Document ID: SEC-2020-0318-0001
Agency: sec
Document Type: Notice
Title: Fund Names
Posted Date: 2020-03-06T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 45 (Friday, March 6, 2020)]
[Notices]
[Pages 13221-13225]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-04573]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release Nos. IC-33809; File No. S7-04-20]
RIN 3235-AM72

Request for Comments on Fund Names

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Request for comment.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission is seeking public 
comment on the framework for addressing names of registered investment 
companies and business development companies that are likely to mislead 
investors about a fund's investments and risks pursuant to section 
35(d) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, rule 35d-1 thereunder, and 
the antifraud provisions of the Federal securities laws. The Commission 
is seeking public comment particularly in light of market and other 
developments since the adoption of rule 35d-1 in 2001.

DATES: Comments should be received by May 5, 2020.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's internet comment form (https://www.sec.gov/rules/submitcomments.htm); or
     Send an email to rule-comments@sec.gov. Please include 
File No. S7-04-20 on the subject line.

Paper Comments

     Send paper comments to Secretary, Securities and Exchange 
Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number S7-04-20. This file number 
should be included on the subject line if email is used. To help the 
Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, please 
use only one method of submission. The Commission will post all 
comments on the Commission's website (http://www.sec.gov). Comments are 
also available for website viewing and printing in the Commission's 
Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549, on 
official business days between the hours of 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. All 
comments received will be posted without change. Persons submitting 
comments are cautioned that we do not redact or edit personal 
identifying information from comment submissions. You should submit 
only information that you wish to make publicly available.
    Studies, memoranda, or other substantive items may be added by the 
Commission or staff to the comment file during this request for 
comment. A notification of the inclusion in the comment file of any 
such materials will be made available on the Commission's website. To 
ensure direct electronic receipt of such notifications, sign up through 
the ``Stay Connected'' option at www.sec.gov to receive notifications 
by email.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sally Samuel, Branch Chief; Michael 
Kosoff, Senior Special Counsel; Amanda Hollander Wagner, Branch Chief; 
or Brian McLaughlin Johnson, Assistant Director, at (202) 551-6721, 
Division of Investment Management, Securities and Exchange Commission, 
100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-8549.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Commission is seeking public comment 
from funds, their advisers, investors, and other market participants on 
the current approach to addressing misleading fund names.

I. Introduction

    As part of the Commission's ongoing efforts to improve the investor 
experience and modernize current regulatory approaches,\1\ we are 
publishing this request for comment on 17 CFR 270.35d-1 (``rule 35d-1'' 
or the ``Names Rule'') under the Investment Company Act of 1940 
(``Investment Company Act'' or ``Act''). The name of a registered 
investment company or a business development company (a ``fund'') is a 
tool for communicating with investors. It is often the first piece of 
fund information investors see and, while investors should look closely 
at a fund's underlying disclosures, a fund's name can have a 
significant impact on their investment decision. The Names Rule was 
adopted by the Commission as an investor protection measure designed to 
help ensure that investors are not misled or deceived by a fund's 
name.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ See Request for Comment on Fund Retail Investor Experience 
and Disclosure, Investment Company Act Release No. 33113 (June 5, 
2018) [83 FR 26891 (June 11, 2018)], available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/other/2018/33-10503.pdf.
    \2\ The Commission stated in the adopting release for the Names 
Rule that Congress ``recognized that investor protection would be 
improved by giving the Commission rulemaking authority to address 
potentially misleading investment company names.'' See Investment 
Company Act Release No. 24828 (Jan. 17, 2001) [66 FR 8509 (Feb. 1, 
2001)] (``Names Rule Adopting Release''), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/ic-24828.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because of the importance of fund names to investors and certain 
challenges regarding the application of the Names Rule, we are 
assessing whether the existing rule is effective in prohibiting funds 
from using names that are materially deceptive or misleading, and 
whether there are alternatives that the Commission should consider. We 
welcome engagement from funds, their advisers, investors, and other 
market participants on these and related issues.

