Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734-0001
Agency: epa
Document Type: Proposed Rule
Title: Standards of Performance: New Residential Wood Heaters, New Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces, and New Residential Masonry Heaters
Posted Date: 2014-02-03T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 22 (Monday, February 3, 2014)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 6329-6416]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-00409]

[[Page 6329]]

Vol. 79

Monday,

No. 22

February 3, 2014

Part III

 Environmental Protection Agency

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40 CFR Part 60

Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters, New 
Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces, and New 
Residential Masonry Heaters; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 22 / Monday, February 3, 2014 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 6330]]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 60

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734; FRL-9904-05-OAR]
RIN 2060-AP93

Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters, New 
Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces, and New 
Residential Masonry Heaters

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The EPA is proposing to amend the Standards of Performance for 
New Residential Wood Heaters and to add two new subparts: Standards of 
Performance for New Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air 
Furnaces and Standards of Performance for New Residential Masonry 
Heaters. This proposal is aimed at achieving several objectives for new 
residential wood heaters and other wood-burning appliances, including 
applying updated emission limits that reflect the current best systems 
of emission reduction; eliminating exemptions over a broad suite of 
residential wood combustion devices; strengthening test methods as 
appropriate; and streamlining the certification process. This proposal 
does not include any requirements for heaters solely fired by gas, oil 
or coal. In addition, it does not include any requirements associated 
with appliances that are already in use. The EPA continues to encourage 
state, local, tribal, and consumer efforts to changeout (replace) older 
heaters with newer, cleaner, more efficient heaters, but that is not 
part of this federal rulemaking.
    Particulate pollution from wood heaters is a significant national 
air pollution problem and human health issue. Health benefits 
associated with these proposed regulations are valued to be much 
greater than the cost to manufacture cleaner, lower emitting 
appliances. These proposed regulations would significantly reduce 
particulate matter (PM) emissions and many other pollutants from these 
appliances, including carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds 
(VOC), and hazardous air pollutants (HAP). Emissions from wood stoves 
occur near ground level in residential communities across the country, 
and setting these new requirements for cleaner stoves into the future 
will result in substantial reductions in exposure and improved public 
health.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before May 5, 2014. Under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act, comments on the information collection 
provisions are best assured of having full effect if the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or 
before March 5, 2014.
    Public Hearing. The EPA will hold a public hearing on this proposed 
rule on February 26, 2014, in Boston, Massachusetts. The hearing will 
be at the following location: EPA New England Regional Office, 5 Post 
Office Square, Suite 100, Leighton Hall, Boston, MA. For directions and 
public transportation, visit: http://www.epa.gov/region1/directions/. 
Please note that 5 Post Office Square is a federal building, and proper 
identification is required for entry.
    The public hearing will provide interested parties the opportunity 
to present data, views or arguments concerning the proposed rule. The 
EPA may ask clarifying questions during the oral presentations, but 
will not respond to the presentations at that time. Written statements 
and supporting information submitted during the comment period will be 
considered with the same weight as any oral comments and supporting 
information presented at the public hearing. Written comments must be 
postmarked by the last day of the 90-day comment period.
    If you would like to present oral testimony at the hearing, please 
register on-line (preferred method for registering) at http://www2.epa.gov/residential-wood-heaters no later than February 19, 2014, 
to request a general time slot for you to speak and any special 
equipment. If this method is not available to you, please notify Mr. 
David Cole no later than February 19, 2014, by email: 
cole.david@epa.gov); or by telephone: (919) 541-5565. The EPA will make 
every effort to follow the schedule as closely as possible on the day 
of the hearing. The public hearing will begin each day at 9 a.m. (local 
time) and continue into the evening until 7 p.m. (local time). The EPA 
will make every effort to accommodate all other speakers who arrive and 
register before 7 p.m. (local time) on the day of the hearing. The EPA 
is scheduling lunch breaks from 12:30 until 2 p.m. (local time).
    Testimony will be limited to five (5) minutes for each commenter to 
address the proposal. We will not be providing equipment for commenters 
to show overhead slides or make computerized slide presentations unless 
we receive special requests in advance. The EPA encourages commenters 
to provide written versions of their oral testimonies either 
electronically on computer disk or CD-ROM or in paper copy.
    The hearing schedule, including lists of speakers, will be posted 
on the EPA's Web page for the proposal at: http://www2.epa.gov/residential-wood-heaters prior to the hearing. Verbatim transcript of 
the hearing and written statements will be included in the rulemaking 
docket.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2009-0734, by one of the following methods:
     www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for 
submitting comments.
     Email: a-and-r-docket@epa.gov, Attention Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734.
     Fax: (202) 566-9744, Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2009-0734.
     Mail: United States (U.S.) Postal Service, send comments 
to EPA Docket Center, EPA West (Air Docket), Attention Docket ID Number 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mailcode: 
2822T, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20004. Please include 
a total of two copies. In addition, please mail a copy of your comments 
on the information collection provisions to the Office of Information 
and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attn: Desk 
Officer for EPA, 735 17th St. NW., Washington, DC 20503.
     Hand Delivery: EPA Docket Center, EPA West (Air Docket), 
Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC, Attention 
Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734. Such deliveries are only 
accepted during the Docket's normal hours of operation, and special 
arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information.
    Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2009-0734. The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be 
included in the public docket without change and may be made available 
online at www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information that you 
consider to be CBI, or otherwise protected, through www.regulations.gov 
or email. The www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' 
system, which means the EPA will not know your identity or contact 
information unless you provide it in the body of

[[Page 6331]]

your comment. If you send an email comment directly to the EPA without 
going through www.regulations.gov, your email address will be 
automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is 
placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you 
submit an electronic comment, the EPA recommends that you include your 
name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with 
any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment due 
to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, the 
EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should 
avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be 
free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about the 
EPA's public docket, visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at 
www.epa.gov/epahome/dockets.htm. For additional instructions on 
submitting comments, go to section I.D.2 of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION section of this document.
    Docket: The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under 
Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734. All documents in the docket are 
listed in the www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, 
some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other 
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other 
material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only 
in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available 
either electronically in www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA 
Docket Center, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., 
Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 
p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone 
number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone 
number for the Air Docket is (202) 566-1742.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this proposed 
action, contact Mr. Gil Wood, Office of Air Quality Planning and 
Standards, Outreach and Information Division, Community and Tribal 
Programs Group (C304-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 
541-5272; fax number: (919) 541-0242; email address: wood.gil@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The information in this preamble is 
organized as follows:

I. General Information
    A. Executive Summary
    B. Does this action apply to me?
    C. Where can I get a copy of this document?
    D. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?
II. Background
    A. What is the NSPS program?
    B. Why was the original residential wood heaters NSPS developed?
    C. What are the requirements of the current 1988 NSPS?
    D. What are the major developments since the original NSPS was 
published?
    E. Why is residential wood smoke a concern?
    F. What are the major issues that drove the review process?
III. Summary of Proposed Residential Wood Heater Appliance 
Amendments
    A. Room Heaters
    B. Central Heaters: Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces
    C. Masonry Heaters
IV. Summary of Environmental, Cost, Economic, and Non-Air Health and 
Energy Impacts
    A. What are the air quality impacts?
    B. What are the benefits?
    C. What are the cost impacts?
    D. What are the economic impacts?
    E. What are the non-air quality health and energy impacts?
V. Rationale for Proposed Amendments
    A. Why are we proposing to expand the scope of appliances 
subject to the NSPS?
    B. How did we determine BSER and the proposed emission 
standards?
    C. How did we establish the proposed compliance timelines?
    D. How are we proposing to streamline the requirements for 
certification, quality assurance and laboratory accreditation?
    E. What changes and additions to the allowed test methods are we 
proposing?
    F. What other changes and additions to the administrative 
requirements are we proposing?
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
    B. Paperwork Reduction Act
    C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
    J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations

I. General Information

A. Executive Summary

1. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
    The purpose of this action is to propose amendments to the 
Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters (40 CFR part 
60, subpart AAA) and to add two new subparts: Standards of Performance 
for New Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces and 
Standards of Performance for New Residential Masonry Heaters (40 CFR 
part 60, subparts QQQQ and RRRR). This proposal was developed following 
a Clean Air Act (CAA) section 111(b)(1)(B) periodic review of the 
current residential wood heaters new source performance standards 
(NSPS). We concur with numerous stakeholders that the current body of 
evidence justifies revision of the current residential wood heaters 
NSPS to capture the improvements in performance of such units and to 
expand the applicability of this NSPS to include additional wood-
burning residential heating devices that are in the market. The 
proposed changes are aimed at achieving several objectives, including 
applying updated emission limits that reflect the current best systems 
of emission reduction (BSER); eliminating exemptions over a broad suite 
of residential wood combustion devices; strengthening test methods as 
appropriate; and streamlining the certification process. This proposal 
does not include any requirements for heaters solely fired by gas, oil 
or coal. In addition, it does not include any requirements associated 
with wood heaters or other wood-burning appliances that are already in 
use. The EPA continues to encourage state, local, tribal, and consumer 
efforts to changeout (replace) older heaters with newer, cleaner, more 
efficient heaters, but that is not part of this federal rulemaking.
    These revisions will help reduce the health impacts of fine 
particle pollution, of which wood smoke is a contributing factor in 
many areas. Residential wood smoke contains fine particles with an 
aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5), CO, 
toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde), and climate-
forcing emissions (e.g., methane and black carbon). Residential wood 
smoke can increase PM2.5 to levels that cause significant 
health concerns. Populations that are at greater risk for experiencing 
health effects related to fine particle exposures include older adults, 
children and individuals with pre-existing heart

[[Page 6332]]

or lung disease. Each year, smoke from wood heaters contributes 
hundreds of thousands of tons of fine particles throughout the 
country--mostly during the winter months. Nationally, residential wood 
combustion accounts for 44 percent of total stationary and mobile 
polycyclic organic matter (POM) emissions, nearly 25 percent of all 
area source air toxics cancer risks and 15 percent of noncancer 
respiratory effects.\1\ Residential wood smoke causes many counties in 
the U.S. to either exceed the EPA's health-based national ambient air 
quality standards (NAAQS) for fine particles or places them on the cusp 
of exceeding those standards.\2\ To the degree that older, higher 
emitting, less efficient wood heaters are replaced by newer heaters 
that meet the requirements of this rule, or better, the emissions would 
be reduced, the efficiencies would be increased and fewer health 
impacts should occur.
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    \1\ Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke. EPA-456/B-
13-001, March 2013. Prepared by Outreach and Information Division, 
Air Quality Planning Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and 
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle 
Park, NC 27711. pp. 4-5.
    \2\ Air Quality and Emissions Data; Supporting Information for 
the Residential Wood Heater New Source Performance Standard, August 
14, 2013.
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    This action is conducted under the authority of section 111 of the 
CAA, ``Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources,'' under 
which the EPA establishes federal standards of performance for new 
sources within source categories that cause or contribute significantly 
to air pollution, which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger 
public health or welfare. Consistent with section 111(h), if it is not 
feasible to prescribe or enforce a standard of performance, the 
Administrator may instead promulgate a design, equipment, work 
practice, or operational standard, or combination thereof, that 
reflects the best system of continuous emission reduction, which 
(taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission 
reduction, and any non-air quality, health, and environmental impact 
and energy requirements) the Administrator determines has been 
adequately demonstrated.
2. Summary of the Major Provisions of This Proposed Regulatory Action
    In response to the results of the NSPS review, we are proposing to 
amend 40 CFR part 60, subpart AAA, Standards of Performance for New 
Residential Wood Heaters. The current regulation applies to affected 
appliances manufactured after 1988. The current emission limits would 
remain in effect for the heaters and model lines manufactured before 
the effective date of this rule until their current EPA certification 
expires (maximum of 5 years) or is revoked. After the certification 
expires or is revoked, these heaters and other new heaters would have 
to meet updated emission standards. We propose to broaden the 
applicability of the regulation beyond adjustable burn rate wood 
heaters (the focus of the original regulation), to specifically include 
all single burn rate wood heaters/stoves and pellet heaters/stoves. 
(Some pellet heaters/stoves were not affected by the 1988 regulation.) 
Note that this preamble uses the following terms interchangeably: 
heaters, stoves and heaters/stoves. Heaters/stoves and model lines 
manufactured after the effective date of the rule would be required to 
meet PM standards.
    As with the 1988 regulation, the source category covered by this 
NSPS is fundamentally different from the typical NSPS source category 
in several ways. For example, most NSPS source categories focus on 
industrial or commercial facilities, and typically these heaters are 
installed and operated in residences, not industrial or commercial 
facilities. Also, residential wood heaters, hydronic heaters, forced-
air furnaces, and most masonry heaters are mass-produced consumer 
items, rather than industrial processes typically regulated by NSPS. 
Therefore, as in 1988, we are proposing that manufacturers participate 
in a certification program that tests a representative heater per model 
line rather than requiring testing each heater. If the representative 
heater meets the applicable emission limits, the entire model line may 
be certified and the manufacturer would not be required to test every 
heater. Individual heaters within the model line would still be subject 
to all other requirements, including labeling and operational 
requirements. Manufacturers would be required to have quality assurance 
programs to ensure that all heaters within the model line conform to 
the certified design and meet the applicable emission limits. The EPA 
would continue to have the authority to conduct audits to ensure 
compliance. We ask for comments on all aspects of this approach, 
especially whether more than one representative heater should be tested 
prior to certification of the model line.
    The 1988 regulation also addressed some of the specific 
characteristics of this source category by developing a two-step 
compliance approach that provided a reasonable, phased implementation 
of emission limits for manufacturers. We believe such an approach is 
prudent this time also to allow manufacturers lead time to develop, 
test, field evaluate and certify current technologies across their 
consumer product lines. In 1988, there were ``logjam'' concerns about 
the capacity of accredited laboratories to conduct certifications tests 
and time for the EPA to review the tests and adequately assure 
compliance if all the NSPS requirements were to be immediate. Those 
concerns have been expressed this time also. Thus, upon the effective 
date of this rule, new heaters/stoves would be required to meet Step 1. 
Five years later, new heaters/stoves would be required to meet Step 2. 
The rule also would require that each unit be equipped with a permanent 
NSPS label. The two-step approach would apply to all the heater types 
addressed in this rulemaking except for masonry heaters. For masonry 
heaters, we are not proposing a second more stringent emission limit.
    Additional requirements would apply to entities other than the 
manufacturer. The wood heater test laboratory would be subject to 
quality assurance requirements. The rule would continue to require the 
proper burn practices that currently apply to the owner or operator of 
a wood heating appliance. In addition, new pellet heater/stove owners 
and operators would be required to use only the grade of licensed 
pellet fuels that are included in the heater/stove certification tests, 
or better. We are proposing to streamline the current enforcement and 
audit provisions of the current subpart to reflect changes in industry 
practices and development of new tools and procedures. We are proposing 
improvements to the previous test methods as well as new test methods.
    We are also proposing new subpart QQQQ, which would apply to new 
wood-fired residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces, and 
new subpart RRRR, which would apply to new residential masonry heaters. 
These new subparts are being proposed to address the remaining heater 
appliance types in the 1987 residential wood heater source category 
listing that were not regulated by the 1988 NSPS. Both subparts are 
designed using principles similar to those in subpart AAA, i.e., 
certification testing of a representative unit in a model line, label 
requirements, associated quality assurance requirements and phased 
implementation. Subpart RRRR has some additional features to address 
very small volume manufacturers, including a proposed compliance 
extension and the ability to use a software certification

[[Page 6333]]

approach rather than a laboratory emission test.
    The proposed PM standards for subparts QQQQ and RRRR would be 
implemented in two steps. For subpart QQQQ, upon the effective date of 
the rule, hydronic heaters would be required to meet a Step 1 PM limit 
of 0.32 pound per million British thermal unit (lb/MMBtu) output and 
forced-air furnaces would be required to meet a Step 1 PM limit of 0.93 
lb/MMBtu heat output. Five years after the effective date of the rule, 
both hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces would be required to meet 
a Step 2 PM limit of 0.06 lb/MMBtu heat output. For subpart RRRR 
(masonry heaters), upon the effective date of the rule, large 
manufacturers (defined as manufacturers constructing greater than or 
equal to 15 masonry heaters per year) would be required to meet a PM 
limit of 0.32 lb/MMBtu heat output. Five years after the effective date 
of the rule, small volume masonry heater manufacturers (defined as 
manufacturers constructing less than 15 masonry heaters per year) would 
be required to meet the 0.32 lb/MMBtu heat output PM limit.
3. Costs and Benefits
    Consistent with Executive Order 13563, ``Improving Regulation and 
Regulatory Review,'' we have estimated the cost and benefits of the 
proposed rule. The estimated net benefits of our proposed rule at a 3 
percent discount rate are $1.8 billion to $4.1 billion or $1.7 billion 
to $3.7 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. The non-monetized 
benefits include 33,000 tons of CO reductions; 3,200 tons of VOC 
reductions; reduced exposure to HAP, including formaldehyde, benzene, 
and POM; reduced climate effects due to reduced black carbon emissions; 
reduced ecosystem effects; and reduced visibility impairments. Table 1 
is a summary of the results of the analysis per type of residential 
wood heater. We have provided estimates reflecting average annual 
impacts for the 2014 to 2022 timeframe, which are the implementation 
years for the options analyzed in the RIA for this proposal. Monetized 
benefits are not currently available for masonry heaters. We ask for 
emission and projected sales data per model that would help us prepare 
emission reduction estimates and corresponding monetized benefits 
estimates for masonry heaters.

 Table 1--Summary of Compliance Costs, Monetized Benefits, and Monetized Net Benefits (2010 Dollars) by Type of
                            Heater in the 2014-2022 Time Frame for the Proposed Rule
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                                  Total annualized       Monetized benefits ($        Monetized net benefits ($
         Type of heater          costs ($ millions)          millions) a b                    millions)
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Wood stoves....................                $4.2  $62 to $140..................  $62 to $140.
Single burn rate stoves........                 0.9  $290 to $650.................  $290 to $650.
Pellet stoves..................                 3.5  $19 to $43...................  $19 to $43.
Forced-air furnaces............                 2.3  $1,000 to $2,200.............  $1,000 to $2,200.
Masonry heaters................                 0.3  N/A \c\......................  N/A.
Hydronic heating systems.......                 4.5  $480 to $1,100...............  $480 to $1,100.
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\a\ All estimates are for the time frame from 2014 to 2022 inclusive. These results include units anticipated to
  come online and the lowest cost disposal assumption. Total annualized costs are estimated at a 7 percent
  interest rate.
\b\ Total monetized benefits are estimated at a 3 percent discount rate. The total monetized benefits reflect
  the human health benefits associated with reducing exposure to PM2.5 through reductions of directly emitted
  PM2.5. It is important to note that the monetized benefits include many but not all health effects associated
  with PM2.5 exposure. Benefits are shown as a range from Krewski et al. (2009) to Lepeule et al. (2012). These
  models assume that all fine particles, regardless of their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing
  premature mortality because the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of effect
  estimates by particle type. Because these estimates were generated using benefit-per-ton estimates, we do not
  break down the total monetized benefits into specific components.
\c\ The monetized benefits for masonry heaters are not available because we do not have national estimates of
  the potential emission reductions.

B. Does this action apply to me?

    The potentially regulated sources that are the subject of this 
proposal are listed in Table 2 of this preamble. Table 2 is not 
intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers 
regarding entities likely to be affected by this proposed action. This 
standard, and any changes considered in this rulemaking, would be 
directly applicable to sources as a federal program. Thus, federal, 
state, local and tribal government entities are not affected by this 
proposed action.

                 Table 2--Potentially Regulated Entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Examples of
          Category               NAICS \a\ Code      regulated entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residential Wood Heating....  333414--Heating       Manufacturers,
                               Equipment (except     owners and
                               Warm Air Furnaces)    operators of wood
                               Manufacturing.        heaters, pellet
                                                     heaters/stoves,
                                                     hydronic heaters,
                                                     and masonry
                                                     heaters.
                              333415--Air-          Manufacturers,
                               Conditioning and      owners and
                               Warm Air Heating      operators of forced-
                               Equipment and         air furnaces.
                               Commercial and
                               Industrial
                               Refrigeration
                               Equipment
                               Manufacturing.
                              238140--Masonry       Manufacturers,
                               Contractors.          owners, operators
                                                     and testers of
                                                     masonry heaters.
Testing Laboratories........  541380--Testing       Testers of wood
                               Laboratories          heaters, pellet
                               (except Medical,      heaters/stoves,
                               Veterinary).          hydronic heaters
                                                     and masonry
                                                     heaters.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ North American Industry Classification System.

[[Page 6334]]

C. Where can I get a copy of this document?

    In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of 
this proposal, following signature by the EPA Administrator, will be 
posted at the following address: http://www2.epa.gov/residential-wood-heaters.

D. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?

1. Submitting CBI
    Do not submit information containing CBI to the EPA through 
www.regulations.gov or email. Instead, clearly mark the part or all of 
the information that you claim to be CBI and send or deliver only to 
the following address: Roberto Morales, OAQPS Document Control Officer 
(C404-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711, Attention Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734. For CBI 
information on a disk or CD-ROM that you mail to the EPA, mark the 
outside of the disk or CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically 
within the disk or CD-ROM the specific information that you claim as 
CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes 
information claimed as CBI, you must submit a copy of the comment that 
does not contain the information claimed as CBI for inclusion in the 
public docket. If you submit a disk or CD-ROM that does not contain 
CBI, mark the outside of the disk or CD-ROM clearly that it does not 
contain CBI. Information not marked as CBI will be included in the 
public docket and the EPA's electronic public docket without prior 
notice. Information marked as CBI will not be disclosed except in 
accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.
2. Tips for Preparing Your Comments
    When submitting comments, remember to:
     Identify the rulemaking by docket number and other 
identifying information (subject heading, Federal Register date and 
page number).
     Follow directions. Respond to specific questions and 
organize comments by a section number.
     Explain why you agree or disagree; suggest alternatives 
and substitute language for your requested changes.
     Describe any assumptions and provide any technical 
information and/or data that you used.
     If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how 
you arrived at your estimate in sufficient detail to allow it to be 
reproduced.
     Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns and 
suggest alternatives.
     Explain your views as clearly as possible, avoiding the 
use of profanity or personal threats or character assassination.
     Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period 
deadline.

II. Background

A. What is the NSPS program?

    Under section 111 of the CAA, ``Standards of Performance for New 
Stationary Sources,'' the EPA lists categories of sources that, in the 
EPA's judgment, cause or contribute significantly to air pollution, 
which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or 
welfare pursuant to section 111(b)(1)(A), and then promulgates federal 
standards of performance for new sources within such categories under 
section 111(b)(1)(B). At the time the EPA proposes and establishes 
standards for certain pollutants for a source category, the EPA 
prepares an analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated 
with the NSPS, which includes the benefits from reductions in 
pollutants for which the standards do not set limits. For example, 
emission reductions associated with the requirements of this proposed 
rule will generate health benefits by reducing emissions of 
PM2.5, other criteria pollutants, such as CO, and non-
criteria HAP. Consistent with section 111(h), if it is not feasible to 
prescribe or enforce a standard of performance, the Administrator may 
instead promulgate a design, equipment, work practice, or operational 
standard, or combination thereof, which reflects the best system of 
continuous emission reduction which (taking into consideration the cost 
of achieving such emission reduction, and any non-air quality, health, 
and environmental impact and energy requirements) the Administrator 
determines has been adequately demonstrated. The NSPS do not establish 
standards of performance for existing sources. However, numerous states 
have acted independent of this rule to address new and existing sources 
as part of state implementation plan (SIP) measures necessary to ensure 
attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. Several examples are discussed 
in section II.E of this preamble.
    The level of control prescribed by section 111 of the CAA 
historically has been referred to as ``Best Demonstrated Technology'' 
or BDT. To better reflect that section 111 was amended in 1990 to 
clarify that ``best systems'' may or may not be ``technology,'' the EPA 
is now using the term ``best systems of emission reduction'' or BSER. 
As was done previously in analyzing BDT, the EPA uses available 
information and considers the emissions reductions and incremental 
costs for different systems available at reasonable cost. The 
residential wood heaters source category is different from most NSPS 
source categories in that it is for mass-produced residential consumer 
products. Thus, important elements in determining that BSER include the 
significant costs and environmental impacts of delaying production 
while models with those systems are being designed, tested, field 
evaluated and certified. As noted earlier and discussed more fully 
later in this preamble, the 2-step approach that the EPA is proposing 
considers these factors. That is, for this rulemaking, the EPA has 
determined the appropriate emission limits and compliance deadlines 
that together are representative of BSER. Details of the BSER 
determinations are included in section V.B. of this preamble.
    Section 111(b)(1)(B) of the CAA requires the EPA to periodically 
(every 8 years) review an NSPS unless it determines ``that such review 
is not appropriate in light of readily available information on the 
efficacy of such standard.'' If needed, the EPA must revise the 
standards of performance to reflect improvements in methods for 
reducing emissions, including consideration of what emissions 
limitation is achieved in practice. Numerous stakeholders have 
suggested that the current body of evidence justifies the revision of 
the current residential wood heaters NSPS to capture the improvements 
in performance of such units and to expand the applicability of this 
NSPS to include additional residential wood-burning heating devices 
that are available today. The states of New York, Connecticut, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont, as well as 
the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, have filed in U.S. District Court in 
Washington, DC, to ask the court to order the EPA to promptly review, 
propose and adopt necessary updates to the NSPS for residential wood 
heaters. Likewise, the American Lung Association, the Environmental 
Defense Fund, the Clean Air Council, and Environment and Human Health, 
Inc., have filed a similar request. Also, some stakeholders have 
suggested that the

[[Page 6335]]

EPA develop additional NSPS to regulate residential heating devices 
that burn fuels other than or in addition to wood, e.g., coal, corn or 
grass. This proposal does not include any requirements for heaters that 
solely burn fuels other than wood.

B. Why was the original residential wood heaters NSPS developed?

    The development of the residential wood heater regulations began in 
the mid-1980s in response to the growing concern that wood smoke 
contributes to ambient air quality-related health problems. Several 
state and local governments developed their own regulations for wood 
heaters. Then, in response to a lawsuit filed by New York State and the 
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the EPA agreed to initiate a 
residential wood heaters NSPS rulemaking, with a schedule calling for 
final action by January 31, 1988. The original standard was developed 
using a regulatory negotiation process with the key stakeholders (the 
wood heating industry, state governments, and environmental and 
consumer groups) under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA).
    Pursuant to CAA section 111(b)(1)(A), the EPA listed the 
residential wood heater source category based on its determination that 
residential wood heaters cause, or contribute significantly to, air 
pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health 
or welfare (52 FR 5065, February 18, 1987). The EPA also proposed 
regulations for residential wood heaters (52 FR 4994, February 18, 
1987). The final standards were published on February 26, 1988 (53 FR 
5860). At the time the original NSPS was proposed, the EPA estimated 
that a typical pre-NSPS conventional wood heater emits about 60 to 70 
g/hr of PM and that a wood heater complying with the NSPS would emit 75 
to 86 percent less than conventional wood heaters.

C. What are the requirements of the current 1988 NSPS?

    The current subpart AAA defines a wood heater as an enclosed, wood-
burning appliance capable of and intended for space heating or domestic 
water heating that meets all of the following criteria:
    1. An air-to-fuel ratio (ratio of the mass of combustion air 
introduced into the firebox to the mass of dry fuel consumed) in the 
combustion chamber averaging less than 35-to-1 as determined by the 
test procedure prescribed in 40 CFR 60.534 performed at an accredited 
laboratory;
    2. A usable firebox volume of less than 0.57 cubic meters (20 cubic 
feet);
    3. A minimum burn rate (weight of dry test fuel consumed per hour) 
of less than 5 kilograms per hour (kg/hr) (11 pounds per hour (lb/hr)) 
as determined by the test procedure prescribed in 40 CFR 60.534 
performed at an accredited laboratory; and
    4. A maximum weight of 800 kg (1,760 lb), excluding fixtures and 
devices that are normally sold separately, such as flue pipe, chimney, 
and masonry components that are not an integral part of the appliance 
or heat distribution ducting.
    In the 1988 rulemaking, the EPA identified several types of 
residential wood combustion appliances that are not subject to the 
current 1988 NSPS:
     Open masonry fireplaces constructed on site
     Boilers/Heaters
     Furnaces
     Cook Stoves
    In addition, the current 1988 NSPS exempts the following from the 
emission limits:
     Wood heaters used solely for research and development 
(R&D) purposes
     Wood heaters manufactured for export
     Coal-only heaters
    As noted earlier, because of the specific characteristics of this 
source category (e.g., it applies to mass-produced residential consumer 
items), the residential wood heaters NSPS (also sometimes informally 
referred to as the wood stove NSPS) allows compliance for model lines 
to be certified ``pre-sale'' by the manufacturers. A typical NSPS 
source category approach that imposes emission standards and then 
requires a unit-specific compliance demonstration would have been very 
costly and impractical. Therefore, the 1988 NSPS was designed to allow 
manufacturers of wood heaters to use a certification program to test 
representative wood heaters on a model line basis. Once a model line is 
certified, all of the individual units within the model line are 
subject to labeling, operational and other requirements. Manufacturers 
are then required to conduct a quality assurance program to ensure that 
appliances produced within a model line conform to the certified design 
and meet the applicable emission limits. There are also provisions for 
the EPA to conduct audits to ensure compliance.
    As discussed in the 1988 rulemaking, the standards limiting PM 
emissions from wood heaters in the current 1988 NSPS were phased in for 
this source category because of the need to consider the costs of 
delayed production while new models were being developed and certified. 
Advanced technology heaters/stoves including both catalytic and 
noncatalytic systems were considered to be BDT (now called BSER), 
because the net emissions of both systems over time were estimated to 
be similar (even though the initial certification test results were 
lower for catalytic models) due to possible degradation and lack of 
catalyst replacement. The EPA considered requiring catalyst replacement 
on a regular schedule but determined that enforcement of such a 
requirement would be difficult or impractical. The EPA did require 
manufacturers to provide 2-year unconditional warranties on the 
catalysts and prohibited the operation of catalytic heaters/stoves 
without a catalyst. Principally because of these concerns, the EPA 
wanted to ensure that both catalytic and noncatalytic technology would 
continue to be options for manufacturers to use and further develop. 
The Subpart AAA Phase I standards issued in 1988 were very similar to 
the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality standards that had been 
in existence for a few years. The Subpart AAA Phase II standards, 
issued in 1988 and which are still in effect, are more stringent and 
had to be met within 2 years of publication of the final rule, i.e., by 
1990. Models equipped with a catalytic combustor cannot emit more than 
a weighted average of 4.1 g of PM per hour. Models that are not 
equipped with a catalytic combustor cannot emit more than a weighted 
average of 7.5 g of PM per hour. The lower initial emission limit for 
the catalytic combustor-equipped models incorporates an expected 
deterioration rate for the catalysts such that after 5 years the 
emissions from those models were expected to be similar to the 
emissions from noncatalytic models.

D. What are the major developments since the original NSPS was 
published?

    New systems for residential wood heating devices are commercially 
available in the U.S. that perform at significantly lower g/hr emission 
rates than required under the current 1988 NSPS. Furthermore, even 
greater performance potentially can be achieved by greater deployment 
of the best U.S. systems and the typical systems already widely 
employed in Europe, especially for outdoor and indoor hydronic heaters. 
The EPA has conducted a research project ``Environmental 
Characterization of Outdoor Wood-fired Hydronic Heaters'' through a 
cooperative R&D agreement with the New York State Energy Research and

[[Page 6336]]

Development Authority (NYSERDA) that evaluated four types of technology 
ranging from a common outdoor wood boiler/heater to a state-of-the-art, 
high-efficiency pellet boiler/heater from Austria. The study showed 
considerable emission reduction due to a 2-stage combustion technology 
that includes gasification of the fuel and more complete combustion.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Environmental, Energy Market, And Health Characterization Of 
Wood-Fired Hydronic Heater Technologies. Prepared by U.S. EPA Office 
of Research and Development, et al., prepared for NYSERDA. June 
2012.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many stakeholders have expressed concern to the EPA about a broad 
range of residential wood heating appliances that do not have emission 
standards in the current 1988 NSPS. These include single burn rate wood 
heaters; pellet heaters/stoves that are not subject to the current 
standard via the NSPS air-to-fuel ratio; wood ``boilers'' (hydronic 
heaters); forced-air furnaces; and masonry heaters. Some stakeholders 
have also expressed an interest in regulating non-``heater'' devices, 
such as indoor and outdoor fireplaces, fire pits, cook stoves and pizza 
ovens.
    One category of wood heating appliances that has undergone 
significant growth is wood heaters/boilers or ``hydronic heaters.'' 
(Note that these units are technically called heaters rather than 
boilers because many are not pressurized and do not boil the liquid.) 
Hydronic heaters are typically located outside the buildings they heat 
in small sheds with short smokestacks. These appliances burn wood to 
heat a liquid (water or a water-antifreeze mixture) that is piped to 
provide heat and hot water to occupied buildings, such as homes. Often, 
in addition to supplying heat for homes, the same unit is used to 
provide heat for barns and greenhouses and to provide warm water for 
swimming pools. Hydronic heaters may also be located indoors and may 
use other biomass (such as corn or wood pellets) or coal or a 
combination for fuel.
    Studies have shown that PM2.5 concentrations in 
proximity to a typical outdoor hydronic heater (aka outdoor wood 
boiler) can exceed the 24-hour NAAQS.\4\ Thus, the EPA developed a 
hydronic heater voluntary partnership program in order to encourage 
manufacturers to reduce impacts on air quality and health through 
developing and distributing cleaner hydronic heaters for those 
locations where local jurisdictions allow hydronic heaters. We 
developed the voluntary partnership program with the goal of bringing 
cleaner models to market faster than the traditional federal regulatory 
process. Properly operated Phase 1 \5\ emission level (0.60 lb/MMBtu 
heat input) qualifying \6\ units are approximately 70 percent cleaner 
than typical unqualified units. After March 31, 2010, units that only 
meet the Phase 1 emission level are no longer considered ``qualified 
models'' under the voluntary partnership program. Properly operated 
Phase 2 emission level (0.32 lb/MMBtu heat output) qualifying units are 
estimated to be approximately 90 percent cleaner than typical 
unqualified units. Typically, qualified models have improved 
insulation, secondary combustion, separation of the firebox from the 
water jacket, and the addition of improved heat exchangers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ For more information on wood smoke health effects, see: 
``Smoke Gets in Your Lungs: Outdoor Wood Boilers in New York 
State,'' prepared by Judith Schrieber, Ph.D., et al., for the Office 
of the Attorney General of New York. August 2005. See also: 
``Assessment of Outdoor Wood-fired Boilers,'' prepared by NESCAUM, 
March 2006 (revised June 2006).
    \5\ ``Phase 1'' and ``Phase 2'' emission levels refer to levels 
established in EPA voluntary partnership programs. The earlier use 
of the term ``Phase II'' (with a Roman numeral) standard refers to 
standards established in the current subpart AAA for residential 
wood heaters.
    \6\ The terms ``qualified'' and ``unqualified,'' or other 
similar terms, refer to models that meet or have not been shown to 
meet the voluntary partnership program performance levels. Later use 
of the terms ``certified'' and ``uncertified,'' or other similar 
terms, refers to models that are deemed to be in compliance or 
noncompliance with the NSPS emission limits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the voluntary partnership program, the EPA provided 
technical and financial support for the Northeast States for 
Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) to develop a model rule that 
several states have adopted to regulate hydronic heaters. The model 
rule is a starting point for local regulatory authorities to consider, 
and additional actions may be needed due to site-specific concerns, 
e.g., local terrain, meteorology, proximity of neighbors and other 
exposed individuals. Thus, some regulatory authorities have instituted 
additional requirements, such as limits on proximity to neighbors, 
limits on visible emissions and limits on use in non-heating seasons. 
Some authorities have banned hydronic heaters entirely in some areas.
    The EPA also developed a similar voluntary partnership program for 
low mass fireplaces (engineered, pre-fabricated fireplaces) and site-
built masonry fireplaces. Fireplaces were not included in the 1988 NSPS 
for residential wood heaters because typical fireplaces are not 
considered to be effective ``heaters.'' Most of the heat content from 
the wood burned in a typical fireplace is lost out the chimney rather 
than heating a room. The voluntary program began in February 2009, and 
pertained only to low mass fireplaces at that time. In July 2009, the 
program was expanded to masonry fireplaces. Under this program, cleaner 
burning fireplaces are ones that qualify for the Phase 1 emissions 
level of 7.3 grams of particles emitted per kilogram (g/kg) of fuel 
burned (approximately 57 percent cleaner than unqualified models) or 
the Phase 2 emissions level of 5.1 g/kg (approximately 70 percent 
cleaner than unqualified models). So far, 36 models (of hundreds of 
models on the market) have qualified under this voluntary partnership 
program at the Phase 2 level. Typically, qualified models have improved 
insulation and added secondary combustion and/or a catalyst to reduce 
emissions. Some manufacturers have added doors to reduce the excess air 
and thus improve combustion. The Phase 2 emission level in the 
voluntary fireplace program has been considered as a starting point for 
some local regulatory authorities, and additional actions have also 
been considered due to site-specific concerns, e.g., local terrain, 
meteorology, proximity of neighbors and other exposed individuals, and 
magnitude of other emissions in the airshed. Thus, some regulatory 
authorities have instituted additional requirements (e.g., ``no burn'' 
days on which the fireplaces cannot be operated) and some have banned 
new wood-burning fireplaces in some areas.
    The current 1988 NSPS in subpart AAA have been in effect for over 
25 years and manufacturers and test laboratories have gained 
considerable experience in complying with the requirements of the 
program. As a result, many manufacturers and test laboratories have 
suggested changes to the certification process to better implement the 
program, such as developing an electronic system for submittals and 
approval. Many manufacturers and test laboratories have also questioned 
the effectiveness of some of the current audit procedures. In addition, 
they have participated in the development of new test methods and test 
method improvements as part of the efforts of ASTM International 
(formerly known as the American Society of Testing and Materials). The 
1988 NSPS left a placeholder for development of an efficiency test 
method for use in subpart AAA. On June 1, 2007, the EPA approved the 
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) stack loss method in B415 as an 
alternative for wood heater efficiency testing in subpart AAA

[[Page 6337]]

provided that the tests use the same burn rate categories specified in 
the EPA Reference Method 28. We are now proposing that the current 
version of this method be used for efficiency testing (CSA B415.1-10). 
We are also proposing EPA Method 28 WHH (wood-fired hydronic heaters) 
that has been used for qualification testing of hydronic heaters in the 
EPA voluntary partnership program and numerous state regulations. Other 
issues that have been identified over the years regarding test methods 
and emissions calculations include emissions averaging, burn rate 
weightings, hot start versus cold start, emission caps per burn rate, 
and catalyst degradation. Another issue is whether to change current 
requirements to conduct certification tests with ``crib'' wood to 
``cord'' wood. ``Crib wood'' is a specified configuration and quality 
of dimensional lumber and spacers, which was intended to improve the 
repeatability of the test method in 1988. ``Cord wood'' is a different 
specified configuration and quality of wood that more closely resembles 
what a typical homeowner would use. We address all these issues as part 
of this proposal.

E. Why is residential wood smoke a concern?

    1. Health and air quality concerns. There is increasing recognition 
of the health impacts of particle pollution, to which wood smoke is a 
contributing factor in many areas. Wood smoke contains a mixture of 
gases and fine particles that can cause immediate effects, including 
burning eyes, runny nose and bronchitis. Exposure to fine particles has 
been associated with a range of health effects, including aggravation 
of heart or respiratory problems (as indicated by increased hospital 
admissions and emergency department visits), changes in lung function 
and increased respiratory symptoms, as well as premature death. 
Populations at greater risk for experiencing health effects related to 
fine particle exposures include older adults, children and individuals 
with pre-existing heart or lung disease.\7\ Residential wood smoke 
contains fine particles and toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene and 
formaldehyde). Each year, smoke from wood heaters contributes hundreds 
of thousands of tons of fine particles throughout the country--mostly 
during the winter months. Nationally, residential wood combustion 
accounts for 44 percent of total stationary and mobile POM emissions, 
nearly 25 percent of all area source air toxics cancer risks, and 15 
percent of noncancer respiratory effects.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ EPA Burn Wise (Consumer--Health Effects), http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/healtheffects.html.
    \8\ Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke. EPA-456/B-
13-001, March 2013. Prepared by Outreach and Information Division, 
Air Quality Planning Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and 
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle 
Park, NC 27711. pp. 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a number of communities, residential wood smoke increases 
particle pollution to levels that cause significant health concerns. 
Several areas with wood smoke problems either exceed the EPA's health-
based NAAQS for fine particles or are on the cusp of exceeding those 
standards. For example, in places such as Keene, New Hampshire; 
Sacramento, California; Tacoma, Washington; and Fairbanks, Alaska; wood 
combustion can contribute over 50 percent of daily wintertime fine 
particle emissions.\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Memorandum dated April 4, 2013, from David Cole, EPA, to 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0734.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In December 2012, the EPA issued revised NAAQS for PM to provide 
increased protection of public health and welfare. The 2012 NAAQS for 
PM strengthened the annual NAAQS for fine particles to 12 micrograms 
per cubic meter ([micro]g/m\3\) from the 1997 standard of 15 [micro]g/
m\3\ and retained the existing 24-hour fine particle standard of 35 
[micro]g/m\3\ issued in 2006. The 2012 NAAQS for PM also retains the 
current 24-hour PM10 standards for health and environmental 
effects at a level of 150 [micro]g/m\3\ to continue to provide 
protection against effects associated with exposure to thoracic coarse 
particles. Areas that do not meet the standards must take steps to 
reduce PM emissions. The National Association of Clean Air Agencies 
(NACAA), the Environmental Council of States (ECOS), NESCAUM, the 
Western States Air Resources Council (WESTAR), and the Lake Michigan 
Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) have argued that more stringent 
standards for new wood heating devices would provide a much needed tool 
for states and local communities to use in addressing the growth of 
pollution from these sources.10 11 Recent health studies 
considered in the review of the PM NAAQS confirm the impacts on public 
health. The latest information on the PM NAAQS reviews is at http://www.epa.gov/pm/actions.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Arthur Marin, Executive Director of NESCAUM and Dan 
Johnson, Executive Director of WESTAR, to Steve Page, Director 
OAQPS/EPA. April 28, 2008.
    \11\ Arthur Marin, Executive Director of NESCAUM, to Gina 
McCarthy, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation/EPA. January 
14, 2011.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is also concern about the health effects of other pollutants 
found in wood smoke. In addition to PM, wood smoke contains harmful 
chemical substances such as CO, formaldehyde and other organic gases, 
and nitrogen oxides (NOX).
    Health effects from CO include:
     Interference with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to 
the brain, which impairs thinking and reflexes
     Heart pain
     Lower birth weights and increased deaths in newborns
     Death
    Health effects from formaldehyde and other organic gases include:
     Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat
     Inflammation of mucous membranes, irritation of the throat 
and sinuses
     Interference with lung function
     Allergic reactions
     Nose and throat cancer in animals and cancer in humans
    Nitrogen oxide can irritate the eyes and respiratory system, may 
damage the immune system by impairing the body's ability to fight 
respiratory infection and can affect lung function.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Brochure on 
Wood Smoke and Your Health. September 2008, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/91br023.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Residential wood combustion emissions contain potentially 
carcinogenic compounds including formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic 
hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, and dioxin, which are toxic air 
pollutants, but their effects on human health via exposure to wood 
smoke have not been studied as extensively.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ EPA Burn Wise (Health Effects of Breathing Wood Smoke), 
http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/woodsmoke_health_effects_jan07.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    2. Concerns about existing sources. Many areas of the country are 
struggling with reducing PM emissions due to residential wood smoke 
from existing wood-burning appliances. Existing wood heaters will not 
be affected by this rule. In addition, due to the long life span of 
wood-burning appliances and slow turnover, it may be many years before 
the full benefits of these regulations on new appliances will be shown. 
However, there are strategies to reduce wood smoke that states, 
counties and townships can take to reduce wood smoke independent of 
this rule.\14\ Some states have direct legislative authority, and all 
states have authority to address new and existing sources as SIP 
measures necessary to ensure attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. 
For examples, the State of

[[Page 6338]]

Oregon, Washoe County (NV), and Township of Mammoth Lakes (CA) have 
required that, when a home is sold, existing wood heaters that have not 
been certified to meet the NSPS be removed and destroyed and not 
resold. As additional SIP strategies, some states and local authorities 
have banned wood burning during certain high PM events, restricted the 
amount of burning, and regulated the type of materials being burned. 
Non-regulatory programs, such as education programs to teach the public 
how to use their wood-burning appliances in ways that minimize 
emissions, have also been implemented. The EPA has also implemented 
programs that encourage good burning practices, which can have a 
significant impact on emissions. The EPA, some state and local 
agencies, and other stakeholders, including the Hearth, Patio and 
Barbecue Association (HPBA), have been active in promoting wood heater/
stove changeout programs to replace older, higher-emitting heaters/
stoves with lower-emitting EPA-certified heaters/stoves, pellet 
heaters/stoves, or other cleaner burning appliances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ ``Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke,'' EPA-
456/B-13-001. March 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. What are the major issues that drove the review process?

    We received several requests to conduct a review of the residential 
wood heaters NSPS, including a joint letter from WESTAR and NESCAUM 
that urged us to update and develop regulations relating to a variety 
of wood combustion devices. The authors cited concerns that many 
communities are measuring ambient conditions above or very close to the 
PM2.5 NAAQS and that, in many instances, emissions from wood 
smoke are a large contributor to those high PM2.5 levels. In 
addition, wood heater technology has greatly improved since the last 
revision of the NSPS. The standards we are proposing today recognize 
the cleaner, more efficient technologies developed in recent years. 
Other states, environmental groups, and HPBA have also recommended 
several changes to the NSPS. The HPBA Outdoor Wood-fired Hydronic 
Heater (OWHH) Manufacturers Caucus wrote the EPA to express their 
unanimous support for the EPA to develop a federal regulation for 
OWHH.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ HPBA OWHH Caucus letter to Greg Green, Director, Outreach 
and Information Division, EPA. September 27, 2007.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specific requests from stakeholders include:
     Tightening emission standards based on current performance 
data
     Addressing other pollutants of concern
     Reviewing the format of the standards, including adding 
requirements to document the tested efficiency of the unit
     Reevaluating exemptions, such as those based on air-to-
fuel ratios and size and weight
     Adding other wood heating devices such as pellet heaters/
stoves, hydronic heaters, and masonry heaters to the NSPS
     Regulating fireplaces and other ``non-heater'' devices 
(e.g., cook stoves)
     Regulating heating devices that burn fuel other than wood 
(e.g., other solid biomass and coal)
     Updating test methods
     Streamlining the certification process to use electronic 
data submittals/reviews
     Considering use of International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO)-accredited labs and ISO-accredited certifying 
bodies
     Improving compliance assurance/enforceability and quality 
assurance/quality control
     Making the rule more consumer friendly by making more 
information readily available on-line

III. Summary of Proposed Residential Wood Heater Appliance Amendments

    We are proposing to amend 40 CFR part 60, subpart AAA, Standards of 
Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters. We are also proposing two 
new subparts to address additional types of residential wood heating 
appliances. Specifically, we are proposing subpart QQQQ, Standards of 
Performance for New Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air 
Furnaces, and subpart RRRR, Standards of Performance for New 
Residential Masonry Heaters. The following sections describe the major 
provisions of each subpart. This proposal does not include any 
requirements that would apply to heaters that are fueled solely by gas, 
oil or coal. In addition, this proposal does not include any 
requirements associated with wood heaters or other wood-burning 
appliances that are already in use. The EPA continues to encourage 
state, local, tribal, and consumer efforts to changeout (replace) older 
heaters with newer, cleaner, more efficient heaters, but that is not 
part of this federal rulemaking.

A. Room Heaters

    The current 1988 regulation (subpart AAA) applies to affected 
appliances manufactured since 1988. The current emission limits would 
remain in effect for the heaters and model lines manufactured before 
the effective date of this rule until their current EPA certification 
expires (maximum of 5 years) or is revoked. After the certification 
expires or is revoked, these heaters and other new heaters would have 
to meet updated emission standards. We propose to broaden the 
applicability of the wood heaters regulation beyond adjustable burn 
rate wood heaters (the focus of the original regulation) to 
specifically also include single burn rate wood heaters/stoves, pellet 
heaters/stoves, and any other affected appliance as defined in the 
proposed subpart AAA as a ``room heater.'' The proposed subpart AAA 
does not apply to new residential hydronic heaters, new residential 
forced-air furnaces and new residential masonry heaters because they 
would be subject to their own subparts. Like the 1988 current subpart 
AAA, the proposed subpart AAA does not apply to fireplaces. This 
proposal tightens the definition for ``cook stoves'' and adds 
definitions for ``camp stoves'' and ``traditional Native American bake 
ovens'' to clarify that they would not be subject to the standard other 
than appropriate labeling for cook stoves and camp stoves. Finally, the 
proposed subpart AAA clarifies that the emission limits would only 
apply to wood-burning devices (i.e., not to devices that only burn 
fuels other than wood, e.g., gas, oil or coal).
    As discussed in section II, NSPS determinations of BSER must 
consider costs. The fact that this source category is for consumer 
products manufactured for residential sale results in cost 
considerations that are different from those for industrial process 
source categories that are typical for most NSPS. Specifically, if 
production and sales were to be suspended while designing, testing, 
field evaluating and certifying cleaner models, the cost of potential 
lost revenues would be significant, which necessitates reasonable lead 
times for compliance with proposed emission limitations. This was true 
in 1988, and is still true today. Thus, we propose to allow a 
transition period so that heaters/stoves with EPA certification 
currently in effect can continue to be manufactured and sold until the 
current certification expires (5 years from date of certification) or 
is revoked by the Administrator, whichever date is earlier. We would 
not allow renewal of these certifications. That is, in the near term, 
we are proposing to retain the current Phase II PM emission limits 
(issued in the current 1988 standards for compliance in 1990) for 
adjustable burn

[[Page 6339]]

rate wood heaters and pellet heaters/stoves with a current EPA 
certification issued prior to the effective date of this rule. While 
our top priorities are to ensure that emission reductions occur in a 
timely manner and that there is no backsliding from the improvements 
that many manufacturers have already made, it is also important to 
avoid unreasonable economic impacts on those manufacturers (mostly 
small businesses) who need additional time to develop a full range of 
cleaner models. The compliance schedule should also help avoid 
potential ``logjams'' at laboratories conducting certification testing. 
We ask for specific comments on the length of this proposed transition 
and the degree to which there would be any critical economic impacts on 
manufacturers who have heaters with current certifications if we were 
to not allow up to the full 5-year certification period for units 
manufactured after the effective date of the final rule. We also ask 
for specific comments on allowing grandfathering of Step 1 models that 
are tested in good faith according to the proposed test methods and the 
proposed emission limits, even though the final test methods may differ 
from this proposal, and if so, for how long.
    We are proposing a two-step compliance approach (referred to herein 
as the ``Proposed Approach'') that would apply to all new adjustable 
burn rate wood heaters, single burn rate wood heaters and pellet 
heaters/stoves. Under this Proposed Approach, the Proposed Step 1 
emission limits for these sources would apply to each source (a) 
manufactured on or after the effective date of the final rule or (b) 
sold at retail on or after the date 6 months from the effective date of 
the final rule. Proposed Step 2 emission limits for these sources would 
apply to each adjustable rate wood heater, single burn rate wood heater 
and pellet heater/stove manufactured or sold on or after the date 5 
years after the effective date of the final rule. We ask for specific 
comments on the Proposed Approach and the degree to which these dates 
could be sooner.
    We are also asking for comments on a three-step compliance approach 
(referred to herein as the ``Alternative Approach'') for all adjustable 
rate wood heaters, single burn rate wood heaters and pellet heaters/
stoves. Under this Alternative Approach, the Alternative Step 1 
emission limits would apply to each source: (a) manufactured on or 
after the effective date of the final rule, or (b) sold at retail on or 
after the date 6 months from the effective date of the final rule. 
(Step 1 under the Alternative Approach is the same as Step 1 under the 
Proposed Approach.) The Alternative Step 2 emission limits would apply 
to each source manufactured or sold on or after the date 3 years after 
the effective date of the final rule. The Alternative Step 3 emission 
limits would apply to each source manufactured or sold on or after the 
date 8 years following the effective date of the final rule (thus 
providing 5 years between the Alternative Step 2 and Alternative Step 
3). We ask for specific comments on this Alternative Approach, 
including data and potential environmental and economic impacts on this 
alternative, and the degree to which the Alternative Approach emission 
levels and dates could be considered BSER. Our current preference is 
the Proposed Approach, but we intend to finalize a single compliance 
approach after fully considering the comments received during the 
public comment period on this proposed rulemaking.
    Table 3 summarizes the PM emissions standards that would apply to 
each wood heater appliance under this Proposed Approach at each step. 
Table 4 summarizes the PM emissions standards that would apply to each 
wood heater appliance under each step of the Alternative Approach.

