Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0637-0008
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2008-02-13T05:00Z

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

	WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

PC Code:  029001

DP#:  318737

March 9, 2007  

Memorandum

Subject:	Environmental Risk Assessment for Proposed Section 3 New Use
Registration of 1,3-Dichloropropene in Drip Irrigation In Grapes

To:	Mary Waller, RM21

Fungicide Branch 

Registration Division

From:	Shannon Borges, Biologist  

William P. Eckel, Ph.D., Agronomist  

Environmental Risk Branch 2

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Through:   	Thomas Bailey, Ph.D., Branch Chief  

Environmental Risk Branch 2

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

EFED has completed an ecological risk assessment for the proposed new
use registration of 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D; Telone) for control of
nematodes and grape phylloxera via drip irrigation in grapes.  1,3-D is
a nematicide and insecticide that is generally applied through
fumigation, although it has been registered for use in drip irrigation
in melons.  It is also registered as a herbicide.  1,3-D breaks down
into 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid, which are also
toxic to some taxa.  This review also includes an assessment of the
risks of these degradates.

Pertinent risk assessments previously completed for this chemical
include an EFED RED Chapter (herbicide and nematicide/insecticide
fumigant uses) completed in 1997 and an ecological risk assessment for a
Section 18 Registration for use of Telone in drip irrigation in Grapes
in California completed in 1999.  These have provided some information
used in this risk assessment.  Since the dates of these assessments, new
ecological effects data and new PRZM-EXAMS modeling scenarios have
become available.  Because of the proposed method of application (drip),
incidental soil ingestion of pesticides is directly evaluated in this
assessment.  The proposed label allows for the drip application of 1,3-D
above, at, or below the ground surface, but only risk resulting from
buried drip lines was addressed in the Section 18 risk assessment.  Drip
irrigation was not addressed in EFED’s RED Chapter.  The depth of drip
application of 1,3-D application significantly impacts risk conclusions.
 Based on the application instructions proposed on the label, updated
ecological effects data, and new modeling scenarios, EFED’s risk
conclusions for the proposed new use are summarized below.

Risks associated with 1,3-D:

Acute and chronic risk of 1,3-D to listed and non-listed mammals due to
incidental soil ingestion is minimal.  Based on the work of Beyer et al.
(2004), estimates of 1,3-D in soil following an application via drip
irrigation to grapes, and random foraging within a grape crop, RQ
estimates based on daily incidental soil ingestion rates were below the
acute and chronic LOCs for mammals.

Acute risk of 1,3-D to listed and non-listed birds (and reptiles) due to
incidental soil ingestion is minimal.  Chronic risk cannot be determined
due to lack of data, but since exposure is likely to be very low,
chronic risk is not expected to be a concern for birds as a result of
the proposed use.  

Acute and chronic risk of 1,3-D to mammals as a result of inhalation is
expected to be minimal.  EFED does not have LOCs with which to compare
RQs calculated with mammalian inhalation LC50s and NOAECs; however, RQs
are low values (acute RQ <0.01, chronic RQ = 0.002 - 0.22) and likely
indicate minimal risk due to inhalation.

Risk of 1,3-D exposure to non-target listed and non-listed
dicotyledonous plants inhabiting semi-aquatic areas is likely due to
runoff from treated areas.  RQs exceed the LOCs for these listed and
non-listed species if 1,3-D is applied in drip lines that are not
buried.  Based on exposure modeling, applications made through drip
lines buried at least 5 cm minimize risk to plants in nearby terrestrial
and semi-aquatic areas.  

Acute risk to listed and non-listed freshwater fish and acute and
chronic risk of 1,3-D to listed and non-listed freshwater invertebrates
is likely if 1,3-D is applied in drip lines at or above ground level. 
Applications in which 1,3-D is applied in drip lines buried at 5 cm and
25 cm below the ground surface result in RQs that do not exceed acute or
chronic LOCs invertebrates or acute LOCs to fish.  Chronic risk to
freshwater fish cannot be determined because the chronic study with this
taxon was determined to be invalid. However, since 1,3-D is moderately
toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis, EFED expects chronic risk to
be a concern.  Submission of a valid early life stage test with
freshwater fish will clarify this presumption.  EFED expects
applications made through buried drip lines would provide at least some
protection against chronic effects in freshwater fish if chronic risks
were to be identified.

Acute risk to listed and non-listed marine/estuarine fish, and acute and
chronic risk to listed and non-listed marine/estuarine invertebrates is
likely if 1,3-D is applied in drip lines at or above ground level. 
Applications in which 1,3-D is applied in drip lines buried at 5 cm and
25 cm below the ground surface result in RQs that do not exceed acute
LOCs for marine/estuarine fish or acute and chronic LOCs for
marine/estuarine invertebrates.  NOAECs for determining chronic risk to
marine/estuarine invertebrates were estimated by calculating the ratio
of acute to chronic toxicity for freshwater invertebrates.  A similar
analysis could not be conducted for marine/estuarine fish because a
chronic toxicity value for freshwater fish is not available.  However,
since 1,3-D is highly toxic to marine/estuarine fish on an acute basis,
EFED expects chronic risk to be a concern.  EFED also expects protection
against chronic effects in this taxon if applications are made through
buried drip lines.  

Risk to listed and non-listed aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants
as a result of exposure to 1,3-D from runoff is minimal.  This was found
for all application depths modeled.

Risks associated with 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid
(degradates of 1,3-D):

Minimal acute risk is predicted for listed and non-listed mammals as a
result of exposure via soil ingestion to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid.  Chronic data are not available with which to
assess chronic risk to mammals, nor are acute and chronic data for
birds, so these risks remain uncertain.  Inhalation risks are not a
concern for the degradates, since they are not highly volatile.  

The status of studies on terrestrial plants with 3-chloroallyl alcohol
and 3-chloroacrylic acid have not been determined, since questions were
raised as to how the effects of 1,3-D tests conducted simultaneously
were controlled within the test greenhouse.  These questions are being
investigated, and EFED will provide the status of these studies and
resulting risk conclusions as soon as they are known.  

Minimal acute risk is predicted for listed and non-listed freshwater
fish, freshwater invertebrates, and aquatic-phase amphibians as a result
of exposure to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid in runoff.
 This was found at all application depths modeled.  Chronic data are not
available for these taxa, so chronic risk remains an uncertainty.

Acute toxicity data for marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates exposed
to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid are not available;
however, since their toxicity appears to be similar to that of
freshwater organisms with respect to 1,3-D, and because exposure to the
degradates is expected to be low, a similar conclusion of low risk is
expected for these taxa.  Chronic data for fish and invertebrates with
the degradates are not available, so this remains an uncertainty.

At- or above-ground applications of 1,3-D will result in EECs of
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid in runoff that are high
enough to pose risk to listed freshwater aquatic plants.  Non-listed
aquatic plants did not have RQs that exceeded the LOC.

Aquatic EECs resulting from runoff were modeled for applications of
1,3-D and resulting concentrations of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid occurring at the ground surface and below ground at
5 cm and 25 cm depth.  EECs in nearby water bodies due to runoff
resulting from applications at 5 cm and 25 cm were not found to pose
acute or chronic risks to aquatic plants and animals or to plants
inhabiting semi-aquatic areas adjacent to vineyards in which 1,3-D is
applied.  Therefore, label requirements that restrict applications to
drip lines buried at least 5 cm will provide protection to listed and
non-listed aquatic plants and animals and listed and non-listed plants
in semi-aquatic areas.  

Remaining data gaps for 1,3-D and its degradates are listed below. 
These data gaps result in uncertainty in quantitatively evaluating the
ecological risks related to the proposed new use.

(§71-1) Avian oral LD50 tests with 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid

(§122-1 and §123-1) Tier I and II seed emergence and vegetative vigor
tests with 3-chloroallyl alcohol, and 3-chloroacrylic acid (or
information clarifying methods in study already submitted that lead to
upgraded status) 

(§72-4) Fish early life stage test with 1,3-D on freshwater fish 

(§72-4) Fish early life stage and invertebrate life cycle tests with
1,3-D on marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates

	

	Ecological Risk Assessment:

Proposed Section 3 New Use Registration of 1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone)
For Use in Drip Irrigation in Grapes

	March 9, 2007

Prepared by:

Shannon Borges, Biologist

William P. Eckel, Ph.D, Agronomist

Environmental Risk Branch 2

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Approved by:

Thomas Bailey, Ph.D, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch 2

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Table of Contents

I. Executive
Summary.................................................................
.................................................	1

II. Problem
Formulation.............................................................
..................................................	3

	A. Stressor Source and
Distribution............................................................
...........................	3

		1. Source and
Intensity...............................................................
.....................................	3

		2. Physical/Chemical/Fate and Transport
Properties.......................................................	4	

		3. Pesticide Type, Class, and Mode of
Action.................................................................
6	

		2. Overview of Pesticide
Usage...................................................................
....................	6	

	B. Ecological Receptors and Measurement
Endpoints..........................................................	6

	C. Conceptual
Model...................................................................
..........................................	8

		1. Risk
Hypotheses..............................................................
............................................	8

		2.
Diagram.................................................................
.....................................................11	

	D. Analysis
Plan....................................................................
..............................................	13

		1. Measures to Evaluate
Risk....................................................................
.....................	13

		2. Measures of
Effect..................................................................
...................................	14	

		3. Data
Gaps....................................................................
...............................................	14	

III.
Analysis................................................................
................................................................	14

	A. Environmental Fate
Analysis................................................................
..........................	14

	B. Measures of Terrestrial
Exposure................................................................
...................	15

	C. Measures of Aquatic
Exposure................................................................
.......................	17

	D. Ecological Effects
Characterization........................................................
........................	18

		1. Ecological Effects of
1,3-D...................................................................
.....................	18	

		2. Ecological Effects of 3-Chloroallyl Alcohol and 3-Choloracrylic
Acid....................22	

IV. Risk
Characterization........................................................
...................................................	23

	A. Risk
Estimation..............................................................
.................................................	23

	B. Risk
Description.............................................................
.................................................	32

V. Federally-Listed Species
Concerns................................................................
.......................	37

	A. Action
Area....................................................................
.................................................	37

	B. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at
Risk....................................................................
......	38

	C. Probit
Dose-Response...........................................................
..........................................	38

	D. Indirect Effects
Analysis................................................................
.................................	39

	E. Critical
Habitat.................................................................
...............................................	40

	F. Co-occurrence
Analysis................................................................
...................................	41

VI. Assumptions and
Uncertainties...........................................................
................................	41

Appendix I. Environmental Fate
Results.................................................................
..................	43

Appendix II. Effects Data for 1,3-Dichloropropene and its
Degradates....................................	57

Appendix III. Listed Species Co-occurring in States with Grape
Crops...................................	70

I.	Executive Summary

This document presents EFED’s ecological risk assessment for
1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and its degradates, 3-chloroallyl alcohol
and 3-chloroacrylic acid.  1,3-D is being proposed for registration to
control nematodes and grape phylloxera through drip irrigation
applications in grapes.  It is proposed for use at a maximum application
rate of 17.68 lbs ai/acre, with a maximum concentration of 200 ppm in
irrigation water.  The proposed label allows one application at least 60
days pre-harvest and a second application within three weeks
post-harvest.  1,3-D is known to be toxic to several taxa, and its
degradates 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid have also
demonstrated toxicity.  Therefore, these degradates have been included
in this assessment.

Risks to Birds - Risk was estimated for terrestrial animals assuming
exposure through incidental ingestion of soil and inhalation.  The
concentration of 1,3-D in the soil (170.2 ppm) was estimated based on
the maximum application rate per acre and assumed parameters of the area
and depth of soil actually treated within each acre.  Based on these
parameters, only 3.63% of an acre of grape vineyards treated by drip
irrigation; this reduces exposure to terrestrial animals substantially. 
Actual exposure to birds of standard body weights were determined using
estimates of daily dry food ingestion and percentage of food ingested as
soil per day.  A composite concentration of the degradates
(3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid) was estimated as a
percentage of the concentration of 1,3-D in the soil, and exposure to
birds was determined similarly.  Risk due to inhalation was described
using actual measurements of volatilized 1,3-D above soil (0.03 ppm and
4.4 ppm) following application via drip irrigation (6.1 lbs ai/acre) and
soil injection (346 lbs ai/acre) (0.03 ppm and 4.4 ppm, respectively). 
The degradates of 1,3-D are not highly volatile, so inhalation risk is
not a concern for the degradates.  

Only acute oral and subacute dietary data for 1,3-D are available for
birds, and acute risk was found to be minimal as a result of exposure
through incidental soil ingestion (RQ <0.01).  Chronic risk to 1,3-D
through incidental soil ingestion, acute and chronic risk to 1,3-D due
to inhalation, and risk resulting from incidental ingestion of the
degradates in soil cannot be quantified due to lack of effects data. 
Chronic risk resulting from exposure through soil ingestion may be low
due to low expected incidence of exposure to treated soil, so data on
reproductive effects to birds are not needed for further analysis of
chronic risk to birds resulting from the proposed use. However, because
at least one of the degradates has been shown to be more toxic than the
parent compound in several taxa, data are needed to evaluate the acute
risk of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid to birds.  

Risks to Mammals – The same estimate of soil and air concentrations of
1,3-D and its degradates used for birds were used for mammals to
determine risks.  Acute and chronic risk were determined to be minimal
as a result of soil ingestion (acute RQ =<0.01, chronic RQ = 0.11 –
0.22) and inhalation (acute RQ <0.01, chronic RQ = 0.002 – 0.22). 
EFED does not have an LOC with which to compare inhalation RQs, but
concludes that the RQs likely indicate minimal risk.  The highest RQ of
0.22 results from an estimate of 1,3-D in air above soil resulting from
an application rate and method that is expected to result in greater
volatilization, so the actual value resulting from the proposed use is
likely much lower.  

Acute risk as a result of ingestion of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid in soil was determined to be minimal (RQ <0.01 –
0.01).  Chronic data are not available with which to determine the
chronic risk of the degradates to mammals as a result of soil ingestion.
 Since the degradates demonstrate greater toxicity to many taxa than the
parent, chronic risks to mammals may be a concern.

Risks to Terrestrial Plants – Risk due to 1,3-D was found for
dicotyledonous plants inhabiting semi-aquatic areas as a result of
applications made at or above ground level.  Applications made through
drip lines buried 5 cm or 25 cm did not result in EECs in runoff that
posed risk to any terrestrial plants.  Therefore, label restrictions
that require applications of 1,3-D in drip lines buried at least 5 cm
are expected to provide protection to plants in nearby terrestrial and
semi-aquatic areas.  Data for determining these risks for 3-chloroallyl
alcohol, and 3-chloracrylic acid are still under review pending
additional information about methods used in Tier I and II vegetative
vigor and seedling emergence studies conducted with these chemicals. 
Questions were raised as to what methods were used to prevent cross
contamination from the Tier I and II 1,3-D plant studies that were
conducted simultaneously.  EFED will provide its findings on these
studies and resulting findings about risk as soon as they are available.
 