II. Background

    The regulation of fund names is intended to address concerns that 
certain fund names may mislead investors about a fund's investments. 
Fund names are subject to both the antifraud provisions of the Federal 
securities laws,\3\ and section 35(d) of the Investment Company Act \4\ 
and the Names Rule.\5\ Section 35(d) prohibits any fund from adopting 
as part of its name ``any word or words that the

[[Page 13222]]

Commission finds are materially deceptive or misleading.'' \6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See, e.g., section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 
U.S.C. 77q(a)], section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 
[15 U.S.C. 78j(b)] and rule 10b-5 [17 CFR 240.10b-5] thereunder, and 
section 34(b) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-33(b)].
    \4\ 15 U.S.C. 80a-34(d) (``section 35(d)'').
    \5\ Section 35(d) and the Names Rule are applicable to 
registered investment companies and business development companies. 
Business development companies (which are not registered investment 
companies) are subject to the requirements of section 35(d) and the 
Names Rule pursuant to section 59 of the Investment Company Act [15 
U.S.C. 80a-58].
    \6\ See supra footnote 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Before section 35(d) was amended in 1996, enforcing this provision 
of the Act as originally enacted would have required the Commission to 
declare by order that a particular name was misleading and, if 
necessary, request a Federal court to grant an injunction with respect 
to the use of such name.\7\ Prior to the adoption of the Names Rule, 
the views of the staff in the Commission's Division of Investment 
Management (``Division'') regarding fund names changed over time and 
were expressed primarily in staff guidelines \8\ and generic ``Dear 
Registrant'' comment letters stating, among other things, staff's views 
with respect to particular terms used in fund names.\9\ In addition, in 
the context of reviewing fund registration statements, staff in the 
Division provided comments on fund names when in the staff's view it 
appeared that a name could be potentially misleading. In 1996, Congress 
passed NSMIA, which amended section 35(d) of the Act to provide the 
Commission specific rulemaking authority to define names that are 
materially deceptive and misleading.\10\ Using this authority, the 
Commission proposed the Names Rule in February 1997 and adopted it in 
January 2001.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ 15 U.S.C. 80a-34(d) (1940), amended by National Securities 
Markets Improvement Act (``NSMIA''), Pub. L. 104-290, 208 (1996). 
See also S. Rep. No. 104-293, at 8 (June 26, 1996) (``NSMIA 
Committee Report'') (``Enforcing the Act entails a cumbersome 
process--the Commission must first find, and declare by order, that 
a fund's name is deceptive or misleading, and then bring an action 
in federal court to enjoin the use of the name.'').
    \8\ See Guidelines accompanying Form N-8B-1 (Investment Company 
Act Release No. 7221 (June 9, 1972) (requiring a fund to invest at 
least 80 percent of its assets in the type of investment indicated 
by its name, exclusive of cash, government securities, and short-
term commercial paper), which was replaced in 1983 by guidelines to 
Form N-1A (Investment Company Act Release No. 13436 (Aug. 12, 1983) 
[48 FR 37928 (Aug. 22, 1983)] (lowering the standard from 80 percent 
to 65 percent to permit greater investment flexibility). The 
Commission rescinded the guidelines to Form N-1A in 1998 as part of 
an overhaul of Form N-1A. See Names Rule Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 2, at n.6. Any staff guidance or no-action letters 
discussed in this release represent the views of the staff of the 
Division of Investment Management. They are not a rule, regulation, 
or statement of the Commission. Furthermore, the Commission has 
neither approved nor disapproved their content. Staff guidance has 
no legal force or effect; it does not alter or amend applicable law, 
and it creates no new or additional obligations for any person.
    \9\ See Letter to Registrants from Carolyn B. Lewis, Assistant 
Director, Division of Investment Management, SEC (Feb. 25, 1994) at 
II.D. (rescinded by 1998 N-1A Amendments) (``small, medium, and 
large capitalization''); Letter to Registrants from Barbara J. 
Green, Deputy Director, Division of Investment Management, SEC (May 
13, 1993) (funds whose names include the name of a bank); Letter to 
Registrants from Carolyn B. Lewis, Assistant Director, Division of 
Investment Management, SEC (Jan. 17, 1992) at II.A. (rescinded by 
1998 N-1A Amendments) (``index''); and Letter to Registrants from 
Carolyn B. Lewis, Assistant Director, Division of Investment 
Management, SEC (Jan. 3, 1991) at II.A. (rescinded by 1998 N-1A 
Amendments) (``guaranteed'', ``insured'', ``international'', and 
``global'').
    \10\ See supra footnote 7. Congress determined that the 
procedural requirements for enforcing Section 35(d) were 
``cumbersome'' and that ``investor protection merits a more 
streamlined approach to making sure mutual funds do not name their 
funds in a misleading manner.'' See NSMIA Committee Report, supra 
note 7, at 8.
    \11\ See Investment Company Act Rel. No. 22530 (Feb. 27, 1997) 
[62 FR 10955 (Mar. 10, 1997), correction 62 FR 24161 (May 2, 1997)], 
available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/ic-22530.txt; Names 
Rule Adopting Release, supra footnote 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In adopting the Names Rule, the Commission cautioned against 
investors relying on a fund's name as the sole source of information 
about the fund's investments and risks, but recognized that ``the name 
of an investment company may communicate a great deal to an investor.'' 
\12\ The final rule requires a fund to invest at least 80 percent of 
its assets in the manner suggested by its name, whereas previously 
funds considering then-current staff guidance would typically select 
fund names based on a 65 percent threshold.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See id. at I.
    \13\ See rule 35d-1(a)(2) and (3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Names Rule