       Table 3--Proposed Approach Subpart AAA PM Emissions Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          PM emissions
           Appliance                 Phases/steps             limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjustable Rate Wood Heaters    Transition period from  4.1 g/hr for
 or Pellet Heaters/Stoves with   1988 rule through the   catalytic
 current EPA certification       later of the            heaters/stoves
 issued prior to the effective   effective date of the   and 7.5 g/hr
 date of the Final Rule.         final revised rule or   for
                                 expiration of current   noncatalytic
                                 certification           heaters/stoves.
                                 (maximum of 5 years
                                 certification and no
                                 renewal).
All Other Adjustable Rate Wood  Step 1: upon the        4.5 g/hr.
 Heaters, Single Burn Rate       effective date of      1.3 g/hr.
 Wood Heaters or Pellet          final rule.
 Heaters/Stoves (includes       Step 2: 5 years after
 currently certified heaters     the effective date of
 after the certification         the final rule.
 expires, catalytic and
 noncatalytic).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Table 4--Alternative Approach Subpart AAA PM Emissions Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          PM emissions
           Appliance                 Phases/steps             limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjustable Rate Wood Heaters    Transition period from  4.1 g/hr for
 or Pellet Heaters/Stoves with   1988 rule through the   catalytic
 Current EPA Certification       later of the            heaters/stoves
 Issued Prior to the effective   effective date of the   and 7.5 g/hr
 date of Final Rule.             final revised rule or   for
                                 expiration of current   noncatalytic
                                 certification           heaters/stoves.
                                 (maximum of 5 years
                                 certification and no
                                 renewal).
All Other Adjustable Rate Wood  Step 1: upon the        4.5 g/hr.
 Heaters, Single Burn Rate       effective date of      2.5 g/hr.
 Wood Heaters or Pellet          final rule.            1.3 g/hr.
 Heaters/Stoves (includes       Step 2: 3 years after
 currently certified heaters     the effective date of
 after the certification         the final rule.
 expires, catalytic and         Step 3: 8 years after
 noncatalytic).                  the effective date of
                                 the final rule.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the 1988 promulgated subpart AAA (53 FR 5860, February 26, 
1988) included an additional 1-year compliance extension for low-volume 
manufacturers, i.e., companies that manufacture (or export to the U.S.) 
fewer than 2,000 heaters per year, this proposal does not include a 
similar compliance extension. We are not proposing a delay for 
adjustable burn rate wood heaters or pellet heaters/stoves because the 
majority of these appliances already comply with the proposed Step 1 
emission levels. See section V.C. of this preamble for more

[[Page 6340]]

discussion of this topic. However, we are requesting comments on the 
possible need for such a compliance extension for single burn rate wood 
heaters, which are not subject to the current subpart AAA requirements.
    We are proposing to make a single determination of BSER for both 
catalytic and noncatalytic heater systems. The EPA considered requiring 
catalyst replacement on a regular schedule but determined that federal 
enforcement of such a requirement would be difficult. As in the current 
1988 rule, we are proposing to require manufacturers to provide 
warranties on the catalysts and prohibit the operation of catalytic 
heaters/stoves without a catalyst. In addition, we are proposing to 
require warranties for noncatalytic heaters/stoves. Though we are not 
proposing efficiency standards at this time, we are proposing to 
require testing and reporting of these data; however, we are requesting 
specific comment on the need to propose efficiency standards and any 
data to support the basis for these standards.
    We are also proposing to require emission testing and reporting 
based on both crib wood and cord wood for the proposed Step 1 
compliance, and allowing manufacturers to choose whether to certify 
with crib wood or cord wood for the proposed Step 1 upon the effective 
date of the final rule. For the proposed Step 2 compliance 5 years 
after the effective date of the final rule, we would require certifying 
with cord wood only. As discussed earlier in this preamble, ``crib 
wood'' is a specified configuration and quality of dimensional lumber 
and spacers that was intended to improve the repeatability of the test 
method in 1988. ``Cord wood'' is a different specified configuration 
and quality of wood that more closely resembles what a typical 
homeowner would use. We ask for comments and test data to compare 
heater performance with crib wood and cord wood.
    Although we lack sufficient data to propose a separate CO emissions 
standard at this time, we propose to require that the manufacturer 
determine CO emissions during the compliance test and report those 
results to the EPA. We specifically request emission and cost data for 
systems that reduce CO emissions. If those systems warrant inclusion in 
the final rule, we would consider doing so. In addition, we ask for 
specific comments on whether the final rule should explicitly require 
indoor CO monitors as a critical safety component for heaters installed 
in occupied buildings or other buildings or enclosures in which the 
operator would enter to add fuel to the heater or conduct other normal 
operation and maintenance of the heater. Numerous stakeholders have 
indicated that an explicit requirement is needed.
    Like the current 1988 subpart, the EPA is using its authority under 
section 114 of the CAA to require each manufacturer to submit 
certifications of compliance with this rule for all models and all 
units. As in the 1988 rule, provided that the certifications are 
timely, complete, and accurate, the EPA is proposing to allow 
certification to be determined based on testing of a representative 
unit within the model line. As in 1988, the cost of testing each unit 
would be an order of magnitude greater than the cost of a wood heater/
stove and would be economically prohibitive. In addition, as in 1988, 
the testing of each unit could create a potential ``logjam'' that would 
stymie the certification of cleaner model lines. However, as discussed 
earlier, we are asking for specific comments on whether we should 
require testing of more than one representative unit prior to 
certification of a model line. The proposed subpart revises the 
definition of ``Accredited Test Laboratory,'' from only EPA-accredited 
laboratories to laboratories approved by the EPA after being accredited 
by a nationally recognized accrediting body to perform testing for each 
of the test methods specified in this NSPS under ISO-IEC \16\ Standard 
17025, to conduct the certification testing. The laboratories would 
have to register their credentials with the EPA and be approved by the 
EPA prior to conducting any certification testing or related work used 
as a basis for compliance with this rule. Also, they would be required 
to report any changes in their accreditation and any deficiencies found 
under ISO 17025, and the EPA may revoke the approval if appropriate. 
Our proposal is this laboratory definition revision be effective upon 
the effective date of the final rule. However, we request specific 
comments on whether we should allow a transition period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 
and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) prepare and 
publish international standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal would require a ``Certifying-Body-Based Certification 
Process,'' upon the effective date of the final rule. Under this 
process, after testing is complete, a certification of conformity with 
the PM emissions standards must be issued by a certifying body with 
whom the manufacturer has entered into contract for certification 
services. The certification body would have to be accredited under ISO-
IEC Standard 17065 and register their credentials with the EPA and 
receive EPA approval prior to conducting any certifications or related 
work used as a basis for compliance with this rule and report any 
changes in their accreditation and any deficiencies found under ISO 
17065. We believe any certifying body that is approved by the EPA and 
is ISO-accredited should be expected to act in such a way that will not 
create a conflict of interest. The EPA would oversee the certification 
body's work and retain the right to revoke the approval if appropriate. 
Upon review of the test report and quality control plan submitted by 
the manufacturer, the certifying body may certify compliance and submit 
the required documentation to the EPA's Office of Enforcement and 
Compliance Assurance for review, approval and listing of the certified 
appliance. Our preference is to require the new expanded certification 
process (i.e., inclusion of ISO-accredited and EPA-approved certifying 
bodies) for certifications that occur after the effective date of the 
final rule. However, we request specific comments on whether we should 
allow a transition period; that is, whether we should retain the 
current ``Administrator Approval Process'' to review the certification 
application, including test results, for the first year following the 
effective date of the final rule. Note that models certified prior to 
the effective date of the final rule would not have to be re-tested 
until the certification expires or is revoked.
    As in the current 1988 NSPS, each affected unit would be required 
to have an applicable permanent label and have an owner's manual that 
contains specified information. We are proposing that permanent labels 
would be required for each affected unit on the effective date of the 
final rule. We propose to clarify that the permanent label must be 
installed so that it is readily visible both before and after the unit 
is installed. This clarification is needed to document the use of 
complying heaters that may be required by state and local rules and/or 
to determine the unit's applicability to any future changeout programs. 
We also request specific comments on how to best assure that 
manufacturers and retailers and online marketers of wood heaters only 
use valid certification test data and not exaggerated claims.
    In the current (1988) NSPS, temporary labels (aka, hangtags) were 
required for wood heaters that are subject to the standards and also 
for ones that are not (e.g., coal heaters/stoves). These temporary 
labels were intended primarily to contain information useful

[[Page 6341]]

to consumers and prospective heater purchasers to be able to compare 
different appliance models and to inform the consumer about the 
importance of proper operation and maintenance. These temporary labels 
included the wood heater's compliance status, comparative emission and 
efficiency performance data, and heat output rates and explicitly 
stated that the appliance will achieve low smoke output and high 
efficiency only if properly operated and maintained. The EPA no longer 
believes these temporary labels are necessary for all certified heaters 
because we have developed and are continuing to improve our education 
and outreach program for consumers on selecting the cleanest certified 
appliances and wood fuel with appropriate moisture content and on the 
effective use and operation of these appliances. Consequently, we are 
proposing to remove the requirement for temporary labels on certified 
heaters. Consumers can get additional information that would normally 
be contained on the temporary labels at http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/programs/caa/woodheaters.html. We request comment on the 
potential impact that deleting this requirement might have on a 
consumer's ability to select wood heaters that meet the proposed 
standards and are the cleanest and whether we should consider 
developing a voluntary labeling program for the cleanest of the clean. 
As discussed elsewhere, we also ask for specific comments on language 
that we should require manufacturers and retailers to provide to 
consumers to help explain the relative benefits of high-performing 
heaters versus lower-performing heaters and how to reduce exaggerated 
claims.
    In addition to the PM emissions standards, we are proposing to 
continue to require the proper burn practices that already apply to the 
owner or operator of a wood heating appliance. That is, the current 
1988 standards already include the requirement that the owner or 
operator must operate the heater consistent with the owner's manual and 
not burn improper fuels and manufacturers typically void their 
warranties in cases of improper operation. Numerous states have 
expressed their support for the continuation of these requirements. 
Some states and local jurisdictions have enforced similar requirements, 
and this proposal would allow potential delegation of enforcement 
authority of these NSPS requirements upon the EPA approval of state 
requests.
    The proposed revision clarifies that the current requirement to 
operate according to the owner's manual continues to include a list of 
prohibited fuel types that create poor or even hazardous combustion 
conditions and includes operation of pellet fuel appliances only with 
the grades of pellet fuels that are included in the certification 
tests, or better. We propose that pellets for the certification tests 
be only those that have been produced under a licensing agreement with 
the Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI), or equivalent (after request and 
subsequent approval by the EPA), to meet certain minimum requirements 
and procedures for a quality assurance process. Details of the PFI 
program are available at http://pelletheat.org/pfi-standards/pfi-standards-program/. We are not aware of any other U.S. organization 
that has a pellet fuel quality assurance program similar in quality to 
the PFI program. However, we request specific comments on whether 
another high quality program exists. Manufacturers' data show that 
pellet fuel quality assurance is necessary to ensure that the 
appliances operate properly such that emissions are reduced as 
intended. We ask for specific comments on how to determine equivalency 
for fuel pellets, and whether we should include other requirements of 
best burn practices or adjustments to help ensure proper operation, 
e.g., chimney height and draft specifications, moisture content of wood 
and limits on visible emissions.
    The proposed subpart AAA still contains the crucial quality 
assurance provisions in the current 1988 NSPS. A comprehensive 
discussion of the rationale is included in the 1988 preamble. For 
example, a model line must be recertified whenever any change is made 
in the original design that could affect the emissions rate for that 
model line or when any of several specified tolerances of key 
components are changed. The 1988 requirements for manufacturer quality 
assurance programs would be superseded by a Certifying-Body-Based 
Quality Assurance program. (As noted earlier in this preamble, we would 
not require retesting for models that are certified prior to the 
effective date of the final rule until the certification expires or is 
revoked.) The certifying body would conduct regular, unannounced audits 
to ensure that the manufacturer's quality control plan is being 
implemented properly.
    The EPA audit testing programs of the 1988 NSPS will be maintained 
under the proposed changes, although they will be streamlined and 
simplified to better ensure compliance and to clarify that audits can 
be based on any information the EPA has available and do not have to be 
statistically random. Also, we clarify that the EPA and states are 
allowed to be present during the audits and that states (and other 
entities, including the public) may provide the EPA with information 
that may ultimately be used in the EPA enforcement and compliance 
assurance efforts.
    As discussed earlier, the EPA developed Method 28 in 1987 and 1988 
as part of our efforts on the 1988 NSPS. We received input at that time 
from manufacturers, laboratories, and some states. Oregon Method 7 was 
the starting point for Method 28 and, thus, Method 28 has many aspects 
similar to Oregon Method 7. The details on the history and development 
of Method 28 are contained in the February 18, 1987, proposal in the 
Federal Register (52 FR 5003) and the February 26, 1988, final rule in 
the Federal Register (53 FR 5866).
    The manufacturers, laboratories, states and the EPA have more than 
25 years of experience with Method 28, and it has been very useful for 
certifying hundreds of model lines of wood heaters/stoves. We asked the 
manufacturers, EPA-accredited laboratories and states for their 
insights on Method 28. Many stakeholders agree that changes should be 
made to improve the reproducibility and repeatability of the test 
procedures and to address concerns about how to best ensure protection 
across the entire U.S. when various operating scenarios are used and 
various wood species and densities are used. For example, to address 
some of these concerns, ASTM has used a ``consensus-based'' process to 
develop E2515-10 ``Standard Method for Determination of Particulate 
Matter Emissions in a Dilution Tunnel.'' The EPA is proposing that this 
sampling and analysis method be used for all of the appliances in this 
rulemaking. As with all test methods, there are opportunities for 
continual improvement, and the EPA requests specific comments and 
supporting data for additional potential improvements to E2515-10.
    A number of states have expressed concern about ASTM's Intellectual 
Property Policy which requires all participants to give their 
intellectual property rights to ASTM so that, in turn, ASTM can control 
distribution of the drafts and final test methods and sell the final 
test methods to potential users. Attorneys General for several states 
have indicated that state employees in their states cannot give to ASTM 
the property rights for property that their states paid for via the 
employee salaries and other expenditures and thus cannot participate in 
ASTM's ``consensus-

[[Page 6342]]

based'' process. For this rulemaking, ASTM is allowing public review, 
for no charge, of the ASTM test methods and draft work products 
relevant to this proposed rule at www.astm.org/epa. The EPA requests 
specific comments and supporting data on the substance of all of the 
test methods relevant to this rulemaking and specific comments on the 
ASTM process and ways to ameliorate the process concerns.
    The ASTM methods E2779-10 ``Standard Test Method for Determining 
Particulate Emissions from Pellet Heaters'' and E2780-10 ``Standard 
Test Method for Determining Particulate Emissions from Wood Heaters'' 
are being considered for potentially replacing the wood heater fueling 
and operation requirements in Method 28 for pellet heaters and wood 
heaters, respectively. Note that ASTM intends to use the same E2515-10 
for the sampling and analysis portion for all the appliances and then 
separate methods per appliance types for the fueling and operation 
portions of these methods. The EPA believes E2525-10 is a sound method 
for sampling and analysis and we are proposing its use. The EPA also 
believes that E2779-10 is a sound method for measuring emissions from 
pellet heaters/stoves and includes reasonable measures to reduce 
testing costs for continuously-fed appliances, and we are proposing its 
use. However, because, as noted earlier, some states were not able to 
participate in the ASTM method development process, we specifically 
request comments and supporting data of all aspects of not only these 
test methods but also all the proposed methods as part of the comments 
on this proposed rule.
    Similarly, the EPA believes that ASTM Method E2780-10 includes 
improvements for testing adjustable and single burn rate wood heaters, 
and we are proposing many of the improvements today. For example, we 
are proposing the use of the E2780-10 appendix for testing single burn 
rate appliances. However, we, and some states, do not agree with all 
the changes that ASTM has made for adjustable burn rate wood heaters, 
and some provisions are not as protective as we, and some states, now 
believe they need to be. As noted above, several states are concerned 
about how to best ensure that the methods are protective for the entire 
U.S., considering differences in wood species, density, and homeowner 
operation. The EPA and the states are particularly concerned about 
scenarios in which heaters/stoves will have higher emissions in home 
use than the emissions measured in the laboratories. For example, the 
states and the EPA are concerned about the ASTM changes on burn rate 
categories, i.e., easing or eliminating the lowest burn rates that 
often occur in home operations and are typically the highest emitting 
and least efficient. The EPA is asking for specific comments on these 
issues and recommendations and supporting data for other changes. The 
following paragraphs discuss some of the key test method provisions we 
are proposing and not proposing. Additional information on the methods 
is at http://www2.epa.gov/residential-wood-heaters and at www.astm.org/epa.
    1. We do not agree with the ASTM changes to the burn rate 
categories, low burn rate requirement, and weightings in Method 28. 
Several states are very concerned that easing these items would create 
the potential for backsliding. Also, we are aware of several design 
changes being considered by a number of manufacturers that are 
relatively inexpensive (i.e., less than $20 dollars) and will reduce 
the emissions during periods when operated at low burn rates. We 
instead propose that the original provisions in Method 28 be retained 
for the burn rate categories and low burn rate requirement. We 
considered the weightings and believe that if weightings are to be 
used, they should be the same as the original requirements in Method 
28. We are also proposing that the burn rates not be weighted at all 
for the Step 2 standards but rather that the emission limits be 
separate for Burn Rate Category 1 (lowest burn rate category) and Burn 
Rate Category 4 (maximum burn rate category) and that compliance for 
each be shown separately.
    2. We propose to not allow 5 minutes for startup before closing the 
doors because startup is often the highest emitting part of the wood 
heater operation, and manufacturers need to ensure that startup 
emissions are also reduced. Again, relatively inexpensive means exist 
to reduce these emissions.
    3. We are not proposing to use the new ASTM equation for converting 
the emission test values between the EPA Reference Method 5G 
``Determination of Particulate Emissions From Wood Heaters From a 
Dilution Tunnel Sampling Location'' and the EPA Reference Method 5H 
``Determination of Particulate Emissions From Wood Heaters From a Stack 
Location'' currently allowed in the NSPS. Rather, we are proposing that 
Method 5G(3) test values be reported as tested for heaters that have 
valid certifications prior to the effective date of this rule and ASTM 
E2515-10 for all other heaters and that Method 5H not be used for 
testing for certifications after the effective date of this rule. We 
request data to help inform our decision for the final rulemaking.
    4. We are not proposing to allow manufacturers to specify a smaller 
volume of the firebox for testing because of our concerns about how to 
ensure that homeowners do not circumvent such a specification during 
operation, thereby increasing emissions beyond the levels that are 
measured during testing.
    5. We are proposing several tighter specifications on the test fuel 
moisture content, fuel load and coal bed depth in order to improve the 
reproducibility and repeatability of the certification tests. This part 
of the proposal is based on recommendations from one of the original 
EPA-accredited laboratories. We specifically request comments and 
supporting data regarding the following proposed tighter specifications 
for the laboratory test: (a) tightening fuel load dry-basis moisture 
content tightened from the Method 28-allowed 6 percentage-point range 
from 19 percent to 25 percent to a reduced range of 22.5 percent +/-1 
percent; (b) tightening the Method 28-allowed range for fuel load 
weight from 7.0 lb/ft \3\ +/-10 percent of the fuel load weight (or 7 
lb/ft \3\ +/-0.7 lb/ft \3\) to 7 lb/ft \3\ +/-1 percent (or 7 lb +/-
0.07 lb) of the fuel load weight, calculated in accordance with Method 
28; and (c) tightening the Method-28-allowed range for the test-
initiation coal-bed weight from 20 percent to 25 percent of the fuel 
load weight to 22 percent +/-1 percent of the fuel load weight.
    6. We propose to require efficiency testing according to CSA 
B415.1-10\17\ using the stack loss method. That is, during each test 
run, data must be obtained and presented for the purpose of calculation 
of overall efficiency as specified in CSA B415.1-10. This would include 
CO and carbon dioxide (CO2), flue gas temperature and 
appliance mass. CSA B415.1-10 was developed by a ``consensus'' process, 
but no states were part of the process. Thus, we specifically request 
comments on our proposal to require use of this method.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ ``CSA B415.1-10: Performance testing of solid-fuel-burning 
heating appliances,'' Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, 
Ontario, Canada. 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    7. We propose that electronic test report submittals include the 
locked spreadsheets so the formulas used and relevant calculations can 
be evaluated in detail. We request comments on this specific proposal.
    8. We propose that the test report include a narrative detailing 
specifics about test conditions and operations, such as how the test 
was run, operating conditions, issues and special procedures.

[[Page 6343]]

    9. We propose that each individual moisture content reading must be 
in the range of 18 to 28 percent on a dry basis and the average 
moisture content of each piece of test fuel must be in the range of 19 
to 25 percent. Also, we propose the following procedure for the 
moisture measurements: ``Using a fuel moisture meter as specified, 
determine the fuel moisture for each test fuel piece used for the test 
fuel load by averaging at least five fuel moisture meter readings, one 
from each of three sides, measured parallel to the wood grain. 
Penetration of the moisture meter insulated electrodes shall be \1/4\ 
(one-fourth) the thickness of the fuel piece or 19 millimeters (mm) (3/
4 in.), whichever is less, for 3 of the measurements made at 
approximately 3 inches from each end and the center. Two additional 
measurements at approximately one-third the thickness shall be made 
centered between the other three locations.''
    10. We also propose this alternate procedure developed by 
Brookhaven National Laboratory: \18\ ``Select three pieces of cord wood 
from the same batch of wood as the test fuel and the same weight as the 
average weight of the pieces in the test load  1.0 lb. From 
each of these three pieces, cut three slices. Each slice shall be \1/
2\ to \3/4\ thick. One slice shall be cut across 
the center of the length of the piece. The other two slices shall be 
cut half way between the center and the end. Immediately measure the 
mass of each piece in pounds. Dry each slice in an oven at 220 [deg]F 
for 24 hours or until no further weight change occurs. The slices shall 
be arranged in the oven so as to provide separation between faces. 
Remove from the oven and measure the mass of each piece again as soon 
as practical in pounds. The moisture content of each slice, on a dry 
basis, shall be calculated as:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ ``A Test Method for Certification of Cord Wood-Fired 
Hydronic Heating Appliances with Partial Thermal Storage: 
Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) 
Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating 
Appliances with Partial Thermal Storage.'' Prepared for NYSERDA by 
Brookhaven National Laboratory, February 15, 2013.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCslice = 100 [middot] (WSliceWet-WSliceDry)/WSliceDry

Where: WSliceWet = weight of the slice before drying in pounds; 
WSliceDry = weight of the slice after drying in pounds; 
[and] MCSlice = moisture content of the slice in % dry 
basis.''

    11. We propose to require two Step 1 tests, one using crib wood and 
one using cord wood and reasonable additional non-binding tests with a 
range of fuels for which the appliance is designed for warranted and/or 
advertized operation. These tests are needed to show how emissions and 
efficiency vary according to test methods, operating scenarios, wood 
species and density and other variables such as cord wood versus crib 
wood. We believe that such testing would help assure consumers, 
neighbors and other stakeholders that the appliances perform as well on 
all manufacturer-listed fuels and operating scenarios as they do for 
the EPA laboratory test scenarios. Proposed Step 2 tests will use cord 
wood and not crib wood. The EPA, industry and states believe that 
moving to cord wood testing will help address concerns about actual 
emissions from heaters/stoves in home use versus test laboratories. We 
are working with states and industry on a cord wood test method and 
evaluating potential revisions to the current version of the ASTM 
E2780-10 cord wood test method. Industry is conducting tests now using 
the cord wood test method, and we will consider the results of that 
testing when it becomes available during the public comment period of 
this rulemaking.

B. Central Heaters: Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces

    The proposed subpart QQQQ would apply to new wood-fired residential 
hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces and any other affected 
appliance as defined in subpart QQQQ as a ``central heater.'' We 
believe this new ``central heater'' categorization will better ensure 
that all appliances potentially affected under new proposed subpart 
QQQQ are included in this proposed action. The provisions of subpart 
QQQQ would apply to each affected unit that is manufactured or sold on 
or after April 4, 2014. This proposal does not include any requirements 
for heaters that are fueled solely by gas, oil or coal. In addition, 
this proposal does not include any requirements associated with 
appliances that are already in use. The EPA continues to encourage 
state, local, tribal and consumer efforts to changeout (replace) older 
heaters with newer, cleaner, more efficient heaters, but that is not 
part of this federal rulemaking.
    As discussed earlier in this preamble, subpart QQQQ affects a 
source category of mass-produced residential consumer products rather 
than typical industrial processes. Thus, this proposed NSPS has many 
aspects that are similar to those in Subpart AAA, e.g., certification 
of model lines and phased implementation. This Proposed Approach would 
apply to all new residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces. 
Under the Proposed Approach, the Proposed Step 1 emission limit for 
residential hydronic heaters and forced air heaters would apply upon 
the effective date of the final rule. The Proposed Step 2 emission 
limit for residential hydronic heaters and forced air heaters would 
apply 5 years after the effective date of the final rule. We ask for 
specific comments on the Proposed Approach and the degree to which 
these dates could be sooner.
    We also considered an alternative three-step approach (Alternative 
Approach) for residential hydronic heaters and forced air heaters. 
Under this Alternative Approach, as in the Proposed Approach, the 
Alternative Step 1 emission limits for residential hydronic heaters and 
forced air heaters would apply upon the effective date of the final 
rule. The Proposed Step 1 emission limits and the Alternative Approach 
Step 1 emission limits are identical. The Alternative Step 2 emission 
limit for residential hydronic heaters and forced air heaters would 
apply 3 years after the effective date of the final rule. The 
Alternative Step 3 emission limit for residential hydronic heaters and 
forced air heaters would apply 8 years after the effective date of the 
final rule (thus providing 5 years between the Alternative Step 2 and 
the Alternative Step 3). The Proposed Step 2 emission limits and the 
Alternative Approach Step 3 emission limits are identical. We ask for 
specific comments on this Alternative Approach and the degree to which 
these dates could be sooner.
    Table 5 summarizes the proposed PM emissions standards that would 
apply under this Proposed Approach at each step. Table 6 summarizes the 
PM emissions standards that would apply under each step of the 
Alternative Approach. Similar to the proposed requirements for subpart 
AAA, we are not proposing a standard for CO or efficiency, but we are 
proposing to require manufacturers to collect and report CO emissions 
and efficiency data during certification tests. Some regulatory 
authorities have instituted additional requirements such as limits on 
visible emissions and limits on use in non-heating seasons and we ask 
for specific comments on the appropriateness of such limits and other 
requirements in this NSPS.

[[Page 6344]]

     Table 5--Proposed Approach Subpart QQQQ PM Emissions Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Particulate
           Appliance                     Steps          matter emissions
                                                             limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residential Hydronic Heater...  Step 1: Upon the        0.32 lb/MMBtu
                                 effective date of the   heat output and
                                 final rule.             a cap of 7.5 g/
                                                         hr for
                                                         individual test
                                                         runs.
                                Step 2: 5 years after   0.06 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 final rule.
Forced-Air Furnace............  Step 1: Upon the        0.93 lb/MMBtu.
                                 effective date of the
                                 final rule.
                                Step 2: 5 years after   0.06 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 final rule.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 6--Alternative Approach Subpart QQQQ PM Emissions Standards
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Particulate
           Appliance                     Steps          matter emissions
                                                             limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residential Hydronic Heater...  Step 1: Upon the        0.32 lb/MMBtu
                                 effective date of the   heat output and
                                 final rule.             a cap of 7.5 g/
                                                         hr for
                                                         individual test
                                                         runs.
                                Step 2: 3 years after   0.15 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 final rule.
                                Step 3: 8 years after   0.06 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 the final rule.
Forced-Air Furnace............  Step 1: Upon the        0.93 lb/MMBtu.
                                 effective date of the
                                 final rule.
                                Step 2: 3 years after   0.15 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 final rule.
                                Step 3: 8 years after   0.06 lb/MMBtu.
                                 the effective date of
                                 final rule.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Unlike the 1988 subpart AAA requirements, the subpart QQQQ 
requirements would not provide an additional time period for the sale 
of unsold units manufactured before the compliance date. No additional 
time is prudent because cleaner EPA-qualified Phase 2 hydronic heaters 
systems have already been readily available for several years, the 
older systems have caused numerous complaints nationwide, and this 
proposal publication is ample notice for the remaining old high-
emitting units. For the same reasons, the subpart QQQQ requirements 
would not include a small volume manufacturer compliance extension. See 
section V.C. of this preamble for more discussion of this topic. We ask 
for comments on the timing for implementation.
    As in the current subpart AAA for wood heaters/stoves, we are 
proposing a list of prohibited fuels because their use would cause poor 
combustion or even hazardous conditions. We request comment on these 
requirements and data to support additional requirements, if warranted. 
Also, as in the current subpart AAA for wood heaters/stoves, we are 
proposing that the owner or operator must not operate the hydronic 
heater or forced-air furnace in a manner that is inconsistent with the 
owner's manual. For pellet-fueled appliances, this proposal makes it 
clear that operation according to the owner's manual includes operation 
only with pellet fuels that have been used in the certification test 
and have been graded and marked under a licensing agreement with the 
PFI, or equivalent (after request and subsequent approval by the EPA), 
to meet certain minimum requirements and procedures for a quality 
assurance process. Details of the PFI program are available at http://pelletheat.org/pfi-standards/pfi-standards-program/. Data show that 
quality assurance provisions are necessary to ensure that the 
appliances operate properly such that emissions are reduced as 
intended. We ask for specific comments on the use of the PFI program 
and the PFI specifications, especially the degree to which the PFI 
program will adequately ensure the absence of construction and 
demolition waste (and associated toxic contaminants) in the pellets. 
(No other organization has volunteered to develop such a quality 
program.)
    The proposed labeling requirements and owner's manual requirements 
are similar to the guidelines in the EPA's current voluntary hydronic 
heater program with some improvements. We request specific comments on 
ways to improve the delivery of information on the permanent label and 
in the owner's manual and whether different information might be useful 
to the consumer and to the regulatory authorities.
    The structure of the rest of the proposed subpart QQQQ is similar 
to the proposed subpart AAA certification and quality assurance 
process. We request specific comments on changes or improvements to 
that process that might be needed to address any special concerns 
related to the certification of hydronic heaters and forced-air 
furnaces.
    As discussed earlier, the EPA developed Method 28 OWHH, in 2006, as 
part of our efforts for voluntary qualification of cleaner hydronic 
heaters. We received input at that time from manufacturers, 
laboratories, and some states in order to quickly develop a mostly 
consensus-based method that we incorporated into the program 
partnership agreements. We used Method 28 for wood heaters/stoves as 
the foundation. Thus, Method 28 OWHH has many aspects similar to Method 
28. Three significant differences are: (1) Method 28 OWHH uses larger 
cribs because hydronic heater fireboxes are typically much larger than 
wood heater fireboxes; (2) Method 28 OWHH uses red oak instead of 
Douglas fir because red oak is the more common fuel in the U.S.; and 
(3) Method 28 OWHH includes procedures for determining 8-hour heat 
output and efficiency. The manufacturers, laboratories, states and the 
EPA have now had over 7 years of experience with Method 28 OWHH and its 
successor Method 28 WHH (improved and expanded to include indoor 
heaters, not just outdoor heaters).
    All the stakeholders that have provided input on the test methods 
agree that the methods should be thoroughly vetted and changed as 
necessary to improve the method's accuracy and precision and to address 
concerns about how to best ensure protection across the entire U.S. 
when various operating scenarios and wood species and densities are 
used. ASTM has developed E2618-13 to address some of these concerns, 
and the EPA believes that E2618-13 does include some improvements. 
However, as with the wood heater/stove methods, we and some states do 
not agree with all the changes that ASTM has made. For example, the 
states of Washington and Oregon are very concerned that Method

[[Page 6345]]

28 WHH and ASTM E2618-13 do not specify fueling with Douglas Fir, which 
is used in EPA Method 28 for wood heaters/stoves and which these states 
require in their regulations for residential wood heaters, including 
hydronic heaters. They are concerned that hydronic heaters tested with 
red oak will have higher emissions when fueled with Douglas Fir and 
other less dense species typical in their states and have provided test 
data that shows higher emissions. Thus, they require testing with 
Douglas Fir in their states. Also, a number of states and the EPA are 
concerned about the ASTM changes to the burn rate categories, i.e., 
easing or eliminating testing at the lowest burn rates, which often 
occur in home operations and are typically the highest-emitting and 
least efficient. For several years, we have been communicating with 
European certification laboratories to learn how they conduct their 
tests under EN 303-5 and to consider if incorporating some of their 
testing procedures might improve our test methods.
    More recently, because of initial concerns about some surprisingly 
high laboratory test efficiencies for a couple of the EPA voluntary 
partnership program Phase 2 qualified partial heat storage models, the 
EPA, the Northeast states that regulate hydronic heaters, laboratories 
(including EPA-accredited laboratories and Brookhaven National 
Laboratory) and manufacturers have conducted a review of voluntary 
partnership program qualifying test reports. All of the stakeholders 
that provided input on the test methods agree that we need a change in 
the test method for testing of non-integral partial heat storage models 
(i.e., models that have separate heat storage but the storage does not 
have the capacity to safely handle all the heat generated by a full 
load of fuel). ASTM has been leading an effort to develop an Appendix 
X2 to the test method for such models but has not completed that effort 
as of this proposal. Brookhaven National Laboratory recommended a 
method to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 
(NYSDEC) and NYSDEC is requiring that method be used for certification 
of such models in their states. We are proposing that method be used 
for certification of the NSPS for hydronic heaters equipped with a 
partial heat storage unit.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ See footnote 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, we are proposing revisions to Method 28 WHH that would 
require that all affected non-pellet hydronic heaters, subject to new 
subpart QQQQ, conduct certification compliance testing using both crib 
wood and cord wood for the Step 1 emission limits upon the effective 
date of the final rule and solely cord wood for the Step 2 emission 
limits 5 years after the effective date of the final rule.
    We are asking for specific comments on whether the EPA should use: 
(1) One or more of the draft versions of Appendix X2 being considered 
as part of ASTM work product WK26581; (2) the European Union test 
method EN303-05 as the Maine Department of Environmental Protection 
approved for certification of hydronic heaters in their state as 
equivalent to the EPA Method 28 WHH; (3) the partial thermal storage 
test method developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory; and/or (4) 
some other test method(s). For use of any of the test methods, the EPA 
would require that the amount of heat storage for the actual sale and 
installation of the hydronic heaters be no less than the amount used 
for the certification tests. Because EN303-05 does not currently use 
heat storage during the certification test, if the EPA were to use 
EN303-05 test results, the EPA would require the installed heater to 
have heat storage that can safely handle at least 60 percent of the 
maximum heat output of the heater or a greater level if the 
manufacturer specifies a greater level. The EPA is asking for specific 
comments on the appropriateness of this heat storage level or other 
levels. The EPA will consider any or all of these options as the 
preferred reference test methods or as acceptable emission testing 
alternatives. (ASTM previously developed an Appendix X1 for testing of 
models that have ``full'' heat storage that can safely accept the heat 
from the full load of fuel.) We request comments on all aspects of 
heater testing and are especially interested in emission test data that 
compare the results for testing by these different methods.
    Also, the review discussed above found a number of areas in the 
methods to improve the quality of the data and reduce anomalies. In 
June 2011, the voluntary partnership program stakeholders agreed to a 
number of changes to Method 28 OWHH, and we are proposing the revised 
method as EPA Reference Method 28 WHH. The EPA is asking for specific 
comments on this method and recommendations and supporting data for 
other changes or acceptable alternatives. The following paragraphs 
discuss some of the changes we are proposing for comment. Additional 
information on the EPA methods is available at http://www2.epa.gov/residential-wood-heaters. The ASTM methods and draft work products are 
available at www.astm.org/epa.
1. Heater (aka Boiler) Temperature Range
    We propose that for all tests, the return water temperature to the 
heater must be 120 [deg]F or greater. We additionally propose that if 
the manufacturer specifies a thermal control valve or other arrangement 
to be installed and set to control the return temperature at 120 [deg]F 
or higher, the valve must be installed and set per the manufacturer's 
written instructions.
2. Efficiency Calculations
    We propose to require the use of thermopiles to measure the 
temperature change ``delta T'' and verify accuracy of the load side 
flow meter. The accuracy of the flow meter is determined separately by 
direct weighing of timed water collection. Thermocouples must measure 
water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the load side heat 
exchanger. We propose to delete the requirement for supply side flow 
measurements and require one load side reading with thermopiles (using 
a commercial system or a homemade system). Efficiency would be measured 
on the output (load) side of the heat exchanger. The flow meter would 
be calibrated before and after each test run within the flow range used 
for the test.
3. Time Period for Recording Temperatures
    We propose that all water temperatures, differential water 
temperatures and water flow rates must be recorded at time intervals of 
1 minute or less. This data file must be submitted with the test 
report. For determination of heat output, the data for these parameters 
must be measured in equal time intervals no greater than 10 minutes or 
at a frequency that results in a minimum of 50 equal intervals per test 
run, whichever is greater.
4. Test Fuel Moisture Content
    We propose that each individual test fuel moisture content reading 
must be in the range of 18 to 28 percent on a dry basis and the average 
moisture content of each piece of test fuel must be in the range of 19 
to 25 percent.
    We also propose the following moisture measurement procedure: Using 
a fuel moisture meter as specified in the test method, determine the 
fuel moisture for each test fuel piece used for the test fuel load by 
averaging at least five fuel moisture meter readings, one from each of 
three sides, measured parallel to the wood grain. Penetration of the 
moisture meter insulated

[[Page 6346]]

electrodes must be one-fourth the thickness of the fuel piece or 19 mm 
(3/4 in.), whichever is less for 3 of the measurements made at 
approximately 3 inches from each end and the center. Two additional 
measurements at approximately one-third the thickness shall be made 
centered between the other three locations. We request specific 
comments on the moisture content limits and the procedures for 
determining the moisture content and the typical variances due to the 
measurement procedures.
    We also request specific comments on the following approach for 
determining moisture content. ``Select three pieces of cord wood from 
the same batch of wood as the test fuel and the same weight as the 
average weight of the pieces in the test load  1.0 lb. From 
each of these three pieces, cut three slices. Each slice shall be \1/
2\'' to \3/4\'' thick. One slice shall be cut across the center of the 
length of the piece. The other two slices shall be cut half way between 
the center and the end. Immediately measure the mass of each piece in 
pounds. Dry each slice in an oven at 220 [deg]F for 24 hours or until 
no further weight change occurs. The slices shall be arranged in the 
oven so as to provide separation between faces. Remove from the oven 
and measure the mass of each piece again as soon as practical in 
pounds. The moisture content of each slice, on a dry basis shall be 
calculated as:

MCslice = 100 [middot] (WSliceWet -WSliceDry) / WSliceDry

Where: WSliceWet = weight of the slice before drying in pounds; 
WSliceDry = weight of the slice after drying in pounds; [and] MCSlice = 
moisture content of the slice in % dry basis.'' \20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ See footnote 19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also, we propose that moisture must not be added to previously 
dried fuel pieces except by storage under high humidity conditions and 
temperature up to 100 [deg]F. Fuel moisture must be measured no more 
than 4 hours before using the fuel for a test. The test report must 
describe the source and storage history of the test fuel.
5. Water Density
    a. We propose that the measured volumetric flow from the flow meter 
be converted to mass basis by using the water density based on water 
temperature. The same method must be used on both the load and supply 
side if the optional supply side meter is used.
    b. We propose that the water density be calculated using the water 
temperature measured at the flow meter.
6. Calculations
    a. We propose that the electronic test reports submittals include 
all data within the locked spreadsheets so the formulas used and 
relevant calculations can be reviewed in detail.
    b. To ensure common application, we propose to require averages to 
be calculated on each 10-minute reading rather than averaging over the 
entire test run.
7. Overall Efficiency (CSA B415.1-10 Stack Loss Method)
    We propose that during each test run, data must be obtained and 
presented for the purpose of calculation of overall efficiency as 
specified in the stack loss method in CSA B415.1-10. This includes CO 
and CO2, flue gas temperature, and appliance mass (remaining 
fuel weight). Overall efficiency for each run must be determined as per 
CSA B415.1-10 and reported. Whenever the CSA B415.1-10 overall 
efficiency is found to be lower than the overall efficiency based on 
the load side measurements, as determined by this method, the report 
must include a discussion of the reasons for this result.
8. Wood Loading
    Test fuel loads would be determined by multiplying the firebox 
volume by 4.54 kg (10 lb) of wood (as used, wet weight) per cubic foot, 
or a higher load density as recommended by the manufacturer's operating 
instructions. As discussed earlier, the EPA will require separate tests 
in the proposed Step 1 using cribs and using cord wood. In the proposed 
Step 2, the tests would all be using cord wood. There are ongoing 
discussions on how to improve both types of tests. We are working with 
states and industry on a cord wood test method and evaluating making 
revisions to the current version of the ASTM cord wood test method and 
states' ideas on cord wood testing. Also, we are reviewing European 
experiences with cord wood testing.
9. Drawing of Test Apparatus
    The test report would be required to contain a drawing of the test 
apparatus, including thermocouples, piping arrangements including any 
recirculation loops, the thermopile and flow meter(s).
10. Aquastat Settings
    Aquastat or other heater output control device settings that are 
adjustable would be set using manufacturer specifications, either as 
factory set or in accordance with the owner's manual, and must remain 
the same for all burn categories.
11. Narrative
    The test report would be required to include a statement that the 
test was conducted according to the method specified. If there are any 
deviations from the test procedure requirements, the test report would 
need to include a section identifying those deviations, the reasons for 
those deviations, and an evaluation of the data quality implications, 
if any, of such deviations on the test results.
    12. The test report would include a standard summary page as a 
quick check for the reviewer that results are within method 
specifications.
    13. We propose to require testing with a range of all fuels for 
which the appliance is designed, per the manufacturer's warranty and 
owner's manual, to show how emissions and efficiency vary according to 
species and density and cord wood versus crib wood.
    In addition, ASTM has developed a draft test method that uses cord 
wood rather than crib wood to better represent real world conditions. 
All stakeholders agree that a test method that better represents real 
world conditions would be a significant improvement and help ameliorate 
concerns that some heaters do not perform as well in home use as they 
do in laboratories. We are also interested in real-time emission test 
methods that measure cold or warm startup emissions and emission peaks/
durations. We are also interested in field test methods and less 
expensive test methods that regulators and neighbor can use to better 
quantify impacts in the real world. The EPA is asking for specific 
comments and data on all these potential methods, issues and 
recommendations.
    The EPA is proposing to rely on the test method that has been 
developed by the CSA for forced-air furnaces. All CSA standards are 
developed through a consensus development process approved by the 
Standards Council of Canada. This process brings together volunteers 
representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus and 
develop a standard. CSA worked for years on development of this test 
method that has its roots in earlier U.S. efforts on wood heaters/
stoves. The current version of CSA B415.1-10 was published in March 
2010, and it includes not only the forced-air furnace test method but 
also new Canadian emission performance specifications for indoor and 
outdoor central heating appliances.

[[Page 6347]]

    Although the CSA B415.1-10 technical committee included numerous 
U.S. manufacturers and laboratories, it did not include any states or 
environmental groups, and the EPA participation was minimal during the 
development. Now that we have reviewed this method in substantively, we 
are satisfied that it warrants proposal for this rulemaking. We request 
specific comments and supporting data. We ask for specific comments on 
the appropriateness of using the CSA test method in its entirety, 
including the use of cord wood instead of crib wood that are used in 
current versions of Method 28 and Method 28 WHH. To review the CSA test 
method, please go to www.csa.ca.

C. Masonry Heaters

    The proposed subpart RRRR would apply to new residential masonry 
heaters. The provisions apply to each affected unit that is 
manufactured on or after April 4, 2014. We are proposing that, as of 
the effective date of the final rule, no person would manufacture or 
sell a residential masonry heater that does not meet the proposed 
emission limit of 0.32 lb of PM per MMBtu heat output. We are also 
proposing a 5-year small volume manufacturer compliance extension that 
would apply to companies that construct fewer than 15 masonry heaters 
per year. See section V.C. of this preamble for more discussion of 
compliance date related issues. We request specific comments on the 
degree to which these dates can be sooner. As in the case of subpart 
AAA and subpart QQQQ, we are proposing requirements that would apply to 
the operator of the masonry heater, including a provision to operate 
the unit in compliance with the owner's manual; a prohibition on use of 
certain fuels; and a requirement to use licensed wood pellets or 
equivalent, if applicable. We are not proposing efficiency or CO 
standards for new residential masonry heaters at this time because 
sufficient data are not yet available to support the basis for such 
standards.
    The EPA is proposing to rely on ASTM method E2817-11 for masonry 
heaters. The laboratories, some states and the masonry heater industry 
worked for years on drafts of this method that has its roots in earlier 
regulatory efforts in Colorado. The EPA has participated in the 
discussions from time to time over the years and has provided comments 
and suggestions. The current ASTM methods are ASTM E2817-11 ``Standard 
Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters'' and the draft work 
product ASTM WK26558 ``Specification for Calculation Method for Custom 
Designed, Site-built Masonry Heaters.'' (http://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/WORKITEMS/WK26558.htm.) We propose that they be used for 
this rulemaking. We request specific comments on these methods and any 
changes that should be considered and supporting data for those 
changes. We request specific comments and supporting emission test data 
on the use of ``Annex A1. Cordwood Fuel'' and ``Annex A2. Cribwood 
Fueling.'' ASTM is allowing public review, for no charge, of the ASTM 
test methods and draft work products relevant to this rule at 
www.astm.org/epa.
    As an alternative to testing, we are proposing that manufacturers 
of masonry heaters may choose to submit a computer model simulation 
program, such as ASTM WK 26558 noted above, for the EPA's review and 
approval. Masonry heater manufacturers and laboratories developed 
computer simulations as a way to encourage good designs without having 
to conduct emission tests for slight variations, especially because 
there are so few masonry heaters built every year per manufacturer. 
Since these units are built on-site, it is not easy to test each of 
them. These units are typically cleaner than pre-NSPS certified wood 
stoves. Considering all of these factors, we believe a simple computer 
simulation showing how new models would perform may be all that is 
necessary for many of these models.
    The structure of the rest of the proposed new subpart RRRR is 
similar to the proposed subpart AAA certification and quality assurance 
process and contains similar requirements for labels, owner's manual, 
etc. One difference, however, is that for small custom unit 
manufacturers, we are requiring less stringent quality control (QC) 
procedures. Specifically, we are proposing that the initial 
certification for these custom units is sufficient and that no further 
QC is necessary since each unit is a unique model and subject to 
certification. We request comment on changes or improvements that might 
be needed to address special concerns related to certification of 
masonry heaters.

IV. Summary of Environmental, Cost, Economic, and Non-Air Health and 
Energy Impacts

    The EPA estimates the proposed NSPS's total annualized average 
nationwide costs would be $15.7 million ($2010) over the 2014 through 
2022 period. The economic impacts for industries affected by this 
proposed rule over this same period range from 4.3 percent for 
manufacture of wood heater/stove models to 6.4 percent compliance cost-
to-sales estimate for manufacture of single burn rate wood heater 
models. These impacts do not presume any pass-through of impacts to 
consumers. With pass-through to consumers, these impact estimates to 
manufacturers will decline proportionate to the degree of pass-through.

A. What are the air quality impacts?

    To determine the air quality impacts, we developed emission factors 
for each appliance type and then applied those emission factors to 
shipment data for each of the appliance types subject to the proposed 
NSPS.\21\ We developed the emission factors using the EPA Residential 
Wood Combustion (RWC) emission estimation tool,\22\ which is a 
Microsoft Access database that compiles nationwide RWC emissions using 
county-level, process-specific data and calculations. The compilation 
of such data is a large, important, continually improving effort by the 
EPA and the states to ensure that we and the states have access to the 
best information available. We summed the estimated nationwide number 
of appliances and the estimated total tons of wood burned for each of 
the relevant product categories in the inventory and then made some 
adjustments/assumptions to the baseline RWC inventory to reflect 
emission characteristics specific to new units.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Memo to Gil Wood, USEPA, from EC/R, Inc. Estimated 
Emissions from Wood Heaters. February 15, 2013.
    \22\ rwc--2008--tToolv4.1--feb09--2010.zip available in the 
docket.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We used the resulting subset of the RWC database to calculate an 
average emission rate per appliance for each category, as follows. 
First, we multiplied the total tons of wood burned by devices within 
the category by the category emission factor to calculate the total 
tons of emissions for each of the pollutants PM2.5, VOC and 
CO emissions for that category. Then we divided these values by the 
number of appliances in the category to calculate the average emissions 
of PM2.5, VOC and CO per individual appliance. We then 
developed adjusted emission factors to reflect the NSPS options and 
then used the adjusted factors to calculate average tons of emissions 
of each of these three pollutants per appliance for each category.

[[Page 6348]]

    We used data in the Frost & Sullivan Market (F&S) report \23\ on 
2008 shipments by product category and F&S revenue forecasts, which 
incorporated the weak economy in years 2009 and 2010, to calculate the 
reduced number of shipments in years 2009 and 2010. We adjusted these 
data to include appliances not covered in the F&S report (e.g., forced-
air furnaces). For years 2011 through 2038, we estimated shipments 
based on a forecasted revenue growth rate of 2.0 percent, in keeping 
with the average annual growth in real gross domestic product (GDP) 
predicted by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.\24\ Historically 
wood heater shipments have most closely corresponded to GDP, housing 
starts, and price of wood relative to gas. We think the overall trend 
in the projection is reasonable in the absence of additional specific 
shipment projections. We did not change the relative percentages of one 
type of residential wood heater versus other types of residential wood 
heaters over this time period. We ask for comments and data that would 
support improved projections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Market Research and Report on North American Residential 
Wood Heaters, Fireplaces, and Hearth Heating Products Market. 
Prepared by Frost & Sullivan. April 26, 2010, pp. 31-32.
    \24\ 2013 Global Outlook projections prepared by the Conference 
Board in November 2012; http://www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The next step was to calculate the total emissions per appliance 
category. First, we multiplied the emission factor for each category by 
the inventory value of total tons of wood burned by all appliances 
within that category, and then divided by the number of appliances in 
the inventory population. The appliance value was then multiplied by 
the number of units shipped to calculate total emissions from each 
category per year using the baseline conditions emission factors (i.e., 
in the absence of a revised NSPS). Using the same procedure, category 
emissions were then calculated using the emission factors for the 
proposed NSPS.
    Table 7 is a summary of the average emissions reductions over years 
2014 through 2022 resulting from implementing the proposed NSPS 
compared to baseline conditions (for the years analyzed in the RIA). 
Note that we do not have national emission impacts from masonry heaters 
because they are not included in the RWC emission estimation tool. 
Because of the relatively high cost of emission testing versus the 
current small number of masonry heaters sold per manufacturer, and in 
total, there are few emission test data from masonry heater 
manufacturers and laboratories. Based on the limited data we have, we 
believe that nationwide emissions from masonry heaters are relatively 
low, given the low number of sales. Thus, we also believe that the 
total emission reductions from masonry heaters will be relatively low. 
However, the limited data we have do show that the emission reductions 
could be significant for some models that do not follow current best 
designs, perhaps as high as 70 percent for some designs. We do not know 
how many of these typically custom-made heaters already use best 
practice designs versus other designs and thus we do not have 
nationwide estimates of baseline emissions. We ask for comments and 
data to help us prepare emission estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See footnote 24.

                                         Table 7--Estimated Annual Average (2014-2022) Air Quality Impacts \25\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  PM2.5 (tons)                            VOC (tons)                             CO (tons)
                                    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Appliance type                           Revised      Emission                  Revised      Emission                  Revised      Emission
                                       Baseline       NSPS      reduction     Baseline       NSPS      reduction     Baseline       NSPS      reduction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wood Heaters.......................          548          385          163          781          551          230        7,857        5,448        2,409
Single Burn Rate Heaters...........          932          178          754        1,614          244        1,370        7,029        2,860        4,169
Pellet Heaters/Stoves..............          199          150           49            3            2            1        1,035          778          257
Furnace: Indoor, Cord Wood.........        3,044          434        2,610        1,290          184        1,106       20,294        2,896       17,398
Hydronic Heating Systems...........        1,332           84        1,249          565           35          530        8,883          557        8,326
                                    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total..........................        6,055        1,230        4,825        4,253        1,016        3,237       45,098       12,538       32,559
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: This table only includes the emissions during the first year of the life of each wood heater. That is, this table does not include the emissions
  that continue for the duration of the lifetime of each appliance's use, typically greater than 20 years.

B. What are the benefits?

    Emission reductions associated with the requirements of this rule 
will generate health benefits by reducing emissions of 
PM2.5, HAP, as well as criteria pollutants and their 
precursors, including CO and VOC. VOC are precursors to 
PM2.5 and ozone. For this rule, we were only able to 
quantify the health co-benefits associated with reduced exposure to 
PM2.5 from directly emitted PM2.5. Our benefits 
reflect the average of annual PM2.5 emission reductions 
occurring between 2014 and 2022 (inclusive). We estimate the monetized 
PM2.5-related health benefits of the proposed residential 
wood heaters NSPS in the 2014-2022 timeframe to be $1,800 million to 
$4,100 million (2010 dollars) at a 3-percent discount rate and $1,700 
million to $3,700 million (2010 dollars) at a 7-percent discount rate. 
Using alternate relationships between PM2.5 and premature 
mortality supplied by

[[Page 6349]]

experts, higher and lower benefits estimates are plausible, but most of 
the expert-based estimates fall between these two estimates.\26\ A 
summary of the emission reduction and monetized benefits estimates for 
this rule at discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent is in Table 8 of 
this preamble, except for masonry heaters. As requested earlier in this 
preamble, we ask for emission and sales data per model that would help 
us prepare emission reduction estimates and corresponding monetized 
health benefits for masonry heaters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Roman, et al, 2008. ``Expert Judgment Assessment of the 
Mortality Impact of Changes in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in 
the U.S.,'' Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7, 2268-2274.

 Table 8--Summary of Monetized PM2.5-Related Health Benefits for Proposed Residential Wood Heaters NSPS in 2014-
                                                 2022 Timeframe
                                      [millions of 2010 dollars] \a, b, c\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             Estimated
                                             emission      Total monetized benefits    Total monetized benefits
                Pollutant                   reductions        (3% discount rate)          (7% discount rate)
                                               (tpy)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Directly emitted PM2.5..................           4,825  $1,800 to $4,200..........  $1,700 to $3,700.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 PM2.5Precursors
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC.....................................           3,250  --........................  --
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ All estimates are for the 2014-2022 timeframe (inclusive) and are rounded to two significant figures so
  numbers may not sum across rows. The total monetized benefits reflect the human health benefits associated
  with reducing exposure to PM2.5 through reductions of PM2.5 precursors, such as NOX, and directly emitted
  PM2.5. It is important to note that the monetized benefits do not include reduced health effects from exposure
  to HAP, direct exposure to NO2, exposure to ozone, VOC, ecosystem effects or visibility impairment.
\b\ PM benefits are shown as a range from Krewski, et al. (2009) to Lepeule, et al. (2012). These models assume
  that all fine particles, regardless of their chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature
  mortality because the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of effects estimates
  by particle type.
\c\ The emission reductions and monetized benefits for masonry heaters are not included in this summary.

    These benefits estimates represent the monetized human health 
benefits for populations exposed to less PM2.5 from emission 
limits established to reduce air pollutants in order to meet this rule. 
Due to analytical limitations, it was not possible to conduct air 
quality modeling for this rule. Instead, we used a ``benefit-per-ton'' 
approach to estimate the benefits of this rulemaking. To create the 
benefit-per-ton estimates, this approach uses a model to convert 
emissions of PM2.5 precursors into changes in ambient 
PM2.5 levels and another model to estimate the changes in 
human health associated with that change in air quality, which are then 
divided by the emissions in specific sectors. These benefit-per-ton 
estimates were derived using the approach published in Fann et al. 
(2012),\27\ but they have since been updated to reflect these studies 
and population data in the 2012 p.m. NAAQS RIA.\28\ Specifically, we 
multiplied the benefit-per-ton estimates from the ``Residential Wood 
Heaters'' category by the corresponding emission reductions.\29\ All 
national-average benefit-per-ton estimates reflect the geographic 
distribution of the modeled emissions, which may not exactly match the 
emission reductions in this rulemaking, and thus they may not reflect 
the local variability in population density, meteorology, exposure, 
baseline health incidence rates, or other local factors for any 
specific location. More information regarding the derivation of the 
benefit-per-ton estimates for this category is available in the 
technical support document, which is referenced in the footnote below 
and is available in the docket.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Fann, N., K.R. Baker, and C.M. Fulcher. 2012. 
``Characterizing the PM2.5-related health benefits of 
emission reductions for 17 industrial, area and mobile emission 
sectors across the U.S.'' Environment International 49 41-151.
    \28\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Regulatory 
Impact Analysis for the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air 
Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. EPA-452/R-12-003. Office 
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Health and Environmental 
Impacts Division. December 2012. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pm/2012/finalria.pdf.
    \29\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical support 
document: Estimating the benefit per ton of reducing 
PM2.5 precursors from 17 sectors. Research Triangle Park, 
NC. January 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These models assume that all fine particles, regardless of their 
chemical composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality 
because the scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow 
differentiation of effects estimates by particle type. Even though we 
assume that all fine particles have equivalent health effects, the 
benefit-per-ton estimates vary between precursors depending on the 
location and magnitude of their impact on PM2.5 levels, 
which drive population exposure.
    It is important to note that the magnitude of the PM2.5 
benefits is largely driven by the concentration response function for 
premature mortality. We cite two key empirical studies, one based on 
the American Cancer Society cohort study \30\ and the extended Six 
Cities cohort study.\31\ In the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for 
this rule, which is available in the docket, we also include benefits 
estimates derived from expert judgments (Roman et al, 2008) as a 
characterization of uncertainty regarding the PM2.5-
mortality relationship.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Krewski, C.A., III, R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. 
Krewski, K. Ito, and G.D. Thurston. 2002. ``Lung Cancer, 
Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine 
Particulate Air Pollution.'' Journal of the American Medical 
Association 287:1132-1141.
    \31\ Lepeule J, Laden F, Dockery D, Schwartz J 2012. ``Chronic 
Exposure to Fine Particles and Mortality: An Extended Follow-Up of 
the Harvard Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009.'' Environ Health 
Perspect. Jul;120(7):965-70.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Considering a substantial body of published scientific literature, 
reflecting thousands of epidemiology, toxicology, and clinical studies, 
the EPA's Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter \32\ 
documents the association between elevated PM2.5 
concentrations and adverse health effects, including increased 
premature mortality. This assessment, which was

[[Page 6350]]

reviewed twice by the EPA's independent Science Advisory Board, 
concluded that the scientific literature consistently finds that a no-
threshold model most adequately portrays the PM-mortality 
concentration-response relationship. Therefore, in this analysis, the 
EPA assumes that the health impact function for fine particles is 
without a threshold.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2009. 
Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter (Final Report). 
EPA-600-R-08-139F. National Center for Environmental Assessment--RTP 
Division. December. Available on the Internet at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In general, we are more confident in the magnitude of the risks we 
estimate from simulated PM2.5 concentrations that coincide 
with the bulk of the observed PM concentrations in the epidemiological 
studies that are used to estimate the benefits. Likewise, we are less 
confident in the risk we estimate from simulated PM2.5 
concentrations that fall below the bulk of the observed data in these 
studies. Concentration benchmark analyses (e.g., lowest measured level 
[LML] or one standard deviation below the mean of the air quality data 
in the study) allow readers to determine the portion of population 
exposed to annual mean PM2.5 levels at or above different 
concentrations, which provides some insight into the level of 
uncertainty in the estimated PM2.5 mortality benefits. There 
are uncertainties inherent in identifying any particular point at which 
our confidence in reported associations becomes appreciably less, and 
the scientific evidence provides no clear dividing line. However, the 
EPA does not view these concentration benchmarks as a concentration 
threshold below which we would not quantify health benefits of air 
quality improvements.
    For this analysis, policy-specific air quality data are not 
available. Thus, we are unable to estimate the percentage of premature 
mortality associated with this specific rule's emission reductions at 
each PM2.5 level. As a surrogate measure of mortality 
impacts, we provide the percentage of the population exposed at each 
PM2.5 level using the source apportionment modeling used to 
calculate the benefit-per-ton estimates for this sector. Using the 
Krewski, et al, (2009) study, 93 percent of the population is exposed 
to annual mean PM2.5 levels at or above the LML of 5.8 
[micro]g/m\3\. Using the Lepeule, et al, (2012) study, 67 percent of 
the population is exposed above the LML of 8 [micro]g/m\3\. It is 
important to note that baseline exposure is only one parameter in the 
health impact function, along with baseline incidence rates, 
population, and change in air quality. Therefore, caution is warranted 
when interpreting the LML assessment for this rule because these 
results are not consistent with results from rules that had air quality 
modeling.
    Every benefit analysis examining the potential effects of a change 
in environmental protection requirements is limited, to some extent, by 
data gaps, model capabilities (such as geographic coverage) and 
uncertainties in the underlying scientific and economic studies used to 
configure the benefit and cost models. Despite these uncertainties, we 
believe the benefit analysis for this rule provides a reasonable 
indication of the expected health benefits of the rulemaking under a 
set of reasonable assumptions. In addition, we have not conducted air 
quality modeling for this rule, and using a benefit-per-ton approach 
adds another important source of uncertainty to the benefits estimates. 
The 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS benefits analysis provides an 
indication of the sensitivity of our results to various assumptions.
    One should note that the monetized benefits estimates provided 
above do not include benefits from several important benefit 
categories, including exposure to HAP, VOC and ozone exposure, as well 
as ecosystem effects and visibility impairment. Although we do not have 
sufficient information or modeling available to provide monetized 
estimates for these benefits in this rule, we include a qualitative 
assessment of these unquantified benefits in the RIA \33\ for this 
proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for Residential Wood 
Heaters NSPS. [INSERT DATE RULE IS SIGNED].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For more information on the benefits analysis, please refer to the 
RIA for this rule, which is available in the docket.

C. What are the cost impacts?

    In analyzing the potential cost impacts of the proposed NSPS, we 
considered two types of impacts. The first was the impact to the 
manufacturer to comply with the proposed standards. The second was the 
increase in price of the affected unit. In both of these cases, we 
considered the same input variables: R&D cost to develop and certify 
complying model lines, certification costs (where these are separate 
from R&D), reporting and recordkeeping costs, numbers of shipments of 
each appliance category (modified, from Frost & Sullivan report), 
number of manufacturers, and number of models per manufacturer. This 
section of the preamble contains a summary of these costs. For more 
detailed information, see the manufacturer cost impact memo \34\ and 
unit cost memo \35\ in the docket. Unless otherwise specified, all 
costs are in 2010 dollars.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Memo to Gil Wood, USEPA, from EC/R, Inc. Residential Heater 
Manufacturer Cost Impacts. February 22, 2013.
    \35\ Memo to Gil Wood, USEPA, from EC/R, Inc. Unit Cost 
Estimates of Residential Wood Heating Appliances. February 21, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To develop average R&D costs, we reviewed information provided by 
manufacturers. Based on this information, we estimated \36\ average 
costs to develop a new model line, including testing, of 356,250 for 
certified wood heaters and pellet heaters/stoves. We also assumed 
356,250 for single burn rate wood heaters, which may be high if 
currently available units can meet the standards without significant 
modifications as some manufacturers have suggested. We also assumed 
development costs for forced-air furnaces and hydronic heaters of 
356,250. Finally, we also assumed development costs of 356,250 for the 
masonry heaters. The estimates of the cost of R&D are crucial to our 
estimates of overall costs and economic impacts and greatly influence 
our decisions on BSER, implementation lead times and small volume 
provisions. Thus, we request specific comments on these estimates, 
including whether they should be reduced and thus allow greater 
emission reductions sooner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ In developing average R&D costs, the EPA used the highest 
industry R&D estimates supplied, in order to avoid under-estimating 
potential costs per model line and to avoid understating the number 
of model lines that would undergo R&D nationwide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We annualized the R&D costs over 6 years, applied the NSPS 
implementation assumptions, and estimated the average manufacturing 
cost per model line per manufacturer. Under the proposed rules, pellet 
heaters/stoves will only face certification (testing) costs (no R&D 
should be required), so we estimated certification costs of 10,000 per 
model line. Similarly, many masonry heater model lines that would 
comply with the proposed standards have already been developed. These 
manufacturers would also face certification costs of 10,000 per model 
line. We estimated post R&D period certification costs for hydronic 
heaters and forced-air furnaces at 20,000 per model line.
    The masonry heater compliance costs included implementation of a 
software package based on a European masonry heater design standard. 
This software has been verified in the laboratory and under field 
conditions to produce masonry heaters that would meet the proposed NSPS 
emission limits. The cost of this software to the user is approximately 
$1,500 for the package with an approximately $450 annual fee

[[Page 6351]]

that commences in the second year following purchase. In addition, we 
believe that some manufacturers will use this approach to demonstrate 
that ``similar'' model designs meet the proposed emissions standards.
    The estimate of the number of model types was derived from 
information provided by HPBA, individual manufacturers, and Internet 
searches of product offerings. For numbers of manufacturers, we started 
with HPBA data and modified the dataset based on Internet searches of 
manufacturers of the major appliance types. Table 9 is a summary of the 
nationwide average annual NSPS-related cost increases to manufacturers. 
The average annual cost increases are presented over the 2014 to 2022 
period consistent with the years analyzed in the RIA,\37\ as well as 
over the 2013 to 2038 period. The 2013 to 2038 period encompasses the 
first year of estimated NSPS-related costs (2013 since some companies 
have already started in anticipation of the NSPS) through the life span 
of models designed to meet the NSPS, as explained further below and in 
our background analyses.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ See footnote 36.
    \38\ Memo to Gil Wood, USEPA, from EC/R, Inc. Residential Heater 
Cost Effectiveness Analysis. February 26, 2013.

