper copies of 
shareholder reports at any time after the Fund has first notified the 
shareholder of its intent to rely on the rule or provided a Notice to 
the shareholder.
    (2) A shareholder who has notified the Fund (or the shareholder's 
financial intermediary) that the shareholder wishes to receive paper 
copies of shareholder reports with respect to a Fund will be deemed to 
have requested paper copies of shareholder reports with respect to:
    (i) Any and all current and future Funds held through an account or 
accounts with:
    (A) The Fund's transfer agent or principal underwriter or agent 
thereof for the same ``group of related investment companies'' as such 
term is defined in Sec.  270.0-10; or
    (B) A financial intermediary; and
    (ii) Any and all Funds held currently and in the future in a 
separate account funding a variable annuity or variable life insurance 
contract.
    (g) Delivery of other documents. This section may not be relied 
upon to transmit a copy of a Fund's currently effective Statutory 
Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information, or both, under the 
Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) as otherwise permitted 
by paragraph (d) of Sec.  270.30e-1.
    (h) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) Fund means a management company registered on Form N-2 
(Sec. Sec.  239.14 and 274.11a of this chapter) or Form N-3 (Sec. Sec.  
239.17a and 274.11b of this chapter) and any separate series of the 
management company that is required to transmit a report to 
shareholders pursuant to 270.30e-1.
    (2) Statement of Additional Information means the statement of 
additional information required by Part B of the applicable 
registration form.
    (3) Statutory Prospectus means a prospectus that satisfies the 
requirements of section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 
77(j)(a)).

    Note 1 to Sec.  270.30.e-3. For a discussion of how the 
conditions and requirements of this rule may apply in the context of 
investors holding Fund shares through financial

[[Page 72850]]

intermediaries, see Investment Company Release No. 33115 (June 5, 
2018).

0
13. Amend Sec.  270.31a-2 by:
0
a. Removing the word ``and'' at the end of paragraph (a)(5);
0
b. In paragraph (a)(6), removing the period and adding ``; and'' in its 
place; and
0
c. Adding paragraph (a)(7).
    The addition reads as follows:

Sec.  270.31a-2  Records to be preserved by registered investment 
companies, certain majority-owned subsidiaries thereof, and other 
persons having transactions with registered investment companies.

    (a) * * *
    (7) Preserve for a period not less than six years, the first two 
years in an easily accessible place, any shareholder report required by 
Sec.  270.30e-1 (including any version posted on a website or otherwise 
provided electronically) that is not filed with the Commission in the 
exact form in which it was used.
* * * * *

0
14. Amend Sec.  270.34b-1 by:
0
a. Revising the introductory text and paragraph (b)(3); and
0
b. Adding paragraph (c).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  270.34b-1   Sales literature deemed to be misleading.

    Any advertisement, pamphlet, circular, form letter, or other sales 
literature addressed to or intended for distribution to prospective 
investors that is required to be filed with the Commission by section 
24(b) of the Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-24(b)] (for purposes of paragraph (a) 
and (b) of this section, ``sales literature'') will have omitted to 
state a fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein not 
materially misleading unless the sales literature includes the 
information specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. Any 
registered investment company or business development company 
advertisement, pamphlet, circular, form letter, or other sales 
literature addressed to or intended for distribution to prospective 
investors in connection with a public offering (for purposes of 
paragraph (c) of this section, ``sales literature'') will have omitted 
to state a fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not 
materially misleading unless the sales literature includes the 
information specified in paragraph (c) of this section.

    Note 1 to Sec.  270.34b-1 Introductory Text:  The fact that the 
sales literature includes the information specified in paragraphs 
(a) and (b) of this section does not relieve the investment company, 
underwriter, or dealer of any obligations with respect to the sales 
literature under the antifraud provisions of the Federal securities 
laws. For guidance about factors to be weighed in determining 
whether statements, representations, illustrations, and descriptions 
contained in investment company sales literature are misleading, see 
Sec.  230.156 of this chapter.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) The requirements specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
do not apply to any quarterly, semi-annual, or annual report to 
shareholders under Section 30 of the Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-29] containing 
performance data for a period commencing no earlier than the first day 
of the period covered by the report; nor do the requirements of 
paragraphs (d)(3)(ii), (d)(4)(ii), and (g) of Sec.  230.482 of this 
chapter apply to any such periodic report containing any other 
performance data.
    (c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section:
    (i) In any sales literature that contains fee and expense figures 
for a registered investment company or business development company, 
include the disclosure required by paragraph (i) of Sec.  230.482 of 
this chapter.
    (ii) Any fee and expense information included in sales literature 
must meet the timeliness requirements of paragraph (j) of Sec.  230.482 
of this chapter.
    (2) The requirements specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section 
do not apply to any quarterly, semi-annual, or annual report to 
shareholders under Section 30 of the Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-29] or to other 
reports pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities 
Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 79m or 78o(d)) containing fee and 
expense information; nor do the requirements of paragraphs (i) and (j) 
of Sec.  230.482 of this chapter or paragraph (c)(3) of Sec.  230.433 
of this chapter apply to any such report containing fee and expense 
information.

PART 274--FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

0
15. The authority for part 274 continues to read in part as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 78c(b), 78l, 78m, 
78n, 78o(d), 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-26, 80a-29, and Pub. L. 111-203, 
sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

    Note: The text of Form N-1A does not, and these amendments will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

0
16. Revise the General Instructions of Form N-1A, and Items 1, 4, 5, 
13, 17, and 27 of Form N-1A, and add new Item 27A of Form N-1A 
(referenced in Sec. Sec.  239.15A and 274.11A) to read as follows:
* * * * *

General Instructions

* * * * *

C. Preparation of the Registration Statement

* * * * *
(g) Interactive Data File
* * * * *
    (iii) An Interactive Data File is required to be submitted to the 
Commission in the manner provided by rule 405 of Regulation S-T for any 
information provided in response to Item 27A(b)-(h) of Form N-1A that 
is included in any report to shareholders filed on Form N-CSR.
    (iv) The Interactive Data File must be submitted in accordance with 
the specifications in the EDGAR Filer Manual, and in such a manner that 
will permit the information for each Series and, for any information 
that does not relate to all of the Classes in a filing, each Class of 
the Fund to be separately identified.
* * * * *