    The Names Rule generally requires that if a fund's name suggests a 
particular type of investment (e.g., ABC Stock Fund, the XYZ Bond Fund, 
or the QRS U.S. Government Fund), industry (e.g., the ABC Utilities 
Fund or the XYZ Health Care Fund), or geographic focus (e.g., the ABC 
Japan Fund or XYZ Latin America Fund), the fund must invest at least 80 
percent of its assets in the type of investment, industry, country, or 
geographic region suggested by its name.\14\ The Names Rule also 
imposes special requirements for funds that have names suggesting that 
a fund's distributions are exempt from Federal income tax or from both 
Federal and state income tax.\15\ Under the rule, a fund may elect to 
make its 80 percent policy a fundamental policy (i.e., a policy that 
may not be changed without shareholder approval) or instead provide 
shareholders notice at least 60 days prior to any change in the 80 
percent investment policy.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ See rule 35d-1(a)(2), and (a)(3). ``Assets'' is defined as 
net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment 
purposes. See Rule 35d-1(d)(2).
    \15\ See rule 35d-1a(4).
    \16\ See rule 35d-1(a)(2)(ii), and (a)(3)(iii). As part of its 
review of fund filings, the staff has observed that most funds 
(other than tax-exempt funds that are required to have a fundamental 
policy) adopt a policy to provide shareholders notice at least 60 
days prior to any change to a fund's 80 percent investment policy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Names Rule does not apply to fund names that describe a fund's 
investment objective, strategy, or policies.\17\ In addition, the Names 
Rule is not a safe harbor, and the Commission could find that a name is 
materially deceptive or misleading under section 35(d) or other 
antifraud provisions of the Federal securities laws even if a fund 
complies with the Names Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ However, names describing a fund's objective, strategy, or 
policies are still subject to the general prohibition on misleading 
names in Section 35(d), as well as other antifraud provisions of the 
Federal securities laws.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since the adoption of the Names Rule, the staff has stated its 
views regarding fund names that may be misleading during the review of 
fund registration statements \18\ and in other statements. For example, 
shortly after adoption of the Names Rule, the staff issued frequently 
asked questions addressing a number of issues under the rule, including 
whether the rule applies to names containing particular terms.\19\ In 
2013, the staff stated its view that fund names suggesting safety or 
protection from loss may contribute to investor misunderstanding of 
investment risks and, in some circumstances, could be misleading.\20\ 
Today, fund names remain a common area for staff comment as part of the 
disclosure review process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The Division's Disclosure Review and Accounting Office is 
responsible for reviewing fund registration statements, proxy 
statements, and shareholder reports. The disclosure review process 
seeks to achieve accurate, clear, and concise disclosures and help 
ensure that funds comply with the Federal securities laws. See 
Division of Investment Management Accounting and Disclosure 
Information 2018-06, Requests for Selective Review, available at 
https://www.sec.gov/investment/adi-2018-06-requests-selective-review.
    \19\ See Frequently Asked Questions about Rule 35d-1 (Investment 
Company Names) (``Names Rule FAQ''), available at https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/guidance/rule35d-1faq.htm.
    \20\ Fund Names Suggesting Protection from Loss, IM Guidance 
Update 2013-12 (Nov. 2013), available at https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/guidance/im-guidance-2013-12.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Current Challenges