      Table 9--Summary of Nationwide Average Annual Cost Increases
                                 [2010$]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             2014-2022       2013-2038
             Appliance Type                   Period          Period
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wood Heaters............................      $4,212,303      $1,749,726
Single Burn Rate Heaters................         901,732         456,316
Pellet Heaters/Stoves...................       3,460,489       1,702,796
Forced-Air Furnaces.....................       2,252,284       1,171,222
Hydronic Heating Systems................       4,554,152       2,221,551
Masonry Heaters.........................         307,511         228,896
                                         -------------------------------
    Total Average Annual Cost...........      15,688,471       7,530,507
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To develop estimates of potential unit cost increases, we used 
major variables including the estimated number of units shipped per 
year, the costs to develop new models, baseline costs of models, and 
the schedule by which the proposed revised NSPS would be implemented. 
Both the number of shipped units and the baseline costs of models were 
based on data from the Frost & Sullivan report with modifications to 
address additional appliances or subsets of appliances. The 20-year 
model design life span and 20-year use/emitting appliance life span are 
based on actual historical design certification and heater use data. 
That is, the data show that many models developed for the current 1988 
NSPS are still being sold (after 25 years), many ``new'' models still 
have the same internal working parts with merely exterior cosmetic 
changes, and most residential wood heaters in consumer homes emit for 
at least 20 years and often much longer. Therefore, our analysis tracks 
shipments and costs through year 2038 (i.e., 19 years after a model 
designed to meet the NSPS Step 2 emission limits expected to be 
implemented in 2020 has completed development and is shipped). Finally, 
we also estimated the potential additional manufacturing costs to make 
NSPS complying models. These expenses result from the use of more 
expensive structural materials, components to enhance good combustion, 
etc. We estimated the following additional manufacturer price increases 
per unit based on appliance type:
     Certified wood heaters and pellet heaters/stoves represent 
a well-developed technology, and we could not identify price 
differences between models due solely to lower emission levels compared 
to models with higher emission levels. Rather, price differences are 
more closely related to cosmetic differences and output. Therefore, we 
have assumed no additional manufacturing costs.
     One manufacturer estimated that it will cost an average of 
100 more to manufacture a lower emitting single burn rate product.
     We have seen a range of estimates for additional price 
increases for manufacture of a cleaner hydronic heater, with an average 
being approximately 3,000 (as compared to a typical pre-regulation 
sales price of 7,500).
     We estimate that the additional price increases to 
manufacture a certified forced-air furnace will be comparable to the 
price increases for manufacturing certified hydronic heaters, i.e., 
$3,000 (as compared to a typical pre-regulation price of $900).
    Our next step was to develop the following incremental cost 
formula: Cost of R&D multiplied by number of units shipped per year 
divided by number of models multiplied by model life equals the 
incremental cost of developing a new unit, spread over the number of 
units expected to be sold during the model life. In developing this 
calculation, we included the concept that the R&D costs per model line 
are recovered in the sales price of future models, which means that the 
more units that are sold or the longer the model life, the lower the 
incremental cost per unit. For our unit cost analysis, we assumed a 
flat growth rate in shipments--that is, we assumed future shipments 
over the 20 years of model design life would be equal to the shipments 
estimated in the first NSPS compliance year. We did not assume lower 
sales due to market competition with other wood heaters or non-wood 
heaters. We did not assume lower projected sales for increased prices 
because of the uncertainty of other demand factors. Where there are 
additional manufacturing costs as discussed above, we added these to 
the unit cost number. Table 10 is a summary of the baseline unit costs, 
NSPS unit costs, and incremental cost increase.

[[Page 6352]]

                                     Table 10--Summary of Unit Cost Impacts
                                                     [2010$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Incremental
                      Appliance type                            Baseline          Post-NSPS         increase
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certified Wood Heaters....................................              $859              $883               $24
Single Burn Rate Heaters..................................               253               479               226
Pellet Heaters/Stoves.....................................             1,295             1,319                24
Forced-Air Furnaces.......................................               912             4,174             3,262
Masonry Heaters...........................................             9,157       9,245-9,997            88-840
Hydronic Heating Systems..................................             7,528            13,986             6,458
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We request specific comments on these estimates, which 
significantly affect the estimates of costs per model lines and per 
unit sold and potential changes in sales and, thus, affect decisions on 
the affordability of candidate BSER. For example, if the number of 
model lines was less and the number of heaters per model line was 
greater, then the cost per unit sold would be less and more stringent 
options for BSER could potentially be implemented sooner.

D. What are the economic impacts?

    The economic impacts of the proposed rule are estimated using 
industry-level estimates of annualized compliance cost to value of 
shipments (receipts) for affected industries. In this case, cost-to-
receipts ratios approximate the maximum price increase needed for a 
producer to fully recover the annualized compliance costs associated 
with a regulation. Essentially, the revenues to producers will likely 
fully cover the annualized compliance cost incurred by producers at 
this maximum price increase. Any price increase above the cost-to-
receipts ratio provides revenues that exceed the compliance costs. 
These industry level cost-to-receipts ratios can be interpreted as an 
average impact on potentially affected firms in these industries. Cost-
to-receipts ratios for the affected product types range from 2.3 
percent for pellet heaters/stoves up to 6.4 percent for single burn 
rate wood heaters for the proposed option. More information on how 
these impacts are estimated can be found in Chapters 5 and 6 of the 
RIA. In estimating the net benefits of regulation, the appropriate cost 
measure is ``social costs.'' Social costs represent the welfare costs 
of the rule to society. We believe that the social costs are best 
approximated by the compliance costs estimated for this rule. Thus, the 
annualized social costs for this proposal are best estimated to be 
$15.7 million for the proposed option, based on the estimate of costs 
to manufacturers for the proposal and assuming no cost pass-through to 
consumers. More information on how these social costs are estimated can 
be found in Chapter 5 of the RIA.

E. What are the non-air quality health and energy impacts?

    These proposed NSPS are anticipated to have no impacts or only 
negligible impacts on water quality or quantity, waste disposal, 
radiation or noise. To the extent new NSPS models are more efficient, 
that would lead to reduced wood consumption, thereby saving timber and 
preserving woodlands and vegetation for aesthetics, erosion control, 
carbon sequestration, and ecological needs.
    It is difficult to determine the precise energy impacts that might 
result from this proposed rule. On the one hand, to the extent that the 
NSPS wood-fueled appliance is more efficient, energy outputs per mass 
of wood fuel consumed will rise. However, wood-fueled appliances 
compete with other biomass forms as well as more traditional oil, 
electricity, and natural gas. We have not determined the potential for 
consumers to choose other types of fuels and their associated 
appliances if the consumer costs of wood-fueled appliances increase and 
at what level that increase would drive consumer choice. Similarly, we 
have not determined the degree to which better information on the 
energy efficiency of the NSPS appliances will encourage consumers to 
choose new wood-fueled appliances over other new appliances.

V. Rationale for Proposed Amendments

A. Why are we proposing to expand the scope of appliances subject to 
the NSPS?

    As described in section II, the EPA has had ongoing discussions 
with many stakeholders regarding the need to expand the scope of the 
current residential wood heater regulation. Stakeholders described 
adverse health and environmental impacts arising from the increasing 
use of some appliances, actions taken at the state and local levels to 
address such concerns, and growth in types and numbers of appliances 
that are currently on the market. Numerous states (e.g., Vermont, New 
York, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota) have indicated to us that 
individuals' concerns about smoke from residential wood burning, 
particularly by hydronic heaters, are the top source of environmental 
complaints. In the case of masonry heaters, we believe EPA 
certification of these typically cleaner devices, would allow them to 
be excellent emission reduction alternatives to replace pre-NSPS wood 
heaters and be a good consumer alternative in parts of the country that 
currently ban uncertified appliances (contingent upon approval by the 
local jurisdiction). We also saw a need to address the residential 
heating market in a way that recognizes that some heaters and fuels are 
substitutes for each other. Regulating only one type of heater may 
result in unintended incentives for consumers to favor purchase and use 
of unregulated and potentially higher emitting devices. We felt a 
comprehensive assessment was needed. Therefore, as part of the NSPS 
review process, we evaluated a wide range of residential biomass 
heating devices and non-heating devices (such as cook stoves and 
fireplaces) to determine what expansions in scope might be needed.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ Subpart AAA--Standards of Performance for New Residential 
Wood Heaters: Revised Draft Review Document. Prepared for EPA by EC/
R Incorporated. December 30, 2009.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The residential wood heaters NSPS is a ``standard of performance'' 
as defined by section 111(a) of the CAA. The term ``standard of 
performance'' means a ``standard for emissions of air pollutants which 
reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the 
application of the best system of emission reduction which (taking into 
account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality 
health and environmental impacts and energy requirements) the 
Administrator determines has been adequately demonstrated.'' As 
discussed earlier, the level of control prescribed by section 111 
historically has been commonly referred to as ``Best Demonstrated

[[Page 6353]]

Technology'' or BDT. To better reflect that section 111 was amended in 
1990 to clarify that ``best systems'' may or may not be ``technology,'' 
the EPA is now using the term ``best systems of emission reduction'' or 
BSER. As previously with BDT, in determining BSER, the EPA uses 
available information and considers the emissions reductions and 
incremental costs for different systems available at reasonable cost. 
The residential wood heaters source category is mass-produced 
residential consumer products, fundamentally different from the typical 
NSPS source category that regulated industrial processes. Thus, for the 
residential wood heaters source category important elements in 
determining BSER include the significant costs and environmental 
impacts of delaying production and sales while models with those 
systems are being designed, tested, field evaluated, and certified. The 
EPA determines the appropriate emission limits representative of BSER. 
After the emission limits are established, in general, the source may 
use whatever systems meet the emission limits. In developing the 
proposed rule, we evaluated possible systems both at baseline 
conditions (conditions in the absence of additional regulation) and 
under other scenarios. In most cases, candidate BSER for residential 
wood heaters is based on improved combustion techniques, primarily 
improvements in model-specific combinations of time, temperature, and 
turbulence. That is, the improved combustion models have greater 
airflow residence time, better insulation to increase temperatures, and 
passageways and directed flows to improve mixing and turbulence. In 
addition, some heaters also use catalytic combustors to reduce 
emissions. Each manufacturer has a potential myriad of combinations of 
specific designs that could incorporate these key aspects. Many systems 
reduce emissions significantly, increase efficiency, and provide good 
operator flexibility. The key differences tend to be confidential 
business information as to the specifics of the combination that the 
manufacturer uses and does not share with other manufacturers but 
rather holds as proprietary. Similarly, the industry trade association 
cannot facilitate exchange of such information because of antitrust 
regulations. Because each appliance type has a potentially unique 
emissions profile, market niche, and manufacturer profile, we made BSER 
determinations for each heater type, as described below.
    For certain types of devices, information is lacking. For example, 
we have no information or very limited information on emissions and 
emission reduction techniques for cook stoves, pizza ovens, chimineas, 
coal stoves and biomass (other than wood or wood pellet) stoves/
furnaces (e.g., fueled with grass, corn, cherry pits). We are 
interested in receiving data for contributions to air quality, 
endangerment of public health and welfare, emissions, potential 
emission reductions, costs, prices, and sales of coal stoves and 
biomass stoves because we believe we do not have sufficient information 
at this time to list these sources under section 111(b) and develop 
proposed standards. For example, usage rates of some of these 
appliances are limited both in numbers of new units and in the number 
of markets they occupy. Also, some stakeholders have stated that use of 
coal stoves is more common in some coal mining regions, where the 
consumer may have access to free or cheap coal, but such stoves are not 
typically used in other areas. We request data on any of these 
appliances that might help us potentially develop national programs or 
standards for these devices in the future.
    We are also deferring any regulatory action addressing emissions 
from wood-burning fireplaces at this time. Fireplaces typically are not 
designed to be ``wood heaters'' and thus are not within the current 
scope of the ``residential wood heater'' source category listed on 
February 18, 1987, pursuant to the authority of section 111(b). 
(Fireplaces are typically used for ambience and most of the heat 
content of the wood is lost out the chimney with the relatively large 
amounts of excess combustion air rather than heating the room. For 
effective heating, some homeowners have inserted a new EPA certified 
wood stove into an otherwise open masonry fireplace. In those cases, 
new wood heaters/stoves are regulated under the current 1988 rule and 
would be regulated by this proposal. Also, some fireplaces have 
restricted excess combustion air to less than 35:1 air-to-fuel ratio 
and are certified under the current 1988 NSPS.) Fireplaces are 
addressed in the current EPA voluntary partnership program that 
encourages the development and sale of lower-emitting wood-burning 
fireplaces over the sale of higher-emitting fireplaces. The EPA's 
fireplace program covers new masonry and prefabricated (low-mass) 
fireplaces and retrofit devices for existing fireplaces. See the 
voluntary partnership program Web site for more information: 
www.epa.gov/burnwise/participation.html#fireplace. We request comments 
and additional data on contributions to air quality, endangerment of 
public health and welfare, emissions, potential emission reductions, 
costs, prices, and sales of fireplaces. We request data that might help 
us potentially develop new or revised national programs or a source 
category listing and standards under section 111(b) for these devices 
in the future. We are especially interested in data on current and 
projected sales of new wood-burning fireplaces versus gas-fired 
fireplaces, current and projected usage patterns for new fireplaces 
versus existing fireplaces, current and projected quantities of wood 
burned per existing and new fireplaces, current and projected best 
systems of emission reduction for new fireplaces versus existing 
fireplaces and costs of current and projected best systems versus 
current costs of fireplaces. Also, we are interested in national data 
and how these data vary by state and local areas.

B. How did we determine BSER and the proposed emission standards?

    As discussed earlier in this preamble, the proposed subparts AAA, 
QQQQ, and RRRR recognize that the sources covered by these subparts are 
fundamentally different from the typical NSPS source category in that 
residential wood heaters are mass-produced residential consumer 
products whereas most NSPS regulate industrial processes. Discussions 
in sections V.B.1 through V.B.4 of this preamble focus on the analysis 
of PM emission reductions under our proposed two-step phased-in 
standards for each appliance type affected by this proposal. In 
general, for this rulemaking, we have determined that the proposed 
first step represents the emission levels that almost all models can 
readily achieve now using today's designs and technology. Further, we 
have determined that the proposed second step represents stronger 
emission levels achievable for all appliance types at reasonable cost, 
but allows appropriate lead times for manufacturers to redesign their 
model lines to accommodate the improved technology across multiple 
model lines and test, field evaluate, and certify the new model lines. 
See section V.B.5 for a discussion of the Alternative Approach we 
considered to reduce PM emissions based on three-step phased-in 
standards, under which the strongest emission standard would be 8 years 
after the effective date of the final rule rather than the proposed 5 
years. Section V.B.6 discusses other provisions

[[Page 6354]]

we considered and for which we request additional data and information 
from commenters.
    For these source categories, our BSER determination rests on: (1) 
the achievability of the proposed emission levels (i.e., the fact that 
top-performing models for each appliance type are already achieving the 
proposed emission levels); and (2) the cost effectiveness of the 
proposed standards when considering the design life span and the 
emitting life span of the appliances in residences. The net monetized 
benefits of the proposal far exceed the costs for all options 
considered. Realistic model design and appliance emitting life span 
assumptions are essential components for a meaningful cost 
effectiveness analysis. As explained above in section IV.C. and in our 
background documentation,\40\ a model design life span of 20 years is 
supported by the historical data that show that the non-cosmetic 
aspects of wood heaters designed to meet the 1988 NSPS are still being 
used today in some model lines. While some manufacturers may choose to 
make more frequent cosmetic changes to their models, the internal 
design changes a manufacturer must make to a wood heater model line to 
comply with the NSPS are longer lasting. Furthermore, once installed in 
consumer homes, wood heaters emit for at least 20 years and many are 
operated in residences for much longer time periods (a key fact 
motivating wood heater/stove changeout programs). Once purchased, 
consumers tend to only replace appliances when they no longer serve 
their functional purpose. Wood heaters tend to serve the basic function 
of producing heat for well over 20 years. Table 11 presents our 
estimated cumulative costs, PM2.5 emission reductions, and 
associated cost per ton for our proposed limits, based on a model 
design life span of 20 years and an appliance emitting life span of 20 
years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For all of the standards proposed in this Federal Register notice, 
the EPA invites specific comments on the data and analyses on which we 
base the proposed standards. Moreover, the EPA invites specific 
comments that provide additional data and analyses that would support a 
different standard. Interested persons should note that the EPA will 
consider promulgating a more stringent or less stringent standard than 
what we are proposing for any of these categories, if the record 
contains data or analyses that support a different standard.

         Table 11--Cost Effectiveness of PM2.5 Emission Reductions of Proposed Standards and Emission Co-Reductions Based on Cumulative Analysis
                                                                    [2013-2057] \41\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 PM2.5 reductions                VOC Co-Reductions               CO Co-Reductions
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Nationwide      Cumulative                      Cumulative                      Cumulative
             Appliance type                 cumulative       emission      Cost per ton      emission      Cost per ton      emission      Cost per ton
                                           cost (2010$)      reduction        (2010$)        reduction        (2010$)        reduction        (2010$)
                                                              (tons)                          (tons)                          (tons)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cord Wood Stoves........................     $45,492,874          96,523            $471         136,293            $334       1,426,240             $32
Single Burn Rate Stoves.................      11,864,204         236,254              50         416,828              28       1,602,218               7
Pellet Stoves...........................      44,272,694          29,269           1,513             392         112,894         152,082             291
Furnaces................................      30,451,763         823,770              37         349,207              87       5,491,797               6
Hydronic Heaters........................      57,760,316         360,587             160         152,858             378       2,403,916              24
                                         ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total *.............................     189,841,851       1,546,403             123       1,055,578             180      11,076,253              17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* NOTE: Masonry Heaters are not included in this analysis because representative emission tons per appliance could not be determined.

1. Room Heaters
    The current subpart AAA definition of ``wood heater'' specifies 
certain conditions, including that affected sources are those that have 
an air-to-fuel ratio of less than 35:1. As part of the regulatory 
negotiation for the current 1988 NSPS, the EPA included the air-to-fuel 
criterion in the rule primarily to exclude typical fireplaces from the 
affected source definition. An unintended side effect, however, is that 
it also resulted in the exclusion of the majority of pellet heaters/
stoves. Also included in the current 1988 NSPS definition of ``wood 
heater'' is an exclusion of heaters that have a minimum burn rate of 
greater than 5 kg/hr. The definition and test methods had the effect of 
excluding a large number of single burn rate wood heaters. As described 
below, we are proposing to change the applicability of subpart AAA to 
include all three types of ``room heater'' appliances: adjustable burn 
rate wood heaters, pellet heaters/stoves and single burn rate wood 
heaters. Our intent is that this rule will be stated in broad enough 
terms to regulate any future room heater appliances that may come into 
the U.S. market and function as room heaters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ Analysis period assumes that manufacturers will incur R&D 
costs beginning in 2013, in anticipation of final rule. Analysis is 
2013 through 2057, based on assumption that the internal emission-
related components of a model designed to meet the proposed Step 2 
emission limit will be manufactured/shipped for 20 years, and 
shipped models will emit in residences for another 20 years. See 
footnotes 24, 36 and 38. PM2.5, VOC and CO costs per ton 
are calculated independently for illustrative purposes, even though 
VOC and CO reductions would actually occur with no additional cost 
as the PM2.5 reductions are achieved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Adjustable Burn Rate Wood Heaters
    Adjustable burn rate wood heaters include freestanding heaters and 
heaters modified to fit within a firebox (sometimes called fireplace 
inserts). These units were the primary focus of the 1988 NSPS and are 
subject to current NSPS limits of 7.5 g/hr for noncatalytic heaters and 
4.1 g/hr for catalytic heaters. As discussed in the February 26, 1988, 
final rule (53 FR 5865) and earlier in this preamble, the EPA 
considered the performance of catalytic heaters and noncatalytic 
heaters co-BDT (now called BSER) because the net emissions over time 
were estimated to be similar (even though the initial certification 
test results are typically lower for catalytic models) assuming 
possible degradation of the catalyst and lack of catalyst replacement 
by the operator. The EPA considered requiring catalyst

[[Page 6355]]

replacement on a regular schedule, but determined that enforcement of 
such a requirement would be difficult. The EPA did require 
manufacturers to provide 2-year unconditional warranties on the 
catalysts and prohibited the operation of catalytic heaters/stoves 
without a catalyst. Additionally, because of these concerns, the EPA 
wanted to ensure that further development of both noncatalytic and 
catalytic technology would continue.
    Since the 1988 NSPS was developed, the state of Washington issued 
standards in 1995 imposing limits of 4.5 g/hr for noncatalytic heaters 
and 2.5 g/hr for catalytic heaters. In developing the proposed 
revisions to the NSPS, we evaluated and identified these ``improved'' 
catalytic and noncatalytic systems and associated emission levels as 
the proposed Step 1. This analysis showed that the state of Washington 
level of 4.5 g/hr is achieved by 107 out of 121 (88 percent) of the 
EPA-certified adjustable burn rate wood heater models in production and 
sold in the U.S. today (noncatalytic and catalytic models combined). 
This statistic includes 92 of the 106 certified noncatalytic wood 
heater models (87 percent) and 15 of the 15 certified catalytic models 
(100 percent). The median certification value for noncatalytic models 
was 3.2 g/hr and for all certified models was 3.4 g/hr. Details of the 
analysis are in the docket.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Attachment A of Residential Wood Heaters Manufacturer Cost 
Memorandum to Gil Wood, USEPA, from EC/R Inc. February 22, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the proposed Step 2 (5 years after the effective date of the 
final standard), we considered ``state-of-the-art'' systems that 
achieve a certification value of 1.3 g/hr (using crib wood as the test 
fuel as specified in Method 28 as required by the 1988 NSPS). This is 
approximately 50 percent less than the 1995 state of Washington 
standard for catalytic models (2.5 g/hr). The EPA certification test 
data show that a level of 1.3 g/hr is achieved by 27 adjustable burn 
rate wood heater models as of December 2013. This includes 11 certified 
noncatalytic wood heater models and 16 certified catalytic models. 
There were no apparent break points other than the current state of 
Washington initial certification level of 4.5 g/hr for noncatalytic 
heaters. That is, the distribution of certification values was 
relatively linear with no step functions other than at the state of 
Washington level of 4.5 g/hr. We ask for comments and emission test 
data using cord wood to help us determine if the proposed emission 
levels should be adjusted for any differences between crib wood and 
cord wood.
    This source category is fundamentally different from the typical 
NSPS source category composed of industrial processes. This source 
category involves the manufacture and sale of mass-produced residential 
consumer products that are significantly affected by production and 
sales volumes and timing of testing and certification. Thus, we are 
proposing implementing the proposed Step 2 BSER emission limit 5 years 
after the effective date of the final standard to allow for longer lead 
times for redesign, testing, field evaluation and certification. This 
also spreads the costs over a longer time and a larger number of units. 
The intent behind the proposed Step 2 BSER emission limit is to 
recognize that current state-of-the-art level of performance appears to 
be significantly better than the state of Washington limit of 4.5 g/hr 
met by over 85 percent of the heaters sold today on a sales-weighted 
basis (i.e., 92 out of 106 noncatalytic models and 15 out of 15 
catalytic models), and furthermore better than the state of Washington 
catalytic limit of 2.5 g/hr for over 25 percent of the adjustable burn 
rate wood heaters sold in the U.S. today (i.e., 20 out of 106 or 
approximately 19 percent of noncatalytic models and 13 out of 15 or 
approximately 87 percent of catalytic models). As noted earlier and 
discussed more fully in the paragraphs below, our decisions on BSER for 
this source category have fully considered not only the emission 
performance but also the cost and economic impacts, including the costs 
to accommodate the best systems in additional model lines. The net 
monetized benefits far exceed the costs of all options considered.
    The cost impacts of the proposed Step 1 are very small. This is 
because, despite being a limit that was originally developed for only 
one state, over 85 percent of currently EPA-certified non-catalytic and 
catalytic heaters that are in active production already meet the state 
of Washington initial certification test values. We also believe 
production of any certified heaters that do not meet the proposed Step 
1 standard would be discontinued, as manufacturers would likely focus 
on models that already comply with the proposed standard in the short 
term. While implementing the proposed Step 1 standard would not impose 
any significant additional costs on most of the manufacturers, it also 
would not achieve a large amount of new emissions reductions for most 
of the models. However, implementing an emission standard associated 
with the proposed Step 1 would have the benefit of ensuring consistent 
nationwide standards and ensuring that the remaining 15 percent of non-
complying adjustable burn rate wood heater models could no longer be 
sold. It would also ensure that wood heater/stove changeout programs 
aimed at reducing emissions from old, pre-NSPS or pre-state of 
Washington heaters/stoves would result in replacement models that meet 
the state of Washington levels or better.
    The proposed Step 1 limit eliminates the distinction between 
catalytic and non-catalytic heater models, which we view as progress. 
It is important to remember that the lower emission level catalytic 
standards were initially instituted because of concerns that the early 
generation catalysts would degrade over time, resulting in eventual 
real world emission levels comparable to non-catalytic units. After 25 
years of catalyst heater development experience, manufacturers have 
demonstrated that the performance of these heaters typically remains 
consistently good over the course of proper operation because of 
changes manufacturers have made to improve heater design to protect the 
catalysts from flame impingement and other factors that previously 
caused catalysts to degrade significantly. For example, one recent 
study of four catalytic combustors from the two selected heaters/stoves 
showed that the combustors maintained substrate integrity without 
substantial PM emissions performance reduction.\43\ Therefore, 
establishing a separate limit to accommodate ``degradation'' seems to 
create a distinction where none exists and adds unnecessary confusion 
to the overall regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ The Interim Wood Stove Catalytic Combustor Longevity Study, 
Prepared for the Catalytic Hearth Coalition by L. Pitzman et al, 
OMNI Environmental Services. January 4, 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that there may be concern that a single limit based on 
the Washington State non-catalytic limit could result in 
``backsliding'' of current catalytic heater models. We think that the 
likelihood of actual backsliding is extremely low because of other 
factors driving the wood heater market. Given the pending 
implementation of the proposed Step 2 limits described below and that 
some manufacturers have heaters that already achieve Step 2, all 
manufacturers would have market incentives to improve performance as 
soon as possible rather than degrade performance. Also, with consumer 
education regarding the impacts of PM emission levels, we believe that 
consumer pressure will favor better performing units that in general 
are more energy efficient and lower

[[Page 6356]]

emitting at reasonable cost, especially as they compare wood heaters 
and gas heaters. However, we are requesting comments on whether we 
should maintain a separate, lower limit for catalytic heater models for 
the proposed Step 1 emission limits, based on the current state of 
Washington catalytic standard of 2.5 g/hr.
    The proposed Step 2 state-of-the-art BSER cost and economic impacts 
would be significant, but our analysis shows a very reasonable cost per 
ton of emission reduction when considering the typical design and 
appliance life spans.\44\ Our data show that at the proposed Step 2 
BSER emission level of 1.3 g/hr, about 20 percent of catalytic models 
and 5 percent of noncatalytic models currently manufactured would 
already comply with the proposed Step 2 standard. Thus, manufacturers 
would need to either modify noncomplying lines or develop new ones to 
continue production for approximately 95 percent of the current market. 
Some unknown fraction of manufacturers may be able to switch some of 
their production from noncomplying models to complying models. Because 
we do not know this fraction, because the total of complying units is 
only 6 percent (combined catalytic and non-catalytic models) at this 
time, and because many manufacturers have no complying models at this 
time, we have assumed this fraction to be zero for our analysis. 
Historically, those manufacturers that chose to comply with the 1988 
NSPS did so for a full range of models. Thus, our analysis shows the 
potential emission and cost impacts for the approximately 95 percent of 
adjustable burn rate wood heater models projected to undertake R&D 
needed to develop the heater-specific combinations of time, 
temperature, and turbulence to achieve higher efficiencies and lower 
(proposed Step 2 compliant) emissions. That is, although the 
manufacturers know the factors that are important for good combustion 
and low emissions, they still need to develop and test the laboratory-
specific combinations that can be incorporated into the design of 
specific model lines. Alternatively, some manufacturers might convert 
noncatalytic models to catalytic models or hybrids as ways to reduce 
emissions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimated the resulting nationwide costs based on the cost 
assumptions explained in section IV.C. The average annual cost increase 
to manufacturers of adjustable burn rate wood heaters during the 2014 
through 2022 period analyzed in the RIA is approximately $4.2 million. 
Estimated nationwide annual PM2.5 emissions, averaged over 
this same period (2014-2022), are projected to be 548 tons/year under 
baseline conditions versus 385 tons/year under the proposed two-step 
BSER, an average reduction of 163 tons/year, considering only the first 
year of emissions for each new heater sold. Given that limited snapshot 
for these cost and emission estimates, the average cost of reducing 
each new ton of PM2.5 emissions during the 2014-2022 period 
would be approximately $26,000 per ton annually. As explained in 
section IV.C, the cost-to-sales ratio, which is an indicator of the 
ability of the manufacturer to successfully absorb the regulatory 
impacts, is high at 4.3 percent. However, when considering the total 
costs and cumulative emission reductions over the more representative 
full model design life span and appliance emitting life span of 20 
years; the overall cost effectiveness is approximately $500 per ton 
(shown above in Table 11).\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the reasonable cost effectiveness of imposing the two-step 
BSER when considering total costs and cumulative emission reductions, 
and given the 6-year lead time (from the date of these proposed 
standards) until models must meet the proposed Step 2 emission limit, 
we determined that the two-step phased-in emission limits represent 
BSER for these residential consumer product appliances at this time. 
Thus, we are proposing a two-step standard for adjustable burn rate 
wood heaters, in which Proposed Step 1 is required upon the effective 
date of the final rule and Proposed Step 2 is required 5 years after 
the effective date of the final rule. Section V.B.5 discusses a three-
step alternative approach that we also considered for adjustable burn 
rate wood heaters, and on which we are seeking comment.
    We note that there have been some technical questions associated 
with measuring the emission levels associated with the proposed Step 2, 
which we are addressing in this proposed rule. That is, the currently 
available laboratory proficiency test results cast some doubt on the 
reproducibility of test results at lower levels of the standard for the 
current EPA Test Method 28. An HPBA analysis \46\ found that the 
repeatability and reproducibility of the current test method for wood 
heater emissions, as demonstrated by the EPA-accredited laboratory 
proficiency test data, may be poor based on the scope of their 
analysis. Their analysis stated:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Final Report: EPA Wood Heater Emission Test Method 
Comparison Study. Prepared by Robert Ferguson, Ferguson, Andors & 
Company for the Hearth, Patio and Barbecue Association. December 1, 
2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ``At the 95-percent confidence level, repeatability for 
the EPA weighted average emission rate is at best 2.9 g/hr 
and ranged as high as 5.4 g/hr.''
     ``The reproducibility was no better than 4.5 
g/hr and ranged as high as 6.4 g/hr.''
    We believe some mitigating factors are not accounted for in their 
analysis, such as the lack of regulatory requirements or incentives for 
the test laboratories to achieve highly reproducible results in 
proficiency testing (i.e., the laboratories are not required to meet a 
certain proficiency level; they are not paid for the proficiency tests, 
but rather they absorb the costs as part of their overhead; and, in 
some cases, they intentionally staged the test to demonstrate that 
variability was possible within the current protocol). Also, these 
factors do not reflect the proposed changes to improve the 
repeatability and reproducibility of the test method. Consequently, we 
believe the previous results merit consideration of concerns about 
implementing a lower emission standard, but they do not mean that lower 
emission standards cannot be measured accurately. For example, the 
State of Washington Department of Ecology has successfully used lower 
emission levels in their regulations since 1995, and the Oregon 
Department of Environmental Quality has used lower levels for tax 
credits for low-emitting pellet heaters/stoves.
    As noted earlier in this section, we ask for comments and emission 
test data using cord wood to help us determine if the proposed emission 
levels should be adjusted for any differences between crib wood and 
cord wood.
b. Pellet Heaters/Stoves
    Several certified pellet heaters/stoves are subject to current 
subpart AAA. However, most models currently offered for sale are exempt 
due to air-to-fuel ratios greater than 35:1. We considered candidate 
options similar to those discussed earlier for wood heaters/stoves, 
i.e., improved catalytic and improved noncatalytic systems and state-
of-the-art systems. Our data set for currently manufactured U.S. pellet 
heaters/stoves, for which we have reproducible emissions data, contains 
24 models, of which 23 would meet the 4.5 g/hr proposed Step 1 BSER 
emission limit. We also compared the listings of certified pellet 
heaters/stoves for both the EPA and the state of Washington. Of the 224 
pellet heater/stove models from both lists, 221 models produced by 35 
manufacturers would meet the state of

[[Page 6357]]

Washington emission standard. Only three models produced by three 
manufacturers would not meet the standard. Assuming that the rest of 
the pellet heater/stove market has comparable performance, we would 
expect to see only a small cost impact of requiring the proposed Step 1 
BSER emission levels of 4.5 g/hr for noncatalytic and catalytic pellet 
heaters in terms of having to redesign units to meet the proposed Step 
1 BSER.
    Even though additional R&D would not be required to meet the 
proposed Step 1 BSER, manufacturers would need to test and certify 
their heaters/stoves to sell them after the effective data of the final 
rule, which we expect to occur in 2015. Some manufacturers of pellet 
heaters/stoves have started incurring costs in anticipation of the 
final rule. They would also incur ongoing recertification costs for the 
fraction of heaters/stoves with expiring certifications.
    Some stakeholders have argued that pellet heaters/stoves are 
relatively cleaner burning than other wood heaters and that regulation 
is not needed. Other stakeholders have argued that pellet heater/stove 
standards should be tighter to show how clean they are and encourage 
consumers to purchase pellet heaters/stoves instead of cord wood 
heaters/stoves. Considering both positions, and because pellet heaters/
stoves are cleaner burning in general, we think there is environmental 
value in ensuring they have an EPA certification so they can be sold in 
jurisdictions that require such certification of any wood-burning 
appliance (contingent upon approval by the local jurisdiction). This 
would help avoid a competitive imbalance regarding wood heaters. Also, 
we believe there is environmental value in having third-party 
accredited laboratory test results available in all areas so that 
consumers can make informed choices among competing residential 
heaters.
    We are also proposing implementation of a Step 2 state-of-the-art 
BSER 5 years after the effective date of the final rule. We estimate 
that at least 30 percent of current U.S. pellet heater/stove models 
already meet the proposed Step 2 emission level. We assume that 
manufacturers will either modify the remaining models or invest in 
developing new model lines that can meet the proposed Step 2 emission 
level. This assumption may somewhat overstate the potential cost and 
economic impacts of requiring a proposed Step 2 BSER, because some 
noncomplying models will be dropped and manufacturers may consolidate 
their model lines in the short term. However, we do not know how many 
models will be dropped. This industry has a history of manufacturing a 
wide range of choices of models for the marketplace.
    The nationwide annualized total costs are significant based on our 
cost assumptions explained in section IV.C and in our background 
documentation.\47\ The average annual cost increase to manufacturers of 
pellet heaters/stoves during the 2014 through 2022 period analyzed in 
the RIA is approximately $3.5 million. Estimated nationwide annual 
PM2.5 emissions, averaged over this same period (2014-2022), 
are projected to be 199 tons/year under baseline conditions versus 150 
tons/year under the proposed two-step BSER, an average reduction of 49 
tons/year, considering only the first year of emissions for each new 
heater sold. Given this limited snapshot for these cost and emission 
estimates, the average cost of reducing each new ton of 
PM2.5 emissions during the 2014-2022 period is approximately 
$71,000 per ton annually as compared to the monetized health benefits 
of $360,000 per ton to $810,000 per ton of reducing direct 
PM2.5. The annualized cost-to-sales ratio is 2.3 percent. 
However, when considering the total costs and cumulative emission 
reductions over the more representative full model design life span and 
appliance emitting life span of pellet heaters/stoves, the overall cost 
effectiveness is approximately $1,500 per ton (shown above in Table 
11).\48\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ See footnotes 36 and 38.
    \48\ See footnotes 24, 36, and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the reasonable cost effectiveness of imposing the proposed 
two-step BSER when considering total costs and cumulative emission 
reductions, and given the 6-year lead time (from the date of these 
proposed standards) until model lines must come into compliance with 
the proposed Step 2 limit, we determined that the two-step phased-in 
limits represent BSER for these residential consumer appliances at this 
time. Thus, we are proposing a two-step standard for pellet heaters/
stoves, in which Proposed Step 1 is required upon the effective date of 
the final rule, and Proposed Step 2 is required 5 years after the 
effective date of the final rule. Section V.B.5 discusses a three-step 
alternative approach that we also considered for pellet heater/stoves, 
and on which we are seeking comment.
c. Single Burn Rate Wood Heaters
    Single burn rate wood heaters represent a huge regulatory exemption 
in the current residential wood heater market. We estimate that over 
40,000 of these units are sold per year. We evaluated all of the 
available emission data and discussed the state of R&D with 
manufacturers of single burn rate wood heaters. The data show that the 
BSER for single burn rate wood heaters based on improved combustion 
could achieve the same emission levels for one individual burn rate 
category as adjustable burn rate category wood heaters do for the 
weighted average of four burn rates. To compare single burn rate 
emissions to adjustable burn rate emissions, however, one must remember 
that single burn rate wood heaters are by definition incapable of 
operating at the lowest burn rates, and that these low burn rates 
result in the greatest level of emissions in an adjustable burn rate 
wood heater. Thus, the certification test method for single burn rate 
wood heaters must be modified to take the single burn rate into account 
(instead of the multiple burn rates for the adjustable rate heaters). 
For example a rate of 3.0 g/hr could be considered to be equivalent to 
the state of Washington standards (of 4.5 g/hr for adjustable burn rate 
wood heaters) adjusted to the single burn rate.
    Considering that single burn rate wood heaters will not be expected 
to operate at the typically higher-emitting burn rates, we expect the 
majority of single burn rate wood heaters to meet the proposed Step 1 
BSER limit of 4.5 g/hr for adjustable burn rate wood heaters, if the 
design is focused on one optimal single burn rate. However, some models 
would require modifications to ensure that they consistently pass the 
test and to add tamper-proof settings to ensure that operators do not 
circumvent the intent of the NSPS. For our analyses, we assumed that 
all existing models would need to be modified through R&D, resulting in 
significant emission reductions to achieve the proposed Step 1 BSER. We 
request specific data and comments regarding these assumptions. Since 
2009, single burn rate wood heater designs have been undergoing R&D in 
anticipation of the proposed NSPS, and the information that we have 
from industry is that cleaner designs are nearly market-ready.\49\ 
Nonetheless, because these devices were previously unregulated and may 
need to transfer technology from adjustable burn rate wood heaters, our 
cost analysis assumed that R&D efforts would intensify in order to meet 
the proposed Step 1 standard while also beginning R&D to develop models 
to meet the more stringent proposed Step 2 BSER limit. Specifically, 
for single burn rate wood

[[Page 6358]]

heaters, we doubled our R&D estimate of $356,250 per model for other 
appliances in these early years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See footnote 36.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The nationwide annualized total costs are based on the cost 
assumptions explained in section IV.B and in the background 
documentation.\50\ The average annual cost increase to manufacturers of 
single burn rate heaters during the 2014 through 2022 period analyzed 
in the RIA is approximately $902,000. Estimated nationwide annual 
PM2.5 emissions, averaged over this same period (2014-2022), 
are projected to be 932 tons/year under the baseline (unregulated) 
condition versus 178 tons/year under the proposed two-step BSER, an 
average reduction of 754 tons/year, considering only the first year of 
emissions for each new heater sold. Given this limited snapshot for 
these cost and emission estimates, the average cost of reducing each 
new ton of PM2.5 emissions during the 2014-2022 period is 
approximately $1,200 per ton annually as compared to the monetized 
health benefits of $360,000 per ton to $810,000 per ton of reducing 
direct PM2.5. The cost-to-sales ratio is 6.4 percent and is 
calculated based on only the initial 5-year period. However, when 
considering the total costs and cumulative emission reductions over the 
more representative full model design life span and appliance emitting 
life span, the overall cost effectiveness is approximately $50 per ton 
(shown above in Table 11).\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
    \51\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the reasonable cost effectiveness of imposing the two-step 
BSER when considering total costs and cumulative emission reductions, 
and given the 6-year lead time (from the date of these proposed 
standards) until new model lines must meet the proposed Step 2 emission 
limit, we determined that the two-step phased-in limits represent BSER 
for these residential consumer appliances at this time. Thus, we are 
proposing a two-step standard for single burn rate wood heaters, in 
which Proposed Step 1 is required upon the effective date of the final 
rule and Proposed Step 2 is required 5 years after the effective date 
of the final rule. Section V.B.5 discusses a three-step alternative 
approach that we also considered for single burn rate wood heaters, and 
on which we are seeking comment.
2. Central Heaters
    We are proposing subpart QQQQ for wood-burning appliances that 
function as ``central heaters'' with the purpose of heating the entire 
residence, including current new residential hydronic heaters and 
forced-air furnaces. Our intent is that this rule will be stated in 
broad enough terms to regulate any future central heater wood-burning 
appliances that may come into the U.S. market and function as central 
heaters. In this section, we describe our rationale for determining 
BSER and the associated proposed emission standards for both hydronic 
heating systems (``hydronic heaters'') and forced-air furnaces. As 
discussed earlier in this preamble, the source categories to be 
regulated by proposed subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR are fundamentally 
different from the typical NSPS source category that includes 
industrial processes whereas subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR include mass-
produced residential consumer products. Thus, additional factors are 
included in the analyses presented today. Section V.B.2.a. below 
discusses hydronic heaters. Section V.B.2.b. discusses forced-air 
furnaces.
a. Hydronic Heaters
    As described in section II.D, hydronic heaters (commonly known as 
``outdoor wood boilers'' although there are indoor units as well) are 
the subject of an EPA voluntary partnership program, started in January 
2007. The EPA's voluntary partnership program provided criteria in 2007 
for qualification of units to be approximately 70 percent cleaner than 
unqualified models (Phase 1, ``orange hangtag''). In October 2008, the 
program evolved to Phase 2, and EPA-qualified Phase 2 (``white 
hangtag'') units are approximately 90 percent cleaner than older, pre-
program unqualified units. Under the Phase 2 voluntary partnership 
program, new qualified models must emit no more than 0.32 lb/MMBtu of 
heat output and have a cap of 18 g/hr on any individual test run 
conducted during the qualifying test. (As noted in the hydronic heaters 
test method discussion in this preamble, the EPA, the manufacturers, 
the laboratories, and key states conducted an additional review of the 
test reports to support these qualifications and made some changes to 
the test methods to improve the reliability and reproducibility of the 
test results.)
    The proposed Step 1 emission limit for hydronic heaters is the 
Phase 2 qualifying level of the hydronic heater voluntary partnership 
program, 0.32 lb/MMBtu. There are currently 36 models (27 cord wood and 
9 pellet models) built by 17 U.S. manufacturers that have been 
qualified to meet the 2008 Phase 2 level of 0.32 lb/MM BTU.\52\ In 
almost all cases, the manufacturers developed models that rely upon 
improved combustion techniques, primarily improvements in time, 
temperature, and turbulence. That is, the improved combustion models 
have greater residence time, separation of the firebox and the water 
jacket and the addition of better heat exchangers and better insulation 
to increase temperatures, and passageways and directed flows to improve 
mixing and turbulence. In some cases, manufacturers are also using 
catalyst technology. Each manufacturer has developed their own 
confidential business combinations of specific designs that incorporate 
these key aspects and some other techniques.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ A list of cleaner hydronic heaters participating in the 
EPA's voluntary partnership program is located at http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/owhhlist.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the voluntary partnership program, the EPA provided 
technical and financial support for NESCAUM to develop a model rule for 
outdoor hydronic heaters, which several states have adopted or plan to 
adopt to regulate those units in their jurisdictions. The model rule 
Phase 2 emission limits and the voluntary partnership program Phase 2 
emission levels/caps are identical, and are the same as our proposed 
Step 1 limit. In several states, the Phase 2 emission levels have 
become regulatory requirements for new units. Based on our experience 
with the hydronic heater market through the voluntary partnership 
program, we understand that it is dominated by a few manufacturers in 
terms of the bulk of sales, and each of these manufacturers has at 
least one qualifying model already.
    For these reasons, we consider the Phase 2 voluntary partnership 
program level the appropriate emission level for the NSPS proposed Step 
1 BSER, effective upon the effective date of the final rule. As noted 
above, there are currently 36 models (27 cord wood and 9 pellet models) 
built by 17 U.S. manufacturers that have already been qualified to meet 
the Phase 2 voluntary partnership program level of 0.32 lb/MM BTU.
    The EPA believes the proposed Step 2 limit for hydronic heaters is 
achievable for some manufacturers now and would be achievable for all 
manufacturers 5 years after the effective date of the final rule. We 
consider this compliance period a reasonable amount of time for 
manufacturers to complete development across model lines and complete 
testing, field evaluation, and

[[Page 6359]]

certification so that sufficient models are ready for sale. We reviewed 
all the hydronic heater emission data available, and we found our 
proposed Step 2 emission limit of 0.06 lb/MMBtu is already met by 4 
hydronic heater models (2 cord wood and 2 pellet models) built by 2 
U.S. manufacturers (using crib wood as specified in Method 28 WHH in 
the voluntary partnership program),\53\ as well as over 50 European 
models per test method EN 303-05 (which uses cord wood).\54\ We ask for 
comments and emission test data using cord wood and different test 
methods to help us determine if the proposed emission levels should be 
adjusted for any differences in test methods and test fuels, e.g., 
between crib wood and cord wood.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ See footnote 54.
    \54\ European Wood-Heating Technology Survey: An Overview of 
Combustion Principles and the Energy and Emissions Performance 
Characteristics of Commercially Available Systems in Austria, 
Germany, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; Final Report; Prepared for the 
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; NYSERDA 
Report 10-01; April 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Our review of the available data also showed a break point at the 
emission level of 0.15 lb/MMBtu heat output. We considered this break 
point as a candidate for interim Step 2 in the three-step Alternative 
Approach, as discussed in section III above. Several years ago, we 
discussed the 0.15 lb/MMBtu level with the voluntary program 
stakeholders, including states and manufacturers, as a potential future 
``Phase 3'' interim target in the voluntary partnership program to 
reduce emissions to approximately one-half of the Phase 2 voluntary 
partnership program level. Some of the manufacturers responded quickly 
to this informal target and now 11 of the 36 models (6 cord wood and 5 
pellet models) that currently qualify under the Phase 2 voluntary 
partnership program already qualify at an emission level of 0.15 lb/
MMBtu or better.
    The proposed BSER levels include both outdoor hydronic heaters and 
indoor hydronic heaters. The initial manufacturers who actively 
participated in the voluntary partnership program were primarily 
manufacturers of outdoor units, due to the very large concern about the 
health effects of emissions from the outdoor units and the fact that 
over 90 percent of hydronic heater sales were and still are for outdoor 
models. When we moved to Phase 2 of the voluntary partnership program 
in October 2008, we explicitly included indoor units to more strongly 
encourage cleaner indoor units and to provide another tool for the 
states and local jurisdictions, especially since some states were 
concerned that some high-emitting indoor units were avoiding rules that 
only specified outdoor units. Indoor and outdoor models compete in the 
marketplace and having standards on only outdoor units would provide a 
market advantage to indoor models. Indoor and outdoor models both can 
use currently available improved combustion and improved heat transfer 
techniques to achieve similar emission levels. Given the number of 
years the voluntary partnership program has already been in existence, 
we believe our proposed Step 1 limit upon the effective date of the 
final rule and the proposed Step 2 limit 5 years after the effective 
date of the final standard provide reasonable lead time to incorporate 
BSER in both outdoor and indoor residential consumer models. We ask for 
specific comments and data on this determination and the degree to 
which other options would be appropriate.
    We estimate that there are 30 manufacturers producing approximately 
120 hydronic heater models for sale in the U.S. On a sales-weighted 
basis, less than 25 percent of the models currently sold would need to 
undertake R&D to meet the proposed Step 1 BSER limit, with a higher 
percentage that would need to undertake R&D to meet the proposed Step 2 
BSER limit. We assumed that any manufacturer undertaking R&D to develop 
a new model would aim to meet the proposed Step 2 limit to maximize the 
lifetime of the resulting product, while shifting production to models 
that already meet the proposed Step 1 limit. For our cost analysis, we 
assumed that 100 percent of the 120 hydronic heater models would incur 
NSPS-related R&D costs to achieve the proposed Step 2 BSER limit. 
Considering typical R&D lead times, and even the different starting 
dates for outdoor versus indoor manufactures, we concluded that 5 years 
after the effective date of the final standard is an achievable 
compliance deadline for both outdoor and indoor models, even if they 
were just starting their R&D now. As discussed earlier in this 
preamble, most manufacturers have known of the hydronic heater emission 
concerns for over 7 years already.
    We also investigated the performance of European models in 
considering BSER options. Several European countries have already 
established emission limits, and they are considering more stringent 
limits in the near future. This has encouraged the European industry to 
develop more energy efficient and lower emitting technologies. Most of 
these state-of-the-art models use multiple-stage combustion and some 
use oxygen sensors and CO sensors and automated feedback controls to 
help optimize combustion conditions. A concern in comparing the 
emission performance of European models with North American models is 
the difference in test methods. All European models are tested on cord 
wood fuel in Europe by European laboratories to meet European 
standards. Few have been imported to the U.S. (by U.S. companies) and 
very few have been tested in the U.S. according to U.S. testing 
requirements. However, a recent report \55\ included an effort to 
compare the performance of the European models to U.S. type performance 
standards. Although a perfect comparison is not possible due to 
differences in duty-cycle (i.e., proportion of time the unit is 
operating) to be evaluated in the test and the emissions sampling and 
analysis protocols, the analysis indicates that the top 20 percent 
performing European wood boilers (i.e., hydronic heaters) in the size 
range of 120,000-170,000 Btu would meet an output-based emission rate 
of 0.06 lb/MMBtu using the European test methods. The underlying test 
data and limited comparative testing show that over 50 European models 
would likely be considered state-of-the-art BSER and be capable of 
meeting the proposed Step 2 BSER associated emission level of 0.06 lb/
MMBtu heat output, using EN 303-05, which specifies cord wood as the 
test fuel. We ask for comments and emission test data using different 
test methods and cord wood to help us determine if the proposed 
emission levels should be adjusted for any differences in test methods 
and between fuels, e.g., crib wood and cord wood.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The nationwide annualized total costs are based on the cost 
assumptions explained in section IV.C and in the background 
documentation.\56\ The average annual cost increase to manufacturers of 
hydronic heaters during the 2014 through 2022 period anlayzed in the 
RIA is approximately $4.6 million. Estimated nationwide annual 
PM2.5 emissions, averaged over this same period (2014-2022), 
are projected to be 1,332 tons/year under the baseline (unregulated) 
condition versus 84 tons/year under the proposed two-step BSER, an 
average reduction of 1,249 tons/year, considering only the first year 
of emissions for each new heater sold. Given this limited snapshot for 
these cost and emission estimates, the average cost of reducing each 
new

[[Page 6360]]

ton of PM2.5 emissions during the 2014-2022 period is 
approximately $3,600 per ton annually. The annualized cost-to-sales 
ratio is 3.3 percent for hydronic heater models. However, when 
considering the total costs and cumulative emission reductions over the 
more representative full model design life span and appliance emitting 
life span, the overall cost effectiveness is approximately $160 per ton 
(shown above in Table 11).\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ See footnotes 36 and 38.
    \57\ See footnotes 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the reasonable cost effectiveness of imposing the two-step 
BSER, and given the 6-year lead time (from the date of these proposed 
standards) until model lines must come into compliance with the 
proposed Step 2 limit, we determined that the two-step phased-in limits 
represent BSER for these residential consumer appliances at this time. 
Thus, we are proposing a two-step standard for hydronic heaters, in 
which Proposed Step 1 is required upon the effective date of the final 
rule, and Proposed Step 2 is required 5 years after publication of the 
final rule. Section V.B.5 discusses a three-step alternative approach 
that we also considered for hydronic heaters, and on which we are 
seeking comment.
b. Forced-air Furnaces
    Emissions from wood-fired, forced-air furnaces have not previously 
received much attention in the U.S. However, industry information 
suggests that there are three times more sales of wood-fired, forced-
air furnaces each year compared to wood-fired hydronic heaters. These 
units are relatively easy to retrofit into existing structures, and 
their sales price is substantially less than hydronic heaters but 
greater than gas or oil furnaces. Because they are whole-house heating 
systems, they have the capacity to generate large amounts of emissions. 
Also, they compete with wood-fired hydronic heaters, which we propose 
to regulate. Not regulating wood-fired, forced-air furnaces could 
create an adverse competitive imbalance with the wood-fired hydronic 
heater market segment of the residential wood heater source category. 
Both forced-air furnaces and hydronic heaters compete with oil and gas 
furnaces. Consumer choices vary with consideration of upfront sales 
price, financing costs, and operating costs, e.g., the cost of 
obtaining seasoned wood versus oil or gas.
    Wood-fired, forced-air furnaces are not currently regulated in the 
U.S. (with the exceptions of broader bans or use limits on wood-burning 
appliances), but they are beginning to be regulated in Canada. The main 
regulatory mechanisms are local and provincial regulations requiring 
listing per CSA B415.1-10, which is the CSA specification for emission 
performance of solid-fuel-burning heating appliances.\58\ All CSA 
standards are developed through a consensus standards development 
process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This process 
brings together stakeholder volunteers representing varied viewpoints 
and interests to achieve consensus and develop a standard. The most 
recent B415.1-10 Committee consisted of manufacturers, Environment 
Canada,\59\ provincial agency staff, test laboratories and the EPA. The 
current version of B415.1-10 was published in March 2010, and it 
includes new requirements for indoor and outdoor central heating 
appliances, including wood-fired forced-air furnaces. In addition to 
establishing performance test requirements, B415.1-10 also includes 
emissions requirements for PM. Section 4.2.1(c) of the CSA standard 
establishes an average particulate emission rate of less than or equal 
to 0.40 g/MJ, which is equivalent to 0.93 lb/MMBtu. Manufacturers 
anticipate that CSA Standard B415.1-10 will effectively establish the 
minimum requirements for future units sold in Canada. For example, the 
province of British Columbia has enacted regulations limiting the sale 
of wood-burning appliances to those that comply with B415.1-10 (or the 
U.S. NSPS when the EPA issues such a standard), and other provinces and 
municipalities in Canada are in the process of amending their 
regulations to apply to central heating systems, including forced-air 
furnaces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ CSA B415.1-10: Performance testing of solid-fuel-burning 
heating appliances, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, 
Ontario, Canada. March 2010.
    \59\ Environment Canada was created in 1971, and has the 
responsibility to implement the Government of Canada's environmental 
agenda including, but not limited to, Canada's environmental and 
wildlife legislation, enforcement activities and other efforts to 
protect, conserve and enhance the environment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In developing the B415.1-10 emissions limit of 0.40 g/MJ (0.93 lb/
MMBtu) for solid-fuel central heating systems, the CSA committee 
thoroughly reviewed the best systems available, developed a test method 
for such systems and supported emission testing of candidate best 
systems. A B415.1-10 validation-testing program performed by Intertek 
in Middleton, Wisconsin, included both a high-tech furnace and a 
conventional furnace. The high-tech furnace achieved average 
particulate emissions of 0.46 g/MJ output (1.067 lb/MMBtu). The 
conventional furnace achieved average particulate emissions of 1.65 g/
MJ (3.828 lb/MMBtu) output. Thus, the CSA limit of 0.40 g/MJ (0.93 lb/
MMBtu) output corresponds to a 75 percent reduction in emissions when 
using the average particulate emissions of the conventional furnace 
tested by Intertek as part of the CSA B415.1-10 validation program.
    We also investigated the performance of European production forced-
air furnace models to determine whether their performance might be 
better than what CSA found in North America. However, forced-air 
furnaces are not commonly used in Europe because they are considered to 
be an inferior technology for home heating in Europe; thus we had no 
European candidate BSER to consider.
    Manufacturers are actively conducting R&D in response to both the 
current CSA standard and the anticipated NSPS we are proposing. For 
example, one company has recently had an EPA-certified laboratory test 
two of their newest models. These tests, using the test method in CSA 
B415.1-10, show particle emissions below 0.1 lb/MMBtu heat output. 
Considering all of the above, we believe that BSER for forced-air 
furnaces may be demonstrated at the same emission levels as for 
hydronic heaters. We have considered proposing standards for forced-air 
furnaces that match the Step 1 and Step 2 standards we are proposing 
for hydronic heaters, that is, a proposed Step 1 BSER of 0.32 lb/MMBtu 
heat output and a cap of 18 g/hr as determined by the test methods and 
procedures in CSA B415.1-10 upon the effective date of the final 
standard and a proposed Step 2 BSER of 0.06 lb/MMBtu heat output as 
determined by the test methods and procedures in CSA B415.1-10, 5 years 
after the effective date of the final standard. However, we have 
concerns that only one U.S. manufacturer currently has models that have 
been tested by CSA B415.1-10 and shown to achieve these levels, and, 
thus, we are proposing that the Step 1 BSER for forced-air furnaces 
match the current CSA B415.1-10 level of 0.93 lb/MMBtu heat output. We 
are also proposing, however, that by 5 years after the effective date 
of the final standard, forced-air furnaces be subject to the same 
standards as hydronic heaters and be required to meet the proposed Step 
2 BSER of 0.06 lb/MMBtu that hydronic heaters must meet then under this 
proposal.
    Given that the largest U.S. forced-air furnace manufacturer already 
has a catalytic model meeting 0.06 lb/MMBtu, we think the 6 years of 
lead time is sufficient time in which to conduct R&D

