Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0303-0009
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2004-09-10T04:00Z

Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Occupational
Residential
Exposure
Assessment
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
Antimicrobials
Division
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
1801
South
Bell
St.
Arlington,
VA
22202
Page
2
of
45
AGRICULTURAL
EXPOSURE/
RISK
ASSESSMENT
AND
CHARACTERIZATION
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
This
document
contains
the
occupational
and
residential
exposure
assessment
for
industrial,
commercial,
residential,
and
agricultural
uses
of
a
group
of
brominated
compounds
marketed
as
Dantobrom
and
Dantochlor.
Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin,
dichlorodimethylhydantoin,
and
dichloroethylmethylhydantoin
are
active
ingredients
used
in
Dantobrom
and
Dantochlor
formulations
used
in
the
control
of
bacteria,
fungi,
and
algal
slimes.
In
addition,
the
hydroxymethylhydantoin,
formulated
as
Dantogard,
is
used
as
a
material
preservative.
(
For
convenience,
all
formulations
are
hereafter
referred
to
as
'
dihalodialkylhydantoin'.)

Dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
an
antimicrobial
used
to
control
slime
formation
in
water
systems
and
as
a
material
preservative.
Registered
use
sites
for
water
systems
include
cooling
water
systems,
paper
and
paperboard
process
water,
wastewater
treatment,
use
as
an
in­
tank
toilet
bowl
sanitizer,
and
use
in
swimming
pools.
As
a
material
preservative
it
is
used
to
control
bacteria
and
fungi
in
various
other
products
such
as
detergents,
fabric
softeners,
household
cleaning
products,
paints,
textiles,
etc.
Maximum
application
rates
range
from
0.000098
lb
ai/
gallon
for
transportation
cleaning
water
systems
and
up
to
0.00122
lb
ai/
gallon
for
spas.
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
formulated
in
the
following
forms:
tablet,
pellet,
briquette,
granular,
ready­
to­
use
solution,
wettable
powder,
soluble
concentrate,
liquid,
and
gel.
The
application
rates
used
in
the
assessment
are
based
on
the
maximum
stated
application
rates
on
labels.

In
lieu
of
toxicity
data
for
dihalodialkylhydantoin,
data
for
dimethylhydantoin,
a
principle
component
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin,
have
been
used.
Acute
toxicity
categories
for
the
technical
grade
dimethylhydantoin
are
toxicity
category
III
for
oral,
category
II
for
inhalation
and
category
IV
for
dermal.
The
endpoints
used
in
this
document
to
assess
dimethylhydantoin
risks
are
the
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal,
inhalation,
and
ingestion.
The
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
and
inhalation
NOAELs
are
390
mg/
kg/
day
and
100
mg/
kg/
day,
respectively.
The
dermal
NOAEL
is
based
on
the
highest
level
of
exposure
tested,
as
no
systemic
effects
were
noticed
in
the
subchronic
dermal
toxicity
study
performed
on
rats.
The
inhalation
NOAEL
is
based
on
skeletal
effects
observed
in
maternal
rabbits
oral
study.
An
uncertainty
factor
or
"
target"
margin
of
exposure
(
MOE)
of
100
is
based
on
10x
for
differences
among
humans
(
intra
species
variability)
and
10x
for
differences
between
the
test
animals
and
humans
(
inter
species
extrapolation).
Thus
MOEs
of
greater
than
100
do
not
exceed
the
Agency's
level
of
concern
for
occupational
uses.
Exposures
and
MOEs
for
short­
and
intermediate­
term
aggregate
exposure
risk
assessment
for
oral,
dermal,
and
inhalation
exposures
cannot
be
combined
due
to
the
lack
of
a
common
endpoint
of
toxicity
from
the
different
routes
of
exposure.

5,5­
dimethylhydantoin
is
classified
as
`
not
likely'
to
be
a
carcinogen
based
upon
the
negative
evidence
for
carcinogenicity
in
both
the
rat
and
mouse
studies
as
well
as
the
negative
evidence
of
mutagenicity.
Page
3
of
45
The
scenarios
considered
in
the
risk
assessment
are
shown
in
Table
1.
These
scenarios
were
selected
based
on
examination
of
product
labels
describing
uses
for
the
product.
Most
of
the
scenarios
fall
under
the
"
industrial
premises
and
water
systems"
category.
The
material
preservative
use
is
assessed
for
general
household
cleaning
products
and
paints.

Several
different
sources
of
handler
exposure
data
were
used
to
assess
occupational
and
residential
dihalodialkylhydantoin
risks.
Data
from
the
both
proprietary
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
(
CMA)
antimicrobial
exposure
study
and
the
Pesticide
Handlers
Exposure
Database
(
PHED)
were
used.

Out
of
all
scenarios
considered,
an
MOE
lower
than
the
target
MOE
was
found
for
only
two
scenarios:
placing
solids
in
a
once
through
cooling
water
system
(
Dermal
MOE=
76),
and
greenhouse
and
nursery
irrigation
systems
(
MOE
=
14
for
use
of
tablets
with
gloves,
MOE
=
2
for
use
of
granules
without
gloves).
Additional
data
are
needed
to
refine
the
use
information
for
these
two
scenarios.

There
are
a
number
of
uncertainties
associated
with
this
assessment
(
See
Section
6.0).
In
general,
conservative
values
were
used
in
cases
where
data
were
lacking.
Assessments
for
these
scenarios
should
be
considered
as
screening­
level.
Page
4
of
45
Table
1.
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Scenarios
Use
Site
Category
Scenario
Industrial
Premises
and
Water
Systems
(
Industrial)
°
Placing
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
pellets
into
cooling
and
process
water
systems
°
Pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
granules/
powders
into
a
feeder
for
cooling
and
process
water
systems
°
Process
water
systems
includes:
recirculating
cooling
water,
once­
through
cooling
water,
sewage
systems,
pulp
and
paper
process
water,
photo
processing
water,
air
washers,
evaporative
coolers,
and
cannery
water
Commercial,
Institutional
and
Industrial
Premises
and
Equipment
(
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises)
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
into
air
conditioner/
humidifier
drip
pans
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
in
ornamental
fountains
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
in
transportation
cleaning
water
systems
°
Commercial
painters
using
paint
preserved
with
dihalodialkylhydantoin
Material
Preservatives
°
Pouring
liquid
dihalodialkylhydantoin
into
paints
during
manufacturing
Swimming
Pools
°
Placing
or
pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
granules
in
swimming
pools
and
hot
tubs
Residential
and
Public
Access
Premises
(
Residential)
°
Handling
of
liquid
general
purpose
cleaner
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
into
toilet
tank
°
Using
brush/
roller/
airless
sprayer
to
apply
paint
to
house
°
Toddler
exposure
to
residues
of
carpet
shampoo
°
Toddler
and
adult
exposure
to
treated
clothing
Agricultural
Premises
and
Equipment
°
Pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
granules
vehicle
and
foot
baths
at
the
entrances
to
greenhouses
Aquatic
Areas
°
Placing/
pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
granules
chemigation/
irrigation
systems
in
greenhouses
Page
5
of
45
1.0
BACKGROUND
Purpose
In
this
document,
which
is
for
use
in
EPA's
development
of
the
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Reregistration
Eligibility
Decision
Document
(
RED),
EPA
presents
the
results
of
its
review
of
the
potential
human
health
effects
of
occupational
and
residential
exposure
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin.

Criteria
for
Conducting
Exposure
Assessments
An
occupational
exposure
assessment
is
required
for
an
active
ingredient
if
(
1)
certain
toxicological
criteria
are
triggered
and
(
2)
there
is
potential
exposure
to
handlers
(
mixers,
loaders,
applicators,
etc.)
during
use
or
to
persons
entering
treated
sites
after
application
is
complete.
For
dihalodialkylhydantoin,
both
criterion
are
met.

1.1
Summary
of
Toxicity
Concerns
Relating
to
Exposures
Acute
Toxicology
Categories
The
hydantoins
are
a
group
of
chemicals
composed
of
several
halogenated
compounds
(
i.
e.
a
central
organic
hydantoin
ring
moiety
(
either
dimethylhydantoin
or
ethylmethylhydantoin)
to
which
halogen
atoms
(
bromine
and/
or
chlorine)
can
be
attached
at
both
the
1
and
3
positions
on
the
hydantoin
ring),
as
well
as
hydroxymethylhydantoin
compounds
(
1,3­
bis(
hydroxymethyl)­
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin
and
1­
hydroxymethyl)­
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin).
These
antimicrobial
chemicals
are
used
in
the
control
of
bacteria,
fungi,
and
algal
slimes
in
recirculating
cooling
water
systems
and
sewage
systems,
industrial
air
washer
systems,
once­
through
industrial
cooling
water
systems,
swimming
pool
water
systems,
ornamental
ponds,
fountains,
and
aquaria,
toilet
bowls
and
urinals,
air
filters/
air
ducts,
and
various
preserved
products
(
e.
g.,
household
cleaners)..
The
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
has
determined
that
the
moieties
of
toxicological
concern
are
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin
(
DMH)
and
5
ethyl­
5
methyl
hydantoin
(
EMH),
and
recognized
that
it
is
most
appropriate
to
test
these
organic
moieties
as
representative
of
the
toxicity
of
the
hydantoins.
Therefore,
for
the
purposes
of
this
assessment,
the
toxicity
of
dimethylhydantoin
is
considered
as
representative
of
the
toxicity
of
the
active
ingredient.

Table
2
presents
the
acute
toxicity
categories
as
outlined
in
the
toxicity
memorandum
dated
August
28,
2000
(
USEPA,
2000a).
A
developmental
neurotoxicity
study
was
not
required
for
dimethylhydantoins,
since
the
evidence
did
not
support
the
need
for
such
a
study.
Page
6
of
45
Table
2.
Acute
Toxicity
Categories
for
Dimethylhydantoin
Study
Type
Toxicity
Category
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
III
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
IV
Acute
Inhalation
Toxicity
II
Primary
Eye
Irritation
I
Primary
Dermal
Irritation
II
Dermal
Sensitization
Positive
Sensitizer
Acute
Neurotoxicity
No
Study
Available
Other
Endpoints
of
Concern
Dimethylhydantoin
­
Report
of
the
Hazard
Identification
Assessment
Review
Committee
(
August
28,
2000)
indicates
that
there
are
toxicological
endpoints
of
concern
for
dimethylhydantoin.
The
endpoints
and
associated
uncertainty
factors
used
in
assessing
the
risks
for
dihaloalkylhydantoin
are
presented
in
Table
3.
Page
7
of
45
Table
3.
Dimethylhydantoin
Hazard
Endpoints
and
Uncertainty
Factors
EXPOSURE
SCENARIO
DOSE
(
mg/
kg/
day)
ENDPOINT
STUDY
Acute
Dietary
(
females
13­
50)
NOAEL
=
100
UF
=
100
skeletal
variations
at
500
mg/
kg/
day
developmental
toxicity
­
rabbit
Acute
RfD
=
1
mg/
kg
Chronic
Dietarya
(
general
population)
NOAEL
=
300
UF
=
100
decreased
body
weight/
weight
gain
and
lymph
node
hyperplasia
chronic
toxicity/
carcinogenicity
(
rats)

Chronic
RfD
(
gen.
Pop.)
=
3
mg/
kg/
day
Chronic
Dietarya
(
females
13­
50)
NOAEL
=
100
UF
=
100
Chronic
RfD
(
females
13­
50)
=
1
mg/
kg/
day
developmental
toxicity
­
rabbit
Incidental
Oral,
Short­
Term
NOAEL
=
500
UF
=
100
decreased
body
weight
gain
in
maternal
rabbits
at
1000
mg/
kg/
day
developmental
toxicity
­
rabbit
Incidental
Oral,
Intermediate­
Term
NOAEL
=
300
UF
=
100
decreased
body
weight
and
liver
weight
at
1000
mg/
kg/
day
subchronic
oral
toxicity
­
rats
Dermal:
Short­
,
Intermediate­,
and
Long­
Term
NOAEL
=
390
(
HDT)
UF
=
100
no
systemic
toxicity
at
the
highest
dose
tested.
subchronic
dermal
toxicity
­
rats
Inhalation,
Short­
Termb
Oral
NOAEL
=
100
UF
=
100
skeletal
effects
in
offspring
at
500
mg/
kg/
day
developmental
toxicity
­
rabbit
aThe
HIARC
selected
separate
chronic
RfDs
for
females
13­
50
and
the
general
population
because
this
was
an
unusual
case
where
the
developmental
NOAEL
was
lower
than
the
lowest
NOAEL
available
for
chronic
toxicity.
The
rabbit
developmental
toxicity
study
was
therefore
selected
to
provide
adequate
protection
for
the
females
13­
50
subpopulation.
ba
100%
inhalation
absorption
value
is
used
for
route­
to­
route
extrapolation.

