Document ID: FDA-2014-N-1205-0019
Agency: fda
Document Type: Rule
Title: Orthopedic Devices; Reclassification of Pedicle Screw Systems, Henceforth To Be Known as Thoracolumbosacral Pedicle Screw Systems, Including Semi-Rigid Systems
Posted Date: 2016-12-30T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 251 (Friday, December 30, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 96366-96374]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-31670]

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Part 888

[Docket No. FDA-2014-N-1205]

Orthopedic Devices; Reclassification of Pedicle Screw Systems, 
Henceforth To Be Known as Thoracolumbosacral Pedicle Screw Systems, 
Including Semi-Rigid Systems

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Final order.

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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final 
order to reclassify pedicle screw systems, a preamendments class III 
device (regulated under product code NKB), into class II (special 
controls), renaming the device ``thoracolumbosacral pedicle screw 
systems''; reclassify dynamic stabilization systems, a subtype of 
pedicle screw systems regulated under product code NQP when used as an 
adjunct to fusion, into class II (special controls), renaming this 
device subtype ``semi-rigid systems''; and clarify the device 
identification of pedicle screw systems to more clearly delineate 
between rigid pedicle screw systems and semi-rigid systems. FDA is 
finalizing this action based on a reevaluation of information 
pertaining to the device type.

DATES: This order is effective on December 30, 2016. See further 
discussion in section V, ``Implementation Strategy.''

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Constance P. Soves, Center for Devices 
and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New 
Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 1437, Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-
6951, Constance.Soves@fda.hhs.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background--Regulatory Authorities

    The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act), as amended 
by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the 1976 amendments) (Pub. L. 
94-295), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-629), the 
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (Pub. L. 105-
115), the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002 (Pub. 
L. 107-250), the Medical Devices Technical Corrections Act (Pub. L. 
108-214), the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (Pub. 
L. 110-85), and the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation 
Act (FDASIA) (Pub. L. 112-144), among other amendments, established a 
comprehensive system for the regulation of medical devices intended for 
human use. Section 513 of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360c) established 
three categories (classes) of devices, reflecting the regulatory 
controls needed to provide reasonable assurance of their safety and 
effectiveness. The three categories of devices are class I (general 
controls), class II (special controls), and class III (premarket 
approval).
    Under section 513(d) of the FD&C Act, devices that were in 
commercial distribution before the enactment of the 1976 amendments, 
May 28, 1976 (generally referred to as preamendments devices), are 
classified after FDA has: (1) Received a recommendation from a device 
classification panel (an FDA advisory committee); (2) published the 
panel's recommendation for comment, along with a proposed regulation 
classifying the device; and (3) published a final regulation 
classifying the device. FDA has classified most preamendments devices 
under these procedures.
    Devices that were not in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 
1976 (generally referred to as ``postamendments devices'') are 
automatically classified by section 513(f) of the FD&C Act into class 
III without any FDA rulemaking process. Those devices remain in class 
III and require premarket approval unless, and until, the device is 
reclassified into class I or II or FDA issues an order finding the 
device to be substantially equivalent, in accordance with section 
513(i) of the FD&C Act, to a predicate device that does not require 
premarket approval. The Agency determines whether new devices are 
substantially equivalent to predicate devices by means of premarket 
notification procedures in section 510(k) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 
360(k)) and part 807 (21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 807).
    A preamendments device that has been classified into class III and 
devices found substantially equivalent by means of premarket 
notification (510(k)) procedures to such a preamendments device or to a 
device within that type (both the preamendments and substantially 
equivalent devices are referred to as preamendments class III devices) 
may be marketed without submission of a premarket approval application 
(PMA) until FDA issues a final order under section 515(b) of the FD&C 
Act (21 U.S.C. 360e(b)) requiring premarket approval.

[[Page 96367]]

    Under section 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act, FDA has the authority to 
issue an administrative order revising the proposed classification of a 
device for which FDA has classified as a class III device and for which 
no administrative order has been issued calling for PMAs under section 
515(b) of the FD&C Act, so that the device is classified into class I 
or class II, after issuance of a proposed order, a meeting of a device 
classification panel, and consideration of the comments of a proposed 
order. In determining whether to revise the proposed classification of 
a device or to require a device to remain in class III, FDA applies the 
criteria set forth in section 513(a) of the FD&C Act. Section 
513(a)(1)(B) of the FD&C Act defines class II devices as those devices 
for which the general controls in section 513(a)(1)(A) by themselves 
are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness, but for which there is sufficient information to 
establish special controls to provide a reasonable assurance of safety 
and effectiveness of a device.
    On July 9, 2012, FDASIA was enacted. Section 608(a) of FDASIA 
amended section 513(e) of the FD&C Act, changing the mechanism for 
reclassifying a device from rulemaking to an administrative order.
    Section 513(e) of the FD&C Act provides that FDA may, by 
administrative order, reclassify a device based upon ``new 
information.'' FDA can initiate a reclassification under section 513(e) 
or an interested person may petition FDA to reclassify a preamendments 
device. The term ``new information,'' as used in section 513(e), 
includes information developed as a result of a reevaluation of the 
data before the Agency when the device was originally classified, as 
well as information not presented, not available, or not developed at 
that time. (See, e.g., Holland-Rantos Co. v. United States Department 
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 587 F.2d 1173, 1174 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 
1978); Upjohn v. Finch, 422 F.2d 944 (6th Cir. 1970); Bell v. Goddard, 
366 F.2d 177 (7th Cir. 1966).)
    Reevaluation of the data previously before the Agency is an 
appropriate basis for subsequent action where the reevaluation is made 
in light of newly available authority (see Bell, 366 F.2d at 181; 
Ethicon, Inc. v. FDA, 762 F.Supp. 382, 388-391 (D.D.C. 1991)), or in 
light of changes in ``medical science'' (Upjohn, 422 F.2d at 951). 
Whether data before the Agency are old or new data, the ``new 
information'' to support reclassification under section 513(e) must be 
``valid scientific evidence,'' as defined in section 513(a)(3) of the 
FD&C Act and 21 CFR 860.7(c)(2). (See, e.g., General Medical Co. v. 
FDA, 770 F.2d 214 (D.C. Cir. 1985); Contact Lens Mfrs. Ass'n v. FDA, 
766 F.2d 592 (D.C. Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1062 (1986).)
    FDA relies upon ``valid scientific evidence'' in the classification 
process to determine the level of regulation for devices. To be 
considered in the reclassification process, the ``valid scientific 
evidence'' upon which the Agency relies must be publicly available. 
Publicly available information excludes trade secret and/or 
confidential commercial information, e.g., the contents of a pending 
PMA. (See section 520(c) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360j(c)).)
    Section 513(e)(1) of the FD&C Act sets forth the process for 
issuing a final reclassification order. Specifically, prior to the 
issuance of a final order reclassifying a device, the following must 
occur: (1) Publication of a proposed order in the Federal Register; (2) 
a meeting of a device classification panel described in section 513(b) 
of the FD&C Act; and (3) consideration of comments to a public docket.
    FDA published a proposed order to propose different classifications 
for rigid pedicle screw systems and semi-rigid systems (SRSs) in the 
Federal Register of November 12, 2014 (79 FR 67105) (2014 Proposed 
Order). Moreover, as explained in section II of the 2014 Proposed 
Order, on May 22, 2013, FDA held a classification meeting of the 
Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel (the 2013 Panel) to discuss 
pedicle screw systems, which include rigid pedicle screw systems and 
SRSs. FDA received and has considered all the comments on the 2014 
Proposed Order, as discussed in section III. Therefore, FDA has met the 
requirements under sections 513(e)(1) and 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act.