[[Page 6361]]

to produce comparably lower emitting model lines, although we are 
seeking comment on an alternative 3-step approach with a longer lead 
time. Since there are limited emissions data available for forced-air 
furnaces that reflect hydronic heater proposed Step 1 and proposed Step 
2 BSER, we request specific comments and data on the proposed emission 
levels and compliance deadlines, as well as the environmental impacts 
and market implications for setting emission limits that match what we 
are proposing for hydronic heaters.
    The nationwide annualized total costs are based on the cost 
assumptions explained in section IV.C and in the background 
documentation.\60\ The average annual cost increase to manufacturers of 
forced air furnaces during the 2014 through 2022 period analyzed in the 
RIA is approximately $2.3 million. Estimated nationwide annual 
PM2.5 emissions, averaged over this same period (2014-2022), 
are projected to be 3,044 tons/year under the baseline (unregulated) 
condition versus 434 tons/year under the proposed two-step BSER, an 
average reduction of 2,610 tons/year, considering only the first year 
of emissions for each new heater sold. Given this limited snapshot for 
these cost and emission estimates, the average cost of reducing each 
ton of PM2.5 emissions during the 2014-2022 period is 
approximately $860 per ton annually, as compared to the monetized 
health benefits of $360,000 per ton to $810,000 per ton of reducing 
direct PM2.5. The cost-to-sales ratio is 2.4 percent. 
However, when considering the total costs and cumulative emission 
reductions over the more representative full model design life span and 
appliance emitting life span, the overall cost effectiveness is 
approximately $40 per ton (shown above in Table 11).\61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See footnotes 37 and 38.
    \61\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the reasonable cost effectiveness of imposing the two-step 
BSER, and given the 6-year lead time (from the date of these proposed 
standards) until new model lines must come into compliance with the 
proposed Step 2 limit, we determined that the two-step phased-in limits 
represent BSER for these residential consumer appliances at this time. 
Thus, we are proposing a two-step standard for forced air furnaces, in 
which Proposed Step 1 is required upon the effective date of the final 
rule and Proposed Step 2 is required 5 years after the effective date 
of the final rule. Section V.B.5 discusses the three-step alternative 
approach that we also considered for forced air furnaces, and on which 
we are seeking comment.
3. Masonry Heaters
    We are proposing subpart RRRR for new masonry heaters. With a few 
exceptions, masonry heater emissions are not subject to specific PM 
emission limits in North America or Europe. Some states and local areas 
do not allow any residential wood heaters that are not certified to 
meet the current residential wood heater NSPS. The states of Colorado 
and Washington have set 6 grams of particles emitted per kilogram of 
wood burned (g/kg) and 7.3 g/kg limits, respectively (each of which is 
based on different test methods), and a small number of appliances have 
been tested and certified for those states. (The BSER level we are 
proposing below uses a different format but is commonly accepted to be 
only slightly more stringent than the Colorado and Washington limits.) 
We considered various forms for a masonry heater standard, and we 
believe that an appropriate format could be a daily average g/hr limit 
for the heating cycle coupled with a limit for emissions per heat 
output (lb/MMBtu output). The daily average over the heating cycle 
format seems to be well adapted to the nature of the technology of 
masonry heater operation, which involves one or two short high burn 
rate cycles where hot gases are generated during combustion of a fuel 
load in the firebox and then pass through the channels, saturating the 
masonry mass with heat. The masonry mass then radiates heat into the 
area around the masonry heater for 12 to 24 hours. Unfortunately, we 
lack sufficient data to set the level of a daily average data approach, 
so we are proposing instead a heat output format. The heat output 
format has the advantage of providing a good metric for consumers and 
regulatory agencies to compare emissions of competing residential 
heating appliances for an equivalent heat output. We ask for specific 
comments on whether a g/kg format would be better.
    We had numerous discussions with states, masonry heater 
manufacturers, and laboratories on heater designs, test methods and 
heater emissions and performance. The best performing improved 
combustion technology masonry heaters have well-engineered designs with 
long channels to maximize complete combustion and heat transfer. The 
manufacturers provided all available current emissions data. For 
example, one manufacturer provided an archive of available data. The 
data set included results from 31 tests (measuring emissions per heat 
output) that ranged from 0.07 g/MJ to 0.51 g/MJ (~0.17 to 1.22 lb/
MMBtu), with an average rate of 0.26 g/MJ (0.621 lb/MMBtu). As we 
discussed earlier in this preamble, we do not have good information on 
how many heaters emit at each of these levels and thus have not 
developed a good estimate of baseline emissions and we ask for data 
that would help inform us. However, looking at this data set in more 
detail, we can see that the best ``improved combustion'' systems have 
an emission level of 0.13 g/MJ (0.32 lb/MMBtu) heat output. We note 
that this level is consistent with the proposed Step 1 BSER for 
hydronic heaters.
    As discussed earlier in this preamble, the source categories to be 
regulated by the proposed subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR are 
fundamentally different from the typical NSPS source category in that 
most NSPS regulate industrial processes whereas the source categories 
in subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR include mass-produced residential 
consumer products. Thus, additional factors are included in the 
analyses presented today as compared to typical NSPS. For example, we 
considered whether we should allow longer lead time over which small 
manufacturers/builders could spread their R&D costs in order to stay in 
business. The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act Panel strongly 
recommended that we consider allowing more time. See section V.C of 
this preamble for discussion of this topic.
    We estimated proposed Step 1 improved combustion BSER emissions and 
cost and economic impacts based on four groups of costs. The first 
group of costs consisted of the two large manufacturers that we know 
have already developed potentially complying models and would only face 
the costs of certification tests. For the second group of costs, we 
estimated the costs incurred by an additional two large manufacturers 
that conduct R&D to develop a total of four new model lines. For the 
third group of costs, we estimated the cost of one of the manufacturers 
using the computer simulation approach to certify additional model 
lines. Finally, for the fourth group of costs, we estimated the cost 
for all of the small, custom-built manufacturers using the computer 
simulation approach to certify their model lines. We do not anticipate 
a large nationwide emission reduction resulting from requiring the 
proposed Step 1 BSER versus what most manufacturers would have done in 
the absence of a rule; however we believe there are some masonry 
heaters that do

[[Page 6362]]

not use current best designs and for those heaters there can be an 
emission reduction of 70 percent or more. We believe it is important to 
ensure that all new models achieve the BSER emission levels and avoid 
backsliding.
    The nationwide annualized total costs are based on the cost 
assumptions explained in section IV.C and in the background 
documentation.\62\ The average annual cost increase to manufacturers of 
masonry heaters during the 2014 through 2022 period analyzed in the RIA 
is approximately $294,000. The estimated cost-to-sales ratio is 4.8 
percent. If one were to spread the costs over the much longer typical 
lifetimes of masonry heaters (over 40 years), the average annual costs 
would be much lower. We concluded that the proposed Step 1 BSER level 
of 0.32 lb/MMBtu heat output is appropriate for these appliances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ See footnotes 24, 36 and 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For masonry heaters, we are proposing that large manufacturers of 
masonry heaters (defined as those manufacturers constructing 15 or more 
masonry heaters per year) would be required to comply with these 
standards upon the effective date of the final rule. We are proposing 
that small manufacturers (defined as those manufacturers of less than 
15 masonry heaters per year) would be required to comply with these 
standards 5 years after the effective date of the final rule. We are 
requesting specific comments on the proposed BSER option and data that 
might support alternative findings and enhance our impact analyses. For 
example, if we were to develop a g/hr average format in addition to the 
lb/MMBtu heat output format, are there products that might meet a daily 
average over the heating period versus the averaging only over the 
combustion period, and if so, how would this affect levels of 
performance and impacts on the environment? Further, we are seeking 
comment on the degree to which these dates could be sooner.
4. Alternative Approach for Comment
    As noted in section III, in addition to the proposed two-step 
standards described above for appliances regulated as ``room heaters'' 
under subpart AAA (currently catalytic and noncatalytic adjustable burn 
rate wood heaters, single burn rate wood heaters, and pellet heaters/
stoves) and for appliances regulated as ``central heaters'' under 
subpart QQQQ (currently hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces), we 
also considered a different approach, an ``alternative three-step 
approach'' for subparts AAA and QQQQ. We seek comments on whether the 
final rule should be our (preferred) proposed two-step approach or 
whether the final rule should be this alternative three-step approach. 
We do not intend for the final rule to allow a choice between the two 
approaches. We did not develop a three-step approach for masonry 
heaters under subpart RRRR, since it is a one-emission-level standard, 
but we are seeking comments on our proposed 5-year compliance extension 
for small volume masonry heater manufacturers.
    We compared unit cost increases,\63\ nationwide manufacturer cost 
estimates,\64\ emission reductions,\65\ and overall cost effectiveness 
of the two-step proposal to the three-step alternative approach 
considered.\66\ Table 12 compares the unit cost increase, nationwide 
average cost to manufacturers and the annual particulate emission 
reductions, during the 2014 through 2022 period analyzed in the RIA, 
for appliances currently affected by this proposal, considering only 
the first year of emissions for each new heater sold. Based on the cost 
and emission reduction estimates presented in this table, the overall 
cost effectiveness for this proposal over the 2014-2022 period is 
$3,250 per ton, but $5,800 per ton for the alternative approach 
considered (assuming no emission reductions for masonry heaters, for 
the sake of this analysis). Additional information on the impacts is 
included in the RIA in the docket.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ See footnote 38.
    \64\ See footnote 24, 36 and 38.
    \65\ See footnote 24.
    \66\ See footnote 24, 36 and 38.

                                          Table 12--Comparison of Proposal and Alternative Approach (2014-2022)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Unit cost increase from baseline (2010$)       Nationwide average cost       Emission reduction from baseline (tons)
                                 -------------------------------------------- increase from baseline (2010$) -------------------------------------------
         Appliance type                                                      --------------------------------
                                        Proposal             Alternative         Proposal       Alternative         Proposal             Alternative
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certified Wood Heaters..........  24..................  48..................       4,212,303       8,090,026  163.................  136
Single Burn Rate Heaters........  226.................  337.................         901,732       1,540,600  754.................  756
Pellet Heaters/Stoves...........  24..................  47..................       3,460,489       6,255,536  49..................  24
Forced-Air Furnaces.............  3,262...............  4,891...............       2,252,284       3,813,898  2,610...............  2,712
Hydronic Heating Systems........  6,458...............  9,672...............       4,554,152       8,302,026  1,249...............  1,250
Masonry Heaters.................  300 (ave.)..........  300 (ave.)..........         307,511         293,776  Not estimated         Not estimated.
                                 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................  10,294..............  15,295..............      15,688,471      28,295,862  4,825...............  4,878
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are seeking comment and information on potential justifications 
for implementing such a three-step standard, instead of our proposed 
two-step standard for each of the appliances affected by this proposed 
rule, to provide additional flexibility for manufacturers that have 
different capabilities and resources to ultimately reach the most 
stringent BSER. The proposed two-step standards rely on the assumption 
that the proposed Step 2 BSER, already demonstrated by various models 
in each appliance category affected by the proposed rule, is achievable 
within 5 years of the proposed Step 1 BSER. There is a significant 
emission reduction achieved by the proposed Step 2 BSER compared to the 
proposed Step 1 BSER in each appliance category discussed above in 
section V, but there are no proposed interim emission limits imposed 
during the transition from the proposed Step 1 to the proposed Step 2. 
In the alternative approach considered, there is a longer transition 
period of 8 years between Step 1 and Step 3 (with the same significant 
emission reduction achieved between our proposed Step 1 and proposed 
Step 2), but there is an interim Step 2 limit which manufacturers must 
meet 3 years after

[[Page 6363]]

the proposed Step 1. If we were to give a longer timeframe to redesign 
across model lines to accommodate the best systems, test, field 
evaluate, and certify a wide range of model lines, we believe there 
would be benefit to establishing required interim limits to codify 
progress in reducing emissions and to focus positive attention on early 
achievers as they show compliance in the period between 2015 and 2023.
    We expect that the manufacturers that do not already meet the 
strongest emission limits would like the longer time to meet the 
Alternative Approach Step 3 but would prefer to not have an interim 
Step 2 requirement. However, we do not currently see adequate 
justification for allowing extra time without also requiring 
satisfactory progress, especially because numerous models already 
achieve the strongest emission levels. We also have concerns about the 
complexity of a 3-step approach and whether it would be harder for the 
EPA to enforce. Thus, we seek comment, including data and potential 
environmental and economic justifications, on whether the described 
Alternative Approach Step 2 emission limits represent BSER within 3 
years of the effective date of the final rule. We also seek comment on 
whether an additional 5 years would be necessary to transition from the 
Alternative Approach Step 2 to the Alternative Approach Step 3 limit, 
or whether such a transition could be made in a shorter time period. 
Finally, for single burn rate wood heaters and forced-air furnaces, we 
are seeking comment on whether the alternative Step 1 limit should 
become effective upon the effective date of the final rule or after a 
1-year ``adjustment'' period. The EPA seeks to encourage national 
achievement of the (proposed Step 2) BSER for each appliance category 
as soon as possible and as efficiently as possible, which is why we 
prefer the proposal over the alternative approach we considered. 
However, we also seek to balance industry's R&D needs with timely and 
efficient standards, and so we are seeking comment on the alternative 
approach outlined immediately above and in section III.
5. Other Proposed Emissions Testing and Reporting
a. Efficiency Testing and Reporting
    While the CAA gives the EPA authority to set standards for 
emissions, and we have issued final rules that have used a variety of 
formats for such standards, including efficiency, we lack sufficient 
data to propose efficiency standards for residential wood heaters at 
this time. We are proposing only to require testing and reporting but 
not a minimum efficiency standard. Current data and other information 
from manufacturers and testing laboratories and the NYSERDA ``European 
Wood-Heating Technology Survey'' discussed earlier in this preamble 
show that, in general, the same types of improved combustion BSER 
designs that tend to reduce PM2.5 emissions also tend to 
increase combustion efficiency, reduce CO emissions and improve 
efficiency. Current subpart AAA allows sources to either measure 
efficiency or report a default efficiency value. We believe these 
proposed subparts are an excellent opportunity to standardize the 
collection and reporting of such data.
    Most industry members support the collection and reporting of 
tested efficiency values, but some do not necessarily support an 
efficiency standard because they have concerns that efficiency 
standards would encourage a ``ratings race'' and worry that some 
manufacturers would sacrifice operational viability in the field for a 
higher efficiency rating. We agree that some heat loss is necessary to 
ensure adequate draft out the chimney/stack and not backdrafting into 
living areas. However, we do not expect manufacturers to jeopardize 
their reputation or operator safety for a higher rating, and we believe 
that competition among manufacturers to increase their heaters/stoves' 
efficiencies is good for consumers and the environment. We request 
specific comments and supporting data that would help inform the need 
for and level of a possible efficiency standard. Also, we ask for 
specific comments on how, in the meantime, to best ensure consumers 
have access to the best information on efficiency performance, e.g., 
labels, owner's manual, Burn Wise Web site and/or other means.
b. CO Testing and Reporting
    We considered developing CO emission limits for all new residential 
wood heaters. However, our current data for CO emissions performance 
and methods of control are not sufficiently robust to support strong CO 
emission limits, and it would delay the NSPS if we were to seek 
additional data elsewhere at this time to support strong CO emission 
limits. We expect the CO emissions to be reduced as a result of the 
control of PM, because meeting the PM standards will be achieved 
primarily by BSER based on good combustion (and in some cases catalysts 
and hybrids) which will also result in good CO reductions without 
additional standards for CO. However, we are proposing that 
manufacturers measure and report CO. We believe this information will 
be useful to consumers and state and local regulators. Requiring 
manufacturers to measure and report CO emissions would also result in 
the collection of data that could be used in the future to establish a 
CO emissions limit. We are requesting specific comments and supporting 
data on the need for and level of a possible CO emissions standard. 
Also, we ask for comments on whether we should require CO monitors to 
help ensure proper operation of the heater and to reduce health and 
safety concerns for appliances that are installed in occupied areas.
c. Pellet Fuel Requirements
    A wide variety of pellet fuels is available for purchase. However, 
in some cases, quality claims on the pellet fuel bag do not necessarily 
reflect what is in the bag and there can be variable performance. 
Manufacturers' data show that some fuel qualities have worse burning 
characteristics and operational characteristics than others, which 
results not only in heater performance problems but also increased 
emissions of PM. The PFI, an industry trade organization, has had 
pellet fuel quality standards in place since 1995, with updated 
standards issued in 2005, and again, most recently in 2011 (http://pelletheat.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/PFI-Standard-Specification-November-2011.pdf), in response to the EPA's planned revisions to the 
residential wood heaters NSPS. We have reviewed the PFI program and 
believe it is a good program that obviates the need for the EPA to 
develop our own program at this time. Under the proposed NSPS, pellet 
burning appliances would be tested using PFI (or, upon request to the 
EPA Administrator, an equivalent organization's) graded pellet fuel(s). 
Once certified, pellet burning appliances would only be allowed to burn 
the grade of fuel that the appliance manufacturer chose for the 
appliance certification test and the manufacturer specifies in their 
owner's manual for the operator to use. As discussed above, use of 
inferior grades would cause heater operational problems and increase 
emissions. The overall intent of the certification process is to 
increase the consistency and quality of pelletized fuel throughout the 
industry, and, thus, reducing appliance operational problems and 
helping certified appliances perform at the emission levels to which 
they are certified. Heater manufacturers have indicated to us that 
market competition will compel them to specify the widest range of 
grades for

[[Page 6364]]

which their heaters will properly perform.
    The PFI is also implementing a quality assurance program to ensure 
that manufacturers reliably produce graded fuels. We propose to require 
adherence to this program (or equivalent) as a condition of producing 
graded pellet fuels to be used in obtaining certification under the 
NSPS. Similar to the NSPS quality assurance program, the PFI quality 
assurance program relies on use of accreditation and auditing bodies 
that:

 Accredit auditing agencies and testing laboratories
 Implement and enforce the program, including testing that the 
pellet fuels meet the grading specifications
 Maintain the enforcement regulations
 Administer a laboratory proficiency program
 Pursue product complaints

    In addition, accredited auditing agencies perform the following 
tasks:

 Certify the production of densified fuel manufacturers
 Authorize production facilities to use PFI's ``grading mark''
 Conduct regular audits and extracts samples for third party 
verification
 Revoke authority to use the PFI mark, if necessary

    Accredited testing laboratories perform the following activities:

 Provide QA/QC testing for fuel producers--``as needed''
 Provide testing for samples collected by auditing agencies
 Participate in the accreditation body's proficiency testing 
program

    Finally, the densified fuel producers perform the following 
activities:

 Develop an in[hyphen]house QA/QC program based on the PFI QA/
QC handbook and the PFI standard specification
 Select an auditing agency and test lab
 Demonstrate compliance with grading system component
 Maintain compliance through periodic audits, inspection and 
testing

    As noted earlier, we have reviewed the PFI program and believe it 
is a good program that obviates the need for the EPA to develop our own 
program at this time. We ask for specific comments on this decision and 
the PFI program.
d. Prohibited Fuel Types
    As regulated in the current 1988 subpart AAA standards for 
residential wood heaters/stoves, operation according to the owner's 
manual requires operation with the appropriate fuels because the choice 
of fuels to burn in any appliance can have a major impact on emissions 
and efficient operation of the appliance. For clarity, we are proposing 
a list of prohibited fuel types (e.g., trash, plastics, yard waste) to 
emphasize the responsibility of owners and operators to use appropriate 
fuels that will result in the performance of the unit as certified, to 
avoid the creation of possibly hazardous fumes from burning 
inappropriate materials, and to ensure that appliance continues to 
operate as designed. Even with burning clean wood, one of the key 
factors affecting emissions is the moisture content. Some advocates 
have suggested that we only allow use of wood certified to a certain 
moisture level and that we include visible emission limits as a tool to 
help with practical enforceability of the requirements for proper 
operation and maintenance. Manufacturers typically include in their 
owner's manuals information on proper maintenance and operation and 
state that the wood must be properly seasoned so that the moisture 
content is not too high for proper operation. Some manufacturers 
include moisture meters for the operators. We are proposing to require 
commercial owners (direct distribution manufacturers and retailers) to 
provide a moisture meter with the wood heater at the time of sale, 
along with the owner's manual and a copy of the warranty. We request 
specific comments on whether we should include more specific 
requirements on proper operations, such as the moisture content of the 
wood and visible emission limitations.

C. How did we establish the proposed compliance timelines?

    The following table summarizes the proposed compliance timelines 
for the appliances covered by the three subparts.

             Table 13--Summary of Proposed Compliance Dates
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Appliance type                      Compliance date
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjustable Rate Wood Heaters or Pellet   1988 requirements remain in
 Heaters/Stoves with Current EPA          effect for these heaters/
 Certification Issued Prior to the        stoves through the later of
 Effective Date of the Final Rule.        the effective date of the
                                          final revised rule or
                                          expiration of current
                                          certification (maximum of 5
                                          years after certification and
                                          no renewal).
All Other Adjustable Rate Wood Heaters   Step 1: upon the effective date
 or Pellet Heaters/Stoves (includes       of the final rule.
 currently certified heaters after the   Step 2: 5 years after the
 certification expires).                  effective date of the final
                                          rule.
Single Burn Rate Heaters...............  Step 1: Upon the effective date
                                          of the final rule.
                                         Step 2: 5 years after the
                                          effective date of the final
                                          rule.
Hydronic Heaters.......................  Step 1: Upon the effective date
                                          of the final rule.
                                         Step 2: 5 years after the
                                          effective date of the final
                                          rule.
Forced-Air Furnaces....................  Step 1: Upon the effective date
                                          of the final rule.
                                         Step 2: 5 years after the
                                          effective date of the final
                                          rule.
Masonry Heaters........................  Large manufacturers: Upon the
                                          effective date of the final
                                          rule for large manufacturers.
                                         Small manufacturers: 5 years
                                          after the effective date of
                                          the final rule.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed compliance dates are tied to the effective date of the 
final standards. As stated earlier, an element of the BSER 
determination includes reasonable lead time for R&D to develop and 
certify cleaner units. We think limited or no R&D is needed to comply 
with the proposed Step 1 BSER standards. This allows manufacturers 
approximately 1 year between the date of this proposal and the date of 
the final rule to meet proposed compliance standards and limits. This 
1-year period is in addition to the time that manufacturers have had 
leading up to this proposed rule.
    We allowed small producers of masonry heaters that do not have a 
history of federal or extensive state regulation, or experience with 
voluntary partnership programs, 5 years after the effective date of the 
final rule to come into compliance with the same emission standards as 
larger masonry heater manufacturers in order to ensure a reasonable 
lead-time.

[[Page 6365]]

    Finally, we think our proposal for a 6-year lead time before the 
Step 2 BSER limits (i.e., 5 years after the effective date of the final 
rule) would allow manufacturers a reasonable time to develop complying 
models, access the necessary capital to develop them, and complete the 
certification process.
    We are proposing a 6-month ``sold at retail'' provision for 
adjustable burn rate wood heaters, single burn rate heaters/stoves, and 
pellet heaters/stoves that were manufactured prior to the effective 
date of the final rule, but not yet sold. This ``sold at retail'' 
provision is similar to that provided in the current subpart AAA, and 
provides a reasonable transition for manufacturers to recoup their 
investment in their stock on hand. We believe this provision would have 
a nominal impact on air quality, because the majority of these 
appliances are already expected to achieve the Step 1 emission limits. 
For small producers of masonry heaters, we are proposing an additional 
5-year lead-time. We are not proposing to apply these extensions to 
other sources regulated by this proposal. We do not believe that an 
additional ``sold at retail'' provision is needed for outdoor and 
indoor hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces. In the case of 
hydronic heaters, we believe that any delay of the compliance deadline 
for sales would also result in the sale and long-term use of non-
complying units, with a potentially adverse quality impact. We request 
specific comments on whether there are other factors we should consider 
regarding this ``sold at retail'' window and what length of time might 
be considered appropriate in specific circumstances.
    While the original subpart AAA created a 1-year compliance 
extension for wood heater manufacturers producing less than 2,000 
heaters per year, this proposed rule does not include a compliance 
extension provision for single burn rate heaters. The purpose of the 
original NSPS compliance date extension was to reduce the potential for 
a testing logjam and to provide small manufacturers additional time to 
conduct R&D, obtain financing, or purchase complying designs likely to 
meet the proposed standards. We believe that manufacturers and testing 
facilities have now had sufficient time and have gained the expertise 
necessary to meet these standards as proposed and that meeting the 
proposed compliance dates will impose no undue imposition on 
manufacturers or testing facilities. We request comment on the need for 
such a compliance extension and the number of models that might qualify 
as a small single burn rate heater manufacturer.
    As stated above, we are proposing a 5-year compliance date 
extension for masonry heater manufacturers that sell fewer than 15 
units per year. We also seek comments on whether we should have a cap 
on the total units sold in the 5 years, perhaps 50 units. Most of these 
manufacturers are very small companies. There are only a few major 
producers. According to one manufacturer, the Finnish firm, Tulikivi, 
manufactures and supplies about one-half of the U.S. masonry heater 
units installed yearly through its network of installing distributors. 
The second largest producer is a Canadian firm, Temp-Cast, which 
manufactures and exports a large percentage of the remainder as 
internal core components only to U.S. dealer/installers and homeowners. 
This manufacturer states that the remainder of the industry is dozens 
of small producers and installers who produce only a few units, most of 
which are custom and individually designed. This manufacturer also 
stated that over 80 percent of U.S. masonry heater installations use 
manufactured core product installation and are not custom site built 
(brick-by-brick).
    Because of the resources required to develop, test, and certify 
masonry heaters (estimated by industry to be approximately $250,000 per 
model, although our cost analysis used a larger estimate), we have 
concluded that a manufacturer of a small number of custom site-built 
model(s) of masonry heaters would likely be unable to recover the total 
cost of R&D and certification testing costs in a reasonable timeframe. 
Similarly, a company that makes core components or sells design kits 
would be unable to recover total costs if only a few such components or 
kits are sold per year. We estimated that the annualized cost for 
developing, testing and certifying a single model is approximately 
$60,000, most of which is the cost of R&D. If a seller makes $5,000 of 
profit on each model sold, he or she would need to sell 12 units per 
year to break even. The masonry heater industry recognized concerns 
about these costs, and it has developed an alternative compliance 
method based on computer simulations. The industry expects that this 
alternative will allow sharing licensing of cleaner designs such that 
the initial software purchase would cost approximately $1,500 but 
ongoing annual licensing cost will be approximately $450 per 
manufacturer. We believe the 5-year compliance date extension discussed 
above for masonry heater manufacturers that sell fewer than 15 units 
per year will allow sufficient time for manufacturers to become 
comfortable with this alternative, and use it to demonstrate 
compliance.
    We considered proposing a compliance exemption for small 
manufacturers of masonry heaters because of the overall small size of 
the market. However, we were concerned that this might encourage 
installation of cheaper, low-performing models, which would place 
complying models at a potential disadvantage. We request comment on the 
need for either a compliance date extension or a compliance date 
exemption for masonry heaters and the length of time that we should 
allow.
    We are not proposing any extensions or exemptions for small 
manufacturers of adjustable burn rate wood heaters or pellet heaters/
stoves. Adjustable burn rate wood heaters are already subject to the 
NSPS, and we have estimated that they should not face any R&D expenses 
to comply with the Step 1 standards. To reduce unnecessary 
certification costs, we are proposing to allow a one-time waiver from 
performance testing for the first certification period for any 
manufacturer that has previously conducted a valid certification test 
that demonstrates the wood heaters in the model line meet the proposed 
standards. We also believe that pellet heaters/stoves would not face 
any R&D costs to comply with the proposed Step 1 standards, and we 
estimate that certification costs will only pose a minor impact. We 
request comment on whether there are other factors we should consider 
regarding a small manufacturer compliance extension for these 
appliances.
    We also are not proposing a small manufacturer compliance extension 
for the Step 1 standards for new residential hydronic heaters or 
forced-air furnaces. There are currently 36 hydronic heater models 
built by 17 U.S. manufacturers that have already been qualified to meet 
the Phase 2 voluntary partnership program level of 0.32 lb/MM BTU. 
Manufacturers of hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces have known 
for several years that we were drafting this proposal and that the 
states have been very concerned about emissions from the models that 
may not meet the proposed standards; and we do not want to perpetuate 
sales and use of models unless they demonstrate they do meet the 
standards. Once again, we request comment on whether there are other 
factors we should consider regarding a small manufacturer compliance 
extension for these appliances and what number of appliances sold would 
constitute a small volume manufacturer.

[[Page 6366]]

    As discussed above, we recognize there is some concern, as there 
was with the initial NSPS compliance dates, that testing laboratories 
capacity may not be able to meet the demand for certification tests in 
the first few years. However, we believe that the steps we have already 
proposed, the availability of additional ISO-accredited labs, the 
advance notice that industry has had concerning the NSPS prior to this 
proposal, and the time between this proposal and the proposed 
compliance date of the final rule, should ensure that adequate 
compliance certification resources are available. The logjam provisions 
of the current 1988 NSPS were never invoked, and we do not think they 
are needed at this time. However, we are taking comment on this issue. 
We also request comment on whether these compliance timelines strike 
the right balance between avoiding undue economic burdens and the need 
to get better performing models on the market as soon as possible to 
reduce emissions, and whether other compliance dates would be 
appropriate.

D. How are we proposing to streamline the requirements for 
certification, quality assurance and laboratory accreditation?

    As part of the NSPS review process, several stakeholders stated the 
need to improve the current certification and quality assurance 
requirements. For example, some pellet heaters/stove manufacturers said 
one reason they avoid certifying their heaters/stoves is because they 
are concerned that the current process is a barrier to rapid product 
development and making changes to respond to market demand. Many 
manufacturers were also concerned that, as the scope of the NSPS 
program expands to include multiple appliance types, the certification 
program would act as a logjam. Some states are concerned, however, that 
moving away from the EPA certification might result in less effective 
oversight. At the EPA, we are also looking for ways to use our 
enforcement resources more effectively.
    We believe that the proposed changes, described in section III.A 
regarding a third-party certification program by an ISO-accredited 
certifying body and testing at ISO-accredited labs, will facilitate the 
development of improved designs by providing a faster approval process 
and reducing redundancies in quality assurance for emissions testing 
and safety testing, and will improve enforcement by providing for more 
frequent on-site inspections of manufacturing facilities and 
laboratories. For example, safety certification audits take place 
quarterly and include the random inspection of manufactured units for 
compliance with design and safety factors. The experience of the 
voluntary partnership programs' ISO process has shown that the third-
party approach can work.
    We also reviewed the list of design changes (the ``k'' list; See 40 
CFR, subpart AAA, Sec.  60.633(k)) that would result in a need to 
recertify a model line when certain tolerances are exceeded. We 
reviewed this list based on the experience we have to date on the types 
of changes that are significant and knowledge about current 
manufacturing processes that help prevent these changes from occurring. 
The resulting list focuses on the following key tolerances:

 Firebox dimensions
 Air introduction systems
 Dimensions and locations of the baffle, catalyst, refractory/
insulation, flue gas exit, and the outer shielding and covering
 Dimensions and fit of the gaskets for the door and catalyst 
bypass
 Fuel feed system
 Forced air combustion system

    We believe these changes will focus resources on the significant 
changes that could affect emissions performance of the model in 
question. We ask for specific comments on this list and the level of 
appropriate tolerances.
    We propose to revise the requirement for manufacturers to conduct 
quality assurance emission tests once a specified number of units are 
sold. Instead, we propose to replace this numerical trigger with a 
requirement to retest when manufacturer-specific quality assurance 
criteria (e.g., multiple errors in safety tests) are exceeded. We 
believe that development of a manufacturer-specific quality assurance 
plan with specific criteria and approval by an ISO-accredited 
certifying body (or EPA-approved equivalent) and required follow-up by 
that certifying body is a more direct measure of possible performance 
issues, but we request comment on the exact event(s) that should be 
used as the trigger(s) to retest and whether the triggering event(s) 
should vary by appliance type.
    We are proposing to retain final EPA approval of the certification, 
and we also propose to require the manufacturer to submit with the 
application for certification a statement signed by a responsible 
official that the manufacturer has complied with all requirements of 
the subpart and that the manufacturer understands that he or she 
remains responsible for compliance regardless of noncompliance by the 
certifying body. We believe this combination of requirements would 
provide meaningful EPA oversight, assign clear lines of responsibility, 
and free up resources to do more on-site inspections and other quality 
assurance activities, such as addressing issues of counterfeit 
certificates or absence of certificates.
    The current random compliance audit testing of the certification 
testing program is considered underused by many. The EPA recognized 
this and has recently initiated such testing.
    A key element of the current 1988 NSPS laboratory audit program is 
the ``round robin'' test program. In this program, the EPA purchases a 
wood heater and sends it to each of the accredited laboratories to 
conduct emissions tests (two runs at each burn rate for a total of 
eight runs). The EPA then compares the results to determine inter-
laboratory performance. The EPA recognizes that we have not given this 
program as much attention as was envisioned in 1988. Thus, we propose 
to strengthen this program by specifying that every laboratory 
conducting certification tests under the NSPS must participate in the 
round robin tests every other year. If a lab's results are not within 
10 percent of the value at which the heater was certified, 
then the lab must conduct another 8 runs. Also, we will remind the 
manufacturers that, as always, the EPA may potentially use this 
information to help determine the need for manufacturer audits and 
potential enforcement actions. We think that these requirements and 
reminders, combined with the proposed changes in test methods 
(described in greater detail in the test methods discussion in this 
preamble) and implementation of the ISO process will help improve 
inter-laboratory repeatability and reproducibility.

E. What changes and additions to the allowed test methods are we 
proposing?

    As described earlier in this preamble, we are proposing changes to 
the test methods required by subpart AAA. We are also proposing test 
methods for the new subparts QQQQ and RRRR (as described earlier). In 
addition, we are proposing new requirements for testing and ultimately 
certifying using cord wood, which is what the consumer burns. All 
affected devices required to be tested using Method 28 or Method 28 WHH 
would now be required to conduct such tests using crib wood and cord 
wood. Under Proposed Step 1, manufacturers would have the option of 
selecting which of these test results to use to show compliance with 
the emissions standards. In other words, we

[[Page 6367]]

are proposing to require manufacturers to conduct two separate tests, 
one with crib wood and one with cord wood. We are also proposing that 
manufacturers be required to report the results of both tests to the 
EPA, but manufacturers can choose to certify with either crib or cord 
wood under Proposed Step 1. Under Proposed Step 2, manufacturers would 
be required to show compliance testing with cord wood.
    We are also proposing to revise the test methods to require the 
addition of 1-hour filters for each test run to gather data regarding 
startup and anticipated peaks. Further, we are proposing new compliance 
requirements for Step 2 with emissions limits at the lowest burn rate 
(Category 1) and the maximum burn rate (Category 4), not a weighted 
average of the four burn rates, as in the current 1988 NSPS.
    Based on the extensive consensus development process, history of 
the subpart AAA NSPS and hydronic heater voluntary partnership program 
emission test experience, and review of similar international 
standards, we believe the proposed methods reflect state-of-the-art 
test methods. However, we request specific comment on test method 
related issues and any data supporting such issues or concerns.

F. What other changes and additions to the administrative requirements 
are we proposing?

    Consistent with Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and 
Regulatory Relief, we reviewed the entire current subpart AAA to 
identify information that is no longer relevant or useful and removed 
associated reporting and recordkeeping requirements. For example, 
because of the changes in the audit procedures, we do not believe it is 
necessary for manufacturers to keep records of the number of affected 
appliances that are sold each year, by certified model lines, for 
purposes of these subparts.
    The prohibitions section in each of the proposed subparts (Sec.  
Sec.  60.538, 60.5480, 60.5492) is based substantially on the current 
prohibitions section in subpart AAA. Similarly, the delegation section 
in each proposed subpart (Sec.  Sec.  60.539a, 60.5482, 60.5494) is 
based primarily on the current delegation section in subpart AAA. In 
general, we believe these delegations have worked well and are still 
appropriate with some clarifications and additions. The intent of the 
prohibitions section is to clarify the responsibility of owners and 
operators and manufacturers to comply with the proposed subparts. Key 
provisions for owners and operators emphasize that appliances must be 
operated in accordance with the owner's manual and the appliances must 
not be altered in any way to circumvent the design and operation of a 
certified appliance. Key provisions for manufacturers emphasize the 
importance of complying with the label requirements and the need to 
maintain current certification for all heaters that are offered for 
sale. The intent of the delegation section is to clarify the regulatory 
provisions for which the EPA has retained sole enforcement authority 
(definitions, compliance and certification, test methods and 
procedures, laboratory accreditation, reporting and recordkeeping, 
revocation of certification, and hearings and appeals procedures). 
However, we have proposed to include the ability to delegate provisions 
to state, local or tribal agencies where local enforcement is 
essential, such as enforcement of permanent labels and owner's manual 
content, and presentation of false or misleading information. Note that 
when the EPA ``delegates'' enforcement authority, we retain our 
authority to enforce while allowing the delegatees also to be able to 
enforce the delegated provisions. Also note that the delegations are 
upon request, not a requirement by the EPA.
    We are proposing to replace the current subpart AAA hearing and 
appeal procedures with a streamlined Petition for Review process and 
also use this process in subparts QQQQ and RRRR. This process would 
allow accredited laboratories and manufacturers to contest audit test 
findings, laboratory accreditations, certification denials, and 
certification revocations by submitting a written request and 
supporting documentation to the EPA. This process would allow for 
expedited review and resolution. We request specific comments on this 
proposed process and other ways to improve or streamline procedures 
while preserving the integrity of the program.

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    Under Section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, 
October 4, 1993), this action is an ``economically significant 
regulatory action'' because it is likely to have an annual effect on 
the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material 
way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, 
jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, local, or 
tribal governments or communities. The $100 million threshold can be 
triggered by either costs or benefits, or a combination of them. 
Accordingly, the EPA submitted this action to OMB for review under 
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011) and any 
changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in 
the docket for this action.
    In addition, the EPA prepared an analysis of the potential costs 
and benefits associated with this action. This analysis is contained in 
the RIA for this proposed rule. A copy of the analysis is available in 
the docket for this action.
    A summary of the monetized benefits and net benefits for the 
proposed rule at discount rates of 3 percent and 7 percent is in Table 
8 of this preamble, and a more detailed discussion of the benefits is 
found in section IV.B of this preamble. For more information on the 
benefits analysis, please refer to the RIA for this rulemaking, which 
is available in the docket.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 
44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. Information Collection Request (ICR) documents 
have been prepared for each proposed subpart. The subpart AAA ICR has 
been assigned the EPA ICR number 1176.10, which is a revision of the 
currently approved ICR number 1176.09. The subpart QQQQ ICR is a new 
collection, which has been assigned the EPA ICR number 2442.01. The 
subpart RRRR ICR also is a new collection, which has been assigned the 
EPA ICR number 2443.01. The new information collection requirements are 
not enforceable until OMB approves them.
    The proposed rules would require manufacturers of new residential 
wood heating devices to submit applications for certification of model 
lines, to submit results of emissions tests conducted to demonstrate 
that the model lines would comply with the standards and produce 
certified units according to a quality control plan approved by an 
independent certifying body. Manufacturers must submit a notification 
of the initial test and biennial reports that each certified model line 
remains unchanged. They must also maintain records of all certification 
data, maintain results of quality assurance program inspections and 
emissions test data, and seal and store the tested appliance.

[[Page 6368]]

    Consistent with the current ICR for subpart AAA, we have included 
costs to manufacture and apply permanent labels (for all models) on 
each applicable unit prior to sale. These labels provide important 
compliance information to enforcement officials.
    Test laboratories that want to conduct NSPS certification testing 
would need to apply for accreditation, conduct initial and biennial 
proficiency testing and report the results of all such testing. 
Accredited test laboratories would also be required to participate in 
an audit compliance program. Finally, the accredited laboratories must 
maintain records of all certification tests, proficiency tests and 
compliance audit test data.
    The required notifications are used to inform the agency when a new 
model line is expected to be tested. The EPA may then observe the 
testing operation, if desired. Emissions test reports are needed as 
these are the agency's record of a model line's initial capability to 
comply with the emission standard, and serve as a record of the 
operating conditions under which compliance was achieved.
    Adequate recordkeeping and reporting are necessary to ensure 
compliance with these standards as required by the CAA. The information 
collected from recordkeeping and reporting requirements is also used 
for targeting inspections and is of sufficient quality to be used as 
evidence in court. As discussed earlier, we have reviewed all the 
current requirements and are proposing to remove the portions of the 
recordkeeping that are not necessary.
    The estimated burden for proposed subpart AAA is based on an 
estimated 72 respondents (66 manufacturers and 6 testing laboratories) 
that would be subject to the rule. The number of total annual responses 
for subpart AAA is estimated at 265. The annual burden for this 
information collection averaged over the first 3 years of this ICR is 
estimated to be a total of 6,489 labor hours per year at a total labor 
cost of $516,188 per year. The ICR estimates that capital and the 
associated operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for these systems 
would be $1,452,177 per year. The average annual labor burden per 
response is 24 hours.
    The estimated burden for proposed subpart QQQQ is based on an 
estimated 41 respondents (37 manufacturers and 4 testing laboratories) 
that would be subject to the rule. The number of total annual responses 
for subpart QQQQ is estimated at 67. The annual burden for this 
information collection averaged over the first 3 years of this ICR is 
estimated to be a total of 2,134 labor hours per year at a total labor 
cost of $169,745 per year. The ICR estimates that capital and operation 
and maintenance (O&M) costs would be $715,796 per year. The average 
annual labor burden per response is 32 hours.
    The estimated burden for proposed subpart RRRR is based on an 
estimated 48 respondents (45 manufacturers and 3 testing laboratories) 
that would be subject to the rule. The number of total annual responses 
for subpart RRRR is estimated at 108. The annual burden for this 
information collection averaged over the first 3 years of this ICR is 
estimated to be a total of 2,044 labor hours per year at a total labor 
cost of $162,589 per year. The ICR estimates that capital and operation 
and maintenance (O&M) costs would be $89,037 per year. The average 
annual labor burden per response is 19 hours. Burden is defined at 5 
CFR 1320.3(b).
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    To comment on the agency's need for this information, the accuracy 
of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for 
minimizing respondent burden, the EPA has established a public docket 
for this rule, which includes this ICR, under Docket ID number EPA-HQ-
OAR-2009-0734. Submit any comments related to the ICR to the EPA and 
OMB. See ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this notice for where to 
submit comments to the EPA. Send ICR-related comments to OMB at the 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and 
Budget, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk 
Office for EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the 
ICR between 30 and 60 days after February 3, 2014, a comment to OMB is 
best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it by March 5, 
2014. The final rule will respond to any OMB or public comments on the 
information collection requirements contained in this proposal.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency 
to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to 
notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative 
Procedure Act or any other statute unless the agency certifies that the 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, 
small organizations and small governmental jurisdictions.
    For purposes of assessing the impacts of this proposed rule on 
small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business that 
is primarily engaged in manufacturing heating equipment (except 
electric and warm air furnaces), such as heating boilers (heaters), 
heating stoves, floor and wall furnaces, and wall and baseboard heating 
units, as defined by NAICS code 333414 with fewer than 500 employees, 
or is primarily engaged in manufacturing air-conditioning and warm air 
heating equipment as defined by NAICS code 333415 with fewer than 750 
employees, or is primarily engaged in masonry contracting, as defined 
by NAICS code 238140 with annual receipts less than 14 million dollars 
(based on Small Business Administration size standards); (2) a small 
governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, 
school district or special district with a population of less than 
50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not-for-profit 
enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not 
dominant in its field.
    Pursuant to section 603 of the RFA, the EPA prepared an initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that examines the impact of the 
proposed rule on small entities along with regulatory alternatives that 
could reduce that impact. The IRFA contained within the RIA for this 
proposed rule is available for review in the docket and is summarized 
below:
     Reason Why Action Is Being Considered. As discussed 
earlier in this preamble, this proposal was developed following CAA 
section 111(b)(1)(B) review of the existing residential wood heater 
NSPS.
     Statement of Objectives and Legal Basis of Proposed Rule. 
As discussed earlier in this preamble, the EPA is proposing to amend 
Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters and to add 
two new subparts: Standards of Performance for New Residential Hydronic 
Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces and Standards of Performance for New 
Residential Masonry Heaters. This proposal would achieve several 
objectives, including applying updated emission limits that reflect 
BSER; improving coverage of the broad suite of residential wood 
heaters; improving the test methods; and streamlining the certification 
process. This proposal does not include any requirements on heaters 
that are solely fired by gas or oil. This proposal does not affect 
existing heaters. This proposal

[[Page 6369]]

was developed under the authority of CAA section 111.
     Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities. 
As discussed earlier in this preamble, small entities that the EPA 
anticipates being affected by this proposal would include almost all 
manufacturers of residential wood heaters. We estimate that roughly 
250-300 U.S. companies manufacture residential wood heaters. We believe 
that approximately 90 percent of these manufacturers meet the SBA 
small-entity definition of having fewer than 500 employees.
     Description of reporting, recordkeeping and other 
compliance requirements. The reporting and recordkeeping requirements 
are described in the section immediately above (B. Paperwork Reduction 
Act). As discussed there, the information collection requirements 
(ICR), including reporting and recordkeeping, in this proposed rule 
have been submitted for approval to OMB under the Paperwork Reduction 
Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. For subpart AAA, we estimated the potential 
annual burden averaged over the first 3 years of the ICR to be a total 
of 6,489 labor hours per year at a total labor cost of $516,188 per 
year and an average annual labor burden per response of 24 hours. For 
subpart QQQQ, we estimated 2,134 labor hours per year at a total labor 
cost of $169,745 per year and an average annual labor burden per 
response of 32 hours. For subpart RRRR, we estimated 2,044 labor hours 
per year at a total labor cost of $162,589 per year and an average 
annual labor burden per response of 19 hours.
     Description of other compliance requirements. As described 
earlier in this preamble, this proposal would apply updated emission 
limits that reflect the current best systems of emission reduction and 
improve the coverage of the expanded variety of types of residential 
wood heaters. We estimate the proposed NSPS's total annualized average 
nationwide costs would be $15.7 million (2010$) over the 2014 through 
2022 period. The economic impacts for industries affected by this 
proposed rule over this same period range from 4.3 percent for 
manufacture of wood heater/stove models to as much as an 6.4 percent 
compliance cost-to-sales estimate for manufacture of single burn rate 
wood heater models. These impacts do not presume any pass-through of 
impacts to consumers. With pass-through to consumers, these impact 
estimates to manufacturers will decline proportionate to the degree of 
pass-through. We estimate that small entities will have annualized 
costs of greater than 1 percent of their sales in all industries except 
NAICS 332510, 333414 and 423720 with fewer than 20 employees, and NAICS 
236115, 238140 and 442299 with receipts less than $10 million. Those 
establishments in NAICS 332510, 333414 and 423720 with cost-to-receipt 
ratios higher than 1 percent account for 80 percent of small entities 
affected in these industries. Establishments in NAICS 236115, 238140 
and 442299 with cost-to-receipt ratios higher than 1 percent account 
for 99 percent of small entities affected in these industries.
     Relevant federal rules that may overlap or conflict with 
this proposal. There are no other relevant federal rules.
     Significant alternatives. The significant alternatives to 
this proposal, especially those that might minimize potential impacts 
on small entities, are presented in the remainder of this section.
    As required by section 609(b) of the RFA, as amended by the Small 
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA), the EPA also 
convened a Small Business Advocacy Review Panel (Panel) to obtain 
advice and recommendations of representatives of the small entities 
that potentially would be subject to the rule's requirements. The 
following paragraphs describe the process, the type of small entity 
representatives, the outreach efforts and the Panel members.
    Well before beginning the formal SBREFA process, the EPA actively 
engaged in outreach with HPBA, the Masonry Heater Association (MHA) and 
PFI and many of their member companies to discuss the rule under 
development and to provide these contacts with an early opportunity to 
ask questions and discuss their concerns.\67\ The EPA provided each 
small business with general information on the SBREFA process and 
background information on the NSPS rulemaking process and current 
schedule.
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    \67\ Also, as noted in this preamble in the discussion of 
development of the hydronic heater emission limits, the EPA worked 
with the hydronic heater industry in 2006 to develop a voluntary 
partnership program to encourage manufacture of cleaner models, 
www.epa.gov/burnwise/participation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on consultations with the Small Business Administration, and 
resulting from solicited self-nominations, we prepared a list of 30 
potential Small Entity Representatives (SERs), from residential wood 
heating appliance manufacturers (wood heaters, pellet heaters/stoves, 
hydronic heaters, forced-air furnaces and masonry heaters), other wood-
burning appliance manufacturers (fireplaces, cook stoves), equipment 
suppliers, chimney sweeps, test laboratories, masons and trade 
associations. Once the official pre-Panel process began and potential 
SERs were identified, the EPA held an outreach meeting with the 
potential SERs and invited representatives from the Office of Advocacy 
of the Small Business Administration (OA/SBA) and the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs within the Office of Management and 
Budget (OIRA/OMB) on June 29, 2010, to solicit their feedback on the 
upcoming proposed rulemaking. Representatives from 26 of the 30 
companies and organizations that we selected as potential SERs for this 
SBREFA process participated in the meeting (in person and by phone). At 
that meeting, the EPA solicited written comments from the potential 
SERs, which were later summarized and shared with the Panel as part of 
the convening document.
    The SBAR Panel convened on August 4, 2010. The Panel consisted of 
representatives of the EPA, OA/SBA and OIRA/OMB. The Panel held a 
formal outreach meeting/teleconference with the SERs on August 25, 
2010. To help the SERs prepare for this meeting, on August 11, 2010, 
the Panel sent a list of questions, preliminary cost information and 
other materials to each of the SERs via email. Additional materials 
were emailed to the SERs on August 19, 2010. The Panel provided the 
opportunity for questions and comment during the meeting on various 
aspects of the proposal being developed, including the expanded scope 
of the rule, changes to the current requirements under consideration, 
preliminary cost information and follow up from the June 29, 2010, 
meeting on the SERs' ideas for regulatory flexibility. During the 
August 25 meeting, SERs voiced general support for the planned proposed 
rule and shared specific concerns with the Panel members. As a result 
of this meeting, the EPA received many useful verbal comments, and the 
EPA received many helpful written comments by September 10, 2010.
    Consistent with the RFA/SBREFA requirements, the Panel evaluated 
the assembled materials and small-entity comments on issues related to 
elements of the IRFA. A copy of the Panel final full report is included 
in the docket for this proposed rule. We invite comments on the report. 
A summary of the Panel recommendations is presented below. We have 
attempted to follow the Panel's recommendations to the degree we can 
while also ensuring that the options are practicable, enforceable,

[[Page 6370]]

environmentally sound and consistent with the CAA. For those 
recommendations not adopted by the EPA, we have included an explanation 
for why we rejected them.
    Many of the SERs and the Panel had concerns about the breadth of 
this rulemaking and the challenges the EPA faces in conducting 
rulemaking for all of these source categories at one time and the 
challenges that the small businesses will face in having to comply with 
standards for all of these source categories at one time. The Panel 
recommended that the EPA should consider focusing efforts first on 
emissions sources that have the greatest potential to impact public 
health through the magnitude of emissions and population exposure. We 
have focused our efforts. The Panel noted the adverse effects of the 
1988 NSPS on numerous wood heater/stove manufacturers, and the need to 
carefully develop a rule that will minimize business closures, while 
still achieving significant emission reductions. All Panel members 
believed that the EPA had adequate information to move forward with 
developing revisions that apply to the residential wood heater 
categories that are already regulated by the 1988 NSPS. However, two 
Panel members recommended that the EPA Administrator consider taking 
more time to collect additional information to better determine BSER 
for the certified wood heater category. They concluded that the EPA did 
present to the Panel enough information to justify regulation of this 
subcategory, but the EPA did not adequately inform the SERs about the 
other categories. These two Panel members believed it was unclear 
whether adoption of a more stringent standard for new sources would 
slow the adoption of new, cleaner burning heaters, potentially delaying 
improvements in air quality. The two Panel members further believed, 
based on the information available from the EPA and the SERs at that 
time, that they could not conclude that a nationwide NSPS limit on the 
other categories would be the preferred approach for reducing wood 
heater emissions.
    Following the Panel's convening on August 4, 2010, the EPA 
collected additional information, and we refined the economic and 
technical analyses based, in part, on input from the SERs as the basis 
for this proposal. The Panel recommended that the EPA Administrator 
consider assessing the availability of data to better characterize each 
source category prior to considering proposal of standards. In 
particular, the Panel recommended that the EPA consider characterizing 
the emissions per unit, operating hours per year, and the distribution 
of emissions across the unit types within each category under 
discussion at that time to better understand the magnitude of emissions 
reductions that may or may not be reduced through alternative 
regulatory and non-regulatory mechanisms. As discussed earlier, the EPA 
has considered such characterizations and alternatives.
    The following is a list of Panel recommendations and how we 
incorporated them into this proposal:
     The Panel recommended that the EPA should consider 
focusing efforts first on emissions sources that have the greatest 
potential to impact public health through the magnitude of emissions 
and population exposure. This proposal focuses on those sources.
     The Panel encouraged the EPA to consider flexibilities 
that will most directly minimize the small business burdens, for 
example delayed compliance dates for low volume production. The delayed 
compliance approach was predicated on the concept that it will take a 
number of years for manufacturers to recover the costs of the R&D 
investment in order to achieve compliance. This proposal has 
incorporated a stepped approach for emission limits and asks for 
comments on other alternative approaches.
     The Panel recommended that the EPA consider the 
availability and feasibility of certification, testing labs, testing 
standards and other requirements. In particular, the Panel recommended 
that the EPA consider ways to streamline compliance certification, 
identifying flexible approaches and procedures that will reduce the 
burden and time for manufacturers to complete the application, testing 
and approval process for new model lines. For example, the Panel 
recommended that the EPA consider allowing the use of International 
Standards Organization (ISO)-accredited laboratories and certifying 
bodies to expand the number of facilities that would be required for 
testing and certification of the new residential solid biomass 
combustion appliances. Additionally, the Panel recommended that the EPA 
consider different compliance time frames for different product 
categories to reduce the potential for logjams at test labs and the 
overall impact on companies that manufacture multiple categories. This 
proposal includes stepped emission limits for different categories and 
adds ISO-accredited laboratories and ISO-accredited certifying bodies 
to increase the availability of laboratories and certifiers. Further, 
this proposal asks for specific comments on the schedules.
     The Panel recommended that the EPA continue to allow 
manufacturers to test a representative unit for a model line rather 
than testing and reporting results for each individual unit. This 
proposal continues to allow that.
     The Panel recommended that the EPA consider emphasizing 
that the NSPS will address only new units. This proposal emphasizes 
that it does not affect existing units.
     In the Panel Report, SBA and OMB recommended that the EPA 
not move forward with proposed emission limits for pellet stoves, 
indoor hydronic heaters, biomass pellet stoves, masonry heaters, 
masonry fireplace kits, site-built masonry fireplaces, coal stoves, 
cook stoves, bake ovens (including Native American Traditional Bake 
Ovens), camp stoves, outdoor fireplaces and chimineas. This proposal 
establishes emission limits for pellet stoves/heaters, which compete 
with adjustable burn rate wood stoves/heaters in the ``room heaters'' 
consumer marketplace. There is confusion in the marketplace as to why 
some pellet stoves are regulated and why some are not. As discussed 
earlier in this preamble, the potential exclusion of pellet stoves with 
greater than 35-to-1 air-to-fuel ratio is an unintended consequence of 
the 1988 actual intention of not setting emission limits for open 
fireplaces with high excess combustion air that do not operate as 
effective heaters. We believe that not moving forward on pellet stoves 
now would contribute to further confusion and an uneven playing field 
in the marketplace. Further, the emission levels we are proposing for 
pellet stoves/heaters are at the same level as the proposed wood stove/
heater standards and are already achieved by most pellet stove/heater 
models and thus do not impose substantial compliance costs. Similarly, 
masonry heaters compete in the residential wood heaters consumer 
marketplace and there is confusion as to why they are regulated by some 
states, but not the EPA, and are even banned by some air districts 
because masonry heaters are not EPA-certified. Most masonry heaters are 
effective heaters and relatively clean and efficient, especially 
compared to pre-NSPS wood stoves. Requiring valid certification testing 
and reporting and providing that information to regulators and 
consumers and the public will help inform all as they strive to make 
appropriate choices on wood heating and air quality. That is, the 
masonry heaters can be an excellent emission reduction choice for 
replacing higher emission pre-NSPS wood stoves and