1.2
Summary
of
Use
Pattern
and
Formulations
Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin,
dichlorodimethylhydantoin,
and
dichloroethylmethylhydantoin
are
active
ingredients
in
Dantobrom
and
Dantochlor
formulations
used
in
the
control
of
bacteria,
fungi,
and
algal
slimes.
In
addition,
hydroxymethylhydantoin,
formulated
as
Dantogard,
is
used
as
a
material
preservative
(
For
convenience,
all
Dantobrom/
Dantochlor/
Dantogard
formulations
are
hereafter
referred
to
as
simply
'
dihalodialkylhydantoin'.)
At
this
time,
products
containing
Page
8
of
45
dihalodialkylhydantoin
are
intended
for
occupational,
agricultural,
and
residential/
commercial
use.
The
occupational
uses
include:
cooling
water
systems,
paper
and
paperboard
process
water,
wastewater
treatment,
and
air
washing
systems.
The
residential/
commercial
uses
include:
in­
tank
toilet
bowl
sanitizer,
antifoulant
in
swimming
pools
and
ornamental
fountains,
and
transportation
cleaning
water
systems.
Agricultural
uses
includes
greenhouse
chemigation
systems
and
vehicle
and
foot
baths
at
entrances
to
greenhouses.
Material
preservative
uses
include
household
cleaning
products,
paints,
textiles,
etc.

Formulation
Types
and
Percent
Active
Ingredient
Concentrations
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
in
products
range
from
35%
to
99%,
with
the
vast
majority
containing
concentrations
above
90
percent.
Most
formulations
are
in
solid
form
of
tablets
and
pellets.
However,
dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
also
available
as
briquettes,
granules,
powders,
gels,
and
liquids
for
the
material
preservative
use.
Tables
A1
to
A7
in
the
appendix
show
how
dihalodialkylhydantoin
products
are
formulated.

1.3
Methods
Used
for
Mixing/
Loading/
Applying
The
Agency
determines
potential
exposures
to
handlers
of
the
product
by
identifying
exposure
scenarios
from
the
various
application
methods
that
are
plausible,
given
the
label
uses.
Based
on
reviewing
product
labels,
the
antimicrobial,
residential,
and
agricultural
use
patterns
specific
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin
are
associated
with
the
following
application
equipment:

Industrial
Uses:

°
Placing
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
pellets
into
cooling
and
process
water
systems,
°
Pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
granules
into
a
feeder
for
cooling
and
process
water
systems,

Material
Preservative
Uses:

°
Liquid
pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
into
paints
as
representative
of
all
material
preservative
uses.

Commercial
Uses:

°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
into
air
conditioner/
humidifier
drip
pans
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
in
ornamental
fountains
°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
in
transportation
cleaning
water
systems.
°
Commercial
painting
(
brush/
airless
sprayer).

Swimming
Pool
Uses:
Page
9
of
45
°
Placing
or
pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
granules
in
swimming
pools
and
hot
tubs,

Residential
Uses:

°
Placing
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets
into
toilet
tanks,
°
General
household
cleaning
products
(
mopping
and
wiping),
°
Painting
with
brush/
airless
sprayer
(
material
preservative
use).

Agricultural
Uses:

°
Pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
granules
in
foot
baths
at
the
entrances
to
greenhouses.

Aquatic
Area
Uses:

°
Placing/
pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
granules
in
greenhouse
chemigation/
irrigation
systems,

2.0
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
AND
WATER
SYSTEMS
(
HANDLER
AND
POSTAPPLICATION)

Dihalodialkylhydantoin
products
are
used
in
a
variety
of
industrial
applications,
all
of
which
relate
to
preventing
slime
formation
in
water
systems.
Concentrations
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
in
these
products
range
from
90%
to
98%,
are
generally
formulated
as
tablets,
pellets,
briquettes,
or
granules.
The
remaining
formulations
are
either
gels,
wettable
powders,
or
ready­
to­
use
solutions,
and
all
may
be
considered
as
solid
(
as
opposed
to
liquid)
formulations.

2.1
Handler
Exposures
The
handlers
were
identified
as
those
individuals
who
use
the
formulated
product
in
industrial/
commercial
water
systems
to
limit
microbial
growth.
Systems
in
which
the
formulated
product
is
used
include
recirculating
cooling
water,
once­
through
cooling
water,
pulp
and
paper
process
water,
photo
processing
water,
and
transportation
cleaning
systems.
The
risks
were
assessed
to
the
handlers
using
the
dermal
and
inhalation
exposure
data
for
loading
powder
formulations
from
the
proprietary
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
(
CMA)
antimicrobial
exposure
study
(
DP
Barcode
D247642).

The
following
two
primary
handler
exposure
scenarios
have
been
identified:

°
Placing
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
tablets/
pellets
into
cooling
and
process
water
systems,
and
°
Pouring
dihalodialkylhydantoin
granules/
powders
into
a
feeder
for
cooling
and
process
water
systems.
Page
10
of
45
Daily
Inhal
Exposure
mg
AI
day
Inhal
Unit
Exposure
mg
AI
lb
AI
Max
Appl
Rate
lb
AI
Gal
Max
Volume
Treated
Gallons
Day
.
.
..
.






=








 






 






Daily
Inhalation
Exposure
mg
day
inhalation
absorption
inhalation
tox
study
Body
Weight
kg
(
/
)
(
)

(
)
 
  
1
Short
and
Intermediate
Duration
Exposure
MOE
NOAEL
mg
kg
day
Daily
Dose
mg
kg
day
=
(
/
/
)

(
/
/
)
These
two
types
of
exposure
scenarios
were
assessed
for
each
of
the
water
systems
in
question.
The
methods
for
applying
gels,
briquettes,
and
ready­
to­
use
solutions
are
nearly
identical
to
at
least
one
of
the
two
methods
described
above,
based
on
the
directions
on
the
label.
Therefore,
although
the
two
exposure
scenarios
considered
include
only
products
that
are
tablets,
pellets,
granules,
or
wettable
powders,
these
scenarios
should
be
sufficient
to
describe
the
risks
associated
with
all
formulations.

The
exposure/
risks
were
calculated
using
the
following
equations.
Potential
daily
inhalation
exposure
is
calculated
using
the
following
formula:

The
daily
dermal
exposures
were
calculated
using
the
following
formula:

These
calculations
of
potential
daily
exposure
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin
by
handlers
are
used
to
calculate
the
potential
doses
and
total
risk
to
those
handlers.

Daily
Short­
and
intermediate­
term
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
is
calculated
as:

Daily
Dermal
Exposure
mg
day
dermal
absorption
dermal
tox
study
Body
Weight
kg
(
/
)
(
)

(
)
 
  
1
Daily
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
is
calculated
as:

Margin
of
Exposure
(
MOE)
is
calculated
by
dividing
the
NOAEL
by
the
daily
dose.
Page
11
of
45
The
following
assumptions
were
used
in
calculating
the
exposures/
risks:

Application
rates
­
The
rate
at
which
dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
applied
varies
for
each
type
of
water
system.
Table
4
shows
the
maximum
label­
recommended
rates
for
the
various
systems.
In
general,
different
labels
for
the
same
use
have
the
same
application
rates.
However,
some
labels
differ
slightly,
and
only
the
highest
listed
concentration
for
each
water
system
is
shown
in
the
table.
Table
4
shows
both
the
initial
dose
needed
when
the
system
is
noticeably
fouled,
and
the
subsequent
doses
needed
to
maintain
control.
Rates
in
Table
4
are
given
in
terms
of
weight
of
formulated
product.
In
order
to
determine
rates
in
terms
of
active
ingredient,
the
values
must
be
multiplied
by
the
percent
of
the
active
ingredient
in
the
formulation.
Most
formulations
are
above
95%
active
ingredient,
with
the
exception
of
the
gel­
based
products,
which
have
concentrations
between
35%
and
40%.

Amount
handled
­
Most
of
the
estimates
for
the
amount
of
water
or
paper
that
is
handled
by
each
worker
have
been
taken
from
the
report
Antimicrobial
Pesticides,
Uses,
Human
Exposures,
and
Risk
Assessments
that
contains
use
information
for
selected
scenarios
related
to
antimicrobials
(
Dang,
1996).
The
estimates
used
are
shown
in
Table
5.
Data
were
available
for
cooling
water
systems
and
were
used
to
calculate
exposures
to
recirculating
cooling
water
systems
and
oncethrough
water
cooling
systems.
In
the
absence
of
better
information,
an
estimate
of
20,000
gallons/
day
was
used
for
wastewater
treatment,
photo
processing
process
water,
air
washers,
evaporative
cooler,
and
cannery
water
scenarios.
Page
12
of
45
Table
4.
Maximum
Recommended
Doses
for
Industrial
Water
Systems
Water
System
Maximum
Application
Rate
of
Formulated
Product
(
Initial)
a
Maximum
Application
Rate
of
Formulated
Product
(
Subsequent)
a
Percent
Active
Ingredientb
Recirculating
Cooling
Water
1.0
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.75
lbs/
1000
gallons
98
Once­
Through
Cooling
Water
1.0
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.30
lbs/
1000
gallons
98
Wastewater
Treatment
1.0
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.75
lbs/
1000
gallons
98
Pulp
and
Paper
Process
Water
2
lbs/
100
tons
paper
2
lbs/
100
tons
paper
98
Photo
Processing
Water
9
g/
1000
gallons
9
g/
1000
gallons
98
Air
Washer
1.0
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.75
lbs/
1000
gallons
98
Evaporative
Cooler
0.6
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.3
lbs/
1000
gallons
96
Cannery
Water
288
mg/
L
216
mg/
L
40
aUnits
are
given
in
terms
of
weight
of
formulated
product,
not
weight
of
active
ingredient.
bThe
percentage
is
the
percent
active
ingredient
from
the
label
with
the
maximum
rate
of
application
of
active
ingredient.

Table
5.
Use
Information
Water
System
Use
Rate
Recirculating
Cooling
Water
8,000
gal
water/
day
Once­
Through
Cooling
Water
100,000
gal
water/
day
Wastewater
Treatment
20,000
gal
water/
day
Pulp
and
Paper
Process
Water
100
tons
paper/
day
Photo
Processing
Water
20,000
gal
water/
day
Air
Washer
20,000
gal
water/
day
Evaporative
Cooler
20,000
gal
water/
day
Cannery
Water
20,000
gal
water/
day
Values
for
unit
exposures
come
from
two
sources:
the
CMA
study
(
USEPA,
1999)
and
Dang,
1996.