Part A--Information Required in a Prospectus

Item 1. Front and Back Cover Pages

    (a) Front Cover Page. Include the following information, in plain 
English under rule 421(d) under the Securities Act, on the outside 
front cover page of the prospectus:
    (1) The Fund's name and the Class or Classes, if any, to which the 
prospectus relates.
    (2) The exchange ticker symbol of the Fund's shares or, if the 
prospectus relates to one or more Classes of the Fund's shares, 
adjacent to each such Class, the exchange ticker symbol of such Class 
of the Fund's shares. If the Fund is an Exchange-Traded Fund, also 
identify the principal U.S. market or markets on which the Fund shares 
are traded.
    (3) The date of the prospectus.
    (4) The statement required by rule 481(b)(1) under the Securities 
Act.
    Instruction. A Fund may include on the front cover page a statement 
of its investment objectives, a brief (e.g., one sentence) description 
of its operations, or any additional information, subject to the 
requirement set out in General Instruction C.3(b).
    (b) Back Cover Page. Include the following information, in plain 
English under rule 421(d) under the Securities Act, on the outside back 
cover page of the prospectus:

[[Page 72851]]

    (1) A statement that the SAI includes additional information about 
the Fund, and a statement to the following effect:
    Additional information about the Fund's investments is available in 
the Fund's annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders and in Form 
N-CSR. In the Fund's annual report, you will find a discussion of the 
market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected 
the Fund's performance during its last fiscal year. In Form N-CSR, you 
will find the Fund's annual and semi-annual financial statements.
    Explain that the SAI, the Fund's annual and semi-annual reports to 
shareholders, and other information such as Fund financial statements 
are available, without charge, upon request, and explain how 
shareholders in the Fund may make inquiries to the Fund. Provide a 
toll-free telephone number for investors to call: to request the SAI; 
to request the Fund's annual or semi-annual report; to request the 
Fund's financial statements; to request other information about the 
Fund; and to make shareholder inquiries. Also, state that the Fund 
makes available its SAI, annual and semi- annual reports, and other 
information such as Fund financial statements, free of charge, on or 
through the Fund's website at a specified address. If the Fund does not 
make its SAI and shareholder reports available in this manner, disclose 
the reasons why it does not do so (including, where applicable, that 
the Fund does not have a website).
Instructions
    1. A Fund may indicate, if applicable, that the SAI, annual and 
semi-annual report, Fund financial statements, and other information 
are available by email request.
    2. A Fund may indicate, if applicable, that the SAI and other 
information are available from a financial intermediary (such as a 
broker-dealer or bank) through which shares of the Fund may be 
purchased or sold. When a Fund (or financial intermediary through which 
shares of the Fund may be purchased or sold) receives a request for the 
SAI, the annual report, the semi-annual report, or other information 
such as financial statements that the Fund files on Form N-CSR, the 
Fund (or financial intermediary) must send the requested document 
within 3 business days of receipt of the request, by first-class mail 
or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery.
    3. A Fund that has not yet been required to deliver an annual or 
semi-annual report to shareholders under rule 30e-1 [17 CFR 270.30e-1] 
or to file a Form N-CSR report may omit the statements required by this 
paragraph regarding the report.
    4. A Money Market Fund may omit the sentence indicating that a 
reader will find in the Fund's annual report a discussion of the market 
conditions and investment strategies that significantly affect the 
Fund's performance during its last fiscal year.
    (2) A statement whether and from where information is incorporated 
by reference into the prospectus as permitted by General Instruction D. 
Unless the information is delivered with the prospectus, explain that 
the Fund will provide the information without charge, upon request 
(referring to the telephone number provided in response to paragraph 
(b)(1)).
    Instruction. The Fund may combine the information about 
incorporation by reference with the statements required under paragraph 
(b)(1).
    (3) State that reports and other information about the Fund are 
available on the EDGAR Database on the Commission's website at http://www.sec.gov, and that copies of this information may be obtained, after 
paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following email 
address: [email protected].
    (4) The Fund's Investment Company Act file number on the bottom of 
the back cover page in type size smaller than that generally used in 
the prospectus (e.g., 8-point modern type).
* * * * *

Item 4. Risk/Return Summary: Investments, Risks, and Performance

* * * * *
    (2) Risk/Return Bar Chart and Table.
* * * * *
    (iii) If the Fund has annual returns for at least one calendar 
year, provide a table showing the Fund's (A) average annual total 
return; (B) average annual total return (after taxes on distributions); 
and (C) average annual total return (after taxes on distributions and 
redemptions). A Money Market Fund should show only the returns 
described in clause (A) of the preceding sentence. All returns should 
be shown for 1-, 5-, and 10- calendar year periods ending on the date 
of the most recently completed calendar year (or for the life of the 
Fund, if shorter), but only for periods subsequent to the effective 
date of the Fund's registration statement. The table also should show 
the returns of an appropriate broad-based securities market index as 
defined in Instruction 6 to Item 27A(d)(2) for the same periods. A Fund 
that has been in existence for more than 10 years also may include 
returns for the life of the Fund. A Money Market Fund may provide the 
Fund's 7-day yield ending on the date of the most recent calendar year 
or disclose a toll-free telephone number that investors can use to 
obtain the Fund's current 7-day yield. For a Fund (other than a Money 
Market Fund or a Fund described in General Instruction C.3.(d)(iii)), 
provide the information in the following table with the specified 
captions:

                                          Average Annual Total Returns
                                     (For the periods ended December 31,___)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       5 years (or life of  10 years (or life of
                                                       1 year                 fund)                 fund)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Return Before Taxes...........................                  __%                   __%                   __%
Return After Taxes on Distributions...........                  __%                   __%                   __%
Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale                    __%                   __%                   __%
 of Fund Shares...............................
Index (reflects no deduction for [fees,                         __%                   __%                   __%
 expenses, or taxes]).........................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
Instructions
* * * * *
    2. Table.
* * * * *
    (b) A Fund may include, in addition to the required broad-based 
securities market index, information for one or more other indexes as 
permitted by Instruction 7 to Item 27A(d)(2). If an additional index is 
included, disclose information about the additional index in the 
narrative explanation accompanying the bar chart and table (e.g., by 
stating that the information shows how the Fund's performance compares 
with the returns of an index

[[Page 72852]]

of funds with similar investment objectives).
* * * * *
    4. Change in Investment Adviser. If the Fund has not had the same 
investment adviser during the last 10 calendar years, the Fund may 
begin the bar chart and the performance information in the table on the 
date that the current adviser began to provide advisory services to the 
Fund subject to the conditions in Instruction 13 of Item 27A(d)(2).
* * * * *

Item 5. Management

* * * * *
    (b) Portfolio Manager(s). State the name, title, and length of 
service (or year service began) of the person or persons employed by or 
associated with the Fund or an investment adviser of the Fund who are 
primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund's 
portfolio (``Portfolio Manager'').
* * * * *

