Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0874-0038
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2007-05-02T04:00Z

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF   

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 PC Code: 098801

DP Barcode:  323826

								Date:   March 14, 2007

ADDENDUM TO RED CHAPTER 

SUBJECT:	Addendum to EFED RED Chapter for Chlorflurenol Methyl Ester
Accounting for Updated Label Rates 

TO:	Tracy Perry, Chemical Review Manager

	Robert McNally, Branch Chief

	Special Review and Reregistration Division (7508P)

FROM:	ERB V Team for Chlorflurenol ME:

Jennifer Leyhe, M.S., Biologist, Ecological Effects Reviewer

Larry Liu, Ph.D., Chemist, Environmental Fate Reviewer

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

APPROVED	Mah Shamim, Ph.D., Branch Chief

BY:	Environmental Risk Branch V

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

I.  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This addendum updates the ecological risk assessment for chlorflurenol
methyl ester completed on June 30, 2006.  Risk estimates are updated
based on new labels that have lowered application rates and application
frequencies.  The discussion of the environmental fate and transport has
not changed.  No new toxicity data have been considered and so
calculation of risk is all based on toxicity conclusions from the
original assessment.  With the lower application rates and application
frequencies, the mammalian chronic risk quotients (RQs) have lowered
below the LOC (1) and risk conclusions have changed.  The endangered
species portion of this assessment has not been updated.    SEQ CHAPTER
\h \r 1 The original assessment found that endangered species risk
quotients exceed or potentially exceeded (based on no available toxicity
data) the Agency’s LOC for birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, fish,
aquatic invertebrates, aquatic plants, and terrestrial plants from
exposure to chlorflurenol ME.  There are still exceedances in each of
these categories with the exception of birds (acute risk) and mammals
(acute and chronic risk).  

II.  PESTICIDE USE CHARACTERIZATION

This update is based on label changes provided by the registrant on
02/13/07.  These labels have not been finalized but are assumed to
invalidate previous labels.  Variance from these rates could change the
conclusions of this assessment.

Previously, chlorflurenol ME was registered on turf, fencerows,
hedgerows, rights-of-ways, forests, industrial areas, recreational
areas, and pineapples as ground or aerial sprays.  The rates of
application ranged from 0.25 to 3.0 lb a.i./acre with no maximum number
of applications/season and no set interval between applications
specified on the label.  As of 2/13/07, turf use for sod farms is no
longer allowed by the label and application rates have changed for most
other uses.  Updated maximum application rates, application intervals,
and numbers of applications per year for labeled uses are included in
Table 1.  

Table 1.  Updated Application Rates and Applications per Year for
Chlorflurenol ME Uses (Updated 2/13/07).

Crop	Formulation	Max. Application Rate	Application Interval	
Applications   per Year

Commercial and Agricultural Uses

Turf:  ornamental and lawns (including golf courses and parks)	

liquid	0.5 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

Turf  ornamental and lawns (including golf courses and parks)	granular
0.25 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

Weed Turf:

growing in culverts, ROW, median strips, ditches, under security fences
liquid	1.0 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

  Weed Hardwoods: growing under utility lines, as screens or ground
cover, adjacent to highways	

liquid	1.0 lb ai/acre 	N/A	1

Weed Hedges/Vines: growing under utility lines as screens or ground
cover, ROW, hedgerows	

liquid	1.0 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

Weed Gymnosperms	liquid	0.25 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

Trees:

bark banding to inhibit growth	

liquid	depends on trunk diameter & tree type	N/A	1

Ornamental/Shade Trees (e.g., olives, oranges)	liquid	1.0 lb ai/acre	N/A
1

High Density Forestry Management	liquid	2.0 lb ai/acre	N/A	1

Pineapple plants:

for plant material production (non food use)	liquid	1.0 lb ai/acre	A 2nd
application may be made after an interval of 10-12 days.  Apply to
mature pineapple plants at time of forcing, and 6 months prior to
desired planting material harvest.   	2

Residential Uses

Turf:  lawns	

granular	0.25 lb ai/acre	45 days 

	2

III.	EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION

Environmental Fate and Transport Summary

The updated labels do not affect the environmental fate and transport
section of the ecological risk assessment dated June 30, 2006.  Please
review the ecological risk assessment for further information.