Risks to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms – 1,3-D and its degradates are
expected to occur in surface waters as a result of runoff from the
application sites.  If 1,3-D is applied at or above the ground, as
allowed on the label, acute effects will occur in listed and non-listed
freshwater fish (acute RQ = 0.56), and acute and chronic effects will
occur to listed and non-listed freshwater invertebrates (acute RQ =
6.78, chronic RQ = 1.54), and are expected to occur to listed and
non-listed aquatic-phase amphibians.  Risks to these taxa are not
expected if applications of 1,3-D are made through drip lines buried at
least 5 cm.  Risk to freshwater aquatic plants and algae were determined
to be minimal (RQ = 0.08 – 0.23).  Chronic risks to freshwater fish
could not be determined because the chronic toxicity study with this
taxon was determined to be invalid.  However, since 1,3-D is moderately
toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis, EFED expects chronic risk to
be a concern.  Submission of a valid early life cycle test with
freshwater fish will clarify this presumption.  

Acute risk resulting from exposure to the degradates of 1,3-D
(3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid) following above ground
applications are minimal for freshwater fish (RQ <0.01 – 0.04),
freshwater invertebrates (RQ <0.01 – 0.02), and aquatic-phase
amphibians.  Risk is expected for listed freshwater aquatic plants and
algae as a result of exposure to runoff containing 1,3-D degradates (RQ
= 0.93 – 26.92) following at- or above-ground applications.  Acute
risk is not expected to any freshwater taxon if applications are made
below ground at the depths modeled.  Data are not available to assess
the chronic risk of 3-chloroallyl alcohol or 3-chloroacrylic acid to
marine/estuarine fish or invertebrates.  Unless data on the chronic
toxicity of the degradates are submitted, these risks remain uncertain. 

Risks to Marine/Estuarine Aquatic Organisms –Applications of 1,3-D
made at or above the surface of the soil result in acute risk listed and
non-listed marine/estuarine fish (acute RQ = 0.70) and acute and chronic
risk to marine/estuarine invertebrates (acute RQ = 0.95, chronic RQ =
8.98).  Risk to listed and non-listed marine/estuarine aquatic plants
and algae is minimal (RQ = 0.04 – 0.07) as a result of runoff from
applications at or above the ground.  Chronic risks to marine/estuarine
invertebrates were determined using estimates of chronic values based on
the ratio of acute: chronic toxicity in freshwater invertebrates.  A
similar analysis for marine/estuarine fish could not be conducted due to
lack of chronic toxicity data for freshwater fish.  However, since 1,3-D
is highly toxic to marine/estuarine fish on an acute basis, EFED expects
chronic risk to be a concern.  

Acute risk due to exposure to degradates was determined to be minimal
for marine/estuarine aquatic plants and algae (RQ <0.01 – 0.55) based
on toxicity to saltwater diatoms.  No data were available with which to
determine risks of the degradates to marine/estuarine fish or
invertebrates.  However, risks to marine/estuarine species appear to
track those of freshwater species.  Therefore, acute risk may not be
likely for marine/estuarine fish or invertebrates, but until such time
as data are submitted for the chronic toxicity of the degradates,
chronic risks for marine/estuarine species remains uncertain.

Label Restrictions that Reduce Risk – Acute and chronic risks were
identified as a concern to several aquatic taxa due to EECs determined
as a result of ground-level applications (0.1cm depth).  EFED assumes
these EECs are similar to those made through drip lines that are above
the ground, as well.  EECs resulting from applications in drip lines
buried at 5 cm and 25 cm depths do not result in listed or non-listed
species acute or chronic risk concerns in any aquatic taxa.  Therefore,
restricting applications of 1,3-D in drip irrigation to drip lines
buried at least 5 cm would be a protective measure that would minimize
aquatic risks and risk to plants inhabiting semi-aquatic habitats nearby
to areas in which 1,3-D will be used.  

II.  	Problem Formulation

Stressor Source and Distribution

Source and Intensity

1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) (Figure 1) is a contact nematicide and
insecticide that is proposed for post-plant application via drip
irrigation in grapes.  The proposed label gives a maximum application
rate of 2.0 gallons of product (17.68 lbs a.i.) per acre, diluted to a
maximum of 200 ppm ai in irrigation water.  The label proposes a maximum
of one in-season application made at least 60 days pre-harvest and one
post-harvest application made within 21 days of harvest. 

With a double bond, 1,3-D consists of a cis and trans isomer (Figure 1),
and most formulations contain approximately equal ratios of these
isomers.  1,3-D has two major degradates, 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid (Figure 2), that are both mobile, but are not
expected to be as volatile as 1,3-D.  The 3-chloroallyl alcohol is the
major hydrolysis degradation product and is formed at 72 percent of
applied.  The 3-chloroacrylic acid is produced through aerobic soil
metabolism at lower and variable amounts depending on the soil type.  In
studies submitted to the Agency, 3-chloroacrylic acid formed at 1 – 6
percent of applied.  The degradation pathway is presumed to be 1,3-D to
3-chloroallyl alcohol to 3-chloroacrylic acid.  Previous EFED ecological
risk assessments of 1,3-D include a RED (1997) evaluating its use as a
herbicide and nematicide/insecticide fumigant and for a Section 18
Registration for use of Telone in drip irrigation in grapes in
California (completed in 1999)  Some ecological effects data for 1,3-D,
and the acid degradate (1,3-chloroacrylic acid) and the alcohol
degradate (1,3-chloroallyl alcohol) have since been submitted in
response to data gaps identified in these assessments.  This risk
assessment considers 1,3-D and the alcohol and acid degradate substances
as “stressors” for the purposes of determining ecological risk. 
Because the 1,3-D and its degradates have different toxicity values and
occur at different concentrations in the environment, EECs and RQs will
be calculated separately for 1,3-D and its degradates where possible.   

Figure 1. Molecular structure diagram of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D,
cis- and trans- isomers).

Figure 2. Molecular structure diagrams for 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid, the degradates of 1,3-D.

Physical/Chemical/Fate and Transport Properties

The cis and trans isomers of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) are highly
volatile and mobile under most environmental conditions.  The major
hydrolysis degradates, 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid,
are both mobile, but are expected to be less volatile.  The degradates
are stable to hydrolysis in sterile, buffered water, but are quickly
degraded in aerobic aquatic metabolism studies (3-chloroallyl alcohol,
half-life 1.2 days at 25ºC, total 3-chloroacrylic acids, 3.4 days, MRID
44975503).   

The primary routes of 1,3-D dissipation in the field appear to be
volatilization, leaching, abiotic hydrolysis, and aerobic soil
metabolism.  In air, 1,3-D does not degrade through direct photolysis;
however, there can be degradation through free-radical (OH and ozone)
processes.  Experimental data for reaction with hydroxyl and ozone,
cited in the EPISuite AOP v1.91 program (Kwok, ESC and Atkinson, R.,
1994) suggest that the half-life for telone in air is on the order of
1.0 to 1.1 days, with the reaction dominated by hydroxyl addition to the
double bond.  

      

In water, hydrolysis is temperature dependent with an increase in
stability at lower temperatures.  This seems to indicate that in warm
climates, degradation will occur more rapidly than in cooler climates. 
According to laboratory mobility studies, 1,3-D is mobile in a variety
of soils including loamy sand (Kd= 0.23), sand (Kd= 0.32) and clay (Kd=
0.42 and 1.09.  These mobility data, in addition to ground-water
monitoring information, have clearly demonstrated that 1,3-D is highly
mobile in soil.  Mobility data for 3-chloroallyl alcohol (MRID 44940323)
give a Koc range of 10 to 55, with a mean of 31.

As mentioned above, 1,3-D is highly volatile (vapor pressure 34 mmHg). 
The factors influencing the volatility of 1,3-D from a field plot
include, but are not limited to: soil organic matter, wind speed, soil
moisture content, depth of incorporation-injection, soil temperature and
soil porosity.  Studies indicate that approximately 25 percent of
applied volatilizes within the first two weeks after application.  Wind
is a major factor in the dispersion of 1,3-D as higher concentrations
are measured in the air at night when winds are often lighter.  During
the day, an increase in wind velocity also increases vapor dispersion
and lowers the measurable amount of material.

1,3-D has two major degradates: 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid.  The 3-chloroallyl alcohol is the major hydrolysis
degradation product and is formed at 72% of applied.  The
3-chloroacrylic acid is produced through aerobic soil metabolism at
lower and variable amounts depending on the soil type.  In studies
submitted to the Agency, 3-chloroacrylic acid formed at 1% - 6% of
applied.  The degradation pathway is presumed to be 1,3-D to
3-chloroallyl alcohol to 3-chloroacrylic acid.

Chemical Identity and Physicochemical Properties

 tc \l2 "Chemical Identity and Physicochemical Properties 

Chemical Name	

IUPAC	

(EZ) - 1,3-Dichloropropene

CAS	

1,3-Dichloro-1-propene

CAS Registry No.	

542-75-6

Empirical Formula	

C3H4Cl2

Molecular Weight	

110.97

Synonyms	

Not Provided

Formulated Product	

Cordon®

The physicochemical properties of 1,3-D are reported in Table 1.  

Table 1.  Physicochemical properties for 1,3-D.

physicochemical property	

measured value

Solubility (water)	

2.2 g/L  at 20(C

vapor pressure	

34.3 and 23.0 Torr at 25(C or the (cis) and (trans) isomers,
respectively

Henry’s Law Constant	

1.8(10-3 atm-m3-mole-1 (cis) and 1.05(10-3 atm-m3-mole-1 (trans)

Pesticide Type, Class, and Mode of Action

1,3-D is a soil fumigant that exerts toxic action on vital enzymes or
enzyme systems in nematodes.  Substitution of a sulfhydryl, ammonia, or
hydroxyl group with the chlorine in 1,3-D results in restriction of the
enzyme function, leading to paralysis and death.  

Overview of Pesticide Usage

The proposed new use is for applications of 1,3-D via drip irrigation in
grapes, which requires lower application rates than the primary uses of
1,3-D as a fumigant applied via soil injection.  These primary uses are
intended for the control of nematodes, although it is also used for
insects as well as Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and bindweed
(Concolculus arvensis).  The 1997 EFED RED Chapter also included a
pre-plant application of 1,3-D via drip irrigation to melons at 91 lbs
ai/acre, which was the only crop for which drip irrigation was approved.
 According to the OPP Biological and Economic Analysis Division
Screening Level Usage Analysis dated 9/14/06, an average of
approximately 1,000,000 lbs ai of 1,3-D are applied to melons annually,
representing a relatively small percentage of 1,3-D that is applied in
this manner.  Approximately 300,000 lbs ai of 1,3-D are applied on
average to grapes via fumigation annually. Approximately 1.23 million
acres of grapes were grown throughout the U.S. in 2002. 

Ecological Receptors and Measurement Endpoints

For screening level risk assessments, toxicological data gathered on
representative aquatic and terrestrial test species are utilized as
surrogates for broad taxonomic groups.  For this assessment of 1,3-D and
its degradates, these data have mainly been obtained from toxicological
studies submitted to EPA by registrants.  The taxonomic groups
represented by these data are: birds, mammals, plants inhabiting
terrestrial and semi-aquatic environments, freshwater fish and
invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, and vascular and
non-vascular aquatic plants.  In the absence of toxicity data on
amphibians and reptiles, it is assumed that aquatic-phase amphibians are
approximately as sensitive as fish and also that reptiles and
terrestrial-phase amphibians are approximately as sensitive to birds to
the potential effects of a pesticide.  For both aquatic and terrestrial
receptors, direct acute and direct chronic effects are considered.  The
surrogate test species, assessment endpoints, and measures of effect
typically used for a screening-level risk assessment are presented in
Table 2.  To assess risks to federally listed (i.e., threatened and
endangered) species, all assessment endpoints are measured at the
individual level, which may also provide insights regarding risks at
higher levels of biological organization (e.g., populations).  

Table 2.  Ecological Receptors, Assessment Endpoints, and Measures of
Effect Used In Screening-level Risk Assessments

Taxonomic group/test species1	Assessment endpoints	Measures of effect2

Birds3:

Mallard

(Anas playtrhynchos)

Northern bobwhite

(Colinus virginianus)	abundance (i.e., survival, reproduction, and
growth) of individuals and populations	avian acute oral LD50 (mg/kg-bw)

avian subacute dietary 5-day LC50 (mg/kg-diet)

avian reproduction/chronic NOAEC (mg/kg-bw or mg/kg-diet)

Mammals:

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	abundance (i.e., survival, reproduction, and growth)
of individuals and populations	laboratory rat acute oral LD50 (mg/kg-bw)

laboratory rat 2-generation reproduction NOAEC (mg/kg-bw or mg/kg-diet)

Freshwater Animals4:

Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

Rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Water flea (Daphnia magna)	survival and reproduction of individuals and
communities 	fish acute 96-h LC50 (mg/L)

fish chronic (early-life stage) NOAEC (mg/L)

invertebrate acute 96-h LC50 (48-h for copepods) (mg/L)

invertebrate chronic (life-cycle) NOAEC (mg/L)

Estuarine/Marine Animals5:

Sheepshead minnow

(Cypridodon variegatus)

Eastern oyster

(Crassostrea virginica) 

Mysid shrimp

(Americamysis bahia)	survival and reproduction of individuals and
communities 	fish acute 96-h LC50 (mg/L)

fish chronic (early-life stage) NOAEC (mg/L)

invertebrate acute 96-h LC50 (or EC50 for acute shell deposition and
embryo-larval development tests) (mg/L)

invertebrate chronic reproductive study NOAEC (mg/L)

Terrestrial Plants6:

Monocots - 4 spp.

  e.g., corn (Zea mays)

Dicots - 6 spp.

  e.g., soybean (Glycine max)	perpetuation of individuals and
populations of non-target crop and noncrop species 	monocot seedling
emergence IC25 and NOAEC (lbs ai/A)

monocot vegetative vigor IC25 and NOAEC (lbs ai/A)

dicot seedling emergence IC25 and NOAEC (lbs ai/A)

dicot vegetative vigor IC25 and NOAEC (lbs ai/A)

Aquatic Plants and Algae6:

Vascular - 1 sp. 

   duckweed (Lemna gibba) 

Non-vascular - 4 spp.

  algae and diatoms

    e.g., green algae

    (Selenastrum capricornutum)	maintenance and growth of standing crop
or biomass	IC50 and NOAEC values for growth rate and biomass
measurements (mg/L)

1 Minimal preferred or required species for screening level risk
assessment.

2 Test guideline measures of effect for designated taxa.

3 Birds are also used as surrogates for reptiles and terrestrial-phase
amphibians

4 Freshwater fish are also used as surrogates for aquatic-phase
amphibians

5 Estuarine/marine toxicity tests are required only if the proposed uses
are expected to result in the active ingredient

   reaching the estuarine/marine environment which is a potential for
the proposed new use.