Item 13. Financial Highlights Information

* * * * *
    4. Ratios/Supplemental Data.
    (a) Calculate ``average net assets'' based on the value of the net 
assets determined no less frequently than the end of each month.
    (b) Calculate the Ratio of Expenses to average Net Assets using the 
amount of expenses shown in the Fund's statement of operations for the 
relevant fiscal period, including increases resulting from complying 
with paragraph 2(g) of rule 6-07 of Regulation S-X and reductions 
resulting from complying with paragraphs 2(a) and (f) of rule 6-07 
regarding fee waivers and reimbursements.
    (c) A Fund that is a Money Market Fund may omit the Portfolio 
Turnover Rate.
    (d) Calculate the Portfolio Turnover Rate as follows:
    (i) Divide the lesser amounts of purchases or sales of portfolio 
securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average of the value of 
the portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal year. 
Calculate the monthly average by totaling the values of portfolio 
securities as of the beginning and end of the first month of the fiscal 
year and as of the end of each of the succeeding 11 months and dividing 
the sum by 13.
    (ii) Exclude from both the numerator and the denominator amounts 
relating to all securities, including options, whose maturities or 
expiration dates at the time of acquisition were one year or less. 
Include all long-term securities, including long-term U.S. Government 
securities. Purchases include any cash paid upon the conversion of one 
portfolio security into another and the cost of rights or warrants. 
Sales include net proceeds of the sale of rights and warrants and net 
proceeds of portfolio securities that have been called or for which 
payment has been made through redemption or maturity.
    (iii) If the Fund acquired the assets of another investment company 
or of a personal holding company in exchange for its own shares during 
the fiscal year in a purchase-of-assets transaction, exclude the value 
of securities acquired from purchases and securities sold from sales to 
realign the Fund's portfolio. Adjust the denominator of the portfolio 
turnover computation to reflect these excluded purchases and sales and 
disclose them in a footnote.
    (iv) Include in purchases and sales any short sales that the Fund 
intends to maintain for more than one year and put and call options 
with expiration dates more than one year from the date of acquisition. 
Include proceeds from a short sale in the value of the portfolio 
securities sold during the period; include the cost of covering a short 
sale in the value of portfolio securities purchased during the period. 
Include premiums paid to purchase options in the value of portfolio 
securities purchased during the reporting period; include premiums 
received from the sale of options in the value of the portfolio 
securities sold during the period.
    (e) A fund may incorporate by reference the Financial Highlights 
Information from Form N-CSR into the prospectus in response to this 
Item if the Fund transmits the annual report required by rule 30e-1(b) 
with the prospectus or, if the report has been previously delivered 
(e.g., to a current shareholder), the Fund includes the statement 
required by Item 1(b)(1).
* * * * *

Item 17. Management of the Fund

Instructions
* * * * *
    (a) Management Information.
    (1) Provide the information required by the following table for 
each director and officer of the Fund, and, if the Fund has an advisory 
board, member of the board. Explain in a footnote to the table any 
family relationship between the persons listed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                (1)                            (2)                     (3)                    (4)                    (5)                    (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name, Address,.....................  Position(s) Held with.  Term of Office and....  Principal............  Number of Portfolios.  Other Directorships
and Age............................  Fund..................  Length of Time........  Occupation(s) During   in Fund Complex......  Held by Director
(or Year of Birth).................                          Served................   Past 5 Years.         Overseen by Director.
                                                             (or Year Service......
                                                             Began)................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

Item 27. Financial Statements

    Include, in a separate section following the responses to the 
preceding Items, the financial statements and schedules required by 
Regulation S-X. The specimen price-make-up sheet required by 
Instruction 4 to Item 23(c) may be provided as a continuation of the 
balance sheet specified by Regulation S-X.
Instructions
    1. The statements of any subsidiary that is not a majority-owned 
subsidiary required by Regulation S-X may be omitted from Part B and 
included in Part C.
    2. In addition to the requirements of rule 3-18 of Regulation S-X 
[17 CFR 210.3-18], any Fund registered under the Investment Company Act 
that has not previously had an effective registration statement under 
the Securities Act must include in its initial registration statement 
under the Securities Act any additional financial statements and 
condensed financial information (which need not be audited) necessary 
to make the financial statements and condensed financial information 
included in the registration statement current as of a date within 90 
days prior to the date of filing.

Item 27A. Annual and Semi-Annual Shareholder Report

    (a) Annual and Semi-Annual Reports. Every annual shareholder report 
required by rule 30e-1 must contain the

[[Page 72853]]