Aquatic Exposure

The updated labels do not affect the aquatic exposure section of the
ecological risk assessment dated June 30, 2006.  Estimated environmental
concentrations were not established due to the lack of aquatic
ecotoxicity data.  Please review the ecological risk assessment for
further information.

Terrestrial Exposure

1. Terrestrial Animal Exposure

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Terrestrial wildlife is exposed to pesticides
through the plant or animal material that they consume as food.  The
Kenaga nomogram as modified by Fletcher, a series of tables that relate
food item residues to pesticide application rate based on a database of
actual measured pesticide residue values on plants, are used to estimate
exposure to terrestrial organisms.  The TREX model (version 1.2.3) was
used to calculate EECs, presented in Table 2, from application of
chlorflurenol ME based on the amended application rates/intervals.  The
equations and assumptions used by TREX are discussed in Appendix C of
the original assessment.

Table 2.  EECs (ppm Chlorflurenol ME) on Terrestrial Food Items
Resulting from Direct Applications of Chlorflurenol ME.

Crop	Appl. rate

(lbs ai/A)	No. of Appl.	Predicted Maximum EEC on Food Items 1

	Short grasses	Tall Grass	Broadleaf plants & insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/Lg Insects

Forest Management	2	1	480.00	220.00	270.00	30.00

Pineapples 2	1	2	436.88	200.24	245.75	27.31

Rights-of-way	1	1	240.00	110.00	135.00	15.00

1  Based on the default foliar dissipation half-life of 35 days. 

2  Based on 10 day application interval.

2. Terrestrial Plant Exposure

No terrestrial plant toxicity studies are available; therefore exposure
was not calculated.

IV.  RISK CHARACTERIZATION

A.	Risk Estimation

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 A risk quotient (RQ)-based approach is used in
this assessment, comparing the ratio of exposure concentrations to
effects endpoints with predetermined levels of concern (LOCs).  Although
risk is often defined as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse
ecological effects, the risk quotient-based approach does not provide a
quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an adverse
effect.  The primary change in these RQs, compared to those in the 2006
ecological risk assessment (DP Barcode 362456), is that they are
calculated using EECs based on application rates from updated labels. 
No new toxicity data have been considered and toxicity endpoints used in
calculations have not changed.  Further discussion of the toxicity can
be found in the 2006 ecological risk assessment.

1.  Non-target Aquatic   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Animals and Plants

No RQs were calculated due to the lack of toxicity data.  Risk cannot be
precluded.

2.	Non-target Terrestrial Animals

Mammalian Species

Acute risk to mammals does not change from the ecological risk
assessment dated 2006.  Definitive acute dose-based RQ values for
mammalian receptors could not be derived because all treated animals
survived and gained weight in the submitted acute oral toxicity study on
mammals (the oral LD50 was >5000 mg a.i./kg body weight).  Based on
these results, chlorflurenol ME TGAI is categorized as practically
non-toxic to mammals on an acute oral basis.

Chronic risk quotients for terrestrial mammals are summarized below in
Table 3.  These RQs are calculated based on toxicity values from the
original ecological risk assessment and EECs (see Table 2 above)
determined using the revised label rates and TREX.  Table 3 updates
Table 7 from the 2006 ecological risk assessment.  The purpose of this
addendum is only to update RQs from the 2006 ecological risk assessment,
due to the lowered application rates.  No chronic RQs exceed the chronic
risk LOC of 1.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Table 3.  Dose- and Dietary-based Chronic RQs for
Mammals Exposed to Chlorflurenol ME Based on Upper Bound Residues as
Calculated by T-REX.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Crop Use

(Application Rate)	Body 

Weight (g)	Mammalian Risk Quotients

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Large Insects	Seeds

Dose-based Chronic Mammalian RQs  a

Forest Management

(2.0 lb a.i./A)	15	0.83	0.38	0.47	0.05	0.01

	35	0.71	0.33	0.40	0.04	0.01

	1,000	0.38	0.17	0.21	0.02	0.01

Pineapples

(1.0 lb a.i./A)	15	0.76	0.35	0.43	0.05	0.01

	35	0.65	0.30	0.36	0.04	0.01

	1,000	0.35	0.16	0.20	0.02	0

Rights-of-way

(1.0 lb a.i./A)	15	0.42	0.19	0.23	0.03	0.01

	35	0.36	0.16	0.20	0.02	0

	1,000	0.19	0.09	0.11	0.01	0

Dietary-based Chronic Mammalian RQs  b

Forest Management (2.0 lb a.i./A)	0.10	0.04	0.05	0.01	N/A

Pineapples (1.0 lb a.i./A)	0.09	0.04	0.05	0.01	N/A

Rights-of-way (1.0 lb a.i./A)	0.05	0.02	0.03	0	N/A

a  Chronic dose-based RQ = EEC/NOAEL, where EEC values are upper bound
residues expressed as equivalent dose (mg a.i./kg body weight) generated
from T-REX and the toxicity value is the chronic dose-based NOAEL = 250
mg a.i./kg/day in the rat.