II. Device Description

    Pedicle screw systems consist of multiple component devices made 
from a variety of materials that allow the surgeon to build an implant 
system to fit the patient's anatomical and physiological requirements. 
Such a spinal implant assembly may consist of a combination of hooks, 
screws, longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods, plate/rod 
combinations), transverse or cross connectors, and interconnection 
mechanisms (e.g., rod-to-rod connectors, offset connectors). Rigid 
pedicle screw systems provide immediate rigid fixation to the spinal 
column as an adjunct to spinal fusion procedures.
    Since the 1998 classification (63 FR 40025, July 27, 1998), changes 
in technological characteristics have occurred, leading to the 
emergence of a new type of pedicle screw system, SRSs, previously 
referred to as dynamic stabilization systems (DSSs). SRSs are a subset 
of the pedicle screw systems regulated under Sec.  888.3070 (21 CFR 
888.3070). SRSs are defined as systems that contain one or more non-
uniform and/or non-metallic longitudinal elements (e.g., polymer cords, 
moveable screw heads, springs) that allow more motion or flexibility 
(e.g., bending, rotation, translation) compared to rigid systems and do 
not provide immediate rigid fixation to the spinal column as an adjunct 
to spinal fusion procedures.
    In the 2014 Proposed Order, FDA proposed to modify the 
identification language from the way it is presently written in Sec.  
888.3070(a) and sought comments on the means of providing distinction 
between rigid pedicle screw systems and pedicle screw systems that 
allow more motion or flexibility. As discussed in section III, FDA 
received several comments suggesting that Sec.  888.3070 separate SRSs, 
which may allow for more flexibility than traditional rigid pedicle 
screw systems but still facilitate fusion, from truly ``dynamic'' 
systems that are intended for non-fusion use. Truly dynamic systems 
intended for non-fusion use are postamendments devices that are outside 
the scope of this regulatory action. FDA agrees with these comments and 
has modified the identification language from the way it is presently 
written in Sec.  888.3070(a) to include SRSs.
    FDA has also, on its own initiative, renamed ``pedicle screw spinal 
system'' as ``thoracolumbosacral pedicle screw system'' to clearly 
distinguish these devices from posterior cervical screw systems, which 
are not intended to be covered by Sec.  888.3070.

III. Public Comments in Response to the Proposed Order

    In response to the 2014 Proposed Order, FDA received 15 comments 
from industry, trade organizations, professional societies, and 
individuals. Certain comments are grouped together under a single 
number because the subject matter of the comments is similar. The 
number assigned to each comment is purely for organizational purposes 
and does not signify the comment's value or importance or the order in 
which it was submitted. The comments that follow are grouped into those 
that pertain to rigid pedicle screw systems and those that pertain to 
SRSs.

[[Page 96368]]

