Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2004-0032-0715
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2005-04-27T04:00Z

Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
1
of
27
3.0
Printing
and
Publishing
3.1
Introduction
EPA
published
a
study
of
this
industry
in
October
1983
(
EPA
440/
1­
83/
400).

Printing
and
publishing
operations
include
five
main
printing
processes:
lithographic
printing,
screen
printing,
flexographic
printing,
letterpress
printing,
and
gravure
printing.

The
lithographic
printing
process
involves
a
plate
on
which
the
image
and
non­
image
areas
are
on
the
same
plane,
as
opposed
to
being
either
raised
or
indented.
Lithography
dominates
the
printing
of
books,
magazines,
and
newspapers
in
addition
to
advertising
materials,
envelopes,
stationery,
and
greeting
cards.
Consequently,
lithography
accounts
for
almost
50
percent
of
the
commercial
printing
market.

Screen
printing
involves
stretching
a
porous
mesh
material
over
a
frame
to
form
a
screen.
Then
a
rubber­
type
blade
is
swept
across
the
screen
surface,
pressing
the
ink
through
a
stencil
and
onto
the
print
material.
Examples
of
screen­
printed
products
include
signs,
electronics
and
dashboards,
textiles,
decals,
graphic
arts
materials,
and
containers.

Flexography
is
a
process
used
primarily
for
printing
on
paper,
corrugated
paperboard,
and
flexible
plastic
materials.
Examples
of
items
printed
with
flexography
include
newspapers,
milk
cartons,
frozen
food
and
bread
bags,
and
shampoo
bottle
labels.

Letterpress
is
the
oldest
method
of
printing
with
equipment
and
images
printed
by
the
relief­
type
printing
plates,
where
the
image
or
printing
areas
are
raised
above
the
non­
printing
areas.
Typical
products
printed
with
letterpress
printing
processes
include
business
cards,
letterhead,
proofs,
billheads,
forms,
posters,
announcements,
imprinting,
and
embossing.
The
importance
of
letterpress,
which
until
the
1940s
was
the
dominant
printing
process,
is
declining
very
rapidly
and
is
being
replaced
by
lithography
and
flexography.

Gravure
is
a
printing
process
that
uses
intaglio
or
engraved
metal
plates
or
cylinders.
The
three
main
gravure
segments
are:
publishing
(
e.
g.
magazines),
packaging
(
e.
g.
folding
cartons
such
as
soda
cases)
and
products
(
e.
g.
shower
curtains
and
vinyl
flooring).

3.2
Industry
Profile
Printing
and
publishing
includes
facilities
in
SIC
codes
2732,
2752,
2754,
2759,
2761,
2771,
2782,
2789,
2791,
2796,
and
7334.
The
1987
SIC
Code
Manual
defines
these
SIC
codes
as
follows:
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
2
of
27

2732:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
printing,
or
in
printing
and
binding,
books
and
pamphlets,
but
not
engaged
in
publishing.

2752:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
printing
by
the
lithographic
process.
The
greater
part
of
the
work
in
this
industry
is
performed
on
a
job
or
custom
basis;
but
in
some
cases
lithographed
calendars,
maps,
posters,
decalcomanias,
or
other
products
are
made
for
sale.
Offset
printing,
photo­
offset
printing,
and
photolithographing
are
also
included
in
this
industry.

2754:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
gravure
printing.

2759:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
commercial
or
job
printing,
not
elsewhere
classified.
This
industry
includes
general
printing
shops,
not
elsewhere
classified,
as
well
as
shops
specializing
in
printing
newspapers
and
periodicals
for
others.

2761:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
designing
and
printing,
by
any
process,
special
forms
for
use
in
the
operation
of
a
business,
in
single
and
multiple
sets,
including
carbonized
or
interleaved
with
carbon
or
otherwise
processed
for
multiple
reproduction.

2771:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
publishing,
printing
by
any
process,
or
both,
of
greeting
cards
for
all
occasions.

2782:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
manufacturing
blankbooks,
looseleaf
devices,
and
library
binders;
and
in
ruling
paper.

2789:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
edition,
trade,
job,
and
library
bookbinding.
Also
included
in
this
industry
are
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
book
or
paper
bronzing,
gilding,
and
edging;
in
map
and
sample
mounting;
and
in
other
services
related
to
bookbinding.
Establishments
primarily
binding
books
printed
elsewhere
are
classified
in
this
industry.

2791:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
typesetting
for
the
trade,
including
advertisement
typesetting.

2796:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
making
plates
for
printing
purposes
and
in
related
services.
Also
included
are
establishments
primarily
engaged
in
making
positives
or
negatives
from
which
offset
lithographic
plates
are
made.
These
establishments
do
not
print
from
the
plates
which
they
make,
but
prepare
them
for
use
by
others.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
3
of
27

7334:
Establishments
primarily
engaged
in
reproducing
text,
drawings,
plans,
maps,
or
other
copy
by
blueprinting,
photocopying,
mimeographing,
or
other
methods
of
duplication
other
than
printing
or
microfilming.

Table
3­
1
presents
Census
data
for
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Category.

Table
3­
1.
Census
Data
SIC
Code
NAICS
Code
Number
of
Facilities
in
1997a
Number
of
Facilities
in
2002a
2732:
Book
printing
323117:
Book
printing
745
596
2752:
Commercial
printing,
lithographic
323110:
Commercial
Lithographic
Printing
18,623
15,606
323114:
Quick
Printing
8,261
7,694
2754:
Commercial
printing,
gravure
323111:
Commercial
Gravure
Printing
453
360
2759:
Commercial
printing,
not
elsewhere
classified
323112:
Commercial
Flexographic
Printing
909
895
323113:
Commercial
Screen
Printing
4,133
4,417
323114:
Quick
printing
See
SIC
Code
2752
for
totals
323115:
Digital
Printing
387
1,133
323119:
Other
Commercial
printing
3,434
2,435
2761:
Manifold
business
forms
323116:
Manifold
business
form
printing
1,040
770
2771:
Greeting
cards
323110:
Commercial
lithographic
printing
See
SIC
Code
2752
for
totals
323111:
Commercial
gravure
printing
See
SIC
Code
2754
for
totals
323112:
Commercial
flexographic
printing
See
SIC
Code
2759
for
totals
323113:
Commercial
screen
printing
See
SIC
Code
2759
for
totals
323119:
Other
commercial
printing
See
SIC
Code
2759
for
totals
511191:
Greeting
Card
Publishers
111
2002
data
not
available
2782:
Blankbooks
&
looseleaf
binders
323116:
Manifold
business
form
printing
See
SIC
Code
2761
for
totals
323118:
Blankbook,
looseleaf
binder,
&
device
mfg
301
240
2789:
Bookbinding
&
related
work
323121:
Tradebinding
&
related
work
1,285
1,236
2791:
Typesetting
323122:
Prepress
services
3,345
2,150
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
1.
Census
Data
SIC
Code
NAICS
Code
Number
of
Facilities
in
1997a
Number
of
Facilities
in
2002a
Page
4
of
27
2796:
Platemaking
services
323122:
Prepress
services
See
SIC
Code
2791
for
totals
7334:
Photocopying
&
duplicating
services
561439:
Other
business
service
centers
(
including
copy
shops)
5,780
5,852
Total
48,807
43,384
(
a)
The
census
bureau
lists
the
number
of
establishments
as
a
total
number
for
each
NAICS
Code.

Table
3­
1
shows
that
the
number
of
printing
and
publishing
facilities
generally
decreased
between
1997
and
2002.
However,
digital
printing
increased
significantly,
and
commercial
screen
printing
and
photocopying
services
increased
slightly.

Table
3­
2
presents
the
facility
data
available
in
the
2000
TRI
and
PCS.
Of
the
approximately
48,000
printing
and
publishing
facilities
in
the
U.
S.
(
1997
U.
S.
Census),
202
reported
to
TRI
and
21
to
PCS.
Of
the
21
that
reported
to
PCS,
2
were
major
dischargers.
Based
on
the
21
PCS
reporters
and
48,000
facilities,
the
majority
of
printers
discharge
indirectly.