6 Phytotoxicity tests are required for herbicides and for other
pesticides if the available evidence indicates there may

   be phytotoxicity

Conceptual Model

A conceptual model consists of a written description and visual
representation of the predicted relationships between a stressor, the
potential routes of exposure, and the attribute changes of concern for
the assessment endpoint.  The written description is provided in two
parts, the first part provides the basis for the risk hypotheses
selected for assessment and in the second part the risk hypotheses are
explicitly stated.  Visual representations of the risk hypotheses
assessed in this screening level risk assessment are provided for 1,3-D
applied in drip irrigation, as well as its degradates, in Figure 3.

Risk Hypotheses

The objective of this assessment is to identify risks to the environment
from proposed 1,3-D use on grapes in drip irrigation.   In order for a
chemical to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors
in biologically significant concentrations.  An exposure pathway is the
means by which a contaminant moves in the environment from a source to
an ecological receptor.  For this pathway to be complete, it must have a
source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point
of exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure. 
In addition, the potential mechanisms of transformation must be known,
especially for a chemical whose metabolites/degradates are of greater
toxicological concern than the parent compound.  The assessment of these
pathways thus includes an examination of the sources and potential
migration pathways for constituents, and the determination of potential
exposure routes.

As applied according to the proposed label, 1,3-D and its degradates
will be available in the soil to non-target organisms.  The degradates
are expected to form at the site of application, and are also expected
to move to the same environmental compartments as the parent compound
via the same pathways.  The only exception to this is movement via
volatilization, since the degradates are not expected to volatilize to
the same degree as 1,3-D.  

The primary exposure route for terrestrial animals is expected to be
ingestion of soil containing 1,3-D and its degradates at the treatment
site.  Inhalation of volatilized 1,3-D is also expected.  Applications
through above-ground irrigation lines may result in formation of puddles
of treated irrigation water and also contact with the foliage of
terrestrial plants, which could expose terrestrial animals via drinking
water and on-field plant food resources.  The latter two routes are
expected to be minor.  Runoff of 1,3-D and its degradates could also
result in exposure to plants that inhabit terrestrial and semi-aquatic
areas off-site.

Runoff (and to a lesser extent leaching and erosion) is expected to move
significant amounts of 1,3-D and its degradates to nearby water bodies. 
Volatilization of 1,3-D from the application site and subsequent
movement via wind is also expected to result in deposition into nearby
water.  Once reaching these environments, some 1,3-D is expected to
volatilize, while the remainder will likely degrade into 3-chloroallyl
alcohol (alcohol degradate) and 3-chloroacrylic acid (acid degradate). 
These compounds are expected to remain in the water column.  

Exposure to aquatic organisms is likely to occur, and will affect both
fish and invertebrates.  Exposure may occur via ingestion or uptake
through the gills and/or integument.   Aquatic plants are also expected
to be exposed via direct contact or vascular uptake.

Based on the above considerations EFED has formulated the following
hypotheses:

Aquatic exposure: Because 1,3-D and its major acid and alcohol
degradates are highly mobile and soluble, run-off from treated fields
into surface water may result in exposure of aquatic fish and
invertebrates to these substances in the water column.  In addition,
because some grape production occurs in areas adjacent or near
estuarine/marine systems, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates may be
exposed in addition to freshwater fish and invertebrates from run-off.

Water column exposure-fish and invertebrates: Exposure levels may
potentially result in mortality or decreased reproduction of exposed
listed (endangered or threatened) fish and aquatic invertebrate species
or mortality or decreased reproduction in populations of non-listed fish
and aquatic invertebrate species.

Water column exposure-aquatic plants: Exposure levels in the water
column may potentially result in reduced biomass or standing crop of
aquatic plants.

Sediment: Because of the low Koc and high water solubility of 1,3-D and
its major acid and alcohol degradates, these constituents will be
associated with the water column and not sediment.  Therefore, the
sediment exposure pathway is considered insignificant to risk
determination as compared to water column exposure or incomplete and is
not considered further.

Aquatic food chain: Secondary exposure of primary and secondary
consumers is possible; however, because of its low Kow, 1,3-D is not
expected to cause effects at higher trophic levels through
bioaccumulation. EFED does not have data regarding concentration of
1,3-D, 3-chloroallyl alcohol, or 3-chloroacrylic acid residues taken up
by plants or body burdens in exposed animals, so this exposure pathway
will not be assessed.  However, effects due to secondary exposure are
expected to be minimal.

Avian and mammalian wildlife: The proposed 1,3-D application is drip
irrigation to below, at, or just above the surface soil which will
result in soil residues and potential exposure of avian and mammalian
wildlife.

Residues on food – above surface level drip: Drip irrigation applied
above the surface soil is expected to result in minimal contact with
plant and insect food items on a per acre basis, resulting in a low
probability of exposure through consumption of on-field food items. 
Therefore, this pathway will not be considered in this risk assessment.

Residues on food – at or below surface level drip: Because 1,3-D has a
low Kow, bioaccumulation in soil dwelling organisms is not expected, and
the probability of consumption of these organisms by birds and mammals
on a per acre basis is low.  Therefore, although exposure could occur
via this pathway, it is expected to be minimal and is not considered
further in this risk assessment. 

Incidental soil ingestion: Wildlife may ingest soil incidentally while
foraging for food within the treated soil or from preening of feathers
or fur after contact with soil.  Exposure levels of 1,3-D and its major
acid and alcohol degradates may potentially result in mortality or
decreased reproduction of an individual exposed listed (endangered or
threatened) wildlife species or reduced survival and reproduction of
exposed non-listed wildlife populations.  This is expected to be the
main pathway for exposure for terrestrial animals.

Inhalation:  Because it is highly volatile, terrestrial animals may be
exposed via inhalation of 1,3-D vapors.  Exposure through inhalation
could result in mortality or decreased reproduction of an individual
exposed listed (endangered or threatened) wildlife species or reduced
survival and reproduction of exposed non-listed wildlife populations.  

Terrestrial food chain:  Because of the low Koc and high water
solubility bioconcentration or bioaccumulation of 1,3-D and its major
alcohol and acid degradates up the terrestrial food chain is not
considered a significant exposure pathway or contributor to risk
determination as compared to incidental soil ingestion and is therefore
not considered further.

Aquatic food chain:  Because of the low Koc, high water solubility, and
short-half life bioconcentration or bioaccumulation of 1,3-D and its
major alcohol and acid degradates up the aquatic food chain to
terrestrial piscivorous (fish and shellfish) consumers is considered a
insignificant or incomplete exposure pathway and is therefore not
considered further.

Terrestrial plants:  Because 1,3-D and its major acid and alcohol
degradates are highly mobile and soluble, sheet run-off from treated
fields to non-target soils may result in exposure of terrestrial
non-target plants.  Because the proposed application is by drip
irrigation, no loading of non-target soils by spray drift will occur. 
Loading from run-off to non-target soils may potentially result in
mortality or decreased growth of individual listed terrestrial plants or
loss of non-listed populations of terrestrial plants or decrease in
their standing crop or biomass.

Semi-aquatic (riparian) plants:  Because 1,3-D and its major acid and
alcohol degradates are highly mobile and soluble, channel run-off from
treated fields to non-target soils may result in exposure of terrestrial
semi-aquatic non-target plants.  Because the proposed application is by
drip irrigation, no loading of non-target soils by spray drift will
occur.  Loading from run-off to non-target soils may potentially result
in mortality or decreased growth of individual listed semi-aquatic
plants or loss of non-listed populations of semi-aquatic plants or
decrease in their standing crop or biomass.

Diagram

The conceptual model is a generic graphic depiction of the risk
hypotheses identified in the previous section (II.C.1).  It is assumed
that 1,3-D and its major alcohol and acid degradates are capable of
affecting exposed terrestrial and aquatic organisms if environmental
concentrations are sufficiently elevated as a result of proposed label
uses.  Through a preliminary process of examining fate and effects data,
the risk hypotheses and conceptual model has been refined to reflect
possible exposure pathways and the organisms that are most relevant and
applicable to this assessment (Figure 1).  If exposed at sufficient
levels, mortality may occur, as well as sublethal chronic effects, in
addition these direct effects on a taxa may result in indirect effects
(i.e., loss of habitat, food resources) to other taxa.  This assessment
will examine the potential for these effects to occur within the
surrogate taxa with the intent to extrapolate to actual effects within
the environment.

   Analysis Plan

This screening level assessment is based on findings in previous
assessments for 1,3-D, including the 1997 EFED RED Chapter and the 1999
EFED Section 18 Risk Assessment for the use of 1,3-D on grapes in
California, as well as EFED’s standard risk quotient (RQ) methodology.
 Previous risk assessments have also utilized RQs to estimate risk; new
RQs have been calculated here where new model estimates of EECs are
needed or new effects data have been submitted.  An RQ is a ratio of an
estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of a pesticide to a toxicity
value (e.g., LC50), where the EEC is presumed to represent a measure of
exposure.  Acute and chronic RQs for each taxonomic group are compared
to the Agency’s acute and chronic Levels of Concern (LOCs). 
Exceedence of an LOC for a taxonomic group triggers a need to consider
regulatory action to mitigate risk.  Table 6 in the Risk
Characterization section summarizes EFED’s LOCs for the various taxa
assessed in screening-level risk assessments.  

The assessment for 1,3-D is based on the following use presumptions,
based on the proposed product label and environmental fate data:

because the label states that 1,3-D may be applied through above-ground
irrigation lines, 100% of the 1,3-D applied is assumed to be available
for exposure and transport at the soil surface

the degradates of 1,3-D, 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid
are available at the application site and anywhere 1,3-D is transported
except air.

1.	Measures to Evaluate Risk

Terrestrial Exposure tc \l3 "Terrestrial Exposure 

Exposure of terrestrial animals can occur via several pathways,
including ingestion of 1,3-D and its degradates in treated soil,
inhalation of vapors above the application site, and consumption of food
items coming into contact with these compounds.  The primary routes of
exposure to terrestrial animals are assumed to be consumption of treated
soil and inhalation.  These can be determined using models for
incidental soil ingestion, estimates of the concentration of 1,3-D and
its degradates in the soil at the site of application, and actual
monitoring data for 1,3-D in air at treated sites.  Other routes of
exposure cannot be quantified, and will be discussed qualitatively in
the risk description.  Exposure to plants inhabiting terrestrial and
semi-aquatic areas can occur via runoff; however, valid terrestrial
plant toxicity data for 1,3-D and its degradates are not available. 
Therefore, estimates of 1,3-D in runoff in adjacent terrestrial and
semi-aquatic areas will not be determined.  

Aquatic Exposure

Runoff (1,3-D and degradates), and volatilization (1,3-D only) of 1,3-D
and its degradates are likely, thus, use will result in exposure of
these compounds to aquatic animals.  Aquatic exposure will be quantified
using EFED’s PRZM-EXAMS models.  The exposure scenario considered here
represents a pond or other small body of water, such as may be found in
water bodies near sites of application.   

2.	Measures of Effect

 tc \l3 "Measures of Effect 

Measures of effect are based on the toxicity values generated in the
guideline toxicity studies submitted by the registrant.  When more than
one value is generated (e.g., freshwater fish LC50), the most sensitive
value is used for the screening assessment.  Acute-to-chronic toxicity
ratios can be determined for freshwater organisms and applied to
marine/estuarine animals where data are lacking.  For other taxa,
effects data for 1,3-D are complete, but effects data for its degradates
are not available for birds or marine/estuarine animals.  

	3.	Data Gaps

The adequacy of the data submitted by the registrant to support
registration was evaluated relative to Agency guidelines.  The
guidelines for environmental fate have been fulfilled, and there are no
outstanding data needs.  Some ecological effects data are still needed
for a comprehensive evaluation of risks resulting from applications of
1,3-D, especially since the degradates of 1,3-D are more toxic to
several taxa than the parent compound.  These are:  

(§71-1) Avian oral LD50 tests with 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid

(§122-1 and §123-1) Tier I and II seed emergence and vegetative vigor
tests with 3-chloroallyl alcohol, and 3-chloroacrylic acid (or
information clarifying methods in study already submitted that lead to
upgraded status) 

(§72-4) Fish early life stage test with 1,3-D on freshwater fish 

(§72-4) Fish early life stage and invertebrate life cycle tests with
1,3-D on marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates

Analysis

Environmental Fate Analysis

1,3-D is highly volatile, very soluble in water, and has a relatively
high Henry’s Law constant.  Thus its fate is expected to be dominated
by evaporation from soil and water, and transfer to air.  In air, 1,3-D
is expected to be attacked by hydroxyl radicals and ozone, with a
disappearance half-life on the order of one day.

Guideline data on aerobic soil metabolism (MRID 42642301) give widely
different results for the two soils tested (Caitlin silt loam half-life
11.8 days, and Fuquay loamy sand soil 59.8 days).  

1,3-D is metabolized into 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acids in soil and water.  In soil, 3-chloroallyl alcohol reached
5.2-5.3% at 30 days (end of study) in the Caitlin soil, and 23.2-23.6%
at 70 days in the Fuquay soil.  Total 3-chloroacrylic acids reached
1.5-1.9% at 70 days in the Fuquay soil.  The cis- isomer was 4.2-4.3% at
7 days, and trans- isomer was 5.7-5.9% at 20 days in the Caitlin soil.  

In a water-sediment system, the alcohol reached 6.4% at day 1 and the
total acids reached 10% on day 7.  Parent half-life in the aquatic
studies was 4.9 days.  For the alcohol, it was 1.2 days, and for total
acids, it was 3.4 days.  Thus telone and its degradates are not expected
to persist in aquatic systems.

Measures of Terrestrial Exposure

Previous risk assessments of 1,3-D have utilized actual measurements of
1,3-D in and above soil for quantitative estimates of terrestrial
exposure through ingestion of treated soil and inhalation of vapors
(MRID 40404401 and 41057701). These measurements have been taken
following applications of 1,3-D fumigant via soil injection at
application rates that are much higher than the proposed use (342 lbs
ai/acre).  The estimated concentration in air above the soil was 4.4
ppm.  Another volatility study is also available (MRID 45296101) that
provides estimates of 1,3-D in the air at 6 inches above the soil
following an application at 6.1 lbs ai/acre.  This application rate is
approximately 1/3 of the proposed use, and resulted in an estimated
concentration in air of 0.03 ppm.  Neither of these values can be used
directly, and the concentration of air does not necessarily have a
linear relationship with application rate.  Therefore, these values will
be sued to bracket the actual exposure resulting from the proposed use. 