A. Rigid Pedicle Screw Systems

    Of the 15 comments received, several specifically referenced the 
proposal to reclassify rigid pedicle screw systems when intended to 
provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in the 
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the 
treatment of degenerative disc disease (DDD) and spondylolisthesis 
(other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 
or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic 
impairment). Some commenters agreed with the recommendation to 
reclassify these as class II devices (special controls), most of whom 
specifically stated that they agreed with the Agency that general and 
special controls can provide reasonable assurance of the safety and 
effectiveness of rigid pedicle screw systems.
    (Comment 1) Some commenters did not agree with the proposal to 
reclassify rigid pedicle screw systems to class II (special controls). 
One comment stated that labeling special controls are not appropriate 
risk mitigations and that clinical data should be required for these 
devices. Another comment noted that adverse events have been identified 
for rigid pedicle screw systems, and the final comment noted varied 
results in clinical literature, specifically citing a 1990 study by 
Matsuzaki et al. that found a 5.7 percent screw breakage rate (Ref. 1).
    (Response 1) FDA disagrees that rigid pedicle screw systems for 
treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis (other than either severe 
spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative 
spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment) 
should remain in class III. The Agency believes the labeling special 
controls proposed to inform users of the technological features of the 
device (including identification of device materials and the principles 
of device operation), intended use and indications for use (including 
levels of fixation), identification of magnetic resonance compatibility 
status, cleaning and sterilization instructions, and detailed 
instructions of each surgical step (including device removal) are 
appropriate to help mitigate the identified risks to health that may 
result from improper use of rigid pedicle screw systems. The Agency 
does not believe clinical data are necessary for rigid pedicle screw 
systems indicated for treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis (other 
than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or 
degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic 
impairment). Clinical data from use of rigid pedicle screw systems for 
these indications were presented to the 2013 Panel to support 
reclassification to class II. Furthermore, non-clinical methods used to 
evaluate these devices have been demonstrated to adequately mitigate 
risks to health. FDA still retains the ability to request appropriate 
performance testing, including clinical data for individual devices 
with a different indication for use and/or different technological 
features that do not raise different questions of safety and 
effectiveness as compared to a predicate device, to demonstrate that 
the individual devices are as safe and effective as the predicate 
device, if necessary. FDA acknowledges that rigid pedicle screw 
systems, like all medical devices, have risks to health, as evidenced 
by the adverse events noted by one commenter, and the breakage rate 
identified in the 1990 Matsuzaki et al. study cited by another 
commenter (Ref. 1). On May 22, 2013, FDA held the 2013 Panel meeting to 
discuss the current classification of rigid pedicle screw systems for 
treatment of degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis other than 
either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or 
degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic 
impairment, which are currently class III indications (Ref. 2). FDA is 
not aware of evidence that indicates there is a higher rate of screw 
fracture for the class III indications, which is the focus of this 
reclassification effort, compared to the class II indications. The 2013 
Panel discussed the adverse events and clinical literature associated 
with rigid pedicle screw systems for all indications, and recommended 
that traditional, rigid pedicle screw systems as an adjunct to fusion 
for the treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis other than severe grades 
3 or 4, or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of 
neurologic impairment be reclassified as class II (special controls).
    FDA agrees with the 2013 Panel's recommendation for 
reclassification. The Agency believes, as stated in the 2014 Proposed 
Order, that the risks of rigid pedicle screw systems as an adjunct to 
fusion for the treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis other than severe 
grades 3 or 4, or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment, are sufficiently understood based on 
valid scientific evidence, which enables FDA to establish special 
controls to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of 
rigid pedicle screw systems.
    (Comment 2) One commenter provided an additional recommendation for 
the identification language for rigid pedicle screw systems. 
Specifically, to more completely characterize components that may be 
used as a part of these systems, the commenter suggested adding 
sublaminar wires and cables to the list of components of these systems.
    (Response 2) FDA disagrees with this proposed edit to the 
identification language. These additional components, while often used 
in conjunction with pedicle screw systems, are classified under a 
separate classification regulation and, therefore, are not appropriate 
to include under Sec.  888.3070. However, in review of this 
information, FDA acknowledges that hooks (currently listed in the 
identification language for pedicle screw systems) are also classified 
under a separate classification regulation. Therefore, the Agency has 
also taken the opportunity to remove ``hooks'' from the revised 
identification language for rigid pedicle screw systems.
    (Comment 3) One commenter recommended removing design 
characteristics as a special control because this should be a 
requirement of all premarket notifications. This commenter also 
recommended removing the word ``rigid'' from the identification.
    (Response 3) FDA disagrees with the recommendation of this 
commenter to remove design characteristics as a special control. FDA 
considers this special control critical to help differentiate 
technological features for rigid pedicle screw systems from SRSs. 
Similarly, inclusion of the word ``rigid'' in the identification 
language is necessary to distinguish between these and SRSs.
    (Comment 4) One commenter recommended revising the biocompatibility 
special control to state ``compliance with biocompatibility 
standards.''
    (Response 4) FDA disagrees with this comment and has determined 
that it is most appropriate not to reference consensus standards within 
special controls because relevant standards are subject to change over 
time. The special controls as worded allow for additional mechanisms by 
which manufacturers can meet the requirements to ensure conformity.
    (Comment 5) One commenter recommended removing ``wear'' from the 
list of potential means by which a device could fail.

[[Page 96369]]

    (Response 5) The risk of wear was raised at the 2013 Panel, 
specifically in the context of SRSs. FDA still considers there to be a 
potential for wear in traditional rigid systems as well and, therefore, 
has elected not to modify the definition of device failure accordingly.
    (Comment 6) One commenter suggested editorial revisions to the 
risks and descriptive text associated with risks as outlined in the 
2014 Proposed Order.
    (Response 6) These edits were not considered to substantively 
change the intended meaning of the risks and associated mitigations 
and, therefore, FDA will not accept these suggested edits in this final 
order.
    (Comment 7) One commenter provided several proposed edits that 
would impact Sec.  888.3070(b)(1). Additionally, this commenter 
provided other editorial recommendations to the language from the 2014 
Proposed Order.
    (Response 7) While FDA agrees with the proposed modifications that 
would impact Sec.  888.3070(b)(1), these will require a separate 
regulatory action because this section of the regulation is outside the 
scope of the call for information under section 515(i) of the FD&C Act. 
Edits that were proposed to the language from the 2014 Proposed Order 
did not materially impact the language within this final order.
    In reviewing the 2014 Proposed Order, the comments received, and 
the 2013 Panel's recommendations, FDA is also making minor 
modifications to the identification for thoracolumbosacral pedicle 
screw systems. The identification for rigid pedicle screw systems will 
be revised from ``longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods, plate/rod 
combinations)'' to ``longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods including 
dual diameter rods, plate/rod combinations)'' as the latter statement 
clarifies that dual diameter rods would be considered to be part of 
rigid systems rather than as ``non-uniform longitudinal elements'' 
specified under the definition of SRSs.