[[Page 6371]]

should be encouraged over old wood stoves in most air sheds. Further, 
the emission levels we are proposing are already achieved by most 
masonry heater designs and we allow extra time for small manufacturers. 
This proposal addresses indoor hydronic heaters because they compete 
with outdoor hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces in the ``central 
heaters'' consumer marketplace and there already is confusion as to why 
some are regulated by some states and some are not. Further, the 
magnitude of their emissions is of great concern and BSER controls are 
highly justified on cost-benefit grounds. The remainder of the 
appliances listed above are not included in this proposal.
     In the Panel report, SBA and OMB recommended that ``where 
EPA estimates that the nationwide emissions are less than 300 tons per 
year (or some other value) . . . the EPA Administrator should consider 
options of not issuing an NSPS but rather consider allowing Regions and 
States to control such sources and consider other efforts, including 
voluntary standards to lower emissions.'' We considered this 
recommendation but we could not find a legal or policy justification 
for an arbitrary cutoff and it is not included in this proposal. Also, 
we note that many states are prohibited from setting control 
requirements more stringent than the EPA requirements and all states 
have concerns about the lack of resources necessary to develop and 
adopt and implement state standards or voluntary programs, especially 
when most believe it is the EPA's responsibility, and some have sued 
the EPA for failure to review and promulgate national standards on time 
as statutorily required. Further, the EPA does not agree with this 
recommendation, especially considering the strong recommendations by 
many states that the EPA regulate all residential wood heaters as soon 
as possible to provide another tool to help them with their efforts to 
reduce wood smoke emissions. As stated elsewhere in this proposal, the 
EPA is not proposing standards at this time for biomass pellet heater/
stoves that are designed to only combust biomass other than wood, bake 
ovens, fireplaces, coal-only stoves, chimineas, ceremonial fires and 
commercial pizza ovens.
     Two Panel members recommended that if the EPA decides to 
later pursue regulation of categories other than certified wood 
heaters, the EPA should convene another Panel to address those 
subcategories at the appropriate time. The EPA does not agree with this 
recommendation for residential wood heaters because the EPA believes 
that the SERs already have had multiple opportunities to address those 
subcategories. Furthermore, the EPA has conducted numerous meetings 
after the Panel process was completed to provide much additional 
information (e.g., technical discussions of refined alternatives) and 
updates to stakeholders including the SERs and other small businesses 
and other interested parties. We emphasize that this proposal is not a 
final rule but rather it is a proposal for public review and comment. 
We welcome comments and data on all aspects of this proposal that will 
help us prepare the final rulemaking.
    As noted earlier, a copy of the Panel final full report is included 
in the docket for this proposed rule. We invite comments on the report 
and on all aspects of the proposal and its impacts on small entities.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    This proposed rule contains no federal mandates under the 
provisions of Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(UMRA), 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538 that may result in expenditures of $100 
million or more for state, local or tribal governments, in the 
aggregate, or to the private sector in any 1 year. This proposed action 
imposes no enforceable duty on any state, local or tribal governments. 
The nationwide annualized average compliance cost of this proposed rule 
for directly affected appliances is $15.7 million/yr in the 2014-2022 
timeframe (2010$). Therefore, this proposed rule would not be subject 
to the requirements of sections 202 or 205 of the UMRA.
    This proposed rule would also not be subject to the requirements of 
section 203 of UMRA because it contains no regulatory requirements that 
might significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The proposed 
rule would not apply to such governments and would impose no 
obligations upon them.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999) requires the 
EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful and timely 
input by state and local officials in the development of regulatory 
policies that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies that have 
federalism implications'' are defined in the Executive Order to include 
regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the states, on 
the relationship between the national government and the states, or on 
the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels 
of government.''
    This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It would 
not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship 
between the national government and the states, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, 
as specified in Executive Order 13132. The proposed rule would not 
impose any requirements on state and local governments. Thus, Executive 
Order 13132 does not apply to this proposed rule. Although section 6 of 
Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this proposed action, the EPA 
did consult with representatives of state and local governments in 
developing this action. In the spirit of Executive Order 13132 and 
consistent with the EPA policy to promote communications between the 
EPA and state and local governments, the EPA specifically solicits 
comment on this proposed rule from state and local officials.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This proposed action does not have tribal implications, as 
specified in Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). 
This proposed rule would not impose any requirements on tribal 
governments; thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action. 
Although Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action, we 
recognize that the air quality and public health benefits to be 
achieved by this rule would benefit tribes, and we conducted outreach 
to tribal environmental staff and consulted with representatives of 
tribal officials in developing this action.
    During the development of this proposed rulemaking, the EPA 
conducted outreach with numerous tribal representatives to provide 
opportunities for input prior to development of the proposed rule. We 
provided information at the July 2010, National Tribal Forum/National 
Tribal Air Association (NTAA) meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and 
the November 2010, EPA Region 10 Tribal Leaders Summit in Juneau, 
Alaska. We also presented information on this proposed rulemaking in 
the April 2010, issue of Tribal Air News and during the EPA/NTAA tribal 
workgroup conference calls (April 2010, July 2010, August 2010, and May 
2013). Specifically, we received input from the EPA/NTAA tribal 
workgroup members on culturally relevant exclusions from the proposed

[[Page 6372]]

standards. We agreed with their input, clarified that we do not intend 
to regulate ceremonial fires, and added a definition to the rule to 
exclude traditional Native American bake ovens.
    On February 18, 2011, the EPA mailed letters to about 600 elected 
tribal leaders in the U.S. offering an opportunity for consultation on 
this proposal. We received requests from six tribes. These tribes 
agreed to discuss this proposal with us in a conference call held on 
March 22, 2011. The tribes were very supportive of this proposal and 
provided some helpful clarifications of definitions (e.g., Native 
American bake ovens) that we have incorporated in this proposal.
    We plan to continue to provide updates on the rule on the EPA/NTAA 
conference calls and to offer opportunities to tribal leaders for 
consultation. The EPA specifically solicits additional comment on this 
proposed action from tribal officials.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045, ``Protection of Children from Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks'' (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), applies 
to any rule that: (1) Is determined to be ``economically significant,'' 
as defined under Executive Order 12866; and (2) concerns an 
environmental health or safety risk that the EPA has reason to believe 
may have a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory 
action meets both criteria, the EPA must evaluate the environmental 
health or safety effects of the planned rule on children and explain 
why the planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective 
and reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency.
    This proposed rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997) because the agency does not believe the 
environmental health risks or safety risks addressed by this action 
present a disproportionate risk to children. The report, ``Analysis of 
Exposure to Residential Wood Combustion Emissions for Different Socio-
Economic Groups,'' \68\ shows that on a nationwide basis, cancer risks 
due to residential wood smoke emissions among disadvantaged population 
groups generally are lower than the risks for the general population 
due to residential wood smoke emissions. One of the demographic 
variables examined for this report was that of children 18 years and 
younger.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ ``Analysis of Exposure to Residential Wood Combustion 
Emissions for Different Socio-Economic Groups, Revised Draft 
Report.'' Prepared for Gil Wood, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality 
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by EC/R 
Inc., EPA Contract No. EP-D-05-085, Work Assignment No. 4-3. April 
22, 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposed rule is expected to reduce environmental impacts for 
everyone, including children. This action proposes emissions limits at 
the levels based on BSER, as required by the CAA. Based on our 
analysis, we believe this rule would not have a disproportionate impact 
on children, and, in fact, will result in improvements to children's 
health.
    The public is invited to submit comments or identify peer-reviewed 
studies and data that assess effects of early life exposure to smoke 
from residential wood heaters.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This proposed rule is not a ``significant energy action'' as 
defined in Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001), because 
it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy. Further, we have concluded that this 
rule is not likely to have any significant adverse energy effects. In 
general, we expect the NSPS to improve technology, including energy 
efficiency. Reducing emissions and increasing efficiency might increase 
the use of wood fuel, which would relieve pressure on traditional coal 
or petroleum based energy sources. However, as described in section 
IV.E, it is difficult to determine the precise energy impacts that 
might result from this rule. This is because wood-fueled appliances 
compete with other biomass forms as well as more traditional oil, 
electricity and natural gas. We have not determined the potential 
conversion to other types of fuels and their associated appliances if 
the consumer costs of wood-fueled appliances increase and at what level 
that increase would drive consumer choice.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement 
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) 
directs the EPA to use voluntary consensus standards (VCS) in its 
regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with 
applicable law or otherwise impractical. VCS are technical standards 
(e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures and 
business practices) that are developed or adopted by VCS bodies. The 
NTTAA directs the EPA to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations 
when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary 
consensus standards.
    This proposed rulemaking involves technical standards. The EPA 
proposes to use several VCS test methods, in full or in part, including 
the following methods available for review at the ASTM Web site 
www.astm.org/EPA-review: E2515-10 ``Standard Test Method for 
Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution 
Tunnel'' (See also ASTM WK20442 proposed revision and ASTM WK31433 
proposed revision); E2779-10 ``Standard Test Method for Determining 
Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters;'' E2780-10 ``Standard 
Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood 
Heaters;'' E2618-13 ``Standard Test Method for Measurement of 
Particulate Matter Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Outdoor Solid 
Fuel-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances;'' ASTM E2817-11 ``Standard Test 
Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters;'' ASTM WK26558 ``Specification 
for Calculation Method for Custom Designed, Site Built Masonry 
Heaters.'' Also, we propose to use, in part, the following test method 
available for review at the CSA Web site http://shop.csa.ca/en/canada/fuel-burning-equipment/b4151-10/invt/27013322010/: CSA B415.1-10 
``Performance Testing of Solid-fuel-burning Heating Appliances.'' 
Finally, we propose to use, in part, the following test method prepared 
by the European Union: EN 303-5 ``Heating boilers for solid fuels, hand 
and automatically stoked nominal heat output of up to 1025 MBtu--
Terminology, requirements, testing, and marketing.'' We believe that 
all the methods listed above have some positive aspects that can help 
stakeholders determine emissions under various operation conditions. 
For more details on each method, please refer to the discussions in 
Section III of this preamble.
    In addition, we determined that the VCS ASTM E871-82 (2006), 
``Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood 
Fuels'' is acceptable as an alternative to Methods 5H and 28.
    The search identified five other VCS that were potentially 
applicable for this rule in lieu of the EPA reference methods. However, 
the EPA determined that the five candidate VCS would not be practical 
due to lack of equivalency, documentation, validation data and other 
important technical and policy considerations. The five VCS and other 
information and conclusion, including

[[Page 6373]]

the search and review results, are in the docket for this proposed 
rule. The EPA welcomes comments on this aspect of the proposed 
rulemaking. Specifically, we invite the public to identify potentially 
applicable voluntary consensus standards and to explain why such 
standards, in whole or in part, should or should not be used in this 
regulation.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) establishes 
federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main provision 
directs federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and 
permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their mission 
by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high 
and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs, 
policies and activities on minority populations and low-income 
populations in the U.S. The EPA defines ``Environmental Justice'' to 
include meaning involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin or income with respect to the development, 
implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and 
policies.
    As discussed earlier, the report, ``Analysis of Exposure to 
Residential Wood Combustion Emissions for Different Socio-Economic 
Groups,'' shows that on a nationwide basis, cancer risks due to 
residential wood smoke emissions among disadvantaged population groups 
generally are lower than the risks for the general population due to 
residential wood smoke emissions. Thus, we have determined that this 
proposed rule would not have disproportionately high and adverse human 
health or environmental effects on minority, low-income or indigenous 
populations because it increases the level of environmental protection 
for all affected populations without having any disproportionately high 
and adverse human health or environmental effects on any population, 
including any minority low-income or indigenous population.\69\ This 
proposed rule establishes national standards that would reduce 
primarily PM emissions from new residential wood heaters and, thus, 
would decrease the amount of these emissions to which all affected 
populations are exposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ ``Analysis of Exposure to Residential Wood Combustion 
Emissions for Different Socio-Economic Groups, Revised Draft 
Report.'' Prepared for Gil Wood, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality 
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by EC/R 
Inc., EPA Contract No. EP-D-05-085, Work Assignment No. 4-3. April 
22, 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 60

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Air pollution control, Carbon monoxide, Hazardous substances, 
Intergovernmental relations, Particulate matter, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: January 3, 2014.
Gina McCarthy,
Administrator.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, of the 
Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows:

PART 60--STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW SOURCES

0
1. The authority citation for part 60 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q.

Subpart A--GENERAL PROVISIONS

0
2. Section 60.17 is amended by:
0
a. Adding paragraphs (a)(109) through (a)(115); and
0
b. Adding paragraph (p) to read as follows:

Sec.  60.17  Incorporations by reference.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (109) ASTM E871-82 (2006), Standard Test Methods for Moisture 
Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels, IBR approved for appendix A: Method 
5H and Method 28.
    (110) ASTM E2515-10, Standard Test Method for Determination of 
Particulate Matter Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel, IBR 
approved for Sec.  60.534(c), Sec.  60.5476(b) and Sec.  60.5488(b).
    (111) ASTM E2779-10, Standard Test Method for Determining 
Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters, IBR approved for 
Sec.  60.534(a)(2).
    (112) ASTM E2618-13 Standard Test Method for Measurement of 
Particulate Matter Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Outdoor Solid 
Fuel-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances, IBR approved for Sec.  
60.5476(a)(2).
    (113) ASTM E2780-10, Standard Test Method for Determining 
Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters, IBR approved for Sec.  
60.534(a)(2).
    (114) ASTM E2817-11, Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry 
Heaters, IBR approved for Sec.  60.5488(a).
    (115) ASTM WK26558, New Specification for Calculation Method for 
Custom Designed, Site Built Masonry Heaters, IBR approved for Sec.  
60.5488(c)(1).
* * * * *
    (p) This material is available for purchase from the Canadian 
Standards Association (CSA) at http://shop.csa.ca/en/canada/fuel-burning-equipment/b4151-10/invt/27013322010/.
    (1) CSA B415.1-10, Performance Testing of Solid-fuel-burning 
Heating Appliances, IBR approved for Sec.  60.534(d) and Sec.  
60.5476(c) and (d).
    (2) [Reserved]
0
3. Revise subpart AAA to read as follows:
Subpart AAA--Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters
Sec.
60.530 Am I subject to this subpart?
60.531 What definitions must I know?
60.532 What standards and associated requirements must I meet and by 
when?
60.533 What compliance and certification requirements must I meet 
and by when?
60.534 What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?
60.535 What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation or 
certifying body accreditation?
60.536 What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?
60.537 What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?
60.538 What activities are prohibited under this subpart?
60.539 What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?
60.539a Who implements and enforces this subpart?
60.539b What parts of the General Provisions do not apply?

Subpart AAA--Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood 
Heaters

Sec.  60.530  Am I subject to this subpart?

    (a) You are subject to this subpart if you operate, manufacture, 
sell, offer for sale, import for sale, distribute, offer to distribute, 
introduce, or deliver for introduction, into commerce in the United 
States, an affected wood heater specified in paragraphs (a)(1) or 
(a)(2) of this section:
    (1) Each adjustable burn rate wood heater with a current EPA 
certificate of compliance, single burn rate wood heaters with a current 
EPA certificate of compliance, and each pellet stove with a current EPA 
certificate of compliance issued prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE] according to the certification procedures in effect in this 
subpart at the time of certification that are manufactured on or after 
July 1, 1988 are affected wood heaters.

[[Page 6374]]

    (2) All other residential wood heaters under this subpart 
manufactured or sold on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] are 
affected wood heaters.
    (b) Each affected wood heater must comply with the provisions of 
this subpart unless exempted under paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(6) of 
this section.
    (1) Affected wood heaters manufactured in the United States for 
export are exempt from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.532 
and the requirements of Sec.  60.533.
    (2) Affected wood heaters used for research and development 
purposes that are never offered for sale or sold and that are not used 
for the purpose of providing heat are exempt from the applicable 
emission limits of Sec.  60.532 and the requirements of Sec.  60.533. 
No more than 50 wood heaters manufactured per model line can be 
exempted for this purpose.
    (3) Appliances that do not burn wood or wood pellets (such as coal-
only heaters that meet the definition in Sec.  60.531 or corn-only 
pellet stoves) are exempt from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  
60.532 and the requirements of Sec.  60.533.
    (4) Cook stoves that meet the definition in Sec.  60.531 are exempt 
from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.532 and the 
requirements of Sec.  60.533.
    (5) Camp stoves that meet the definition in Sec.  60.531 are exempt 
from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.532 and the 
requirements of Sec.  60.533.
    (6) Modification or reconstruction, as defined in Sec.  60.14 and 
Sec.  60.15 of Subpart A will not, by itself, make a wood heater an 
affected facility under this subpart.
    (c) The following are not affected wood heaters and are not subject 
to this subpart:
    (1) Residential hydronic heaters and residential forced-air 
furnaces subject to subpart QQQQ of this part.
    (2) Residential masonry heaters subject to subpart RRRR of this 
part.
    (3) Appliances that are not residential heating devices (for 
example, manufactured or site-built masonry fireplaces).
    (4) Traditional Native American bake ovens that meet the definition 
in Sec.  60.531.

Sec.  60.531  What definitions must I know?

    As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein have the 
meaning given them in the Clean Air Act and subpart A of this part.
    Adjustable burn rate wood heater means an enclosed, wood-burning 
appliance capable of and intended for residential space heating or 
domestic water heating that is equipped with or installed with a damper 
or other mechanism to allow the operator to vary burn rate conditions, 
regardless of whether it is internal or external to the appliance. This 
definition does not distinguish between heaters that are free standing 
or fireplace inserts.
    Accredited test laboratory means a test laboratory that is 
accredited for wood heater certification testing under Sec.  60.535 or 
is an independent third-party test laboratory that is accredited by a 
nationally recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC Standard 17025 
to perform testing using the test methods specified in Sec.  60.534 and 
approved by the EPA for conducting testing under this subpart.
    At retail means the sale by a commercial owner of a wood heater to 
the ultimate purchaser.
    Camp stove (sometimes also called cylinder stove or wall tent 
stove) means a portable stove equipped with a pipe or chimney exhaust 
capable of burning wood or coal intended for use in a tent or other 
temporary structure used for hunting, camping, fishing, or other 
outdoor recreation. The primary purpose of the stove is to provide 
space heating, although cooking and heating water may be additional 
functions.
    Catalytic combustor means a device coated with a noble metal used 
in a wood heater to lower the temperature required for combustion.
    Certifying entity means an independent third party that is 
accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC 
Standard 17020 to perform certifications, inspections and audits under 
ISO-IEC Guide 17065 and approved by the EPA for conducting 
certifications, inspections and audits under this subpart.
    Coal-only heater means an enclosed, coal-burning appliance capable 
of space heating, or domestic water heating, which has all of the 
following characteristics:
    (1) An opening for emptying ash that is located near the bottom or 
the side of the appliance;
    (2) A system that admits air primarily up and through the fuel bed;
    (3) A grate or other similar device for shaking or disturbing the 
fuel bed or power-driven mechanical stoker;
    (4) Installation instructions that state that the use of wood in 
the stove, except for coal ignition purposes, is prohibited by law; and
    (5) The model is listed by a nationally recognized safety-testing 
laboratory for use of coal only, except for coal ignition purposes.
    Commercial owner means any person who owns or controls a wood 
heater in the course of the business of the manufacture, importation, 
distribution (including shipping and storage), or sale of the wood 
heater.
    Cookstove means a wood-fired appliance that is designed primarily 
for cooking food and that has the following characteristics:
    (1) An oven, with volume of 0.028 cubic meters (1 cubic foot) or 
greater, and an oven rack;
    (2) A device for measuring oven temperatures;
    (3) A flame path that is routed around the oven;
    (4) An ash pan;
    (5) An ash clean-out door below the oven;
    (6) The absence of a fan or heat channels to dissipate heat from 
the appliance;
    (7) A cooking surface measured in square inches or square feet that 
is 1.5 times greater than the firebox, which is measured in cubic 
inches or cubic feet. Example: A firebox of 2 cubic feet would have a 
cooking surface of at least 3 square feet;
    (8) A portion of at least four sides of the oven is exposed to the 
flame path during the heating cycle of the oven. A flue gas bypass may 
exist for temperature control.
    Manufactured means completed and ready for shipment (whether or not 
packaged).
    Manufacturer means any person who constructs or imports into the 
United States a wood heater.
    Model line means all wood heaters offered for sale by a single 
manufacturer that are similar in all material respects.
    Particulate matter (PM) means total particulate matter including 
coarse PM (PM10) and fine PM (PM2.5).
    Pellet stove means an enclosed, solid fuel burning device capable 
of and intended for residential space heating or domestic water heating 
that is designed specifically to burn wood pellet fuel that 
incorporates induced air flow, is installed with an automatic pellet 
feeder, and is a free standing room heater or fireplace insert.
    Representative affected wood heater means an individual wood heater 
that is similar in all material respects to other wood heaters within 
the model line it represents.
    Room heater means an enclosed, wood-burning appliance capable of 
and intended for residential space heating. Unless otherwise specified, 
these devices include adjustable burn rate wood heaters, single burn 
rate wood heaters and pellet stoves.

[[Page 6375]]

    Sale means the transfer of ownership or control, except that a 
transfer of control of an affected wood heater for research and 
development purposes within the scope of Sec.  60.530(b)(2) is not a 
sale.
    Seasoned wood means wood with a moisture content of 20 percent or 
less.
    Similar in all material respects means that the construction 
materials, exhaust and inlet air system, and other design features are 
within the allowed tolerances for components identified in Sec.  
60.533(k).
    Single burn rate wood heater means an enclosed, wood-burning 
appliance capable of and intended for residential space heating or 
domestic water heating that is not equipped with or installed with a 
damper to allow the operator to vary burn rate conditions.
    Traditional Native American bake oven means a wood or other solid 
fuel burning appliance that is designed primarily for use by Native 
Americans for food preparation, cooking, warming, or for instructional, 
recreational, cultural or ceremonial purposes.
    Valid certification test means a test that meets the following 
criteria:
    (1) The Administrator was notified about the test in accordance 
with Sec.  60.534(f);
    (2) The test was conducted by an accredited test laboratory;
    (3) The test was conducted on a wood heater similar in all material 
respects to other wood heaters of the model line that is to be 
certified; and
    (4) The test was conducted in accordance with the test methods and 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.534.
    Wood heater means an enclosed, wood burning-appliance capable of 
and intended for residential space heating or domestic water heating. 
Unless otherwise specified, these devices include adjustable burn rate 
wood heaters, single burn rate wood heaters and pellet stoves.
    Wood pellet fuel means refined and densified wood shaped into small 
pellets or briquettes that are uniform in size, shape, moisture, 
density and energy content.

Sec.  60.532  What standards and associated requirements must I meet 
and by when?

    (a) 1990 Particulate Matter Standards. Unless exempted under Sec.  
60.530, each adjustable burn rate wood heater and pellet stove with a 
current EPA certification issued prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE], according to the certification procedures in effect in this 
subpart at the time of certification, must comply with the following 
particulate matter emission limits as determined by the applicable test 
methods and procedures in Sec.  60.534(a) through (c) until the current 
certification expires as specified in Sec.  60.533(h)(1), or it is 
revoked by the Administrator as specified in Sec.  60.533(l), whichever 
is first. After the certificate expires or is revoked, individual wood 
heaters in that model line can no longer be manufactured or sold unless 
the manufacturer receives a new certificate of compliance from the 
Administrator.
    (1) An affected wood heater equipped with a catalytic combustor 
must not discharge into the atmosphere any gases that contain 
particulate matter in excess of a weighted average of 4.1 g/hr (0.009 
lb/hr) as specified in the applicable test method. Particulate matter 
emissions during any test run at any burn rate that is required to be 
used in the weighted average as specified in the applicable test method 
must not exceed the value calculated for ``C'' (rounded to 2 
significant figures) calculated using the following equation:

    (i) At burn rates less than or equal to 2.82 kg/hr (6.2 lb/hr),

C=K1BR+K2

Where:
BR = Burn rate in kg/hr (lb/hr)
C = Actual particulate matter emission rate in g/hr (lb/hr) per burn 
rate in a given test run
K1= 3.55 g/kg (0.00355 lb/lb)
K2= 4.98 g/hr (0.0.011 lb/hr)

    (ii) At burn rates greater than 2.82 kg/hr (6.2 lb/hr), C = 15 g/hr 
(0.033 lb/hr).
    (2) An affected wood heater not equipped with a catalytic combustor 
must not discharge into the atmosphere any gases that contain 
particulate matter in excess of a weighted average of 7.5 g/hr (0.017 
lb/hr) as specified in the applicable test method. Particulate matter 
emissions must not exceed 15 g/hr (0.033 lb/hr) during any test run at 
a burn rate less than or equal to 1.5 kg/hr (3.3 lb/hr) that is 
required to be used in the weighted average as specified in the 
applicable test method and particulate matter emissions must not exceed 
18 g/hr (0.040 lb/hr) during any test run at a burn rate greater than 
1.5 kg/hr (3.3 lb/hr) that is required to be used in the weighted 
average as specified in the applicable test method.
    (3) As an alternative, an affected wood heater subject to paragraph 
(a) of this section may elect to comply with the requirements in 
paragraph (b) of this section.
    (b) 2015 Particulate Matter Standards. Unless exempted under Sec.  
60.530 or subject to the standards specified in paragraph (a) of this 
section, each adjustable burn rate wood heater or pellet stove 
manufactured on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or sold at 
retail for use in the United States on or after [6 MONTHS AFTER 
EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] must comply with the emission limits 
specified in paragraphs (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section, as 
applicable. Unless exempted under Sec.  60.530, each single burn rate 
wood heater manufactured on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or 
sold at retail on or after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE] must comply with the emission limit specified in paragraph (b)(3) 
of this section. Compliance for all sources must be determined by the 
test methods and procedures in Sec.  60.534.
    (1) An adjustable burn rate wood heater or pellet stove that is an 
affected wood heater equipped with a catalytic combustor must not 
discharge into the atmosphere any gases that contain particulate matter 
in excess of a weighted average of 4.5 g/hr (0.01 lb/hr).
    (2) An adjustable burn rate wood heater or pellet stove that is an 
affected wood heater not equipped with a catalytic combustor and 
capable of making burn rate adjustments must not discharge into the 
atmosphere any gases that contain particulate matter in excess of a 
weighted average of 4.5 g/hr (0.01 lb/hr).
    (3) A single burn rate wood heater that is an affected wood heater 
must not discharge into the atmosphere any gases that contain 
particulate matter in excess of 4.5 g/hr (0.01 lb/hr).
    (c) 2020 Particulate Matter Standards. Unless exempted under Sec.  
60.530 or subject to the standards specified in paragraph (a) of this 
section, each adjustable burn rate wood heater, pellet stove or single 
burn rate wood heater manufactured or sold at retail for use in the 
United States on or after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] 
must not discharge into the atmosphere any gases that contain 
particulate matter in excess of 1.3 g/hr (0.003 lb/hr) for any burn 
rate. Compliance for all sources must be determined by the test methods 
and procedures in Sec.  60.534.
    (d) [Reserved]
    (e) Pellet Fuel Requirements. Operators of wood heaters that are 
certified to burn pellet fuels may only burn pellets that have been 
produced under a licensing agreement with the Pellet Fuels Institute or 
an equivalent organization approved by the EPA. The pellet fuel must 
meet the following minimum requirements:
    (1) Density: consistent hardness and energy content with a minimum 
density of 38 pounds/cubic foot;

[[Page 6376]]

    (2) Dimensions: maximum length of 1.5 inches and diameter between 
0.230 and 0.285 inches;
    (3) Inorganic fines: less than or equal to 1 percent;
    (4) Chlorides: less than or equal to 300 parts per million by 
weight;
    (5) Ash content: no more than 2 percent; and
    (6) A quality assurance process licensed by the Pellet Fuels 
Institute or equivalent organization approved by EPA.
    (f) Prohibited Fuel Types. No person is permitted to burn any of 
the following materials in an affected wood heater:
    (1) Residential or commercial garbage;
    (2) Lawn clippings or yard waste;
    (3) Materials containing rubber, including tires;
    (4) Materials containing plastic;
    (5) Waste petroleum products, paints or paint thinners, or asphalt 
products;
    (6) Materials containing asbestos;
    (7) Construction or demolition debris;
    (8) Paper products, cardboard, plywood, or particleboard. The 
prohibition against burning these materials does not prohibit the use 
of fire starters made from paper, cardboard, saw dust, wax and similar 
substances for the purpose of starting a fire in an affected wood 
heater;
    (9) Railroad ties or pressure treated wood;
    (10) Manure or animal remains; or
    (11) Salt water driftwood or other previously salt water saturated 
materials.
    (g) Owner's Manual. A person must not operate an affected 
residential wood heater in a manner inconsistent with the owner's 
manual. The owner's manual must clearly specify that operation in a 
manner inconsistent with the owner's manual would violate the warranty.
    (h) Temperature Sensor Requirement. An affected wood heater 
equipped with a catalytic combustor must be equipped with a temperature 
sensor that can monitor combustor gas stream temperatures within or 
immediately downstream [within 2.54 centimeters (1 inch)] of the 
catalytic combustor surface.

Sec.  60.533  What compliance and certification requirements must I 
meet and by when?

    (a) Certification Requirement. Each affected wood heater must be 
certified to bein compliance with the applicable emission standards and 
other requirements of this subpart. For each model line manufactured or 
sold by a single entity, e.g., company or manufacturer, compliance with 
applicable emission standards of Sec.  60.532 may be determined based 
on testing of representative affected wood heaters within the model 
line. If one entity, licenses a model line to another entity, each 
entity's model line must be certified. If an entity changes the name of 
the entity or the name of the model, the manufacturer must apply for a 
new certification.
    (1) Prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], the manufacturer must 
submit to the EPA the information required in paragraph (b) of this 
section and follow either the certification process in paragraphs (b) 
through (e) of this section or the certifying entity based application 
process specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (2) On or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], the manufacturer 
must submit the information required in paragraph (b) of this section 
and follow the certifying entity based application process specified in 
paragraph (f) of this section.
    (b) Application for Certificate of Compliance. Any manufacturer of 
an affected wood heater must apply to the Administrator for a 
certificate of compliance for each model line. The application must be 
submitted to: Wood Heater NSPS Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program. The application must be signed by a 
responsible representative of the manufacturer or an authorized 
representative and must contain the following:
    (1) The model name and/or design number and responsible contact 
information for the manufacturer and all authorized representatives, 
including name, affiliation, physical address, telephone number, and 
email address.
    (2) Engineering drawings and specifications of components that may 
affect emissions (including specifications for each component listed in 
paragraph (k) of this section). Manufacturers may use complete assembly 
or design drawings that have been prepared for other purposes, but must 
designate on the drawings the dimensions of each component listed in 
paragraph (k) of this section. Manufacturers must identify tolerances 
of components of the tested unit listed in paragraph (k)(2) of this 
section that are different from those specified in that paragraph, and 
show that such tolerances may not reasonably be anticipated to cause 
wood heaters in the model line to exceed the applicable emission 
limits. The drawings must identify how the emission critical parts, 
such as air tubes and catalyst, can be readily inspected and replaced. 
The drawings may be submitted either in hard copy or electronic format.
    (3) A statement whether the firebox or any firebox component 
(including the materials listed in paragraph (k)(3) of this section) 
will be composed of material different from the material used for the 
firebox or firebox component in the wood heater on which certification 
testing was performed and a description of any such differences.
    (4) Clear identification of any confidential business information. 
Submit such information under separate cover to the EPA CBI Office; 
Attn: Residential Wood Heater Compliance Program. Note that emissions 
data, including information necessary to determine emission rates in 
the format of the standard, cannot be claimed as confidential business 
information.
    (5) All documentation pertaining to a valid certification test, 
including the complete test report and, for all test runs: raw data 
sheets, laboratory technician notes, calculations, and test results. 
Documentation must include the items specified in the applicable test 
methods. The test report must include a summary table that clearly 
presents the individual and overall emission rates, efficiencies, and 
heat output range. Submit the test report and all associated required 
information according to the procedures for electronic reporting 
specified in Sec.  60.537(f).
    (6) A copy of the warranties for the model line, including a 
statement that the warranties are void if the unit is used to burn 
materials for which the unit is not certified by the EPA.
    (7) A statement that the manufacturer or certifying entity will 
conduct a quality assurance program for the model line that satisfies 
the requirements of paragraph (m) of this section.
    (8) A statement describing how the tested unit was sealed by the 
laboratory after the completion of certification testing and that such 
unit will be stored by the manufacturer in the sealed state until 1 
year after the certification expires.
    (9) Statements that the wood heaters manufactured under this 
certificate will be--
    (i) Similar in all material respects as defined in this subpart to 
the wood heater submitted for certification testing, and
    (ii) Labeled as prescribed in Sec.  60.536.
    (iii) Accompanied by an owner's manual that meets the requirements 
in Sec.  60.536. In addition, a copy of the owner's manual must be 
submitted to the EPA and be available on the manufacturer's Web site.
    (10) A statement that the manufacturer has entered into a contract 
with an accredited laboratory that satisfies the requirements of 
paragraph (e) of this section.

[[Page 6377]]

    (11) A statement that the accredited certifying body is allowed to 
submit information on behalf of the manufacturer.
    (c)(1) Administrator Approval Process. The Administrator will 
electronically issue a certificate of compliance for a model line if 
the Administrator determines, based on all information submitted by the 
applicant and any other relevant information available, that:
    (i) A valid certification test demonstrates that the representative 
affected wood heater complies with the applicable emission standards in 
Sec.  60.532,
    (ii) Any tolerances for components listed in paragraph (k)(2) of 
this section that are different from those specified in those 
paragraphs may not reasonably be anticipated to cause wood heaters in 
the model line to exceed the applicable emission limits; and
    (iii) The requirements of paragraph (b) of this section have been 
met.
    (2) The Administrator will deny certification if the Administrator 
determines that the criteria in paragraph (c)(1) of this section have 
not been satisfied. Upon denying certification under this paragraph, 
the Administrator will give written notice to the manufacturer setting 
forth the basis for this determination.
    (d) Prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], the Administrator 
will issue the certificate for the most stringent particulate matter 
emission standard that the unit meets under Sec.  60.532(a) or (b), as 
applicable.
    (e) To receive EPA certification, a manufacturer must enter into a 
contract with the accredited laboratory that performed the 
certification test, under which the laboratory will:
    (1) Conduct the compliance audit test at no additional cost to the 
manufacturer if the EPA selects that laboratory to conduct the test; or
    (2) Pay the manufacturer the cost of a compliance audit test (as 
determined by the EPA) if the EPA selects any other laboratory to 
conduct the test.
    (f) Certifying Entity-Based Application Process.
    (1) Any manufacturer of an affected wood heater must apply to the 
Administrator for a certificate of compliance for each model line. The 
manufacturer must meet the following requirements:
    (i) The manufacturer must contract with a certifying entity for 
certification services.
    (ii) The manufacturer must submit the materials specified in 
paragraph (b) of this section and a quality control plan that meets the 
requirements of paragraph (m)(4) of this section to the certifying 
entity. The quality control plan must ensure that units within a model 
line accurately reflect emission-critical components of the model line 
design, and it must include design drawings for the model line.
    (iii) The manufacturer must apply to the certifying entity for a 
certification of conformity with the applicable requirements of this 
subpart for the model line.
    (A) After testing by an accredited test laboratory is complete, 
certification of conformity with the emission standards in Sec.  60.532 
must be performed by the manufacturer's contracted certifying entity.
    (B) The certifying entity can certify conformity if the emission 
tests have been conducted per the appropriate guidelines and the test 
report is complete and accurate and the instrumentation is properly 
calibrated and the test report shows that the representative affected 
wood heater meets the applicable emission limits specified in Sec.  
60.532 and the quality control plan is adequate to ensure that units 
within the model line will be similar in all material respects to the 
wood heater submitted for certification testing.
    (iv) The manufacturer must then request that the certifying entity 
electronically submit, on behalf of the manufacturer, an application 
for EPA certification that includes the certification of conformity, 
quality control plan, test report and supporting documentation.
    (v) The submission must include a statement signed by a responsible 
official of the manufacturer that the manufacturer has complied with 
all requirements of this subpart and that the manufacturer remains 
responsible for compliance regardless of any error by the certifying 
entity.
    (2) The Administrator will electronically issue to the manufacturer 
a certificate of compliance for a model line if it is determined, based 
on all of the information submitted in the application for 
certification and any other relevant information, that:
    (i) A valid certification of conformity has demonstrated that the 
representative affected wood heater complies with the applicable 
emission standards in Sec.  60.532; and
    (ii) Any tolerances or materials for components listed in paragraph 
(k)(2) or (3) of this section that are different from those specified 
in those paragraphs may not be reasonably anticipated to cause wood 
heaters in the model line to exceed the applicable emission limits.
    (iii) The requirements of paragraphs (b) of this section have been 
met.
    (iv) A valid certificate of conformity for the model line has been 
prepared and submitted.
    (3) The Administrator will deny certification if the Administrator 
determines that the criteria in paragraph (f)(2) of this section have 
not been satisfied. Upon denying certification under this paragraph, 
the Administrator will give written notice to the manufacturer setting 
forth the basis for the determination.
    (g) Waiver from Submitting Test Results. An applicant for 
certification may apply for a potential waiver of the requirement to 
submit the results of a certification test pursuant to paragraph (b)(3) 
of this section, if the wood heater meets either of the following 
conditions:
    (1) The wood heaters of the model line are similar in all material 
respects, as defined in this subpart, to another model line that has 
already been issued a certificate of compliance. A manufacturer that 
seeks a waiver of certification testing must identify the model line 
that has been certified, and must submit a copy of an agreement with 
the owner of the design permitting the applicant to produce wood 
heaters of that design.
    (2) The manufacturer has previously conducted a valid certification 
test to demonstrate that the wood heaters of the model line meet the 
applicable standard specified in Sec.  60.532(a), and that test also 
demonstrates that the wood heaters of the model line meet the 
applicable standard specified in Sec.  60.532(b). This option is only 
potentially available a maximum of one time per model line.
    (h) Certification Period. Unless revoked sooner by the 
Administrator, a certificate of compliance will be valid for the 
following periods as applicable:
    (1) For a model line certified as meeting the emission standards in 
Sec.  60.532(a), a certificate of compliance will be valid for 5 years 
from the date of issuance.
    (2) For a model line certified as meeting emission standards in 
Sec.  60.532(b), a certificate of compliance will be valid for 5 years 
from the date of issuance.
    (3) For a model line certified as meeting emission standards in 
Sec.  60.532(c), a certificate of compliance will be valid for 5 years 
from the date of issuance.
    (i) Renewal of Certification.
    (1) The certificate must be recertified or renewed every 5 years or 
the manufacture may choose to no longer manufacture or sell that model. 
If the manufacturer chooses to no longer

[[Page 6378]]

manufacture or sell that model, then the manufacturer must submit a 
statement to EPA for that model. A manufacturer of an affected wood 
heater may apply to the Administrator for potential renewal of their 
certificate by submitting the material specified in Sec.  60.533(b) and 
following the procedures specified in Sec.  60.533(f) or by affirming 
in writing that the wood heater has been subject to no changes that 
would impact emissions and requesting a potential waiver from 
certification testing.
    (2) If the Administrator grants a renewal of certification, the 
Administrator will give written notice to the manufacturer setting 
forth the basis for the determination and issue a certification 
renewal.
    (3) If the Administrator denies the request for a renewal of 
certification, the Administrator will give written notice to the 
manufacturer setting forth the basis for the determination.
    (j) [Reserved]
    (k) Recertification.
    (1) The manufacturer must recertify a model line whenever any 
change is made in the design submitted pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of 
this section that is presumed to affect the particulate matter emission 
rate for that model line. The manufacturer of an affected wood heater 
must apply to the Administrator for potential recertification by 
submitting the material specified in Sec.  60.533(b) and following the 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.533(f) or by affirming in writing that 
the wood heater has been subject to no changes that would impact 
emissions and requesting a potential waiver from certification testing. 
The Administrator may potentially waive this requirement upon written 
request by the manufacturer, if it is determined that the change may 
not reasonably be anticipated to cause wood heaters in the model line 
to exceed the applicable emission limits. The granting of such a waiver 
does not relieve the manufacturer of any compliance obligations under 
this subpart.
    (2) Any change in the design tolerances of any of the following 
components (where such components are applicable) is presumed to affect 
particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions and efficiency if that 
change exceeds 0.64 cm (\1/4\ inch) for any 
linear dimension and 5 percent for any cross-sectional area 
relating to air introduction systems and catalyst bypass gaps unless 
other dimensions and cross-sectional areas are previously approved by 
the Administrator under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section:
    (i) Firebox: Dimensions;
    (ii) Air introduction systems: Cross-sectional area of restrictive 
air inlets and outlets, location and method of control;
    (iii) Baffles: Dimensions and locations;
    (iv) Refractory/insulation: Dimensions and location;
    (v) Catalyst: Dimensions and location;
    (vi) Catalyst bypass mechanism and catalyst bypass gap tolerances 
(when bypass mechanism is in closed position): Dimensions, cross-
sectional area, and location;
    (vii) Flue gas exit: Dimensions and location;
    (viii) Door and catalyst bypass gaskets: Dimensions and fit;
    (ix) Outer shielding and coverings: Dimensions and location;
    (x) Fuel feed system: For wood heaters that are designed primarily 
to burn wood pellets and other wood heaters equipped with a fuel feed 
system, the fuel feed rate, auger motor design and power rating, and 
the angle of the auger to the firebox; and
    (xi) Forced air combustion system: For wood heaters so equipped, 
the location and horsepower of blower motors and the fan blade size.
    (3) Any change in the materials used for the following components 
is presumed to affect particulate matter emissions and efficiency:
    (i) Refractory/insulation; or
    (ii) Door and catalyst bypass gaskets.
    (4) A change in the make, model, or composition of a catalyst is 
presumed to affect particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions and 
efficiency, unless the change has been approved in advance by the 
Administrator, based on test data in the same model stove that 
demonstrate that the replacement catalyst is equivalent to or better 
than the original catalyst in terms of particulate matter emission 
reduction.
    (l) Criteria for Revocation of Certification.
    (1) The Administrator may revoke certification if it is determined 
that the wood heaters being manufactured or sold in that model line do 
not comply with the requirements of this subpart. Such a determination 
will be based on all available evidence, including but not limited to:
    (i) Test data from a retesting of the original unit on which the 
certification test was conducted or a similar unit;
    (ii) A finding that the certification test was not valid. (iii) A 
finding that the labeling of the wood heater model line or the owner's 
manual or marketing information does not comply with the requirements 
of Sec.  60.536;
    (iii) Failure by the manufacturer to comply with reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements under Sec.  60.537;
    (iv) Physical examination showing that a significant percentage (as 
defined in the quality assurance plan, but no larger than 1 percent) of 
production units inspected is not similar in all material respects to 
the representative affected wood heater submitted for testing; or
    (v) Failure of the manufacturer to conduct a quality assurance 
program in conformity with paragraph (m) of this section.
    (2) Revocation of certification under this paragraph will not take 
effect until the manufacturer concerned has been given written notice 
by the Administrator setting forth the basis for the proposed 
determination and an opportunity to request a review under Sec.  
60.539.
    (m) Quality Assurance Program.
    (1) On or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], for each certified 
model line, the manufacturer must conduct a quality assurance program 
that satisfies the requirements of this section The quality assurance 
program requirements of this section supersede the quality assurance 
plan requirements specified in Sec.  60.533(o) of the 1988 rule. By [60 
DAYS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], for model lines that had a 
valid EPA certification on [60 DAYS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE], manufacturers must submit the quality assurance plan to the EPA 
Administrator for review and approval.
    (i) The manufacturer must prepare and operate according to a 
quality assurance plan for each certified model line that has specific 
inspection and testing requirements for ensuring that units within a 
model line accurately reflect emission-critical components of the model 
line design and meet the emissions standards in Sec.  60.532.
    (ii) The quality assurance plan must be approved within 30 days by 
the certifying entity as part of the certification of conformity 
process specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (iii) Within 30 days after approval by the certifying entity, the 
quality control plan must also be submitted to EPA for review and 
approval.
    (iv) The certifying entity must conduct quarterly unannounced 
audits under ISO-IEC Guide 17065 and ISO-EC Standard 17020 to ensure 
that the manufacturer's quality control plan is being implemented.
    (v) The certifying entity must prepare a report for each audit 
under ISO-IEC Guide 17065 and ISO-EC Standard 17020 that fully 
documents the results of the audit, and the manufacturer must include 
in their contract with the certifying entity the authorization and 
requirement to submit all such reports

[[Page 6379]]

to the EPA within 30 days. In the audit report, the certifying entity 
must identify deviations from the manufacturer's quality control plan 
and specify the corrective actions that need to be taken to address 
each identified deficiency.
    (vi) The manufacturer must report within 30 days to the certifying 
entity and to the EPA its responses to any deficiencies identified in 
an audit report.
    (n) EPA Compliance Audit Testing.
    (1)(i) The Administrator may select by written notice wood heaters 
for compliance audit testing to determine compliance with the emission 
standards in Sec.  60.532.
    (ii) The written notification shall be forwarded to the 
manufacturer by the Administrator and shall include the name and 
address of the laboratory selected to perform the audit test and the 
model name and serial number of the wood heater(s) selected to undergo 
audit testing.
    (2)(i) The Administrator may test, or direct the manufacturer to 
have tested, the wood heater(s) selected under paragraph (n)(1)(i) of 
this section in a laboratory accredited under Sec.  60.535 that is 
selected pursuant to paragraph (n)(3) of this section.
    (ii) The expense of the compliance audit test is the responsibility 
of the wood heater manufacturer. A manufacturer may require the 
laboratory that performed the certification test to bear the expense of 
an audit test by means of the contract required under paragraph (e) of 
this section. The manufacturer will bear the cost of audit testing if 
the laboratory with which the manufacturer had a contract has ceased 
business or is otherwise legally unable to honor the contract. The 
manufacturer will also bear the cost of audit testing if the 
manufacturer has not entered into contract with an accredited test 
laboratory to perform audit testing.
    (iii) The test must be conducted using the same test method and 
procedure used to obtain certification or a new test method approved by 
the EPA Administrator. If the certification test consisted of more than 
one particulate matter sampling test method, the Administrator may 
direct the test laboratory as to which of these methods to use for the 
purpose of audit testing. The Administrator will notify the 
manufacturer at least 1 week prior to any test under this paragraph, 
and allow the manufacturer and/or his authorized representatives to 
observe the test.
    (3) The Administrator may select any accredited test laboratory or 
federal laboratory for audit testing.
    (4) Revocation of Certification.
    (i) If emissions from a wood heater tested under paragraph (n)(2) 
of this section exceed the certification emission values limit by more 
than 50 percent, the Administrator will notify the manufacturer that 
certification for that model line is suspended effective 72 hours from 
the receipt of the notice, unless the suspension notice is withdrawn by 
the Administrator. The suspension will remain in effect until withdrawn 
by the Administrator, or 30 days from its effective date (if a 
revocation notice under paragraph (n)(5)(ii) of this section is not 
issued within that period), or the date of final agency action on 
revocation, whichever occurs earlier.
    (ii)(A) If emissions from a wood heater tested under paragraph 
(n)(2) of this section exceed the applicable emission limit, the 
Administrator will notify the manufacturer that certification is 
revoked for that model line.
    (B) A suspension under paragraph (n)(4)(i) or a revocation notice 
under paragraph (n)(4)(ii)(A) of this section will become final and 
effective 60 days after receipt by the manufacturer, unless it is 
withdrawn, a supplemental review is requested under Sec.  60.539, or 
the deadline for requesting a supplemental review is extended.
    (C) The Administrator may extend the deadline for requesting a 
supplemental review for up to 60 days for good cause.
    (D) A manufacturer may extend the deadline for requesting a 
supplemental review for up to 6 months, by agreeing to a voluntary 
suspension of certification.
    (iii) Any notification under paragraph (n)(4)(i) or (n)(4)(ii) of 
this section will include a copy of a preliminary test report from the 
accredited test laboratory or federal test laboratory. The test 
laboratory must provide a preliminary test report to the Administrator 
within 10 days of the completion of testing, if a wood heater exceeds 
the applicable emission limit in Sec.  60.532. The test laboratory must 
provide the Administrator and the manufacturer, within 30 days of the 
completion of testing, all documentation pertaining to the test, 
including the complete test report and raw data sheets, laboratory 
technician notes, and test results for all test runs.
    (iv) Upon receiving notification of a test failure under paragraph 
(n)(4)(ii) of this section, the manufacturer may request up to four 
additional wood heaters from the same model line be selected under 
paragraph (n)(1) of this section for testing at the manufacturer's 
expense, at the test laboratory that performed the emissions test for 
the Administrator.
    (v) Whether or not the manufacturer proceeds under paragraph 
(n)(4)(iv) of this section, the manufacturer may submit any relevant 
information to the Administrator, including any other test data 
generated pursuant to this subpart. The manufacturer must pay the 
expense of any additional testing.
    (vi) The Administrator will withdraw any notice issued under 
paragraph (n)(4)(ii) of this section if tests under paragraph 
(n)(4)(iv) of this section show either--
    (A) That all wood heaters tested for the manufacturer met the 
applicable emission limits; or
    (B) That the second and third wood heaters selected met the 
applicable emission limits and the average of all three (including the 
original audit test) was below the applicable emission limits.
    (C) The Administrator will revise the certification values based on 
the test data and other relevant information and the manufacturer must 
revise the labels and marketing information accordingly.
    (vii) The Administrator may withdraw any proposed revocation, if 
the Administrator finds that an audit test failure has been rebutted by 
information submitted by the manufacturer under paragraph (n)(4)(iv) of 
this section and/or (n)(4)(v) of this section or by any other relevant 
information available to the Administrator.

Sec.  60.534  What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?

    Test methods and procedures specified in this section or in 
appendices of this part, except as provided under Sec.  60.8(b), must 
be used to determine compliance with the standards and requirements for 
certification under Sec.  Sec.  60.532 and 60.533 as follows:
    (a)(1) Method 28 of appendix A-8 of this part must be used to 
establish the certification test conditions and the particulate matter 
emission values for affected wood heaters subject to the 1990 
particulate matter standards specified in Sec.  60.532(a).
    (2) For affected wood heaters subject to the 2015 particulate 
matter standards specified in Sec.  60.532(b), you must conduct testing 
according to paragraphs Sec.  60.534(a)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section 
and submit the full test reports. You have the option of submitting the 
test results of either (a)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section to the 
Administrator as specified under Sec.  60.537 for certification 
compliance.

[[Page 6380]]

    (i) Conduct testing with crib wood using EPA Method 28R of appendix 
A-8 of this part to establish the certification test conditions and the 
particulate matter emission values.
    (ii) Conduct testing with cord wood using EPA Method 28R of 
appendix A-8 of this part to establish the certification test 
conditions and the particulate matter emission values.
    (3) For affected wood heaters subject to the 2020 particulate 
matter standards specified in Sec.  60.532(c), you must conduct testing 
with cord wood using EPA Method 28R of appendix A-8 of this part to 
establish the certification test conditions, except that you should 
first test Burn Rate Categories 1 and 4 and then test 2 more times for 
whichever burn rate category is worse and then report the results 
separately per burn rate category.
    (b) For affected wood heaters subject to the 1990 particulate 
matter standards specified in Sec.  60.532(a), emission concentrations 
must be measured with Method 5G of appendix A-3 of this part, i.e., 
using a dilution tunnel sampling location. Method 5H is no longer 
allowed for certification testing.
    (c) For affected wood heaters subject to the 2015 and 2020 
particulate matter standards specified in Sec.  60.532(b) and (c), 
emission concentrations must be measured with ASTM E2515-10.
    (d) Canadian Standards Administration Method B415.1-10, section 
13.7, must be used to measure the efficiency and carbon monoxide output 
of the tested appliance.
    (e) [Reserved]
    (f) The manufacturer of an affected wood heater must notify the 
Administrator of the date that certification testing is scheduled to 
begin by email to Wood Heater NSPS Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program. This notice must be received 
by the EPA at least 30 days before the start of testing. The 
notification of testing must include the manufacturer's name and 
physical and email addresses, the accredited test laboratory's name and 
physical and email addresses, certifying entity name, the model name 
and number (or, if unavailable, some other way to distinguish between 
models), and the dates of testing.
    (g) The accredited test laboratory must allow the manufacturer, the 
EPA and delegated states to observe certification testing. However, 
manufacturers must not involve themselves in the conduct of the test 
after the pretest burn has begun. Communications between the 
manufacturer and laboratory or certifying entity personnel regarding 
operation of the wood heater must be limited to written communications 
transmitted prior to the first pretest burn of the certification 
series. Written communications between the manufacturer and laboratory 
personnel may be exchanged during the certification test only if 
deviations from the test procedures are observed that constitute 
improper conduct of the test. All communications must be included in 
the test documentation required to be submitted pursuant to Sec.  
60.533(b)(3) and must be consistent with instructions provided in the 
owner's manual required under Sec.  60.536(f), except to the extent 
that they address details of the certification tests that would not be 
relevant to owners or regulators.

Sec.  60.535  What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation 
or certifying body accreditation?

    (a)(1) A laboratory must apply to the Administrator for 
accreditation as an EPA accredited test laboratory by submitting 
documentation that the laboratory is accredited by a nationally 
recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC Standard 17025 to perform 
testing using the test methods specified under Sec.  60.534.
    (2) As part of the application, the test laboratory must:
    (i) Agree to enter into a contract as described in Sec.  60.533(e) 
with each wood heater manufacturer for whom a certification test has 
been performed;
    (ii) Agree to participate biennially in a proficiency testing 
program conducted by the Administrator;
    (iii) Agree to allow the Administrator and delegated states and 
certifying bodies access to observe certification testing;
    (iv) Agree to comply with reporting and recordkeeping requirements 
that affect testing laboratories; and
    (v) Agree to perform a compliance audit test (as determined by the 
Administrator) at the cost normally charged to manufacturers if it is 
selected to conduct the compliance audit test of a model line 
originally tested for certification at another laboratory.
    (vi) Have no conflict of interest and receive no financial benefit 
from the outcome of certification testing conducted pursuant to Sec.  
60.533.
    (vii) Agree to not perform initial certification tests on any 
models manufactured by a manufacturer for which the laboratory has 
conducted research and development tests within the last 5 years.
    (3) If the EPA approves the accreditation, the Administrator will 
provide the test laboratory with a certificate of accreditation. If the 
EPA denies the accreditation, the Administrator will give written 
notice to the laboratory setting forth the basis for the determination.
    (b)(1) The Administrator may revoke the EPA laboratory 
accreditation if it is determined that the laboratory:
    (i) Is no longer is accredited by the nationally recognized ISO 
certifying entity;
    (ii) Does not follow required procedures or practices;
    (iii) Has falsified data or otherwise misrepresented emission data;
    (iv) Failed to participate in a proficiency testing program, in 
accordance with its commitment under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this 
section; or
    (v) Failed to seal the wood heater in accordance with paragraph (d) 
of this section.
    (2) Revocation of accreditation under this paragraph will not take 
effect until the laboratory concerned has been given written notice by 
the Administrator setting forth the basis for the proposed 
determination and an opportunity for a Petition for Supplemental Review 
under Sec.  60.539. However, if revocation is ultimately upheld, all 
tests conducted by the laboratory after written notice was given will, 
at the discretion of the Administrator, be declared invalid.
    (c)(1) With the exception of laboratories meeting the provisions of 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, and unless revoked sooner, a 
certificate of accreditation as an accredited test laboratory granted 
by the Administrator is valid for 5 years from the date of issuance.
    (2) Laboratories accredited by the EPA by February 3, 2014 under 
the provisions of Sec.  60.535 in effect prior to that date may 
continue to be accredited until [1 YEAR AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE], at which time the accreditation ends unless the laboratory has 
obtained accreditation under Sec.  60.535 as in effect beginning on 
[EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
    (d) A laboratory accredited by the Administrator must seal any wood 
heater on which it performed certification tests, immediately upon 
completion or suspension of certification testing, by using a 
laboratory-specific seal. For any tests that are suspended, the 
laboratory must email the EPA immediately with the date suspended, the 
reason(s) why, and the projected date for re-starting. The laboratory 
must submit the operation and test data obtained, even if the test is 
not completed.
    (e)(1) A Certifying Entity may apply to the Administrator for 
approval to be an EPA-approved certifying entity by submitting 
credentials demonstrating that they have been accredited by a

[[Page 6381]]

nationally recognized accrediting entity to perform certifications and 
inspections under ISO-17025, ISO-IEC Standard 17065 and ISO-IEC 
Standard 10720.
    (2) As part of the application, the certifying entity must:
    (i) Agree to enter into a contract as described in Sec.  60.533(e) 
with each wood heater manufacturer for whom a certification test has 
been performed and a test report has been received and reviewed;
    (ii) Agree to periodically conduct audits as described in Sec.  
60.534 and manufacturer's QA/QC Plan;
    (iii) Agree to participate biennially in a proficiency testing 
program conducted by the Administrator;
    (iv) Agree to comply with reporting and recordkeeping requirements 
that affect accredited wood heater testing laboratories and certifying 
entities;
    (v) Have no conflict of interest and receive no financial benefit 
from the outcome of certification testing conducted pursuant to Sec.  
60.533;
    (vi) Agree to make available to the EPA supporting documentation 
for each wood heater certification and audit; and
    (vii) Agree to not perform initial certification reviews on any 
models manufactured by a manufacturer for which the certifying entity 
has conducted research and development within the last 5 years.
    (3) If approved, the Administrator will provide the certifying 
entity with a certificate of accreditation. The accreditation will 
expire 5 years after being issued unless renewed by the certifying 
entity. If the EPA denies the accreditation, the Administrator will 
give written notice to the certifying entity for the basis for the 
determination.
    (f)(1) The Administrator will revoke the EPA certifying entity 
accreditation if it is determined that the certifying entity;
    (i) Is no longer accredited by the nationally recognized ISO 
certifying entity
    (ii) Does not follow required procedures or practices;
    (iii) Has falsified certification data or otherwise misrepresented 
emission data; or
    (iv) Failed to participate in the EPA proficiency testing program.
    (2) Revocation of accreditation under this paragraph will not take 
effect until the certifying entity concerned is given written notice by 
the Administrator setting forth the basis for the proposed 
determination and an opportunity for a Petition for Supplemental Review 
under Sec.  60.539. However, if revocation is upheld, all tests 
reviewed by the certifying entity will, at the discretion of the 
Administrator, be declared invalid.

Sec.  60.536  What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?

    (a) Permanent Label Requirements. (1) Each affected wood heater 
manufactured on or after the date the applicable standards come into 
effect as specified in Sec.  60.532, must have a permanent label 
affixed to it that meets the requirements of this section.
    (2) Except for wood heaters subject to Sec.  60.530(b)(1) through 
(b)(5), the permanent label must contain the following information:
    (i) Month and year of manufacture of the individual unit;
    (ii) Model name or number; and
    (iii) Serial number.
    (3) The permanent label must:
    (i) Be affixed in a readily visible or accessible location in such 
a manner that it can be easily viewed before and after the appliance is 
installed;
    (ii) Be at least 8.9 cm long and 5.1 cm wide (3\1/2\ inches long 
and 2 inches wide);
    (iii) Be made of a material expected to last the lifetime of the 
wood heater;
    (iv) Present required information in a manner so that it is likely 
to remain legible for the lifetime of the wood heater; and
    (v) Be affixed in such a manner that it cannot be removed from the 
appliance without damage to the label.
    (4) The permanent label may be combined with any other label, as 
long as the required information is displayed, the integrity of the 
permanent label is not compromised, and the permanent label still meets 
the requirements in Sec.  60.536(a)(3).
    (5) Any label statement under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section 
constitutes a representation by the manufacturer as to any wood heater 
that bears it:
    (i) That certification of compliance was in effect at the time the 
wood heater left the possession of the manufacturer;
    (ii) That the manufacturer was, at the time the label was affixed, 
conducting a quality assurance program in conformity with Sec.  
60.533(o); and
    (iii) That any wood heater individually tested for emissions by the 
manufacturer under Sec.  60.533(o)(2) or (o)(4) met the applicable 
emissions limits.
    (b) If the adjustable burn rate wood heater or pellet stove belongs 
to a model line certified under Sec.  60.533, and it has been found to 
meet the applicable emission limits or tolerances through quality 
assurance testing, one of the following statements, as appropriate, 
must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 1990 
particulate emission standards. Not approved for sale or operation 
after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2015 
particulate emission standards. Not approved for sale or operation 
after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2020 
particulate emission standards.