The field dissipation study does not necessarily provide a good estimate
of exposure through incidental soil ingestion since the application
method differs significantly.  As an alternative, an estimate of the
exposure to terrestrial animals in the soil was derived based on the
maximum application rate per acre (17.68 lbs) and the estimated volume
of soil actually treated.  An area with diameter of 2 feet was assumed
to be treated beneath each vine, assuming that two drip emitters per
vine deliver 1,3-D to the soil as recommended on the label.  A 9-inch
wetting depth in dry soil was also assumed; the actual value may vary
based on soil type and conditions, but this value was assumed to be a
reasonable conservative estimate.  Based on growing recommendations, row
spacing and vine spacing were assumed to be 10 feet and 7 feet,
respectively.  This configuration results in 505 vines per acre, giving
an actual area treated of 1586.5 ft2, resulting in 0.0114 lbs a.i./ft2. 
Using the above parameter estimates and assuming a soil bulk density of
1.4 g/cm3 (taken from the New York grape PRZM-EXAMS scenario), the
concentration in the soil at each vine is determined to be 170.2 ppm. 
This estimate is higher than the 130 ppm estimate used in previous risk
assessments, but consideration is also made for the likelihood of
encounter on a per acre basis.  Submission of a field dissipation study
that is more appropriate for the proposed application method and rate
would reduce uncertainty associated with the use of this exposure
estimate as well as the exposure estimate for inhalation.

To determine the amount of 1,3-D exposure through incidental soil
ingestion, this risk assessment employs information from Beyer et al.
(1994) as used in the previous risk assessments for 1,3-D.  To update
the approach for incidental soil ingestion and dietary risk currently
used by EFED, percentages of body weight consumed as diet were
recalculated with allometric equations used in the TREX terrestrial
exposure spreadsheet model.   These equations are available in EPA’s
Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook, as well as estimated percentages of
diet consumed as soil per day.  The maximum estimates for soil
consumption for birds and mammals were used, and these were 30% for
birds and 17% for mammals.  Also in keeping with current EFED policy for
assessment of dietary risks, the LD50 for birds and mammals was adjusted
for standard body weights (see TREX User’s Guide).   Exposure
estimates based on dietary intake for birds and mammals are provided in
Tables 9-11, in the Risk Characterization Section. 

Exposure to terrestrial wildlife via drinking water was determined to be
a potentially significant route of exposure in previous risk
assessments, although there was no way to estimate the amount that would
occur in drinking water.  According to the proposed label, formation of
puddles during treatment is not allowed, and treatment must be
discontinued if it occurs.  However, terrestrial animals may be exposed
if a rain event occurs post application and 1,3-D partitions into the
water.  EFED is currently developing a model to address this concern,
and it should be examined in the future.  Risk due to exposure in this
medium will not be addressed in this risk assessment.

The standard method for determining risk to terrestrial animals in
EFED’s screening level risk assessments utilizes EECs available to
this taxon in on-field plant food.  The standard model based on the
Kenaga nomogram does not apply to application of 1,3-D in drip
irrigation.  Since this route of exposure is expected to be minor, risk
via consumption of on-field plants will not be determined.  Because
1,3-D has a low Kow, it is also unlikely that it will bioaccumulate in
soil macroinvertebrates.  Therefore, this source of food for terrestrial
animals will not be examined.

Exposure of non-target plants inhabiting nearby terrestrial and
semi-aquatic areas to 1,3-D via runoff was determined with EFED’s
TERRPLANT spreadsheet model (version 1.2.1).  This model calculates the
expected exposure value in lbs a.i./acre that reaches nearby terrestrial
areas via sheet runoff and nearby semi-aquatic areas via channel runoff.
 An estimate of exposure due to drift is also added into all exposure
estimates, which does not exactly apply to applications of 1,3-D via
drip irrigation.  However, since volatilization of some unknown amount
of 1,3-D is expected from this application method, the amount from drift
was left in the exposure estimate.  Exposure estimates using this model
assuming 0, 5, and 25 cm incorporation, as used in the aquatic exposure
estimates (see below), are presented in Table 14 in the Risk
Characterization Section.  Tiers I and II studies with the degradates of
1,3-D (3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid) are still being
evaluated, pending further information about the methods used to
determine the effects of these chemicals on non-target terrestrial
plants.  When this information is provided, EFED will determine whether
calculating exposure estimates is necessary and will then provide
estimates of risk from these compounds.    

Acute oral toxicity data for mammals are available for the degradates of
1,3-D.  The EFED RED Chapter for 1,3-D indicated that as much as 78% of
the parent can be converted to degradates in the soil.  Therefore, a
concentration of 132.8 ppm will be used as an estimate for the
concentration of degradates in the soil. Daily dose from soil ingestion
will be estimated with the same methods as for the parent.  Since the
LD50s for both degradates are identical for mammals, use of this
percentage as an estimate of composite degradate concentration is
appropriate, assuming these compounds have additive toxicity.  Exposure
estimates for mammals are provided in Table 12 in the Risk
Characterization Section.  

Since the degradates are not highly volatile, inhalation exposure will
not be determined.  Since degradates may partition into water in
on-field puddles following rain events, this potential risk should be
examined in the future when a model is available to estimate exposure.

Measures of Aquatic Exposure

Exposure to parent 1,3-D was estimated using the tier II model
PRZM-EXAMS.  Two scenarios, New York grapes, and California grapes
(non-irrigated) were used.  Exposure estimates from the California
scenario are expected to be underestimated, due to the lack of
irrigation in the scenario.

Exposure to the degradates 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acid was estimated by multiplying the PRZM-EXAMS results for the parent
by the maximum formation of the degradates in the parent aerobic aquatic
metabolism study (MRID 44975503).  In that study, the alcohol reached a
maximum of 6.4% at 1 day, and the acids reached 10% at 7 days.

A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which parameters had
the most influence on the aquatic EECs.  Using the Mississippi cotton
scenario, it was found that the volatility parameters (vapor pressure,
Henry’ Law constant, diffusion coefficient in air, and enthalpy of
vaporization) reduced EECs by approximately 75% from 201 ppb (peak) to
49 ppb (peak).  Alternative values of soil, water, and benthic
half-lives had almost no influence on the EEC.  The input value for soil
metabolism (97.6 days) is higher than either of the two studies (11.8
and 59.8 days), because of the large standard deviation, and the small
number of values (2) that went into calculating the upper 90th
percentile on the mean value.

	The following input parameter values were used.  

Table 3. PRZM and EXAMS  Inputs for Telone (1,3-D)

MODEL INPUT VARIABLE	

INPUT VALUE	

   SOURCE

Application Rate (lb a.i./acre)	

17.68	Proposed Label

Maximum Number of Applications 	

2	Proposed Label

Interval between Applications     	

60 days (pre-harvest interval)	Proposed Label

Soil Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc)  	

41	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	

t1/2 = 97.6

	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	

t1/2 = 195.2

	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	

t1/2 = 60

	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Water Solubility

	

2500 mg/L @ 20oC	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Henry’s Law Constant 

Vapor Pressure	

3.55E-3 atm-m3mole-1   

34 mmHg	

Air Diffusion Coefficient 

Enthalpy of Vaporization	

7227 cm day-1

20 Kcal/mole (default)	

Carleton, 1998. Tier II Exposure Assessment

Application Method	

Drip or buried irrigation, 0.1, 5, or 25 cm incorporation depth 

CAM 4	

Ecological Effects Characterization

	1. Ecological Effects of 1,3-D

Effects characterization describes the potential adverse effects a
pesticide can produce in a terrestrial or aquatic organism.  This
characterization is typically based on the studies that describe acute
and reproductive/chronic effects toxicity information for various taxa. 
The complete record of data available for 1,3-D and its degradates is
presented in Appendix II.  Since only endpoints from the most sensitive
species are used to estimate risk, only data utilized in this risk
assessment are presented below.  

	Terrestrial Animals

Table 4 presents toxicity values for birds, mammals, and beneficial
insects that are used in this assessment to determine risk to 1,3-D. 
These values were chosen because they were either the only values
available or represented the greatest sensitivity among the available
values.  1,3-D is moderately toxic to birds on an acute oral basis, and
practically non-toxic (LC50 > 10,000 ppm) to birds on a subacute dietary
basis.  Acute oral toxicity values will be used to determine risk via
incidental ingestion of soil and in drinking water because the subacute
dietary value is inconsistent with the acute oral value and may not
adequately depict a dose response (see Appendix II).  Chronic toxicity
data are not available for birds.  

Acute and chronic oral/dietary and inhalation toxicity values are
available for mammals from studies conducted on laboratory species. 
Based on the toxicity values in these tests, 1,3-D is slightly toxic on
an acute oral basis to wild mammals, assuming that the laboratory rat
adequately represents their sensitivity. These species are assumed to be
representative of wild mammals.  

 value was mistaken to be 6.6 μg/bee (the LD50 was correctly identified
in the study’s DER).  The value is actually higher, and indicates that
1,3-D is practically non-toxic to honey bees.

Table 4. Acute toxicity values for 1,3-D to terrestrial animals utilized
for estimating risk.

Species	Test Type and Toxicity Value	Toxicity Classification	MRID	Study
Classification

Birds

Northern bobwhite 

(Colinus virginianus)	Acute Oral

LD50 = 152 mg/kg	Moderately toxic	00118938	Acceptable

Mammals

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Acute Oral

LD50 = 224 mg/kg (Females)	Moderately toxic1	40220901	Acceptable

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	13-Week Feeding Study2

NOAEC = 5 mg/kg/day	N/A	42954802	Acceptable

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Acute Inhalation

LC50 = 729 ppm 

(3.31 mg/L) (Males & Females)	N/A	40220903	Acceptable

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Developmental Inhalation

NOAEL Maternal = 20 ppm

NOAEL Developmental = 60 ppm	N/A	00144715

00152848	Acceptable

Insects

Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)	Acute Contact

 > 60.43 μg/bee	Relatively nontoxic	00028772

00018842	Acceptable

1Based on criteria established for wild mammals.

2A 2-generation rat reproduction study is not available for 1,3-D.

	Terrestrial Plants

Tiers I and II seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies were
submitted for 1,3-D, and these studies were determined to be acceptable.
 The EC25 and NOAEC values for the most sensitive monocotyledon and
dicotyledon species are presented in Table 5.

Table 5.  Terrestrial plant toxicity data for 1,3-D.  

Type of Test and Species	EC25 (ppm)1

	NOAEC (ppm)1

	Most Sensitive Endpoint

22-day Seedling Emergence

Onion (Monocot.)	>80

(>11.69 lbs a.i./acre)	80

(11.69 lbs a.i./acre)	None

22-day Seedling Emergence

Tomato (Dicot.)	33 

(4.81 lbs a.i./acre)	15

(2.19 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot weight

22-day Vegetative Vigor

Onion 	24

(3.5 lbs a.i./acre)	15

(2.19 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot length

22-day Seedling Emergence

Tomato	47

(6.86 lbs a.i./acre)	28

(4.08 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot weight

1The report provides toxicity levels tested and toxicity values in units
of ppm.  These were converted to lbs a.i./acre by multiplying the
concentration in ppm (mg/L) by the volume of treatment solution used to
treat each plant (0.35 L).  Mass was divided by the area of each pot
(6.5 in diameter) and the resulting value was converted to pounds/acre.

	Aquatic Animals

Table 6 presents toxicity information for aquatic animals.  Data were
available for several species of freshwater fish, and all indicated that
1,3-D is moderately toxic to this taxon.  The walleye was the most
sensitive species.  Data were more limited for other freshwater and
marine/estuarine taxa, but all acute data indicated that 1,3-D is highly
toxic or very highly toxic on an acute basis.  Chronic data for
freshwater species indicate the potential for chronic effects at low
concentrations.  Chronic data were not available for marine/estuarine
species; however, these could be estimated based on the ratio of acute
to chronic toxicity values for freshwater fish and invertebrates.  These
estimates are tentative, however, pending a decision about the status of
freshwater fish and invertebrate chronic toxicity studies.

Table 6. Acute and chronic toxicity of 1,3-D to freshwater and
marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates.

Species	Test Type and Toxicity Value	Toxicity Classification	MRID	Study
Classification

Freshwater Fish

Walleye

(Stizostedion vitreum)	96-Hour acute (static)

LC50 = 1.08 ppm	Moderately toxic	40098001	Supplemental

Freshwater Invertebrates

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)	48-Hour acute (static)

LC50 = 0.09 ppm	Very highly toxic	40098001	Supplemental

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)	21-Day chronic (flow-through)

NOAEC = 0.07 ppm	N/A	45007501	Supplemental

Marine/Estuarine Fish

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinodon variegatus)	96-Hour acute (flow-through)

LC50 = 0.87 ppm	Highly toxic	44843901	Acceptable

Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates

Eastern oyster

(Crassostrea virginica)	96-Hour acute (flow-through)

EC50 = 0.64 ppm	Highly toxic	44843903	Acceptable

Marine/Estuarine Invertebrate	Chronic value estimated from freshwater
invertebrate acute:chronic ratio

NOAEC = 0.02 ppm	N/A	N/A	N/A

	Aquatic Plants

Since the 1998 RED was signed, a full battery of Tier I and Tier II
toxicity tests on aquatic plants was submitted.  1,3-D is currently
registered as a herbicide, and is expected to move offsite.  Therefore,
nontarget plants could be affected from 1,3-D applications to grapes. 
Results of these tests are presented in Table 7.  Among the freshwater
plants and algae tested in acceptable/supplemental studies, the
freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa) was determined to be the most
sensitive species based on the EC50, although the EC5 had to be roughly
estimated for this species since data were not provided in order to
calculate a NOAEC.  The EC50 for the saltwater diatom (Skeletonema
costatum) is comparable.

Table 7. Toxicity of 1,3-D to freshwater and marine/estuarine algae.

Species	EC50 (ppm) (nominal/measured)	EC5/ NOAEC (ppm)
(nominal/measured)	MRID 	Study Classification

Freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa)	7.9 (120-hour) (nominal)	EC5 =
2.7 ppm1

(96-hour)

(nominal)	44843909 	Supplemental1

Saltwater diatom (Skeletonema costatum)	15.5 (120- hour) (nominal)	NOAEC
= 8.8

 (120-hour) 

(nominal)	44843910 	Acceptable

1Study classified as supplemental because raw data were not provided in
order to perform the proper statistical tests to estimate toxicity
values.  The EC5 was estimated using the program Nuthatch.