b  Chronic dietary-based RQ = EEC/NOAEC, where EEC values are upper
bound residues expressed as dietary concentrations (mg a.i./kg diet)
generated from T-REX and the toxicity value is the chronic dietary-based
NOAEC = 5000 mg a.i./kg diet in rats (converted from the rat oral dose
study).

c RQs are above the LOC for chronic risk (LOC 1).

Avian Species

Acute and chronic RQ calculations do not change from the ecological risk
assessment dated 2006.  Definitive acute dose- and dietary-based RQ
values for avian receptors could not be derived because the acute
effects data show that chlorflurenol ME is practically non-toxic to
birds (LD50 >10,000 mg a.i./kg bodyweight and LC50 > 5,000 mg a.i./kg
diet).

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 No toxicity data are available to quantitatively
assess chronic risk of chlorflurenol ME exposure to birds.  Risk cannot
be precluded.

3.	Non-target Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants

The new label rates do not change the risk to terrestrial plants.    SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 No toxicity data are available to quantitatively assess
risk of chlorflurenol ME exposure to terrestrial invertebrates.  Risk
cannot be precluded.  Please see the ecological risk assessment (2006)
for more information.

B.	Risk Description

1.	Risks to Aquatic Organisms

Conclusions from the original assessment have not changed.  There are no
acceptable toxicity studies and little environmental fate data to
evaluate potential exposure; therefore, EFED is unable to preclude risk
to aquatic animals and plants.  Please see the ecological risk
assessment dated June 2006 for more information.

2.	Risks to Terrestrial Organisms

As stated in the ecological risk assessment dated 2006, “RQs could
potentially exceed acute listed species LOCs unless … the amount
available in the environment was lowered below 500 ppm.”  The current
label changes have caused a decrease in EECs, lowering them to below 500
ppm; therefore application of chlorflurenol ME is not likely to cause
adverse effects to avian and mammalian species on an acute basis. 
However, the study testing oral toxicity to birds did not state which
components were included in the test material.  EFED assumes the test
material contained all three components which may underestimate risk to
birds on an acute oral basis.

With the lower application rates, chronic mammalian risk quotients (RQs)
have dropped below the level of concern (1) (RQ range = 0-0.83). 
However, these RQs are based on a developmental study that shows
evidence of delayed skull ossification and cleft palates in young rats. 
These endpoints are not adequate for determining risk to the survival
and fecundity of a population.  However, without other studies EFED used
these data.  Therefore, the RQs may not accurately portray chronic risk
to mammals.  Risk may be under- or over-estimated.

Risk has not changed for birds (chronic), terrestrial invertebrates, and
terrestrial plants.  Risk cannot be precluded due to the lack of
toxicity data.  Please see the ecological risk assessment (2006) for
more information.

3.	Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species Concerns

The endangered species portion of this assessment has not been updated. 
  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 The original assessment found that application of
chlorflurenol ME presented risk to endangered species for fish, aquatic
invertebrates, aquatic plants, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and
terrestrial plants.  There are still exceedances in each of these
categories with the exception of birds/reptiles (acute risk), mammals
(acute and chronic risk).  The original assessment found risk to these
endangered taxa from the high application rate for chlorflurenol ME on
turf.  Limiting this application rate lowered the risk below the LOC.
Table 4 summarizes the potential risk to listed species associated with
the application of chlorflurenol ME.  

Table 4.  Listed Species Risks Associated with Direct or Indirect
Effects Due to Applications of Chlorflurenol ME for Turf Use.