B. SRSs

1. Identification
    In the 2014 Proposed Order, FDA solicited comments to revise the 
identification language for pedicle screw spinal systems to distinguish 
between rigid pedicle screw systems and DSSs (now termed SRSs).
    (Comment 8) While most commenters did not specifically comment on 
the proposed up-classification of SRSs to class III, approximately half 
of the comments suggested revisions to the definition of SRSs. These 
suggestions propose separating SRSs, which may allow for more 
flexibility than traditional rigid pedicle screw systems but still 
facilitate fusion, from truly ``dynamic'' systems that are intended for 
non-fusion use. Truly dynamic systems are postamendments devices that 
are outside the scope of this regulatory action.
    (Response 8) FDA agrees with these comments and will henceforth 
refer to these systems as SRSs in this final order under Sec.  
880.3070(b)(3).
    (Comment 9) Several commenters provided alternative identification 
language to FDA's initially proposed definition of DSSs, now termed 
SRSs, which was as follows: ``Dynamic stabilization systems are defined 
as systems that contain one or more non-uniform and/or non-metallic 
longitudinal elements (e.g., polymer cords, moveable screw heads, 
springs) that allow more motion or flexibility (e.g., bending, 
rotation, translation) compared to rigid pedicle screw systems and do 
not provide immediate rigid fixation to the spinal column as an adjunct 
[to] fusion.'' While most commenters agreed with the language that 
these systems ``allow more motion or flexibility,'' there were several 
comments that disagreed with the technological features called out 
within this definition (i.e., non-uniform and/or non-metallic). For 
example, one commenter provided the case that an undersized metallic 
rod may allow for more flexibility than a larger non-metallic rod. 
Similar arguments were also made at the 2013 Panel, where the 
challenges of defining these systems based upon technological 
characteristics were also discussed. Accordingly, several commenters 
proposed modifications to the identification language of these systems 
based solely on intended use (i.e., not intended for immediate rigid 
fixation, or intended to allow more motion or flexibility compared to 
rigid systems). Two commenters did not specifically provide alternate 
language; however, these commenters provided data from clinical and 
non-clinical studies to support the argument that rods manufactured 
from polyetheretherketone (PEEK) perform similarly to traditional 
metallic rods (Refs. 3 to 5). Qi et al. demonstrated that subjects 
undergoing single posterolateral fusion with either titanium rods or 
PEEK rods showed no difference in adjacent segment disease, spinal 
alignment, or clinical outcomes (Ref. 3). A biomechanical study by 
Sengupta et al. shows similar restriction in range of motion for PEEK 
rods compared to both the traditional metallic rods and another SRS 
device (Ref. 4). Kurtz et al. collected and analyzed explanted PEEK and 
traditional metallic rods and concluded that the PEEK rod retrievals 
showed similar wear patterns compared to traditional rigid rods (Ref. 
5). These commenters also used terminology to distinguish these types 
of systems (i.e., ``semi-rigid systems''), which are used as an adjunct 
to fusion, from ``non-rigid'' or ``flexible'' systems, which are 
``intended for dynamic stabilization'' of the spine. An additional 
commenter also cited a cadaver study, which similarly showed that PEEK 
rods resulted in comparable stability to traditional metallic systems 
(Ref. 6).
    (Response 9) In response to these comments, FDA has revised this 
identification to remove reference to ``non-metallic'' components and 
has also captured devices with less stiff materials (i.e., ``features 
that allow more motion or flexibility compared to rigid systems''). FDA 
has also elected to alter the terminology used to identify these 
systems that ``allow more motion or flexibility'' when used as an 
adjunct to fusion as SRSs. This is also consistent with comments made 
at the 2013 Panel, in which the distinction between ``semi-rigid'' and 
``dynamic'' systems was discussed. The features that may result in a 
device being classified as an SRS may include, but are not limited to, 
polymer cords, moveable screw heads, or springs. ``Dynamic 
stabilization systems'' for use in non-fusion procedures remain a 
postamendments class III device requiring PMAs.
2. Classification
    In the 2014 Proposed Order, which was issued pursuant to sections 
513(e)(1) and 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act, FDA initially recommended that 
SRSs be classified into class III and require PMAs. Some commenters 
agreed with FDA's class III recommendation and other commenters 
proposed that SRSs be classified into class II.
    (Comment 10) One comment agreed that SRSs for non-fusion uses 
should remain in class III, but SRSs used as an adjunct to fusion 
should be classified as class II. The commenter described that ``[w]e 
believe that this matter arose after two [SRS] products from two 
different manufacturers were recalled in 2008 and 2009. These two 
recalled devices created FDA concern over the entire category of [SRS], 
calling into question whether preclinical testing alone is sufficient 
to predict clinical outcomes for these devices. Other SRSs have not 
been recalled, nor are there significant safety concerns with these 
other [SRSs].'' Another commenter conducted a Medical Device Reporting 
(MDR)

[[Page 96370]]