°
Solid
Pour
­
The
CMA
data
for
pouring
solid
formulations
for
preservatives
are
based
on
transferring
powder/
flakes
from
large
containers
to
smaller
containers
for
measuring
and
pouring.
Visible
dusts
were
generated
during
certain
phases
of
application.
Some
applicators
wore
aprons.
Page
13
of
45
Ten
of
11
test
subjects
wore
protective
gloves.
These
products
were
applied
from
2
to
285
minutes
per
application.

°
Solid
Place
­
The
CMA
data
for
placing
solid
formulations
are
based
on
placing
water
soluble
packets,
tablets,
and
permeable
"
tea"
bags
onto
machines.
The
time
required
to
apply
these
packets
to
40
machines
took
between
12
to
20
minutes.
In
the
study,
2
or
3
replicates
wore
gloves.

°
Pulp
and
Paper
­
Unit
exposures
for
pulp
and
paper
are
taken
from
Dang,
1996.
The
value
for
placing
solid
formulations
in
pulp
and
paper
process
water
is
based
on
five
1
lb
test
packages
that
were
placed
in
3
gallons
of
water.

The
results
of
the
MOE
analysis
are
presented
in
Table
6.
For
industrial
use,
the
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
and
inhalation
MOEs
for
the
primary
handlers
wearing
long
pants,
long
sleeved
shirts,
chemical
resistant
gloves,
goggles,
and
a
face
shield
(
as
required
by
the
label)
were
determined.
Dermal
MOEs
range
from
a
high
of
151,000
for
solid
pour
in
photo
processing
water
systems,
to
76
for
solid
place
in
once­
through
cooling
water
systems.
Except
for
once­
through
cooling
water
systems,
all
MOEs
are
above
the
EPA
required
margin
of
exposure
(
100).
Page
14
of
45
Table
6.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Industrial
Uses
of
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Exposure
Scenario
Method
of
Application
Clothing
Attire
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
a
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
b
Appl.

Rate
c
(
lb
a.
i./
gal)
Amount
Treated
d
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
e
Dermal
MOE
f
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
g
Inhalation
MOE
f
Recirculating
Cooling
Water
Solid
Place
Long
pants,

long­
sleeved
shirt,

chemical
resistant
gloves,
goggles,

and
face
mask
11.9
0.257
0.00075
8000
gal
1.0
390
0.0216
4630
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.00075
8000
gal
0.0391
9960
0.00127
78800
Once­
Through
Cooling
Water
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
0.0003
100000
gal
5.1
76
0.11
909
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.0003
100000
gal
0.20
1950
0.0065
15385
Wastewater
Treatment
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
0.000735
20000
gal
2.5
156
0.054
1850
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.000735
20000
gal
0.0979
3990
0.00317
31500
Pulp
and
Paper
Process
Water
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
1.96
lb
/

100
tons
paper
100
tons
paper
0.333
2730
0.00720
32,400
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
1.96
lb
/

100
tons
paper
100
tons
paper
0.0130
69,700
0.000423
552,000
Photo
Processing
Water
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
1.94x10­
5
20000
gal
0.0661
5900
0.00143
70100
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
1.94x10­
5
20000
gal
0.00259
151000
0.0000838
1190000
Air
Washer
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
0.000735
20000
gal
2.5
156
0.054
1850
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.000735
20000
gal
0.0979
3990
0.00317
31500
Evaporative
Cooler
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
0.00072
20000
gal
2.45
159
0.0529
1890
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.00072
20000
gal
0.0959
4070
0.00311
32200
Cannery
Water
Solid
Place
11.9
0.257
0.00072
20000
gal
2.45
159
0.0529
1890
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0151
0.00072
20000
gal
0.0959
4070
0.00311
32200
a,
b
Dermal
and
inhalation
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.
Solid
pour
unit
exposures
are
based
on
values
for
cooling
towers,
while
solid
place
values
are
based
on
preservatives.

c
Application
rates
are
based
on
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
labels.

d
Amount
treated
is
based
on
Dang,
1996.

e
Abs.
dermal
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
dermal
absorption
(
1.0)
*
Appl.
rate
(
lb
ai/
gallon)
*
gallons
handled
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

f
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
and
inhalation
NOAEL
=
390
mg/
kg/
day
and
100
mg/
kg/
day,
respectively].
Target
MOE
is
100.

g
Inhalation
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)*
max
appl
rate
*
amount
treated
*
1
inhalation
absorption]
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).
Page
15
of
45
2.2
Postapplication
Exposures
Postapplication
inhalation
exposures
may
occur
in
the
industrial
settings
around
the
water
systems
via
inhalation,
and
dermal
exposures
may
occur
while
maintaining
industrial
equipment.
However,
occupational
postapplication
dermal
and
inhalation
exposures
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin
are
likely
to
be
minimal
compared
to
handler
exposure
because
of
dilution
during
processing.
No
postapplication
exposure
data
have
been
submitted
to
the
agency
to
determine
the
extent
of
postapplication
exposures
in
the
industrial
settings.
Inhalation
exposures
are
expected
to
be
minimal
because
aerosol
generation
is
not
expected
and
the
vapor
pressure
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
low
(
the
vapor
pressure
of
a
principal
component,
Bromochloro­
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin,
is
7.01x10­
5
mm
Hg
(
Clearon,
2003).

3.0
MATERIAL
PRESERVATIVE,
COMMERCIAL/
INSTITUTIONAL
PREMISES
AND
SWIMMING
POOLS
(
HANDLER
AND
POSTAPPLICATION)

3.1
Occupational
and
Residential
Handlers
3.1.1
Handler
Exposures
Scenarios
Commercial
use
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
similar
in
purpose
to
industrial
useBit
is
used
to
prevent
slime
formation
in
water
systems.
In
addition,
it
is
used
as
a
material
preservative
in
paints,
etc.
Six
scenarios
have
been
identified
to
represent
the
high
end
exposure
potential
for
these
uses:

°
Liquid
pour
of
product
into
paint
during
manufacturing
as
a
material
preservative,
°
Solid
place
of
product
in
air
conditioner
/
humidifier
drip
pans,
°
Solid
place
of
product
in
ornamental
fountains,
°
Solid
place
of
product
for
use
in
transportation
cleaning
water
systems,
°
Commercial
painters
(
brush/
airless
sprayer);
°
Solid
place/
pour
of
product
in
commercial
swimming
pools
and
spas;
and
°
Metal
working
fluids
(
machinist).

The
material
preservative
use
assessed
for
paints
is
believed
to
be
representative
of
the
other
preservative
uses
on
the
labels
such
as
detergents,
fabric
softeners,
household
cleaning
products,
surfactants,
polymer
emulsions,
coatings,
textiles,
adhesives,
sealants
and
caulks,
and
inks.
Therefore,
separate
commercial
general
cleaning
scenarios
(
i.
e.,
mopping
and
wiping)
have
not
been
assessed.
Occupational
exposure
occurs
when
pouring
or
pumping
using
metering
systems.
Exposure
occurs
either
via
loading
and
filling
of
bulk
tanks,
contact
with
pipes,
or
hoses
or
setup/
maintenance
of
the
automated
metering
system.
General
preservatives
are
added
to
a
mechanical
system
and
mixed
into
slurries
in
tanks
or
bins.

There
also
exist
ready­
to­
use
solutions
available
for
use
in
air
conditioner/
humidifier
drip
pans,
ornamental
fountains,
and
swimming
pools/
spas.
However,
based
on
the
directions
given
in
the
labels
for
these
products,
application
is
similar
to
the
placement
of
tablets.
Therefore
ready­
to­
use
solutions
are
assumed
to
be
applied
via
solid
placement
of
the
product.

The
use
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
in
residential
scenarios
is
also
possible
for
air
conditioner
drip
pans
and
swimming
pools.
In
residential
scenarios,
handlers
are
traditionally
assessed
using
baseline
Page
16
of
45
conditions
only.
However,
commercial
handlers
are
assessed
using
both
baseline
and
PPE
(
e.
g.,
with
gloves).
The
assumption
for
residential
handlers
is
that
label
requirements
for
PPE
for
homeowners
are
not
enforceable,
so
a
worst
case
baseline
assumption
is
used
to
assess
these
handlers.
The
application
rates
used
for
both
types
of
scenarios
have
been
assumed
to
be
the
typical
rates
for
commercial
applications.
This
will
be
an
overestimate
of
the
typical
use
rates
for
residential
handlers.

Exposure/
risks
were
calculated
using
the
same
equations
as
for
industrial
use
scenarios.
The
following
assumptions
were
made
in
calculating
the
exposures/
risks:

°
Application
rates
­
The
rate
at
which
dihalodialkylhydantoin
is
applied
varies
for
each
use.
Table
7
shows
the
maximum
label­
recommended
rates
for
the
various
systems.
In
general,
different
labels
for
the
same
use
have
the
same
application
rates.
However,
some
labels
differ
slightly,
and
only
the
highest
listed
concentration
for
each
water
system
is
shown
in
the
table.
Table
7
shows
both
the
initial
dose
needed
when
the
system
is
noticeably
fouled,
and
the
subsequent
doses
needed
to
maintain
control.
For
air
conditioner/
humidifier
drip
pans,
the
labels
state
that
"
one
or
more
tablets"
should
be
used
as
needed.
The
weight
of
the
tablet
is
20
grams.
For
lack
of
specific
label
information,
it
was
assumed
that
three
tablets
is
a
worst
case
estimate
of
the
amount
of
tablets
needed
to
disinfect
air
conditioner/
humidifier
drip
pans.
Rates
in
Table
7
are
given
in
terms
of
weight
of
formulated
product.
In
order
to
determine
rates
in
terms
of
active
ingredient,
the
values
must
be
multiplied
by
the
percent
of
the
active
ingredient
in
the
formulation.

Table
7.
Maximum
Recommended
Doses
for
Commercial
Uses
Use
Maximum
Application
Rate
of
Formulated
Product
(
Initial)
a
Maximum
Application
Rate
of
Formulated
Product
(
Subsequent)
a
Percent
Active
Ingredientb
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
Material
Preservative
2
percent
by
weight
of
formulated
product
52.4
Air
Conditioner
/
Humidifier
Drip
Pans
3
tablets
3
tablets
98
Ornamental
Fountains
6
lbs/
10,000
gallons
3
lbs/
10,000
gallons
98
Transportation
Cleaning
0.2
lbs/
1000
gallons
0.10
lbs/
1000
gallons
98
Commercial
Painters
2
percent
by
weight
of
formulated
product
52.4
Swimming
Pools
/
Spas
Swimming
Pools
180
g/
10,000
gallons
180
g/
10,000
gal
98
Spas
85
g/
150
gallons
85
g/
150
gallons
98
aThe
rates
listed
are
the
maximum
rate
of
application
of
formulated
product,
not
the
maximum
rate
of
application
of
active
ingredient.
bThe
percentage
is
the
percent
active
ingredient
from
the
label
with
the
maximum
rate
of
application
of
active
ingredient.
Page
17
of
45
$
Amount
handled
­
Estimates
for
the
amount
of
water
that
is
treated
by
each
worker
are
shown
in
Table
8.
Very
little
data
could
be
found
regarding
typical
amounts
handled
by
workers.
These
values
are
mostly
estimates
based
on
searching
for
typical
values
used
for
each
type
of
equipment.
For
a
worker
performing
air
conditioning
maintenance
in
a
large
institution,
it
has
been
assumed
that
3
air­
conditioner
units
were
maintained.
Commercial
painters
are
assumed
to
handle
5
gallons/
day
with
a
brush/
roller
and
up
to
50
gallons/
day
for
an
airless
sprayer.
A
large
ornamental
pond
was
assumed
to
be
the
same
size
as
an
average
residential
swimming
pool
(
the
value
for
average
swimming
pool
size
is
from
Dang,
1996).
For
an
in­
bay
car
wash,
the
average
water
consumption
is
45.7
gallons
per
vehicle,
based
on
a
study
by
the
International
Carwash
Association
(
Brown,
2002).
Based
on
anecdotal
evidence,
it
has
been
assumed
that
an
in­
bay
car
wash
services
220
vehicles
per
day
(
Clements,
2003).
The
EPA
also
calculated
the
exposures
for
workers
at
a
public
swimming
pool,
using
the
assumption
that
a
public
swimming
pool
is
200,000
gallons.
A
residential
pool
is
assumed
to
be
20,000
gallons.
A
large
commercial
spa
contains
about
1000
gallons
of
water.
Tablets
in
air
conditioner
drip
pans
are
added
once
every
6
months,
as
noted
in
a
label.
In
the
remaining
scenarios,
workers
perform
their
duties
daily
during
the
standard
5­
day
work
week.
These
values
are
conservative
estimates
and
used
simply
for
lack
of
better
data.