    The Names Rule has not been amended since its adoption in 2001. 
Since that time, the staff and the industry have identified a number of 
challenges regarding the application of the Names Rule. Several factors 
contribute to these challenges, including:
     Funds are increasingly using derivatives and other 
financial instruments that provide leverage.\21\

[[Page 13223]]

Because the Names Rule is an asset-based test, it may not be well-
suited to derivatives investments that provide significant exposure to 
a ``type of investment'' (as specified in the Names Rule). For example, 
the asset test may not provide an appropriate framework when the market 
values of derivative investments held by funds are relatively small but 
the potential exposure is significant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Based on a staff analysis of the latest N-PORT filings as 
of September 23, 2019, it appears that approximately 41 percent of 
funds reported derivatives holdings. This analysis covered 11,363 
funds with a total net assets of approximately $23.5 trillion. This 
analysis excluded business development companies, unit investment 
trusts, money market funds, and certain smaller funds that are not 
yet required to report their portfolio holdings on Form N-PORT. See 
also Use of Derivatives by Registered Investment Companies and 
Business Development Companies; Required Due Diligence by Broker-
Dealers and Registered Investment Advisers Regarding Retail 
Customers' Transactions in Certain Leveraged/Inverse Investment 
Vehicles, Investment Company Act Release No. 33704 (Nov. 25, 2019) 
[85 FR 4446 (Jan. 24, 2020)], available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2019/34-87607.pdf.
    The Names Rule Adopting Release states that in appropriate 
circumstances, a fund is permitted to count a synthetic instrument 
(such as a derivative) toward its 80 percent investment policy if 
the instrument has economic characteristics similar to the 
securities included in the policy. However, the release did not 
prescribe how to account for the value of these instruments for 
purposes of complying with the fund's 80 percent policy. See Names 
Rule Adopting Release, supra footnote 2, at n. 13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Funds are increasingly using certain hybrid financial 
instruments that have some, but not all, of the characteristics of more 
common asset types that are used in a fund's name. For example, 
convertible securities may have characteristics of both debt and equity 
securities, and they may behave more like debt or more like equity 
depending on market conditions. The staff has observed that both debt 
and equity funds include convertible securities as part of their 80 
percent investment policies.
     The number of index-based funds is growing.\22\ While 
funds are subject to the Names Rule, indices are not investment 
companies and not subject to the Names Rule. The staff has observed 
that index constituents may not always be closely tied to the type of 
investment suggested by the index's name. This raises questions under 
the Names Rule when the fund name includes the name of the index.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ Based on data obtained from Morningstar Direct, in 2001 
there were approximately 432 mutual fund and ETF index funds. As of 
the end of 2019, there were approximately 2,311 index funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The number of funds with investment mandates that include 
criteria that require some degree of qualitative assessment or judgment 
of certain characteristics (such as funds that include one or more 
environmental, social, and governance-oriented assessments or judgments 
in their investment mandates (e.g., ``ESG'' investment mandates)) is 
growing.\23\ These funds often include these parameters in the fund 
name. The staff has observed that some funds appear to treat terms such 
as ``ESG'' as an investment strategy (to which the Names Rule does not 
apply) and accordingly do not impose an 80 percent investment policy, 
while others appear to treat ``ESG'' as a type of investment (which is 
subject to the Names Rule).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Based on EDGAR data, approximately 65 funds (excluding unit 
investment trusts) included the terms ``ESG'', ``Clean'', 
``Environmental'', ``Impact'', ``Responsible'', ``Social'', or 
``Sustainable'' in their names as of December 31, 2007. The number 
of funds increased to 291 as of December 31, 2019.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     In an increasingly competitive market environment, asset 
managers may have an incentive to use fund names as a way of 
differentiating new funds.\24\ This incentive may drive managers to 
select fund names that are more likely to attract assets (such as names 
suggesting various emerging technologies), but may not be consistent 
with the purpose of the Names Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ The number of registered investment companies has increased 
by 300 percent since the adoption of the Names Rule. See 2019 
Investment Company Fact Book (ICI, 59th ed. 2019), available at 
https://www.icifactbook.org/deployedfiles/FactBook/Site%20Properties/pdf/2019/2019_factbook.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is evaluating the effectiveness of the Names Rule in 
protecting investors in light of these challenges to determine whether 
additional action in this area is necessary or appropriate.