	Incidents Reported for 1,3-D

A review of the EIIS database for ecological incidents involving
1,3-Dichloropropene was conducted on January 31, 2007.  The database
contained six incidents involving plants and one incident involving
aquatic animals.  In all cases, 1,3-D was linked with relative certainty
(high probability in the aquatic case) to the incident.  

Incidents with plants involved crop plants treated directly with 1,3-D. 
Crops with reported damage included grapes, potatoes, apples, turf, and
watermelon.  These incidents highlight the herbicidal qualities of
1,3-D, and provide further evidence that 1,3-D may be toxic to
non-target plants inhabiting areas near treatment sites.

The incident involving aquatic animals (# I016738-016) was determined to
be an accidental misuse wherein 1,3-D was applied to strawberries
through in-line fumigation, according to the report.  In this case, a
faulty irrigation valve caused 1,3-D to leak and run off the treated
field into a nearby stream.  The incident resulted in mortality to
>1,000 fish, which included carp, catfish, crawfish, hitch, rainbow
trout, striped bass, Sacramento blackfish, sculpin, sucker, and other
unknown species.  Residue analysis of water and gill samples confirmed
exposure to 1,3-D.  

Ecological Effects of 3-Chloroallyl Alcohol and 3-Chloroacrylic Acid

	Terrestrial Animals and Plants

Data are not available with which to estimate the risks of 3-chloroallyl
alcohol or 3-chloroacrylic acid to birds, so these risks will not be
addressed in this assessment.  Two acute oral studies with laboratory
rats have been submitted, which indicated an LD50 of 91 mg/kg for both
degradates (MRID 44843905 and 44940309).  This value would classify the
degradates of 1,3-D as moderately toxic to wild mammals if their
sensitivity is comparable.

Tier I and II terrestrial plant studies have been submitted and with
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid (MRID 45007502), and the
status of these studies is pending because of questions raised as to its
validity.  These studies were conducted simultaneously with the Tier I
and II tests for 1,3-D and in the same greenhouse.  The study report
does not provide clear evidence that the effects of the volatility of
1,3-D on the plants in the degradate studies were controlled.  These
questions are being investigated, and EFED expects to resolve them soon.
 EFED will communicate its findings on the validity of the studies and
resulting estimates of risk as soon as they become available. 

	Aquatic Animals and Plants

Concerns were raised in previous risk assessments for the potential risk
of the degradates of 1,3-D to aquatic animals and plants.  Since the
1998 RED was signed, several toxicity studies were submitted with which
to estimate the risk to freshwater fish, invertebrates, and plants, as
well as a non-vascular marine/estuarine alga species.  For freshwater
fish and invertebrates, the alcohol degradate was shown to be more toxic
than both the parent compound and the acid degradate.  For aquatic
plants, the relationship between these compounds was more variable,
which precludes a similar generalized conclusion for this taxon (Table
8).

The approach used in previous risk assessments estimated the composite
concentration of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid that
would occur in aquatic habitats.  In this assessment, risks to each
degradate will be addressed separately.  The most sensitive species
among the freshwater aquatic plants/algae was chosen to assess the risks
to this taxon.  A complete record of the toxicity data is provided in
Appendix II. 

Table 8.  Acute toxicity values for freshwater fish and invertebrates
exposed to degradates of 1,3-D.   

Species	Test Material	Endpoint Value

(Test duration)	Toxicity Category	MRID	Study Classification

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	LC50 = 0.986
ppm

NOAEC = 0.303 ppm

(96 hours)	Highly Toxic	44940306 	Supplemental

Rainbow trout

(Onchorynchus mykiss)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	LC50 = 69.5 ppm

NOAEC = 49.2 ppm

(96 hours)	Slightly Toxic	44940307	Acceptable

Waterflea (Daphnia magna)	

3-Chloroallyl alcohol

	EC50 = 2.3 ppm

NOAEC = 4.2 ppm

(48 hours)	Moderately Toxic	44843902 	Supplemental

Waterflea (Daphnia magna)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	EC50 = 55.0 ppm

NOAEC = 24.9 ppm

(48 hours)	Slightly Toxic	44940308	Acceptable

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)	

3-Chloroallyl alcohol

	EC50 = 1.694 ppm

NOAEC = 0.042 ppm

(14 days)	N/A	44940320 	Supplemental

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	EC50 = 0.22 ppm

EC05 = 0.0023 ppm

(14 days)	N/A	45007504 	Supplemental

Saltwater diatom (Skeletonema costatum)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	EC50 =
0.248 ppm

NOAEC = 0.071 ppm

(120 hours)	N/A	44940316	Acceptable

Saltwater diatom (Skeletonema costatum)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	EC50 = 50.2
ppm

NOAEC = 23.7 ppm

(96 hours)	N/A	45007503 	Supplemental

Risk Characterization

Risk Estimation

Risk estimation is the integration of effects and fate data, resulting
in an estimate of potential mortality or chronic/reproductive effects to
non-target animals and plants.  Risk is determined by calculating a risk
quotient (RQ), which is then compared to a level of concern consistent
with listed and non-listed species, acute and chronic risks, and
restricted and non-restricted uses.  Table 9 summarizes the equations
for calculating RQs for each taxon of concern and their respective LOCs.

Table 9. Risk Presumption LOC Values and Associated Formulas for RQ
Calculations.

Risk Presumption	RQ	LOC

Birds and Wild Mammals

Acute Risk1	EEC2 (ppm) / LC50 (ppm) or EEC (mg/kg-bw/d) / LD50
(mg/kg-bw/d)	0.5

Acute Restricted Use1	EEC (ppm) / LC50 (ppm) or EEC (mg/kg-bw/d) / LD50
(mg/kg-bw/d)	0.2

Acute Endangered Species1	EEC (ppm) / LC50 (ppm) or EEC (mg/kg-bw/d) /
LD50 (mg/kg-bw/d)	0.1

Chronic Risk1	EEC (ppm) / NOAEC (ppm) or EEC (mg/kg-bw/d) / NOAEL
(mg/kg-bw/d)	1.0

Aquatic Animals

Acute Risk	EEC (ppm) / (LC50 (ppm) or EC50 (ppm))	0.5

Acute Restricted Use	EEC (ppm) / (LC50 (ppm) or EC50 (ppm))	0.1

Acute Endangered Species	EEC (ppm) / LC50 (ppm) or EC50	0.05

Chronic Risk	EEC (ppm) / NOAEC (ppm)	1.0

Terrestrial Plants and Plants Inhabiting Semi-Aquatic Areas

Acute Risk	EEC (lbs ai/A) / EC25 (lbs ai/A)	1.0

Acute Endangered Use	EEC (lbs ai/A) / (EC05 or NOAEC (lbs ai/A))	1.0

Aquatic Plants

Acute Risk	EEC (ppm) / EC50 (ppm)	1.0

Acute Endangered Species	EEC (ppm) / (EC05 or NOAEC (ppm))	1.0

1 For mammals and birds RQs can either be calculated based on
concentration of the ai in the diet (ppm) where the dietary level from
the laboratory study is adjusted for the body weight of representative
exposed mammals or birds or compare normalized dose values in terms of
milligram of ai per kilogram body weight per day (mg/kg-bw/d).

	Terrestrial Animals

Previous risk assessments did not calculate RQs for terrestrial animals
using standard methods.  Instead, RQs were calculated using estimates of
incidental soil ingestion at a maximum rate of 30% and 17% of dietary
intake for birds and mammals, respectively, and the estimated soil
concentration of 170.2 ppm a.i. 1,3-D.  This value will be used to
calculate exposure and risk in the analyses below, and will be adjusted
assuming that foraging occurs in a random walk and only 3.64% of the
soil ingested contains 1,3-D.

Birds

Acute Risk from Soil Ingestion - Based on the above information, and
using current EFED policy of adjusting LD50 and dietary intake for
standard bird body weights of 20g, 100g, and 1000g, RQs for ingestion of
soil containing 170.2 ppm are presented in Table 10.  This analysis
assumes that birds would only consume 3.64% of the treated soil on an
acre of grape vineyard, since this is the percentage of area estimated
to actually be treated.  This analysis also rests on the assumption that
the LD50 scales for body weight assuming the default scaling factor of
1.15 for standard EFED assessments of dietary risk (see TREX User’s
Guide).  Based on these calculations, no avian LOCs are exceeded.  

Table 10.  RQs for birds resulting from incidental ingestion of soil
containing 1,3-D.

Soil Conc. 	Body Weight	Grams of food ingested per day1	Grams of soil
ingested per day2	Estimated Dose (mg/kg-bw)3	Adjusted LD50 (mg/kg-bw)4
RQ

170.2 ppm (estimated)	20g	5	1.5	0.46	109.51	<0.01

	100g	13	3.9	0.24	139.41	<0.01

	1000g	58	17.4	0.11	196.92	<0.01

1Determined from percentage of body weight consumed per day; based on
allometric equations for all birds used in the TREX model.

2Estimated as a percentage of food consumption based on Beyer et al.
1994, maximum 30% of diet consumed as soil.

3Assuming that the animal conducts foraging along a random walk and
3.64% of soil ingested contains 1,3-D. Calculation is: (Soil Conc. * g
soil ingested/day * 0.0364)/bodyweight (kg).

4Based on default Mineau scaling factor of 1.15 and the assumption that
diet contains 80% water as used in assessments of avian risks from
consumption of on-field plants.  See T-REX User Guide.

Acute Inhalation Risk – Data are not available with which to determine
the risk to birds via inhalation, although this route is likely an
important contributor to overall exposure.  However, since inhalation
risk for mammals is low, EFED expects that risk to birds via this route
is probably minimal.  These were also the findings of previous risk
assessments.

Chronic Risk - Chronic dietary or inhalation toxicity data for birds is
not available for 1,3-D, so EFED cannot quantitatively assess the
chronic risk resulting from the proposed use.  

		Mammals 

Acute Risk from Soil Ingestion – The previous risk assessments on
1,3-D utilized a mouse acute oral LD50 of 640 mg/kg; however, an acute
oral rat study is available that indicates a lower rat LD50 value of 224
mg/kg. Based on the lower value and using the same approach as above for
birds the maximum acute RQ for herbivorous mammals using an EEC of 170.2
ppm is <0.01 (Table 11).  This analysis also assumes that 3.64% of
foraging occurs in treated areas, which greatly reduces exposure. 

Table 11.  RQs for wild mammals resulting from incidental ingestion of
soil containing 1,3-D.

Soil Conc.	Body Weight	Grams of food ingested per day1	Grams of soil
ingested per day2	Estimated Dose (mg/kg-bw)3	Adjusted LD50 (mg/kg)4	RQ

170.2 ppm (estimated)	15g	3.0	0.28	0.12	492.31	<0.01

	35g	5.0	0.47	0.08	398.33	<0.01

	1000g	31.0	2.91	0.02	172.29	<0.01

1Determined from percentage of body weight consumed per day; based on
allometric equations for all birds used in the TREX model.

2Estimated as a percentage of food consumption based on Beyer et al.
1994, maximum is 9.4% of diet consumed as soil.

3Assuming that the animal conducts foraging along a random walk and
3.64% of soil ingested contains 1,3-D. Calculation is: (Soil Conc. * g
soil ingested/day * 0.0364)/bodyweight (kg).

4Assumes a set bodyweight of 350 g for the test animals and assumption
of diet containing 80% water.  See T-REX User Guide.

Acute Inhalation Risk - Among the acute inhalation studies that are
available for 1,3-D, the lowest LC50 is 729 ppm, which is much higher
than the EEC of 4.4 ppm used in previous risk assessments (following an
application of 1,3-D via soil injection at 346 lbs ai/acre).  A
volatility study following application via drip irrigation in grapes is
also available at which 1,3-D was applied at 6.1 lbs ai/acre (MRID
45296101).  This is approximately 1/3 of the rate proposed for the new
use.  In this study, 1,3-D was found at a concentration of 0.03 ppm 6
inches above the soil at 24 hours post-application.  Based on these
values, RQs for inhalation for mammals would be within the range of
<0.001 – 0.006.  EFED does not have an LOC to which to compare the RQ
for inhalation; however, it is likely that these values do not present
significant risk to mammals.

Chronic Ingestion Risks – The EFED RED Chapter did not include
consideration for chronic risks because of the rapid dissipation of
1,3-D and because it was applied only once in a growing season.  The
Section 18 for grapes dismissed chronic risks without explanation. 
However, based on the NOAEC from the 13-week feeding study, converted to
a NOAEL and adjusted for body weight as in standard dietary risk
assessments, RQs for small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals do not
exceed the chronic LOC (Table 12) assuming the maximum soil ingestion
rate of 17% of the diet.  The exposure estimate assumes that the mammals
would forage in a random walk over a treated grape vineyard, in which
only 3.64% of the area containing vines is actually treated with 1,3-D. 
Therefore, the exposure estimates have been adjusted assuming that only
3.64% of the soil ingested contains 1,3-D

 Table 12.  Chronic RQs for wild mammals resulting from incidental
ingestion of soil containing 1,3-D.

Soil Conc.	Body Weight	Grams of food ingested per day1	Grams of soil
ingested per day2	Estimated Dose (mg/kg-bw)3	Adjusted NOAEL (mg/kg)3	RQ

170.2 ppm (estimated)	15g	3.0	0.28	0.12	0.55	0.22

	35g	5.0	0.47	0.08	0.44	0.18

	1000g	31.0	2.91	0.02	0.19	0.11

1Determined from percentage of body weight consumed per day; based on
allometric equations for all birds used in the TREX model.

2Estimated as a percentage of food consumption based on Beyer et al.
1994, maximum is 9.4% of diet consumed as soil.

3Assuming that the animal conducts foraging along a random walk and
3.64% of soil ingested contains 1,3-D. Calculation is: (Soil Conc. * g
soil ingested/day * 0.0364)/bodyweight (kg).

4Assumes a set bodyweight of 350 g for the test animals and assumption
of diet containing 80% water.  See T-REX User Guide.

Chronic Inhalation Risk – Based on the estimates of 1,3-D in the air
above the soil used for the acute inhalation risks to mammals, estimated
RQs based on a maternal NOAEC of 20 ppm would be 0.22 using the maximum
estimate of 4.4 ppm following soil injection at 346 lbs ai/acre. Using
the lower estimate of 0.03 ppm from the drip irrigation study, the
highest RQ based on the maternal NOAEC is 0.002.  EFED does not have a
LOC with which to compare these values; however, it is unlikely that
risk as a result of chronic exposure via inhalation is a concern for the
proposed new use.  

Degradates – Acute risk from ingestion of soil containing degradates
was determined using the rat acute oral LD50 value of 91 mg/kg.  Based
on this value, the RQs calculated for mammals of standard body sizes do
not exceed any mammal LOCs (Table 13).  Chronic data with the degradates
in mammals is not available, so these risks cannot be determined. 