Table
8.
Use
Information
for
Commercial
Applications
Use
Use
Rate
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
Material
Preservative
10,000
lbs
paint
(
1,000
gallon
paint
batch)

Air
Conditioner
/
Humidifier
Drip
Pans
3
air­
conditioner
units
Ornamental
Fountains
17,000
gallons
Transportation
Cleaning
9800
gallons
/
day
Commercial
Painters
5
gallons/
day
brush
and
50
gal/
day
airless
Swimming
Pools
/
Spas
Swimming
Pools
(
Residential)
20,000
gallons
Swimming
Pools
(
Public/
Commercial)
200,000
gallons
Spas
1000
gallons
The
results
of
the
MOE
analysis
for
both
baseline
(
ungloved)
and
PPE
(
gloved)
scenarios
are
presented
in
Table
9a
and
9b,
respectively.
For
commercial
uses,
the
short­
and
intermediate
term
dermal
MOEs
for
the
handlers
wearing
PPE
range
from
140
to
151,000.
An
MOE
lower
than
the
target
MOE
was
found
for
only
one
scenarioBplacing
tablets
into
public
swimming
pools
wearing
baseline
protection
(
MOE=
46).
However,
the
product
labels
state
that
gloves
should
be
worn
when
placing
tablets
into
swimming
pools.
When
gloves
are
used
(
see
Table
9b)
the
risks
are
mitigated
for
the
placing
of
tablets
(
MOE
=
7,500).
Page
18
of
45
Table
9a.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Commercial,
Institutional,
and
Swimming
Pool
Uses
of
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
(
Baseline
Clothing
Scenario)
a
Exposure
Scenario
Method
of
Application
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
b
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
c
Appl.
Rate
d
(
lb
a.
i./
gal)
Amount
Treated
e
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
f
Dermal
MOE
g
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
h
Inhalation
MOE
i
Material
Preservative
and
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
Material
Preservative
Pour
Liquid
0.135
0.0036
0.1048
1,000
gal
0.20
1,900
0.0054
19,000
Air
Conditioner
/

Humidifier
Drip
Pans
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
0.98
lb/
AC
Unit
3
AC
Units
0.454
860
0.000058
1,730,000
Ornamental
Fountains
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
0.000294
17000
gal
0.771
506
0.0000985
1,010,000
Transportation
Cleaning
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
0.000098
9800
gal
0.148
2630
0.0000189
5,280,000
Commercial
Painters
Brush/
roller
180
0.28
0.1048
5
gal
1.3
290
0.0021
48,000
Airless
Sprayer
38
0.83
0.1048
50
gal
2.8
140
0.062
1,600
Swimming
Pools
/
Spas
Swimming
Pools
(
Residential,

Shortterm
only)
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
3.89x10­
5
20,000
gal
0.12
3200
1.5E­
5
6,500,000
Solid
Pour
76.2
0.0412
3.89x10­
5
20,000
gal
0.85
460
0.00046
220,000
Swimming
Pools
(
Public/
Commercial)
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
3.89x10­
5
200,000
gal
1.2
325
0.000153
653,000
Solid
Pour
76.2
0.0412
3.89x10­
5
200,000
gal
8.46
46.1
0.00457
21,900
Spas
Solid
Place
10.8
0.00138
0.00122
1000
gal
0.396
984
0.0000506
1,970,000
Solid
Pour
76.2
0.0412
0.00122
1000
gal
2.8
139
0.00151
66,500
a
In
baseline
scenarios,
it
is
assumed
that
handler
is
wearing
long
pants,
and
long­
sleeved
shirt.

b
Dermal
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.

c
Inhalation
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.

d
Application
rates
are
based
on
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
labels.

e
See
Table
8
for
more
information
regarding
use
rates.

f
Dermal
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
Appl.
rate
(
lb
ai/
gallon)
*
gallons
handled
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

g
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
NOAEL
=
390
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.

h
Inhalation
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(

g/
lb
ai)
*
0.001
mg/

g
unit
conversion
*
max
appl
rate
(
lb
ai/
gal)
*
gallons
handled
*
1
inhalation
absorption]
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

i
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
inhalation
NOAEL
=
100
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.
Page
19
of
45
Table
9b.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Commercial,
Institutional,
and
Swimming
Pool
Uses
of
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
(
with
gloves
only)
a
Exposure
Scenario
Method
of
Application
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
b
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
c
Appl.
Rate
d
(
lb
a.
i./
gal)
Amount
Treated
e
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
f
Dermal
MOE
g
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
h
Inhalation
MOE
i
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
Air
Conditioner
/

Humidifier
Drip
Pans
Solid
Place
0.412
0.00138
0.98
lb/
AC
Unit
3
AC
Units
0.017
22,940
0.000058
1,730,000
Ornamental
Fountains
Solid
Place
0.412
0.00138
0.000294
17000
gal
0.029
13,450
0.0000985
1,010,000
Transportation
Cleaning
Solid
Place
0.412
0.00138
0.000098
9800
gal
0.0057
68,420
0.0000189
5,280,000
Swimming
Pools
/
Spas
Swimming
Pools
(
Public/
Commercial)
Solid
Place
0.412
0.00138
3.89x10­
5
200,000
gal
0.046
8,480
0.000153
653,000
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0412
3.89x10­
5
200,000
gal
0.0517
7,538
0.00457
21,900
Spas
Solid
Place
0.412
0.00138
0.00122
1000
gal
0.0072
5,420
0.0000506
1,970,000
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0412
0.00122
1000
gal
0.00814
47,900
0.00151
66,500
a
In
PPE
scenarios,
it
is
assumed
that
handler
is
wearing
long
pants,
long­
sleeved
shirt,
chemical
resistant
gloves,
and
respirator.

b
Dermal
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.

c
Inhalation
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.

d
Application
rates
are
based
on
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
labels.

e
See
Table
8
for
more
information
regarding
use
rates.

f
Dermal
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
Appl.
rate
(
lb
ai/
gallon)
*
gallons
handled
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

g
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
NOAEL
=
390
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.

h
Inhalation
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
max
appl
rate
(
lb
ai/
gal)
*
gallons
handled
*
1
inhalation
absorption]
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

i
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
inhalation
NOAEL
=
100
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.
Page
20
of
45
Metal
Working
Fluids:
The
potential
inhalation
and
dermal
exposure
may
exist
when
using
treated
metal
working
fluid.
A
screening­
level
long­
term
inhalation
exposure
estimate
for
treated
metal
working
fluids
has
been
developed
using
the
OSHA
PEL
for
oil
mist.
The
Agency
conducted
the
screening
level
assessment
for
metal
working
fluids
using
the
Chemical
Engineering
Branch
(
CEB)
model
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1991).
Exposure
assumptions
used
in
the
model
are
presented
in
Dang,
1997.
The
CEB
model
uses
measured
and/
or
assumed
airborne
oil
mist
concentrations
for
metal
working
operations.
Since
no
measured
concentrations
are
available
for
hydantooins,
the
high­
end
oil
mist
concentration
is
based
on
the
OSHA's
Permissible
Exposure
Limit
(
PEL)
of
5
mg/
m3
(
NIOSH,
1998).
The
label
indicates
that
0.45%
(
i.
e.,
0.0045)
of
the
product
is
added
to
metal
working
fluids
and
of
that,
only
52.4%
is
the
active
ingredient.
Therefore,
the
upper
bound
air
concentration
of
hydantoin
that
a
worker
is
exposed
to
is
5
mg/
m3
x
0.0045
x
0.524
or
an
air
concentration
of
0.012
mg/
m3.
Additionally,
the
following
assumption
were
made
in
the
assessment:
the
inhalation
rate
for
adults
is
1.25
m3
/
hr;
the
exposure
duration
is
8
hours;
and
body
weight
is
70
kg.
Using
these
assumptions,
the
long­
term
dose
was
calculated
to
be
0.0017
mg/
kg/
day,
resulting
in
a
long­
term
MOE
of
59,000.
Therefore,
the
calculated
MOE
indicates
that
the
inhalation
risks
do
not
exceed
the
Agency's
level
of
concern
for
machinist
exposures
to
metal
working
fluid.

A
screening­
level
long­
term
dermal
exposure
estimate
was
derived
from
the
2­
Hand
Dermal
Immersion
in
Liquid
Model
in
ChemSTEER
(
EPA/
OPPT).
The
model
is
available
at
www.
epa.
gov/
opptintr/
exposure/
docs/
chemsteer.
htm
.
The
weight
fraction
of
hydantoin
in
metal
working
fluids
is
0.0024
(
0.0045
formulated
product
added
to
oil
x
0.524
ai
in
formulated
product
=
0.0024).
Based
on
the
model
for
emersion
of
hands
in
metal
working
fluids,
the
long­
term
dermal
dose
is
estimated
at
0.3
mg/
kg/
day.
The
long­
term
dermal
MOE
is
1,300
(
i.
e.,
dermal
NOAEL
of
390
mg/
kg/
day
/
potential
dose
of
0.3
mg/
kg/
day).
The
dermal
MOE
is
above
the
target
MOE
of
100,
and
therefore,
the
risk
is
not
of
concern.
3.2
Postapplication
Exposure
There
are
postapplication
exposures
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin
associated
with
use
of
swimming
pools
and
spas.
Because
the
amount
of
exposure
will
most
likely
be
much
greater
for
swimming
pools
than
for
spas,
only
swimming
pool
scenarios
have
been
considered.