Table
3­
2.
Facility
Counts
SIC
Code
Number
of
Facilities
Reporting
to
2000
TRI
Number
of
Facilities
Reporting
to
PCS
2000
Direct­
Only
Indirect­
Only
Both
No
Reported
Discharge
Direct
Minor
Major
2732
0
4
0
1
3
0
2752
0
28
0
41
4
0
2754
2
16
2
48
4
1
2759
0
1
0
18
5
0
2761
0
0
0
0
1
0
2771
0
2
0
2
1
0
2782
0
2
0
0
0
0
2789
0
0
0
1
0
1
2791
0
0
0
0
0
0
2796
0
21
0
14
0
0
7334
0
0
0
1
1
0
Total
2
74
2
126
19
2
Draft,
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12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
5
of
27
Table
3­
2
shows
that
the
majority
of
discharging
facilities
send
their
wastewater
to
POTWs.
Of
the
200
facilities
reporting
to
the
2000
TRI,
63
percent
reported
no
wastewater
discharges,
36
percent
reported
only
indirect
discharges,
and
1
percent
reported
both
direct
and
indirect
discharges.

3.3
Wastewater
Characteristics
3.3.1
Wastewater
Quantity
The
EPA's
October
1983
Summary
of
Available
Data
on
the
Levels
and
Control
of
Toxic
Pollutant
Discharges
in
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category
(
1983
Data
Summary)
contains
information
on
wastewater
generation.
According
to
the
1983
Data
Summary,
wastewater
flows
in
the
industry
generally
range
from
26
to
50
gallons
per
day
and
are
often
not
continuous.
EPA's
1977
Second
Preliminary
Technical
Assessment
of
the
Best
Available
Technology,
Best
Demonstrated
Technology
and
Pretreatment
Technology
for
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category
(
1977
PTA)
found
that
31
percent
of
the
plants
generate
less
than
25
gallons
per
day,
54
percent
of
the
plants
generate
less
than
500
gallons
per
day,
and
3.7
percent
of
the
plants
generate
more
than
5,000
gallons
per
day.

No
establishments
reported
wastewater
flow
data
to
TRI
in
2000.
Table
3­
3
presents
the
wastewater
flow
data
from
the
PCSLoads2000
database.

Table
3­
3.
Wastewater
Flow
Data
from
PCSLoads
2000
SIC
Code
Annual
Flow
Data
Source
Range,
MGY
Median,
MGY
2732
Min:
13.94
Max:
50.86
32.40
PCS
2752
Min:
0.088
Max:
16.07
2.16
PCS
2754
Min:
0.77
Max:
921.54
113.76
PCS
2759
Min:
0.60
Max:
49.43
9.50
PCS
2761
24.93
PCS
2771
577.70
PCS
2782
No
facilities
reporting
to
PCS
in
2000.
PCS
2789
186.96
PCS
2791
No
facilities
reporting
to
PCS
in
2000.
PCS
2796
No
facilities
reporting
to
PCS
in
2000.
PCS
7334
0.045
PCS
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
3.
Wastewater
Flow
Data
from
PCSLoads
2000
Page
6
of
27
All
SIC
Codes
0.045
­
921.54
8.64
PCS
The
1983
PDS
also
found
that
the
facilities
with
the
largest
flows
are
direct
dischargers
and
only
3.7
percent
of
printers
discharge
more
than
5,000
gpd
of
wastewater.
In
the
2000
PCS
database,
21
facilities
report
direct
discharges,
and
their
flows
range
from
241
to
2.5
million
gpd.

While
PCS
data
is
limited
for
this
industry,
these
more
recent
data
indicate
that
wastewater
discharge
volumes
may
have
decreased
from
those
presented
in
the
1983
Data
Summary
and
1977
PTA.
This
finding
is
consistent
with
case
studies
documenting
water
reduction
practices
(
Massachusetts
Office
of
Technical
Assistance,
Connecticut
Department
of
Environmental
Protection,
and
the
Enviro$
en$
e
Web
Page).

3.3.2
Raw
Wastewater
Quality
EPA
obtained
raw
wastewater
discharge
data
from
the
2000
TRI
and
the
1983
Data
Summary.
Table
3­
4
presents
the
TRI
data
for
wastewater
discharged
from
printing
and
publishing
facilities
to
POTWs
(
e.
g.,
does
not
account
for
POTW
removals).
Table
3­
5
summarizes
the
1983
Data
Summary
analytical
results.

Table
3­
4.
TRIReleases2000
Data
for
Wastewater
Discharges
to
POTWs
(
All
Indirect)

SIC
Code
Number
of
Facilities
Total
Discharged
to
POTW
Pounds
TWPE
2732
4
9,572
3
2752
28
93,369
201
2754
18
13,742
626
2759
1
5
0.00053
2761
No
facilities
reporting
to
2000
TRI.

2771
2
22,260
162
2782
2
18,275
37
2789
No
facilities
reporting
to
2000
TRI.

2791
No
facilities
reporting
to
2000
TRI.

2796
21
1,098,026
878
7334
No
facilities
reporting
to
2000
TRI.

Total
8076
1,255,249
1,907
Draft,
4/
12/
05;

subject
to
change
Page
7
of
27
Table
3­
5.
Summary
of
Wastewater
Data
from
1983
U.
S.
Data
Summary
Process
Type
Photo
Combo
Photo/
Non­
metal
Plate
Pressroom
(
Non­
Water
Based
Inks)
Pressroom
(
Water­
Based
Inks)

Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Flow
(
GPD)
3,230
­

6,000
4,615
2
3,000
­

27,000
20,000
7
100
­
200
150
2
164
­
500
300
3
Metals
Antimony
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
ND
9
ND
­
<
10
<
10
3
ND
­
5
<
10
3
Arsenic
77
77
1
ND
­
12
ND
9
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
120
33
3
Beryllium
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
2
ND
3
Cadmium
10
­
600
305
2
<
10
­
545
20
9
<
10
­
10
<
10
3
<
10
­
6
6
3
Chromium
30
NA1
11
11
­
1,190
65
9
24
­
79
24
3
Data
Not
Representative2
Copper
60
­
260
160
2
30
­
5,775
102
9
57
­
1,800
73
3
1,800
­
8,700
4610
3
Lead
14
14
1
ND
­
199
2
9
40
­
3,740
60
3
Data
Not
Representative2
Mercury
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
11
1
9
1
­
4
2
3
ND
­
1
<
0.3
3
Nickel
50
­
3,600
1,825
2
ND
­
48
<
10
9
ND
­
17
<
10
3
<
46
­
92
74
3
Selenium
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
<
10
3
ND
­
<
12
ND
3
Silver
390
­
560
475
2
<
10
­
1,285
<
10
9
<
10
<
10
3
<
10
­
28
9
3
Thallium
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
3
Zinc
560
­
9,300
4,930
2
ND
­
2,450
197
9
ND
­
90
86
3
2,700
­
17,500
10,700
3
Organic
Pollutants
1,1,1­
Trichloroethane
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
250
ND
7
ND
­
180
10
3
140
­
1,200
760
3
1,1,2,2­
Tetrachloroethane
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
20
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
1,1,2,2­
Tetrachloroethene
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
790
ND
3
1,1­
Dichloroethane
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
30
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
1,1­
Dichloroethylene
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
1,2­
Dichloroethane
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
1,2­
trans­
Dichloroethylene
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Benzene
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
<
10
7
ND
­
60
<
10
3
ND
­
190
ND
3
Draft,
4/
12/
05;

subject
to
change
Table
3­
5.
Summary
of
Wastewater
Data
from
1983
U.
S.
Data
Summary
Process
Type
Photo
Combo
Photo/
Non­
metal
Plate
Pressroom
(
Non­
Water
Based
Inks)
Pressroom
(
Water­
Based
Inks)

Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Flow
(
GPD)
3,230
­

6,000
4,615
2
3,000
­

27,000
20,000
7
100
­
200
150
2
164
­
500
300
3
Page
8
of
27
Bis(
2­
chloroethyl)
ether
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
2,600
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
Bis
(
2­
ethylhexyl)

phthalate
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
400
<
10
7
ND
­
16
<
10
3
ND
­
41
29
3
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
16
ND
3
Carbon
tetrachloride
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
Chlordibromomethane
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
10
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Chloroform
11
11
1
ND
­
140
70
7
<
10
­
70
20
3
ND
­
900
ND
3
Dichlorobromomethane
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
30
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Diethyl
phthalate
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
15
ND
3
Di­
n­
butyl
phthalate
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
7
ND
­
<
10
<
10
3
ND
­
21
ND
3
Ethylbenzene
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
130
10
7
10
­
2,500
260
3
120
­
1,780
290
3
Methylene
chloride
2
2
1
ND
­
130
130
7
<
10
­
130
130
3
ND
­
130
ND
3
Naphthalene
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
2,600
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
p­
chloro­
m­
cresol
12
12
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Pentachlorophenol
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
5,900
ND
3
Phenol
18
18
1
ND
­
290
ND
7
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
800
41
3
Pyrene
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
39
ND
3
Trichloroethylene
13
13
1
ND
­
70
ND
7
ND
­
<
10
ND
3
No
sampling
data
available
Toluene
5
5
1
ND
­
890
20
7
<
10
­
370
190
3
120
­
420
370
3
Conventional
and
Bulk
Parameters
Ammonia
as
Nitrogen
43
43
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Biochemical
Oxygen
Demand
24
24
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
3,000
­
3,500
3,250
2
Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
264
264
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
7,700
­
113,000
60,350
2
Total
Cyanide
840
840
1
ND
­
560
40
9
40
­
200
110
3
ND
­
430
ND
3
Oil
and
Grease
18
18
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
33
­
1,700
867
2
Draft,
4/
12/
05;

subject
to
change
Table
3­
5.
Summary
of
Wastewater
Data
from
1983
U.
S.
Data
Summary
Process
Type
Photo
Combo
Photo/
Non­
metal
Plate
Pressroom
(
Non­
Water
Based
Inks)
Pressroom
(
Water­
Based
Inks)

Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilitie
s
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Range
Median
#
Facilities
Flow
(
GPD)
3,230
­

6,000
4,615
2
3,000
­

27,000
20,000
7
100
­
200
150
2
164
­
500
300
3
Page
9
of
27
Total
Dissolved
Solids
758
758
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
4,200
­
66,000
35,100
2
Total
Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
52
52
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Total
Phenols
36
36
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
510
­
18,000
9,255
2
Total
Phosphorus
3
3
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Total
Organic
Carbon
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
7,300
­
26,000
16,650
2
Total
Suspended
Solids
7
7
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
920
­
2,200
1,560
2
Total
Volatile
Solids
141
141
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
3,000
3,000
1
Total
Solids
764
764
1
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
5,100
­
68,000
36,550
2
Pesticides
4,4­
DDT
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
9
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
B­
endosulfan­
beta
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
9
ND
­
1
ND
3
ND
­
1
ND
3
Dieldrin
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
<
10
ND
9
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
R­
BHC­
Lindane
Gamma
No
sampling
data
available
ND
­
30
ND
9
No
sampling
data
available
No
sampling
data
available
Source:
U.
S.
EPA
Summary
of
Available
Data
on
the
Levels
and
Control
of
Toxic
Pollutant
Discharges
in
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category,

October
1983.

Notes:

ND
indicates
that
pollutants
were
not
detected
in
the
wastewater
sample.

<
indicates
that
trace
amounts
of
the
pollutant
were
detected
in
the
wastewater
sample.

1Sampling
data
are
available
for
a
second
facility
and
show
36,000
µ
g/
L
for
chromium;
however,
the
chromium
is
a
cooling
tower
additive
and
not
related
to
the
photographic
printing
process.

2Verification
sampling
of
same
wastewater
found
chromium
and
lead
at
substantially
lower
levels.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
10
of
27
3.3.3
Treated
Wastewater
Quality
Tables
3­
6
and
3­
7
present
the
TRI
and
PCS
data
for
wastewater
discharged
to
surface
water
(
e.
g.,
after
POTW
treatment),
respectively.

Table
3­
6.
Discharges
Reported
to
TRIReleases2000
Discharge
Type
Total
Discharged
to
Stream
(
After
POTW
Treatment)

Pounds
TWPE
Indirect
124,358
700
Direct
370
15
Total
124,728
715
Table
3­
7.
Discharges
Reported
to
PCSLoads2000
SIC
Pounds
TWPE
2754
6,676,564
1,435
2789
791,554
812
Tables
3­
8
and
3­
9
show
the
top
pollutants
reported
to
the
2000
TRI
and
PCS,
based
on
TWPE
and
total
pounds
reported.

Table
3­
8.
Top
Pollutants
from
TRIReleases2000
Data
(
Discharges
after
POTW
Treatment)

SIC
Code
Top
Pollutants
by
TWPE
Top
Pollutants
by
Pounds
Chemical
TWPE
%
of
Total
SIC
TWPE
Chemical
Pounds
%
of
Total
SIC
Lbs
2732
Ethylene
glycol
0.170
72%
Glycol
ethers
633
83%

2732
Glycol
ethers
0.068
28%
Ethylene
glycol
127
17%

2732
Total
0.238
Total
760
2752
Copper
45.390
92%
Nitrate
compounds
4,300
51%

2752
Copper
compounds
0.690
1%
Glycol
ethers
2,501
30%

2752
Ethylene
glycol
1.961
4%
Ethylene
glycol
1,468
18%

2752
Total
49
Total
8,361
2754
Copper
57
32%
Toluene
416
26%

2754
Copper
compounds
109
61%
Xylene
(
mixed
isomers)
263
17%

2754
Zinc
compounds
9
5%
Zinc
compounds
186
12%

2754
Toluene
2
1%
Copper
compounds
173
11%

2754
Xylene
(
mixed
isomers)
1.11
1%
Methanol
143
9%

2754
Nickel
compounds
0.34
0%
Glycol
ethers
125
8%
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
8.
Top
Pollutants
from
TRIReleases2000
Data
(
Discharges
after
POTW
Treatment)

SIC
Code
Top
Pollutants
by
TWPE
Top
Pollutants
by
Pounds
Chemical
TWPE
%
of
Total
SIC
TWPE
Chemical
Pounds
%
of
Total
SIC
Lbs
Page
11
of
27
2754
Barium
compounds
0.17
0%
Copper
91
6%

2754
Total
178
Total
1,571
2759
Glycol
ethers
0.00004
100%
Glycol
ethers
0.397
100%

2759
Total
0.00004
Total
0.397
2771
Copper
compounds
44.009
99%
Nitrate
compounds
2,200
97%

2771
Nickel
compounds
0.336
1%
Copper
compounds
70
3%

2771
Nitrate
compounds
0.136
0%
Nickel
compounds
3
0%

2771
Total
44.482
Total
2,273
2782
Trichloroethylene
7.078
100%
Trichloroethylene
1,099
100%

2782
Total
7.078
Total
1,099
2796
Sodium
nitrite
274.79
63%
Nitrate
compounds
109,521
99%

2796
Copper
compounds
136.516
31%
Xylene
(
mixed
isomers)
29
0%

2796
Total
436.227
Total
110,664
Table
3­
9.
Top
Pollutants
from
PCSLoads2000
(
Direct
Dischargers)

SIC
Code
Top
Pollutants
by
TWPE
Top
Pollutants
by
Pounds
Chemical
TWPE
%
of
Total
SIC
TWPE
Chemical
Lbs
%
of
Total
SIC
Lbs
2754
Silver
total
recoverable
1,020.8
71%
Solids,
total
dissolved
5,607,453
84%

2754
Copper
total
recoverable
139.09
10%
Chloride
(
as
Cl)
1,044,352
16%

2754
Lead
total
recoverable
138.83
10%
Oil
&
grease
freon
extrgrav
meth
15,805
0%

Total
1,435
Total
6,676,564
2789
Chlorine,
total
residual
713.30
88%
Oxygen
demand,
chem.
(
High
level)
(
COD)
615,345
78%

2789
Lead,
total
(
as
Pb)
72.95
9%
Solids,
total
suspended
121,465
15%

2789
Copper,
total
(
as
Cu)
21.50
3%
Bod,
5­
day
(
20
deg.
C)
51,111
6%

Total
812.38
Total
791,554
Table
3­
8
and
3­
9
demonstrate
that
the
pollutants
contributing
the
greatest
to
the
overall
TWPE
estimate
for
the
printing
and
publishing
industry
are
copper
and
sodium
nitrite.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
12
of
27
Table
3­
9
demonstrates
that,
on
a
per
facility
basis,
TWPE
estimates
for
indirect
discharges
are
low.
The
average
annual
TWPE
per
facility
for
indirect
dischargers
reporting
to
TRI
in
2000
is
approximately
9.