information required by paragraphs (b) through (i) of this Item and may 
contain the information permitted by paragraph (j) of this Item. Every 
semi-annual shareholder report required by rule 30e-1 must contain the 
information required by paragraphs (b), (c), (e), (f), (h), and (i) of 
this Item, except as otherwise specified in these paragraphs, and may 
contain other information permitted or required in annual shareholder 
reports (so long as the information that the fund includes at its 
option meets the requirements of the relevant paragraph, including any 
related instructions, and is not incomplete, inaccurate, or 
misleading).
Instructions
    1. For annual shareholder reports, disclose the information 
required or permitted by paragraphs (b) through (i) of this Item in the 
same order as these items appear below. In an annual shareholder report 
that appears on a website or is otherwise provided electronically, 
organize the information in a manner that gives each item similar 
prominence as that provided by the order prescribed in this 
Instruction.
    2. For semi-annual shareholder reports, disclose the information 
that must appear in the report pursuant to paragraph (a) of this Item 
in the same order as these items appear below. Any other information 
permitted in annual shareholder reports, which the Fund chooses to 
include in its semi-annual shareholder report pursuant to this Item, 
must also be included in the same order as these items appear below. 
For example, if a Fund chooses to include the information described in 
paragraph (g) in its semi-annual shareholder report, the information in 
the Fund's semi-annual report must appear in the following order: 
paragraphs (b), (c), (e), (f), (g), (h), and (i). In a semi-annual 
shareholder report that appears on a website or electronically, 
organize the information in a manner that gives each item similar 
prominence as that provided by the order prescribed in this 
Instruction.
    3. Do not include information in an annual or semi-annual 
shareholder report other than disclosure that Item 27A and its 
Instructions require or permit in annual or semi-annual shareholder 
reports, as applicable, or as provided by rule 8b-20 under the 
Investment Company Act [17 CFR 270.8b-20].
    4. Prepare a separate annual or semi-annual shareholder report for 
each Series of a Fund, and if a Series has multiple Classes, prepare a 
separate annual or semi-annual shareholder report for each Class within 
the Series.
    5. A Fund may not incorporate by reference any information into its 
annual or semi-annual shareholder report.
    6. The plain English requirements of rule 421 under the Securities 
Act [17 CFR 230.421] apply to the annual and semi-annual shareholder 
report. Provide the disclosure in an annual or semi-annual shareholder 
report in plain English under rule 421(d) under the Securities Act. 
Include white space and use other design features to make the annual or 
semi-annual shareholder report easy to read. The annual or semi-annual 
shareholder report should be concise and direct. Specifically: (i) use 
short sentences and paragraphs; (ii) use definite, concrete, everyday 
words; (iii) use active voice; (iv) avoid legal jargon or highly 
technical business terms unless clearly explained; (v) avoid multiple 
negatives; (vi) use ``you,'' ``we,'' etc. to speak directly to 
shareholders; and (vii) use descriptive headers and sub-headers. Do not 
use vague or imprecise ``boilerplate.''
    7. If a required disclosure is inapplicable, a Fund may omit the 
disclosure from an annual or semi-annual shareholder report. A Fund may 
modify a required legend or narrative information if the modified 
language contains comparable information.
    8. Funds should use design techniques that promote effective 
communication. Funds are encouraged to use, as appropriate, question-
and-answer formats, charts, graphs, tables, bullet lists, and other 
graphics or text features to respond to the required disclosures.
    For an annual or semi-annual shareholder report that appears on a 
website or is otherwise provided electronically, funds are encouraged 
to use online tools (for example, tools that populate discrete sets of 
information based on investor selections--e.g., Class-specific 
information, performance information over different time horizons, or 
the dollar value used to illustrate the Fund's expenses or to populate 
the performance line graph, as applicable). The default presentation 
must use the value that the applicable form requirement prescribes. 
Funds also may include: (i) a means of facilitating electronic access 
to video or audio messages, or other forms of information (e.g., 
hyperlink, website address, Quick Response Code (``QR code''), or other 
equivalent methods or technologies); (ii) mouse-over windows; (iii) 
pop-up boxes; (iv) chat functionality; (v) expense calculators; or (vi) 
other forms of electronic media, communications, or tools designed to 
enhance an investor's understanding of material in the annual or semi-
annual shareholder report. Any information that is not included in the 
annual or semi-annual shareholder report filed on Form N-CSR shall have 
the same status, under the Federal securities laws, as any other 
website or electronic content that the Fund produces or disseminates.
    9. In an annual or semi-annual shareholder report posted on a 
website or otherwise provided electronically, Funds must provide a 
means of facilitating access to any information that is referenced in 
the annual or semi-annual shareholder report if the information is 
available online, including, for example, hyperlinks to the Fund's 
prospectus and financial statements. In an annual or semi-annual 
shareholder report that is delivered in paper format, Funds may include 
website addresses, QR codes, or other means of facilitating access to 
such information. Funds must provide a link specific enough to lead 
investors directly to the particular information, rather than to the 
home page or a section of the fund's website other than on which the 
information is posted. The link may be to a central site with prominent 
links to the referenced information.
    10. Explanatory or supplemental information included in an annual 
or semi-annual shareholder report under Instruction 8 or 9 may not, 
because of the nature, quantity, or manner of presentation, obscure or 
impede understanding of the information that must be included. When 
using interactive graphics or tools, Funds may include instructions on 
their use and interpretation.
    11. Unless otherwise indicated, the reporting period for an annual 
shareholder report is the Fund's most recent fiscal year, and the 
reporting period for a semi-annual shareholder report is the Fund's 
most recent fiscal half-year.
    12. The Fund's annual or semi-annual shareholder report may be 
accompanied by other materials, but the annual or semi-annual 
shareholder report must be given greater prominence than other 
materials that accompany the report, with the exception of other 
shareholder reports, summary prospectuses or statutory prospectuses 
(both as defined in rule 498 under the Securities Act [17 CFR 
230.498]), or a notice of internet availability of proxy materials 
under rule 14a-6 under the Securities Exchange Act [17 CFR 240.14a-6].
    13. In an annual or semi-annual shareholder report posted on a 
website or otherwise provided electronically, Funds may satisfy 
legibility requirements applicable to printed

[[Page 72854]]

documents by presenting all required information in a format that 
promotes effective communication as described in Instruction 8. The 
body of every printed annual or semi-annual shareholder report and 
other tabular data included therein shall comply with the applicable 
legibility of prospectus requirements set forth in rule 420 under the 
Securities Act of 1933.
    (b) Cover Page or Beginning of Annual or Semi-Annual Shareholder 
Report. Include on the cover page or at the beginning of the annual or 
semi-annual shareholder report:
    (1) The Fund's name and the Class, if relevant.
    (2) The exchange ticker symbol of the Fund's shares or, if the 
annual or semi-annual shareholder report relates to a Class of the 
Fund's shares, its exchange ticker symbol. If the Fund is an Exchange-
Traded Fund, also identify the principal U.S. market or markets on 
which the Fund's shares are traded.
    (3) A statement identifying the document as an ``annual shareholder 
report'' or a ``semi-annual shareholder report,'' as applicable.
    (4) The following statement:
    This [annual or semi-annual] shareholder report contains important 
information about [the Fund] for the period of [beginning date] to [end 
date]. You can find additional information about the Fund at [__]. You 
can also request this information by contacting us at [__].
    (5) If the annual or semi-annual report includes Material Fund 
Changes, as described in paragraph (g) of this Item, include the 
following prominent statement, or similar clear and understandable 
statement, in bold-face type: ``This report describes changes to the 
Fund that occurred during the reporting period.''
Instructions
    1. A Fund may include graphics, logos, and other design or text 
features on the cover page or at the beginning of its annual or semi-
annual shareholder report to help shareholders identify the materials 
as the Fund's annual or semi-annual shareholder report.
    2. In the statement required under paragraph (b)(5), provide the 
toll-free telephone number and, as applicable, email address that 
shareholders can use to request additional information about the Fund. 
Provide a website address where information about the Fund is 
available. The website address must be specific enough to lead 
shareholders directly to the materials that are required to be 
accessible under rule 30e-1, rather than to the home page or a section 
of the website other than on which the materials are posted. The 
website may be a central site with prominent links to the materials 
that must be accessible under rule 30e-1. In addition to the website 
address, a Fund may include other ways an investor can find or request 
additional information about the Fund (e.g., QR code, mobile 
application).
    (c) Fund Expenses.
    In a table, provide the expenses of an ongoing $10,000 investment 
in the Fund during the reporting period. The table must show: (i) the 
[Fund or Class Name]; (ii) expenses in dollars paid on a $10,000 
investment during the period; and (iii) expenses as a percent of an 
investor's investment in the Fund (i.e. expense ratio).
What were the Fund costs for the last [year/six months]?