To
calculate
exposure
to
the
chemical
due
to
swimming,
the
SWIMODEL
was
employed
(
Dang,
1996).
The
model
requires
information
regarding
the
water
concentration,
the
nature
of
the
chemical
in
question,
and
exposure
information.
The
water
concentration
in
pool
water
is
based
on
information
from
the
labels.
The
body
surface
area
is
22,200
cm2
for
adults
and
9,000
cm2
for
children
(
age
6
years)
(
EPA,
1997).
Exposure
time
and
exposure
frequency
are
based
on
SWIMODEL.
An
octanol
partition
coefficient
of
0.22,
a
molecular
weight
of
197
g/
mol,
and
a
Henry's
Law
Constant
of
1.27x10­
7
atm­
m3/
mol
were
used
in
the
model.
Other
parameters
used
in
the
model
are
shown
in
Table
10.
Table
11
shows
dermal,
inhalation,
and
ingestion
MOE
values
based
on
the
results
of
the
SWIMODEL.
MOE
values
for
all
scenarios
are
much
greater
than
the
required
100.
Page
21
of
45
Table
10.
Parameters
for
Ingestion
Exposure
and
Dose
Estimate
for
Males
Age
Adult
Adult
Child
7­
10
yr
Child
7­
10
yr
Type
of
Swimmer
Competitive
Non­
Competitive
Competitive
Non­
competitive
Water
Concentration
(
ppb)
3000
3000
3000
3000
Exposure
Time
(
hrs/
event)
3
1
1
2
Body
Weight
(
kg)
70
70
29.1
29.1
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
event)
0.00816
(
0.00012
mkd)
0.00272
(
0.000039
mkd)
0.00151
(
0.000052
mkd)
3.02x10­
3
(
0.0001
mkd)

Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
event)
0.15
1.56x10­
2
0.0297
3.12x10­
2
Ingestion
Dose
(
mg/
event)
0.45
0.075
0.15
0.30
Table
11.
Margins
of
Exposure
for
Swimming
Poola
Age
Type
of
Swimmer
Dermal
MOE
Inhalation
MOE
Ingestion
MOE
Adult
Competitive
2,500,000
52,100
47,000
Adult
Non
competitive
7,700,000
501,000
280,000
Child
7­
10
yr
Competitive
5,800,000
98,000
58,000
Child
7­
10
yr
Non
competitive
3,000,000
93,300
29,000
aMOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)/
Dose(
mg/
kg/
day).
Dermal
route
is
based
on
an
absorbed
dose,
and
therefore,
the
oral
endpoint
is
used
to
estimate
risk.
The
inhalation
and
ingestion
NOAELs
are
100
mg/
kg/
day
and
300
mg/
kg/
day
(
intermediate­
term),
respectively.
Target
MOE
=
100.

4.0
RESIDENTIAL
AND
PUBLIC
ACCESS
PREMISES
(
HANDLER
AND
POSTAPPLICATION)

4.1
Residential
Handlers
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
may
be
added
to
residential­
use
products
as
a
material
preservative
to
control
bacteria
and
fungicide.
A
number
of
such
products
have
been
identified,
including
general
household
cleaning
products,
paint,
adhesives,
and
deodorizers.
For
the
purposes
of
this
screening­
level
assessment,
handler
scenarios
have
been
developed
that
encompass
multiple
products
but
still
Page
22
of
45
represent
the
high
end
exposure
scenario
for
all
products
represented.
Table
12
shows
the
handler
scenarios
considered
in
this
assessment.
Household
cleaning
products
and
carpet
shampoo
have
been
grouped
together.
Of
these
products,
household
cleaning
products,
which
should
yield
the
greatest
amount
of
handler
exposure
to
the
chemical,
was
selected
for
analysis.
In­
tank
toilet
tablets,
which
are
placed
into
toilet
tanks,
differ
from
the
other
household
cleaning
products
in
that
they
are
not
liquid.
These
tablets
were
evaluated
in
a
separate
scenario.
Adhesives,
caulks,
and
paints
have
been
grouped
together
for
evaluation.
Of
the
these
three
scenarios,
the
painting
scenario,
which
should
yield
the
greatest
amount
of
handler
exposure
to
the
chemical,
was
selected
for
analysis.
[
Note:
The
residential
handlers
for
swimming
pool
applications
are
presented
in
Section
3.0
(
results
are
presented
in
Table
9a)].

Table
12.
Residential
Handler
Scenarios
Handler
Scenario
Products
Represented
Handling
of
liquid
general
purpose
cleaner
Household
cleaning
products
(
e.
g.,
wiping
and
mopping),
carpet
shampoo,
deodorizer
Solid
placement
of
in­
tank
toilet
cleaner
In­
tank
toilet
tablet
Painting
of
a
house
using
brush,
roller,
or
airless
sprayer
Paint,
adhesives,
caulk
4.1.1
General
Purpose
Cleaner
Scenario
EPA
has
estimated
dermal
and
inhalation
exposure
while
wiping
and
mopping
to
represent
the
material
preservative
use
for
household
cleaning
products.
The
following
two
scenarios
were
considered
for
residential
handlers
of
household
cleaning
products
preserved
with
dihalodialkylhydantoins:

°
Use
of
household
cleaning
products
by
wiping
on
hard
non­
porous
surfaces,
and
°
Use
of
household
cleaning
products
by
mopping
on
floors.

An
application
rate
could
not
be
determined
from
the
labels.
Therefore,
the
maximum
concentration
listed
on
the
label
(
i.
e.,
EPA
Reg.
No.
6836­
271)
is
used
along
with
assumptions
on
the
amount
of
cleaning
product
diluted
in
water.
EPA
Reg.
No.
6836­
271
indicates
that
the
product,
Dantogard
Plus
Liquid,
can
be
added
to
household
cleaning
products
at
a
rate
of
0.2
to
2.0
percent
by
weight.
Given
that
EPA
Reg.
No.
6836­
271
contains
52.4
percent
active
ingredient
associated
with
this
RED
case
(
i.
e.,
26.9%
1,3­
Bis(
hydroxymethyl)­
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin
plus
25.5%
1­(
Hydroxymethyl)­
5,5­
dimethylhydantoin)
and
an
assumption
that
the
product
has
the
density
of
water,
yields
an
estimate
of
0.084
lb
ai/
gallon
of
a
generic
household
cleaning
product
(
i.
e.,
8
lb/
gal
cleaner
x
0.02
Dantogard
x
0.524
ai).
Additionally,
it
is
assumed
that
4
ounces
of
a
generic
household
cleaning
product
is
mixed
per
gallon
of
water
or
0.0026
lb
ai/
gallon
of
diluted
cleaning
solution
for
both
mopping
and
wiping
(
i.
e.,
0.084
lb
ai/
gal
cleaning
product
x
(
1/
128
ounce
per
gallon
conversion)
x
4
ounces
cleaning
product
per
gallon
water).

CMA
data
were
used
to
determine
the
unit
dermal
and
inhalation
exposures.
The
no
gloved
CMA
unit
Page
23
of
45
exposure
data
for
wiping
and
mopping
were
used
to
determine
the
dermal
and
inhalation
exposure.
It
was
assumed
that
0.5
liter
(
0.132
gallons)
is
used
for
wiping
and
1
gallon
is
used
for
mopping.
The
0.5
liter
assumption
for
the
wipes
is
a
screening­
level
estimate
and
should
be
refined
by
the
registrant.

The
results
of
the
MOE
analysis
for
these
scenarios
are
presented
in
Table
13.
Although
the
dermal
endpoint
represents
short­,
intermediate­,
and
long­
term
durations,
the
exposure
duration
of
most
homeowner
applications
of
cleaning
products
is
believed
to
be
best
represented
by
the
short­
term
duration.
The
inhalation
endpoint
used
in
the
assessment
represents
the
short­
term
duration.
The
calculated
dermal
and
inhalation
MOEs
are
not
of
concern
for
any
of
the
scenarios
(
MOE
greater
than
10,000
for
all
scenarios).
However,
as
formaldehyde
is
a
metabolite
of
dihalodialkylhydantoins,
there
may
be
risk
associated
with
this
exposure,
particularly
for
use
of
products
that
produce
a
greater
chance
of
inhalation
exposure
to
formaldehyde,
such
as
air
fresheners.
Risks
associated
with
formaldehyde
will
be
assessed
at
a
later
date.

Table
13.
Calculation
of
Short­
term
Dermal
and
Inhalation
MOE
for
Residential
Handlers
of
Cleaning
Products
a
Exposure
Scenario
Method
of
Applicatio
n
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
b
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
c
Appl.
Rate
d
(
lb
a.
i./
gal)
Amount
Treated
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
f
Dermal
MOE
g
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
h
Inhalatio
n
MOE
i
Household
Cleaning
Products
Wipes
2870
(
CMA
no
glove)
67.3
(
CMA)
0.0026
0.5
liter
of
product
(
0.13
gal)
0.014
28,000
0.00033
300,000
Mopping
71.6
2.38
0.0026
1
gallon
0.0053
73,000
0.00018
570,000
a
MOEs
rounded
to
2
significant
figures.
b
Dermal
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA.
c
Inhalation
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA.
d
Application
rates
are
based
on
EPA
Reg.
No.
6836­
271.
f
Dermal
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
Appl.
rate
(
lb
ai/
gallon)
*
gallons
handled
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).
g
Dermal
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
term
dermal
NOAEL
=
390
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.
h
Inhalation
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
max
appl
rate
(
lb
ai/
gal)
*
gallons
handled
*
1
inhalation
absorption]
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).
i
Inhalation
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
where
short­
term
inhalation
NOAEL
is
100
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.
Page
24
of
45
4.1.2
In­
Tank
Toilet
Cleaner
Scenario
All
products
available
for
use
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
as
a
toilet
cleaner
are
in
tablet
form.
Calculation
of
the
MOE
for
this
scenario
is
shown
in
Table
14.
Based
on
the
size
of
available
retail
toilet
tank
tablets,
the
weight
of
a
toilet
tank
tablet
was
estimated
at
0.08
lb/
tablet
(
e.
g.,
12
tablets
per
1
lb
box).
It
has
also
been
assumed
that
the
person
maintains
a
house
containing
three
toilets.
The
clothing
attire
is
assumed
to
be
short
pants
and
short­
sleeved
shirt.
The
unit
exposure
values,
which
are
the
same
as
those
used
for
previous
solid
place
scenarios,
are
taken
from
CMA
data.
However,
the
ungloved
scenario
solid
place
unit
exposure
value
from
the
CMA
data
is
for
workers
wearing
longsleeved
shirts
and
long
pants.
Lacking
better
data
for
this
task,
this
value
has
been
used.
The
calculated
short­
term
dermal
and
inhalation
MOEs
for
this
task
are
11,000
and
110,000
respectively
 
greater
than
the
target
MOE
value
of
100.
Page
25
of
45
Table
14.
Calculation
of
Short­
term
Dermal
Dose
from
Handling
of
Toilet
Bowl
Tablets
Parameter
Value
Rationale
Maximum
Application
Rate
0.08
lb/
tablet
EPA
Assumption
%
a.
i.
in
Formulated
Product
98
Maximum
concentration
listed
on
product
label
Quantity
Used
Daily
3
tablets
EPA
Assumption
Dermal
Absorption
Factor
100
EPA
Assumption
Inhalation
Absorption
Factor
100
EPA
Assumption
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
10.8
mg/
lb
a.
i.
CMA
surrogate
data
for
solid
placement
of
tablets
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
0.257
mg/
lb
a.
i.
CMA
surrogate
data
for
solid
placement
of
tablets
Dermal
NOAEL
390
mg/
kg/
day
Inhalation
NOAEL
100
mg/
kg/
day
Daily
Dermal
Exposure
2.58
mg
a.
i./
day
(
Appl.
Rate)
*
(%
a.
i.
/
100)
*
(
Qty)
*
(
Derm.
Abs.
Factor
/
100)
*
(
Dermal
UE)

Daily
Dermal
Dose
0.036
mg/
kg/
day
(
Daily
Derm.
Exp.)
/
70
kg
Dermal
MOE
10,830
(
Derm.
NOAEL)
/
(
Daily
Derm.
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

Daily
Inhalation
Exposure
0.064
mg
a.
i./
day
(
Appl.
Rate)
*
(%
a.
i.
/
100)
*
(
Qty)
*
(
Inhal.
Abs.
Factor
/
100)
*
(
Inhal
UE)

Daily
Inhalation
Dose
0.00091
mg/
kg/
day
(
Daily
Inhal.
Exp.)
/
70
kg
Page
26
of
45
Inhalation
MOE
110,000
(
Inhal.
NOAEL)
/
(
Daily
Inhal.
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

4.1.3
Painting
Scenario
Two
painting
scenarios
have
been
analyzed
in
this
assessment:
a
homeowner
using
a
brush
or
roller
to
paint
a
house,
and
a
homeowner
using
an
airless
sprayer
to
paint
a
house.
The
exposures
associated
with
both
of
these
painting
scenarios
were
determined
using
procedures
described
in
the
Residential
SOPs
(
USEPA,
2000b).
In
following
these
procedures,
a
number
of
assumptions
have
been
made.