V. Questions

    To inform potential future steps, the Commission is seeking input 
on the challenges that the Names Rule may present, particularly in 
light of market changes since 2001, as well as potential alternatives 
to the current framework for prohibiting the use of deceptive and 
misleading fund names. We welcome input from all interested parties on 
the following:
     How do funds select their names? Do funds use their names 
to market themselves to investors or convey information about their 
investments and risks? Are there studies or other data on the extent to 
which investors rely on a fund's name to determine the fund's 
investment strategy and risks? If so, are these determinations 
reasonably accurate?
     Is the Names Rule effective at preventing funds from using 
deceptive or misleading names? If not, why not? If it is not effective, 
should it be changed, and if so how?
     Should the Names Rule be repealed? If so, why? Please 
specifically address how repealing the Names Rule and relying solely on 
Section 35(d) and the general antifraud provisions of the Federal 
securities laws would satisfy our investor protection objectives.
     The Names Rule requires a fund to invest at least 80 
percent of its assets in the type of investment suggested by its 
name.\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See Rule 35d-1(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [cir] Does this threshold continue to be appropriate? If not, what 
is a more appropriate threshold and why? For example, should it be 
lower (e.g., 65 percent) or higher (e.g., 95 percent)? Should the 
threshold apply only at the time of investment--as is the case in the 
current Names Rule \26\--or should a fund be required to maintain that 
level of investment?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See Names Rule Adopting Release, supra footnote 2, at 
section II.A.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [cir] Is an asset-based test appropriate for determining whether 
the use of a particular name is misleading? What are some of the 
current challenges with the use of an asset-based test? Are there other 
tests that would be more appropriate and if so, what are these tests 
and why would they be more appropriate? For example, should we consider 
a test that requires that the type of investment suggested by a fund's 
name contribute at least a minimum amount (e.g., 80 percent) to a 
fund's returns (e.g., The ABC Bond Fund would be expected to derive at 
least 80 percent of its returns from investments in bonds.).
    [ssquf] Complying with the Names Rule (and its asset-based test) 
may raise particular challenges for funds that gain exposure to a 
``type of investment'' (as specified in the Names Rule) through the use 
of derivatives. We understand that, although many funds have asserted 
that a derivative's notional value would be more appropriate than its 
market value for purposes of complying with the 80 percent investment 
policy, funds generally use market value on account of the Names Rule's 
asset-based test.\27\ Should the Commission address this type of Names 
Rule-related challenge for funds that invest in derivatives? If so, 
how? For example, should the approach take derivatives' notional value 
into account, and if so, how? Would there be any operational or 
interpretive challenges associated with this approach, and if so, what 
would they be and how should the Commission's rules and guidance 
address these challenges?