              (based on a hypothetical $10,000 investment)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Costs paid as a
      [Fund or Class Name]        Costs of a $10,000    percentage of a
                                       investment     $10,000 investment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  $.................  %
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Instructions
    1. General.
    (a) Round all percentages in the table to the nearest hundredth of 
one percent and round all dollar figures in the table to the nearest 
dollar.
    (b) If the Fund is a Feeder Fund, reflect the aggregate expenses of 
the Feeder Fund and the Master Fund. In a footnote to the expense 
table, state that the expense table reflects the expenses of both the 
Feeder and Master Funds.
    (c) If the Fund's annual or semi-annual shareholder report covers a 
period of time that is less than the full reporting period of the 
annual or semi-annual report, the Fund must include a footnote to the 
table to briefly explain that expenses for the full reporting period 
would be higher.
    (d) If the disclosed expenses include extraordinary expenses, the 
Fund may include a brief footnote to the ``Costs paid as a percentage 
of your investment'' column disclosing what actual costs would have 
been if extraordinary expenses were not included. ``Extraordinary 
expenses'' refers to expenses that are distinguished by their unusual 
nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence. Unusual nature means 
the expense has a high degree of abnormality and is clearly unrelated 
to, or only incidentally related to, the ordinary and typical 
activities of the Fund, taking into account the environment in which 
the Fund operates. Infrequency of occurrence means the expense is not 
reasonably expected to recur in the foreseeable future, taking into 
consideration the environment in which the Fund operates. The 
environment of a Fund includes such factors as the characteristics of 
the industry or industries in which it operates, the geographical 
location of its operations, and the nature and extent of government 
regulation.
    2. Computation.
    (a) To determine ``Costs of a $10,000 investment,'' multiply the 
figure in the ``Cost paid as a percentage of your investment'' column 
by the average account value over the period based on an investment of 
$10,000 at the beginning of the period.
    (b) Assume reinvestment of all dividends and distributions.
    (c) In the annual shareholder report, disclose the expense ratio in 
the ``Costs paid as a percentage of your investment'' column as it 
appears in the Fund's most recent audited financial statements or 
financial highlights. In the semi-annual shareholder report, the Fund's 
expense ratio in the ``Costs paid as a percentage of your investment 
column'' should be calculated in the manner required by Instruction 
4(b) to Item 13(a) using the expenses for the Fund's most recent fiscal 
half-year. Express the expense ratio on an annualized basis.
    (d) Management's Discussion of Fund Performance. Disclose the 
following information unless the Fund is a Money Market Fund. A Money 
Market Fund is permitted but not required to disclose some or all of 
the following information, so long as the information the Money Market 
Fund chooses to disclose meets the requirements of the relevant 
paragraph, including any related instructions, and is not incomplete, 
inaccurate, or misleading.
    (1) Briefly summarize the key factors that materially affected the 
Fund's performance during the reporting period, including the relevant 
market conditions and the investment strategies and techniques used by 
the Fund's investment adviser.
Instruction
    1. As appropriate, use graphics or text features, such as bullet 
lists or tables, to present the key factors. Do not include a lengthy, 
generic, or overly broad discussion of the factors that generally 
affected market performance during the reporting period.
    (2) Line graph and table.
    (i) Provide a line graph comparing the initial and subsequent 
account values at the end of each of the most recently

[[Page 72855]]