    (c) If the single burn rate wood heater belongs to a model line 
certified under Sec.  60.533, and it has been found to meet the 
applicable emission limits or tolerances through quality assurance 
testing, the following statements must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2015 
particulate emission standards. Not approved for sale or operation 
after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2020 
particulate emission standards.

    (d)(1) If an affected wood heater is manufactured in the United 
States for export as provided in Sec.  60.530(b)(1), the following 
statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Export stove. May not be sold or 
operated within the United States.
    (2) If an affected wood heater is manufactured for use for research 
and development purposes as provided in Sec.  60.530(b)(2), the 
following statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Not certified. Research Stove. Not 
approved for sale or for operation other than research.

    (3) If an affected wood heater is exclusively a non wood-burning 
heater as provided Sec.  60.530(b)(3) the following statement must 
appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This heater is not certified for 
wood burning. Use of any wood fuel is a violation of federal law.
    (4) If an affected wood heater is a cookstove that meets the 
applicable definition in Sec.  60.531, the following statement must 
appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This unit is not a certified 
residential wood heater. The primary use for this unit is for cooking 
or baking.

[[Page 6382]]

    (5) If an affected wood heater is a camp stove that meets the 
applicable definition in Sec.  60.531, the following statement must 
appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This unit is not a certified 
residential wood heater. For portable and temporary use only.

    (e) The permanent label for all certified wood heaters must also 
contain the following statement:
    ``This wood heater needs periodic inspection and repair for proper 
operation. Consult owner's manual for further information. It is 
against the law to operate this wood heater in a manner inconsistent 
with operating instructions in the owner's manual.''
    (f) Owner's Manual.
    (1) Each affected wood heater offered for sale by a commercial 
owner must be accompanied by an owner's manual that must contain the 
information listed in paragraphs (f)(2) and (f)(3) of this section. 
Such information must be adequate to enable consumers to achieve 
optimal emissions performance. Such information must be consistent with 
the operating instructions provided by the manufacturer to the 
accredited test laboratory for operating the wood heater during 
certification testing, except for details of the certification test 
that would not be relevant to the ultimate purchaser. The commercial 
owner must also make current and historical owner's manuals available 
on the company Web site and upon request to the EPA.
    (2) Installation information: Requirements for achieving proper 
draft.
    (3) Operation and maintenance information:
    (i) Fuel loading procedures, recommendations on fuel selection, and 
warnings on what fuels not to use, such as treated wood, colored paper, 
cardboard, solvents, trash and garbage.
    (ii) Fire starting procedures
    (iii) Proper use of air controls
    (iv) Ash removal procedures
    (v) Instructions for replacement of gaskets, air tubes and other 
parts that are critical to the emissions performance of the unit and 
other maintenance and repair instructions
    (vi) For catalytic models, information on the following pertaining 
to the catalytic combustor: Procedures for achieving and maintaining 
catalyst activity, maintenance procedures, procedures for determining 
deterioration or failure, procedures for replacement, and information 
on how to exercise warranty rights
    (vii) For catalytic models, the following statement:
    ``This wood heater contains a catalytic combustor, which needs 
periodic inspection and replacement for proper operation. It is against 
federal law to operate this wood heater in a manner inconsistent with 
operating instructions in this manual, or if the catalytic element is 
deactivated or removed.''
    (viii) For noncatalytic models, the following statement:
    ``This wood heater needs periodic inspection and repair for proper 
operation. It is against federal law to operate this wood heater in a 
manner inconsistent with operating instructions in this manual.''
    (4) Any manufacturer using the EPA-recommended language contained 
in appendix I of this part to satisfy any requirement of this paragraph 
(f) will be considered to be in compliance with that requirement, 
provided that the particular language is printed in full, with only 
such changes as are necessary to ensure accuracy for the particular 
wood heater model line.
    (5) Wood heaters that are affected by this subpart, but that have 
been owned and operated by a noncommercial owner, are not subject to 
paragraphs (f) of this section when offered for resale.

Sec.  60.537  What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?

    (a)(1) Each manufacturer who holds a certificate of compliance 
under Sec.  60.533(c) or (f) for a model line must maintain records 
containing the information required by paragraph (a) of this section 
with respect to that model line.
    (2) All documentation pertaining to the certification test used to 
obtain certification, including the full test report and raw data 
sheets, laboratory technician notes, calculations, and the test results 
for all test runs.
    (3) Results of the quality assurance program inspections required 
by Sec.  60.533(m).
    (4) For emissions tests conducted pursuant to the quality assurance 
program required by Sec.  60.533(o), all test reports, data sheets, 
laboratory technician notes, calculations, and test results for all 
test runs, the remedial actions taken, if any, and any follow-up 
actions such as additional testing.
    (b) Each accredited test laboratory and certifying entity must 
maintain records consisting of all documentation pertaining to each 
certification test, QA/QC inspection and audit test, including the full 
test report and raw data sheets, technician notes, calculations, and 
the test results for all test runs. Each accredited test laboratory 
must submit initial and biennial proficiency test results to the 
Administrator. Each certifying entity must submit each certification 
test, QA/QC inspection report and ISO IEC accreditation credentials to 
the Administrator.
    (c) Each manufacturer must retain each wood heater upon which 
certification tests were performed based upon which certification was 
granted under Sec.  60.533(c) or (f) at the manufacturer's facility for 
as long as the model line in question is manufactured. Each heater or 
furnace must remain sealed and unaltered. Any such wood heater must be 
made available to the Administrator upon request for inspection and 
testing.
    (d) Each manufacturer of an affected wood heater certified under 
Sec.  60.533(c) or (f) must submit a report to the Administrator every 
2 years following issuance of a certificate of compliance for each 
model line. This report must include the sales for each model by state 
and certify that no changes in the design or manufacture of this model 
line have been made that require recertification under Sec.  60.533(k).
    (e)(1) Unless otherwise specified, all records required under this 
section must be maintained by the manufacturer, commercial owner of the 
affected wood heater, accredited test laboratory or certifying entity 
for a period of no less than 5 years.
    (2) Unless otherwise specified, all reports to the Administrator 
required under this subpart must be made to: Wood Heater NSPS 
Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program.
    (f) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance 
test, each manufacturer or accredited test laboratory or certifying 
entity must submit performance test data electronically to the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) by using the Electronic Reporting Tool 
(ERT) (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/index.html). Only data 
collected using test methods compatible with ERT are subject to this 
requirement to be submitted electronically to the EPA's CDX. 
Manufacturers may submit compliance reports to the EPA via regular mail 
at the address listed below if the test methods they use are not 
compatible with ERT or if ERT is not available to accept reports at the 
time the final rule is published. Owners or operators who claim that 
some of the information being submitted for performance tests is 
confidential business information (CBI) must submit a completed ERT 
file, including information claimed to be CBI on a compact disk or 
other commonly used electronic storage media (including, but not 
limited to, flash drives), to the EPA, and the same ERT

[[Page 6383]]

file, with the CBI omitted, to the EPA via CDX as described earlier in 
this paragraph. The compact disk must be clearly marked as CBI and 
mailed to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: WebFIRE 
Administrator, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. 
Emission data, including all information necessary to determine 
compliance, except sensitive engineering drawings and sensitive 
detailed material specifications, may not be claimed as CBI.

Sec.  60.538  What activities are prohibited under this subpart?

    (a) No person is permitted to operate an affected wood heater that 
does not have affixed to it a permanent label pursuant to Sec.  60.536 
(b), (c), or (d)(2) through (d)(5).
    (b) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, offer 
for sale, or sell an affected wood heater labeled under Sec.  
60.536(d)(1) except for export.
    (c)(1) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, 
offer for sale or sell an affected wood heater permanently labeled 
under Sec.  60.536 (b) or (c) unless:
    (i) The affected wood heater has been certified to comply with 2020 
particulate emission standards. This prohibition does not apply to wood 
heaters affected by this subpart that have been previously owned and 
operated by a noncommercial owner; and
    (ii) The commercial owner provides any purchaser or transferee with 
an owner's manual that meets the requirements of Sec.  60.536(f), a 
copy of the warranty and a moisture meter.
    (2) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, offer 
for sale, or sell an affected wood heater permanently labeled under 
Sec.  60.536(d)(3), unless the affected wood heater has been certified 
to comply with 2020 particulate emission. This prohibition does not 
apply to wood heaters affected by this subpart that have been 
previously owned and operated by a noncommercial owner.
    (3) A commercial owner other than a manufacturer complies with the 
requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section if the commercial 
owner:
    (i) Receives the required documentation from the manufacturer or a 
previous commercial owner; and
    (ii) Provides that documentation unaltered to any person to whom 
the wood heater that it covers is sold or transferred.
    (d)(1) In any case in which the Administrator revokes a certificate 
of compliance either for the knowing submission of false or inaccurate 
information or other fraudulent acts, or based on a finding under Sec.  
60.533(l)(1)(ii) that the certification test was not valid, the 
Administrator may give notice of that revocation and the grounds for it 
to all commercial owners.
    (2) On and after the date of receipt of the notice given under 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section, no commercial owner is permitted to 
sell any wood heater covered by the revoked certificate (other than to 
the manufacturer) unless the model line has been recertified in 
accordance with this subpart.
    (e) No person is permitted to install or operate an affected wood 
heater except in a manner consistent with the instructions on its 
permanent label and in the owner's manual pursuant to Sec.  60.536(f).
    (f) No person is permitted to operate an affected wood heater that 
was originally equipped with a catalytic combustor if the catalytic 
element is deactivated or removed.
    (g) No person is permitted to operate an affected wood heater that 
has been physically altered to exceed the tolerance limits of its 
certificate of compliance.
    (h) No person is permitted to alter, deface, or remove any 
permanent label required to be affixed pursuant to Sec.  60.536.
    (i) No certifying entity is permitted to certify its own 
certification test report.

Sec.  60.539  What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?

    (a)(1) In any case where the Administrator--
    (i) Denies an application under Sec.  60.530(c) or Sec.  60.533(f);
    (ii) Issues a notice of revocation of certification under Sec.  
60.533(l);
    (iii) Denies an application for laboratory accreditation under 
Sec.  60.535(a); or
    (iv) Issues a notice of revocation of laboratory accreditation 
under Sec.  60.535(b), the manufacturer or laboratory affected may 
submit to the EPA, a Petition for Review request under this section 
within 30 days following receipt of the required notification of the 
action in question.
    (2) In any case where the Administrator issues a notice of 
revocation under Sec.  60.533(p), the manufacturer may submit to the 
EPA a Petition for Review request under this section with the time 
limits set out in Sec.  60.533(p)(4).
    (b) Any Petition for Review request must be in writing, must be 
signed by an authorized representative of the petitioning manufacturer 
or laboratory, and must include a statement and supporting 
documentation setting forth with particularity the petitioner's 
objection to the Administrator's determination or proposed 
determination.
    (c) Upon receipt of a Petition for Review under paragraph (a) of 
this section, the Administrator shall provide a written response within 
45 days.

Sec.  60.539a  Who implements and enforces this subpart?

    (a) In delegating implementation and enforcement authority to a 
state under section 111(c) of the Act, the authorities contained in 
paragraph (b) of this section must be retained by the Administrator and 
not transferred to a state.
    (b) Authorities that must not be delegated to states:
    (1) Section 60.531, Definitions;
    (2) Section 60.533, Compliance and certification;
    (3) Section 60.534, Test methods and procedures; and
    (4) Section 60.535, Laboratory accreditation.

Sec.  60.539b  What parts of the General Provisions do not apply to me?

    The following provisions of subpart A of part 60 do not apply to 
this subpart:
    (a) Section 60.7;
    (b) Section 60.8(a), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g); and
    (c) Section 60.15(d).
0
4. Add subpart QQQQ to read as follows:
Subpart QQQQ--Standards of Performance for New Residential Hydronic 
Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces
Sec.
60.5472 Am I subject to this subpart?
60.5473 What definitions must I know?
60.5474 What standards and requirements must I meet and by when?
60.5475 What compliance and certification requirements must I meet 
and by when?
60.5476 What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?
60.5477 What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation?
60.5478 What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?
60.5479 What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?
60.5480 What activities are prohibited under this subpart?
60.5481 What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?
60.5482 Who implements and enforces this subpart?
60.5483 What parts of the General Provisions do not apply to me?

[[Page 6384]]

Subpart QQQQ--Standards of Performance for New Residential Hydronic 
Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces

Sec.  60.5472  Am I subject to this subpart?

    (a) You are subject to this subpart if you operate, manufacture, 
sell, offer for sale, import for sale, distribute, offer to distribute, 
introduce, or deliver for introduction, into commerce in the United 
States, residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace manufactured 
on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
    (b) Each residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace must 
comply with the provisions of this subpart unless exempted under 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section.
    (1) Affected residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces 
manufactured in the United States for export are exempt from the 
applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.5474 and the requirements of 
Sec.  60.5475.
    (2) Affected residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces 
used for research and development purposes that are never offered for 
sale or sold and that are not used to provide heat are exempt from the 
applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.5474 and the requirements of 
Sec.  60.5475. No more than 12 affected residential hydronic heaters or 
forced-air furnaces manufactured per model line may be exempted for 
this purpose.
    (3) Appliances that do not burn wood or wood pellets (such as coal-
only hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces that meet the definition 
in Sec.  60.5473 or corn-only hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces) 
are exempt from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.5474 and the 
requirements of Sec.  60.5475.
    (c) The following are not affected residential hydronic heaters or 
forced-air furnaces and are not subject to this subpart:
    (1) Residential wood heaters subject to subpart AAA of this part.
    (2) Residential masonry heaters subject to subpart RRRR of this 
part.

Sec.  60.5473  What definitions must I know?

    As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein have the same 
meaning given them in the Clean Air Act and subpart A of this part.
    Accredited test laboratory means a test laboratory that is 
accredited for residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
certification testing under Sec.  60.5477 and is an independent third-
party test laboratory that is accredited by a nationally recognized 
accrediting entity under ISO-IEC Standard 17025 to perform testing 
using the test methods specified in Sec.  60.5476 and approved by the 
EPA for conducting certification tests under this subpart.
    At retail means the sale by a commercial owner of a residential 
hydronic heater or forced-air furnace to the ultimate purchaser.
    Central heater means a fuel-burning device designed to burn wood or 
wood pellet fuel that warms spaces other than the space where the 
device is located, by the distribution of air heated by the furnace 
through ducts or liquid heated in the device and distributed typically 
through pipes. Unless otherwise specified, these devices include 
residential forced-air furnaces and residential hydronic heaters.
    Certifying entity means an independent third party that is 
accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC 
Standard 17020 to perform certifications, inspections and audits under 
ISO-IEC Guide 17065 and approved by the EPA for conducting 
certifications, inspections and audits under this subpart.
    Coal-only hydronic heater or forced-air furnace means an enclosed, 
coal-burning appliance capable of space heating or domestic water 
heating that has all of the following characteristics:
    (1) Installation instructions that state that the use of wood in 
the appliance, except for coal ignition purposes, is prohibited by law; 
and
    (2) The model is listed by a nationally recognized safety-testing 
laboratory for coal use only, except for coal ignition purposes.
    Commercial owner means any person who owns or controls a 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace in the course of the 
business of the manufacture, importation, distribution, or sale of the 
unit.
    Manufactured means completed and ready for shipment (whether or not 
packaged) for purposes of determining the date of manufacture.
    Manufacturer means any person who constructs or imports into the 
United States a residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace.
    Model line means all residential hydronic heaters or forced-air 
furnaces offered for sale by a single manufacturer that are similar in 
all material respects as defined in this section.
    Particulate matter (PM) means total particulate matter including 
PM10 and PM2.5.
    Pellet fuel means refined and densified solid wood shaped into 
small pellets or briquettes that are uniform in size, shape, moisture, 
density and energy content.
    Representative residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
means an individual residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
that is similar in all material respects as defined in this section to 
other residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces within the 
model line it represents.
    Residential forced-air furnace means a fuel burning device designed 
to burn wood or wood pellet fuel that warms spaces other than the space 
where the furnace is located, by the distribution of air heated by the 
furnace through ducts.
    Residential hydronic heater means a fuel burning device designed to 
burn wood or wood pellet fuel for the purpose of heating building space 
and/or water through the distribution, typically through pipes, of a 
fluid heated in the device, typically water or a water and antifreeze 
mixture.
    Sale means the transfer of ownership or control, except that a 
transfer of control of an affected residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace for research and development purposes within the 
scope of Sec.  60.5472(b)(2) is not a sale.
    Seasoned wood means wood with a moisture content of 20 percent or 
less.
    Similar in all material respects means that the construction 
materials, exhaust and inlet air system, and other design features are 
within the allowed tolerances for components identified in Sec.  
60.533(k).
    Valid certification test means a test that meets the following 
criteria:
    (1) The Administrator was notified about the test in accordance 
with Sec.  60.5476(f);
    (2) The test was conducted by an accredited test laboratory as 
defined in this section;
    (3) The test was conducted on a residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace similar in all material respects as defined in this 
section to other residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces of 
the model line that is to be certified; and
    (4) The test was conducted in accordance with the test methods and 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.5476.

Sec.  60.5474  What standards and requirements must I meet and by when?

    (a) Particulate Matter Standards. Unless exempted under Sec.  
60.5472, no person is permitted to:
    (1) On or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], manufacture or sell 
at retail a residential hydronic heater unless it has been certified to 
meet the 2015 particulate matter emission limits in paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section.
    (2) On or after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] 
manufacture or sell at retail a residential hydronic heater unless it 
has been

[[Page 6385]]

certified to meet the 2020 particulate matter emission limit in 
paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
    (3) On or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], manufacture or sell 
at retail a residential forced-air furnace unless it has been certified 
to meet the 2015 particulate matter emission limits in paragraph (b)(3) 
of this section.
    (4) On or after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] 
manufacture or sell at retail a residential forced-air furnace unless 
it has been certified to meet the 2020 particulate matter emission 
limit in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
    (b)(1) 2015 residential hydronic heater particulate matter emission 
limit: 0.32 lb/million Btu (0.137 g/megajoule) heat output and 7.5 g/hr 
(0.017 lb/hr) as determined by the test methods and procedures in Sec.  
60.5476.
    (2) 2020 residential hydronic heater particulate matter emission 
limit: 0.06 lb/million Btu (0.026 g/megajoule) heat output as 
determined by the test methods and procedures in Sec.  60.5476.
    (3) 2015 forced-air furnace particulate matter emission limit: 0.93 
lb/million Btu (0.40 g/megajoule) heat output and 7.5 g/hr (0.017 lb/
hr) as determined by the test methods and procedures in Sec.  60.5476.
    (4) 2020 forced-air furnace particulate matter emission limit: 0.06 
lb/million Btu (0.026 g/megajoule) heat output as determined by the 
test methods and procedures in Sec.  60.5476.
    (c) [Reserved]
    (d) [Reserved]
    (e) Pellet Fuel Requirements. Operators of outdoor residential 
hydronic heaters, indoor residential hydronic heaters, or residential 
forced-air furnaces that are certified to burn pellet fuels may only 
burn pellets that have been produced under a licensing agreement with 
the Pellet Fuels Institute or an equivalent organization approved by 
the EPA. The pellet fuel must meet the following minimum requirements:
    (1) Density: consistent hardness and energy content with a minimum 
density of 38 pounds/cubic foot;
    (2) Dimensions: maximum length of 1.5 inches and diameter between 
0.230 and 0.285 inches;
    (3) Inorganic fines: less than or equal to 1 percent;
    (4) Chlorides: less than or equal to 300 parts per million by 
weight; and
    (5) Ash content: no more than 2 percent.
    (6) A quality assurance process licensed by the Pellet Fuel 
Institute or equivalent organization approved by EPA.
    (f) Prohibited Fuel Types. No person is permitted to burn any of 
the following materials in an outdoor residential hydronic heater, 
indoor residential hydronic heater, or residential forced-air furnace:
    (1) Residential or commercial garbage;
    (2) Lawn clippings or yard waste;
    (3) Materials containing rubber, including tires;
    (4) Materials containing plastic;
    (5) Waste petroleum products, paints or paint thinners, or asphalt 
products;
    (6) Materials containing asbestos;
    (7) Construction or demolition debris;
    (8) Paper products; cardboard, plywood or particleboard. The 
prohibition against burning these materials does not prohibit the use 
of fire starters made from paper, cardboard, saw dust, wax and similar 
substances for the purpose of starting a fire in an affected 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace;
    (9) Railroad ties or pressure treated lumber;
    (10) Manure or animal remains;
    (11) Salt water driftwood or other or other previously salt water 
saturated materials;
    (12) Unseasoned wood; or
    (13) Any materials that were not included in the certification 
tests for the subject heater or furnace.
    (g) Owner's Manual. A person must not operate an outdoor 
residential hydronic heater, indoor residential hydronic heater, or 
residential forced-air furnace in a manner inconsistent with the 
owner's manual. The owner's manual must clearly specify that operation 
in a manner inconsistent with the owner's manual would violate the 
warranty.

Sec.  60.5475  What compliance and certification requirements must I 
meet and by when?

    (a)(1) Certification Requirement. Each affected residential 
hydronic heater and forced-air furnace must be certified to be in 
compliance with the applicable emission standards and other 
requirements of this subpart. For each model line manufactured or sold 
by a single entity, e.g., company or manufacturer, compliance with 
applicable emission standards of Sec.  60.5474(b) must be determined 
based on testing of representative affected residential hydronic 
heaters and forced-air furnaces within the model line. If one entity 
licenses a model line to another entity, each entity's model line must 
be certified. If a entity changes the name of the entity or the name of 
the model, the manufacturer must apply for a new certification.
    (2) The manufacturer of each model line must submit the information 
required in Sec.  60.533(b) and follow the certification procedure 
specified in Sec.  60.533(f) except that, for the purposes of this 
paragraph, the references in Sec.  60.533(f) to the ``emission 
standards'' in Sec.  60.532 must be understood to refer to the emission 
limits in Sec.  60.5474(b).
    (b) Waiver from Submitting Test Results. An applicant for 
certification may apply for a potential waiver of the requirements to 
submit the results of a certification test pursuant to the 
certification procedures specified in Sec.  60.533(f) according to the 
procedure specified in Sec.  60.533(g)(1).
    (c) Certification Period. Unless revoked sooner by the 
Administrator, a certificate of compliance will be valid 5 years from 
the date of issuance.
    (d) Renewal of Certification. (1) Any manufacturer of an affected 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace may apply to the 
Administrator for potential renewal of a certificate of compliance by 
submitting the material specified in Sec.  60.533(b) and following the 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.533(f).
    (2) The certificate must be recertified or renewed every 5 years or 
the manufacture may choose to no longer manufacture or sell that model. 
If the manufacturer chooses to no longer manufacture or sell that 
model, then the manufacturer must submit a statement to the EPA for 
that model. A manufacturer may apply for potential renewal of their 
certificate by submitting certification information in accordance with 
Sec.  60.533(b) or by affirming in writing that the wood heater has 
been subject to no changes that would impact emissions and request a 
potential waiver from certification testing.
    (3) If the Administrator grants or waives certification testing 
under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the Administrator will give 
written notice to the manufacturer setting forth the basis for the 
determination and issue a certification renewal.
    (4) If the Administrator denies the request for a renewal of 
certification, the Administrator will give written notice to the 
manufacturer setting forth the basis for the determination.
    (e) Recertification. The procedure specified in Sec.  60.533(k) 
must be used to determine when a product line must be recertified.
    (f) Criteria for Revocation of Certification. (1) The Administrator 
may revoke certification of a product line if it is determined that the 
residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces being manufactured 
or sold in that model line do not comply with the requirements of this 
subpart. Such a determination will be based on all

[[Page 6386]]

available evidence, including but not limited to:
    (i) Test data from retesting of the original unit on which the 
certification was conducted or a similar unit;
    (ii) A finding that the certification test was not valid. The 
finding will be based on problems or irregularities with the 
certification test or its documentation, but may be supplemented by 
other information;
    (iii) A finding that the labeling of the residential hydronic 
heater or forced-air furnace model line or the owner's manual or 
marketing information does not comply with the requirements of Sec.  
60.5478;
    (iv) Failure by the manufacturer to comply with the reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements of Sec.  60.5479;
    (v) Physical examination showing that a significant percentage (as 
defined in the quality assurance plan, but no larger than 1 percent) of 
production units inspected is not similar in all material respects as 
defined in this subpart to the representative affected hydronic heater 
or forced-air furnace submitted for testing; or
    (vi) Failure of the manufacturer to conduct a quality assurance 
program in conformity with paragraph (g) of this section.
    (2) Revocation of certification under this paragraph will not take 
effect until the manufacturer concerned has been given written notice 
by the Administrator setting forth the basis for the proposed 
determination and an opportunity to request a review under Sec.  
60.5481.
    (g) Quality Assurance Program. For each certified model line, the 
manufacturer must conduct a quality assurance program according to the 
requirements of Sec.  60.533(m).
    (h) EPA Compliance Audit Testing. The Administrator will conduct 
compliance audit testing according to the requirements of Sec.  
60.533(n). For the purposes of this paragraph, references in Sec.  
60.533(n) to Sec.  Sec.  60.532 through 60.535 must be understood to 
refer to the comparable paragraphs in Sec. Sec.  60.5474 through 
60.5477 and the associated test methods specified in this subpart.

Sec.  60.5476  What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?

    Test methods and procedures specified in this section or in 
appendix A of this part, except as provided under Sec.  60.8(b), must 
be used to determine compliance with the standards and requirements for 
certification under Sec. Sec.  60.5474 and 60.5475 as follows:
    (a)(1) Method 28 WHH must be used to measure the heat output 
(million Btu/hr) of outdoor and indoor residential hydronic heaters.
    (2) If the model is subject to the 2015 particulate matter 
standards specified in Sec.  60.5474(a)(1) and is equipped with an 
external heat storage unit, you must conduct testing according to 
paragraph Sec.  60.5476(a)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. You have the 
option of submitting the test results of either (a)(2)(i) or (ii) of 
this section to the Administrator as specified under Sec.  60.5479 for 
certification compliance.
    (i) Conduct testing using crib wood as specified in Method 28 WHH. 
The heat input and heat output measurements must be performed according 
to ASTM method E2618-13 entitled ``Standard Test Method for Determining 
Particulate Matter Emissions and Heating of Outdoor Solid Fuel-fired 
Hydronic Heating Appliances.'' Testing conducted with continuously fed 
biomass as the fuel(s) must be conducted according to the relevant 
section of the ASTM method.
    (ii) Conduct testing using cord wood as specified in ``A Test 
Method for Certification of Cord Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances 
with Partial Thermal Storage: Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM) 
and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired 
Hydronic Heating Appliances with Partial Thermal Storage.''
    (3) If the model is subject to the 2020 particulate matter 
standards specified in Sec.  60.5474(a)(2) and is equipped with an 
external partial heat storage unit, you must conduct cord wood testing 
according to the test methods and procedures of ``A Test Method for 
Certification of Cord Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances with 
Partial Thermal Storage: Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM) and 
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions and Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired 
Hydronic Heating Appliances with Partial Thermal Storage.''
    (b) Method 28 WHH in conjunction with ASTM E2515-10 must be used to 
measure the particulate matter emission rate (lb/million Btu heat 
output) of outdoor and indoor residential hydronic heaters, except that 
for the 2020 standards, you should first test Burn Rate Categories 1 
and 4 and then test 2 more times for whichever burn rate category is 
worse on a lb/million BTU heat output basis and report the results 
separately per burn rate category.
    (c) Canadian Standards Administration (CSA) Method B415.1-10 must 
be used to measure the heat output (million Btu/hr) and particulate 
matter emission rate (lb/million Btu heat output) of forced-air 
furnaces, except that for the 2020 standards, you should first test 
Burn Rate Categories 1 and 4 and then test 2 more times for whichever 
burn rate category is worse on a lb/million BTU heat output basis and 
report the results separately per burn rate category.
    (d) CSA Method B415.1-10, section 13.7, must be used to measure the 
thermal efficiency of outdoor and indoor residential hydronic heaters.
    (e) [Reserved]
    (f) The manufacturer of an affected residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace must notify the Administrator of the date that 
certification testing is to begin, by email, to Wood Heater NSPS 
Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program. This notice must be at least 30 days before the start of 
testing. The notification of testing must include the manufacturer's 
name and address, the accredited test laboratory's name and address, 
certifying entity name, the model name and number (or, if unavailable, 
some other way to distinguish between models), and the dates of 
testing.
    (g) The accredited test laboratory must allow the manufacturer, the 
EPA and delegated states to observe certification testing. However, 
manufacturers must not involve themselves in the conduct of the test 
after the pretest burn (as defined by EPA Method 28 WHH) has begun. 
Communications between the manufacturer and laboratory or certifying 
entity personnel regarding operation of the hydronic heater must be 
limited to written communications transmitted prior to the first 
pretest burn of the certification series. Written communications 
between the manufacturer and laboratory personnel may be exchanged 
during the certification test only if deviations from the test 
procedures are observed that constitute improper conduct of the test. 
All communications must be included in the test documentation required 
to be submitted pursuant to Sec.  60.533(b)(3) and must be consistent 
with instructions provided in the owner's manual required under Sec.  
60.5478(f), except to the extent that they address details of the 
certification tests that would not be relevant to owners.

Sec.  60.5477  What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation?

    The accreditation procedure specified in Sec.  60.535 must be used 
to certify test laboratories under this subpart.

[[Page 6387]]

Sec.  60.5478  What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?

    (a) Permanent Label Requirements.
    (1) Each affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
manufactured or sold on or after the date the applicable standards come 
into effect as specified in Sec.  60.5474, must have a permanent label 
affixed to it that meets the requirements of this section.
    (2) The permanent label must contain the following information:
    (i) Month and year of manufacture of the individual unit;
    (ii) Model name or number; and
    (iii) Serial number.
    (3) The permanent label must:
    (i) Be affixed in a readily visible or accessible location in such 
a manner that it can be easily viewed before and after the appliance is 
installed;
    (ii) Be at least 8.9 cm long and 5.1 cm wide (3 1/2 inches long and 
2 inches wide);
    (iii) Be made of a material expected to last the lifetime of the 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace;
    (iv) Present required information in a manner so that it is likely 
to remain legible for the lifetime of the residential hydronic heater 
or forced-air furnace; and
    (v) Be affixed in such a manner that it cannot be removed without 
damage to the label.
    (4) The permanent label may be combined with any other label, as 
long as the required information is displayed, the integrity of the 
permanent label is not compromised, and the requirements of Sec.  
60.5478(a)(3) are still met.
    (b) If the residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
belongs to a model line certified under Sec.  60.5475, and it has been 
found to meet the applicable emission limits or tolerances through 
quality assurance testing, one of the following statements, as 
appropriate, must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2015 
particulate emission standards. or
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2020 
particulate emission standards.

    (c) The label under paragraph (b) of this section must also contain 
the following statement on the permanent label:
    ``This appliance needs periodic inspection and repair for proper 
operation. Consult owner's manual for further information. It is 
against the law to operate this appliance in a manner inconsistent with 
operating instructions in the owner's manual.''
    (d) Any label statement under paragraph (b) of this section 
constitutes a representation by the manufacturer as to any residential 
hydronic heater or forced-air furnace that bears it:
    (1) That the certification of compliance was in effect at the time 
the residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace left the 
possession of the manufacturer;
    (2) That the manufacturer was, at the time the label was affixed, 
conducting a quality assurance program in conformity with the 
manufacturer's quality assurance program; and
    (3) That as to any residential hydronic heater or forced-air 
furnace individually tested for emissions by the manufacturer under 
Sec.  60.5475(f), it met the applicable emission limit.
    (e)(1) If an affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air 
furnace is manufactured in the United States for export as provided in 
Sec.  60.5472(b)(1), the following statement must appear on the 
permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Export appliance. May not be 
operated in the United States.

    (2) If an affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air 
furnace is manufactured for use for research and development purposes 
as provided in Sec.  60.5472(b)(2), the following statement must appear 
on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Not certified. Research Appliance. 
Not approved for sale.

    (3) If an affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air 
furnace is a non wood-burning hydronic heater or forced-air furnace 
exclusively as provided in Sec.  60.5472(b)(3) the following statement 
must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This appliance is not certified 
for wood burning. Use of any wood fuel is a violation of federal law.

    (f) Owner's Manual. (1) Each affected residential hydronic heater 
or forced-air furnace offered for sale by a commercial owner must be 
accompanied by an owner's manual that must contain the information 
listed in paragraph (f)(2) of this section (pertaining to 
installation), and paragraph (f)(3) of this section (pertaining to 
operation and maintenance). Such information must be adequate to enable 
consumers to achieve optimal emissions performance. Such information 
must be consistent with the operating instructions provided by the 
manufacturer to the accredited test laboratory for operating the 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace during certification 
testing, except for details of the certification test that would not be 
relevant to the ultimate purchaser. The commercial owner must also make 
current and historical owner's manuals available on the company Web 
site.
    (2) Installation information: Requirements for achieving proper 
draft.
    (3) Operation and maintenance information:
    (i) Fuel loading procedures, recommendations on fuel selection, and 
warnings on what fuels not to use, such as treated wood, colored paper, 
cardboard, solvents, trash and garbage.
    (ii) Fire starting procedures
    (iii) Proper use of air controls
    (iv) Ash removal procedures
    (v) Instructions for replacement of gaskets and other parts that 
are critical to the emissions performance of the unit and other 
maintenance and repair instructions
    (vi) The following statement: ``This wood heating appliance needs 
periodic inspection and repair for proper operation. It is against 
federal law to operate this wood heating appliance in a manner 
inconsistent with operating instructions in the manual.''
    (4) Any manufacturer using the EPA model language contained in 
appendix I of this part to satisfy any requirement of this paragraph 
(f) will be considered to be in compliance with that requirement, 
provided that the particular model language is printed in full, with 
only such changes as are necessary to ensure accuracy for the 
particular model line.
    (5) Residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces that are 
affected by this subpart but have been operated by a noncommercial 
owner are not subject to paragraph (f) of this section when offered for 
resale.

Sec.  60.5479  What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?

    (a) Each manufacturer who holds a certificate of compliance 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5475(a)(2) for a model line must maintain records 
containing the following information with respect to that model line.
    (1) All documentation pertaining to the certification test used to 
obtain certification, including the full test report and raw data 
sheets, laboratory technician notes, calculations, and the test results 
for all test runs.
    (2) Results of the quality assurance program inspections required 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5475(g).
    (3) For emissions tests conducted pursuant to the quality assurance 
program required by Sec.  60.5475(g), all test reports, data sheets, 
laboratory technician notes, calculations, and test results for all 
test runs, the corrective actions taken, if any, and any follow-up 
actions such as additional testing.

[[Page 6388]]

    (b) Each accredited test laboratory must maintain records 
consisting of all documentation pertaining to each certification test 
and audit test, including the full test report and raw data sheets, 
laboratory technician notes, calculations, and the test results for all 
test runs. Each accredited test laboratory must submit initial and 
biennial proficiency test results to the Administrator.
    (c) Each manufacturer must retain each residential hydronic heater 
and forced-air furnace upon which certification tests were performed 
and certification granted under Sec.  60.5475(a)(2) at the 
manufacturer's facility for as long as the model line is manufactured. 
Each heater or furnace must remain sealed and unaltered. Any such 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace must be made 
available upon request to the Administrator for inspection and testing.
    (d) Each manufacturer of an affected residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace certified pursuant to Sec.  60.5475(a)(2) must 
submit a report to the Administrator every 2 years following issuance 
of a certificate of compliance for each model line. This report must 
include the sales for each model by state and certify that no changes 
in the design or manufacture of the model line have been made that 
require recertification pursuant to Sec.  60.5475(e).
    (e)(1) Unless otherwise specified, all records required under this 
section must be maintained by the manufacturer, commercial owner of the 
affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace, accredited 
test laboratory or certifying entity for a period of no less than 5 
years.
    (2) Unless otherwise specified, all reports to the Administrator 
required under this subpart must be made to: Wood Heater NSPS 
Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program.
    (f) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance 
test, each manufacturer or accredited test laboratory or certifying 
entity must submit performance test data electronically to the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) by using the Electronic Reporting Tool 
(ERT) (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/index.html). Only data 
collected using test methods compatible with ERT are subject to this 
requirement to be submitted electronically to EPA's CDX. Manufacturers 
may submit compliance reports to the EPA via regular mail at the 
address listed below if the test methods they use are not compatible 
with ERT or if ERT is not available to accept reports at the time the 
final rule is published. Owners or operators who claim that some of the 
information being submitted for performance tests is confidential 
business information (CBI) must submit a completed ERT file, including 
information claimed to be CBI on a compact disk or other commonly used 
electronic storage media (including, but not limited to, flash drives), 
to the EPA and the same ERT file, with the CBI omitted, to the EPA via 
CDX as described earlier in this paragraph. The compact disk must be 
clearly marked as CBI and mailed to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, 
Attention: WebFIRE Administrator, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., 
Durham, NC 27703. Emission data and all information necessary to 
determine compliance, except sensitive engineering drawings and 
sensitive detailed material specifications, may not be claimed as CBI.

Sec.  60.5480  What activities are prohibited under this subpart?

    (a) No person is permitted to operate an affected residential 
hydronic heater or forced-air furnace that does not have affixed to it 
a permanent label pursuant to Sec.  60.5478(b) or (c).
    (b)(1) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, 
offer for sale, or sell an affected residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace that does not have affixed to it a permanent label 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5478(b) or (e)(3).
    (2) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, offer 
for sale, or sell an affected residential hydronic heater or forced-air 
furnace labeled under Sec.  60.5478(e)(1) except for export.
    (c)(1) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, 
offer for sale, or sell an affected residential hydronic heater or 
forced-air furnace permanently labeled under Sec.  60.5478(b) or (e)(3) 
unless:
    (i) The affected appliance has been certified to comply with 2020 
particulate emission standards. This prohibition does not apply to 
affected residential hydronic heaters or forced-air furnaces regulated 
under this subpart that have been previously owned and operated by a 
noncommercial owner; and
    (ii) The commercial owner provides any purchaser or transferee with 
an owner's manual that meets the requirements of Sec.  60.5478(f), a 
copy of the warranty and a moisture meter.
    (2) A commercial owner other than a manufacturer complies with the 
requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section if the commercial 
owner:
    (i) Receives the required documentation from the manufacturer or a 
previous commercial owner; and
    (ii) Provides that documentation unaltered to any person to whom 
the residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace that it covers is 
sold or transferred.
    (d)(1) In any case in which the Administrator revokes a certificate 
of compliance either for the knowing submission of false or inaccurate 
information or other fraudulent acts, or based on a finding under Sec.  
60.5475(e)(1)(ii) that the certification test was not valid, the 
Administrator may give notice of that revocation and the grounds for it 
to all commercial owners.
    (2) On and after the date of receipt of the notice given under 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section, no commercial owner is permitted to 
sell any residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace covered by 
the revoked certificate (other than to the manufacturer) unless the 
model line has been recertified in accordance with this subpart.
    (e) No person is permitted to install or operate an affected 
residential hydronic heater or forced-air furnace except in a manner 
consistent with the instructions on its permanent label and in the 
owner's manual pursuant to Sec.  60.5478(f), including only using fuels 
for which the unit is certified.
    (f) No person is permitted to operate an affected residential 
hydronic heater or forced-air furnace that has been physically altered 
to exceed the tolerance limits of its certificate of compliance.
    (g) No person is permitted to alter, deface, or remove any 
permanent label required to be affixed pursuant to Sec.  60.5478.
    (h) No certifying entity is permitted to certify its own 
certification test report.

Sec.  60.5481  What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?

    (a) In any case where the Administrator:
    (1) Denies an application under Sec.  60.5475(a)(2);
    (2) Issues a notice of revocation of certification pursuant to 
Sec.  60.5475(e);
    (3) Denies an application for laboratory accreditation pursuant to 
Sec.  60.5477; or
    (4) Issues a notice of revocation of laboratory accreditation 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5477, the manufacturer or laboratory affected may 
submit to the EPA a request for review under this section pursuant to 
the procedures specified in Sec.  60.539 within 30 days following 
receipt of the required notification of the action in question.

[[Page 6389]]

    (b) In any case where the Administrator issues a notice of 
revocation pursuant to Sec.  60.5475(g), the manufacturer may submit to 
the EPA a Petition for Review request under this section with the time 
limits set out in Sec.  60.533(p)(4).

Sec.  60.5482  Who implements and enforces this subpart?

    (a) In delegating implementation and enforcement authority to a 
state under section 111(c) of the Clean Air Act, the authorities 
contained in paragraph (b) of this section must be retained by the 
Administrator and not transferred to a state.
    (b) Authorities that must not be delegated to states:
    (1) Section 60.5473, Definitions;
    (2) Section 60.5475, Compliance and certification;
    (3) Section 60.5476, Test methods and procedures; and
    (4) Section 60.5477, Laboratory accreditation.

Sec.  60.5483  What parts of the General Provisions do not apply to me?

    The following provisions of subpart A of part 60 do not apply to 
this subpart:
    (a) Section 60.7;
    (b) Section 60.8(a), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g); and
    (c) Section 60.15(d).
0
5. Add subpart RRRR to read as follows:
Subpart RRRR--Standards of Performance for New Residential Masonry 
Heaters
Sec.
60.5484 Am I subject to this subpart?
60.5485 What definitions must I know?
60.5486 What standards and requirements must I meet and by when?
60.5487 What compliance and certification requirements must I meet 
and by when?
60.5488 What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?
60.5489 What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation?
60.5490 What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?
60.5491 What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?
60.5492 What activities are prohibited under this subpart?
60.5493 What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?
60.5494 Who implements and enforces this subpart?
60.5495 What parts of the General Provisions do not apply to me?

Subpart RRRR--Standards of Performance for New Residential Masonry 
Heaters

Sec.  60.5484  Am I subject to this subpart?

    (a) You are subject to this subpart if you operate, manufacture, 
sell, offer for sale, import for sale, distribute, offer to distribute, 
introduce, or deliver for introduction, into commerce in the United 
States, a residential masonry heater manufactured on or after 
[EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
    (b) Each affected masonry heater must comply with the provisions of 
this subpart unless exempted under paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of 
this section.
    (1) Affected masonry heaters manufactured in the United States for 
export are exempt from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  60.5486 
and the requirements of Sec.  60.5487.
    (2) Affected masonry heaters used for research and development 
purposes that are never offered for sale or sold and that are not used 
to provide heat are exempt from the applicable emission limits of Sec.  
60.5486 and the requirements of Sec.  60.5487. No more than six 
affected masonry heaters manufactured per model line may be exempted 
for this purpose.
    (3) Affected masonry heaters that do not burn wood or wood pellets 
(such as coal-only heaters that meet the definition in Sec.  60.5485 or 
corn-only heaters) are exempt from the applicable emission limits of 
Sec.  60.5486 and the requirements of Sec.  60.5487.
    (c) The following are not affected masonry heaters and are not 
subject to this subpart:
    (1) Residential wood heaters subject to subpart AAA of this part.
    (2) Residential hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces subject to 
subpart QQQQ of this part.

Sec.  60.5485  What definitions must I know?

    As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein have the same 
meaning given them in the Clean Air Act and subpart A of this part.
    Accredited test laboratory means a test laboratory that is 
accredited for masonry heater certification testing under Sec.  60.5489 
or is an independent third party test laboratory that is accredited by 
a nationally recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC Standard 17025 
to perform testing using the test methods specified in Sec.  60.5488 
and approved by the EPA for conducting certification tests under this 
subpart.
    At retail means the sale by a commercial owner of a residential 
masonry heater to the ultimate purchaser.
    Certifying entity means an independent third party that is 
accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting entity under ISO-IEC 
Standard 17020 to perform certifications and inspections under ISO-IEC 
Guide 17065 and approved by the EPA for conducting certifications, 
inspections and audits under this subpart.
    Coal-only heater means an enclosed, coal-burning appliance capable 
of space heating or domestic water heating which has all of the 
following characteristics:
    (1) Installation instructions that state that the use of wood in 
the heater, except for coal ignition purposes, is prohibited by law; 
and
    (2) The model is listed by a nationally recognized safety-testing 
laboratory for coal use only, except for coal ignition purposes.
    Commercial owner means any person who owns or controls a 
residential masonry heater in the course of the business of the 
manufacture, importation, distribution, or sale of the unit.
    Manufactured means completed and ready for shipment (whether or not 
packaged) or installed in a residence in the case of custom-built 
masonry heaters for purposes of determining the date of manufacture.
    Manufacturer means any person who constructs or imports into the 
United States a residential masonry heater.
    Model line means all residential masonry heaters offered for sale 
by a single manufacturer that are similar in all material respects as 
defined in this section.
    Particulate matter (PM) means total particulate matter including 
PM10 and PM2.5.
    Pellet fuel means refined and densified wood shaped into small 
pellets or briquettes that are uniform in size, shape, moisture, 
density and energy content.
    Representative affected masonry heater means an individual 
residential masonry heater that is similar in all material respects as 
defined in this section to other residential masonry heaters within the 
model line it represents.
    Residential masonry heater means a factory-built or site-built 
wood-burning device that has the following characteristics:
    (1) The device has a core constructed primarily of manufacturer-
built, supplied, or specified masonry materials (such as stone, 
cemented aggregate, clay, tile, or other non-combustible, non-metallic 
solid materials) that weighs at least 1700 pounds;
    (2) The firebox effluent of the masonry heater travels horizontally 
and/or downward through one or more heat absorbing masonry duct(s) for 
a distance at least the length of the largest single internal firebox 
dimension before

[[Page 6390]]

leaving the masonry heater. These parameters are determined as follows:
    (i) Horizontal or downward travel distance is defined as the net 
horizontal and/or downward internal duct length, measured from the top 
of the uppermost firebox door opening(s) to the exit of the masonry 
heater as traveled by any effluent on a single pathway through duct 
channel(s) within the heater (or average of net internal duct lengths 
for multiple pathways of different lengths, if applicable). Net 
internal duct length is measured from the center of the internal side 
or top surface of a duct, horizontally or vertically to the center of 
the opposite side or the bottom surface of the same duct, and summed 
for multiple ducts or directions on a single pathway, if applicable. 
For duct channel(s) traversing horizontal angles of less than ninety 
degrees from vertical, only the net actual horizontal distance traveled 
is included in the total duct length; and
    (ii) The largest single internal firebox dimensions is defined as 
the longest of either the length or the width of the firebox hearth and 
the height of the firebox, measured from the hearth to the top of the 
uppermost firebox door opening(s);
    (3) The device has one or more air-controlling doors for fuel-
loading that are designed to be closed during the combustion of fuel 
loads, and that control the entry of combustion air (beyond simple 
spark arresting screens) to one or more inlets as prescribed by the 
masonry heater manufacturer; and
    (4) The device is assembled in conformance with Underwriters 
Laboratories' and/or manufacturer's specifications for its assembly 
and, if the core is constructed with a substantial portion of materials 
not supplied by the manufacturer, is certified by a representative of 
the manufacturer to be substantially in conformance with those 
specifications.
    Sale means the transfer of ownership or control, except that a 
transfer of control of an affected heater for research and development 
purposes within the scope of Sec.  60.5484(b)(2) is not a sale.
    Seasoned wood means wood with a moisture content of 20 percent or 
less.
    Similar in all material respects means that the construction 
materials, exhaust and inlet air system, and other design features are 
within the allowed tolerances for components identified in Sec.  
60.533(k).
    Valid certification test means a test that meets the following 
criteria:
    (1) The Administrator was notified about the test in accordance 
with Sec.  60.5488(d)
    (2) The test was conducted by an accredited test laboratory as 
defined in this section;
    (3) The test was conducted on a residential masonry heater similar 
in all material respects as defined in this section to other 
residential masonry heaters of the model line that is to be certified; 
and
    (4) The test was conducted in accordance with the test methods and 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.5488.

Sec.  60.5486  What standards and requirements must I meet and by when?

    (a) Particulate Matter Standard. Unless exempted under Sec.  
60.5484:
    (1) On or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], no person is 
permitted to manufacture and, on or after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE 
DATE OF FINAL RULE], no person is permitted to sell at retail a 
residential masonry heater unless the heater has been certified to meet 
the particulate matter emission limit in paragraph (b) of this section 
or the manufacturer is a small manufacturer as defined in paragraph 
(a)(2) of this section.
    (2) On or after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], no 
small manufacturer is permitted to manufacture a residential masonry 
heater unless it has been certified to meet the particulate matter 
emission limit in paragraph (b) of this section. For the purposes of 
this subpart, a small manufacturer is defined as a manufacturer that 
constructs less than 15 residential masonry heaters per year. A small 
manufacturer may elect to comply with the emission limit in paragraph 
(b) of this section earlier than specified in this paragraph.
    (b) Residential masonry heater particulate matter emission limit: 
0.32 lb/million Btu (0.137 g/megajoule) heat output as determined by 
the test methods and procedures in Sec.  60.5488.
    (c) Pellet Fuel Requirements. Operators of masonry heaters that are 
certified to burn pellet fuels may only burn pellets that have been 
produced under a licensing agreement with the Pellet Fuel Institute or 
an equivalent organization approved by EPA. The pellet fuel must meet 
the following minimum requirements:
    (1) Density: consistent hardness and energy content with a minimum 
density of 38 pounds/cubic foot;
    (2) Dimensions: maximum length of 1.5 inches and diameter between 
0.230 and 0.285 inches;
    (3) Inorganic fines: less than or equal to 1 percent;
    (4) Chlorides: less than or equal to 300 parts per million by 
weight; and
    (5) Ash content: no more than 2 percent.
    (6) A quality assurance process licensed by the Pellet Fuel 
Institute or equivalent organization approved by the EPA.
    (d) Prohibited Fuel Types. No person is permitted to burn any of 
the following materials in a residential masonry heater:
    (1) Residential or commercial garbage;
    (2) Lawn clippings or yard waste;
    (3) Materials containing rubber, including tires;
    (4) Materials containing plastic;
    (5) Waste petroleum products, paints or paint thinners, or asphalt 
products;
    (6) Materials containing asbestos;
    (7) Construction or demolition debris;
    (8) Paper products, cardboard, plywood, or particleboard. The 
prohibition against burning these materials does not prohibit the use 
of fire starters made from paper, cardboard, saw dust, wax and similar 
substances for the purpose of starting a fire in an affected masonry 
heater;
    (9) Railroad ties or pressure treated wood;
    (10) Manure or animal remains; or
    (11) Salt water driftwood or other previously salt water saturated 
materials.
    (e) Owner's Manual. A person must not operate a residential masonry 
heater in a manner inconsistent with the owner's manual. The owner's 
manual must clearly specify that operation in a manner inconsistent 
with the owner's manual would violate the warranty.

Sec.  60.5487  What compliance and certification requirements must I 
meet and by when?

    (a)(1) Certification Requirement. Each affected residential masonry 
heater must be certified to be in compliance with the applicable 
emission standards and other requirements of this subpart. For each 
model line manufactured or sold by a single entity, e.g., company or 
manufacturer, compliance with applicable emission standards of Sec.  
60.5486(b) must be determined based on testing of representative 
affected appliances within the model line. If one entity licenses a 
model line to another entity, each entity's model line must be 
certified. If an entity changes the name of the entity or the name of 
the model, the manufacturer must apply for a new certification.
    (2) The manufacturer of each model line must submit to the EPA the 
information required in paragraph (b) of this section and follow the 
certification procedure specified in Sec.  60.533(f) except that, for 
the purposes of this paragraph, the reference in Sec.  60.533(f) to the 
emission limits in Sec.  60.532 must be understood to refer to the 
emission

[[Page 6391]]

limits in Sec.  60.5486(b) and the associated test methods are those 
specified in this subpart.
    (3) As an alternative to the certification process described in 
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, an applicant may choose to submit a 
computer model simulation program for review and certification by the 
certifying entity and subsequent review and approval by the 
Administrator for use as a surrogate for emissions testing. The 
Administrator will post the certified model on the EPA Burnwise Web 
site.
    (b) Waiver from Submitting Test Results.
    (1) An applicant for certification may apply for a potential waiver 
of the requirements to submit the results of a certification test 
pursuant to the certification procedures specified in Sec.  60.533(f) 
according to the procedure specified in Sec.  60.533(g)(1).
    (2) Alternatively, an applicant may submit results using a 
validated computer model simulation program that demonstrates the 
masonry heater design meets the emission limit in Sec.  60.5486(b).
    (c) Certification Period.
    (1) Unless revoked sooner by the Administrator, a certificate of 
compliance will be valid for 5 years from the date of issuance.
    (2) If the manufacturer qualifies as a small manufacturer as 
defined in Sec.  60.5486(a)(2) and the model was certified using the 
procedure defined in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the certificate 
of compliance will be valid for the life of the model line unless it is 
revoked by the Administrator.
    (d) Renewal of Certification.
    (1) Any manufacturer of an affected masonry heater may apply to the 
Administrator for potential renewal of a certificate of compliance by 
submitting the material specified in Sec.  60.533(b) and following the 
process specified in Sec.  60.533(f).
    (2) A certificate issued pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section must be recertified or renewed every 5 years or the manufacture 
may choose to no longer manufacture or sell that model. If the 
manufacturer chooses to no longer manufacture or sell that model, then 
the manufacturer must submit a statement to EPA for that model. A 
manufacturer may apply to the Administrator for potential renewal of 
their certificate by submitting certification information in accordance 
with Sec.  60.533(b) or by affirming in writing that the wood heater 
has been subject to no changes that would impact emissions and request 
a potential waiver from certification testing.
    (3) If the Administrator waives certification testing under 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the Administrator will give written 
notice to the manufacturer setting forth the basis for the 
determination and issue a certification.
    (4) If the Administrator denies the request, the Administrator will 
give written notice to the manufacturer setting forth the basis for the 
determination.
    (e) Recertification.
    (1) The procedure specified in Sec.  60.533(k) must be used to 
determine when a model line must be recertified.
    (2) If the manufacturer qualifies as a small manufacturer as 
defined in Sec.  60.5486(a)(2) and the model line was certified using 
the procedure defined in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the 
recertification provisions of paragraph (e)(1) of this section do not 
apply.
    (f) Criteria for Revocation of Certification.
    (1) The Administrator may revoke certification of a model line if 
it is determined that the residential masonry heaters produced in that 
model line do not comply with the requirements of this subpart. Such a 
determination will be based on all available evidence, including but 
not limited to:
    (i) Test data from retesting of the original unit on which the 
certification was conducted or a similar unit;
    (ii) A finding that the certification test or model simulation was 
not valid;
    (iii) A finding that the labeling of the residential masonry heater 
model line or the associated owner's manual or marketing information 
does not comply with the requirements of Sec.  60.5490;
    (iv) Failure by the manufacturer to comply with the reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements of Sec.  60.5491;
    (v) Physical examination showing that an inspected production unit 
is not similar in all material respects as defined in this subpart to 
the representative affected masonry heater submitted for testing; or
    (vi) Failure of the manufacturer to conduct a quality assurance 
program in conformity with paragraph (f) of this section.
    (2) Revocation of certification under this paragraph will not take 
effect until the manufacturer concerned has been given written notice 
by the Administrator setting forth the basis for the proposed 
determination and an opportunity to request a Petition for Review under 
Sec.  60.5493.
    (g) Quality Assurance Program. For each certified model line, 
except for any model line at small manufacturers as defined in Sec.  
60.5486(a)(2) and where the model line was certified using the 
procedure defined in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the manufacturer 
must conduct a quality assurance program according to the requirements 
of Sec.  60.533(m).
    (h) EPA Compliance Audit Testing. The Administrator may conduct 
compliance audit testing according to the requirements of Sec.  
60.533(n). For the purposes of this paragraph, references in Sec.  
60.533(p) to Sec.  Sec.  60.532 through 60.535 must be understood to 
refer to the comparable paragraphs in Sec.  Sec.  60.5486 through 
60.5489, respectively. The requirements of this paragraph do not apply 
to small manufacturers as defined in Sec.  60.5486(a)(2) and where the 
model line was certified using the procedure defined in paragraph 
(a)(3) of this section.

Sec.  60.5488  What test methods and procedures must I use to determine 
compliance with the standards and requirements for certification?

    Test methods and procedures specified in this section or in 
appendix A of this part, except as provided under Sec.  60.8(b), must 
be used to determine compliance with the standards and requirements for 
certification under Sec.  Sec.  60.5486 and 60.5487 as follows:
    (a) ASTM E2817-11, Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry 
Heaters, must be used to measure the heat output (million Btu/hr) of 
residential masonry heaters.
    (b) ASTM E2515-10 must be used in conjunction with ASTM E2817-11 to 
measure the particulate emission rate (lb/million BTU heat output) of 
residential masonry heaters.
    (c)(1) ASTM WK26558, New Specification for Calculation Method for 
Custom Designed, Site Built Masonry Heaters may be used as an 
alternative to certification testing as specified in paragraphs (a), 
(b) and (d) of this section.
    (2) If the Administrator approves an alternative computer model 
simulation program pursuant to Sec.  60.5487(a)(3), the approved 
simulation program also may be used as an alternative to certification 
testing as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
    (d) Method 10 in appendix A-4 of this part must be used to measure 
CO emissions of residential masonry heaters.
    (e) The manufacturer of an affected masonry heater must notify the 
Administrator of the date that certification testing is to begin, by 
email, to Wood Heater NSPS Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program. This notice must be received at 
least 30 days

[[Page 6392]]

before the start of testing. The notification of testing must include 
the manufacturer's name and address, the accredited test laboratory's 
name and address, certifying entity name, the model name and number 
(or, if unavailable, some other way to distinguish between models), and 
the dates of testing.
    (f) The accredited test laboratory must allow the manufacturer, the 
EPA and delegated states to observe certification testing. However, 
manufacturers must not involve themselves in the conduct of the test 
after the pretest burn (as defined by ASTM E2817-11) has begun. 
Communications between the manufacturer and laboratory or certifying 
entity personnel regarding operation of the masonry heater must be 
limited to written communications transmitted prior to the first 
pretest burn of the certification series. Written communications 
between the manufacturer and laboratory personnel may be exchanged 
during the certification test only if deviations from the test 
procedures are observed that constitute improper conduct of the test. 
All communications must be included in the test documentation required 
to be submitted pursuant to Sec.  60.533(b)(3) and must be consistent 
with instructions provided in the owner's manual required under Sec.  
60.5490(g), except to the extent that they address details of the 
certification tests that would not be relevant to owners.