°
For
paints
used
with
a
brush
or
roller,
the
amount
of
paint
used
is
2
gallons.
This
is
based
on
a
90th
percentile
value
of
8
gallons
of
latex
paint
used
per
year
divided
by
the
mean
frequency
of
4
painting
events
per
year
(
USEPA,
1997).
°
Weight
fraction
of
ai
in
paint
is
based
on
EPA
Reg.
No.
6836­
271.
Maximum
of
2
percent
by
weight
of
product
is
added
to
paint
of
which
52.4
percent
is
active
ingredient
attributed
to
dihalodialkylhydantoin.
°
For
painting
with
an
airless
sprayer,
a
homeowner
is
assumed
to
use
three
5­
gallon
cans
of
readyto
use
product
(
i.
e.,
15
gallons).
This
is
based
on
a
coverage
rate
of
200
ft2/
gallon
and
a
house
size
of
40x30x20
ft
(
surface
area
of
2,800
ft2)
(
USEPA,
2000b).
°
Surrogate
data
from
PHED
were
used
for
the
dermal
and
inhalation
unit
exposures.
°
The
density
of
the
paint
was
assumed
to
be
1.24
g/
mL
or
10
lbs/
gallon.

The
assumptions
used
and
the
calculation
of
potential
short­
term
dermal
dose
and
dermal
MOE
are
shown
in
Table
15.
All
MOEs
calculated
for
painting
scenarios
are
greater
than
the
target
MOE
of
100.
Page
27
of
45
Table
15.
Short­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Residential
Use
of
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
(
in
Painting
Scenarios)

Parameter
Brush/
Roller
Airless
Sprayer
Rationale
Maximum
Application
Rate
2
gallons/
day
15
gallons/
day
EPA
Assumption
Weight
fraction
of
a.
i.
in
product
0.01048
0.01048
Maximum
concentration
listed
on
6836­
271
Paint
Density
1.24
g/
mL
1.24
g/
mL
EPA
Assumption
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
230
mg/
lb
a.
i.
79
mg/
lb
a.
i.
PHED
surrogate
data
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
0.28
mg/
lb
a.
i.
0.83
mg/
lb
a.
i.
PHED
surrogate
data
Dermal
NOAEL
390
mg/
kg/
day
390
mg/
kg/
day
Inhalation
NOAEL
100
mg/
kg/
day
100
mg/
kg/
day
Daily
Dermal
Dose
0.69
mg/
kg/
day
1.8
mg/
kg/
day
(
Appl.
Rate)
*
(
Wt.
Fraction)
*
(
Density)
*
(
Dermal
UE)
*
(
1/
70)*
(
Conversion
Factors)

Dermal
MOE
570
220
(
Derm.
NOAEL)
/
(
Daily
Derm.
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

Daily
Inhalation
Dose
0.00084
mg/
kg/
day
0.019
mg/
kg/
day
(
Appl.
Rate)
*
(
Wt.
Fraction)
*
(
Density)
*
(
Inhal.
UE)
*
(
1/
70)*
(
Conversion
Factors)

Inhalation
MOE
120,000
5,400
(
Inhal.
NOAEL)
/
(
Daily
Inhal.
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

4.2
Residential
Postapplication
Exposure
Typically,
most
products
used
in
a
residential
setting
result
in
exposures
occurring
over
a
short­
term
time
duration
(
1
 
30
days).
If
the
products
are
used
on
a
routine
basis
(
i.
e.,
once
a
week)
and
the
active
ingredient
has
a
long
indoor
half­
life,
exposures
may
occur
over
an
intermediate­
term
time
duration
(
30
days
 
6
months).
However,
AD
does
not
have
residue
dissipation
data
or
reliable
use
pattern
data
including
the
frequency
and
duration
of
use
of
antimicrobial
products
used
in
the
residential
setting.
Therefore,
even
though
AD
does
not
believe
that
the
use
patterns
of
many
Page
28
of
45
residential
products
result
in
intermediate­
term
exposure,
they
are
assessed
to
provide
an
upper
bound
estimate
of
exposure
(
e.
g.,
day
care
centers).
It
should
be
noted
that
data
resulting
from
the
work
of
industry­
based
task
forces
such
as
AEJV
should
provide
reliable
use
pattern
estimates.
These
data
will
help
determine
the
necessity
of
continuing
to
assess
intermediate­
term
exposures
for
residential
products.

For
the
purposes
of
this
screening
level
assessment,
postapplication
scenarios
have
been
developed
that
encompass
multiple
products
but
still
represent
a
high
end
scenario
for
all
products
represented.
Table
16
shows
the
postapplication
scenarios
considered
in
this
assessment.
Two
scenarios
have
been
considered:
exposed
to
residue
from
hard
floors
that
have
been
cleaned/
mopped
with
a
generic
cleaner
containing
dihalodialkylhydantoin,
and
exposure
to
residue
on
clothing
that
has
been
treated
with
dihalodialkylhydantoin
during
textile
processing.
For
this
screening­
level
assessment,
fabric
softeners
has
been
grouped
with
textile
processing
chemicals
for
calculating
exposure.

Table
16.
Residential
Postapplication
Scenarios
Handler
Scenario
Products
Represented
Toddler
exposed
to
residue
from
a
hard
floor
Hard
surface
cleaner/
floor
Adult
and
toddler
exposed
to
residue
on
clothing
Textile
processing
chemicals,
fabric
softener
4.2.1
Hard
Surface/
Floor
Dermal
Exposure:

There
is
the
potential
for
dermal
exposure
to
toddlers
crawling
on
hard
floor
surfaces.
To
determine
toddler
exposure
to
floor
residues
(
mopping),
the
following
equation
was
used:

PDD
FR
x
SA
BW
=

where:
PDD
=
Potential
daily
dose
FR
=
Flux
rate
of
chemical
from
material
(
mg/
m2/
day)
SA
=
Surface
area
of
the
body
which
is
in
contact
with
the
floor
(
m2)
BW
=
Body
weight
(
kg)

Due
to
limited
data,
a
number
of
conservative
assumptions
have
been
made:

$
Toddlers
(
3
years
old)
are
used
to
represent
the
1
to
6
year
old
age
group
and
are
assumed
to
weigh
15
kg,
the
median
for
male
and
female
toddlers
(
USEPA,
2000b).
A
body
surface
area
of
0.657
m2
has
been
assumed,
which
is
the
median
value.

$
Generic
household
cleaners
are
commercially
available
in
a
large
range
of
concentrations.
It
is
assumed
that
one
gallon
of
treatment
solution
(
0.0026
lb
ai/
gallon
mopping
solution
 
see
handler
section
above
for
determination
of
concentration)
can
treat
1000
ft2
of
floor.
Page
29
of
45
°
No
data
could
be
found
regarding
the
quantity
of
treatment
solution
residue
left
on
the
floor
after
treatment.
It
has
been
assumed
that
25%
of
the
solution
remains
after
the
final
mop.
°
No
leaching
data
were
available
that
could
be
used
to
estimate
the
residue
transfer
from
the
hard
surface
(
i.
e.,
floor).
Therefore,
the
Residential
SOP
estimate
of
10
percent
of
the
amount
on
the
floor
is
available
for
dermal
transfer.

The
calculation
of
the
short­
and
intermidate­
term
dermal
dose
and
the
dermal
MOE
are
shown
in
Table
17.
The
dermal
MOE
(
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
endpoint
is
the
same)
is
not
of
concern
(
MOE
=
700).
Page
30
of
45
Table
17.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Dermal
Risks
Associated
with
Postapplication
Exposure
to
a
General
Household
Cleaner
(
Floor
Mop).

Parameter
Value
Rationale
Application
Rate
1,000
ft2/
gallon
of
mop
solution
USEPA
Assumption
%
a.
i.
in
Formulated
Product
52.4%
Maximum
rate
listed
on
label
(#
6836­
271)

%
Formulated
Product
in
Generic
Household
Cleaner
2%
Maximum
rate
listed
on
label
(#
6836­
271)

Density
of
Moping
Solution
1.0
g/
mL
Assumed
to
be
similar
to
density
of
water
Dermal
Transfer
Rate
(
TR)
of
Chemical
from
Floor
12.7
mg/
m2/
day
(
Equivalent
to
1.27

g/
cm2)
(
Density
8
lb/
gal)
*
(
52.4%
a.
i.)
*
(
2%
Formulated
Product)
*
25%
remaining
after
mop
*
10%
transfer
/
(
App.
Rate)
*
(
Conversion
Factors)

Surface
Area
of
Body
in
Contact
with
Carpet
0.657
m2
Median
surface
area
of
toddler
Body
Weight
15
kg
Median
body
weight
of
toddler
Potential
Dermal
Exposure
0.56
mg/
kg/
day
TR
*
SA
/
BW
Dermal
NOAEL
390
mg/
kg/
day
Dermal
MOE
700
(
Derm.
NOAEL)
/
(
Daily
Derm.
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

Hand­
to­
Mouth
Transfer:

In
addition
to
dermal
exposure,
toddlers
crawling
on
treated
floors
will
also
be
exposed
to
dihalodialkylhydantoins
via
incidental
oral
exposure
through
the
hand­
to­
mouth
activity.
To
calculate
incidental
ingestion
exposure
to
dihalodialkylhydantoins
due
to
hand­
to­
mouth
transfer,
the
scenarios
established
in
the
Standard
Operating
Procedures
(
SOPs)
for
Residential
Exposure
Assessments
were
used.
These
scenarios
use
assumptions
that
are
similar
to
those
used
in
calculating
exposures
due
to
dermal
contact
of
dihalodialkylhydantoins
from
toddlers
crawling
on
treated
floors.
The
assumptions
above
in
the
dermal
assessment
(
Table
17)
estimates
the
transferable
residues
as
1.27
µ
g/
cm2
.
The
estimated
potential
ingestion
dose
rate
immediately
after
application
would
be
calculated
as
follows:
Page
31
of
45
PDR
norm=
ISR
t
x
SA
x
FQ
x
SE
x
ET
x
0.001
mg/
µ
g
BW
where:

PDR
norm
=
Potential
dose
rate
(
mg/
kg/
day);
ISR
t
=
Indoor
Surface
Residue
(
µ
g/
cm2)
at
time
0;
SA
=
Surface
area
of
the
hands
that
contact
both
the
treated
area,
and
the
individuals
mouth
(
cm2/
event);
FQ
=
Frequency
of
hand­
to­
mouth
events
(
events/
hr);
SE
=
Saliva
extraction
efficiency
of
50
percent,
and,
ET
=
Exposure
Time
(
4
hrs/
day)
BW
=
Body
weight
(
15
kg)

The
surface
area
used
for
each
hand­
to­
mouth
event
is
20
cm2
.
It
is
assumed
that
there
are
20
hand­
to­
mouth
exposure
events
per
hour
(
90th
percentile).
The
short­
term
incidental
oral
NOAEL
is
500
mg/
kg/
day
and
the
intermediate­
term
NOAEL
is
300.
The
potential
dose
rate
(
PDR)
using
this
equation
is
0.07
mg/
kg/
day
resulting
in
a
hand­
to­
mouth
MOEs
for
toddlers
of
7,100
(
short­
term)
and
4,300
(
intermediate­
term).