Table
3­
10
shows
the
Printing
and
Publishing
facilities
that
reported
to
TRI
in
2000.
It
also
contains
TWPE
estimates
per
facility.
Note
that
for
indirect
discharging
facilities
the
TWPE
values
also
account
for
POTW
removals.
Also,
some
facilities
reported
their
discharges
as
a
range,
resulting
in
many
facilities
with
roughly
44
TWPE
discharged
per
year.
In
these
cases,
EPA
estimated
the
TWPE
using
the
median
of
the
range
reported.

Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
2796
Citiplate
Inc.
Jackson
TN
Indirect
275
2754
Quebecor
World
Atglen
Div.
Atglen
PA
Indirect
44
2754
Quebecor
World
Buffalo
Inc.
Depew
NY
Indirect
44
2752
Quad/
graphics
Inc.
Lomira
WI
Indirect
44
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Gallatin
TN
Indirect
44
2771
American
Greetings
Corp.
Osceola
AR
Indirect
44
2796
S
&
M
Rotogravure
Service
Inc.
New
Berlin
WI
Indirect
44
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Louisville
KY
Indirect
44
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Richmond
VA
Indirect
44
2796
Fashion
Techs.
Inc.
Gaffney
SC
Indirect
17
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
Printing
Co.
Lynchburg
VA
Indirect
14
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Warsaw
IN
Direct
10
2782
U.
s.
Ringbinder
L.
p.
Saint
Louis
MO
Indirect
7.1
2754
Quebecor
World
Atglen
Div.
Atglen
PA
Direct
4.8
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Lancaster
East
Lancaster
PA
Indirect
4.8
2796
Western
Lithotech
Jacksonville
TX
Indirect
4.4
2754
Quebecor
World
(
Usa)
Inc.
Evans
GA
Indirect
4.0
2754
Qp
Memphis
Corp.
Memphis
TN
Indirect
1.9
2754
Quebecor
World
Corinth
Corinth
MS
Indirect
1.8
2752
Fry
Communications
Inc.
Mechanicsburg
PA
Indirect
1.5
2796
Precision
Lithograining
Corp.
South
Hadley
MA
Indirect
1.2
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Mattoon
IL
Indirect
0.96
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Spartanburg
SC
Indirect
0.94
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
13
of
27
2752
Quebecor
World
Salem
Div.
Salem
Gravure
Salem
IL
Indirect
0.86
2754
Ipc
&
L
Co.
Inc.
Rogersville
TN
Indirect
0.86
2754
Quad/
graphics
Inc.
Martinsburg
WV
Indirect
0.86
2754
Quebecor
World
Dallas
Inc.
Farmers
Branch
TX
Indirect
0.86
2796
Mackay
Inc.
Florence
KY
Indirect
0.86
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Atlanta
GA
Indirect
0.86
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Battle
Creek
MI
Indirect
0.86
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Exton
PA
Indirect
0.86
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Phoenix
NY
Indirect
0.86
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Wilmington
NC
Indirect
0.86
2754
Quebecor
Printing
Franklin
Franklin
KY
Indirect
0.76
2752
Quebecor
World
Dyersburg
Div.
Dyersburg
TN
Indirect
0.72
2771
Hallmark
Cards
Inc.
Kansas
City
MO
Indirect
0.47
2754
Quebecor
World
Nevada
Inc.
Fernley
NV
Indirect
0.44
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
130130
Reno
NV
Indirect
0.35
2754
U.
s.
Bureau
of
Engraving
&
Printing
Fort
Worth
TX
Indirect
0.34
2796
East
Texas
Engraving
Tyler
TX
Indirect
0.28
2752
Amsterdam
Printing
&
Litho
Amsterdam
NY
Indirect
0.27
2796
Graphic
Engravers
Inc.
Bensenville
IL
Indirect
0.22
2796
Concord
Photo
Engraving
Co.
Inc.
Concord
NH
Indirect
0.19
2732
R.
r.
Donnelley
Crawfordsville
Div.
Crawfordsville
IN
Indirect
0.19
2752
Quebecor
World
Mt.
Morris
Inc.
Mount
Morris
IL
Indirect
0.19
2796
Advance
Printing
Prods.
Inc.
Mc
Bee
SC
Indirect
0.18
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
Printing
Co.
L.
p.
Des
Moines
IA
Indirect
0.17
2796
Consolidated
Engravers
Charlotte
NC
Indirect
0.17
2796
Augustine
Co.
Inc.
Marshalltown
IA
Indirect
0.17
2796
Flexographic
Printing
Plate
Co.
Worcester
MA
Indirect
0.17
2752
Quebecor
World
Tennessee
Inc.
Covington
TN
Indirect
0.059
2752
Nahan
Printing
Inc.
Saint
Cloud
MN
Indirect
0.047
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Glasgow
Mfg.
Div.
Glasgow
KY
Indirect
0.031
2752
American
Color
Graphics
Inc.
Marengo
IA
Indirect
0.031
2754
Graphic
Packaging
Corp.
Of
Virginia
Richmond
VA
Direct
0.028
2752
Spencer
Press
Inc.
Wells
ME
Indirect
0.027
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
14
of
27
2732
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Willard
OH
Indirect
0.024
2732
R.
r.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Harrisonburg
VA
Indirect
0.023
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Pontiac
Div.
Pontiac
IL
Indirect
0.019
2752
Perry
Judd's
Waterloo
Div.
Waterloo
WI
Indirect
0.015
2752
Hennegan
Co.
Florence
KY
Indirect
0.010
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Lancaster
West
Lancaster
PA
Indirect
0.0085
2752
Concord
Litho
Group
Inc.
Concord
NH
Indirect
0.0084
2752
Hammer
Lithograph
Corp.
West
Henrietta
NY
Indirect
0.0061
2752
Perry
Judd's
Baraboo
Div.
Baraboo
WI
Indirect
0.0053
2752
American
Color
Graphics
Inc.
York
PA
Indirect
0.0036
2752
American
Color
Graphics
Inc.
Sylacauga
AL
Indirect
0.0023
2752
Brown
Printing
Co.
Waseca
MN
Indirect
0.0022
2752
Formula
Corp.
Seattle
WA
Indirect
0.0022
2752
Quad/
graphics
Inc.
Sussex
WI
Indirect
0.0022
2752
Quad/
graphics
Inc.
The
Rock
GA
Indirect
0.0022
2752
Quebecor
World
Chicago
Div.
Elk
Grove
Village
IL
Indirect
0.0022
2754
Toppan
Interamerica
Inc.
Mc
Donough
GA
Indirect
0.0022
2754
Graphic
Packaging
Corp.
Of
Virginia
Richmond
VA
Indirect
0.0014
2732
Von
Hoffmann
Press
Inc.
Jefferson
City
MO
Indirect
0.00093
2754
International
Paper
Shorewood
Packaging
Div.
Englewood
NJ
Indirect
0.00083
2754
Omnova
Solutions
Inc.
Printworld
Monroe
NC
Direct
0.00039
2759
Electrocal
Inc.
South
Windsor
CT
Indirect
0.00004
2796
Napp
Sys.
Inc.
San
Marcos
CA
Indirect
0.00004
2782
Vitronic
Doniphan
MO
Indirect
0
2732
Webcrafter's
Inc.
Westport
Plant
Madison
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Agi
Klearfold
Melrose
Park
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Alpha
Omega
Laser
Inc.
Shreveport
LA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
American
Decal
&
Mfg.
Co.
Chicago
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Anderson
Lithograph
Co.
Los
Angeles
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
15
of
27
2752
Arandell
Corp.
Menomonee
Falls
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Arcade
Marketing
Inc.
Chattanooga
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Associated
Printing
Inc.
Bossier
City
LA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Brown
Printing
Co.
East
Greenville
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Cardpak
Inc.
Solon
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Colwell
General
Inc.
Kendallville
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Communisis
Mccorquodale
Whiteford
MD
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Cunningham
Graphics
Intl.
Inc.
Jersey
City
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Dingley
Press
Lisbon
ME
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Dorn
Color
Inc.
Cleveland
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Dot
Packaging
Group
Inc.
Batavia
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Dot
Packaging
Group
Inc.
Printpak
Div.
Spartanburg
SC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Empire
Screen
Printing
Onalaska
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
F.
C.
L.
Graphics
Inc.
Harwood
Heights
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Graphic
Arts
Center
Portland
OR
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Great
Eastern
Color
Lithogrpahic
Corp.
Poughkeepsie
NY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Kion
Printing
Inc.
City
of
Industry
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Lithographic
Ind.
Inc.
Broadview
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Lithographix
Inc.
Los
Angeles
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Pbm
Graphics
Inc.
Durham
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Perry
Judd's
Inc.
Strasburg
Div.
Strasburg
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Polymark
Corp.
Cincinnati
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Promotional
Printing
Corp.
Houston
TX
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quad/
graphics
Inc.
Hartford
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quebecor
World
­
Stillwater
Stillwater
OK
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quebecor
World
D­
petty
Printing
Effingham
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quebecor
World
Eagle
Inc.
Kansas
City
MO
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quebecor
World
Effingham
Div.
(
Crossroads
Press)
Effingham
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Quebecor
World
Inc.
Jonesboro
AR
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Torrance