analysis, which separated out PEEK rods from other SRSs to demonstrate 
a similarity in reporting of adverse events associated with PEEK rods 
to that of traditional metallic rods.
    Commenters specifically recommend that PEEK, or carbon-fiber 
reinforced PEEK, should remain in class II. This is based on several 
reported studies that demonstrate similarities in safety profiles and 
effectiveness outcomes for these devices as compared to devices 
incorporating traditional metallic rods, as also described previously 
in Comment 9 (Refs. 3 to 5). Two non-clinical literature articles 
provided in response to the proposed order demonstrate similar behavior 
between systems with PEEK rods and those with titanium rods.
    Commenters also provided references to clinical studies using SRSs 
(Refs. 7 to 9). Each of these studies demonstrates fusion rates within 
a range deemed to be clinically acceptable in single- or multilevel 
posterolateral fusion using PEEK rod constructs.
    (Response 10) Based on these comments to the proposed order and to 
corroborate findings from the literature following the 2013 Panel 
meeting, FDA conducted an additional MDR analysis of SRSs excluding the 
two recalled systems, as well as an MDR analysis of PEEK rods alone.
    A search of the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience 
database was conducted to identify the relevant MDRs and identify the 
types of adverse events reported for pedicle screw spinal systems on or 
before October 17, 2016. Results from this MDR analysis demonstrated 
that the same types of adverse events are present in the same relative 
incidence for SRS devices as noted in traditional rigid pedicle screw 
systems (i.e., the most common adverse events are device breakage, 
revision, and pain in all groups). FDA believes this evidence 
demonstrates that SRS devices have the same risks to health as rigid 
pedicle screw systems.
    FDA additionally conducted an independent survey of literature 
published after the 2013 Panel related to the use of SRSs as an adjunct 
to fusion to assess current surgical practice and reported treatment 
outcome. FDA's literature search captured the articles identified 
previously in the comments as well as articles pertaining to additional 
SRS designs that have been cleared for marketing in the United States 
(Refs. 10 and 11). While only a subset of the 16 SRSs that have 
currently been determined to be substantially equivalent are 
represented in the literature, a wide range of currently cleared SRS 
designs is represented by this subset. The data demonstrated similar 
safety profiles for SRSs compared to traditional rigid pedicle screw 
systems. The adverse events reported in the literature for SRSs are 
similar to those cited in the Executive Summary for the 2013 Panel 
Meeting for traditional rigid pedicle screw systems used in currently 
class III indications that we proposed to reclassify to Class II rods 
(Ref. 2). Typical adverse events included pseudarthrosis, reoperation, 
screw loosening, and screw breakage. There were no reports of breakage 
of the longitudinal members of any of the SRSs studied.
    The fusion rates of SRSs compare favorably to fusion rates of 
traditional systems for treatment of low-grade spondylolisthesis and 
DDD, which range from 78 to 100 percent and which the 2013 Panel deemed 
to be clinically acceptable to support reclassification for these 
indications (see the 2013 Panel Executive Summary for additional 
information (Ref. 2)). Based upon the currently available information, 
FDA agrees with the Panel's assessment that a fusion rate within the 
range of 78 to 100 percent would be clinically acceptable. Although the 
information presented to the 2013 Panel was limited in both the number 
of subjects and the number of SRSs represented, additional information 
that FDA received and considered after the 2013 Panel meeting supports 
FDA's determination that there is sufficient information to revise the 
proposed classification of SRSs from class III to II. FDA believes that 
the range of fusion rates found clinically acceptable by the 2013 Panel 
could serve as a performance parameter for providing reasonable 
assurance of safety and effectiveness for the device type based on the 
valid scientific evidence but due to some variability (e.g., design and 
material used) among individual devices, FDA has determined that 
clinical data are needed to demonstrate that each device with its 
specific characteristics (e.g., design and material used) and 
conditions of use meets that parameter. FDA believes that fusion rates 
higher than the current clinically acceptable range may be achieved 
with improvement in technology and, thus, may consider that factor in 
evaluating clinical data submitted from firms.
    Based upon the information provided in response to the proposed 
order, and including additional analyses of the literature and MDRs 
since the 2013 Panel, FDA has determined that the risks to health are 
not substantially different from traditional rigid pedicle screw spinal 
systems. As discussed previously and in the 2014 Proposed Order, FDA 
agreed with the 2013 Panel that there is valid scientific evidence on 
the safety of rigid pedicle screw systems. FDA has also determined, as 
discussed previously, that an evaluation of additional MDR data and 
additional clinical literature provide valid scientific evidence 
regarding the safety of SRS devices for fusion (Refs. 3 to 11).
    Whereas non-clinical performance testing appropriately mitigates 
the risks to health for rigid pedicle screw systems, non-clinical 
special controls are not sufficient to mitigate the risks to health, 
specifically, the risk of pseudarthrosis resulting in additional 
surgical procedures, for SRS devices. Non-clinical performance testing 
(such as standardized test methods or biomechanical testing of 
cadaveric specimens) does not adequately differentiate between 
different SRS technologies nor predict the ability to achieve spinal 
fusion with a particular SRS. While some SRSs can be tested using the 
typical bench testing as a means of comparing performance of 
traditional rigid pedicle screw systems (e.g., per ASTM F1717-15, 
``Standard Test Methods for Spinal Implant Constructs in a 
Vertebrectomy Model''), this testing may result in lower bending 
stiffness for SRSs than similarly sized uniform metallic rods (Ref. 
12). Testing in accordance with ASTM F1717-15 is not typically used to 
evaluate SRS technologies as significant modifications to the test 
standards are often necessary to conduct the test. Given that the 
systems have not typically been tested in accordance with the accepted 
consensus standard and as standardized acceptance criteria for SRS 
technologies undergoing this testing have not been developed, it is 
challenging to solely use the results of non-clinical performance 
testing for comparison purposes to rigid pedicle screw systems.
    While clinical data as a special control was not specifically 
mentioned in the comments, the 2013 Panel discussed the ability for 
clinical data to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful SRS 
device designs. FDA believes that clinical performance data would 
adequately mitigate the risks to health for SRS devices, particularly 
the risk of pseudarthrosis resulting in additional surgical procedures. 
In addition, there is sufficient valid scientific evidence showing that 
the device type is effective for use as an adjunct to fusion, when the 
fusion rate is within a clinically acceptable range, as discussed 
previously. FDA therefore believes there is sufficient information to 
establish special controls that, in

[[Page 96371]]

addition to general controls, can provide a reasonable assurance of 
safety and effectiveness for SRSs. Table 1 summarizes how FDA believes 
the risks to health identified for SRSs can be mitigated by special 
controls, including clinical performance data.