4.2.1
Clothing/
Textile
Although
dihalodialkylhydantoins
has
been
listed
for
use
in
textile
processing,
it
is
unclear
in
what
capacity
the
chemical
is
to
be
used.
It
has
been
assumed,
for
this
risk
assessment,
that
the
chemical
is
impregnated
into
the
material
in
the
same
manner
as
a
dye
would
impregnated.
To
determine
dermal
and/
or
incidental
oral
exposure
to
impregnated
clothing,
the
following
equation
was
used:

PDD
FR
x
SA
BW
=

where
PDD
=
Potential
daily
dose
FR
=
Flux
rate
of
chemical
from
material
(
mg/
m2/
day)
SA
=
Surface
area
of
the
body
which
is
in
contact
with
clothing
or
mouthed
(
m2)
BW
=
Body
weight
(
kg)

Data
on
which
these
calculations
could
be
based
were
generally
unavailable;
therefore,
a
number
of
conservative
assumptions
have
been
made:

°
Toddlers
(
3
years
old)
are
used
to
represent
the
1
to
6
year
old
age
group
and
are
assumed
to
weigh
15
kg,
the
median
for
male
and
female
toddlers
(
USEPA,
2000b).
The
median
surface
area
for
a
3
year
old,
minus
the
head,
is
0.657
m2.
Median
values
for
body
weights
and
surface
areas
for
adults
have
been
used
(
70
kg
and
1.69
m2,
not
including
head
surface
area).
°
Based
on
rough
estimates
provided
by
the
American
Association
of
Textile
Chemists
and
Colorists
(
AATCC),
dyes
are
used
on
fabric
at
a
rate
of
about
4%
by
weight
(
AATCC,
2003).
A
mediumsized
polo
cotton
shirt
of
regular
knit
construction
weighs
about
250
g.
Assuming
that
the
shirt
Page
32
of
45
covers
0.659
m2
of
the
body's
surface
area
(
based
on
the
mean
adult
surface
area
for
the
torso,
including
the
neck
(
USEPA,
1997)),
the
cloth
weight
to
surface
area
ratio
is
379
g/
m2.
If
an
adult
wears
clothing
of
a
similar
weight
over
all
parts
of
the
body,
minus
the
head
(
1.69
m2
(
USEPA,
1997)),
then
the
weight
of
clothing
worn
by
an
adult
is
641
g.
Using
the
same
cloth
weight
to
surface
area
ratio,
the
weight
of
clothing
worn
by
a
toddler
is
214
g.
Area
mouthed,
for
lack
of
data,
is
assumed
to
be
equivalent
to
the
area
of
fingers
used
in
the
hand­
to­
mouth
exposure
estimates
(
i.
e.,
20
cm2
or
20
cm2
/
10,000
=
0.002
m2).

$
No
leaching
data
were
available
that
could
be
used
to
estimate
a
flux
rate
of
the
chemical
from
clothing.
It
has
been
conservatively
assumed
that,
over
the
course
of
a
day,
the
amount
of
chemical
transferred
is
the
full
quantity
of
chemical
present
in
the
clothing.
This
is
a
conservative
assumption
and
should
not
be
considered
as
representative
of
the
true
rate
at
which
the
chemical
would
be
transferred.
However,
as
a
screening­
level
assessment
the
risks
are
not
of
concern.

The
calculation
of
the
dermal
dose
and
the
dermal
MOE
are
shown
in
Table
18.
The
dermal
MOEs
calculated
for
both
toddler
and
adult
scenarios
are
not
of
concern
(
MOEs
=
119
and
185
for
toddlers
and
adults,
respectively).
The
short­
term
incidental
oral
MOE,
as
a
result
of
mouthing
treated
fabric,
is
not
of
concern
(
MOE
=
45,000).
The
short­
term
incidental
oral
NOAEL
was
used
instead
of
the
intermediate­
term
NOAEL
because
all
of
the
residues
were
assumed
to
be
available
for
exposure
in
one
day
(
for
lack
of
any
residue
data).
Page
33
of
45
Table
18.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Postapplication
Exposure
to
Impregnated
Clothing
Parameter
3­
yr
old
Toddler
Adult
Rationale
Body
Weight
15
kg
70
kg
Median
body
weight
Surface
area,
minus
head
0.567
m2
1.69
m2
Median
surface
area
Surface
area
of
cloth
mouthed
0.002
m2
NA
No
data,
hand­
to­
mouth
assumption
Cloth
weight
to
surface
area
ratio
379
g/
m2
Based
on
regular
knit
cotton
fabric
Weight
of
clothing
worn
214
g
641
g
(
CW
to
SA
ratio)
*
SA
worn
Weight
of
clothing
mouthed
0.76
g
NA
(
CW
to
SA
ratio)
*
SA
mouthed
%
dye
used
in
fabric
4%
by
weight
AATCC
estimate
%
a.
i.
in
Formulated
Product
57.3%
Maximum
rate
listed
on
label
(#
6836­
306)

%
Formulated
Product
in
Dye
1.00%
Maximum
rate
listed
on
label
(#
6836­
306)

Density
of
dye
1.0
g/
mL
Assumed
to
be
similar
to
density
of
water
Quantity
of
a.
i.
Transferred
to
Individual
(
dermal)
49.0
mg/
day
147
mg/
day
(
Clothing
weight
worn)
*
(%
Dye)
*
(%
Form.
Prod.)
*
(%
a.
i.)
*
(
Conv.
Factor)

Daily
Dermal
Dose
3.27
mg/
kg/
day
2.10
mg/
kg/
day
(
Qty.
a.
i.)
/
(
Body
Weight,
15
kg
or
70
kg)

Quantity
of
a.
i.
Orally
Transferred
to
Individual
(
incidental
oral)
0.17
NA
(
cloth
weight
mouthed)
*
(%
dye)*(%
product
in
dye)*(%
ai
in
product)*(
1000
mg/
g
unit
conversion)

Incidental
Oral
Ingestion
dose
(
mouthing)
0.011
mg/
kg/
day
NA
(
Qty.
a.
i.)
/
(
15
kg
BW)

Dermal
NOAEL
390
mg/
kg/
day
Oral
NOAEL
500
mg/
kg/
day
Dermal
MOE
119
185
(
NOAEL)
/
(
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.

Incidental
Oral
MOE
(
mouthing)
45,000
NA
(
NOAEL)
/
(
Dose).
Target
MOE
=
100.
Page
34
of
45
5.0
AGRICULTURAL
PREMISES
AND
AQUATIC
AREA
USES
(
HANDLER
AND
POSTAPPLICATION)

One
agricultural
premise
use
and
one
aquatic
area
use
have
been
identified.

°
Solid
pour/
place
of
product
into
chemigation
systems,
°
Solid
pour
of
product
into
vehicle
and
foot
baths
at
greenhouse
entrances.

The
chemical
can
also
be
applied
via
irrigation
systems
on
ornamental
plants
grown
in
greenhouses
of
nurseries
for
the
control
of
algal
and
microbial
slimes
(
EPA
Registration
Number
5785­
70).
Irrigation
systems
include
misted
fog
overhead
sprinkler
systems,
flood,
hydroponics,
and
capillary
mat
systems.
Use
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
in
chemigation
systems
is
via
loading
of
a
brominator
feed
system,
through
which
the
product
is
dispensed
via
dissolution
as
feed
water
is
passed
through
the
tank.
For
irrigation
systems,
the
label
states
that
1
ounce
of
granules
should
be
added
per
100
gallons,
but
that
additional
dihalodialkylhydantoin
should
be
added
until
there
is
a
residual
of
10
to
35
ppm
bromine
initially,
and
5
to
15
ppm
bromine
after
the
system
is
clean.
The
dosage
for
vehicle
and
foot
baths,
according
to
the
label,
is
"
1
oz.
per
100
gallons
of
water
to
maintain
a
bromine
level
of
15
to
50
ppm."
For
lack
of
better
data,
an
application
rate
of
1
oz/
100
gallons
per
day
has
been
assumed
for
both
scenarios.
The
percent
active
ingredient
for
all
products
for
use
in
these
scenarios
is
96
percent.

The
amount
of
dihalodialkylhydantoin
that
will
be
used
in
the
irrigation
systems
will
depend
greatly
on
the
size
of
the
greenhouse/
nursery
and
the
amount
of
irrigation
necessary
for
the
particular
crop/
climatic
conditions.
The
amount
of
footbaths
that
should
be
used
for
the
assessment
is
also
in
question.
From
anecdotal
evidence,
1
gal
of
water
is
used
for
each
footbath,
and
1"
of
water
use
for
irrigation
can
be
assumed.
It
has
also
been
assumed
that,
for
chemigation,
the
product
will
be
used
on
10
acres
of
crop.
From
these
assumptions,
a
use
rate
of
270,000
gallons
has
been
calculated.

The
calculated
MOEs
are
shown
in
Table
19.
All
MOEs
calculated
are
above
the
Agency's
level
of
concern
(
MOEs<
100).
No
postapplication
exposures
were
considered.
Page
35
of
45
Table
19.
Short­
and
Intermediate­
term
Risks
Associated
with
Agricultural
Premises
and
Aquatic
Areas
Uses
Exposure
Scenario
Method
of
Application
Clothing
Attire
Dermal
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
a
Inhalation
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
b
Appl.

Rate
(
lb
a.
i./

gal)
c
Amount
Treated
(
gallons)
Absorbed
Dermal
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
d
Dermal
MOE
e
Inhalation
Dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
f
Inhalation
MOE
g
Aquatic
Areas
Greenhouse
and
Nursery
Irrigation
Systems
Solid
Place
Long
pants,

long­
sleeved
shirt,

chemical
resistant
gloves
11.9
0.257
0.000625
270,000
27.5
14.2
0.595
168
Solid
Pour
0.466
0.0125
0.000625
270,000
1.08
362
0.0289
3460
Solid
Place
Long
pants,

longsleeved
shirt,
no
gloves
NA
0.257
0.000625
270,000
NA
NA
0.595
168
Solid
Pour
76.2
0.0412
0.000625
270,000
176
2.21
0.0953
1050
Agricultural
Premises
Greenhouse
Foot
Bath
Solid
Pour
Long
pants,

long­
sleeved
shirt,

chemical
resistant
gloves
0.466
0.0125
0.000625
5
0.00002
19,500,000
0.000000536
187000000
Long
pants,

longsleeved
shirt,
no
gloves
76.2
0.0412
0.000625
5
0.00327
119000
0.00000177
56600000
a,
b
Dermal
and
inhalation
unit
exposures
are
from
CMA
study.
Cooling
tower
scenario
is
used
for
the
`
solid
place'
scenarios
to
be
conservative.
Because
inhalation
unit
exposure
values
were
not
available
for
the
ungloved
scenario
(
solid
place),
the
inhalation
unit
exposure
values
for
the
gloved
scenario
were
used.

c
Application
rates
are
based
on
the
dihalodialkylhydantoin
labels.

d
Abs.
dermal
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(
mg/
lb
ai)
*
dermal
absorption
(
1.0)
*
Appl.
rate
(
lb
ai/
gallon)
*
gallons
handled
/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

e
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Daily
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
dermal
NOAEL
=
390
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.

f
Inhalation
dose
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
[
unit
exposure
(

g/
lb
ai)
*
0.001
mg/

g
unit
conversion
*
max
appl
rate
(
lb
ai/
gal)
*
gallons
handled
*
1
inhalation
absorption]

/
Body
weight
(
70
kg).

g
MOE
=
NOAEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
/
Inhalation
Dose
[
Where
short­
and
intermediate­
term
inhalation
NOAEL
=
100
mg/
kg/
day].
Target
MOE
is
100.
Page
36
of
45
6.0
Limitations
and
Uncertainties
There
are
a
number
of
uncertainties
associated
with
this
assessment.
In
general,
conservative
values
were
used
in
cases
where
data
were
lacking
to
develop
screening­
level
assessments.