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Danville
Div.
Danville
KY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Old
Saybrood
Div.
Old
Saybrook
CT
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Shorewood
Packaging
Corp.
Indianapolis
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Shorewood
Packaging
Corp.
Of
Ga
Lagrange
GA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
16
of
27
2752
Treasure
Chest
Advertising
Co.
Inc.
Columbus
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Vertis
&
Tc
Advertising
Saugerties
NY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Vertis
Inc.
Elk
Grove
Village
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Vertis
Inc.
Greenville
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2752
Vertis
Inc.
Manassas
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Alcoa
Flexible
Packaging
Downingtown
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
American
Packaging
Corp.
Columbus
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Avery
Dennison
Schererville
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Avery
Dennison
Corp.
Security
Printing
Div.
Clinton
SC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Butler
Printing
&
Laminating
Inc.
Butler
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Cello­
foil
Prods.
Inc.
Battle
Creek
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Chiyoda
America
Inc.
Morgantown
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Constant
Services
Inc.
Fairfield
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Decor
Gravure
Corp.
Bensenville
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Decorative
Surfaces
Intl.
Dupo
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Decorative
Surfaces
Intl.
Saint
Louis
MO
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Dennison
Mfg.
Co.
Framingham
MA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Fres­
co
System
Usa
Inc.
Telford
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Hallmark
Cards
Inc.
Leavenworth
KS
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Ipc
&
L
Co.
Inc.
Surgoinsville
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Itw
Decorating
Resources
Pitman
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
J.
Josephson
Inc.
South
Hackensack
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
J.
W.
Fergusson
&
Sons
Inc.
Richmond
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Jefferson
Smurfit
Corp.
Di­
na­
cal
Label
Group
Jack
Jacksonville
FL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Jefferson
Smurfit
Corp.
Di­
na­
cal
Label
Group
Norw
Norwood
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Kurz
Transfer
Prods.
Lexington
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Kurz
Transfer
Prods.
L.
p.
Charlotte
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Mcc­
uniflex
L.
l.
c.
Las
Vegas
NV
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Multi­
color
Corp.
Scottsburg
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Newco
Inc.
Newton
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Nordenia
Usa
Inc.
Jackson
MO
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Northstar
Print
Group
Norway
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Precision
Printing
&
Packaging
Inc.
Clarksville
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Quality
Wallcovering
Inc.
Edison
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Quebecor
World
Dickson
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Quebecor
World
D
Dittler
Div.
Atlanta
Atlanta
GA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
17
of
27
Facilit
2754
Quebecor
World
Richmond
Inc.
Richmond
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Quick
Roll
Leaf
Mfg.
Co.
Middletown
NY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
R.
J.
Reynolds
Tobacco
Co.
Plant
200
Winston­
salem
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Reflexite
Corp.
Avon
CT
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Reynolds
Metals
Co.
Bellwood
Printing
Plant
Richmond
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Reynolds
Metals
Co.
Louisville
Laminating
Plant
Louisville
KY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Roslyn
Converters
Inc.
Colonial
Heights
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Roysons
Corp.
Rockaway
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Scientific
Games
Intl.
Alpharetta
GA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Scientific
Games
Intl.
Gilroy
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Shamrock
Corp.
Greensboro
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Shorewood
Packaging
Newport
News
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Sonoco
Flexible
Packaging
Franklin
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Sonoco
Flexible
Packaging
Morristown
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Transformer
Materials
Co.
O
Fallon
MO
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
U.
S.
Dept.
Of
The
Treasury
Bureau
of
Printing
&
En
Washington
DC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Westvaco­
cpd
Plant
1
Richmond
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2754
Westvaco­
cpd
Plant
4
Richmond
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
3m
Stillwater
Stillwater
MN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Albert
Screenprint
Inc.
Norton
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Bemis
Co.
Inc.
West
Hazleton
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Dalb
Inc.
Kearneysville
WV
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Fp
Spiralkote
Inc.
Orlando
FL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
IC
Group
­
IC
Security
Printers
Inc.
Salt
Lake
City
UT
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
IDL
Inc.
Pittsburgh
PA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Independent
Packaging
Bloomington
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
ITW
Graphics
Plymouth
WI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Kay
Automotive
Graphics
Lake
Orion
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Kdm
Signs
Inc.
Cincinnati
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Metromedia
Techs.
Inc.
Los
Angeles
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
10.
List
of
Facilities
in
TRIReleases2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Discharge
Status
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
18
of
27
2759
Metromedia
Techs.
Inc.
Wooster
OH
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Sonoco
Flexible
Packaging
Fulton
NY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Sonoco
Prods.
Carton
Div.
Charlotte
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Transprint
Usa
Inc.
Harrisonburg
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Vertis
­
Tc
Advertising
Riverside
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2759
Webtech
Inc.
Robbinsville
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2761
Wallace
Saint
Charles
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2761
Wallace
Wilson
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2771
American
Greetings
Bardstown
KY
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2771
Plus
Mark
Inc.
Afton
TN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2789
Quebecor
World
Chicago
Div.
Bensenville
IL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Hughes
Engraving
­
Plainwell
Plainwell
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
K.
C.
Photoengraving
Co.
Pasadena
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Kodak
Polychrome
Graphics
Windsor
CO
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Kodak
Polychrome
Graphics
L.
l.
c.
Columbus
GA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Lsi/
kala
Kalamazoo
MI
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Mga
Graphics
Mankato
MN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Neagle's
Flexo
Inc.
Ashland
VA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Pamarco
Inc.
Roselle
NJ
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Photoengraving
Inc.
Tampa
FL
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
THE
Corp.
Terre
Haute
IN
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Universal
Engraving
Inc.
Lenexa
KS
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Universal
Engraving
Inc.
Overland
Park
KS
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Wescor
Graphics
Corp.
Seattle
WA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
2796
Western
Roto
Engravers
Inc.
Greensboro
NC
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
7334
Brownies
Blue
Print
Co.
Inc.
Sacramento
CA
No
Water
Discharge
Reported
Table
3­
11
shows
the
Printing
and
Publishing
facilities
with
data
in
the
2000
PCS
database.