        Table 1--Risks to Health and Mitigation Measures for SRSs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Identified risks to health               Mitigation method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Device failure...............  Design characteristics; Non-clinical
                                performance testing; Labeling.
Failure of bone implant        Design characteristics; Biocompatibility
 interface.                     evaluation; Non-clinical performance
                                testing; Labeling.
Tissue injury................  Labeling.
Adverse tissue reaction......  Design characteristics; Biocompatibility
                                evaluation; Sterility; Labeling.
Device malposition...........  Labeling.
Pseudarthrosis...............  Non-clinical performance testing;
                                Clinical performance testing; Labeling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in FDA's response to Comment 1, the risks to health 
and associated mitigation measures for rigid pedicle screw systems 
remain unchanged from those listed in table 1 of the 2014 Proposed 
Order.
3. SRS as Class II Device
    As stated previously, FDA has reevaluated all of the valid 
scientific evidence for SRSs in finalizing this order. As described in 
the proposed order and in section I of this order, FDA has satisfied 
the requirements under section 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act for revising 
the proposed classification for SRSs. Under section 515(i)(2) of the 
FD&C Act, FDA has the authority to issue an administrative order 
revising the proposed classification of a device for which FDA has 
classified as a class III device and for which no administrative order 
has been issued calling for PMAs under section 515(b) of the FD&C Act, 
so that the device is classified into class I or class II, after 
issuance of a proposed order, a meeting of a device classification 
panel, and consideration of the comments of a proposed order. In 
determining whether to revise the proposed classification of a device 
or to require a device to remain in class III, FDA applies the criteria 
set forth in section 513(a) of the FD&C Act. Section 513(a)(1)(B) of 
the FD&C Act defines class II devices as those devices for which the 
general controls in section 513(a)(1)(A) by themselves are insufficient 
to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness, but for 
which there is sufficient information to establish special controls to 
provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of a device.
    FDA has reviewed all of the initial procedures, scientific 
information presented at the 2013 Panel meeting, comments received from 
both the 2014 Proposed Order and 2009 Final Order under section 
515(i)(1) of the FD&C Act calling for information on preamendment 
devices (74 FR 16214, April 9, 2009) for consideration of the 
classification of SRS devices under section 513(a) of the FD&C Act and 
has initiated revision of the proposed classification of the device 
under section 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act.
    The discussion at the 2013 Panel for SRSs was limited, as 
acknowledged by 2013 Panel members, by the small number of studies 
available at that time and reports in the MDRs regarding SRSs for 
fusion. Given limitations of the available data, in literature and MDR 
analysis, the 2013 Panel concluded that insufficient evidence was 
available to establish special controls. Although FDA recommended, and 
the 2013 Panel agreed, that a call for PMAs was the necessary measure 
to mitigate the risks to health for SRSs and ensure a reasonable 
assurance of safety and effectiveness, FDA has since reassessed the 
scientific evidence based upon comments received and additional 
information, reevaluating the scientific evidence presented at the 2013 
Panel meeting to reconsider FDA's prior position regarding the 
necessary controls to provide reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness for SRSs. Based on FDA's reevaluation of the available 
body of evidence, FDA has determined that sufficient information exists 
regarding the risks and benefits of SRSs for FDA to determine that 
general and special controls can provide reasonable assurance of the 
safety and effectiveness of the device type and, thus, revising the 
proposed classification for these devices from class III to II under 
section 515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act is appropriate.
    Also, at the 2013 Panel meeting, the panel did discuss the 
feasibility of clinical data as being able to potentially distinguish 
between successful and non-successful SRS designs, without specifically 
discussing what level of data would be necessary. After further review 
of the scientific literature and comments, FDA believes that clinical 
performance data as a special control would adequately mitigate the 
risks to health for SRS devices, particularly the risk of 
pseudarthrosis resulting in additional surgical procedures (see 
response to Comment 10 in section II.B.2).
    Upon reevaluation of the scientific evidence and additional 
information, FDA has determined that SRS devices do not have the degree 
of risk of illness or injury designed to be eliminated or reduced by 
requiring the device to have an approved PMA under section 515(b)(2) of 
the FD&C Act. In addition, the level of scientific evidence evaluated 
has allowed FDA to determine that SRSs can be classified as class II 
with the establishment of special controls because sufficient valid 
scientific evidence exists to determine that general controls, in 
combination with special controls, are sufficient to provide a 
reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. FDA has determined 
that revision of the proposed classification of SRSs under section 
515(i)(2) of the FD&C Act will allow these devices to be classified in 
class II subject to a clinical performance data special control. As a 
result, instead of calling for PMAs for SRSs, FDA is finalizing this 
order to revise the proposed classification for SRS devices from class 
III to class II (special controls) following reassessment of all 
relevant scientific evidence and comments received from the 2014 
Proposed Order. FDA believes the clinical performance data special 
control and other special controls, together with general controls, are 
sufficient to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness for SRS devices.

IV. The Final Order

    Under sections 513(e) and 515(i) of the FD&C Act, FDA is adopting 
its findings as published in the preamble to the proposed order with 
the modifications discussed in section II of this final order. FDA is 
issuing this final order to reclassify rigid pedicle screw systems and 
to revise classification of SRSs when intended to provide

[[Page 96372]]

immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, 
lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of 
DDD and spondylolisthesis (other than either severe spondylolisthesis 
(grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with 
objective evidence of neurologic impairment) when used as an adjunct to 
fusion from class III to class II and establish special controls for 
all SRSs by revising part 888. Rigid pedicle screw systems when 
intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments 
in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in 
the treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis (other than either severe 
spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative 
spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment) and 
SRSs for any indication must comply with the special controls 
identified in this order (see Section V, ``Implementation Strategy'').
    Section 510(m) of the FD&C Act provides that FDA may exempt a class 
II device from the premarket notification requirements under section 
510(k) of the FD&C Act if FDA determines that premarket notification is 
not necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and 
effectiveness of the devices. FDA has determined that premarket 
notification is necessary to provide reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness of rigid pedicle screw systems and SRSs when intended to 
provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in the 
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the 
treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis (other than either severe 
spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative 
spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment). 
Therefore, these device types are not exempt from premarket 
notification requirements.
    Following the effective date of this final order, firms marketing 
rigid pedicle screw systems when intended to provide immobilization and 
stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral 
spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of DDD and 
spondylolisthesis (other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 
and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment) and SRSs for any indication must 
comply with the special controls set forth in this order (see section 
V, ``Implementation Strategy'').