Industrial
Processes
and
Water
Systems
°
Surrogate
dermal
and
inhalation
data
from
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
(
CMA)
database
were
used
to
assess
handler
exposure.
Note
that
CMA
surrogate
data
have
the
following
deficiencies:

The
inhalation
concentrations
were
typically
below
the
detection
limits,
so
the
unit
exposures
for
the
inhalation
exposure
route
could
not
be
accurately
calculated.

The
quality
of
the
CMA
data
were
assessed
using
the
same
grading
criteria
as
PHED
and
the
grades
were
all
at
C,
D,
E
lower
than
PHED
standards
(
e.
g.,
most
of
PHED
is
at
grades
A,
B,
C).

Grade
C,
D,
E
data
frequently
may
have
QA/
QC
problems
including
lack
of
either/
or
field
fortification,
laboratory
recoveries,
and
storage
stability
information.

Grade
C,
D,
E
data
have
an
insufficient
amount
of
replicates.

Grade
C,
D,
E
data
may
have
higher
variabilities
(
e.
g.,
high
CVs).

°
The
estimates
used
for
the
amount
of
water
maintained
by
workers
for
cooling
water
systems
and
pulp
and
paper
process
systems
comes
from
Dang,
1996.
It
is
unclear
from
the
study
what
method
was
used
to
calculate
the
values.
The
estimate
for
once­
through
cooling
water
systems
was
used
as
a
surrogate
for
all
other
industrial
processes/
water
systems.

Material
Preservatives
and
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
°
Very
little
data
could
be
found
regarding
typical
amounts
handled
by
workers
in
manufacturing
settings
for
material
preservatives
and
workers
in
commercial/
institutional
premises.
It
is
unclear
whether
the
values
used
reflect
typical
amounts
handled
by
workers.

Swimming
Pools
/
Spas
$
Surrogate
dermal
and
inhalation
data
from
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
(
CMA)
database
were
used
to
assess
handler
exposure.
These
data
were
not
originally
meant
for
use
in
calculating
risks
for
swimming
pool
handlers.

$
Calculation
for
the
swimming
pool
scenarios
rely
on
the
use
of
SWIMODEL,
a
model
which
has
the
following
limitations:

SWIMODEL
focuses
on
potential
chemical
intakes
only.
It
does
not
account
for
metabolism
or
Page
37
of
45
excretion
of
the
chemical
of
concern.

SWIMODEL
does
not
predict
or
calculate
chemical
concentration
values
in
exhaled
air
or
blood.
Therefore,
biological
monitoring
results
cannot
be
directly
compared
or
related
to
SWIMODEL
outputs.

SWIMODEL
uses
the
following
absorption
factors
for
each
route
of
exposure:

­
Ingestion:
100%
absorption
of
ingested
chemical
assumed
­
Dermal:
Uses
a
chemical­
specific
dermal
permeability
coefficient
°
Dermal
exposure
estimates
are
predicated
on
a
one
compartment
model
of
the
skin.
The
ratelimiting
step
is
penetration
of
the
stratum
corneum.
The
model
uses
Fick's
Law
of
Diffusion
to
calculate
a
general
exposure
value,
without
regard
for
differences
in
the
skin
permeability
of
specific
body
parts.

Residential
and
Public
Access
Premises
$
Surrogate
dermal
and
inhalation
data
from
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
(
CMA)
database
were
used
to
assess
handler
exposure.
These
data
were
not
originally
meant
for
use
in
calculating
risks
for
residential
scenarios.
Clothing
scenarios
differ
significantly
between
the
CMA
study
(
long
sleeved
shirt,
long
pants)
and
the
residential
exposure
scenario
(
short
sleeved
shirt,
short
pants).

Agricultural
Premises
and
Aquatic
Areas
°
There
is
considerable
uncertainty
as
to
the
use
rates
used
in
the
agricultural
/
aquatic
area
scenarios.
The
values
used
are
based
on
anecdotal
evidence.
Page
38
of
45
7.0
REFERENCES
American
Association
of
Textile
Chemists
and
Colorists.
2003.
Phone
conversation
with
Tricia
Day,
Technical
Assistant,
July
2003.

Brown,
C.
2002.
Water
Use
in
the
Professional
Car
Wash
Industry.
Published
by
International
Carwash
Association,
Inc.

Clearon
Corp.
Material
Safety
Data
Sheet
for
Halogene
G.
http://
www.
dsbg.
com/
Brome/
brome.
nsf/
0a03dde88bb2d9c7422567760036799d/
c1a588a37cc806a942
256c2a003ea436/$
FILE/
8424GU_
EN­
MTR­
CLRR.
pdf,
last
accessed
March,
2003.

Clements,
JB.
2003.
The
In­
Bay
Automatic:
An
Additional
Profit
Center.
http://
www.
wonderwash­
wonderlube.
com/
aln_
nov96.
doc,
last
accessed
February,
2003.

Dang,
W.
1996.
Antimicrobial
Pesticides,
Uses,
Human
Exposures,
and
Risk
Assessments.
March,
1996.
Draft.

USEPA.
1997.
Exposure
Factors
Handbook.
Volume
I­
II.
Office
of
Research
and
Development.
Washington,
D.
C.
EPA/
600/
P­
95/
002Fa.

USEPA.
1999.
Evaluation
of
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association
Antimicrobial
Exposure
Assessment
Study.
Memorandum
from
Siroos
Mostaghimi,
Ph.
D.,
USEPA,
to
Julie
Fairfax,
USEPA.
Dated
November
4,
1999.
DP
Barcode
D247642.

USEPA.
2000a.
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
­
2nd
Report
of
the
Hazard
Identification
Assessment
Review
Committee.
Dated
August
28,
2000.
HED
Doc.
No.
014298.

USEPA.
2000b.
Residential
SOPs.
EPA
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
 
Human
Health
Division.
Dated
April
5,
2000.

USEPA,
2002.
Pesticide
Product
Information
System.
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
opppmsd1/
PPISdata/
index.
html,
last
accessed
September
2002.
Page
39
of
45
APPENDIX:
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products
Page
40
of
45
Table
A1.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Industrial
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Recirculating
Cooling
Water
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
356,
­
420
3576­
150,
5785­
62,
­
63,
­
100
6836­
113,
­
115,
­
210,
­
237
66397­
1
5185­
42
Gel
5185­
487
Granular
6836­
280
8622­
29
5785­
65
5785­
70
Wettable
Powder
8622­
28
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
3377­
71,
­
62
5185­
483
6836
­
120,
­
121,
­
122,
­
123,
­
124
8622­
30
5785­
57
Once­
Through
Cooling
Water
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
356,
­
420
3576­
150,
5785­
62,
­
63,
6836­
115,
­
210,
­
237
5185­
420
Gel
5185­
487
Granular
6836­
280
8622­
29
5785­
65
Wettable
Powder
8622­
28
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
3377­
71
5185­
483
8622­
30
5785­
57
Page
41
of
45
Table
A1.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Industrial
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Wastewater
Treatment
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
356
5785­
63,
6836­
113,
­
115,
­
237
5185­
420
Granular
5785­
65
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
5185­
483
3377­
71
Air
Washer
Tablet
/
Briquette
6836­
113,
­
115,
­
210,
­
237
Granular
6836­
280
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
3377­
71
Photo
Processing
Wash
Water
Tablet
/
Briquette
6836­
115,
­
237
5185­
420
Granular
Pulp
and
Paper
Process
Water
Tablet
5785­
63,
6836­
113,
­
115,
­
282,
­
297,
­
237
5185­
420
Granular
2836­
280,
6836­
281,
­
296
5785­
65
Ready­
to­
Use
3377­
71
5785­
57
6836­
307
47371­
190
Cannery
Water
Systems
Gel
5185­
487
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
5185­
483
Page
42
of
45
Table
A1.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Industrial
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Evaporative
Cooler
Gel
5185­
487
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
356
5785­
63,
­
100
5185­
420
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
5185­
483
Table
A2.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Commercial/
Institutional
Premises
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Air
Conditioner
/
Humidifier
Drip
Pans
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
420
5785­
63,
­
100
5185­
420
8622­
29
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
8622­
30
Ornamental
Fountains
Tablet
/
Briquette
1448­
420
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
3377­
71
8622­
30
Transportation
Cleaning
Tablet
/
Briquette
6836­
210
Page
43
of
45
Table
A3.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Swimming
Pool
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Swimming
Pool
Granular
6836­
250
Tablet
/
Briquette
5185­
378,
­
420
7616­
66
1729­
132
7124­
104
6836­
118
66397­
2,
­
3
57787­
24
8622­
41
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
67262­
23
3377­
61,
­
72
Soluble
Concentrate
6836­
211
Spas
and
Hot
Tubs
Granular
6836­
251
Tablet
/
Briquette
66397­
1,
­
2
5185­
377,
­
420,
­
421
7124­
103
7616­
66
1729­
104,
­
153,
­
132,
6836­
116
57787­
24
8622­
41
Ready­
to­
Use
Solution
3377­
61,
­
72
53735­
10
67262­
23
5185­
480,
­
433,
­
480,
­
483
6836­
243
Soluble
Concentrate
6836­
211
Page
44
of
45
Table
A4.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Residential
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Detergent
and
Soap
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
200,
­
207,­
271
,
­
306
47371­
189
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
111,
­
199,
­
200
Adhesives
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
271
47371­
188
Carpet
Shampoo
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
306
Caulk
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
271
47371­
188
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
200
Household
Cleaning
Products
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
271
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
199,
­
200
Textile
Processing
Chemicals
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,­
271,
­
306
Fabric
Softener
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
271,
­
306
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
199,
­
200
Deodorizer
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
207,­
271,
­
306
47371­
189
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
199,
­
200
Water­
based
gels
for
household
and
industrial
products
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
207,
­
306
47371­
189
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
199,
­
200
Paint
Soluble
/
Flowable
Concentrate
6836­
119,
­
207,
­
271
47371­
188
Ready­
to­
Use
6836­
200
In­
Tank
Sanitizer
Tablet
/
Briquette
5185­
446,
­
469
5813­
66,
­
65
6836­
251,
­
256,
­
255,
­
263,
­
264,
­
265,
­
279,
­
272,
Page
45
of
45
Table
A5.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Agricultural
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Foot
Baths
Granular
5785­
70
Table
A6.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products,
Grouped
by
Aquatic
Area
Uses
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Chemigation
Granular
5785­
70
Tablet
5785­
69
Table
A7.
EPA
Registration
Numbers
for
Dihalodialkylhydantoin
Products
used
for
Reformulation
and
Repackaging
Use
Category
Formulation
EPA
Registration
Numbers
Reformulation
Formulation
Intermediate
8622­
26,
­
27
Granular
1729­
128,
­
129
Powder
6836­
109,
­
110,
­
114,
­
117
Liquid
6836­
112,
­
208
Tablet
1729­
130
Technical
Chemical
5185­
452,
­
454,
­
455,
­
456,
­
457
8622­
25
3377B63