Sec.  60.5489  What procedures must I use for laboratory accreditation?

    The accreditation procedure specified in Sec.  60.535 must be used 
to certify test laboratories under this subpart.

Sec.  60.5490  What requirements must I meet for permanent labels and 
owner's manuals?

    (a) Permanent Label Requirements.
    (1) Each affected masonry heater manufactured on or after the date 
the applicable standards come into effect as specified in Sec.  
60.5486, must have a permanent label affixed to it that meets the 
requirements of this section.
    (2) The permanent label must contain the following information:
    (i) Month and year of manufacture of the individual unit;
    (ii) Model name or number; and
    (iii) Serial number.
    (3) The permanent label must:
    (i) Be affixed in a readily visible or accessible location in such 
a manner that it can be easily viewed before and after the appliance is 
installed;
    (ii) Be at least 8.9 cm long and 5.1 cm wide (3 1/2 inches long and 
2 inches wide);
    (iii) Be made of a material expected to last the lifetime of the 
residential masonry heater;
    (iv) Present required information in a manner so that it is likely 
to remain legible for the lifetime of the residential masonry heater; 
and
    (v) Be affixed in such a manner that it cannot be removed without 
damage to the label.
    (4) The permanent label may be combined with any other label, as 
long as the required information is displayed, the integrity of the 
permanent label is not compromised, and the requirements of Sec.  
60.5490(3) are still met.
    (b)(1) If the residential masonry heater belongs to a model line 
certified under Sec.  60.5487, and it has been found to meet the 
applicable emission limits or tolerances through quality assurance 
testing, the following statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Certified to comply with 2015 
particulate emissions standards.

    (2) If the masonry heater belongs to a model line owned by a 
manufacturer that qualifies for the small volume manufacturer delay as 
specified in Sec.  60.5486(a)(2), the following statement must appear 
on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This masonry heater was produced 
by a small volume manufacturer that manufactures or exports to the 
United States fewer than 15 masonry heaters per year. This appliance 
cannot be sold after [5 YEARS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].

    (c) The label under paragraph (b) of this section must also contain 
the following statement on the permanent label: ``This appliance needs 
periodic inspection and repair for proper operation. Consult owner's 
manual for further information. It is against the law to operate this 
appliance in a manner inconsistent with operating instructions in the 
owner's manual.''
    (d) Any label statement under paragraph (b) of this section 
constitutes a representation by the manufacturer as to any residential 
masonry heater that bears it:
    (1) That the certification was in effect at the time the 
residential masonry heater left the possession of the manufacturer;
    (2) That the manufacturer was, at the time the label was affixed, 
conducting a quality assurance program in conformity with the 
manufacturer's quality assurance program; and
    (3) That as to any residential masonry heater individually tested 
for emissions by the manufacturer under Sec.  60.5487(f), it met the 
applicable emission limit.
    (e)(1) If an affected masonry heater is manufactured in the United 
States for export as provide in Sec.  60.5484(b)(1), the following 
statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Export unit. May not be operated 
in the United States.

    (2) If an affected masonry heater is manufactured for research and 
development purposes as provided in Sec.  60.5484(b)(2), the following 
statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Not certified. Research unit. Not 
approved for sale.

    (3) If an affected masonry heater is a non wood-burning masonry 
heater exclusively as provided Sec.  60.5484(b)(3) the following 
statement must appear on the permanent label:

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY This appliance is not certified 
for wood burning. Use of any wood fuel is a violation of federal law.

    (f) Owner's Manual.
    (1) Each affected masonry heater offered for sale by a commercial 
owner must be accompanied by an owner's manual that must contain the 
information listed in paragraph (f)(2) of this section (pertaining to 
installation), and paragraph (f)(3) of this section (pertaining to 
operation and maintenance). Such information must be adequate to enable 
consumers to achieve optimal emissions performance. Such information 
must be consistent with the operating instructions provided by the 
manufacturer to the accredited test laboratory for operating the 
residential masonry heater, except for details of the certification 
test that would not be relevant to the ultimate purchaser. The 
commercial owner must also make current and historical owner's manuals 
available on the company Web site.
    (2) Installation information: Requirements for achieving proper 
draft.
    (3) Operation and maintenance information:
    (i) Fuel loading procedures, recommendations on fuel selection, and 
warnings on what fuels not to use, such as treated wood, colored paper, 
cardboard, solvents, trash and garbage.
    (ii) Fire starting procedures
    (iii) Proper use of air controls
    (iv) Ash removal procedures
    (v) Instructions for replacement of gasket and other parts that are 
critical to the emissions performance of the unit and other maintenance 
and repair instructions

[[Page 6393]]

    (vi) The following statement: ``This wood heating appliance needs 
periodic inspection and repair for proper operation. It is against 
federal law to operate this wood heating appliance in a manner 
inconsistent with operating instructions in the manual.''
    (4) Any manufacturer using the EPA model language contained in 
appendix I of this part to satisfy any requirement of this paragraph 
(f) will be considered to be in compliance with that requirement, 
provided that the particular model language is printed in full, with 
only such changes as are necessary to ensure accuracy for the 
particular model line.
    (5) Residential masonry heaters that are affected by this subpart 
but have been operated by a noncommercial owner are not subject to 
paragraph (f) of this section when offered for resale.

Sec.  60.5491  What records must I keep and what reports must I submit?

    (a) Each manufacturer who holds a certificate of compliance 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5487(a)(2) for a model line must maintain records 
containing the information required by this paragraph (a) with respect 
to that model line.
    (1) All documentation pertaining to the certification test or 
computer simulation used to obtain certification.
    (i) For certification tests, this includes the full test report and 
raw data sheets, laboratory technician notes, calculations, and the 
test results for all test runs.
    (ii) For computer simulations, this includes all data input into 
the simulation program and all computer-generated output.
    (2) Results of the quality assurance program inspections required 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5487(f).
    (3) For emissions tests conducted pursuant to the quality assurance 
program required by Sec.  60.5487(f), all test reports, data sheets, 
laboratory technician notes, calculations, and test results for all 
test runs, the remedial actions taken, if any, and any follow-up 
actions such as additional testing.
    (4) If a masonry heater manufacturer qualifies as a small volume 
manufacturer as specified in Sec.  60.5486(a)(2) and elects to defer 
compliance as allowed by that paragraph, records of the number of 
masonry heaters produced or constructed per year during the deferral 
period.
    (b) Each accredited test laboratory must maintain records 
consisting of all documentation pertaining to each certification test, 
audit test, or computer simulation, including the full test report and 
raw data sheets, laboratory technician notes, calculations, and the 
test results for all test runs. Each accredited test laboratory must 
submit initial and biennial proficiency test results to the 
Administrator.
    (c) Each manufacturer must retain each residential masonry heater 
upon which certification tests were performed and certification granted 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5487(a)(2) at the manufacturer's facility for as 
long as the model line is manufactured. Each masonry heater must remain 
sealed and unaltered. Any such residential masonry heater must be made 
available upon request to the Administrator for inspection and testing.
    (d)(1) Each manufacturer of an affected masonry heater certified 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5487 must submit a report to the Administrator 
every 2 years following issuance of a certificate of compliance for 
each model line. This report must include the sales for each model by 
state and certify that no changes in the design or manufacture of the 
model line have been made that require recertification pursuant to 
Sec.  60.5487(d).
    (2) If the manufacturer qualifies as a small manufacturer as 
defined in Sec.  60.5486(b)(2) and the model line was certified using 
the procedure defined in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the 
reporting provision of paragraph (d)(1) of this section does not apply.
    (e)(1) Unless otherwise specified, all records required under this 
section must be maintained by the manufacturer, commercial owner of the 
affected masonry heater, accredited test laboratory or certifying 
entity for a period of no less than 5 years.
    (2) Unless otherwise specified, all reports to the Administrator 
required under this subpart must be made to: Wood Heater NSPS 
Compliance Program at www.epa.gov/Wood_Heater_NSPS_Compliance_Program.
    (f) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance 
test, each manufacturer or accredited test laboratory or certifying 
entity must submit performance test data, except opacity data, 
electronically to the EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX) by using the 
Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/index.html). Only data collected using test methods compatible with ERT 
are subject to this requirement to be submitted electronically to the 
EPA's CDX. Manufacturers may submit compliance reports to the EPA via 
regular mail at the address listed below if the test methods they use 
are not compatible with ERT or if ERT is not available to accept 
reports at the time the final rule is published. Owners or operators 
who claim that some of the information being submitted for performance 
tests is confidential business information (CBI) must submit a 
completed ERT file, including information claimed to be CBI, on a 
compact disk or other commonly used electronic storage media 
(including, but not limited to, flash drives), to the EPA, and the same 
ERT file, with the CBI omitted, to the EPA via CDX as described earlier 
in this paragraph. The compact disk must be clearly marked as CBI and 
mailed to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: WebFIRE 
Administrator, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. 
Emission data and all information necessary to determine compliance, 
except sensitive engineering drawings and sensitive detailed material 
specifications, may not be claimed as CBI.

Sec.  60.5492  What activities are prohibited under this subpart?

    (a) No person is permitted to operate an affected masonry heater 
manufactured after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or sold at retail 
after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] that does not have 
affixed to it a permanent label pursuant to Sec.  60.5490.
    (b)(1) No manufacturer or commercial owner is permitted to 
advertise for sale, offer for sale, or sell an affected masonry heater 
manufactured after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or sold at retail 
after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] that does not have 
affixed to it a permanent label pursuant to Sec.  60.5490.
    (2) No manufacturer or commercial owner is permitted to advertise 
for sale, offer for sale, or sell an affected masonry heater 
manufactured after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] or sold at retail 
after [6 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] labeled under Sec.  
60.5490(d)(1) except for export.
    (c)(1) No commercial owner is permitted to advertise for sale, 
offer for sale or sell an affected masonry heater permanently labeled 
under Sec.  60.5490(b) unless:
    (i) The affected appliance regulated under this subpart was 
previously owned and operated by a noncommercial owner;
    (ii) The commercial owner provides any purchaser or transferee with 
an owner's manual that meets the requirements of Sec.  60.5490(g), a 
copy of the warranty and a moisture meter.
    (2) A commercial owner other than a manufacturer complies with the 
requirements of paragraph (c) of this section if the commercial owner:

[[Page 6394]]

    (i) Receives the required documentation from the manufacturer or a 
previous commercial owner; and
    (ii) Provides that documentation unaltered to any person to whom 
the residential masonry heater that it covers is sold or transferred.
    (d)(1) In any case in which the Administrator revokes a certificate 
of compliance either for the knowing submission of false or inaccurate 
information or other fraudulent acts, or based on a finding under Sec.  
60.5487(e)(1)(ii) that the certification test was not valid, the 
Administrator may give notice of that revocation and the grounds for it 
to all commercial owners.
    (2) On and after the date of receipt of the notice given under 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section, no commercial owner is permitted to 
sell any residential masonry heater covered by the revoked certificate 
(other than to the manufacturer) unless the model line has been 
recertified in accordance with this subpart.
    (e) No person is permitted to install or operate an affected 
masonry heater except in a manner consistent with the instructions on 
its permanent label and in the owner's manual pursuant to Sec.  
60.5490(g), including only using fuels for which the unit is certified.
    (f) No person is permitted to operate an affected masonry heater 
that has been physically altered to exceed the tolerance limits of its 
certificate of compliance.
    (g) No person is permitted to alter, deface, or remove any 
permanent label required to be affixed pursuant to Sec.  60.5490.
    (h) No certifying entity is permitted to certify its own 
certification test report.

Sec.  60.5493  What Petition for Review procedures apply to me?

    (a) In any case where the Administrator:
    (1) Denies an application under Sec.  60.5487(a)(2);
    (2) Issues a notice of revocation of certification under Sec.  
60.5487(e);
    (3) Denies an application for laboratory accreditation pursuant to 
Sec.  60.5489; or
    (4) Issues a notice of revocation of laboratory accreditation 
pursuant to Sec.  60.5489, the manufacturer or laboratory affected may 
submit to the EPA a Petition for Review request under this section 
pursuant to the procedures specified in Sec.  60.593 within 30 days 
following receipt of the required notification of the action in 
question.
    (b) In any case where the Administrator issues a notice of 
revocation under Sec.  60.5487(e), the manufacturer may submit to the 
EPA a Petition for Review request under this section pursuant to the 
procedures specified in Sec.  60.5493 with the time limits set out in 
Sec.  60.533(p)(4).

Sec.  60.5494  Who implements and enforces this subpart?

    (a) In delegating implementation and enforcement authority to a 
state under section 111(c) of the Clean Air Act, the authorities 
contained in paragraph (b) of this section must be retained by the 
Administrator and not transferred to a state.
    (b) Authorities that must not be delegated to states:
    (1) Section 60.5473, Definitions;
    (2) Section 60.5475, Compliance and certification;
    (3) Section 60.5476, Test methods and procedures; and
    (4) Section 60.5477, Laboratory accreditation.

Sec.  60.5495  What parts of the General Provisions do not apply to me?

    The following provisions of subpart A of part 60 do not apply to 
this subpart:
    (a) Section 60.7;
    (b) Section 60.8(a), (c), (d), (e), and (f); and
    (c) Section 60.15(d).
    6. Part 60 Appendix A-8 is amended by adding Methods 28R, 28WHH, 
and 28WHH-PTS to follow Method 28A to read as follows:

Appendix A-8 to Part 60--Test Methods 26 through 30B

* * * * *

Test Method 28R for Certification and Auditing of Wood Heaters

1.0 Scope and Application

    1.1 This test method applies to certification and auditing of 
wood-fired room heaters and fireplace inserts.
    1.2 The test method covers the fueling and operating protocol 
for measuring particulate emissions, as well as determining burn 
rates, heat output and efficiency.
    1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel 
method as specified in ASTM E2515-10 Standard Test Method for 
Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected in a 
Dilution Tunnel.

2.0 Procedures

    2.1 This method incorporates the provisions of ASTM E2780-10 
except as follows:
    2.1.1 The burn rate categories, low burn rate requirement, and 
weightings in Method 28 shall be used.
    2.1.2 The startup procedures shall be the same as in Method 28.
    2.1.3 The equation for converting the emission test values 
between the EPA Reference Method 5G ``Determination of Particulate 
Emissions From Wood Heaters From a Dilution Tunnel Sampling 
Location'' and EPA Reference Method 5H ``Determination of 
Particulate Emissions From Wood Heaters From a Stack Location'' 
shall be the same as in Method 28.
    2.1.4 Manufacturers shall not specify a smaller volume of the 
firebox for testing than the full usable firebox.
    2.1.5 The test fuel moisture content, fuel load, and coal bed 
depth shall be as follows:
    (a) The fuel load dry-basis moisture content shall be within a 
range of 22.5 percent +/- 1 percent;
    (b) The fuel load weight shall be 7 lb/ft\3\ +/- 1 percent (or 7 
lb +/-0.07 lb) of the fuel load weight, calculated in accordance 
with Method 28; and
    (c) The range for the test-initiation coal-bed weight shall be 
22 percent +/- 1 percent of the fuel load weight.

Test Method 28 WHH for Measurement of Particulate Emissions and Heating 
Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances

1.0 Scope and Application

    1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired hydronic heating 
appliances. The units typically transfer heat through circulation of 
a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze 
mixture.
    1.2 The test method measures particulate emissions and delivered 
heating efficiency at specified heat output rates based on the 
appliance's rated heating capacity.
    1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel 
method as specified in ASTM E2515-10 Standard Test Method for 
Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected in a 
Dilution Tunnel. Delivered Efficiency is measured by determining the 
heat output through measurement of the flow rate and temperature 
change of water circulated through a heat exchanger external to the 
appliance and determining the input from the mass of dry wood fuel 
and its higher heating value. Delivered efficiency does not attempt 
to account for pipeline loss.
    1.4 Products covered by this test method include both 
pressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended to be 
fired with wood. These products are wood-fired hydronic heating 
appliances that the manufacturer specifies for indoor or outdoor 
installation. They are often connected to a heat exchanger by 
insulated pipes and normally include a pump to circulate heated 
liquid. They are used to heat structures such as homes, barns and 
greenhouses and can heat domestic hot water, spas or swimming pools.
    1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard 
include:
    1.5.1 Manufacturer specifies for indoor or outdoor installation.
    1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel.
    1.5.3 Typically an aquastat that controls combustion air supply 
to maintain the liquid in the appliance within a predetermined 
temperature range provided sufficient fuel is available in the 
firebox.
    1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from 
the appliance.
    1.6 The values stated are to be regarded as the standard whether 
in I-P or SI units. The

[[Page 6395]]

values given in parentheses are for information only.

2.0 Summary of Method and References

    2.1 Particulate matter emissions are measured from a wood-fired 
hydronic heating appliance burning a prepared test fuel crib in a 
test facility maintained at a set of prescribed conditions. 
Procedures for determining burn rates, and particulate emissions 
rates and for reducing data are provided.
    2.2 Referenced Documents
    2.2.1 EPA Standards
    2.2.1.1 Method 28 Certification and Auditing of Wood Heaters
    2.2.2 Other Standards
    2.2.2.1 ASTM E2515-10 Standard Test Method for Determination of 
Particulate Matter Emissions Collected in a Dilution Tunnel.
    2.2.2.2 CAN/CSA-B415.1-2010 Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-
Burning Heating Appliances.

3.0 Terminology

3.1 Definitions

    3.1.1 Hydronic Heating--A heating system in which a heat source 
supplies energy to a liquid heat exchange media such as water that 
is circulated to a heating load and returned to the heat source 
through pipes.
    3.1.2 Aquastat--A control device that opens or closes a circuit 
to control the rate of fuel consumption in response to the 
temperature of the heating media in the heating appliance.
    3.1.3 Delivered Efficiency--The percentage of heat available in 
a test fuel charge that is delivered to a simulated heating load as 
specified in this test method.
    3.1.4 Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity--The value in 
BTU/hr (MJ/hr) that the manufacturer specifies that a particular 
model of hydronic heating appliance is capable of supplying at its 
design capacity as verified by testing, in accordance with Section 
13.
    3.1.5 Burn rate--The rate at which test fuel is consumed in an 
appliance. Measured in pounds (lbs) of wood (dry basis) per hour 
(kg/hr).
    3.1.6 Firebox--The chamber in the appliance in which the test 
fuel charge is placed and combusted.
    3.1.7 Test fuel charge--The collection of Test Fuel layers 
placed in the appliance at the start of the emission test run.
    3.1.8 Test Fuel Layer--Horizontal arrangement of Test Fuel 
Units.
    3.1.9 Test Fuel Unit--One or more Test Fuel Pieces with \3/4\ 
inch (19 mm) spacers attached to the bottom and to one side. If 
composed of multiple Test Fuel Pieces, the bottom spacer may be one 
continuous piece.
    3.1.10 Test Fuel Piece--A single 4 x 4 (4  0.25 
inches by 4  0.25 inches)[100  6 mm by 100 
 6 mm] white or red oak wood piece cut to the length 
required.
    3.1.11 Test Run--An individual emission test that encompasses 
the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel charge.
    3.1.12 Overall Efficiency (SLM)--The efficiency for each test 
run as determined using the CSA B415.1-2010 Stack Loss Method.
    3.1.13 Thermopile--A device consisting of a number of 
thermocouples connected in series, used for measuring differential 
temperature.

4.0 Summary of Test Method

    4.1 Dilution Tunnel. Emissions are determined using the 
``dilution tunnel'' method specified in ASTM E2515 Standard Test 
Method for Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected 
in a Dilution Tunnel. The flow rate in the dilution tunnel is 
maintained at a constant level throughout the test cycle and 
accurately measured. Samples of the dilution tunnel flow stream are 
extracted at a constant flow rate and drawn through high efficiency 
filters. The filters are dried and weighed before and after the test 
to determine the emissions catch and this value is multiplied by the 
ratio of tunnel flow to filter flow to determine the total 
particulate emissions produced in the test cycle.
    4.2 Efficiency. The efficiency test procedure takes advantage of 
the fact that this type of appliance delivers heat through 
circulation of the heated liquid (water) from the appliance to a 
remote heat exchanger and back to the appliance. Measurements of the 
water temperature difference as it enters and exits the heat 
exchanger along with the measured flow rate allow for an accurate 
determination of the useful heat output of the appliance. The input 
is determined by weight of the test fuel charge, adjusted for 
moisture content, multiplied by the Higher Heating Value. Additional 
measurements of the appliance weight and temperature at the 
beginning and end of a test cycle are used to correct for heat 
stored in the appliance. Overall Efficiency (SLM) is determined 
using the CSA B415.1-2010 stack loss method for data quality 
assurance purposes.
    4.3 Operation. Appliance operation is conducted on a hot-to-hot 
test cycle meaning that the appliance is brought to operating 
temperature and a coal bed is established prior to the addition of 
the test fuel charge and measurements are made for each test fuel 
charge cycle. The measurements are made under constant heat draw 
conditions within predetermined ranges. No attempt is made to 
modulate the heat demand to simulate an indoor thermostat cycling on 
and off in response to changes in the indoor environment. Four test 
categories are used. These are:
    4.3.1 Category I: A heat output of 15 percent or less of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.2 Category II: A heat output of 16 percent to 24 percent of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.3 Category III: A heat output of 25 percent to 50 percent of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.4 Category IV: Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.

5.0 Significance and Use

    5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is an 
important test method widely used in the practice of air pollution 
control.
    5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by state or federal 
agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining 
compliance with regulations and statutes.
    5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design 
modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of 
design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an 
important tool in manufacturers' research and development programs.
    5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis 
for comparison of product performance that is useful to the 
consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the 
useful heat production.
    5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully 
representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users 
of hand-fired, wood-burning equipment have a great deal of influence 
over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises 
in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable 
and repeatable test method.

6.0 Test Equipment

    6.1 Scale. A platform scale capable of weighing the appliance 
under test and associated parts and accessories when completely 
filled with water to an accuracy of 1.0 pound (0.5 kg).
    6.2 Heat exchanger. A water-to-water heat exchanger capable of 
dissipating the expected heat output from the system under test.
    6.3 Water Temperature Difference Measurement. A Type-T `special 
limits' thermopile with a minimum of 5 pairs of junctions shall be 
used to measure the temperature difference in water entering and 
leaving the heat exchanger. The temperature difference measurement 
uncertainty of this type of thermopile is equal to or less than 
 0.05 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C). Other 
temperature measurement methods may be used if the temperature 
difference measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than.  0.50 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C).
    6.4 Water flow meter. A water flow meter shall be installed in 
the inlet to the load side of the heat exchanger. The flow meter 
shall have an accuracy of  1 percent of measured flow.
    6.4.1 Optional--Appliance side water flow meter. A water flow 
meter with an accuracy of  1 percent of the flow rate is 
recommended to monitor supply side water flow rate.
    6.5 Optional Recirculation Pump. Circulating pump used during 
test to prevent stratification of liquid being heated.
    6.6 Water Temperature Measurement--Thermocouples or other 
temperature sensors to measure the water temperature at the inlet 
and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger. Must meet the 
calibration requirements specified in 10.1.
    6.7 Wood Moisture Meter--Calibrated electrical resistance meter 
capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 percent moisture 
content. Must meet the calibration requirements specified in 10.4.
    6.8 Flue Gas Temperature Measurement--Must meet the requirements 
of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.2.
    6.9 Test Room Temperature Measurement--Must meet the 
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.1.

[[Page 6396]]

    6.10 Flue Gas Composition Measurement--Must meet the 
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clauses 6.3.1 through 6.3.3.

7.0 Safety

    7.1 These tests involve combustion of wood fuel and substantial 
release of heat and products of combustion. The heating system also 
produces large quantities of very hot water and the potential for 
steam production and system pressurization. Appropriate precautions 
must be taken to protect personnel from burn hazards and respiration 
of products of combustion.

8.0 Sampling, Test Specimens and Test Appliances

    8.1 Test specimens shall be supplied as complete appliances 
including all controls and accessories necessary for installation in 
the test facility. A full set of specifications and design and 
assembly drawings shall be provided when the product is to be placed 
under certification of a third-party agency. The manufacturer's 
written installation and operating instructions are to be used as a 
guide in the set-up and testing of the appliance.

9.0 Preparation of Test Equipment

    9.1 The appliance is to be placed on a scale capable of weighing 
the appliance fully loaded with a resolution of  1.0 lb 
(0.5 kg).
    9.2 The appliance shall be fitted with the type of chimney 
recommended or provided by the manufacturer and extending to 15 
 0.5 feet (4.6  0.15 m) from the upper 
surface of the scale. If no flue or chimney system is recommended or 
provided by the manufacturer, connect the appliance to a flue of a 
diameter equal to the flue outlet of the appliance. The flue section 
from the appliance flue collar to 8  0.5 feet above the 
scale shall be single wall stove pipe and the remainder of the flue 
shall be double wall insulated class A chimney.
    9.3 Optional Equipment Use
    9.3.1 A recirculation pump may be installed between connections 
at the top and bottom of the appliance to minimize thermal 
stratification if specified by the manufacturer. The pump shall not 
be installed in such a way as to change or affect the flow rate 
between the appliance and the heat exchanger.
    9.3.2 If the manufacturer specifies that a thermal control valve 
or other device be installed and set to control the return water 
temperature to a specific set point, the valve or other device shall 
be installed and set per the manufacturer's written instructions.
    9.4 Prior to filling the tank, weigh and record the appliance 
mass.
    9.5 Heat Exchanger
    9.5.1 Plumb the unit to a water-to-water heat exchanger with 
sufficient capacity to draw off heat at the maximum rate 
anticipated. Route hoses, electrical cables, and instrument wires in 
a manner that does not influence the weighing accuracy of the scale 
as indicated by placing dead weights on the platform and verifying 
the scale's accuracy.
    9.5.2 Locate thermocouples to measure the water temperature at 
the inlet and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.3 Install a thermopile meeting the requirements of 6.3 to 
measure the water temperature difference between the inlet and 
outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.4 Install a calibrated water flow meter in the heat 
exchanger load side supply line. The water flow meter is to be 
installed on the cooling water inlet side of the heat exchanger so 
that it will operate at the temperature at which it is calibrated.
    9.5.5 Place the heat exchanger in a box with 2 in. (50 mm) of 
expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation surrounding it to 
minimize heat losses from the heat exchanger.
    9.5.6 The reported efficiency and heat output rate shall be 
based on measurements made on the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.7 Temperature instrumentation per 6.6 shall be installed in 
the appliance outlet and return lines. The average of the outlet and 
return water temperature on the supply side of the system shall be 
considered the average appliance temperature for calculation of heat 
storage in the appliance (TFavg and TIavg). 
Installation of a water flow meter in the supply side of the system 
is optional.
    9.6 Fill the system with water. Determine the total weight of 
the water in the appliance when the water is circulating. Verify 
that the scale indicates a stable weight under operating conditions. 
Make sure air is purged properly.

10.0 Calibration and Standardization

    10.1 Water Temperature Sensors. Temperature measuring equipment 
shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually 
thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with National 
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Monograph 175, Standard 
Limits of Error.10.2 Heat Exchanger Load Side Water Flow Meter.
    10.2.1 The heat exchanger load side water flow meter shall be 
calibrated within the flow range used for the test run using NIST 
Traceable methods. Verify the calibration of the water flow meter 
before and after each test run and at least once during each test 
run by comparing the water flow rate indicated by the flow meter to 
the mass of water collected from the outlet of the heat exchanger 
over a timed interval. Volume of the collected water shall be 
determined based on the water density calculated from section 13, 
Eq. 8, using the water temperature measured at the flow meter. The 
uncertainty in the verification procedure used shall be 1 percent or 
less. The water flow rate determined by the collection and weighing 
method shall be within 1 percent of the flow rate indicated by the 
water flow meter.
    10.3 Scales. The scales used to weigh the appliance and test 
fuel charge shall be calibrated using NIST Traceable methods at 
least once every 6 months.
    10.4 Moisture Meter. The moisture meter shall be calibrated per 
the manufacturer's instructions and checked before each use.
    10.5 Flue Gas Analyzers--In accordance with CSA B415.1-2010, 
Clause 6.8.

11.0 Conditioning

    11.1 Prior to testing, the noncatalytic appliance is to be 
operated for a minimum of 10 hours using a medium heat draw rate. 
Catalytic units shall be operated for a minimum of 50 hours using a 
medium heat draw rate. The pre-burn for the first test can be 
included as part of the conditioning requirement. If conditioning is 
included in pre-burn, then the appliance shall be aged with fuel 
meeting the specifications outlined in sections 12.2 with a moisture 
content between 19 and 25 percent on a dry basis. Operate the 
appliance at a medium burn rate (Category II or III) for at least 10 
hours for noncatalytic appliances and 50 hours for catalytic 
appliances. Record and report hourly flue gas exit temperature data 
and the hours of operation. The aging procedure shall be conducted 
and documented by a testing laboratory.

12.0 Procedure

    12.1 Appliance Installation. Assemble the appliance and parts in 
conformance with the manufacturer's written installation 
instructions. Clean the flue with an appropriately sized, wire 
chimney brush before each certification test series.
    12.2 Fuel. Test fuel charge fuel shall be red (Quercus ruba L.) 
or white (Quercus alba) oak 19 to 25 percent moisture content on a 
dry basis. Piece length shall be 80 percent of the firebox depth 
rounded down to the nearest 1 inch (25mm) increment. For example, if 
the firebox depth is 46 inches (1168mm) the 4 x 4 piece length would 
be 36 inches (46 inches x 0.8 = 36.8 inches round down to 36 
inches). Pieces are to be placed in the firebox parallel to the 
longest firebox dimension. For fireboxes with sloped surfaces that 
create a non-uniform firebox length, the piece length shall be 
adjusted for each layer based on 80 percent of the length at the 
level where the layer is placed. Pieces are to be spaced \3/4\ 
inches (19 mm) apart on all faces. The first fuel layer may be 
assembled using fuel units consisting of multiple 4 x 4s consisting 
of single pieces with bottom and side spacers of 3 or more pieces if 
needed for a stable layer. The second layer may consist of fuel 
units consisting of no more than two pieces with spacers attached on 
the bottom and side. The top two layers of the fuel charge must 
consist of single pieces unless the fuel charge is only three 
layers. In that instance only the top layer must consist of single 
units. Three-quarter inch (19 mm) by 1.5 inch (38 mm) spacers shall 
be attached to the bottom of piece to maintain a \3/4\ inch (19 mm) 
separation. When a layer consists of two or more units of 4 x 4s an 
additional \3/4\ inch (19 mm) thick by 1.5 inch (38 mm) wide spacer 
shall be attached to the vertical face of each end of one 4 x 4, 
such that the \3/4\ inch (19 mm) space will be maintained when two 4 
x 4 units or pieces are loaded side by side. In cases where a layer 
contains an odd number of 4 x 4s one piece shall not be attached, 
but shall have spacers attached in a manner that will provide for 
the \3/4\ inch (19 mm) space to be maintained. (See Figure 1). 
Spacers shall be attached perpendicular to the length of the 4 x 4s 
such that the edge of the spacer is 1  0.25 inch from 
the end of the 4 x 4s in the previous layers. Spacers shall be red 
or white oak and will be attached with either nails (non-
galvanized), brads or

[[Page 6397]]

oak dowels. The use of kiln-dried wood is not allowed.
    12.2.1 Using a fuel moisture meter as specified in 6.7 of the 
test method, determine the fuel moisture for each test fuel piece 
used for the test fuel load by averaging at least five fuel moisture 
meter readings measured parallel to the wood grain. Penetration of 
the moisture meter insulated electrodes for all readings shall be 
\1/4\ the thickness of the fuel piece or 19 mm (\3/4\ in.), 
whichever is lesser. One measurement from each of three sides shall 
be made at approximately 3 inches from each end and the center. Two 
additional measurements shall be made centered between the other 
three locations. Each individual moisture content reading shall be 
in the range of 18 to 28 percent on a dry basis. The average 
moisture content of each piece of test fuel shall be in the range of 
19 to 25 percent. It is not required to measure the moisture content 
of the spacers. Moisture shall not be added to previously dried fuel 
pieces except by storage under high humidity conditions and 
temperature up to 100 [deg]F. Fuel moisture shall be measured within 
four hours of using the fuel for a test.
    12.2.2 Firebox Volume. Determine the firebox volume in cubic 
feet. Firebox volume shall include all areas accessible through the 
fuel loading door where firewood could reasonably be placed up to 
the horizontal plane defined by the top of the loading door. A 
drawing of the firebox showing front, side and plan views or an 
isometric view with interior dimensions shall be provided by the 
manufacturer and verified by the laboratory. Calculations for 
firebox volume from computer aided design (CAD) software programs 
are acceptable and shall be included in the test report if used. If 
the firebox volume is calculated by the laboratory the firebox 
drawings and calculations shall be included in the test report.
    12.2.3 Test Fuel charge. Test fuel charges shall be determined 
by multiplying the firebox volume by 10 pounds (4.54 kg) per ft \3\ 
(28L), or a higher load density as recommended by the manufacturer's 
printed operating instructions, of wood (as used wet weight). Select 
the number of pieces of standard fuel that most nearly match this 
target weight. This is the standard fuel charge for all tests. For 
example, if the firebox loading area volume is 10 ft \3\ (280L) and 
the firebox depth is 46 inches (1168 mm), test fuel charge target is 
100 lbs (45 kg) minimum and the piece length is 36 inches (914 mm). 
If 8-4 x 4s, 36 inches long weigh 105 lbs (48 kg), use 8 pieces for 
each test fuel charge. All test fuel charges will be of the same 
configuration.
    12.3 Sampling Equipment. Prepare the particulate emission 
sampling equipment as defined by ASTM E2515-10 ``Standard Test 
Method For Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions Collected 
In a Dilution Tunnel.''
    12.4 Appliance Startup. The appliance shall be fired with wood 
fuel of any species, size and moisture content at the laboratories 
discretion to bring it up to operating temperature. Operate the 
appliance until the water is heated to the upper operating control 
limit and has cycled at least two times. Then remove all unburned 
fuel, zero the scale and verify the scales accuracy using dead 
weights.
    12.4.1 Pre-Test Burn Cycle. Reload appliance with oak wood and 
allow it to burn down to the specified coal bed weight. The Pre-Test 
burn cycle fuel charge weight shall be within 10 percent 
of the test fuel charge weight. Piece size and length shall be 
selected such that charcoalization is achieved by the time the fuel 
charge has burned down to the required coal bed weight. Pieces with 
a maximum thickness of approximately 2 inches have been found to be 
suitable. Charcoalization is a general condition of the test fuel 
bed evidenced by an absence of large pieces of burning wood in the 
coal bed and the remaining fuel pieces being brittle enough to be 
broken into smaller charcoal pieces with a metal poker. 
Manipulations to the fuel bed prior to the start of the test run are 
to be done to achieve charcoalization while maintaining the desired 
heat output rate. During the pre-test burn cycle and at least one 
hour prior to starting the test run, adjust water flow to the heat 
exchanger to establish the target heat draw for the test. For the 
first test run the heat draw rate shall be equal to the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.4.1.1 Allowable Adjustments. Fuel addition or subtractions, 
and coal bed raking shall be kept to a minimum but are allowed up to 
15 minutes prior to the start of the test run. For the purposes of 
this method, coal bed raking is the use of a metal tool (poker) to 
stir coals, break burning fuel into smaller pieces, dislodge fuel 
pieces from positions of poor combustion, and check for the 
condition of charcoalization. Record all adjustments to and 
additions or subtractions of fuel, and any other changes to the 
appliance operations that occur during pretest ignition period. 
During the 15-minute period prior to the start of the test run, the 
wood heater loading door shall not be open more than a total of 1 
minute. Coal bed raking is the only adjustment allowed during this 
period.
    12.4.2 Coal Bed Weight. The appliance is to be loaded with the 
test fuel charge when the coal bed weight is between 10 percent and 
20 percent of the test fuel charge weight. Coals may be raked as 
necessary to level the coal bed but may only be raked and stirred 
once between 15 to 20 minutes prior to the addition of the test fuel 
charge.
    12.5 Test Runs. For all test runs, the return water temperature 
to the hydronic heater must be equal to or greater than 
120[emsp14][deg]F. Aquastat or other heater output control device 
settings that are adjustable shall be set using manufacturer 
specifications, either as factory set or in accordance with the 
owner's manual, and shall remain the same for all burn categories.
    Complete a test run in each heat output rate category, as 
follows:
    12.5.1 Test Run Start. Once the appliance is operating normally 
and the pretest coal bed weight has reached the target value per 
12.4.2, tare the scale and load the full test charge into the 
appliance. Time for loading shall not exceed 5 minutes. The actual 
weight of the test fuel charge shall be measured and recorded within 
30 minutes prior to loading. Start all sampling systems.
    12.5.1.1 Record all water temperatures, differential water 
temperatures and water flow rates at time intervals of one minute or 
less.
    12.5.1.2 Record particulate emissions data per the requirements 
of ASTM E2515.
    12.5.1.3 Record data needed to determine Overall Efficiency 
(SLM) per the requirements of CSA B415.1-2010 Clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 
6.3, 8.5.7, 10.4.3(a), 10.4.3(f), and 13.7.9.3.
    12.5.1.3.1 Measure and record the test room air temperature in 
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.1, 8.5.7 and 
10.4.3(g).
    12.5.1.3.2 Measure and record the flue gas temperature in 
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.2, 8.5.7 and 
10.4.3(f).
    12.5.1.3.3 Determine and record the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and 
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the flue gas in 
accordance with Clauses 6.3, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3(i) and (j).
    12.5.1.3.4 Measure and record the test fuel weight per the 
requirements of Clauses 8.5.7 and 10.4.3(h).
    12.5.1.3.5 Record the test run time per the requirements of 
Clause 10.4.3(a).
    12.5.1.4 Monitor the average heat output rate on the load side 
of the heat exchanger. If the heat output rate gets close to the 
upper or lower limit of the target range (5 percent) 
adjust the water flow through the heat exchanger to compensate. Make 
changes as infrequently as possible while maintaining the target 
heat output rate. The first test run shall be conducted at the 
category IV heat output rate to validate that the appliance is 
capable of producing the manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.5.2 Test Fuel Charge Adjustment. It is acceptable to adjust 
the test fuel charge (i.e., reposition) once during a test run if 
more than 60 percent of the initial test fuel charge weight has been 
consumed and more than 10 minutes have elapsed without a measurable 
(1 lb or 0. 5 kg) weight change while the operating control is in 
the demand mode. The time used to make this adjustment shall be less 
than 60 seconds.
    12.5.3 Test Run Completion. The test run is completed when the 
remaining weight of the test fuel charge is 0.0 lb (0.0 kg). End the 
test run when the scale has indicated a test fuel charge weight of 
0.0 lb (0.0 kg) or less for 30 seconds.
    12.5.3.1 At the end of the test run, stop the particulate 
sampling train and Overall Efficiency (SLM) measurements, and record 
the run time, and all final measurement values.
    12.5.4 Heat Output Capacity Validation. The first test run must 
produce a heat output rate that is within 10 percent of the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity (Category IV) throughout 
the test run and an average heat output rate within 5 percent of the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity. If the appliance is not 
capable of producing a heat output within these limits, the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity is considered not 
validated and testing is to be terminated. In such cases, the tests 
may be restarted using a lower heat output capacity if requested by 
the manufacturer.

[[Page 6398]]

    12.5.5 Additional Test Runs. Using the Manufacturer's Rated Heat 
Output Capacity as a basis, conduct a test for additional heat 
output categories as specified in 4.3. It is not required to run 
these tests in any particular order.
    12.5.6 Alternative Heat Output Rate for Category I. If an 
appliance cannot be operated in the category I heat output range due 
to stopped combustion, two test runs shall be conducted at heat 
output rates within Category II. When this is the case, the 
weightings for the weighted averages indicated in Table 2 shall be 
the average of the category I and II weightings and shall be applied 
to both category II results. Appliances that are not capable of 
operation within Category II (<25 percent of maximum) cannot be 
evaluated by this test method.
    12.5.6.1 Stopped Fuel Combustion. Evidence that an appliance 
cannot be operated at a category I heat output rate due to stopped 
fuel combustion shall include documentation of two or more attempts 
to operate the appliance in burn rate Category I and fuel combustion 
has stopped prior to complete consumption of the test fuel charge. 
Stopped fuel combustion is evidenced when an elapsed time of 60 
minutes or more has occurred without a measurable (1 lb or 0.5 kg) 
weight change in the test fuel charge while the appliance operating 
control is in the demand mode. Report the evidence and the reasoning 
used to determine that a test in burn rate Category I cannot be 
achieved. For example, two unsuccessful attempts to operate at an 
output rate of 10 percent of the rated output capacity are not 
sufficient evidence that burn rate Category I cannot be achieved.
    12.5.7 Appliance Overheating. Appliances shall be capable of 
operating in all heat output categories without overheating to be 
rated by this test method. Appliance overheating occurs when the 
rate of heat withdrawal from the appliance is lower than the rate of 
heat production when the unit control is in the idle mode. This 
condition results in the water in the appliance continuing to 
increase in temperature well above the upper limit setting of the 
operating control. Evidence of overheating includes: 1 Hour or more 
of appliance water temperature increase above the upper temperature 
set-point of the operating control, exceeding the temperature limit 
of a safety control device (independent from the operating control), 
boiling water in a non-pressurized system or activation of a 
pressure or temperature relief valve in a pressurized system.
    12.6 Additional Test Runs. The testing laboratory may conduct 
more than one test run in each of the heat output categories 
specified in section 4.4.1. If more than one test run is conducted 
at a specified heat output rate, the results from at least two-
thirds of the test runs in that heat output rate category shall be 
used in calculating the weighted average emission rate (See section 
15.1.14). The measurement data and results of all test runs shall be 
reported regardless of which values are used in calculating the 
weighted average emission rate.

13.0 Calculation of Results

13.1 Nomenclature

    ET --Total particulate emissions for the full test 
run as determined per ASTM E2515 in grams.
    Eg/MJ--Emissions rate in grams per mega joule of heat 
output.
    Elb/mmBtu output--Emissions rate in pounds per 
million Btu's of heat output.
    Eg/kg--Emissions factor in grams per kilogram of dry 
fuel burned.
    Eg/hr--Emissions factor in grams per hour.
    HHV--Higher Heating Value of fuel = 8600 Btu/lb (19.990 MJ/kg).
    LHV--Lower Heating Value of fuel = 7988 Btu/lb (18.567 MJ/kg).
    [Delta]T--Temperature difference between water entering and 
exiting the heat exchanger.
    Qout--Total heat output in BTU's (mega joules).
    Qin--Total heat input available in test fuel charge 
in BTU's (mega joules).
    M--Mass flow rate of water in lb/min (kg/min).
    Vi--Volume of water indicated by a totalizing flow 
meter at the ith reading in gallons (liters).
    Vf--Volumetric Flow rate of water in heat exchange 
system in gallons per minute (liters/min).
    [Theta]--Total length of test run in hours
    ti--Data sampling interval in minutes.
    [eta]del--Delivered heating efficiency in percent.
    Fi--Weighting factor for heat output category i. (See 
Tables 2A and 2B)
    T1--Temperature of water at the inlet on the supply side of the 
heat exchanger.
    T2--Temperature of the water at the outlet on the supply side of 
the heat exchanger.
    T3-Temperature of water at the inlet to the load side of the 
heat exchanger.
    TIavg--Average temperature of the appliance and water 
at start of the test.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.009

    MC--Fuel moisture content in percent dry basis.
    MCi--Average moisture content of individual 4 x 4 
fuel pieces in percent dry basis.
    MCsp--Moisture content of spacers assumed to be 10 
percent dry basis.
    [sigma]--Density of water in pounds per gallon.
    Cp--Specific Heat of Water in Btu/lb [deg]-F.
    Csteel--Specific Heat of Steel (0.1 Btu/lb-[deg]F).
    Wfuel--Fuel charge weight in pounds (kg).
    Wi--Weight of individual fuel 4 x 4 pieces in pounds 
(kg).
    Wsp--Weight of all spacers used in a fuel load in 
pounds (kg).
    Wapp--Weight of empty appliance in pounds.
    Wwat-- Weight of water in supply side of the system 
in pounds.
    13.2 After the test is completed, determine the particulate 
emissions ET in accordance with ASTM E2515.

13.3 Determine Average Fuel Load Moisture Content
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.010

[[Page 6399]]

    13.5 Determine heat output and efficiency.
    13.5.1 Determine heat output as:
    Qout = [Sigma] [Heat output determined for each 
sampling time interval]+ Change in heat stored in the appliance.
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    13.5.5 Determine [eta]SLM--Overall Efficiency (SLM) 
using Stack Loss For determination of the average overall thermal 
efficiency ([eta]SLM) for the test run, use the data 
collected over the full test run and the calculations in accordance 
with CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 13.7 except for 13.7.2 (e), (f), (g), 
and (h), use the following average fuel properties for oak: percent 
C = 50.0, percent H = 6.6, percent O = 43.2, percent Ash = 0.2 
percent.
    13.5.5.1 Whenever the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency is 
found to be lower than the overall efficiency based on load side 
measurements, as determined by Eq. 16 of this method, section 14.1.7 
of the test report must include a discussion of the reasons for this 
result.
    13.6 Weighted Average Emissions and Efficiency
    13.6.1 Determine the weighted average emission rate and 
delivered efficiency from the individual tests in the specified heat 
output categories. The weighting factors (Fi) are derived from an 
analysis of ASHRAE Bin Data which provides details of normal 
building heating requirements in terms of percent of design capacity 
and time in a particular capacity range--or ``bin''--over the course 
of a heating season. The values used in this method represent an 
average of data from several cities located in the northern United 
States.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.013

    13.7 Average Heat Output (Qout-8hr) and Efficiency 
(([eta]avg-8hr) for 8 hour burn time.
    13.7.1 Units tested under this standard typically require 
infrequent fuelling, 8 to 12 hours intervals being typical. Rating 
unit's based on an Average Output sustainable over an 8 hour 
duration will assist consumers in appropriately sizing units to 
match the theoretical heat demand of their application.
    13.7.2 Calculations:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.014
    
Where:
Y1 = Test Duration just above 8 hrs
Y2 = Test Duration just below 8 hrs
X1 = Actual Load for duration Y1
X2 = Actual Load for duration Y2

    [eta]del1 = Average Delivered Efficiency for duration Y1
    [eta]del2 = Average Delivered Efficiency for duration Y2
    13.7.2.1 Determine the Test Durations and Actual Load for each 
Category as recorded in Table 1A.
    13.7.2.2 Determine the data point that has the nearest duration 
greater than 8 hrs. X1 = Actual Load,
    Y1 = Test Duration and
    [eta]del1 = Average Delivered Efficiency for this data 
point.
    13.7.2.3 Determine the data point that has the nearest duration 
less than 8 hrs.
    X2 = Actual Load,
    Y2 = Test Duration and
    [eta]del2 = Average Delivered Efficiency for this data 
point.
    13.7.2.4 Example:

                      Category Actual Load Duration
                [Category Actual Load Duration [eta]del]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (Btu/Hr)                           (Hr)     (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 15,000..............................................     10.2     70.0
2 26,000..............................................      8.4     75.5
3 50,000..............................................      6.4     80.1
4 100,000.............................................      4.7     80.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                 {{time} 
    Category 2 Duration is just above 8 hours, therefore: X1 = 26,000 
BTU/hr, [eta]del1 = 75.5% and Y1 = 8.4 Hrs
    Category 3 Duration is just below 8 hours, therefore: X2 = 50,000 
BTU/hr, [eta]del2 = 80.1% and Y2 = 6.4 Hrs
    Qout-8hr = 26,000 + {(8--8.4) x [(50,000--26,000)/(6.4--
8.4)]{time} 
    = 30,800 BTU/hr
    [eta]avg-8hr = 75.5 + {(8--8.4) x [(80.1--75.5)/(6.4--
8.4)]{time}  = 76.4%

14.0 Report

    14.1.1 The report shall include the following.
    14.1.2 Name and location of the laboratory conducting the test.
    14.1.3 A description of the appliance tested and its condition, 
date of receipt and dates of tests.
    14.1.4 A statement that the test results apply only to the specific 
appliance tested.
    14.1.5 A statement that the test report shall not be reproduced 
except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
    14.1.6 A description of the test procedures and test equipment 
including a schematic or other drawing showing the location of all 
required test equipment. Also, a description of test fuel sourcing, 
handling and storage practices shall be included.
    14.1.7 Details of deviations from, additions to or exclusions from 
the test method, and their data quality implications on the test 
results (if any), as well as information on specific test conditions, 
such as environmental conditions.
    14.1.8 A list of participants and observers present for the tests.
    14.1.9 Data and drawings indicating the fire box size and location 
of the fuel charge.
    14.1.10 Drawings and calculations used to determine firebox volume.
    14.1.11 Information for each test run fuel charge including piece 
size, moisture content, and weight.
    14.1.12 All required data for each test run shall be provided in 
spreadsheet format. Formulae used for all calculations shall be 
accessible for review.
    14.1.13 Test run duration for each test.
    14.1.14 Calculated results for delivered efficiency at each burn 
rate and the weighted average Emissions reported as total emissions in 
grams, pounds per million Btu of delivered heat, grams per mega-joule 
of delivered heat, grams per kilogram of dry fuel and grams per hour. 
Results shall be reported for each heat output category and the 
weighted average.
    14.1.15 Tables 1A, 1B, 1C and 2 must be used for presentation of 
results in test reports.
    14.1.16 A statement of the estimated uncertainty of measurement of 
the emissions and efficiency test results.
    14.1.17 Raw data, calibration records, and other relevant 
documentation shall be retained by the laboratory for a minimum of 7 
years.

15.0 Precision and Bias

    15.1 Precision--It is not possible to specify the precision of the 
procedure in Draft Test because the appliance

[[Page 6401]]

operation and fueling protocols and the appliances themselves produce 
variable amounts of emissions and cannot be used to determine 
reproducibility or repeatability of this measurement method.
    15.2 Bias--No definitive information can be presented on the bias 
of the procedure in Draft Test Method 28 WHH for measuring solid fuel 
burning hydronic heater emissions because no material having an 
accepted reference value is available.

16.0 Keywords

    16.1 Solid fuel, hydronic heating appliances, wood-burning hydronic 
heaters.
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[[Page 6402]]

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[[Page 6403]]

Method 28WHH-PTS A Test Method for Certification of Cord Wood-Fired 
Hydronic Heating Appliances With Partial Thermal Storage: Measurement 
of Particulate Matter (PM) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions and 
Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances With 
Partial Thermal Storage

1.0 Scope and Application

    1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired hydronic heating 
appliances with heat storage external to the appliance. The units 
typically transfer heat through circulation of a liquid heat 
exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture. 
Throughout this document, the term ``water'' will be used to denote 
any of the heat transfer liquids approved for use by the 
manufacturer.
    1.2 The test method measures PM and CO emissions and delivered 
heating efficiency at specified heat output rates referenced against 
the appliance's rated heating capacity as specified by the 
manufacturer and verified under this test method.
    1.3 PM emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as 
specified in the EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced 
therein with the exceptions noted in Section 12.5.9. Delivered 
Efficiency is measured by determining the fuel energy input and 
appliance output. Heat output is determined through measurement of 
the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a 
heat exchanger external to the appliance and the increase in energy 
of the external storage. Heat input is determined from the mass of 
dry wood fuel and its higher heating value (HHV). Delivered 
efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.
    1.4 Products covered by this test method include both 
pressurized and non-pressurized hydronic heating appliances intended 
to be fired with wood and for which the manufacturer specifies for 
indoor or outdoor installation. The system, which includes the 
heating appliance and external storage, is commonly connected to a 
heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally includes a pump to 
circulate heated liquid. These systems are used to heat structures 
such as homes, barns and greenhouses. They also provide heat for 
domestic hot water, spas and swimming pools.
    1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard 
include:
    1.5.1 The manufacturer specifies the application for either 
indoor or outdoor installation.
    1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel.
    1.5.3 Typically an aquastat mounted as part of the appliance 
that controls combustion air supply to maintain the liquid in the 
appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided 
sufficient fuel is available in the firebox. The appliance may be 
equipped with other devices to control combustion.
    1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from 
the appliance.
    1.5.5 A liquid storage system, typically water, which is not 
large enough to accept all of the heat produced when a full load of 
wood is burned and the storage system starts a burn cycle at 
125[emsp14][deg]F.
    1.5.6 The heating appliances require external thermal storage 
and these units will only be installed as part of a system which 
includes thermal storage. The manufacturer specifies the minimum 
amount of thermal storage required. However, the storage system 
shall be large enough to ensure that the boiler (heater) does not 
cycle, slumber, or go into an off-mode when operated in a Category 
III load condition (See section 4.3).
    1.6 The values stated are to be regarded as the standard whether 
in I-P or SI units. The values given in parentheses are for 
information only.

2.0 Summary of Method and References

    2.1 PM and CO emissions are measured from a wood-fired hydronic 
heating appliance burning a prepared test fuel charge in a test 
facility maintained at a set of prescribed conditions. Procedures 
for determining heat output rates, PM and CO emissions, and 
efficiency and for reducing data are provided.

2.2 Referenced Documents

    2.2.1 EPA Standards
    2.2.1.1 Method 28 Certification and Auditing of Wood Heaters
    2.2.1.2 Method 28 WHH Measurement of Particulate Emissions and 
Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances and the 
standards referenced therein.
    2.2.2 Other Standards
    2.2.2.1 CAN/CSA-B415.1-2010 Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-
Burning Heating Appliances

3.0 Terminology

3.1 Definitions

    3.1.1 Hydronic Heating--A heating system in which a heat source 
supplies energy to a liquid heat exchange media such as water that 
is circulated to a heating load and returned to the heat source 
through pipes.
    3.1.2 Aquastat--A control device that opens or closes a circuit 
to control the rate of fuel consumption in response to the 
temperature of the heating media in the heating appliance.
    3.1.3 Delivered Efficiency--The percentage of heat available in 
a test fuel charge that is delivered to a simulated heating load or 
the storage system as specified in this test method.
    3.1.4 Emission factor--the emission of a pollutant expressed in 
mass per unit of energy (typically) output from the boiler/heater
    3.1.5 Emission index--the emission of a pollutant expressed in 
mass per unit mass of fuel used
    3.1.6 Emission rate--the emission of a pollutant expressed in 
mass per unit time
    3.1.7 Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity -The value in 
Btu/hr (MJ/hr) that the manufacturer specifies that a particular 
model of hydronic heating appliance is capable of supplying at its 
design capacity as verified by testing, in accordance with section 
12.5.4.
    3.1.8 Heat output rate--The average rate of energy output from 
the appliance during a specific test period in Btu/hr (MJ/hr)
    3.1.9 Firebox--The chamber in the appliance in which the test 
fuel charge is placed and combusted.
    3.1.10 NIST--National Institute of Standards and Technology
    3.1.11 Test fuel charge--The collection of test fuel placed in 
the appliance at the start of the emission test run.
    3.1.12 Test Run--An individual emission test which encompasses 
the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel charge. The 
time of the test run also considers the time for the energy to be 
drawn from the thermal storage.
    3.1.13 Test Run Under ``Cold-to-Cold'' Condition--under this 
test condition the test fuel is added into an empty chamber along 
with kindling and ignition materials (paper). The boiler/heater at 
the start of this test is typically 125[deg] to 130[deg] F.
    3.1.14 Test Run Under ``Hot-to-Hot'' Condition--under this test 
condition the test fuel is added onto a still-burning bed of 
charcoals produced in a pre-burn period. The boiler/heater water is 
near its operating control limit at the start of the test.
    3.1.15 Overall Efficiency, also known as Stack Loss Efficiency--
The efficiency for each test run as determined using the CSA B415.1-
2010 Stack Loss Method (SLM).
    3.1.16 Phases of a Burn Cycle. The ``startup phase'' is defined 
as the period from the start of the test until 15 percent of the 
test fuel charge is consumed. The ``steady state phase'' is defined 
as the period from the end of the startup phase to a point at which 
80 percent of the test fuel charge is consumed. The ``end phase'' is 
defined as the time from the end of the steady state period to the 
end of the test.
    3.1.17 Thermopile--A device consisting of a number of 
thermocouples connected in series, used for measuring differential 
temperature.
    3.1.18 Slumber Mode--This is a mode in which the temperature of 
the water in the boiler/heater has exceeded the operating control 
limit and the control has changed the boiler/heater fan speed, 
dampers, and/or other operating parameters to minimize the heat 
output of the boiler/heater.

4.0 Summary of Test Method

    4.1 Dilution Tunnel. Emissions are determined using the 
``dilution tunnel'' method specified in EPA Method 28 WHH and the 
standards referenced therein. The flow rate in the dilution tunnel 
is maintained at a constant level throughout the test cycle and 
accurately measured. Samples of the dilution tunnel flow stream are 
extracted at a constant flow rate and drawn through high efficiency 
filters. The filters are dried and weighed before and after the test 
to determine the emissions collected and this value is multiplied by 
the ratio of tunnel flow to filter flow to determine the total 
particulate emissions produced in the test cycle.
    4.2 Efficiency. The efficiency test procedure takes advantage of 
the fact that this type of system delivers heat through circulation 
of the heated liquid (water) from the system to a remote heat 
exchanger (e.g. baseboard radiators in a room) and back to the 
system. Measurements of the cooling

[[Page 6404]]

water temperature difference as it enters and exits the test system 
heat exchanger along with the measured flow rate allow for an 
accurate determination of the useful heat output of the appliance. 
Also included in the heat output is the change in the energy content 
in the storage system during a test run. Energy input to the 
appliance during the test run is determined by weight of the test 
fuel charge, adjusted for moisture content, multiplied by the Higher 
Heating Value. Additional measurements of the appliance weight and 
temperature at the beginning and end of a test cycle are used to 
correct for heat stored in the appliance. Overall Efficiency (SLM) 
is determined using the CSA B415.1-2010 stack loss method for data 
quality assurance purposes.
    4.3 Operation. Four test categories are defined for use in this 
method. These are:
    4.3.1 Category I: A heat output of 15 percent or less of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.2 Category II: A heat output of 16 percent to 24 percent of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.3 Category III: A heat output of 25 percent to 50 percent of 
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.4 Category IV: Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity. 
These heat output categories refer to the output from the system by 
way of the load heat exchanger installed for the test. The output 
from just the boiler/heater part of the system may be higher for all 
or part of a test, as part of this boiler/heater output goes to 
storage.
    For the Category III and IV runs, appliance operation is 
conducted on a hot-to-hot test cycle meaning that the appliance is 
brought to operating temperature and a coal bed is established prior 
to the addition of the test fuel charge and measurements are made 
for each test fuel charge cycle. The measurements are made under 
constant heat draw conditions within pre-determined ranges. No 
attempt is made to modulate the heat demand to simulate an indoor 
thermostat cycling on and off in response to changes in the indoor 
environment.
    For the Category I and II runs, the unit is tested with a ``cold 
start.'' At the manufacturer's option, the Category II and III runs 
may be waived and it may be assumed that the particulate emission 
values and efficiency values determined in the startup, steady-
state, and end phases of Category I are applicable in Categories II 
and III for the purpose of determining the annual averages in lb/
MMBtu and g/MJ (See section 13). For the annual average in g/hr, the 
length of time for stored heat to be drawn from thermal storage 
shall be determined for the test load requirements of the respective 
Category.
    All test operations and measurements shall be conducted by 
personnel of the laboratory responsible for the submission of the 
test report.