completed 10 fiscal years of the Fund (or for the life of the Fund, if 
shorter), but only for periods subsequent to the effective date of the 
Fund's registration statement. Assume a $10,000 initial investment at 
the beginning of the first fiscal year in an appropriate broad-based 
securities market index for the same period.
    (ii) In a table placed within or next to the graph, provide the 
Fund's average annual total returns for the 1-, 5-, and 10-year periods 
as of the end of the reporting period (or for the life of the Fund, if 
shorter), but only for periods subsequent to the effective date of the 
Fund's registration statement. Separately provide the average annual 
total returns with and without sales charges, as applicable. Also 
provide the average annual total returns of an appropriate broad-based 
securities market index for the same periods.
    (iii) Include a statement accompanying the graph and table to the 
effect that:
    (A) The Fund's past performance is not a good predictor of the 
Fund's future performance. Use text features to make the statement 
noticeable and prominent through, for example: graphics, larger font 
size, or different colors or font styles.
    (B) The graph and table do not reflect the deduction of taxes that 
a shareholder would pay on fund distributions or redemption of fund 
shares.
Instructions
    1. Line Graph Computation.
    (a) Assume that the initial investment was made at the offering 
price last calculated on the business day before the first day of the 
first fiscal year.
    (b) Base subsequent account values on the net asset value of the 
Fund last calculated on the last business day of the first and each 
subsequent fiscal year.
    (c) Calculate the final account value by assuming the account was 
closed and redemption was at the price last calculated on the last 
business day of the reporting period.
    (d) Base the line graph on the Fund's required minimum initial 
investment if that amount exceeds $10,000.
    2. Sales Load. Reflect any sales load (or any other fees charged at 
the time of purchasing shares or opening an account) by beginning the 
line graph at the amount that actually would be invested (i.e., assume 
that the maximum sales load, and other charges deducted from payments, 
is deducted from the initial $10,000 investment). For a Fund whose 
shares are subject to a contingent deferred sales load, assume the 
deduction of the maximum deferred sales load (or other charges) that 
would apply for a complete redemption that received the price last 
calculated on the last business day of the reporting period. For any 
other deferred sales load, assume that the deduction is in the 
amount(s) and at the time(s) that the sales load actually would have 
been deducted.
    3. Dividends and Distributions. Assume reinvestment of all of the 
Fund's dividends and distributions on the reinvestment dates during the 
period, and reflect any sales load imposed upon reinvestment of 
dividends or distributions or both.
    4. Account Fees. Reflect recurring fees that are charged to all 
accounts.
    (a) For any account fees that vary with the size of the account, 
assume a $10,000 account size.
    (b) Reflect, as appropriate, any recurring fees charged to 
shareholder accounts that are paid other than by redemption of the 
Fund's shares.
    (c) Reflect an annual account fee that applies to more than one 
Fund by allocating the fee in the following manner: divide the total 
amount of account fees collected during the year by the Funds' total 
average net assets, multiply the resulting percentage by the average 
account value for each Fund and reduce the value of each hypothetical 
account at the end of each fiscal year during which the fee was 
charged.
    5. Table Computation. Compute average annual total returns in 
accordance with Item 26(b)(1). To calculate average annual total 
returns without sales charges, do not deduct sales charges, as 
applicable, as otherwise described in the instructions to Item 
26(b)(1). For the Fund's 1-year annual total return without sales 
charges in an annual shareholder report, use the 1-year total return in 
the Fund's most recent audited financial highlights.
    6. Appropriate Broad-Based Securities Market Index. For purposes of 
this Item, an ``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' is 
one that is administered by an organization that is not an affiliated 
person of the Fund, its investment adviser, or principal underwriter, 
unless the index is widely recognized and used. A ``broad-based'' index 
is an index that represents the overall applicable domestic or 
international equity or debt markets, as appropriate. Adjust the index 
to reflect the reinvestment of dividends on securities in the index, 
but do not reflect the expenses of the Fund.
    7. Additional Indexes. A Fund is encouraged to compare its 
performance not only to the required broad-based index, but also to 
other more narrowly based indexes that reflect the market sectors in 
which the Fund invests. A Fund also may compare its performance to an 
additional broad-based index, or to a non-securities index (e.g., the 
Consumer Price Index), so long as the comparison is not misleading.
    8. Change in Index. If the Fund uses an index that is different 
from the one used for the immediately preceding reporting period, 
explain the reason(s) for the change and compare the Fund's annual 
change in the value of an investment in the hypothetical account with 
the new and former indexes.
    9. Interim Periods. The line graph may compare the ending values of 
interim periods (e.g., monthly or quarterly ending values), so long as 
those periods are after the effective date of the Fund's registration 
statement.
    10. Scale. The axis of the graph measuring dollar amounts may use 
either a linear or a logarithmic scale.
    11. New Funds. A New Fund (as defined in Instruction 6 to Item 3) 
is not required to include the information specified by this Item in 
its annual shareholder report, unless Form N-1A (or the Fund's annual 
Form N-CSR report) contains audited financial statements covering a 
period of at least 6 months.
    12. Change in Investment Adviser. If the Fund has not had the same 
investment adviser for the previous 10 fiscal years, the Fund may begin 
the line graph on the date that the current adviser began to provide 
advisory services to the Fund so long as:
    (a) Neither the current adviser nor any affiliate is or has been in 
``control'' of the previous adviser under section 2(a) (9) [15 U.S.C. 
80a-2(a)(9)];
    (b) The current adviser employs no officer(s) of the previous 
adviser or employees of the previous adviser who were responsible for 
providing investment advisory or portfolio management services to the 
Fund; and
    (c) The graph is accompanied by a statement explaining that 
previous periods during which the Fund was advised by another 
investment adviser are not shown.
    13. Multiple Class Funds.
    (a) Provide information about account values in the line graph 
under Item 27A(d)(2)(i) for the Class of the Fund to which the report 
relates.
    (b) Provide information about the average annual total returns for 
Class of the Fund to which the report relates in the table under Item 
27A(d)(2)(ii).
    14. Material Changes. If a material change to the Fund has occurred 
during the period covered by the line graph and table, such as a change 
in investment adviser or a change to the Fund's

[[Page 72856]]

investment strategies, the Fund may include a brief legend or footnote 
to describe the relevant change and when it occurred.
    15. Availability of Updated Performance Information. If the Fund 
provides updated performance information on its website or through 
other widely accessible mechanisms, direct shareholders to where they 
can find this information.
    (3) If the Fund has a policy or practice of maintaining a specified 
level of distributions to shareholders, disclose if the Fund was unable 
to meet the specified level of distributions during the reporting 
period. Also discuss the extent to which the Fund's distribution policy 
resulted in distributions of capital.
    (4) For an Exchange-Traded Fund, provide a table showing the number 
of days the Market Price of the Fund shares was greater than the Fund's 
net asset value and the number of days it was less than the Fund's net 
asset value (i.e., premium or discount) for the most recently completed 
calendar year, and the most recently completed calendar quarters since 
that year (or the life of the Fund, if shorter). The Fund may omit the 
information required by this paragraph if it satisfies the requirements 
of paragraphs (c)(1)(ii)-(iv) and (c)(1)(vi) of Rule 6c-11 [17 CFR 
270.6c-11(c)(1)(ii)-(iv) and (c)(1)(vi)] under the Investment Company 
Act.
Instructions
    1. Provide the information in tabular form.
    2. Express the information as a percentage of the net asset value 
of the Exchange-Traded Fund, using separate columns for the number of 
days the Market Price was greater than the Fund's net asset value and 
the number of days the Market Price was less than the Fund's net asset 
value. Round all percentages to the nearest hundredth of one percent.
    3. Adjacent to the table, provide a brief explanation that: 
shareholders may pay more than net asset value when they buy Fund 
shares and receive less than net asset value when they sell those 
shares, because shares are bought and sold at current market prices.
    4. Include a statement that the data presented represents past 
performance and cannot be used to predict future results.
    (e) Fund Statistics. Disclose the Fund's net assets, total number 
of portfolio holdings, the total advisory fees paid, and, if the Fund 
is not a Money Market Fund, portfolio turnover rate as of the end of 
the reporting period. The total advisory fees paid by the Fund is only 
required to be disclosed in the annual shareholder report. Following 
these required statistics, the Fund may provide additional statistics 
that the Fund believes would help shareholders better understand the 
Fund's activities and operations during the reporting period (e.g., 
tracking error, maturity, duration, average credit quality, or yield).
Instructions
    1. Fund statistics that are required to be disclosed under this 
paragraph must precede any additional permitted statistics that the 
Fund chooses to include.
    2. The total advisory fees paid is the total amount of investment 
advisory fees as disclosed in the Fund's statement of operations as 
required by paragraph 2(a) of rule 6-07 of Regulation S-X [17 CFR 
210.6-07]). The total investment advisory fees should include any 
reductions or reimbursements of such fees.
    3. If the Fund provides a statistic that is otherwise described in 
this form, it must follow any associated instructions describing the 
calculation method for the relevant statistic.
    4. As appropriate, use graphics or text features, such as bullet 
lists or tables, to present the fund statistics.
    5. If the Fund provides a statistic in a shareholder report that is 
otherwise included in, or could be derived from, the Fund's financial 
statements or financial highlights, the fund must use or derive such 
statistic from the Fund's most recent financial statements or financial 
highlights.
    6. A Fund may briefly describe the significance or limitations of 
any disclosed statistics in a parenthetical or similar presentation.
    7. If a Fund that is a Multiple Class Fund provides a statistic 
that is calculated based on the Fund's performance or fees (e.g., yield 
or tracking error), show the statistic for the Class of the Fund to 
which the report relates. A Fund can provide a statistic regarding 
Class performance only if such Class has one year of performance.
    8. A Fund may include additional statistics only if they are 
reasonably related to the Fund's investment strategy.
    (f) Graphical Representation of Holdings. One or more tables, 
charts, or graphs depicting the portfolio holdings of the Fund, as of 
the end of the reporting period, by reasonably identifiable categories 
(e.g., type of security, industry sector, geographic regions, credit 
quality, or maturity) showing the percentage of (i) net asset value, 
(ii) total investments, or (iii) total exposure (depicting long and 
short exposures to each category, to the extent applicable) 
attributable to each. The categories and the basis of the presentation 
should be disclosed in a manner reasonably designed to depict clearly 
the types of investments made by the Fund, given its investment 
objectives. A Fund that uses ``total exposure'' as a basis for 
representing its holdings may also include a ``net exposure'' 
presentation as well as a brief explanation of these presentations. If 
the Fund depicts portfolio holdings according to the credit quality, it 
should include a brief description of how the credit quality of the 
holdings were determined, and if credit ratings, as defined in section 
3(a)(60) of the Securities Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 78(c)(a)(60)], 
assigned by a credit rating agency, as defined in section 3(a)(61) of 
the Securities Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 78(c)(a)(61)], are used, 
concisely explain how they were identified and selected. This 
description should be included near, or as part of, the graphical 
representation. The Fund may also list, in a table or chart that 
appears near the graphical representation of holdings, the Fund's 10 
largest portfolio holdings. A Fund that includes a list of its 10 
largest portfolio holdings may also show, as part of this presentation, 
the percentage of the Fund's (i) net asset value, (ii) total 
investments, or (iii) total exposure, as applicable, attributable to 
each of the holdings listed.
    (g) Material Fund Changes. Briefly describe any material change, 
with respect to any of the following items, that has occurred since the 
beginning of the reporting period. The Fund may also disclose, but is 
not required to disclose, material changes it plans to make in 
connection with updating its prospectus under section 10(a)(3) of the 
Securities Act for the current fiscal year. The Fund also may describe 
other material changes that it would like to disclose to its 
shareholders or changes that may be helpful for investors to understand 
the fund's operations and/or performance over the reporting period.
    (1) The Fund's name (as described in Item 1(a)(1));
    (2) The Fund's investment objectives or goals (as described in Item 
2);
    (3) The Fund's annual operating expenses, shareholder fees, or 
maximum account fee (as described in Item 3), including the termination 
or introduction of an expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangement;
    (4) The Fund's principal investment strategies (as described in 
Item 4(a));