[[Page 13224]]

Should an approach based on notional values permit or require a fund to 
make any adjustments to derivatives' notional values (e.g., should a 
fund be permitted or required to delta adjust options contracts, or 
present interest rate derivatives as 10-year bond equivalents)? Should 
funds account for derivatives holdings using a methodology other than 
market value or notional value? If so, what methodology should be used 
and why? Should we, for example, focus on measures of risk? If so, 
which risk measure(s) would be most effective for this purpose?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ See, e.g., supra footnote 14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [ssquf] Under the Names Rule, most funds elect to provide investors 
with 60 days' notice prior to changing their 80 percent investment 
policy.\28\ Is the information provided in these notices useful for 
investors? Does the Names Rule's notice requirement provide meaningful 
investor protection? If not, why not? Should the rule impose different 
or more specific requirements in certain cases, such as when a change 
in name is accompanied by significantly different investment strategies 
and exposures? If so, when and what type of requirements? Should a fund 
be required to obtain shareholder approval prior to changing its 80 
percent policy?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ See supra footnote 16 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     How do funds determine whether a portfolio investment is 
part of a particular industry? For example, do funds rely on third-
party industry classifications or indices, a minimum level of assets, 
revenues, or profits tied to an industry, a company's market share of 
an industry, or text analytics (such as frequency of certain words and/
or phrases in company filings) to determine how to assign an investment 
to a particular industry? Should the Names Rule provide flexibility to 
funds (including index funds) that intend to focus their investments in 
nascent industries, or industries that rely on certain emerging 
technologies (e.g., 5G technology, artificial intelligence, or 
blockchain)? Are there circumstances where a company should reasonably 
be considered part of an industry when its revenues or assets 
attributable to that industry are less than a certain percentage (e.g., 
less than 50 percent), are not quantifiable, or may be classified in 
more than one industry (e.g., a software company that focuses on 
decision tools that add efficiency to the alternative energy space)? 
Should we consider a test that requires a minimum level of revenues or 
assets that are attributable to the industry suggested by the fund's 
name? If so, what should that minimum threshold be (e.g., 25, 50, or 75 
percent)?
     The Names Rule does not apply to the use of terms that 
suggest an investment strategy (such as ``growth'' or ``value''), 
rather than a type of investment.\29\ Often, funds assert that a name 
connotes a ``strategy'' not subject to the Names Rule when the term may 
appear to others as indicative of a type of investment. Should a 
strategy be differentiated from a type of investment and, if so, how? 
Should we amend the Names Rule to apply specifically to investment 
strategies (such as tax-sensitive, income, growth or value) and, if so, 
how? If a fund's investment strategy is not designed to maximize 
returns to investors, should that be noted in the name?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See Names Rule Adopting Release, supra footnote 2, at 
section II.C.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The staff has observed a number of challenges that funds 
face in applying the Names Rule and assessing whether certain terms in 
fund names comply with the rule. For example:
    [cir] Should the Names Rule apply to terms such as ``ESG'' or 
``sustainable'' that reflect certain qualitative characteristics of an 
investment? Are investors relying on these terms as indications of the 
types of assets in which a fund invests or does not invest (e.g., 
investing only in companies that are carbon-neutral, or not investing 
in oil and gas companies or companies that provide substantial services 
to oil and gas companies)? Or are investors relying on these terms as 
indications of a strategy (e.g., investing with the objective of 
bringing value-enhancing governance, asset allocation or other changes 
to the operations of the underlying companies)? Or are investors 
relying on these terms as indications that the funds' objectives 
include non-economic objectives? Or are investor perceptions mixed 
among these alternatives or otherwise indeterminate? If investor 
perceptions are mixed or indeterminate, should the Names Rule impose 
specific requirements on when a particular investment may be 
characterized as ESG or sustainable and, if so, what should those 
requirements be? Should there be other limits on a fund's ability to 
characterize its investments as ESG or sustainable? For example, ESG 
(environment, social, and governance) relates to three broad factors: 
Must a fund select investments that satisfy all three factors to use 
the ``ESG'' term? For funds that currently treat ``ESG'' as a type of 
investment subject to the Names Rule, how do such funds determine 
whether a particular investment satisfies one or more ``ESG'' factors? 
Are these determinations reasonably consistent across funds that use 
similar names? Instead of tying terms such as ``ESG'' in a fund's name 
to any particular investments or investment strategies, should we 
instead require funds using these terms to explain to investors what 
they mean by the use of these terms?
    [cir] The Names Rule does not apply to the use of the terms 
``global'' or ``international.'' \30\ Should the Names Rule apply to 
these terms? What factors should be used to determine whether the term 
``global'' or ``international'' is not misleading? Should a fund that 
uses these or similar terms in its name be required to invest a certain 
percentage of assets in a minimum number of countries or invest a 
minimum percentage of assets outside of the United States? If the Names 
Rule were to apply to terms such as ``global'' or ``international'', 
how should funds treat multinational companies with a significant 
presence (e.g., revenues or assets) in more than one country or region? 
For example, should a fund invested in a diversified set of 30 or more 
U.S-incorporated and U.S.-headquartered companies, where each company 
derives a certain level of its revenues (e.g., 25 percent) from outside 
the United States, be able to call itself a ``global'' or 
``international'' fund without running afoul the Names Rule?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ See Names Rule Adopting Release, supra footnote 2, at fn. 
42. See also Names Rule FAQ, supra footnote 19, at Question 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [cir] The Names Rule does not apply to the use of the terms 
``actively managed'', ``tax managed'', ``long-term'', and ``short-
term''. Should the Names Rule apply to these terms? If so, how?
    [cir] Do fund names identifying well-known organizations, 
particular affinity groups, or a specific population of investors 
(e.g., ``veterans'' or ``municipal employees'') raise concerns of 
potentially misleading investors (e.g., by suggesting the investments 
are tailored to these investors, only available to these investors, or 
that these investors may receive better terms than other investors)? If 
so, how should we address these concerns?
    [cir] Funds may select ticker symbols that are intended to convey 
information about how a fund invests. Should the Names Rule apply to 
fund tickers and, if so, how?
     Are there other concerns or challenges regarding fund 
names or the Names Rule that the Commission should consider? Are there 
particular terms used in fund names that are especially prone to 
mislead investors?
     Should registered closed-end funds or business development 
companies be treated differently than open-end funds