5.0 Significance and Use

    5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission and CO rates 
is an important test method widely used in the practice of air 
pollution control.
    5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by state or federal 
agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining 
compliance with regulations and statutes.
    5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design 
modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of 
design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an 
important tool in manufacturer's research and development programs.
    5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis 
for comparison of product performance that is useful to the 
consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the 
useful heat production.
    5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully 
representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users 
of hand-fired, wood-burning equipment have a great deal of influence 
over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises 
in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable 
and repeatable test method.

6.0 Test Equipment

    6.1 Scale. A platform scale capable of weighing the boiler/
heater under test and associated parts and accessories when 
completely filled with water to an accuracy of  1.0 
pound ( 0.5 kg) and a readout resolution of  
0.2 pound ( 0.1 kg).
    6.2 Heat Exchanger. A water-to-water heat exchanger capable of 
dissipating the expected heat output from the system under test.
    6.3 Water Temperature Difference Measurement. A Type-T `special 
limits' thermopile with a minimum of 5 pairs of junctions shall be 
used to measure the temperature difference in water entering and 
leaving the heat exchanger. The temperature difference measurement 
uncertainty of this type of thermopile is equal to or less than 
 0.50 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C). Other 
temperature measurement methods may be used if the temperature 
difference measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than  0.50 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C). This measurement 
uncertainty shall include the temperature sensor, sensor well 
arrangement, piping arrangements, lead wire, and measurement/
recording system. The response time of the temperature measurement 
system shall be less than half of the time interval at which 
temperature measurements are recorded.
    6.4 Water Flow Meter. A water flow meter shall be installed in 
the inlet to the load side of the heat exchanger. The flow meter 
shall have an accuracy of  1 percent of measured flow.
    6.4.1 Optional--Appliance side water flow meter. A water flow 
meter with an accuracy of  1 percent of the flow rate is 
recommended to monitor supply side water flow rate.
    6.5 Optional Recirculation Pump. Circulating pump used during 
test to prevent stratification, in the boiler/heater, of liquid 
being heated.
    6.6 Water Temperature Measurement--Thermocouples or other 
temperature sensors to measure the water temperature at the inlet 
and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger must meet the 
calibration requirements specified in 10.1 of this method.
    6.7 Lab Scale--For measuring the moisture content of wood slices 
as part of the overall wood moisture determination. Accuracy of 
 0.01 pounds.
    6.8 Flue Gas Temperature Measurement--Must meet the requirements 
of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.2.
    6.9 Test Room Temperature Measurement--Must meet the 
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.1.
    6.10 Flue Gas Composition Measurement--Must meet the 
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clauses 6.3.1 through 6.3.3.
    6.11 Dilution Tunnel CO Measurement--In parallel with the flue 
gas composition measurements, the CO concentration in the dilution 
tunnel shall also be measured and reported at time intervals not to 
exceed one minute. This analyzer shall meet the zero and span drift 
requirements of CSA B415.1-2012. In addition the measurement 
repeatability shall be better than 15 ppm over the range 
of CO levels observed in the dilution tunnel.

7.0 Safety

    7.1 These tests involve combustion of wood fuel and substantial 
release of heat and products of combustion. The heating system also 
produces large quantities of very hot water and the potential for 
steam production and system pressurization. Appropriate precautions 
must be taken to protect personnel from burn hazards and respiration 
of products of combustion.

8.0 Sampling, Test Specimens and Test Appliances

    8.1 Test specimens shall be supplied as complete appliances, as 
described in marketing materials, including all controls and 
accessories necessary for installation in the test facility. A full 
set of specifications, installation and operating instructions, and 
design and assembly drawings shall be provided when the product is 
to be placed under certification of a third-party agency. The 
manufacturer's written installation and operating instructions are 
to be used as a guide in the set-up and testing of the appliance and 
shall be part of the test record.
    8.2 The size, connection arrangement, and control arrangement 
for the thermal storage shall be as specified in the manufacturer's 
documentation. It is not necessary to use the specific storage 
system that the boiler/heater will be marketed with. However, the 
capacity of the system used in the test cannot be greater than that 
specified as the minimum allowable for the boiler/heater.
    8.3 All system control settings shall be the as-shipped, default 
settings. These default settings shall be the same as those 
communicated in a document to the installer or end user. These 
control settings and the documentation of the control settings as to 
be provided to the installer or end user shall be part of the test 
record.
    8.4 Where the manufacturer defines several alternatives for the 
connection and loading arrangement, one shall be defined in the 
appliance documentation as the default or standard installation. It 
is expected that this will be the configuration for use with a 
simple baseboard heating system. This is the

[[Page 6405]]

configuration to be followed for these tests. The manufacturer's 
documentation shall define the other arrangements as optional or 
alternative arrangements.

9.0 Preparation of Test Equipment

    9.1 The appliance is to be placed on a scale capable of weighing 
the appliance fully loaded with a resolution of  0.2 lb 
(0.1 kg).
    9.2 The appliance shall be fitted with the type of chimney 
recommended or provided by the manufacturer and extending to 15 
 0.5 feet (4.6  0.15 m) from the upper 
surface of the scale. If no flue or chimney system is recommended or 
provided by the manufacturer, connect the appliance to a flue of a 
diameter equal to the flue outlet of the appliance. The flue section 
from the appliance flue collar to 8  0.5 feet above the 
scale shall be single wall stove pipe and the remainder of the flue 
shall be double wall insulated class A chimney.
    9.3 Optional Equipment Use
    9.3.1 A recirculation pump may be installed between connections 
at the top and bottom of the appliance to minimize thermal 
stratification if specified by the manufacturer. The pump shall not 
be installed in such a way as to change or affect the flow rate 
between the appliance and the heat exchanger.
    9.3.2 If the manufacturer specifies that a thermal control valve 
or other device be installed and set to control the return water 
temperature to a specific set point, the valve or other device shall 
be installed and set per the manufacturer's written instructions.
    9.4 Prior to filling the boiler/heater with water, weigh and 
record the appliance mass.
    9.5 Heat Exchanger
    9.5.1 Plumb the unit to a water-to-water heat exchanger with 
sufficient capacity to draw off heat at the maximum rate 
anticipated. Route hoses and electrical cables and instrument wires 
in a manner that does not influence the weighing accuracy of the 
scale as indicated by placing dead weights on the platform and 
verifying the scale's accuracy.
    9.5.2 Locate thermocouples to measure the water temperature at 
the inlet and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.3 Install a thermopile (or equivalent instrumentation) 
meeting the requirements of section 6.3 to measure the water 
temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the load side 
of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.4 Install a calibrated water flow meter in the heat 
exchanger load side supply line. The water flow meter is to be 
installed on the cooling water inlet side of the heat exchanger so 
that it will operate at the temperature at which it is calibrated.
    9.5.5 Place the heat exchanger in a box with 2 in. (50 mm) of 
expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation surrounding it to 
minimize heat losses from the heat exchanger.
    9.5.6 The reported efficiency and heat output rate shall be 
based on measurements made on the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.7 Temperature instrumentation per section 6.6 shall be 
installed in the appliance outlet and return lines. The average of 
the outlet and return water temperature on the supply side of the 
system shall be considered the average appliance temperature for 
calculation of heat storage in the appliance (TFavg and 
TIavg). Installation of a water flow meter in the supply 
side of the system is optional.
    9.6 Storage Tank. The storage tank shall include a 
destratification pump as illustrated in Figure 1. The pump will draw 
from the bottom of the tank and return to the top as illustrated. 
Temperature sensors (TS1 and TS2 in Figure 1) shall be included to 
measure the temperature in the recirculation loop. The valve plan in 
Figure 1 allows the tank recirculation loop to operate and the 
boiler/heater-to-heat exchanger loop to operate at the same time but 
in isolation. This would typically be done before the start of a 
test or following completion of a test to determine the end of test 
average tank temperature. The nominal flow rate in the storage tank 
recirculation loop can be estimated based on pump manufacturer's 
performance curves and any significant restriction in the 
recirculation loop.
    9.7 Fill the system with water. Determine the total weight of 
the water in the appliance when the water is circulating. Verify 
that the scale indicates a stable weight under operating conditions. 
Make sure air is purged properly.

10.0 Calibration and Standardization

    10.1 Water Temperature Sensors. Temperature measuring equipment 
shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually 
thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with National 
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Monograph 175, Standard 
Limits of Error.
    10.2 Heat Exchanger Load Side Water Flow Meter.
    10.2.1 The heat exchanger load side water flow meter shall be 
calibrated within the flow range used for the test run using NIST-
traceable methods. Verify the calibration of the water flow meter 
before and after each test run and at least once during each test 
run by comparing the water flow rate indicated by the flow meter to 
the mass of water collected from the outlet of the heat exchanger 
over a timed interval. Volume of the collected water shall be 
determined based on the water density calculated from section 13, 
Eq. 12, using the water temperature measured at the flow meter. The 
uncertainty in the verification procedure used shall be 1 percent or 
less. The water flow rate determined by the collection and weighing 
method shall be within 1 percent of the flow rate indicated by the 
water flow meter.
    10.3 Scales. The scales used to weigh the appliance and test 
fuel charge shall be calibrated using NIST-traceable methods at 
least once every 6 months.
    10.4 Flue Gas Analyzers--In accordance with CSA B415.1-2010, 
Clause 6.8.

11.0 Conditioning

    11.1 Prior to testing, a non-catalytic appliance is to be 
operated for a minimum of 10 hours using a medium heat draw rate. 
Catalytic units shall be operated for a minimum of 50 hours using a 
medium heat draw rate. The pre-burn for the first test can be 
included as part of the conditioning requirement. If conditioning is 
included in pre-burn, then the appliance shall be aged with fuel 
meeting the specifications outlined in section 12.2 with a moisture 
content between 19 and 25 percent on a dry basis. Operate the 
appliance at a medium heat output rate (Category II or III) for at 
least 10 hours for non-catalytic appliances and 50 hours for 
catalytic appliances. Record and report hourly flue gas exit 
temperature data and the hours of operation. The aging procedure 
shall be conducted and documented by a testing laboratory.

12.0 Procedure

    12.1 Appliance Installation. Assemble the appliance and parts in 
conformance with the manufacturer's written installation 
instructions. Clean the flue with an appropriately sized, wire 
chimney brush before each certification test series.
    12.2 Fuel. Test fuel charge fuel shall be red (Quercus ruba L.) 
or white (Quercus Alba) oak 19 to 25 percent moisture content on a 
dry basis. Piece length shall be 80 percent of the firebox depth 
rounded down to the nearest 1 inch (25mm) increment. For example, if 
the firebox depth is 46 inches (1168mm) the piece length would be 36 
inches (46 inches x 0.8 = 36.8 inches round down to 36 inches). 
Pieces are to be placed in the firebox parallel to the longest 
firebox dimension. For fireboxes with sloped surfaces that create a 
non-uniform firebox length, the piece length shall be adjusted for 
each layer based on 80 percent of the length at the level where the 
layer is placed. The test fuel shall be cord wood with cross section 
dimensions and weight limits as defined in CSA B415.1-2010, section 
8.3, Table 4. The use of dimensional lumber is not allowed.
    12.2.1 Select three pieces of cord wood from the same batch of 
wood as the test fuel and the same weight as the average weight of 
the pieces in the test load  1.0 lb. From each of these 
three pieces, cut three slices. Each slice shall be \1/2\ inch to 
\3/4\ inch thick. One slice shall be cut across the center of the 
length of the piece. The other two slices shall be cut half way 
between the center and the end. Immediately measure the mass of each 
piece in pounds. Dry each slice in an oven at 220[emsp14][deg]F for 
24 hours or until no further weight change occurs. The slices shall 
be arranged in the oven so as to provide separation between faces. 
Remove from the oven and measure the mass of each piece again as 
soon as practical in pounds.
    The moisture content of each slice, on a dry basis shall be 
calculated as:

[[Page 6406]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.004

Where:

WSliceWet = weight of the slice before drying in pounds
WSliceDry = weight of the slice after drying in pounds
MCSlice = moisture content of the slice in % dry basis

    The average moisture content of the entire test load (MC) shall 
be determined using Eq. 6. Each individual slice shall have a 
moisture content in the range of 18 percent to 28 percent on a dry 
basis. The average moisture content for the test fuel load shall be 
in the range of 19 percent to 25 percent. Moisture shall not be 
added to previously dried fuel pieces except by storage under high 
humidity conditions and temperature up to 100 [deg]F. Fuel moisture 
measurement shall begin within four hours of using the fuel batch 
for a test. Use of a pin-type meter to estimate the moisture content 
prior to a test is recommended.
    12.2.2 Firebox Volume. Determine the firebox volume in cubic 
feet. Firebox volume shall include all areas accessible through the 
fuel loading door where firewood could reasonably be placed up to 
the horizontal plane defined by the top of the loading door. A 
drawing of the firebox showing front, side and plan views or an 
isometric view with interior dimensions shall be provided by the 
manufacturer and verified by the laboratory. Calculations for 
firebox volume from computer aided design (CAD) software programs 
are acceptable and shall be included in the test report if used. If 
the firebox volume is calculated by the laboratory the firebox 
drawings and calculations shall be included in the test report.
    12.2.3 Test Fuel charge. Test fuel charges shall be determined 
by multiplying the firebox volume by 10 pounds (4.54 kg) per ft\3\ 
(28L), or a higher load density as recommended by the manufacturer's 
printed operating instructions, of wood (as used wet weight). Select 
the number of pieces of cord wood that most nearly match this target 
weight. However, the test fuel charge cannot be less than the target 
of 10 pounds (4.54 kg) per ft\3\ (28L).
    12.3 Sampling Equipment. Prepare the particulate emission 
sampling equipment as defined by EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards 
referenced therein.
    12.4 Appliance Startup. The appliance shall be fired with wood 
fuel of any species, size and moisture content at the laboratories 
discretion to bring it up to operating temperature. Operate the 
appliance until the water is heated to the upper operating control 
limit and has cycled at least two times. Then remove all unburned 
fuel, zero the scale and verify the scales accuracy using dead 
weights.
    12.4.1 Startup Procedure for Category III and IV Test Runs, 
``Hot-to-Hot''
    12.4.1.1 Pre-Test Burn Cycle. Following appliance startup 
(section 12.4), reload appliance with oak cord wood and allow it to 
burn down to the specified coal bed weight. The pre-test burn cycle 
fuel charge weight shall be within 10 percent of the 
test fuel charge weight. Piece size and length shall be selected 
such that charcoalization is achieved by the time the fuel charge 
has burned down to the required coal bed weight. Pieces with a 
maximum thickness of approximately 2 inches have been found to be 
suitable. Charcoalization is a general condition of the test fuel 
bed evidenced by an absence of large pieces of burning wood in the 
coal bed and the remaining fuel pieces being brittle enough to be 
broken into smaller charcoal pieces with a metal poker. 
Manipulations to the fuel bed prior to the start of the test run are 
to be done to achieve charcoalization while maintaining the desired 
heat output rate. During the pre-test burn cycle and at least one 
hour prior to starting the test run, adjust water flow to the heat 
exchanger to establish the target heat draw for the test. For the 
first test run the heat draw rate shall be equal to the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.4.1.2 Allowable Adjustments. Fuel addition or subtractions, 
and coal bed raking shall be kept to a minimum but are allowed up to 
15 minutes prior to the start of the test run. For the purposes of 
this method, coal bed raking is the use of a metal tool (poker) to 
stir coals, break burning fuel into smaller pieces, dislodge fuel 
pieces from positions of poor combustion, and check for the 
condition of charcoalization. Record all adjustments to and 
additions or subtractions of fuel, and any other changes to the 
appliance operations that occur during pretest ignition period. 
During the 15-minute period prior to the start of the test run, the 
wood heater loading door shall not be open more than a total of 1 
minute. Coal bed raking is the only adjustment allowed during this 
period.
    12.4.1.3 Coal Bed Weight. The appliance is to be loaded with the 
test fuel charge when the coal bed weight is between 10 percent and 
20 percent of the test fuel charge weight. Coals may be raked as 
necessary to level the coal bed but may only be raked and stirred 
once between 15 to 20 minutes prior to the addition of the test fuel 
charge.
    12.4.1.4 Storage. The Category III and IV test runs may be done 
either with or without the thermal storage. If thermal storage is 
used the initial temperature of the storage must be 125 [deg]F or 
greater at the start of the test. The storage may be heated during 
the pre-test burn cycle or it may be heated by external means. If 
thermal storage is used, prior to the start of the test run, the 
storage tank destratification pump, shown in Figure 1, shall be 
operated until the total volume pumped exceeds 1.5 times the tank 
volume and the difference between the temperature at the top and 
bottom of the storage tank (TS1 and TS2) is 
less than 1[emsp14][deg]F. These two temperatures shall then be 
recorded to determine the starting average tank temperature. The 
total volume pumped may be based on the nominal flow rate of the 
destratification pump (See section 9.6). If the Category III and IV 
runs are done with storage, it is recognized that during the last 
hour of the pre-burn cycle the storage tank must be mixed to achieve 
a uniform starting temperature and cannot receive heat from the 
boiler/heater during this time. During this time period the boiler/
heater might cycle or go into a steady reduced output mode. (Note--
this would happen, for example, in a Category IV run if the actual 
maximum output of the boiler/heater exceed the manufacturer's rated 
output.) A second storage tank may be used temporarily to enable the 
boiler/heater to operate during this last hour of the pre-burn 
period as it will during the test period. The temperature of this 
second storage tank is not used in the calculations but the return 
water to the boiler/heater (after mixing device if used) must be 125 
[deg]F or greater.
    12.4.2 Startup Procedure for Category I and II test runs, 
``cold-to-cold.''
    12.4.2.1 Initial Temperatures. This test shall be started with 
both the boiler/heater and the storage at a minimum temperature of 
125 [deg]F. The boiler/heater maximum temperature at the start of 
this test shall be 135 [deg]F. The boiler/heater and storage may be 
heated through a pre-burn or it may be heated by external means.
    12.4.2.2 Firebox Condition at Test Start. Prior to the start of 
this test remove all ash and charcoal from the combustion 
chamber(s). The loading of the test fuel and kindling should follow 
the manufacturer's recommendations, subject to the following 
constraints: Up to 10 percent kindling and paper may be used which 
is in addition to the fuel load. Further, up to 10 percent of the 
fuel load (i.e., included in the 10 lb/ft\3\) may be smaller than 
the main fuel. This startup fuel shall still be larger than 2 
inches.
    12.4.2.3 Storage. The Category I and II test runs shall be done 
with thermal storage. The initial temperature of the storage must be 
125 [deg]F or greater at the start of the test. The storage may be 
heated during the pre-test burn cycle or it may be heated by 
external means. Prior to the start of the test run, the storage tank 
destratification pump, shown in Figure 1, shall be operated until 
the total volume pumped exceeds 1.5 times the tank volume and the 
difference between the temperature at the top and bottom of the 
storage tank (TS1 and TS2) is less than 1 
[deg]F. These two temperatures shall then be recorded to determine 
the starting average tank temperature. The total volume pumped may 
be based on the nominal flow rate of the destratification pump (See 
section 9.6).
    12.5 Test Runs. For all test runs, the return water temperature 
to the hydronic heater must be equal to or greater than 120 [deg]F 
(this is lower than the initial tank temperature to allow for any 
pipeline losses). Where the storage system is used, flow of water 
from the boiler/heater shall be divided between the storage tank and 
the heat

[[Page 6407]]

exchanger such that the temperature change of the circulating water 
across the heat exchanger shall be 30  5 [deg]F, 
averaged over the entire test run. This is typically adjusted using 
the system valves.
    Complete a test run in each heat output rate category, as 
follows:
    12.5.1 Test Run Start. For Category III and IV runs: once the 
appliance is operating normally and the pretest coal bed weight has 
reached the target value per 12.4.1, tare the scale and load the 
full test charge into the appliance. Time for loading shall not 
exceed 5 minutes. The actual weight of the test fuel charge shall be 
measured and recorded within 30 minutes prior to loading. Start all 
sampling systems.
    For Category I and II runs: once the appliance has reached the 
starting temperature, tare the scale and load the full test charge, 
including kindling into the appliance. The actual weight of the test 
fuel charge shall be measured and recorded within 30 minutes prior 
to loading. Light the fire following the manufacturer's written 
normal startup procedure. Start all sampling systems.
    12.5.1.1 Record all water temperatures, differential water 
temperatures and water flow rates at time intervals of one minute or 
less.
    12.5.1.2 Record particulate emissions data per the requirements 
of EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced therein.
    12.5.1.3 Record data needed to determine Overall Efficiency 
(SLM) per the requirements of CSA B415.1-2010 Clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 
6.3, 8.5.7, 10.4.3 (a), 10.4.3(f), and 13.7.9.3
    12.5.1.3.1 Measure and record the test room air temperature in 
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.1, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 
(g).
    12.5.1.3.2 Measure and record the flue gas temperature in 
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.2, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 
(f).
    12.5.1.3.3 Determine and record the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and 
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the flue gas in 
accordance with Clauses 6.3, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 (i) and (j).
    12.5.1.3.4 Measure and record the test fuel weight per the 
requirements of Clauses 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 (h).
    12.5.1.3.5 Record the test run time per the requirements of 
Clause 10.4.3 (a).
    12.5.1.3.6 Record and document all settings and adjustments, if 
any, made to the boiler/heater as recommended/required by 
manufacturer's instruction manual for different combustion 
conditions or heat loads. These may include temperature setpoints, 
under and over-fire air adjustment, or other adjustments that could 
be made by an operator to optimize or alter combustion. All such 
settings shall be included in the report for each test run.
    12.5.1.4 Monitor the average heat output rate on the load side 
of the heat exchanger based on water temperatures and flow. If the 
heat output rate over a 10 minute averaging period gets close to the 
upper or lower limit of the target range ( 5 percent), 
adjust the water flow through the heat exchanger to compensate. Make 
changes as infrequently as possible while maintaining the target 
heat output rate. The first test run shall be conducted at the 
category IV heat output rate to validate that the appliance is 
capable of producing the manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.5.2 Test Fuel Charge Adjustment. It is acceptable to adjust 
the test fuel charge (i.e., reposition) once during a test run if 
more than 60 percent of the initial test fuel charge weight has been 
consumed and more than 10 minutes have elapsed without a measurable 
(1 lb or 0.5 kg) weight change while the operating control is in the 
demand mode. The time used to make this adjustment shall be less 
than 60 seconds.
    12.5.3 Test Run Completion. For the Category III and IV, ``hot-
to-hot'' test runs, the test run is completed when the remaining 
weight of the test fuel charge is 0.0 lb (0.0 kg). (WFuelBurned = 
Wfuel) End the test run when the scale has indicated a test fuel 
charge weight of 0.0 lb (0.0 kg) or less for 30 seconds.
    For the Category I and II ``cold-to-cold'' test runs, the test 
run is completed; and the end of a test is defined at the first 
occurrence of any one of the following:
    (a) The remaining weight of the test fuel charge is less than 1 
percent of the total test fuel weight (WFuelBurned > 0.99 [middot] 
Wfuel);
    (b) The automatic control system on the boiler/heater switches 
to an off mode. In this case the boiler/heater fan (if used) is 
typically stopped, and all air flow dampers are closed by the 
control system. Note that this off mode cannot be an ``overheat'' or 
emergency shutdown which typically requires a manual reset; or
    (c) If the boiler/heater does not have an automatic off mode: 
After 90 percent of the fuel load has been consumed and the scale 
has indicated a rate of change of the test fuel charge of less than 
1.0 lb/hr for a period of 10 minutes or longer. Note--this is not 
considered ``stopped fuel combustion,'' See section 12.5.6.1.
    12.5.3.1 At the end of the test run, stop the particulate 
sampling train and Overall Efficiency (SLM) measurements, and record 
the run time, and all final measurement values.
    12.5.3.2 At the end of the test run, continue to operate the 
storage tank destratification pump until the total volume pumped 
exceeds 1.5 times the tank volume. The maximum average of the top 
and bottom temperatures measured after this time may be taken as the 
average tank temperature at the end of the tests (TFSavg, See 
section 13.1). The total volume pumped may be based on the nominal 
flow rate of the destratification pump (See section 9.6).
    12.5.3.3 For the Category I and II test runs, there is a need to 
determine the energy content of the unburned fuel remaining in the 
chamber if the remaining mass in the chamber is greater than 1 
percent of the test fuel weight. Following the completion of the 
test, as soon as safely practical, this remaining fuel is removed 
from the chamber, separated from the remaining ash and weighed. This 
separation could be implemented with a slotted ``scoop'' or similar 
tool. A \1/4\ inch opening size in the separation tool shall be used 
to separate the ash and charcoal. This separated char is assigned a 
heating value of 12,500 Btu/lb.
    12.5.4 Heat Output Capacity Validation. The first test run must 
produce a heat output rate that is within 10 percent of the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity (Category IV) throughout 
the test run and an average heat output rate within 5 percent of the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity. If the appliance is not 
capable of producing a heat output within these limits, the 
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity is considered not 
validated and testing is to be terminated. In such cases, the tests 
may be restarted using a lower heat output capacity if requested by 
the manufacturer. Alternatively, during the Category IV run, if the 
rated output cannot be maintained for a 15 minute interval, the 
manufacturer may elect to reduce the rated output to match the test 
and complete the Category IV run on this basis. The target outputs 
for Cat I, II, and III shall then be recalculated based on this 
change in rated output capacity.
    12.5.5 Additional Test Runs. Using the Manufacturer's Rated Heat 
Output Capacity as a basis, conduct a test for additional heat 
output categories as specified in 4.3. It is not required to run 
these tests in any particular order.
    12.5.6 Alternative Heat Output Rate for Category I. If an 
appliance cannot be operated in the Category I heat output range due 
to stopped combustion, two test runs shall be conducted at heat 
output rates within Category II. When this is the case, the 
weightings for the weighted averages indicated in section 15.1.14 
shall be the average of the Category I and II weighting's and shall 
be applied to both Category II results. Appliances that are not 
capable of operation within Category II (<25 percent of maximum) 
cannot be evaluated by this test method.
    12.5.6.1 Stopped Fuel Combustion. Evidence that an appliance 
cannot be operated at a Category I heat output rate due to stopped 
fuel combustion shall include documentation of two or more attempts 
to operate the appliance in heat output rate Category I and fuel 
combustion has stopped prior to complete consumption of the test 
fuel charge. Stopped fuel combustion is evidenced when an elapsed 
time of 60 minutes or more has occurred without a measurable (1 lb 
or 0.5 kg) weight change in the test fuel charge while the appliance 
operating control is in the demand mode. Report the evidence and the 
reasoning used to determine that a test in heat output rate Category 
I cannot be achieved. For example, two unsuccessful attempts to 
operate at an output rate of 10 percent of the rated output capacity 
are not sufficient evidence that heat output rate Category I cannot 
be achieved.
    12.5.7 Appliance Overheating. Appliances with their associated 
thermal storage shall be capable of operating in all heat output 
categories without overheating to be rated by this test method. 
Appliance overheating occurs when the rate of heat withdrawal from 
the appliance is lower than the rate of heat production when the 
unit control is in the idle mode. This condition results in the 
water in the appliance continuing to increase in temperature well

[[Page 6408]]

above the upper limit setting of the operating control. Evidence of 
overheating includes: 1 hour or more of appliance water temperature 
increase above the upper temperature set-point of the operating 
control, exceeding the temperature limit of a safety control device 
(independent from the operating control--typically requires manual 
reset), boiling water in a non-pressurized system or activation of a 
pressure or temperature relief valve in a pressurized system.
    12.5.8 Option to Eliminate Tests in Category II and III. 
Following successful completion of a test run in Category I, the 
manufacturer may eliminate the Cat II and III tests. For the purpose 
of calculating the annual averages for particulates and efficiency, 
the values obtained in the Category I run shall be assumed to apply 
also to Category II and Category III. It is envisioned that this 
option would be applicable to systems which have sufficient thermal 
storage such that the fuel load in the Cat I test can be completely 
consumed without the system reaching its upper operating temperature 
limit. In this case the boiler/heater would likely be operating at 
maximum thermal output during the entire test and this output rate 
may be higher than the Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity. 
The Category II and III runs would then be the same as the Category 
I run. It may be assumed that the particulate emission values and 
efficiency values determined in the startup, steady-state, and end 
phases of Category I are applicable in Categories II and III, for 
the purpose of determining the annual averages in lb/MMBtu and g/MJ 
(See section 13). For the annual average in g/hr, the length of time 
for stored heat to be drawn from thermal storage shall be determined 
for the test load requirements of the respective Category.
    12.5.9 Modification to Measurement Procedure in EPA Method 28 
WHH to Determine Emissions Separately During the Startup, Steady-
State and End Phases. With one of the two particulate sampling 
trains used, filter changes shall be made at the end of the startup 
phase and the steady state phase (See section 3.0). This shall be 
done to determine the particulate emission rate and particulate 
emission index for the startup, steady state, and end phases 
individually. For this one train, the particulates measured during 
each of these three phases shall be added together to also determine 
the particulate emissions for the whole run.
    12.5.10 Modification to Measurement Procedure in EPA Method 28 
WHH and the standards referenced therein on Averaging Period for 
Determination of Efficiency by the Stack Loss Method. The methods 
currently defined in Method 28 WHH allow averaging over 10 minute 
time periods for flue gas temperature, flue gas CO2, and 
flue gas CO for the determination of the efficiency with the Stack 
Loss Method. However, under some cycling conditions the ``on'' 
period may be short relative to this 10 minute period. For this 
reason, during cycling operation the averaging period for these 
parameters may not be longer than the burner on period divided by 
10. The averaging period need not be shorter than one minute. During 
the off period, under cycling operation, averaging periods as 
specified in EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced therein 
may be used. Where short averaging times are used, however, the 
averaging period for fuel consumption may still be at 10 minutes. 
This average wood consumption rate shall be applied to all of the 
smaller time intervals included.
    12.6 Additional Test Runs. The testing laboratory may conduct 
more than one test run in each of the heat output categories 
specified in section 4.3. If more than one test run is conducted at 
a specified heat output rate, the results from at least two-thirds 
of the test runs in that heat output rate category shall be used in 
calculating the weighted average emission rate. The measurement data 
and results of all test runs shall be reported regardless of which 
values are used in calculating the weighted average emission rate.

13.0 Calculation of Results

    13.1 Nomenclature.

COs--Carbon monoxide measured in the dilution tunnel at 
arbitrary time in ppm dry basis.
COg/min--Carbon monoxide emission rate in g/min.
COT--Total carbon monoxide emission for the full test run 
in grams.
CO--1--Startup period carbon monoxide emissions in grams.
CO--2--Steady-state period carbon monoxide emission in 
grams.
CO--3--End period carbon monoxide emission in grams.
ET--Total particulate emissions for the full test run as 
determined per EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced 
therein in grams.
E1 = Startup period particulate emissions in grams.
E2 = Steady-state period particulate emissions in grams.
E3 = End period particulate emissions in grams.
E1--g/kg = Startup period particulate emission index in 
grams per kg fuel.
E2--g/kg = Steady-state period particulate emission index 
in grams per kg fuel.
E3--g/kg = End period particulate emission index in grams 
per kg fuel.
E1--g/hr = Startup period particulate emission rate in 
grams per hour.
E2--g/hr = Steady-state period particulate emission rate 
in grams per hour.
E3--g/hr = End period particulate emission rate in grams 
per hour.
Eg/MJ--Emission rate in grams per MJ of heat output.
Elb/mmBtu output--Emissions rate in pounds per million 
Btu's of heat output.
Eg/kg--Emissions factor in grams per kilogram of dry fuel 
burned.
Eg/hr--Emission factor in grams per hour.
HHV--Higher Heating Value of fuel = 8600 Btu/lb (19.990 MJ/kg).
LHV--Lower Heating Value of fuel = 7988 Btu/lb (18.567 MJ/kg).
[Delta]T--Temperature difference between cooling water entering and 
exiting the heat exchanger.
Qout - Total heat output in Btu's (MJ).
Qin - Total heat input available in test fuel charge in 
Btu's (MJ).
Qstd--Volumetric flow rate in dilution tunnel in dscfm.
M--Mass flow rate of water in lb/min (kg/min).
Vi--Volume of water indicated by a totalizing flow meter 
at the ith reading in gallons (liters).
Vf--Volumetric flow rate of water in heat exchange system 
in gallons per minute (liters/min).
[Theta]--Total length of burn period in hours ([Theta]1 + 
[Theta]2 + [Theta]3).
[Theta]1--Length of time of the startup period in hours.
[Theta]2--Length of time of the steady state period in 
hours.
[Theta]3--Length of time of the end period in hours.
[Theta]4--Length of time for stored heat to be used 
following a burn period in hours.
ti--Data sampling interval in minutes.
[eta]del--Delivered heating efficiency in percent.
Fi--Weighting factor for heat output category i. See 
Table 2.
T1--Temperature of water at the inlet on the supply side of the heat 
exchanger, [deg]F.
T2--Temperature of the water at the outlet on the supply side of the 
heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T3--Temperature of cooling water at the inlet to the load side of 
the heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T4--Temperature of cooling water at the outlet of the load side of 
the heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T5--Temperature of the hot water supply as it leaves the boiler/
heater, [deg]F.
T6--Temperature of return water as it enters the boiler/heater, 
[deg]F.
T7--Temperature in the boiler/heater optional destratification loop 
at the top of the boiler/heater, [deg]F.
T8--Temperature in the boiler/heater optional destratification loop 
at the bottom of the boiler/heater, [deg]F.
TIavg--Average temperature of the appliance and water at 
start of the test.
TIS1--Temperature at the inlet to the storage system at 
the start of the test.
TIS2--Temperature at the outlet from the storage system 
at the start of the test.
TFS1--Temperature at the inlet to the storage system at 
the end of the test.
TFS2--Temperature at the outlet from the storage system 
at the end of the test.
TISavg--Average temperature of the storage system at the 
start of the test.

[[Page 6409]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.015

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.016

MC--Fuel moisture content in percent dry basis.
[sigma]--Density of water in pounds per gallon.
[sigma]Initial--Density of water in the boiler/heater 
system at the start of the test in pounds per gallons.
[sigma]boiler/heater--Density of water in the boiler/
heater system at arbitrary time during the test in pounds per 
gallon.
Cp--Specific heat of water in Btu/lb -[deg]F.
Csteel--Specific heat of steel (0.1 Btu/lb -[deg]F).
Vboiler/heater--total volume of water in the boiler/
heater system on the weight scale in gallons.
Wfuel--Fuel charge weight, as-fired or ``wet'', in pounds 
(kg).
Wfuel--1--Fuel consumed during the startup period in 
pounds (kg).
Wfuel--2--Fuel consumed during the steady state period in 
pounds (kg).
Wfuel--3--Fuel consumed during the end period in pounds 
(kg).
WFuelBurned--Weight of fuel that has been burned from the 
start of the test to an arbitrary time, including the needed 
correction for the change in density and weight of the water in the 
boiler/heater system on the scale in pounds (kg).
WRemainingFuel--weight of unburned fuel separated from 
the ash at the end of a test. Useful only for Cat I and Cat II 
tests.
Wapp--Weight of empty appliance in pounds (kg).
Wwat--Weight of water in supply side of the system in 
pounds (kg).
WScaleInitial--weight reading on the scale at the start 
of the test, just after the test load has been added in pounds (kg).
WScale--Reading of the weight scale at arbitrary time 
during the test run in pounds (kg).
WStorageTank--Weight of the storage tank empty in pounds 
(kg).
WWaterStorage--Weight of the water in the storage tank at 
TISavg in pounds (kg).

    13.2 After the test is completed, determine the particulate 
emissions ET in accordance with EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards 
referenced therein.
    13.3 Determination of the weight of fuel that has been burned at 
arbitrary time
    For the purpose of tracking the consumption of the test fuel 
load during a test run the following may be used to calculate the 
weight of fuel that burned since the start of the test:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.017

[[Page 6410]]

    13.6 Determine heat output, efficiency, and emissions
    13.6.1 Determine heat output as:

Qout = [Sigma] [Heat output determined for each sampling 
time interval] + Change in heat stored in the appliance + Change in 
heat in storage tank.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.018

    Note: The subscript (i) indicates the parameter value for 
sampling time interval ti.
    Mi = Mass flow rate = gal/min x Density of Water (lb/
gal) = lb/min.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.019

    Note: Vi is the total water volume at the end of 
interval i and Vi-1 is the total water volume at the 
beginning of the time interval. This calculation is necessary when a 
totalizing type water meter is used.
    13.6.2 Determine Heat Output Rate Over Burn Period 
([Theta]1+ [Theta]2+ [Theta]3) as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.020

    If thermal storage is not used in a Category III or IV run, then 
[Theta]4 = 0

E1--g/kg = E1/(Wfuel--1/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E2--g/kg = E2/(Wfuel--2/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E3--g/kg = E3/(Wfuel--3/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E1--g/hr = E1/[Theta]1, g/hr
    E2--g/hr = E2/[Theta]2, g/hr
    E3--g/hr = E3/[Theta]3, g/hr
    13.6.4 Determine delivered efficiency as:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.021
    
    13.6.5 Determine [eta]SLM--Overall Efficiency, also 
known as Stack Loss Efficiency, using Stack Loss Method (SLM).
    For determination of the average overall thermal efficiency 
([eta]SLM) for the test run, use the data collected over 
the full test run and the calculations in accordance with CSA 
B415.1-2010, Clause 13.7 except for 13.7.2 (e), (f), (g), and (h), 
use the following average fuel properties for oak: %C = 50.0, %H = 
6.6, %O = 43.2, %Ash = 0.2.
    13.6.5.1 Whenever the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency is 
found to be lower than the overall efficiency based on load side 
measurements, as determined by Eq. 22 of this method, section 14.1.7 
of the test report must include a discussion of the reasons for this 
result. For a test where the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency SLM 
is less than 2 percentage points lower than the overall efficiency 
based on load side measurements,

[[Page 6411]]

the efficiency based on load side measurements shall be considered 
invalid. [Note on the rationale for the 2 percentage points limit. 
The SLM method does not include boiler/heater jacket losses and, for 
this reason, should provide an efficiency which is actually higher 
than the efficiency based on the energy input and output 
measurements or ``delivered efficiency.'' A delivered efficiency 
that is higher than the efficiency based on the SLM could be 
considered suspect. A delivered efficiency greater than 2 percentage 
points higher than the efficiency based on the SLM, then, clearly 
indicates a measurement error.]
    13.6.6 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
    For each minute of the test period, the carbon monoxide emission 
rate shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.022

    Total CO emissions for each of the three test periods 
(CO--1, CO--2, CO--3) shall be 
calculated as the sum of the emission rates for each of the 1 minute 
intervals. Total CO emission for the test run, COT, shall 
be calculated as the sum of CO--1, CO--2, and 
CO--3.
    13.7 Weighted Average Emissions and Efficiency.
    13.7.1 Determine the weighted average emission rate and 
delivered efficiency from the individual tests in the specified heat 
output categories. The weighting factors (Fi) are derived 
from an analysis of ASHRAE Bin Data which provides details of normal 
building heating requirements in terms of percent of design capacity 
and time in a particular capacity range--or ``bin''--over the course 
of a heating season. The values used in this method represent an 
average of data from several cities located in the northern United 
States.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.023

    If, as discussed in section 12.5.8, the option to eliminate 
tests in Category II and III is elected, the values of efficiency 
and particulate emission rate as measured in Category I, shall be 
assigned also to Category II and III for the purpose of determining 
the annual averages.

14.0 Report

    14.1.1 The report shall include the following:
    14.1.2 Name and location of the laboratory conducting the test.
    14.1.3 A description of the appliance tested and its condition, 
date of receipt and dates of tests.
    14.1.4 A description of the minimum amount of external thermal 
storage that is required for use with this system. This shall be 
specified both in terms of volume in gallons and stored energy 
content in Btu with a storage temperature ranging from 
125[emsp14][deg]F to the manufacturer's specified setpoint 
temperature.
    14.1.5 A statement that the test results apply only to the 
specific appliance tested.
    14.1.6 A statement that the test report shall not be reproduced 
except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
    14.1.7 A description of the test procedures and test equipment 
including a schematic or other drawing showing the location of all 
required test equipment. Also, a description of test fuel sourcing, 
handling and storage practices shall be included.
    14.1.8 Details of deviations from, additions to or exclusions 
from the test method, and their data quality implications on the 
test results (if any), as well as information on specific test 
conditions, such as environmental conditions.
    14.1.9 A list of participants and their roles and observers 
present for the tests.
    14.1.10 Data and drawings indicating the fire box size and 
location of the fuel charge.
    14.1.11 Drawings and calculations used to determine firebox 
volume.
    14.1.12 Information for each test run fuel charge including 
piece size, moisture content and weight.
    14.1.13 All required data and applicable blanks for each test 
run shall be provided in spreadsheet format both in the printed 
report and in a computer file such that the data can be easily 
analyzed and calculations easily verified. Formulas used for all 
calculations shall be accessible for review.
    14.1.14 For each test run, 
[Theta]1,[Theta]2, [Theta]3, the 
total CO and particulate emission for each of these three periods, 
and [Theta]4.
    14.1.15 Calculated results for delivered efficiency at each heat 
output rate and the weighted average emissions reported as total 
emissions in grams, pounds per million Btu of delivered heat, grams 
per MJ of delivered heat, grams per kilogram of dry fuel and grams 
per hour. Results shall be reported for each heat output category 
and the weighted average.
    14.1.16 Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 2 must be used for 
presentation of results in test reports.
    14.1.17 A statement of the estimated uncertainty of measurement 
of the emissions and efficiency test results.
    14.1.18 A plot of CO emission rate in grams/minute vs. time, 
based on 1 minute averages, for the entire test period, for each 
run.
    14.1.19 A plot of estimated boiler/heater energy release rate in 
Btu/hr based on 10 minute averages, for the entire test period, for 
each run. This will be calculated from the fuel used, the wood 
heating value and moisture content, and the SLM efficiency during 
each 10 minute period.
    14.1.20 Raw data, calibration records, and other relevant 
documentation shall be retained by the laboratory for a minimum of 7 
years.

15.0 Precision and Bias

    15.1 Precision--It is not possible to specify the precision of 
the procedure in this test method because the appliance operation 
and fueling protocols and the appliances themselves produce variable 
amounts of emissions and cannot be used to determine reproducibility 
or repeatability of this test method.
    15.2 Bias--No definitive information can be presented on the 
bias of the procedure in this test method for measuring solid fuel 
burning hydronic heater emissions because no material having an 
accepted reference value is available.

16.0 Keywords

    16.1 Solid fuel, hydronic heating appliances, wood-burning 
hydronic heaters, partial thermal storage.

[[Page 6412]]

                                                                                  Table 1A--Data Summary Part A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                 [Theta]           Wfuel            MCave             Qin              Qout
                                                                                                            ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                              Test duration   Wood weight as-   Wood moisture      Heat input
    Category          Run No.       Load %  capacity     Target load       Actual load       Actual load    -----------------      fired      ----------------------------------
                                                                                                                             -----------------                                      Heat input
                                                                                                                    lb              %DB              Btu              Btu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...............  ...............  <15% of max.......
II..............  ...............  16-24% of max.....
III.............  ...............  25-50% of max.....
IV..............  ...............  Max capacity......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                                  Table 1B--Data Summary Part B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            T2 Min              ET                 E                E              Eg/hr            Eg/kg           [eta]del        [EEgr]SLM
                                                      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Min return water      Total PM       PM output based  PM output based      PM rate         PM factor        Delivered        Stack loss
    Category          Run No.       Load %  capacity         temp.           emissions    ---------------------------------------------------------------------    efficiency       efficiency
                                                      ------------------------------------                                                                     ---------------------------------
                                                            [deg]F               g           lb/MMBtu Out          g/MJ             g/hr             g/kg              %                %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...............  ...............  <15% of max.......
II..............  ...............  16-24% of max.....
III.............  ...............  25-50% of max.....
IV..............  ...............  Max capacity......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                              Table 1C--Data Summary Part C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    [Theta]1       [Theta]2       [Theta]3         CO_1           CO_2           CO_3           COT
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Startup time.   Steady state     End time      Startup CO    Steady state      End CO        Total CO
   Category        Run No.     Load %  capacity ---------------      time     ---------------    emission     CO emission      emission       emission
                                                               ---------------               -----------------------------------------------------------
                                                      min            min            min             g              g              g              g
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.............  .............  <15% of max.....
II............  .............  16-24% of max...
III...........  .............  25-50% of max...
IV............  .............  Max capacity....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                              Table 1D--Data Summary Part D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       E1              E2              E3          E1_g/kg        E2_g/kg        E3_g/kg
                                                -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Startup PM     Steady state       End PM       Startup PM    Steady state      End PM
   Category        Run No.     Load %  capacity ----------------       PM       ---------------    emission     PM emission      emission
                                                                ----------------                    index          index          index
                                                        g                              g       --------------------------------------------
                                                                        g                         g/kg fuel      g/kg fuel      g/kg fuel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.............  .............  <15% of max.....
II............  .............  16-24% of max...
III...........  .............  25-50% of max...
IV............  .............  Max capacity....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                       Table 1E--Label Summary Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MANUFACTURER:
MODEL NUMBER:
ANNUAL EFFICIENCY RATING:.........  [eta]avg..................  ..........................  (Using higher
                                                                                             heating value).
PARTICLE EMISSIONS:...............  Eavg......................  ..........................  GRAMS/HR (average).
                                                                                            LBS/MILLION Btu/hr
                                                                                             OUTPUT.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                Table 2--Annual Weighting
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Weighting     [eta]del,i x                                    Elb/MMBtu Out,i x
                      Category                          factor (Fi)         Fi         Eg/MJ,i x Fi    Eg/kg,i x Fi           Fi           Eg/hr,i x Fi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...................................................           0.437
II..................................................           0.238

[[Page 6413]]

 
III.................................................           0.275
IV..................................................           0.050
                                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals..........................................           1.000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                      [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.007
                                                      

[[Page 6414]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.008

0
7. Revise Appendix I to Part 60 to read as follows:

Appendix I to Part 60--Owner's Manuals for Wood-Burning Heaters Subject 
to Subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR of Part 60

1. Introduction

    The purpose of this appendix is to provide specific instructions 
to manufacturers for compliance with the owner's manual provisions 
of subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR of this part.

2. Instructions for Preparation of Wood Heater Owner's Manuals

    2.1 Introduction
    Although the owner's manuals do not require premarket approval, 
EPA will monitor the contents to ensure that sufficient information 
is included to provide heater operation and maintenance information 
affecting emissions to consumers. The purpose of this section is to 
provide instructions to manufacturers for compliance with the 
owner's manual provisions of Sec.  60.536(f) of subpart AAA that 
applies to wood heaters, Sec.  60.5478(f) of subpart QQQQ that 
applies to hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces, and Sec.  
60.5490(g) of subpart RRRR that applies to masonry heaters. A 
checklist of topics and illustrative language is provided as 
instructions. Owner's manuals should be tailored to specific wood 
heater models, as appropriate.

2.2 Topics Required To Be Addressed in Owner's Manual

    (a) Wood heater description and compliance status;
    (b) Tamper warning;
    (c) Catalyst information and warranty (if catalyst equipped);
    (d) Fuel selection;
    (e) Achieving and maintaining catalyst light-off (if catalyst 
equipped);
    (f) Catalyst monitoring (if catalyst equipped);
    (g) Troubleshooting catalytic equipped heaters (if catalyst 
equipped);
    (h) Catalyst replacement (if catalyst equipped);
    (i) Wood heater operation and maintenance; and
    (j) Wood heater installation: achieving proper draft.

2.3 Sample Text/Descriptions

    (a) The following are example texts and/or further descriptions 
illustrating the topics identified above. Although the regulation 
requires manufacturers to address (where applicable) the ten topics 
identified above, the exact language is not specified. Manuals 
should be written specific to the model and design of the wood 
heater. The following instructions are composed of generic 
descriptions and texts.
    (b) If manufacturers choose to use the language provided in the 
example, the portion in italics should be revised as appropriate. 
Any manufacturer electing to use the EPA example language will be 
considered to be in compliance with owner's manual requirements 
provided that the particular language is printed in full with only 
such changes as are necessary to ensure accuracy.
    Example language is not provided for certain topics, since these 
areas are generally heater specific. For these topics, manufacturers 
should develop text that is specific to the operation and 
maintenance of their particular products.

2.3.1 Wood Heater Description and Compliance Status

    Owner's Manuals must include:
    (a) Manufacturer and model;
    (b) Compliance status (exempt, 1990 std., 2015 std., etc.); and
    (c) Heat output range.
    Exhibit 1--Example Text covering (a), (b), and (c) above:
    ``This manual describes the installation and operation of the 
Brand X, Model 0 catalytic equipped wood heater. This heater meets 
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's emission limits for wood 
heaters sold after January 1, 2015. Under specific test

[[Page 6415]]

conditions this heater has been shown to deliver heat at rates 
ranging from 8,000 to 35,000 Btu/hr.''

2.3.2 Tamper Warning

    The following statement must be included in the owner's manual 
for catalyst-equipped units:
    ``This wood heater contains a catalytic combustor, which needs 
periodic inspection and replacement for proper operation. It is 
against the law to operate this wood heater in a manner inconsistent 
with operating instructions in this manual, or if the catalytic 
element is deactivated or removed.''

2.3.3 Catalyst Information

    The following information must be included with or supplied in 
the owner's and warranty manuals:
    (a) Catalyst manufacturer and model;
    (b) Catalyst warranty details; and
    (c) Instructions for warranty claims.
    Exhibit 2--Example Text covering (a), (b), and (c):
    ``The combustor supplied with this heater is a Brand Z, Long 
Life Combustor. Consult the catalytic combustor warranty also 
supplied with this wood heater. Warranty claims should be addressed 
to:
Stove or Catalyst Manufacturer-----------------------------------------
Address----------------------------------------------------------------
Phone --------------------------------------------------------

2.3.3.1 This section should also provide clear instructions on how to 
exercise the warranty (how to package for return shipment, etc.).

2.3.4 Fuel Selection

    Owner's manuals must include:
    (a) Instructions on acceptable fuels; and
    (b) Warning against inappropriate fuels.
    Exhibit 3--Example Text covering (a) and (b):
    ``This heater is designed to burn natural wood only. Higher 
efficiencies and lower emissions generally result when burning air 
dried seasoned hardwoods, as compared to softwoods or to green or 
freshly cut hardwoods.
    DO NOT BURN:

 Treated Wood
 Coal
 Garbage
 Cardboard
 Solvents
 Colored Paper
 Trash

    Burning treated wood, garbage, solvents, colored paper or trash 
may result in release of toxic fumes and may poison or render 
ineffective the catalytic combustor. Burning coal, cardboard, or 
loose paper can produce soot, or large flakes of char or fly ash 
that can coat the combustor, causing smoke spillage into the room, 
and rendering the combustor ineffective.''

2.3.5 Achieving and Maintaining Catalyst Light-Off

    Owner's manuals must describe in detail proper procedures for:
    (a) Operation of catalyst bypass (stove specific),
    (b) Achieving catalyst light-off from a cold start, and
    (c) Achieving catalyst light-off when refueling.
    2.3.5.1 No example text is supplied for describing operation of 
catalyst bypass mechanisms (Item (a) above) since these are 
typically stove-specific. Manufacturers must provide instructions 
specific to their model describing:
    (1) Bypass position during startup;
    (2) Bypass position during normal operation; and
    (3) Bypass position during reloading.
    Exhibit 4--Example Text for Item (b):
    ``The temperature in the stove and the gases entering the 
combustor must be raised to between 500[deg] to 700[deg]F for 
catalytic activity to be initiated. During the startup of a cold 
stove, a medium to high firing rate must be maintained for about 20 
minutes. This ensures that the stove, catalyst, and fuel are all 
stabilized at proper operating temperatures. Even though it is 
possible to have gas temperatures reach 600[deg]F within 2 to 3 
minutes after a fire is started, if the fire is allowed to die down 
immediately it may go out or the combustor may stop working. Once 
the combustor starts working, heat generated in it by burning the 
smoke will keep it working.''
    Exhibit 5--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``REFUELING: During the refueling and rekindling of a cool fire, 
or a fire that has burned down to the charcoal phase, operate the 
stove at a medium to high firing rate for about 10 minutes to ensure 
that the catalyst reaches approximately 600[emsp14][deg]F.''

2.3.6 Catalyst Monitoring

    Owner's manuals must include:
    (a) Recommendation to visually inspect combustor at least three 
times during the heating season;
    (b) Discussion on expected combustor temperatures for monitor-
equipped units; and
    (c) Suggested monitoring and inspection techniques.
    Exhibit 6--Example Text covering (a), (b) and (c):
    ``It is important to periodically monitor the operation of the 
catalytic combustor to ensure that it is functioning properly and to 
determine when it needs to be replaced. A non-functioning combustor 
will result in a loss of heating efficiency, and an increase in 
creosote and emissions. Following is a list of items that should be 
checked on a periodic basis:
     Combustors should be visually inspected at least three 
times during the heating season to determine if physical degradation 
has occurred. Actual removal of the combustor is not recommended 
unless more detailed inspection is warranted because of decreased 
performance. If any of these conditions exists, refer to Catalyst 
Troubleshooting section of this owner's manual.
     This catalytic heater is equipped with a temperature 
probe to monitor catalyst operation. Properly functioning combustors 
typically maintain temperatures in excess of 500[emsp14][deg]F, and 
often reach temperatures in excess of 1,000[emsp14][deg]F. If 
catalyst temperatures are not in excess of 500[emsp14][deg]F, refer 
to Catalyst Troubleshooting section of this owner's manual.
     You can get an indication of whether the catalyst is 
working by comparing the amount of smoke leaving the chimney when 
the smoke is going through the combustor and catalyst light-off has 
been achieved, to the amount of smoke leaving the chimney when the 
smoke is not routed through the combustor (bypass mode).
    Step 1--Light stove in accordance with instructions in 3.3.5.
    Step 2--With smoke routed through the catalyst, go outside and 
observe the emissions leaving the chimney.
    Step 3--Engage the bypass mechanism and again observe the 
emissions leaving the chimney.
    Significantly more smoke should be seen when the exhaust is not 
routed through the combustor (bypass mode). Be careful not to 
confuse smoke with steam from wet wood.''

2.3.7 Catalyst Troubleshooting

    The owner's manual must provide clear descriptions of symptoms 
and remedies to common combustor problems. It is recommended that 
photographs of catalyst peeling, plugging, thermal cracking, 
mechanical cracking, and masking be included in the manual to aid 
the consumer in identifying problems and to provide direction for 
corrective action.

2.3.8 Catalyst Replacement

    The owner's manual must provide clear step-by-step instructions 
on how to remove and replace the catalytic combustor. The section 
should include diagrams and/or photographs.

2.3.9 Wood Heater Operation and Maintenance

    Owner's manual must include:
    (a) Recommendations about building and maintaining a fire;
    (b) Instruction on proper use of air controls;
    (c) Ash removal and disposal;
    (d) Instruction on gasket replacement; and
    (e) Warning against overfiring.
    2.3.9.1 No example text is supplied for (a), (b), and (d) since 
these items are model specific. Manufacturers should provide 
detailed instructions on building and maintaining a fire including 
selection of fuel pieces, fuel quantity, and stacking arrangement. 
Manufacturers should also provide instruction on proper air settings 
(both primary and secondary) for attaining minimum and maximum heat 
outputs and any special instructions for operating thermostatic 
controls. Step-by-step instructions on inspection and replacement of 
gaskets should also be included. Manufacturers should provide 
diagrams and/or photographs to assist the consumer. Gasket type and 
size should be specified.
    Exhibit 7--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``Whenever ashes get 3 to 4 inches deep in your firebox or ash 
pan, and when the fire has burned down and cooled, remove excess 
ashes. Leave an ash bed approximately 1 inch deep on the firebox 
bottom to help maintain a hot charcoal bed.''
    ``Ashes should be placed in a metal container with a tight-
fitting lid. The closed container of ashes should be placed on a 
noncombustible floor or on the ground, away

[[Page 6416]]

from all combustible materials, pending final disposal. The ashes 
should be retained in the closed container until all cinders have 
thoroughly cooled.''
    Exhibit 8--Example Text covering Item (e):

``DO NOT OVERFIRE THIS HEATER''

    ``Attempts to achieve heat output rates that exceed heater 
design specifications can result in permanent damage to the heater 
and to the catalytic combustor if so equipped.''
    2.3.10 Wood Heater Installation: Achieving Proper Draft
    Owner's manual must include:
    (a) Importance of proper draft;
    (b) Conditions indicating inadequate draft; and
    (c) Conditions indicating excessive draft.
    Exhibit 9--Example Text for Item (a):
    ``Draft is the force which moves air from the appliance up 
through the chimney. The amount of draft in your chimney depends on 
the length of the chimney, local geography, nearby obstructions, and 
other factors. Too much draft may cause excessive temperatures in 
the appliance and may damage the catalytic combustor. Inadequate 
draft may cause backpuffing into the room and `plugging' of the 
chimney or the catalyst.''
    Exhibit 10--Example Text for Item (b):
    ``Inadequate draft will cause the appliance to leak smoke into 
the room through appliance and chimney connector joints.''
    Exhibit 11--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``An uncontrollable burn or a glowing red stove part or chimney 
connector indicates excessive draft.''

[FR Doc. 2014-00409 Filed 1-31-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P