Listed Taxon	Direct Effects	Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants – monocots	Yes a	Yes

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants – dicots	Yes a	Yes

Insects	Yes a	Yes

Birds	Acute – No b; Chronic –  Yes a	Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians	Acute – No b; Chronic –  Yes a	Yes

Reptiles	Acute – No b; Chronic –  Yes a	Yes

Mammals	Acute –  No b; Chronic – No c	Yes

Aquatic vascular plants	Yes a	Yes

Freshwater fish	Yes a	Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians	Yes a	Yes

Freshwater crustaceans	Yes a	Yes

Mollusks	Yes a	Yes

Marine/estuarine fish	Yes a	Yes

Marine/estuarine crustaceans	Yes a	Yes

a We cannot preclude risk due to lack of data.

b RQs were not calculated because toxicity endpoints were not definite
values; however, since the amount estimated to occur in the environment
falls below 500 ppm, RQs will not likely exceed the LOC for endangered
species.

c  Based on calculations using a developmental study showing evidence of
delayed skull ossification and cleft palates in young rats.

4.	Uncertainties

The uncertainties of this risk assessment were discussed in the original
assessment.

Appendix A. Justification for Requested Data Requirements for
Chlorflurenol 

Table 1.  Environmental Fate Data Gaps Listed in the Ecological Risk
Assessment for Chlorflurenol (2006)

OPPTS Guideline	Study Title	Cost 

(if special study)	Rationale

	Guideline 161-1 Hydrolysis	N/A	CFR158 requires this study.  Currently
no acceptable studies have been submitted. The submitted study was
determined supplemental because quantitative data for degradates were
not reported and the most environmentally relevant pH of 7 for aquatic
systems was not tested .  

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift in the
environment and persist.  

In order to calculate EEC’s and assess the ecological risk and the
drinking water risk, hydrolysis data are needed.

	Guideline 161-2 Aqueous photolysis	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift in the
environment and persist.  

In order to calculate EEC’s and assess the ecological risk and the
drinking water risk, aqueous photolysis data are needed.

	Guideline 161-3 Soil photolysis	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied in the field (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and
fence rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used
to produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties under the field conditions
EFED must assume that it will be persistent and mobile in the
environment.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk,
field dissipation data are needed.

	Guideline 162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism	N/A	CFR158 requires this study.
 Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift in the
environment and persist.  

In order to calculate EEC’s and assess the ecological risk and the
drinking water risk, aerobic soil metabolism data are needed.

	Guideline 162-2 Anaerobic soil metabolism	N/A	CFR158 requires this
study.  Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied in the field (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and
fence rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used
to produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties under the field conditions
EFED must assume that it will be persistent and mobile in the
environment.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk,
field dissipation data are needed.

CFR158 requires this study.  Currently no acceptable studies have been
submitted. 

	Guideline 162-3 Anaerobic aquatic metabolism	N/A	CFR158 requires this
study.  Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied in the field (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and
fence rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used
to produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties under the field conditions
EFED must assume that it will be persistent and mobile in the
environment.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk,
field dissipation data are needed.

	Guideline 163-1 Adsorption/desorption	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted.  The submitted
study was determined supplemental because only one German soil was used
and EFED could not determine if this German soil was comparable to soils
found in typical use areas in the United States. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift in the
environment and persist.  

In order to calculate EEC’s and assess the ecological risk and the
drinking water risk, adsorption/desorption data are needed.

	Guideline 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation	N/A	CFR158 requires this
study.  Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied in the field (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and
fence rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used
to produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties under the field conditions
EFED must assume that it will be persistent and mobile in the
environment.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk,
field dissipation data are needed.

	Guideline 165-4 Fish bioaccumulation	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift in the
environment and persist.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk, fish
bioaccumulation data are needed.

	Guideline 201-1 Droplet Size Spectrum	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted. A waiver request
was denied by EPA on 3/2/05.

Chlorflurenol can be sprayed in the liquid formulation to areas that
could be in close proximity to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence
rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to
produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties EFED must assume that it will
runoff/drift in the environment and persist.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk, drop
size spectrum data are needed.

	Guideline 202-1 Drift Field Evaluation	N/A	CFR158 requires this study. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted.  A waiver request
was denied by EPA on 3/2/05.

Chlorflurenol can be sprayed in the liquid formulation to areas that
could be in close proximity to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence
rows, turf, shade trees, woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to
produce planting material for pineapples).  Since no information is
available to determine the fate properties EFED must assume that it will
runoff/drift in the environment and persist.  