[[Page 13225]]

under the Names Rule? If so, how should each fund type be treated and 
why? For example, because the securities of closed-end funds and 
business development companies are not redeemable and may not be 
publicly-traded, does the 60 day notice requirement for changes to a 
fund's 80 percent policy provide meaningful protections to investors in 
such funds? If not, what changes are appropriate? Are there any other 
types of funds or other vehicles that should be treated differently 
under the Names Rule or under the general antifraud provisions of the 
Federal securities laws? \31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See, e.g., Fixed Income Market Structure Advisory Committee 
(FIMSAC) Recommendation for an Exchange-Traded Product 
Classification Scheme (Oct. 29, 2018) (recommending that ETPs 
meeting certain criteria include the identifier ``ETF'' in their 
names), available at: https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fixed-income-advisory-committee/fimsac-etp-naming-convention-recommendation.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Are there other ways in which the Names Rule should be 
modified to provide greater investment flexibility while still 
requiring that fund names suggesting a certain focus effectively convey 
the nature of a fund's investments? Are there alternative ways in which 
fund names should be regulated or addressed that would more effectively 
protect investors? For example, through hyperlinks or other technology, 
should funds be required to connect their names to a more detailed 
discussion of the fund's investment strategy in a manner that is 
immediately accessible to investors in a variety of contexts? Are there 
approaches other jurisdictions or other regulated industries use that 
may work well for U.S. investors? Would a principles-based approach be 
better? If so, what should the principles be?

VI. General Request for Comment

    This request for comment is not intended to limit the scope of 
comments, views, issues, or approaches to be considered. In addition to 
investors and funds, we welcome comment from other market participants 
and particularly welcome statistical, empirical, and other data from 
commenters that may support their views or support or refute the views 
or issues raised by other commenters.

    By the Commission.

    Dated: March 2, 2020.
Vanessa A. Countryman,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2020-04573 Filed 3-5-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P