[[Page 72857]]

    (5) The principal risks of investing in the Fund (as described in 
Item 4(b)(1)); and
    (6) The Fund's investment adviser(s) (as described in Item 5(a)).
Instructions
    1. Provide a concise description of each material change that the 
fund describes as specified in this Item 27A(g). Provide enough detail 
to allow shareholders to understand each change and how each change may 
affect shareholders.
    2. Include a legend to the effect of the following: ``This is a 
summary of certain changes [and planned changes] to the Fund since 
[date]. For more complete information, you may review the Fund's next 
prospectus, which we expect to be available by [date] at [___] or upon 
request at [___].'' Provide the toll-free telephone number and, as 
applicable, email address that shareholders can use to request copies 
of the Fund's prospectus. If the updated prospectus will be made 
available on a website, provide the address of the central site where a 
link to the prospectus will be available.
    3. A Fund is not required to disclose a material change that 
occurred during the reporting period and otherwise would be required to 
be disclosed if the Fund already disclosed this change in its last 
annual shareholder report because, for example, the change occurred 
before the last annual shareholder report was transmitted to 
shareholders or the Fund planned to make the change in connection with 
updating its prospectus under section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act at 
that time (and chose to disclose it in the last annual report).
    (h) Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants. If the Fund is 
required to disclose on Form N-CSR the information that Item 304(a)(1) 
of Regulation S-K [17 CFR 229.304] requires, provide:
    (1) A statement of whether the former accountant resigned, declined 
to stand for re-election, or was dismissed and the date thereof; and
    (2) A brief, plain English description of disagreements(s) with the 
former accountant during the Fund's two most recent fiscal years and 
any subsequent interim period that the Fund discloses on Form N-CSR.
    (i) Availability of Additional Information. Provide a brief, plain 
English statement that certain additional Fund information is available 
on [the Fund's] website. Include plain English references to, as 
applicable, the fund's prospectus, financial information, holdings, and 
proxy voting information. A Fund also may refer to other information 
available on this website if it reasonably believes that shareholders 
likely would view the information as important.
Instructions
    1. Provide means of facilitating shareholders' access to the 
additional information in accordance with Instruction 10 to Item 
27A(a).
    2. If the Fund provides prominent links to the additional 
information to which it refers under this Item 27A(i) on the same 
central site the Fund discloses under Item 27A(b), the Fund may state 
that materials are available at the website address included at the 
beginning of its annual or semi-annual shareholder report. The Fund 
would not need to provide other means of facilitating shareholders' 
access to the relevant additional information under these 
circumstances.
    (j) Householding. A Fund may include disclosure required under rule 
30e-1(e)(3) [17 CFR 270.30e-1(e)(3)] under the Securities Act to 
explain how shareholders who have consented to receive a single annual 
or semi-annual shareholder report at a shared address may revoke this 
consent.
* * * * *

    Note: The text of Form N-CSR does not, and these amendments will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

0
17. Amend Form N-CSR (referenced in Sec. Sec.  249.331 and 274.128) by:
0
a. In the third sentence of the second paragraph on the cover page of 
Form N-CSR, removing ``450 Fifth Street NW, Washington, DC 20549-0609'' 
and adding in its place ``100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090'';
0
b. Revising Instruction C.4;
0
c. In the first sentence of General Instruction D, removing ``Items 4, 
5, and 13(a)(1)'' and adding in its place ``Items 4, 5, and 18(a)(1)'';
0
d. In the second sentence of Item 2(c), removing ``Item 13(a)(1)'' and 
adding in its place ``Item 18(a)(1)'';
0
e. In the first sentence of Item 2(f), removing ``Item 13(a)(1)'' and 
adding in its place ``Item 18(a)(1)'';
0
f. Revising Item 6(a);
0
g. Redesignating Items 7 through 13 as Items 12 through 18, 
respectively;
0
h. Adding Items 7 through 11; and
0
i. In the first sentence of the instruction to paragraph (a)(2) of 
current Item 13, removing ``Item 13(a)(2)'' and adding in its place 
``Item 18(a)(2)''.
    The additions read as follows:

Form N-CSR

* * * * *

General Instructions

* * * * *

C. * * *

    4. Interactive Data File. An Interactive Data File as defined in 
Rule 11 of Regulation S-T [17 CFR 232.11] is required to be submitted 
to the Commission in the manner provided by Rule 405 of Regulation S-T 
[17 CFR 232.405] by a management investment company registered under 
the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a et seq.) to the 
extent required by Rule 405 of Regulation S-T.
* * * * *
* * * * *
    Item 6. Investments.
    File Schedule I--Investments in securities of unaffiliated issuers 
as of the close of the reporting period as set forth in Sec.  210.12-12 
of Regulation S-X [17 CFR 210.12-12], unless the schedule is included 
as part of the report to shareholders filed under Item 1 of this Form 
or is included in the financial statements filed under Item 7 of this 
Form'';
* * * * *
    Item 7. Financial Statements and Financial Highlights for Open-End 
Management Investment Companies.
    (a) An open-end management investment company registered on Form N-
1A [17 CFR 239.15A and 17 CFR 274.11A] must file its most recent annual 
or semi-annual financial statements required, and for the periods 
specified, by Regulation S-X.
    (b) An open-end management investment company registered on Form N-
1A [17 CFR 239.15A and 17 CFR 274.11A] must file the information 
required by Item 13 of Form N-1A.
    Instruction to paragraph (a) and (b).
    The financial statements and financial highlights filed under this 
Item must be audited and be accompanied by any associated accountant's 
report, as defined in rule 1-02(a) of Regulation S-X [17 CFR 210.1-
02(a)], except that in the case of a report on this Form N-CSR as of 
the end of a fiscal half-year, the financial statements and financial 
highlights need not be audited.
    Item 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants for Open-End 
Management Investment Companies.
    An open-end management investment company registered on Form N-1A 
[17 CFR 239.15A and 17 CFR 274.11A] must disclose the information 
concerning changes in and disagreements with accountants and on 
accounting and financial disclosure required by Item 304 of Regulation 
S-K [17 CFR 229.304].

[[Page 72858]]

    Item 9. Proxy Disclosures for Open-End Management Investment 
Companies.
    If any matter was submitted during the period covered by the report 
to a vote of shareholders of an open-end management investment company 
registered on Form N-1A [17 CFR 239.15A and 17 CFR 274.11A], through 
the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, the company must furnish the 
following information:
    (1) The date of the meeting and whether it was an annual or special 
meeting.
    (2) If the meeting involved the election of directors, the name of 
each director elected at the meeting and the name of each other 
director whose term of office as a director continued after the 
meeting.
    (3) A brief description of each matter voted upon at the meeting 
and the number of votes cast for, against or withheld, as well as the 
number of abstentions and broker non-votes as to each such matter, 
including a separate tabulation with respect to each matter or nominee 
for office.
    Instruction. The solicitation of any authorization or consent 
(other than a proxy to vote at a shareholders' meeting) with respect to 
any matter shall be deemed a submission of such matter to a vote of 
shareholders within the meaning of this Item.
    Item 10. Remuneration Paid to Directors, Officers, and Others of 
Open-End Management Investment Companies.
    Unless the following information is disclosed as part of the 
financial statements included in Item 7, an open-end management 
investment company registered on Form N-1A [17 CFR 239.15A and 17 CFR 
274.11A] must disclose the aggregate remuneration paid by the company 
during the period covered by the report to:
    (1) All directors and all members of any advisory board for regular 
compensation;
    (2) Each director and each member of an advisory board for special 
compensation;
    (3) All officers; and
    (4) Each person of whom any officer or director of the Fund is an 
affiliated person.
    Item 11. Statement Regarding Basis for Approval of Investment 
Advisory Contract.
    If the board of directors approved any investment advisory contract 
during the Fund's most recent fiscal half-year, discuss in reasonable 
detail the material factors and the conclusions with respect thereto 
that formed the basis for the board's approval. Include the following 
in the discussion:
    (1) Factors relating to both the board's selection of the 
investment adviser and approval of the advisory fee and any other 
amounts to be paid by the Fund under the contract. These factors would 
include, but not be limited to, a discussion of the nature, extent, and 
quality of the services to be provided by the investment adviser; the 
investment performance of the Fund and the investment adviser; the 
costs of the services to be provided and profits to be realized by the 
investment adviser and its affiliates from the relationship with the 
Fund; the extent to which economies of scale would be realized as the 
Fund grows; and whether fee levels reflect these economies of scale for 
the benefit of Fund investors. Also indicate in the discussion whether 
the board relied upon comparisons of the services to be rendered and 
the amounts to be paid under the contract with those under other 
investment advisory contracts, such as contracts of the same and other 
investment advisers with other registered investment companies or other 
types of clients (e.g., pension funds and other institutional 
investors). If the board relied upon such comparisons, describe the 
comparisons and how they assisted the board in concluding that the 
contract should be approved; and
    (2) If applicable, any benefits derived or to be derived by the 
investment adviser from the relationship with the Fund such as soft 
dollar arrangements by which brokers provide research to the Fund or 
its investment adviser in return for allocating Fund brokerage.
    Instructions.
    (1) Board approvals covered by this Item include both approvals of 
new investment advisory contracts and approvals of contract renewals. 
Investment advisory contracts covered by this Item include subadvisory 
contracts.
    (2) Conclusory statements or a list of factors will not be 
considered sufficient disclosure. Relate the factors to the specific 
circumstances of the Fund and the investment advisory contract and 
state how the board evaluated each factor. For example, it is not 
sufficient to state that the board considered the amount of the 
investment advisory fee without stating what the board concluded about 
the amount of the fee and how that conclusion affected its decision to 
approve the contract.
    (3) If any factor enumerated in this Item is not relevant to the 
board's evaluation of an investment advisory contract, explain the 
reasons why that factor is not relevant;
* * * * *

    By the Commission.

    Dated: October 26, 2022.
Vanessa A. Countryman,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2022-23756 Filed 11-23-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P