In order to assess the ecological risk and the drinking water risk,
drift data are needed.

Table 2.  Ecotoxicity Data Gaps Listed in the Ecological Risk Assessment
for Chlorflurenol (2006)

OPPTS Guideline	Study Title	Cost

(if special study)	Rationale

850.1075	Guideline 72-1: Acute freshwater fish	N/A	CFR158 requires an
acute freshwater fish toxicity test.  Currently no acceptable studies
have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to freshwater fish, acute
toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate acute risks to
freshwater fish from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1010

	Guideline 72-2: Acute freshwater invertebrate	N/A	CFR158 requires an
acute freshwater invertebrate toxicity test.  Currently no acceptable
studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to freshwater
invertebrates, acute toxicity data are needed.

In addition, there are both a freshwater gastropod and crusteacean that
are listed as threatened in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates
vers. 2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to
evaluate risk to freshwater invertebrates.

Results of this study will be used to calculate acute risks to
freshwater invertebrates from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1075	Guideline 72-3: Acute estuarine/marine fish 	N/A	CFR158
requires an acute estuarine/marine fish toxicity test when the chemical
applied may come in contact with estuarine/marine habitats.  Currently
no studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to
estuarine/marine aquatic habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk
to estuarine/marine fish, acute toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate acute risks to
estuarine/marine fish from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1035	Guideline 72-3: Acute estuarine/marine invertebrate	N/A	CFR158
requires an acute estuarine/marine invertebrate toxicity test when the
chemical applied may come in contact with estuarine/marine habitats. 
Currently no studies have been submitted. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to
estuarine/marine aquatic habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk
to estuarine/marine invertebrates, acute toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate acute risks to
estuarine/marine invertebrates from water column exposure to
chlorflurenol.

850.1400	Guideline 72-4: Chronic freshwater fish (Early-life Stage)	N/A
CFR158 requires a chronic freshwater fish toxicity test when the
chemical fate properties suggest persistence of the chemical in aquatic
environments.  Currently not enough acceptable fate studies have been
submitted to determine if the chemical will persist in the aquatic
environment.  EFED must be conservative and assume the chemical is
stable and persistent. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to freshwater fish,
chronic toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate chronic risks to
freshwater fish from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1400	Guideline 72-4: Chronic estuarine/marine fish (Early-life
Stage)	N/A	CFR158 requires a chronic estuarine/marine fish toxicity test
when the chemical fate properties suggest persistence of the chemical in
aquatic environments.  Currently not enough acceptable fate studies have
been submitted to determine if the chemical will persist in the aquatic
environment.  EFED must be conservative and assume the chemical is
stable and persistent. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to estuarine/marine fish,
chronic toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate chronic risks to
estuarine/marine fish from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1300	Guideline 72-4: Chronic freshwater invertebrate	N/A	CFR158
requires a chronic freshwater invertebrate toxicity test when the
chemical fate properties suggest persistence of the chemical in aquatic
environments.  Currently not enough acceptable fate studies have been
submitted to determine if the chemical will persist in the aquatic
environment.  EFED must be conservative and assume the chemical is
stable and persistent. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to freshwater
invertebrates, chronic toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate chronic risks to
freshwater invertebrates from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.1350	Guideline 72-4: Chronic estuarine/marine invertebrate	N/A
CFR158 requires a chronic estuarine/marine fish toxicity test when the
chemical fate properties suggest persistence of the chemical in aquatic
environments.  Currently not enough acceptable fate studies have been
submitted to determine if the chemical will persist in the aquatic
environment.  EFED must be conservative and assume the chemical is
stable and persistent. 

Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas that could be in close proximity
to water (e.g. ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, turf, shade trees,
woody shrubs, and vines, and also is used to produce planting material
for pineapples).  Since no information is available to determine the
fate properties EFED must assume that it will runoff/drift to aquatic
habitats and persist.  In order to assess risk to estuarine/marine fish,
chronic toxicity data are needed.

Results of this study will be used to calculate chronic risks to
estuarine/marine fish from water column exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.2300	Guideline 71-4: Avian reproduction	N/A	CFR158 requires an avian
reproduction toxicity test when the chemical fate properties suggest
persistence of the chemical in aquatic environments.  Currently not
enough acceptable fate studies have been submitted to determine if the
chemical will persist in the aquatic environment.  EFED must be
conservative and assume the chemical is stable and persistent. 