Table 13.  RQs for wild mammals resulting from incidental ingestion of
soil containing degradates of 1,3-D.

Soil Concentration	Body Weight	Grams of food ingested per day1	Grams of
soil ingested per day2	Estimated Dose (mg/kg)3	Adjusted LD50 (mg/kg)4	RQ

132.8 ppm 

(78% transformation of parent – composite degradate estimate)	15g	3.0
0.28	0.09	492.31	<0.01

	35g	5.0	0.47	0.06	398.33	<0.01

	1000g	31.0	2.91	0.15	172.29	<0.01

1Determined from percentage of body weight consumed per day; based on
allometric equations for all birds used in the TREX model.

2Estimated as a percentage of food consumption based on Beyer et al.
1994, maximum is 9.4% of diet consumed as soil.

3Assuming that the animal conducts foraging along a random walk and
3.64% of soil ingested contains 1,3-D. Calculation is: (Soil Conc. * g
soil ingested/day * 0.0364)/bodyweight (kg).

4Assumes a set bodyweight of 350 g for the test animals and assumption
of diet containing 80% water.  See T-REX User Guide.

	Terrestrial Plants

1,3-D - 1,3-D is utilized as a herbicide and it has demonstrated the
capacity to damage crop plants, therefore, effects to non-target plants
are likely.  RQs for plants in terrestrial and semi-aquatic areas nearby
to areas treated with 1,3-D exceed the LOCs for listed and non-listed
dicotyledonous species inhabiting semi-aquatic areas if 1,3-D is applied
at or above ground level (Table 14).  RQs for monocotyledonous species
do not exceed the LOC under any scenario, and no RQs exceed any LOCs if
1,3-D is applied below ground at 5 cm or 25 cm.  Care must be taken in
interpreting these values, however, because this model cannot account
for 1,3-D that volatilizes from underground applications.  The model
also only assumes that 5% of the amount of 1,3-D applied is lost in
runoff, and the actual value for this is not known.

Table 14.  Exposure and risk to non-target listed and non-listed plants
inhabiting terrestrial and semi-aquatic areas adjacent to areas treated
with 1,3-D.  Values in bold indicate an exceedance of the plant LOC of
1.0.

	Adjacent Terrestrial Areas	Adjacent Semi-Aquatic Areas

Listed Species RQ	Non-Listed Species RQ

Listed Species RQ	Non-Listed Species RQ

Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	EEC

(lbs ai/acre)	Mono.	Dicot	Mono.1	Dicot	EEC

(lbs ai/acre)	Mono.	Dicot	Mono.1	Dicot

0	1.06	0.09	0.48	<0.09	0.22	9.02	0.77	4.12	<0.77	1.87

5	0.35	0.03	0.16	<0.03	0.07	1.94	0.17	0.89	<0.17	0.40

25	0.21	0.02	0.10	<0.02	0.04	0.53	0.05	0.24	<0.05	0.11

1Values are given as less than the value indicated because the
monocotyledon seedling emergence EC25 is >11.69 lbs ai/acre.

Degradates – The degradates of 1,3-D are mobile, and thus have the
potential to come in contact with plants inhabiting nearby terrestrial
and semi-aquatic areas.  The effects of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid are as yet undetermined due to questions raised
about methods used in the Tier I and Tier II studies for these
chemicals.  Specifically, the studies were conducted at the same time
and location as the 1,3-D studies and methods to control the effects of
volatilized 1,3-D on plants in the degradate studies were not given. 
These questions are currently being investigated, and EFED will provide
its findings as soon as they are available.  

  

	Aquatic Animals

	Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates 

Acute Risk to 1,3-D - Peak values from PRZM-EXAMS modeling using the NY
grape scenario assuming drip lines are not buried (0.1 cm) or are buried
at 5 cm and 25 cm were used to calculate acute RQs for freshwater fish
and invertebrates (Table 15).  Based on this analysis acute risk LOCs
for freshwater fish and invertebrates are exceeded if 1,3-D is applied
above or at the ground surface but not below at the depths modeled.

Table 15.  Acute RQs for freshwater fish and invertebrates due to
exposure to 1,3-D in runoff.

Taxon (Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	Peak Water Concentration
(ppm)	LC50 (ppm)	RQ1

Freshwater Fish (Walleye)	0.1	0.610	1.08	0.56

	5.0	0.003

<0.01

	25.0	0.002

<0.01

Freshwater Invertebrates (Daphnia)	0.1	0.610	0.09	6.78

	5.0	0.003

0.03

	25.0	0.002

0.02

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Values in bold exceed the aquatic
acute LOC.

Chronic Risk to 1,3-D – Chronic risk to fish as a result of exposure
to 1,3-D in runoff could not be determined because data are unavailable.
 However, since 1,3-D is moderately toxic to freshwater fish on an acute
basis, EFED expects chronic risk to be a concern.  Submission of a valid
early life cycle test with freshwater fish will clarify this
presumption.  For freshwater invertebrates, the 21-day concentration of
1,3-D in a standard pond was used to calculate chronic RQs, consistent
with EFED policy. These values are presented for the three depths used
in the analysis of acute effects to freshwater animals (Table 16). 
Based on these values, chronic risk is a concern for freshwater
invertebrates if applications are made above or at the ground surface
but not below at the depths modeled. 

Table 16.  Chronic RQs for freshwater invertebrates due to exposure to
1,3-D in runoff.

Taxon 

(Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	21-Day Conc. (ppm)	NOAEC (ppm)
RQ

(21-Day)1

Freshwater Invertebrates (Daphnia)	0.1	0.1796	0.117	1.54

	5.0	0.0007

0.01

	25.0	0.0008

0.01

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Values in bold meet or exceed the
chronic LOC for aquatic animals of 1.0. 

Acute Risk to 3-Chloroallyl alcohol/3-Chloroacrylic acid – EECs for
the degradates of 1,3-D were estimated assuming 6.4% and 10%
transformation of the parent to the alcohol and acid degradates,
respectively (based on the aerobic aquatic metabolism study for the
parent, MRID 44975502).  These percentages were applied to the parent
EECs in Table 11.  Based on this analysis acute risk LOCs for freshwater
fish and invertebrates do not exceed any LOCs for aquatic animals (Table
17).  

Table 17.  Acute RQs for freshwater fish and invertebrates due to
exposure to 1,3-D degradates in runoff.

Taxon (Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	Peak Water Concentration
(ppm)	LC50 (ppm)	RQ1

3-Chloroallyl Alcohol

Freshwater Fish

(Rainbow trout)	0.1	0.039	0.986	0.04

	5.0	0.0002

<0.01

	25.0	0.0001

<0.01

Freshwater Invertebrates (Daphnia)	0.1	0.039	2.3	0.02

	5.0	0.0002

<0.01

	25.0	0.0001

<0.01

3-Cloroacrylic Acid

Freshwater Fish

(Rainbow trout)	0.1	0.061	69.5	<0.01

	5.0	0.0003

<0.01

	25.0	0.0002

<0.01

Freshwater Invertebrates (Daphnia)	0.1	0.061	55.0	<0.01

	5.0	0.0003

<0.01

	25.0	0.0002

<0.01

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. 

Chronic risks to degradates cannot be determined for freshwater fish and
invertebrates due to lack of these data.  However, since they are
slightly to highly toxic to these taxa, chronic risk from the degradates
may be a concern.  

	Marine/Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates

Acute Risk to 1,3-D - The same peak values from PRZM-EXAMS were used to
estimate acute risk to marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates (Table
18).  Based on this analysis acute risk LOCs for marine/estuarine fish
and invertebrates are exceeded if 1,3-D is applied above or at the
ground surface but not below at the depths modeled.

Table 18.  Acute RQs for marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates due to
exposure to 1,3-D in runoff.

Taxon (Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	Peak Water Concentration
(ppm)	LC50/EC50 (ppm)	RQ1

Marine/Estuarine Fish (Sheepshead minnow)	0.1	0.610	0.87	0.70

	5.0	0.003

<0.01

	25.0	0.002

<0.01

Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates (Eastern oyster)	0.1	0.610	0.64	0.95

	5.0	0.003

<0.01

	25.0	0.002

<0.01

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Values in bold exceed an aquatic LOC.

Chronic Risk to 1,3-D - The same approach as above was used to calculate
the chronic risk to marine/estuarine invertebrates as a result of
exposure to 1,3-D.  Chronic data were not available with which to assess
this risk; however, a NOAEC value was estimated using the ratio of acute
to chronic toxicity values calculated for freshwater invertebrates
(Table 19).  Based on these values, chronic risk is a concern for
marine/estuarine invertebrates if applications are made above or at the
ground surface.  However, applying 1,3-D below the surface of the ground
at 5 cm and 25 cm minimizes this risk.  Chronic RQs for marine/estuarine
fish could not be estimated because of lack of data.  However, since
1,3-D is highly toxic to marine/estuarine fish on an acute basis,
chronic risks are expected to be a concern.    

Table 19. Chronic RQs for marine/estuarine invertebrates due to exposure
to 1,3-D in runoff.

Taxon 

	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	21-Day Conc. (ppm)	NOAEC (ppm)	RQ

(21-Day)1

Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates 	0.1	0.1796	0.02	8.98

	5.0	0.0007

0.04

	25.0	0.0008

0.04

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Values in bold meet or exceed the
chronic LOC for aquatic animals. 

Data are not available to assess the acute or chronic risk of
3-chloroallyl alcohol or 3-chloroacrylic acid to marine/estuarine fish
or invertebrates.  However, risks to marine/estuarine species appear to
track those of freshwater species.  Therefore, acute risk may not be
likely for marine/estuarine fish or invertebrates.  Until such time as
data are submitted for the chronic toxicity of the degradates, chronic
risks for marine/estuarine species remains uncertain.  

	Aquatic Plants/Algae (Freshwater and Marine/Estuarine)

Risk of Freshwater and Marine/Estuarine Aquatic Plants/Algae to 1,3-D
– Using the most sensitive species for freshwater and marine/estuarine
plants and algae, none of the non-listed or listed RQs calculated for
these taxa exceeded the LOC for aquatic plants (Table 20).

Table 20.  Acute RQs for marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates due to
exposure to 1,3-D in runoff.

Taxon (Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	Peak Water Conc. (ppm)
EC50 (ppm)	EC5/ NOAEC (ppm)	Non-Listed RQ1	Listed RQ1

Freshwater aquatic plants/algae

(Freshwater diatom)	0.1	0.610	7.9	EC5 = 2.7	0.08	0.23

	5.0	0.003

	<0.01	<0.01

	25.0	0.002

	<0.01	<0.01

Marine/Estuarine Aquatic plants/algae

(Saltwater diatom)	0.1	0.610	15.5	NOAEC = 8.8	0.04	0.07

	5.0	0.003

	<0.01	<0.01

	25.0	0.002

	<0.01	<0.01

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Values in bold exceed an aquatic
plant LOC of 1.0.

Risk of Freshwater and Marine/Estuarine Aquatic Plants/Algae to
3-Chloroallyl Alcohol/3-Chloroacrylic Acid – Using the most sensitive
species for freshwater plants and the toxicity data for marine diatom,
the LOC for listed aquatic plants is exceeded for applications that are
made to the surface and only for the 3-chloroacrylic acid degradate
(Table 21).  The LOC is not exceeded for the alcohol degradate or for
the acid degradate in cases where the irrigation line is buried at 5 cm
and 25 cm.  

Table 21.  Acute RQs for marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates due to
exposure to 1,3-D degradates in runoff.

Taxon (Test Species)	Irrigation Line Depth (cm)	Peak Water Conc. (ppm)
EC50 (ppm)	EC5/ NOAEC (ppm)	Non-Listed RQ1	Listed RQ1

3-Chloroallyl Alcohol

Freshwater aquatic plants/algae

(Duckweed)	0.1	0.039	1.694	NOAEC = 0.042	0.02	0.932

	5.0	0.0002

	<0.01	<0.01

	25.0	0.0001

	<0.01	<0.01

Marine/Estuarine Aquatic plants/algae

(Saltwater diatom)3	0.1	0.039	0.248	NOAEC = 0.071	0.15	0.55

	5.0	0.0002

	<0.01	<0.01

	25.0	0.0001

	<0.01	<0.01

3-Chloroacrylic Acid

Freshwater aquatic plants/algae

(Duckweed)	0.1	0.061	0.22	EC05 = 0.0023	0.28	26.52

	5.0	0.0003

	<0.01	0.13

	25.0	0.0002

	<0.01	0.08

Marine/Estuarine Aquatic plants/algae

(Saltwater diatom)	0.1	0.061	50.2	NOAEC = 23.7	<0.01	<0.01

	5.0	0.0003

	<0.01	<0.01

	25.0	0.0002

	<0.01	<0.01

1Rounded to the nearest hundredth. Value in bold exceeds aquatic plant
LOC of 1.0.

2This value approaches the LOC for listed aquatic species.  Since there
are risks shown for aquatic plants due to exposure to 3-chloroallyl
alcohol, a conservative conclusion is that this value equals an
exceedance.  Drip irrigation lines that are buried would minimize this
risk.

Risk Description

	Terrestrial Animals

Conclusions for risks for birds and mammals are described below. 
Conclusions for birds are also extended to reptiles and terrestrial
phase amphibians, as their sensitivity is assumed to approximate that of
birds.  The analyses below are based on an estimated concentration of
1,3-D in soil assuming a 505 vines/acre, a circular treated area under
each vine that is two feet in diameter, and a 9-inch wetting depth. 
This results in a higher estimated concentration in the soil at the
treated locations than the value used in previous risk assessments. 
However, this value represents the worst-case scenario of a bird or
mammal foraging only at treated locations under vines.  The actual area
treated in this scenario is only 3.64% of an acre, which reduces the
chance of encountering 1,3-D within the treated grape vineyard
substantially.  This analysis also assumes that this concentration is
present at the soil surface, and no attempt has been made to determine
the difference in effects resulting from application in drip lines that
are above ground or buried.  However, application through buried drip
lines is expected to reduce risk to terrestrial animals further. 

Calculations of acute and chronic RQs for terrestrial animals as a
result of exposure to 1,3-D via drip irrigation were updated for
consistency with current EFED policy concerning dietary risks to
terrestrial animals.  This approach uses the maximum estimate of
incidental soil ingestion and estimates of dietary ingestion as a
percentage of body weight based on equations utilized in EFED’s T-REX
risk assessment model.  This model also adjusts the LD50 for standard
avian and mammalian body weights assuming a default scaling factor for
birds and mammals, which yields a more conservative estimate of RQs
compared to previous risk assessments.