V. Implementation Strategy

    The special controls identified in this final order are effective 
as of the date of publication of this order, December 30, 2016. Both 
rigid pedicle screw systems and SRSs covered by this order must comply 
with the special controls following the effective date of the order. 
Specifically, devices subject to the special controls in this order 
include rigid pedicle screw systems intended to provide immobilization 
and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and 
sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of DDD and 
spondylolisthesis (other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 
and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment), and SRSs for any indication. 
However, FDA does not intend to enforce compliance with the special 
controls for currently legally marketed SRSs covered by this order 
until June 28, 2018. The 30-month enforcement discretion period was 
selected based on the following factors: (1) The 2014 Proposed Order 
initially called for PMAs containing clinical performance data to be 
submitted within a 30-month timeframe, and thus the request in this 
final order for 510(k) amendments, which include submission of clinical 
performance data as a special control, maintains the same expectation 
of sponsors; and (2) the effectiveness endpoint of fusion for SRSs is 
generally assessed at 1 to 2 years post-implantation, and thus if a new 
study were to be initiated to collect clinical performance data, FDA 
would expect the 30-month period to be appropriate for SRS and allow 
sponsors sufficient time to enroll patients, conduct the study, and 
analyze the data.
    For those manufacturers who wish to continue to offer for sale 
currently legally marketed SRSs covered by this order, FDA expects them 
to submit an amendment to their previously cleared 510(k)s for the 
devices by June 28, 2018 that demonstrates compliance with the special 
controls. This approach is consistent with prior final orders for 
reclassifications of preamendment devices in which special controls 
requiring submission of clinical performance data were issued. An 
amendment to a 510(k) will be added to the 510(k) file but will not 
serve as a basis for a new substantial equivalence review. A submitted 
510(k) amendment in this context will be used solely to demonstrate to 
FDA that an SRS system is in compliance with the special controls. If a 
510(k) amendment for the device is not submitted by June 28, 2018 or if 
FDA determines that the amendment does not demonstrate compliance with 
the special controls, then this compliance policy would not apply, and 
FDA would intend to enforce compliance with these requirements. In that 
case, the device is deemed adulterated under section 501(f)(1)(B) of 
the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 351(f)(1)(B)) as of the date of FDA's 
determination of noncompliance or June 28, 2018, whichever is sooner.
    For rigid pedicle screw systems intended to provide immobilization 
and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and 
sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of DDD and 
spondylolisthesis (other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 
and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment) and SRSs for any indication that 
have not been legally marketed prior to December 30, 2016, or models 
that have been legally marketed but are required to submit a new 510(k) 
under 21 CFR 807.81(a)(3) because the device is about to be 
significantly changed or modified, manufacturers must obtain 510(k) 
clearance, among other relevant requirements, and demonstrate 
compliance with the special controls included in this final order, 
before marketing the new or changed device.

VI. Analysis of Environmental Impact

    The Agency has determined under 21 CFR 25.34(b) that this action is 
of a type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant 
effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental 
assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required.

VII. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This final order refers to previously approved collections of 
information found in FDA regulations. These collections of information 
are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). The 
collections of information in part 807, subpart E, have been approved 
under OMB control number 0910-0120 and the collections of information 
under 21 CFR part 801 have been approved under OMB control number 0910-
0485.

VIII. Codification of Orders

    Prior to the amendments by FDASIA, section 513(e) of the FD&C Act 
provided for FDA to issue regulations to reclassify devices. Although 
section 513(e) as amended requires FDA to issue final orders rather 
than regulations, FDASIA also provides for FDA to revoke previously 
promulgated regulations by

[[Page 96373]]

order. FDA will continue to codify classifications and 
reclassifications in the CFR. Changes resulting from final orders will 
appear in the CFR as changes to codified classification determinations 
or as newly codified orders. Therefore, pursuant to section 
513(e)(1)(A)(i) of the FD&C Act, as amended by FDASIA, in this final 
order, we are revoking the requirements in Sec.  888.3070 related to 
the classification of rigid pedicle screw systems and SRSs when 
intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments 
in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in 
the treatment of DDD and spondylolisthesis (other than either severe 
spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative 
spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment) as 
class III devices. We are codifying the reclassification of rigid 
pedicle screw systems and SRSs when intended to provide immobilization 
and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and 
sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of DDD and 
spondylolisthesis (other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 
and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment) into class II (special controls). In 
addition, as set forth in the 2014 Proposed Order, FDA has separated 
SRSs, a subtype of pedicle screw systems, from rigid pedicle screw 
systems in the identification section of the classification regulation 
(Sec.  888.3070(a)) and has established a separate subpart of the 
classification regulation (Sec.  888.3070(b)(3)), which is applicable 
to all SRSs regardless of indication.

IX. References

    The following references are on display in the Division of Dockets 
Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, 
Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852, and are available for viewing by 
interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday; 
they are also available electronically at https://www.regulations.gov. 
FDA has verified the Web site addresses, as of the date this document 
publishes in the Federal Register, but Web sites are subject to change 
over time.