Table
3­
11.
List
of
Facilities
in
PCSLoads2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Total
Facility
TWPE
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Company
Warsaw
IN
1,435.11
2789
Holliston
Mills
Kingsport
Church
Hill
TN
812.38
2732
Quebecor
Printing/
hawkins
New
Canton
TN
81.1518
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Table
3­
11.
List
of
Facilities
in
PCSLoads2000
SIC
Code
Facility
Name
City
State
Total
Facility
TWPE
Page
19
of
27
2759
Inteplast
Group
Ltd
Lolita
TX
43.0446
2732
Arcata
Graphics
Kingsport
Kingsport
TN
16.4893
2759
Schlumberger
Malco
Inc­
Owings
Owings
Mills
MD
2.98732
2752
Donnelly
R
R
&
Sons
Co
Mattoon
IL
2.12637
2759
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
South
Crawfordsville
IN
0.35109
2752
The
Cyril
Scott
Company
Lancaster
OH
0.10255
2754
Quebecor
World­
Mt.
Morris
Mt.
Morris
IL
1.61e­
02
2754
Quebecor
Printing
Memphis
Inc
Glen
Burnie
MD
3.47e­
03
2759
Skeeter
Hole
LLC
North
Little
Rock
AR
1.48e­
03
2771
American
Greetings
Corp
Corbin
KY
1.78e­
05
7334
Xerox
Corp­
Elk
Grove
Village
Elk
Grove
Village
IL
1.67e­
06
2754
R
R
Donnelley
and
Sons
Co
Spartanburg
SC
0
2759
Colwell
Systems
Inc.
Champaign
IL
0
2761
Green
Reality
Cincinnati
OH
0
2732
Danner
Press
Corporation
Canton
OH
0
2752
R
R
D
Direct
Hebron
OH
0
2752
Rr
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co
Danville
KY
0
2754
American
National
Can
Co.
Mt.
Vernon
OH
0
Table
3­
11
demonstrates
that
the
majority
of
direct
discharging
printing
and
publishing
facilities
reporting
to
PCS
similarly
discharge
low
quantities
of
toxic
pollutants
(
measured
as
TWPE).
Two
facilities
account
for
over
94%
of
the
total
TWPE
reported
to
PCS.

EPA's
Enforcement
and
Compliance
Assurance
Office
published
its
"
Profile
of
the
Printing
Industry"
(
EPA
31­
R­
95­
014)
in
1995.
This
profile
included
TRI
release
information
for
this
industry
as
reported
in
1993.
These
data
show
that
99
percent
of
reported
TRI
pounds
of
pollutants
for
printers
are
released
to
air.
The
remaining
1
percent
of
releases
are
equally
split
between
water
and
land.

3.3.4
Analysis
of
Top
Discharging
TRI
Facilities
EPA
examined
wastewater
characteristics
for
the
facilities
with
highest
TWPE
reported
to
TRI
in
2000,
all
of
which
are
indirect
dischargers.
Table
3­
12
lists
these
facilities
and
their
pollutants
reported
to
TRI
in
2000.
These
facilities
collectively
contribute
approximately
90%
of
the
total
TWPE
for
the
industry
using
TRI
data.
With
the
exception
of
sodium
nitrite
discharges
reported
by
a
single
facility,
copper
is
the
pollutant
driving
the
industry
TWPE.
EPA
contacted
four
of
these
companies
(
five
facilities)
to
determine
the
source
of
copper.
These
facilities
explained
that
copper
is
generated
by
the
gravure
printing
process.
The
process
involves
copper
and
chrome
plating
of
the
printing
cylinders.
The
cylinders
are
de­
chromed
and
de­
coppered
after
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
20
of
27
every
print
job,
and
then
re­
plated
with
chrome
and
copper
for
the
next
image
imprinting.
Etching,
polishing
and
rinsing
of
the
copper
plated
cylinders
releases
copper
into
the
wastewater.
Copper
is
also
found
in
blue
and
green
inks,
which
are
discarded
as
sludge.

Of
the
five
facilities
that
EPA
contacted,
all
perform
gravure
printing
in
addition
to
other
types
of
printing.
Also,
four
facilities
use
analytical
data
to
estimate
the
range
of
copper
transferred
to
the
POTW.
The
fifth
facility
back
calculates
the
amount
transferred
based
on
copper
in
filter
cake
from
pretreatment,
and
the
efficiency
of
the
pretreatment
system.

Table
3­
12.
Top
TRI
Discharging
Facilities
SIC
Facility
City
State
Chemical
TRI
Range
Reported
Pounds
Discharged
to
POTW1
Pounds
Discharged
to
Stream2
Chemical
TWPE
Facility
TWPE
2796
Citiplate
Inc.
Jackson
TN
Sodium
nitrite
500­
999
750
736
274.79
274.79
2754
Quebecor
World
Atglen
Div.
Atglen
PA
Zinc
compounds
NA
63
63
2.95
44.27
Copper
compounds
NA
3
3
1.88
44.27
Toluene
11
­
499
255
13
0.072336
44.27
Copper
compounds
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.27
Xylene
(
mixed
isomers)
1­
10
5
0.20
0.000832
44.27
Zinc
compounds
NA
12
4
0.19
44.27
2771
American
Greetings
Corp.
Osceola
AR
Copper
compounds
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
2752
Quad/
Graphi
cs
Inc.
Lomira
WI
Glycol
ethers
11
­
499
255
20
0.002160
44.01
2752
Copper
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
2754
Quebecor
World
Buffalo
Inc.
Depew
NY
Copper
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
Xylene
(
mixed
isomers)
1­
10
5
0.20
0.000832
44.01
Toluene
1­
10
5
0.25
0.001418
44.01
2754
R.
R.
Donnelley
&
Sons
Co.
Gallatin
TN
Toluene
1­
10
5
0.25
0.001418
44.01
2754
Copper
compounds
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
2796
S
&
M
Rotogravure
Service
Inc.
New
Berlin
WI
Copper
compounds
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
2796
Southern
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
Louisville
KY
Copper
compounds
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
2796
Southern
Richmond
VA
Copper
11
­
499
255
70
44.01
44.01
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
SIC
Facility
City
State
Chemical
TRI
Range
Reported
Pounds
Discharged
to
POTW1
Pounds
Discharged
to
Stream2
Chemical
TWPE
Facility
TWPE
Page
21
of
27
Graphic
Sys.
Inc.
compounds
3.4
On
Site
Wastewater
Treatment/
Pretreatment
and
Pollution
Prevention
The
1983
Data
Summary
and
1977
PTA
discuss
wastewater
sources
and
treatment
technologies
used
in
the
printing
and
publishing
industry.
Table
3­
13
summarizes
the
different
sources
of
wastewater
discharge
in
the
printing
process.

Table
3­
13.
Sources
of
Wastewater
Discharge
in
the
Printing
Process
Source
Process
Description
Wastewater
Contents
Transparency
Preparation
Photographic
processing
operations
The
film
is
contacted
with
a
developing
solution
and
then
washed
with
water
to
remove
excess
solution.
A
fixing
solution
is
then
used
and
the
excess
washed
off.
Water
usage
ranges
from
1
to
4
gal
per
min
per
film
processor.
Developer
solution
(
mainly
hydroquinone),
fixing
solution
(
mainly
sodium/
potassium
thiosulphate)
and
soluble
silver
and
zinc
salts.

Image
Carrier
Preparation
Lithographic
Platemaking
Gravure
cylinder
preparation
Screen
preparation
Methods,
raw
materials
and
chemicals
used
in
image
conversion
vary
with
the
type
of
printing
and
within
different
printing
processes.
In
general,
image
conversion
produces
less
wastewater
volume
than
photographic
operations.
Many
plants
haul
or
pretreat
part
or
all
of
their
waste
in
order
to
meet
local
effluent
standards.
Due
to
etching
and
washing
of
metal
and
plastic
or
photopolymer
surfaces
with
various
acids,
salts
or
solvent­
based
solutions,
the
wastewater
tends
to
contain
heavy
metals
and
other
potential
harmful
contaminants.