Previous risk assessments identified exposure through drinking water as
a potential source of risk.  The proposed label prohibits formation of
puddles of irrigation water during treatment, and requires the
applicator to cease treatment if this occurs.  Therefore, irrigation
water is not expected to be a significant source of exposure to
terrestrial animals.  This does not preclude risk from exposure to 1,3-D
and its degradates in on-field puddles.  EFED is currently developing a
model to address this exposure, and it should be examined in future for
this pesticide.

	Birds

Based on the analysis, RQs for birds did not exceed any LOCs using the
estimated soil concentration of 170.2 ppm in soil, assuming that birds
consume the maximum percentage of soil in the diet as determined by
Beyer et al. (1994).  The analysis also assumes that only 3.64% of the
soil consumed contains 1,3-D, since that value represents the percentage
of area of an acre of grape vineyard that is actually treated with
1,3-D.  Therefore, EFED concludes that acute risk to birds from
incidental ingestion of soil containing 1,3-D is minimal.

The acute inhalation risk to birds cannot be determined due to lack of
inhalation data for birds.  However, since acute inhalation risk to
mammals was not found, EFED expects acute inhalation risk to birds to be
low.  

Chronic risks for birds were dismissed in the 1999 Section 18 risk
assessment for grapes in California, but no explanation was provided. 
Chronic risks to birds cannot be addressed here due to lack of chronic
data with 1,3-D and its degradates.  Based on the analysis for mammals,
chronic risk was not determined to be a concern for the proposed use
(see below).  Since birds are apparently more sensitive than mammals on
an acute oral basis, chronic risks to birds may be higher, but whether
this would lead to significant risk is unknown.  

Data are not available to determine the acute or chronic risks to birds
as a result of exposure to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acid.  However, since at least one of the degradates is more toxic than
1,3-D in many taxa, this relationship may be true for birds as well. 
Therefore, acute avian toxicity data should be submitted for
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid.  Chronic risk cannot be
determined for birds either as a result of exposure to the degradates. 
Since chronic exposure is likely to be low due to the relatively small
treated area within a grape crop, EFED is not requesting avian chronic
data with 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid at this time. 

	Mammals

Acute risk to mammals as a result of ingestion of treated soil and
inhalation of 1,3-D vapors was found to be minimal.  

Chronic risks were dismissed for mammals in the Section 18 risk
assessment for grapes, but no support was provided for this conclusion. 
Foraging in the treated areas 100% of the time is unlikely for mammals,
unless they are attracted to those areas for some reason.  If random
foraging is assumed, chronic RQs are below the LOC for all body size
classes based on the estimated treated area used in our analysis.  This
area would be greater if more vines were planted per acre; however, the
maximum application rate on a per acre basis would not change, so the
estimated soil concentration would decrease.  As a result of the low
probability of encounter, EFED concludes that the chronic risk to
mammals based on the proposed use is likely minimal.  Further monitoring
information would help to refine the estimate of risk, and until such
data are provided the EECs used are considered to be sufficient.

Acute risk to mammals due to ingestion of degradates within the soil was
found to be minimal.  Chronic data are not available with which to
assess the risks to mammals, but since the degradates appear to be more
toxic than the parent compound, the degradates may have the potential to
cause chronic effects in mammals.  However, based on the scenario
described above, exposure may limit this potential for risk in the
proposed use.  

	Terrestrial Plants

The proposed use of 1,3-D results in risk to listed and non-listed
dicotyledonous plants inhabiting semi-aquatic areas as a result of
residues contained in runoff.  These risks were identified for
applications made at or above ground level, but not applications made
through drip lines buried 5 cm and 25 cm.  Therefore, applications made
through drip lines buried at least 5 cm will minimize risk of 1,3-D to
non-target plants.  

Risk of exposure to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid for
plants in terrestrial and semi-aquatic areas also cannot be determined
yet because the methods used in plant toxicity studies are in question. 
However, the issues raised with these studies are expected to be
resolved soon, and EFED will communicate its findings as to the status
of these studies and risk to plants as soon as they are available.  

 	Aquatic Animals

Conclusions for freshwater and marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates
are described below.  Results for fish are also extended to
aquatic-phase amphibians, since EFED assumes that fish approximate the
sensitivity of amphibians to pesticides.

	Freshwater Fish

Acute RQs were exceeded for freshwater fish as a result of the proposed
1,3-D applications made at or above the ground surface.  At- or
above-ground applications, therefore, will result in runoff that
contains enough 1,3-D to cause mortality to listed and non-listed
freshwater fish.  The incident described above involving multiple
species of fish demonstrates the toxicity of this compound to fish. 
Although this incident resulted from accidental misuse, they support the
concerns for aquatic species.  Modeling results demonstrated that RQs
were well below the acute LOCs for fish when the proposed application of
1,3-D is made below the surface.  Our results demonstrate minimal acute
risk at a depth of 5 cm; the effects resulting from burial at <5 cm are
uncertain, but would likely offer protection to fish compared to at- or
above-ground applications.

			

Chronic risks to freshwater fish could not be determined.  However,
since 1,3-D is moderately toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis,
EFED cannot preclude the potential for chronic risk to this taxon as a
result of exposure in runoff.  Until such time as data are submitted to
determine these risks, they will remain uncertain.  However, EFED also
expects that applications made through buried drip irrigation lines
would reduce the potential for chronic risk to this taxon.

Acute RQs calculated for freshwater fish as a result of exposure to
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid did not exceed any fish
LOCs at any of the depths modeled.  Therefore, mortality is not expected
as a result of exposure from runoff due to the proposed use.  Chronic
data are not available for this taxon, so the potential for chronic risk
remains an uncertainty.

	Freshwater Invertebrates

Acute and chronic RQs were exceeded for freshwater invertebrates as a
result of the proposed 1,3-D applications made at or above the ground
surface.  At- or above-ground applications will result in runoff that
contains enough 1,3-D to cause mortality and chronic/reproductive
effects to listed and non-listed freshwater invertebrates.  As described
for freshwater fish above, application through buried irrigation lines
will reduce these risks.

Acute RQs calculated for freshwater invertebrates as a result of
exposure to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid did not
exceed any fish LOCs at any of the depths modeled.  Therefore, mortality
is not expected as a result of exposure from runoff due to the proposed
use.  Chronic data are not available for this taxon, so the potential
for chronic risk remains an uncertainty.

	Marine/Estuarine Fish

Acute risk is expected for listed and non-listed marine/estuarine fish
as a result of exposure of 1,3-D in runoff due to the proposed use.  As
with freshwater fish, these risks are expected to be minimized if
irrigation lines are buried.  Chronic RQs could not be determined due to
lack of data for this taxon.  Acute to chronic ratios could not be
calculated either, since the chronic toxicity study of 1,3-D on
freshwater fish was found to be invalid.  Since 1,3-D is highly toxic to
marine/estuarine fish on an acute basis, chronic risks are expected for
this taxon. 

Acute and chronic data are not available to estimate the risks of
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid to marine/estuarine fish.
 This remains an uncertainty; however since acute risks were not
identified for freshwater fish as a result of exposure to 3-chloroallyl
alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid, concern for marine/estuarine fish
acute risk may be low as well.  Chronic risk remains unknown; however,
exposure to the degradates is expected to be less than that of 1,3-D,
and any chronic risk to 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid
is expected to be reduced through application of 1,3-D through buried
drip lines.  

	Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates

Acute risk is expected for listed and non-listed marine/estuarine
invertebrates as a result of exposure of 1,3-D in runoff due to the
proposed use.  As with other aquatic taxa described above, these risks
are expected to be minimized if irrigation lines are buried.  Chronic
RQs were also exceeded for this taxon, based on a NOAEC estimated using
acute-to-chronic toxicity ratios for freshwater invertebrates.  Based on
the analysis with the estimated NOAEC value, these findings were similar
to that of other aquatic taxa in which risks are expected to be
minimized if irrigation lines are buried below the soil surface.

Acute and chronic data are not available to estimate the risks of
3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid to marine/estuarine
invertebrates.  This remains an uncertainty; however since acute risks
were not identified for freshwater invertebrates, concern for
marine/estuarine invertebrate acute risk may be low as well.  Chronic
risk is presumed to be likely based on chronic risks identified for
1,3-D and increased toxicity of 3-chloroallyl alcohol. However, exposure
to the degradates is expected to be less than that of 1,3-D, and any
chronic risk would be reduced through application of 1,3-D through
buried drip lines.

	Aquatic Plants/Algae

A thorough set of data is available with which to determine the risks of
aquatic plants and algae to 1,3-D as well as its degradates (except
marine diatoms).  However, many of the studies for the degradates are
considered supplemental because the test substance purity was not
reported or known.  This does present some uncertainty in the results of
those studies.  

Risks to listed and non-listed freshwater and marine/estuarine aquatic
plants and algae from exposure to 1,3-D in runoff were minimal. 
However, risk was identified for listed freshwater aquatic plants as a
result of exposure to the degradates 3-chloroallyl alcohol and
3-chloroacrylic acid.  The RQ exceeded the LOC of 1.0 for the acid
degradate, and was 0.93 for the alcohol degradate.  Although 0.93 does
not technically exceed the LOC, it may still indicate potential harm to
listed species.  The degradates are expected to be simultaneously
present, so this does not change any risk conclusions.  Similar to risks
to other aquatic taxa, these risks would be minimized by applying 1,3-D
in buried irrigation lines.  

Endocrine Disruption

EPA is required under the FFDCA, as amended by FQPA, to develop a
screening program to determine whether certain substances (including all
pesticide active and other ingredients) "may have an effect in humans
that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring estrogen,
or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate."  
Following the recommendations of its Endocrine Disruptor Screening and
Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), EPA determined that there was a
scientific basis for including, as part of the program, the androgen and
thyroid hormone systems, in addition to the estrogen hormone system. 
EPA also adopted EDSTAC’s recommendation that the Program include
evaluations of potential effects in wildlife.  For pesticides, EPA will
use FIFRA authority and, to the extent that effects in wildlife may help
determine whether a substance may have an effect in humans, FFDCA
authority to require wildlife evaluations.  As the science develops and
resources allow, screening of additional hormone systems may be added to
the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).  When the appropriate
screening and/or testing protocols being considered under the Agency’s
EDSP have been developed, 1,3-D and its degradates, 3-chloroallyl
alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid, may be subjected to additional
screening and/or testing to better characterize effects related to
endocrine disruption.

V.	Federally Listed-Species Concerns tc \l3 "Federally Listed-Species
Concerns  

		A.	Action Area

The action area is considered to be the area in which listed species may
be affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action.  The action
area may extend beyond the immediate treatment area due to transport of
the pesticide by pathways such as runoff, drift, or movement of exposed
animals.

For 1,3-D, the action area includes the treatment site as well as sites
to which it is transported via environmental processes.  1,3-D is
expected to move offsite through wind movement of volatilized active
ingredient or through runoff.  Because it is more dense than air,
volatilized 1,3-D will move along the ground and can be deposited onto
nearby areas, contacting soil, plants, and water bodies.  The distance
to which it moves in this manner is dependent on wind speed and
landscape features nearby (e.g., hedgerows, windbreaks, forest) that may
intercept the volatilized chemical.  Runoff of 1,3-D is also expected to
occur, which could result in contact with adjacent areas and nearby
water bodies. Leaching could also result in transport in this manner. 
If 1,3-D reaches moving surface water, it could be transported to other
surface water bodies including streams and rivers, ponds, lakes,
estuaries, and coastal areas, depending on its proximity to these waters
and the rate of dissipation of 1,3-D in water.  The EPISuite program
v3.12 estimates a volatilization half-life of 3.3 hours for a river 1
meter deep with a flow velocity of 1 meter/second and a wind velocity of
3 meters/second.  For a lake 1 meter deep, with a flow rate of 0.05
meters/second and a wind speed of 0.5 meters/second, the volatilization
half-life is expected to be 102 hours.  1,3-D would contact aquatic
plants and animals in the water, but would also reach riparian areas. 
In addition, these waters likely serve as drinking water sources for
terrestrial animals.  

The potential for secondary toxicity is unknown, but cannot be precluded
without further data.  However, 1,3-D is not expected to bioaccumulate
and will not likely cause effects far up any food chain.  

The degradates of 1,3-D would also need consideration for a listed
species risk assessment, since at least one of them (mainly the alcohol
degradate) is more toxic to several taxa than the parent.  These
compounds are not highly volatile, but they are expected to form where
1,3-D is applied or transported and also to be transported via water
movement.  

		B.	Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

The screening-level assessment for listed species uses the
listed-species LOCs to identify concerns for adverse effects to listed
species.  For those taxa or measurement endpoints for which guideline
studies are not available, EFED uses any relevant data from the
literature to make a qualitative assessment of potential exposures
pathways and risks.  Taxa identified as being at potential direct risk
from the proposed use of 1,3-D to grapes include the following:

Dicotyledonous plants inhabiting semi-aquatic areas

Freshwater fish, acute (reproductive/chronic uncertain)

Freshwater invertebrates, acute and reproductive/chronic

Freshwater plants and algae

Amphibians, acute (reproductive/chronic uncertain)

Marine/estuarine fish, acute (reproductive/chronic uncertain)

Marine/estuarine invertebrates, acute and reproductive/chronic

It must be reiterated here that the risks for the above taxa are based
on EECs derived with the assumption that 1,3-D will be applied at or
above the surface as allowed on the proposed label.  RQs are below the
listed species LOCs for aquatic animals and plants/algae if applications
are made below the soil surface, so these applications do not present
risk to listed aquatic species.

Although risk was identified only for dicotyledonous species of plants
inhabiting semi-aquatic areas, the correlation of these risks to
non-flowering species is unknown.  Therefore, although direct risk to
monocotyledonous species in terrestrial and semi-aquatic areas can be
ruled out based on our analysis, non-flowering plants cannot and are
thus included in the list of species in Appendix III.

C.	Probit Dose Response Relationship

An analysis has been conducted of the probability of individual
mortality at the listed-species LOC (0.05 for aquatic organisms) as well
as at the predicted acute exposure level (RQ) for aquatic animals
demonstrating acute risk to 1,3-D.  The analysis is based on a
spreadsheet IECv1.1.xls developed by EFED in 2004.  The individual
effects probability associated with the LOCs is based on the mean
estimate of the slope and an assumption of a probit dose- response
relationship.  In addition to a single effects probability estimate
based on the mean, upper and lower estimates of the effects probability
are also provided to account for variance in the slope.  The upper and
lower bounds of the effects probability are based on available
information on the 95% confidence interval of the slope.  Since the
slope could not be determined or is not known from the aquatic studies
used in this risk assessment, a default value of 4.5 was used.  Acute
risk was not demonstrated in terrestrial animals, so they are excluded
from this analysis.  Acute risk was also not demonstrated in any animal
taxa as a result of exposure to the degradates of 1,3-D, so these RQs
are not used in this analysis.  