No avian reproduction studies were submitted; however, a mammalian
developmental study showed treatment-related delayed ossification in
skull bones [nasal and frontal] in fetuses and litters as well as cleft
palates and one diaphragmatic hernia.  An avian reproductive study is
needed to determine if birds are susceptible to similar developmental as
well as other treatment-related effects.

In addition, there are many avian species that are listed as threatened
and endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates vers.
2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to evaluate
risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate reproductive risks to
birds from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.4225	Guideline 123-1: Terrestrial plant seedling emergence (Tier II)
N/A	CFR158 requires a terrestrial plant seedling emergence tier II
toxicity test when the chemical is classified as an herbicide. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted to determine
toxicity to terrestrial plants. 

Chlorflurenol is an herbicide and therefore EFED assumes it will affect
terrestrial plant species.  In open literature, chlorflurenol has been
shown to induce parthenocarpy in cucumbers (Robinson et al. 1971) and
interrupt ovule development in muskmelons (Snyder et al. 1983).  

In addition, there is a copious amount of plants that are listed as
threatened and endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates
vers. 2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to
evaluate risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate risks to terrestrial
plants from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.4250	Guideline 123-1: Terrestrial plant vegetative vigor (Tier II)
N/A	CFR158 requires a terrestrial plant vegetative vigor tier II
toxicity test when the chemical is classified as an herbicide. 
Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted to determine
toxicity to terrestrial plants. 

Chlorflurenol is an herbicide and therefore EFED assumes it will affect
terrestrial plant species.  In open literature, chlorflurenol has been
shown to induce parthenocarpy in cucumbers (Robinson et al. 1971) and
interrupt ovule development in muskmelons (Snyder et al. 1983).

In addition, there are many plants that are listed as threatened and
endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates vers. 2.10.3). 
In order to protect these species data are needed to evaluate risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate risks to terrestrial
plants from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.4400	Guideline 123-2 Aquatic plant growth	N/A	CFR158 requires an
aquatic plant growth toxicity test when the chemical is classified as an
herbicide.  Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted to
determine toxicity to aquatic plants. 

Chlorflurenol is an herbicide and therefore EFED assumes it will affect
aquatic plant species.  In open literature, chlorflurenol has been shown
to induce parthenocarpy in cucumbers (Robinson et al. 1971) and
interrupt ovule development in muskmelons (Snyder et al. 1983).

In addition, there are a few aquatic plants that are listed as
threatened and endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates
vers. 2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to
evaluate risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate risks to aquatic
vascular plants from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.5400	Guideline 123-2 Aquatic plant growth	N/A	CFR158 requires an
aquatic plant growth toxicity test when the chemical is classified as an
herbicide.  Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted to
determine toxicity to aquatic plants. 

Chlorflurenol is an herbicide and therefore EFED assumes it will affect
aquatic plant species.  In open literature, chlorflurenol has been shown
to induce parthenocarpy in cucumbers (Robinson et al. 1971) and
interrupt ovule development in muskmelons (Snyder et al. 1983).

In addition, there are a few aquatic plants that are listed as
threatened and endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates
vers. 2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to
evaluate risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate risks to aquatic
non-vascular plants from exposure to chlorflurenol.

850.3020	Guideline 141-1: Honey bee acute contact toxicity	N/A	CFR158
requires a honey bee acute contact toxicity test when the chemical is
likely to be applied in an area where bees are likely to be located. 
Chlorflurenol can be applied to areas where bees may forage (e.g.
ornamentals, hedge and fence rows, and turf).  

Currently no acceptable studies have been submitted to determine
toxicity to honey bees. 

In addition, there are many terrestrial invertebrates that are listed as
threatened and endangered in the state of Hawaii (according to Locates
vers. 2.10.3).  In order to protect these species data are needed to
evaluate risk.

Results of this study will be used to calculate risks to terrestrial
invertebrates from exposure to chlorflurenol.

Literature Cited

Robinson, R. W., D. J. Cantliffe, and S. Shannon.  1971. 
Morphactin-induced parthenocarpy in the cucumber.  Science 171:
1251-1252.

Snyder, J. C., C. Carter, and D. E. Knavel.  1983.  Chlorflurenol ME
interrupts ovule development of muskmelon.  HortScience 18:345-347.