Printing
Operations
Press
operation
and
clean­
up
of
inks,
solvents
and
dampening
systems
The
process
of
transferring
ink
from
an
image
carrier
to
paper
does
not
in
itself
generate
wastewater;
however,
wastes
may
be
generated
during
press
cleaning
and
disposal
of
fountain
solutions
(
containing
chemicals
such
as
phosphoric
acid,
magnesium
nitrate,
phenol,
isopropanol
alchohol
or
zinc
complex)
used
in
lithographic
printing.
Presses
are
usually
cleaned
with
rags
and
a
solvent.
Some
waste
ink
and
solvent
may
enter
a
wastestream
and
be
discharged.
In
most
cases,
however,
the
wastewater
of
small
volumes
(
1­
10
gal/
day/
press)
and
are
usually
drummed
and
hauled
from
the
premises.

Material
Recovery
Screen
printing
Screens
may
be
recovered
by
washing
with
caustic
solution
to
remove
stencils.
Excess
ink
which
may
contain
precipitated
chalk,
ink
pigment
and
dry
oil
varnishes.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
22
of
27
Air
Pollution
Control
Devices
Gravure
printing
Fumes
produced
by
highly
volatile
inks
are
vented
to
activated
carbon
beds
for
air
pollution
control.
These
beds
are
steam­
cleaned
and
the
condensate
is
decanted
and
may
be
discharged
Dissolved
VOCs.

The
1983
Data
Summary
and
1977
PTA
assessed
wastewater
treatment
and
pretreatment
technologies
at
printing
and
publishing
facilities.
Only
8
percent
of
roughly
5,000
surveyed
plants
reported
any
type
of
treatment
in
both
1983
and
1977.
In
most
cases,
the
treatment
was
silver
recovery
done
for
economic
purposes,
although
most
facilities
have
contractors
haul
their
pressroom
effluents
(
1983
Data
Summary).
Table
3­
14
presents
the
different
wastewater
treatment
technologies
used
in
the
printing
and
publishing
industry.

Table
3­
14.
Wastewater
Treatment
Technologies
Used
in
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Industry
Wastewater
Treatment
Technology
Description
Batch
neutralization
Caustic
is
added
(
to
segregated
wastewater)
and
agitated
with
air
until
pH
=
7;
or
wastewater
is
filtered
through
phosphate
rock.
Effluent
is
dumped
into
the
sewer.

Metals
Precipitation
The
process
involves
chrome
reduction,
metals
precipitation,
neutralization
and
sludge
removal.

Silver
Recovery
Silver
is
recovered
from
photographic
film
processing.
Methods
include:
electrolysis,
metallic
replacement,
chemical
precipitation,
ion
exchange
and
reverse
osmosis.

Clarification/
Settling
Chemical
precipitants,
coagulants,
and
flocculants
are
used
to
increase
particle
size
through
aggregation.

Centrifugation/
Filtration
Sludge
is
concentrated
to
solid
cake.
The
cake
is
landfilled
and
the
concentrate
discharged
into
a
sewer.

Sources:
1983
U.
S.
EPA
Summary
of
Available
Data
on
the
Levels
and
Control
of
Toxic
Pollutant
Discharges
in
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category
and
1977
U.
S.
EPA
Second
Preliminary
Technical
Assessment
of
the
Best
Available
Technology,
Best
Demonstrated
Technology
and
Pretreatment
Technology
for
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category.

This
industry's
pollution
prevention
efforts
have
focused
mainly
on
reducing
air
pollution.
Substitution
of
certain
solvents
with
others
can
reduce
air
emissions.
However,
on
the
water
use
and
wastewater
side,
pollution
prevention
practices
used
by
this
industry
include:

°
Segregation
of
waste
streams
(
spent
fix
baths
should
be
segregated
from
rinsewaters
and
developer
solution);

°
Reuse
and
recycle
of
baths;
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
23
of
27
°
Reduction
of
the
number
of
re­
shoots
and
re­
prints
by
proofing
jobs
before
printing;

°
Substitution:
change
to
silverless
film;
and
°
Process
modifications:
add
ammonium
thiosulfate;
counter
current
rinsing;
install
electronic
or
laser
platemaking;
install
wastewater
recycling.

In
addition,
moving
to
electronic
pre­
press
and
"
direct
to
plate"
technologies
eliminate
the
image
processing
step
entirely
as
does
use
of
a
waterless
press.

3.5
Multimedia
Environmental
Releases
Based
on
releases
as
reported
to
TRI,
the
printing
and
publishing
industry
releases
99%
of
its
total
TRI
poundage
to
the
air,
while
the
remaining
1%
of
releases
are
split
between
water
and
land
disposal.
In
general,
the
presence
of
volatile
chemicals
explains
the
air­
intensive
toxic
chemical
loadings
of
this
industry.

This
section
summarizes
air
releases
(
Section
3.6.1)
and
solid
and
hazardous
waste
generation
(
Section
3.6.2)
at
printing
operations.

3.5.1
Volatilization
Prior
to
Reaching
POTW
Gravure
Printing
Packaging
and
product
gravure
printers
are
particularly
concerned
about
solvent
losses
from
ink
during
press
operations.
A
preliminary
study
indicated
that
printers
might
be
able
to
reduce
solvent
consumption,
improve
print
quality,
and
achieve
cost
savings
by
implementing
ink
temperature
controls.
Other
key
pollution
prevention
activities
opportunities
include
reduction
in
volatile
organic
compound
(
VOC)
emissions
from
floor
cleaning
and
press
operations,
reduction
in
hazardous
waste
generation
and
cleaner
and
safer
shop
towel
management.

Lithographic
Printing
Blanket
washes,
consisting
of
varying
types
of
solvents,
are
employed
in
removing
ink,
paper
dust,
and
other
debris.
Blanket
washes
are
a
major
source
of
VOC
emissions,
and
are
therefore
the
primary
concern
of
lithographic
printers.
Switching
to
blanket
washes
that
contain
fewer
VOCs,
lower
vapor
pressure,
and
fewer
hazardous
chemicals
could
aid
in
pollution
prevention.
New,
potentially
less
harmful
blanket
washes
are
appearing
on
the
market,
giving
printers
the
opportunity
to
reduce
impacts
on
the
environment
and
minimize
risks
to
workers.
Testing
new
blanket
washes,
however,
can
be
a
time­
consuming
and
expensive
process.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
24
of
27
Flexographic
Printing
For
solvent­
based
and
water­
based
systems,
printers
often
make
use
of
press­
side
additions.
These
materials
can
add
to
the
VOC
content
of
the
ink.
Many
inks
and
press­
side
additions
(
especially
in
solvent­
based
and
water­
based
inks)
contain
VOCs
and
HAPs
as
a
percentage
of
volume.
VOC
content
is
highest,
on
average,
for
the
solvent­
based
ink
systems.
Water­
based
inks
have
substantially
lower
levels
of
VOCs
than
solvent­
based
systems,
and
the
UV­
cured
inks
have
almost
no
VOCs.
Therefore,
despite
the
fact
that
solvent­
based
systems
tend
to
use
oxidizers,
they
can
generate
considerable
uncaptured
emissions,
leading
to
much
higher
ink­
related
air
emissions.

Screen
Printing
The
most
common
screen
printing
inks
are
solvent­
based.
They
dry
through
solvent
evaporation,
which
produces
VOC
emissions.
Solvents
used
in
screen
reclamation
activities
may
also
generate
VOC
emissions.
In
addition,
chemical
overspray
not
directed
at
the
screen
during
the
reclamation
process
results
in
significant
VOC
releases.
A
"
catch
frame"
place
around
the
screen
can
be
used
to
capture
the
chemical
overspray,
which
is
then
recycled
or
reused.