1. Matsuzaki, H., Y. Tokuhashi, F. Matsumoto, et al., ``Problems and 
Solutions of Pedicle Screw Fixation of Lumbar Spine,'' Spine, 
15(11):1159-1165, 1990.
2. FDA's Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel transcript and 
other meeting materials are available on FDA's Web site at: http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdvisoryCommittee/CirculatorySystemDevicesPanel/ucm352525.htm.
3. Qi, L., M. Li, S. Zhang, et al., ``Comparative Effectiveness of 
PEEK Rods Versus Titanium Alloy Rods in Lumbar Fusion: A Preliminary 
Report,'' Acta Neurochirurgica, 155(7):1187-1193, 2013.
4. Sengupta, D.K., B. Bucklen, P.C. McAfee, et al., ``The 
Comprehensive Biomechanics and Load-Sharing of Semirigid PEEK and 
Semirigid Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Systems,'' Advances in 
Orthopedics, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/745610 (Epub); available at 
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aorth/2013/745610/.
5. Kurtz, S.M., T.H. Lanman, G. Higgs, et al., ``Retrieval Analysis 
of PEEK Rods for Posterior Fusion and Motion Preservation,'' 
European Spine Journal, 22(12):2752-2759, 2013.
6. Gornet, M.F., F.W. Chan, J.C. Coleman, et al., ``Biomechanical 
Assessment of a PEEK Rod System for Semi-Rigid Fixation of Lumbar 
Fusion Constructs,'' Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 
133(8):081009, 2011. doi: 10.1115/1.4004862.
7. Athanasakopoulos, M., A.F. Mavrogenis, G. Triantafyllopoulos, et 
al., ``Posterior Spinal Fusion Using Pedicle Screws,'' Orthopedics, 
36(7):e951-e957, 2013. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20130624-28.
8. Colangeli, S., G. Barbanti Brod[agrave]no, A. Gasbarrini, et al., 
``Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Rods: Short-Term Results in Lumbar 
Spine Degenerative Disease,'' Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences, 
59(2):91-96, 2015.
9. De Iure, F., G. Bosco, M. Cappuccio, et al., ``Posterior Lumbar 
Fusion by PEEK Rods in Degenerative Spine: Preliminary Report on 30 
Cases,'' European Spine Journal, 21 Suppl 1:S50-54, 2012.
10. Ormond, D.R., L. Albert Jr., and K. Das, ``Polyetheretherketone 
(PEEK) Rods in Lumbar Spine Degenerative Disease: A Case Series,'' 
Journal of Spine Disorders & Techniques, in press, 2012 (later 
published in 2016 under Clinical Spine Surgery, 29(7):E371-E375, 
2016).
11. Yang, M., C. Li, Z. Chen, et al., ``Short Term Outcome of 
Posterior Dynamic Stabilization System in Degenerative Lumbar 
Diseases,'' Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 48(6):574-581, 2014.
12. ASTM F1717-15, ``Standard Test Methods for Spinal Implant 
Constructs in a Vertebrectomy Model,'' July 2015; available at: 
https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1717.htm.

List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 888

    Medical devices.

    Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under 
authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, 21 CFR part 
888 is amended as follows:

PART 888--ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES

0
1. The authority citation for part 888 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 371.

0
2. Section 888.3070 is amended by revising the section heading and 
paragraphs (a) and (b)(2), adding paragraph (b)(3), and removing 
paragraph (c).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  888.3070  Thoracolumbosacral pedicle screw system.

    (a) Identification. (1) Rigid pedicle screw systems are comprised 
of multiple components, made from a variety of materials that allow the 
surgeon to build an implant system to fit the patient's anatomical and 
physiological requirements. Such a spinal implant assembly consists of 
a combination of screws, longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods 
including dual diameter rods, plate/rod combinations), transverse or 
cross connectors, and interconnection mechanisms (e.g., rod-to-rod 
connectors, offset connectors).
    (2) Semi-rigid systems are defined as systems that contain one or 
more of the following features (including but not limited to): Non-
uniform longitudinal elements, or features that allow more motion or 
flexibility compared to rigid systems.
    (b) * * *
    (2) Class II (special controls), when a rigid pedicle screw system 
is intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal 
segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to 
fusion in the treatment of degenerative disc disease and 
spondylolisthesis other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 
and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective 
evidence of neurologic impairment. These pedicle screw systems must 
comply with the following special controls:
    (i) The design characteristics of the device, including engineering 
schematics, must ensure that the geometry and material composition are 
consistent with the intended use.
    (ii) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate the 
mechanical function and durability of the implant.
    (iii) Device components must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.
    (iv) Validation testing must demonstrate the cleanliness and 
sterility of, or the ability to clean and sterilize, the device 
components and device-specific instruments.

[[Page 96374]]

    (v) Labeling must include the following:
    (A) A clear description of the technological features of the device 
including identification of device materials and the principles of 
device operation;
    (B) Intended use and indications for use, including levels of 
fixation;
    (C) Identification of magnetic resonance (MR) compatibility status;
    (D) Cleaning and sterilization instructions for devices and 
instruments that are provided non-sterile to the end user; and
    (E) Detailed instructions of each surgical step, including device 
removal.
    (3) Class II (special controls), when a semi-rigid system is 
intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments 
in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion for 
any indication. In addition to complying with the special controls in 
paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section, these pedicle screw 
systems must comply with the following special controls:
    (i) Demonstration that clinical performance characteristics of the 
device support the intended use of the product, including assessment of 
fusion compared to a clinically acceptable fusion rate.
    (ii) Semi-rigid systems marketed prior to the effective date of 
this reclassification must submit an amendment to their previously 
cleared premarket notification (510(k)) demonstrating compliance with 
the special controls in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) and paragraph 
(b)(3)(i) of this section.

    Dated: December 22, 2016.
Leslie Kux,
Associate Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 2016-31670 Filed 12-29-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4164-01-P