3.5.2
Solid
and
Hazardous
Waste
Generation
In
a
general
printing
environment,
solid
waste
could
consist
of
empty
containers,
used
film
packages,
damaged
plates,
developed
film,
test
production,
bad
printing
or
spoilage,
damaged
products
and
scrap
paper.
Printing
operations
may
generate
hazardous
waste
from
solventcontaining
shop
towels,
wastewater
treatment
residuals
(
sludge),
and
spent
solvent/
ink
cartridges.
Copper
and
chrome
treatment
systems
consisting
of
gravity
oil
separation,
pH
adjustment,
flocculation
and
chrome
reduction
release
sludge,
which
is
pumped
to
a
sludge
thickener
and/
or
concentrated
via
centrifugation
or
pressure
filtration.
The
resulting
solid
cake
or
filtered
solids,
which
may
be
hazardous
waste,
are
then
hauled
to
an
appropriate
landfill.

3.6
Industry
Trends
The
growth
of
the
Internet
is
a
major
trend
facing
this
industry.
Availability
of
publications
on
the
Internet
may
reduce
the
need
for
printing.
The
advent
of
E­
books
and
electronic
magazines,
in
particular,
is
a
trend
the
printing
and
publishing
industry
is
tracking.

The
use
of
digital
printing
is
also
increasing.
As
of
2000,
digital
printing
was
up
48%
and
expected
to
continue
to
increase.
Digital
printing
should
decrease
the
discharge
of
silver­
laden
wastewater.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
25
of
27
Design
for
the
Environment
EPA's
Design
for
the
Environment
(
DfE)
Program
was
created
to
build
on
the
current
industry
trends
to
incorporate
environmental
factors
into
design
decisions.
The
DfE
maintains
partnership
projects
with
the
following
industries:
adhesives,
automotive
refinishing,
computer
display,
printing
(
gravure,
flexographic,
lithographic
and
screen),
formulator,
garment
and
textile
care,
industrial
and
institutional
laundry,
integrated
environmental
management
systems,
lead­
free
solder
partnership,
nail
salons
and
printed
wiring
board.
The
DfE
work
is
on­
going;
the
most
recent
printing
information
obtained
from
the
EPA
website
was
last
updated
in
September,
2004.
The
EPA
contact
for
the
printing
partnership
is
the
project
manager,
Clive
Davies.

3.7
Case
Studies
The
following
case
studies
are
available
on
printing
and
publishing
operations:

The
Illinois
Waste
Management
and
Resource
Center's
1997
Printing
Industry
Pollution
Prevention
Notebook
(
Sector
Notebook)
gives
a
statistical
overview
of
the
industry,
general
pollution
prevention
options
and
different
printing
processes
highlighted
by
case
studies.

U.
S.
EPA's
Risk
Reduction
Engineering
Laboratory
(
RREL)
studied
a
flexographic
printing
firm
in
Cincinnati,
Ohio
in
1993,
indicating
that
95
percent
of
the
firm's
liquid
waste
from
waste
ink
and
cleaning
solvents
was
reduced
as
a
result
of
operational
practice
changes
and
employee
training.

The
Massachusetts
Office
of
Technical
Assistance
(
OTA)
studied
the
F.
C.
Meyer
Company
in
1993,
indicating
that
employee
training
and
improved
washing
practices
reduced
wastes
from
10
to
two
drums
of
non­
hazardous
waste
per
week.
This
reduction
was
achieved
by
draining
and
scraping
as
much
ink
as
possible
before
washing,
and
minimizing
the
amount
of
water
used.
In
addition,
wastewater
was
recycled
by
adding
it
to
blank
ink
with
a
reduced
water
content.

In
1993,
the
Vermont
Agency
of
Natural
Resources
studied
Stinehour
Press,
Inc.
who
significantly
reduced
the
volume
of
wastewater
generated
from
their
printing
and
photo
processing
activities.
No
POTW
was
available
to
Stinehour
Press,
Inc,
and
discharge
to
the
Connecticut
River
was
technically
and
economically
infeasible;
therefore,
the
company
had
to
consider
wastewater
and
toxic
use
reduction
at
the
facility.
Through
a
combination
of
closed­
loop
recycling
and
evaporation,
Stinehour
Press
reduced
the
film
processing
wastewater
from
10,000
gallons
per
day
to
100
gallons
per
week.
In
addition,
hazardous
wastewater
streams
were
reduced
from
5,456
to
approximately
924
gallons
per
year.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
26
of
27

The
Massachusetts
OTA
studied
reduced
use
of
toxic
chemicals
at
Hampden
Papers
Specialty
Operations.
Despite
earlier
reductions,
wastewater
discharges
from
Hampden
continued
to
contain
zinc
and
copper
levels
above
the
discharge
limits
set
by
the
local
wastewater
treatment
authority.
To
control
zinc
discharges,
Hampden
installed
an
emerging
production
method
that
used
dispersion
rather
than
solution
technology
for
20
percent
of
the
production,
and
plans
to
increase
this
to
70
percent.
No
substitute
could
be
found
for
the
copper­
containing
pigments;
therefore,
segregated
wastewater
treatment
was
considered
as
a
possible
temporary
solution.
Water
conservation
activities
such
as
fixing
leaks,
installing
automatic
shut­
offs
and
re­
directing
air
conditioning,
machinery
and
non­
contact
cooling
water
discharges
from
the
sewer
to
a
nearby
river
resulted
in
a
reduction
of
wastewater
discharge
from
130,000
to
12,000
gallons
per
day.
On
non­
production
days,
the
wastewater
flow
was
zero.
The
POTW
removed
Hampden
from
the
significant
industrial
user
list,
provided
the
company
continued
to
seek
substitute
chemicals
and
implement
improved
cleanup
practices.

3.8
References
Business
Week
Web
Page
Article:
http://
europe.
businessweek.
com/
investor/
content/
jan2005/
pi2005017_
1178_
pi044.
htm
as
accessed
on
January
25,
2004.

Connecticut
Department
of
Environmental
Protection
Web
Page.

Enviro$
en$
e
Web
Page.

Illinois
Waste
Management
and
Resource
Center.
Printing
Industry
Pollution
Prevention
Notebook.
1977.
Available
at
http://
www.
wmrc.
uiuc.
edu/
main_
sections/
info_
services/
library_
docs/
manuals/
printing/
toc.
htm
accessed
on
October
27,
2004.

Massachusetts
Office
of
Technical
Assistance
Web
Page.

Market
Research
Web
Page
Article:
http://
www.
marketresearch.
com/
map/
prod/
826065.
html
as
accessed
on
January
25,
2004.

Photo
Reporter
Web
Page
Article:
http://
www.
photoreporter.
com/
2003/
11­
17/
features/
digital_
2003.
html
as
accessed
on
January
25,
2004.

R&
E
Council.
Notes
from
50th
Annual
Critical
Trends
Conference.
Available
at
http://
www.
recouncil.
org/
notes/
2000criticaltrends.
html
accessed
on
March
22,
2005.
Draft,
4/
12/
05;
subject
to
change
Page
27
of
27
Telephone
conversation
with
Ms.
Diane
Potts,
Quebecor
World
Atglen
Division,
November
9,
2004.

Telephone
conversation
with
Ms.
Janet
Schmidt,
Quebecor
World
Buffalo
Inc.,
November
9,
2004.

Telephone
conversation
with
Mr.
Tom
Estock,
Quad/
Graphics
Inc.,
November
9,
2004.

U.
S.
EPA
Office
of
Enforcement
and
Compliance
Assurance.
Profile
of
the
Printing
Industry.
Setpember
1995.
EPA
310­
R­
95­
014.

U.
S.
EPA
Office
of
Pollution
Prevention
and
Toxic
Substances
Design
for
the
Environment
web
page.
Available
at
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
dfe/
projects/
index.
htm,
accessed
on
October
21,
2004.

U.
S.
EPA
Office
of
Water.
Second
Preliminary
Technical
Assessment
of
the
Best
Available
Technology,
Best
Demonstrated
Technology
and
Pretreatment
Technology
for
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category.
December
1977.

U.
S.
EPA
Office
of
Water.
Summary
of
Available
Data
on
the
Levels
and
Control
of
Toxic
Pollutant
Discharges
in
the
Printing
and
Publishing
Point
Source
Category.
October
1983.
EPA
440/
1­
83/
400.