The probability of an individual fish or invertebrate animal mortality
at the LOC of 0.05 is 1 in 4.18 x 108 (<<0.01%).  EFED recognizes that
extrapolation of very low probability events is associated with
considerable uncertainty in the resulting estimates.  Using the actual
RQs calculated for each animal taxon listed in the section above, the
chance of individual mortality is 13% for freshwater fish (RQ = 0.56;
this also applies to amphibians), 100% for freshwater invertebrates (RQ
= 6.78), 24% for marine/estuarine fish (RQ = 0.7), and 46% for
marine/estuarine invertebrates (RQ = 0.95).   

D.	Indirect Effects Analysis

The Agency acknowledges that pesticides have the potential to exert
indirect effects upon listed organisms; for example, by perturbing
forage or prey availability or altering the extent and nature of nesting
habitat.  In conducting a screen for indirect effects, the Agency uses
the direct effects LOCs for each taxonomic group to make inferences
concerning the potential for indirect effects upon listed species that
rely upon non-endangered organisms in these taxonomic groups as
resources critical to their life cycle.  For 1,3-D and/or its
degradates, direct-effect LOCs are exceeded for dicotyledonous plants,
non-flowering plants, freshwater fish (and amphibians), freshwater
invertebrates, marine/estuarine fish, and marine/estuarine
invertebrates.  Thus, there may be a potential for indirect effects to
listed species that are dependent upon these plants and animals and,
where applicable, their seeds or eggs as a food source.  Direct effect
LOCs are also exceeded for listed freshwater aquatic plants.  Therefore,
any specialist organism requiring listed aquatic plants for food or
habitat is at risk for indirect effects. Direct and indirect effects to
listed species are characterized for each taxon in Table 22, and these
taxa were included in the list of threatened and endangered species
co-occurring in counties in which grapes are grown in Appendix III.

Table 22. Expected direct and indirect effects to listed species.

Listed Taxon	Direct Effects	Indirect Effects

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants - monocots	No	Yes1

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants - dicots	Yes	Yes1

Terrestrial invertebrates	No	Yes1,2

Birds	No	Yes1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Terrestrial-phase amphibians	No	Yes1,2,5

Reptiles	No	Yes1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Mammals	No	Yes1,2,3,4,5,6,7

 Aquatic non-vascular plants	Yes	Yes1,2

Aquatic vascular plants	Yes	Yes1,2

Freshwater fish	Yes (Acute)	Yes1,2,3,4,5

Aquatic-phase amphibians	Yes (Acute)	Yes1,2,4,5

Freshwater crustaceans	Yes (Acute and Chronic)	Yes1,2,5

Mollusks	Yes (Acute and Chronic)	Yes1,2,5

Marine/estuarine fish	Yes (Acute)	Yes1,2,6,7

Marine/estuarine crustaceans	Yes (Acute and Chronic)	Yes1,2,6,7

1Indirect effects are possible if direct effects occur to listed or
non-listed dicots and non-flowering plants in semi-aquatic areas. For
aquatic species, this may include indirect effect due to loss of
riparian plants.

2Direct effects are expected for listed aquatic plants. Indirect effects
could occur to specialists on these species.

3Direct effects are expected for freshwater fish

4Direct effects are expected for aquatic-phase amphibians

5Direct effects are expected for freshwater crustaceans and mollusks

6Direct effects are expected for marine/estuarine fish

7Direct effects are expected for marine/estuarine crustaceans and
mollusks

E.	Critical Habitat

In the evaluation of pesticide effects, consideration is given to the
physical and biological features (constituent elements) of critical
habitats.  Critical habitat is designated by the USFWS and NMFS as
essential to the conservation of a listed species and which may require
special management considerations or protection.  The evaluation of
impacts for a screening-level risk assessment focuses on the biological
features that are constituent elements and is accomplished using the
screening-level taxonomic analysis (RQs and LOCs) used to evaluate
direct and indirect effects to listed organisms.

The screening-level risk assessment has identified potential concerns
for indirect effects on listed species for those organisms dependant
upon listed and non-listed mammals, amphibians, freshwater fish and
invertebrates, marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates, and listed
freshwater plants.  In light of the potential for indirect effects, the
next step for EPA and the Service(s) is to identify which listed species
and critical habitat are potentially implicated.  Analytically, the
identification of such species and critical habitat can occur in either
of two ways.  First, the agencies could determine whether the action
area overlaps critical habitat or the occupied range of any listed
species.  If so, EPA would examine whether the pesticide's potential
impacts on non-endangered species would affect the listed species
indirectly or directly affect a constituent element of the critical
habitat.  Alternatively, the agencies could determine which listed
species depend on biological resources, or have constituent elements
that fall into, the taxa that may be directly or indirectly impacted by
the pesticide.  Then EPA would determine whether use of the pesticide
overlaps the critical habitat or the occupied range of those listed
species.  At present, the information reviewed by EPA does not permit
use of either analytical approach to make a definitive identification of
species that are potentially impacted indirectly or critical habitats
that is potentially impacted directly by the use of the pesticide.  EPA
and the Service(s) are working together to conduct the necessary
analysis.

This screening-level risk assessment for critical habitat provides a
listing of potential biological features that, if they are constituent
elements of one or more critical habitats, would be of potential
concern.  These correspond to the taxa identified above as being of
potential concern for indirect effects.  This list should serve as an
initial step in problem formulation for further assessment of critical
habitat impacts outlined above, should additional work be necessary.

F.	Co-occurrence Analysis 				

The goal of the co-location evaluation is to determine whether potential
use sites containing grapes are geographically associated with known
locations of listed species that might be exposed.  At the screening
level, this analysis is typically done using EFED’s LOCATES database,
which contains state and county-level data for listed species.  Appendix
III provides a synopsis of listed species by State and taxa (terrestrial
plants, freshwater fish and invertebrates, amphibians, marine/estuarine
fish and invertebrates, and aquatic plants).  

Based on our conclusions of aquatic risks due to runoff at the depths
modeled, provisions on the proposed label that require application
through buried irrigation lines would reduce aquatic risks.  Therefore,
aquatic plant and animal species and terrestrial plant species included
in Appendix III could be removed if this provision was included.  The
effects due to runoff from 1,3-D applied at different depths were not
explored, so the actual depth that would provide this protection would
have to be identified.

		VI.	Assumptions and Uncertainties 

The label allows for applications above, at, or below the ground
surface.  Our analyses utilized 5cm and 25cm depth for buried irrigation
lines, but actual depths are unknown.  Effects are clearly different
between 0.1cm depth and 5cm depth, and the actual depth that reduces RQs
below the LOC is unknown.

Surrogate species are assumed to adequately represent the sensitivity
and exposure of non-target species exposed in the field.  The extent to
which this is true is not known.

Estimates of 1,3-D concentration in the soil were determined based on
assumed values of row spacing, vine spacing, and treated area and depth
of soil beneath each vine.  This measurement is assumed to be a
reasonable exposure estimate, but the actual soil concentration
resulting from the proposed will vary with the configuration of vines
within a vineyard.  However, the maximum application rate does not
change, so greater numbers of vines and treated area per acre will
result in a greater chance for encountering treated soil, but a lower
concentration in soil beneath each vine.  Our estimate is assumed to be
conservative.  

Plant risk as a result of exposure to the degradates of 1,3-D
(3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid) cannot yet be
quantified, since the status of the plant toxicity studies with these
chemicals is pending.  Until these data are determined to be useful,
risk due to these chemicals remain uncertain.  

Chronic NOAEC values for marine/estuarine invertebrates were derived
from calculations of the acute-to-chronic toxicity ratios for freshwater
species.  The actual ratio in marine/estuarine species commonly tested
is not known.  However, since effects in marine/estuarine species appear
to be consistent with those of freshwater species, this value may be a
sufficient estimate.  

Appendix I.  PRZM-EXAMS results

New York Grapes, 0.1 cm incorporation

stored as NYgrapes1mm.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: NYGrapesC.txt	modified Friday, 8 August 2003 at
07:42:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w14860.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:06:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 day	90 day	Yearly

1961	137	92.16	31.05	12.28	8.497	2.18

1962	66.92	47.18	20.63	9.229	6.527	2.097

1963	20.37	13.96	4.802	2.694	1.982	0.8638

1964	12.93	8.778	2.936	1.046	1.26	0.3618

1965	276	176	55.69	21.66	16.67	4.17

1966	60.09	38.27	11.92	4.934	3.325	1.222

1967	186	128	45.55	17.84	21.04	5.267

1968	23.81	15.79	8.345	3.164	2.533	1.091

1969	108	74.21	25.29	9.77	7.15	2.04

1970	61.3	44.37	20.78	11.45	9.74	3.291

1971	47.64	33.27	11.94	4.76	3.558	1.501

1972	31.39	21.94	8.034	4.46	3.707	1.067

1973	127	86.61	29.04	10.53	8.609	2.173

1974	287	200	73.18	28.67	20.7	5.7

1975	627	489	185	72.28	50.5	15.12

1976	92.05	64.06	23	11.22	7.688	2.947

1977	452	309	105	39.84	28.87	7.979

1978	213	148	52.74	23.05	19.68	6.79

1979	251	170	66.75	26.22	17.72	5.924

1980	458	364	131	50.32	34.54	9.038

1981	115	79.96	28.34	10.92	8.051	3.591

1982	84.68	60.52	24.74	10.67	12.43	3.742

1983	101	71.54	26.62	12.37	9.276	2.581

1984	113	78.91	29.7	10.64	7.484	1.952

1985	277	190	104	38.91	27.13	6.88

1986	33.45	22.36	12.21	10.68	7.775	2.64

1987	272	204	72.85	27.35	19.4	4.847

1988	1020	704	243	89.47	68.76	18.26

1989	130	87.21	28.51	13.87	11.24	3.683

1990	863	594	216	81.14	55.23	13.76

0.1			610.1		476.5			179.6			70.084	48.904		13.2878

					Average of yearly averages:	4.75862

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: NYgrapes1mm

Metfile:	w14860.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NYGrapesC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0.1	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	15-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

New York Grapes, 5 cm incorporation

stored as NYgrapes5cm.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: NYGrapesC.txt	modified Friday, 8 August 2003 at
07:42:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w14860.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:06:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 day	60 day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	0.03885	0.02602	0.008715	0.003481	0.002446	0.0006425

1962	0.3277	0.2301	0.08909	0.03466	0.02454	0.006304

1963	0.02752	0.01874	0.006448	0.006384	0.004656	0.001601

1964	0.02187	0.01485	0.005444	0.002026	0.001359	0.0004673

1965	0.2192	0.14	0.04297	0.01619	0.01136	0.003129

1966	0.04667	0.02972	0.01276	0.005978	0.004018	0.001189

1967	1.108	0.7284	0.2294	0.08342	0.0661	0.01648

1968	0.0198	0.01307	0.006494	0.002918	0.002331	0.001448

1969	0.5255	0.3544	0.1165	0.04191	0.0363	0.01129

1970	1.183	0.7887	0.2556	0.09663	0.06827	0.01814

1971	0.02878	0.02009	0.007287	0.007041	0.006782	0.002635

1972	0.02144	0.01608	0.007328	0.005153	0.004671	0.002235

1973	0.6807	0.4631	0.1542	0.05513	0.03717	0.009343

1974	0.9128	0.6305	0.2163	0.07763	0.05241	0.01466

1975	1.193	0.9412	0.3778	0.1536	0.1085	0.03056

1976	0.05474	0.03949	0.0152	0.009312	0.006303	0.002611

1977	1.121	0.7626	0.2543	0.1161	0.07849	0.02206

1978	1.713	1.228	0.4738	0.1738	0.1244	0.04331

1979	0.3534	0.2385	0.1128	0.06407	0.04322	0.01539

1980	0.09695	0.07258	0.02636	0.01607	0.01206	0.004282

1981	3.426	2.358	0.7998	0.2872	0.1928	0.04894

1982	0.509	0.3717	0.1437	0.05416	0.03878	0.01086

1983	0.09136	0.06447	0.02687	0.01516	0.01176	0.003406

1984	0.04507	0.0314	0.01173	0.004225	0.003175	0.001442

1985	3.634	2.482	1.104	0.4068	0.2725	0.06762

1986	0.2926	0.2125	0.08104	0.03361	0.02368	0.00847

1987	0.1352	0.09466	0.03756	0.01651	0.0128	0.003405

1988	3.224	2.222	0.7563	0.2684	0.1824	0.04518

1989	0.2895	0.1936	0.07436	0.0294	0.02913	0.007496

1990	0.4213	0.2889	0.1133	0.04457	0.03018	0.007746

0.1	3.0729	2.1226	0.72805	0.25894	0.1766	0.044993

					Average of yearly averages:	0.0137447266666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: NYgrapes5cm

Metfile:	w14860.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NYGrapesC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	5	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	15-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

New York Grapes, 25 cm incorporation

stored as NYgrapes25cm.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: NYGrapesC.txt	modified Friday, 8 August 2003 at
07:42:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w14860.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:06:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 day	60 day	90 Day	Yearlt

1961	0.1373	0.09194	0.03079	0.01266	0.008961	0.002345

1962	0.2723	0.1912	0.0887	0.04325	0.03452	0.009569

1963	0.1248	0.08496	0.02549	0.02508	0.01828	0.006405

1964	0.09331	0.06334	0.02323	0.008644	0.005799	0.00203

1965	0.6703	0.4282	0.1314	0.05062	0.03631	0.01034

1966	0.1634	0.1041	0.04528	0.02163	0.0146	0.004399

1967	1.652	1.086	0.3429	0.1309	0.1099	0.02773

1968	0.05316	0.03509	0.01814	0.01084	0.008282	0.004942

1969	0.6802	0.462	0.1539	0.05698	0.04162	0.0198

1970	0.2885	0.1924	0.06866	0.05414	0.04669	0.01585

1971	0.07708	0.05384	0.02301	0.02219	0.0218	0.00864

1972	0.09073	0.06805	0.0298	0.02373	0.02151	0.009854

1973	1.118	0.7606	0.2533	0.0912	0.06231	0.0161

1974	1.063	0.7345	0.2547	0.09267	0.06402	0.02265

1975	3.496	2.763	1.11	0.4212	0.2901	0.08609

1976	0.1436	0.1039	0.06204	0.03812	0.0258	0.009544

1977	2.206	1.501	0.5005	0.274	0.187	0.05805

1978	0.4256	0.299	0.1976	0.194	0.1911	0.07283

1979	0.8908	0.6138	0.2717	0.1809	0.1225	0.04813

1980	0.3944	0.295	0.1072	0.05951	0.04336	0.01638

1981	0.8225	0.5661	0.192	0.07701	0.055	0.01903

1982	0.126	0.09201	0.04559	0.02555	0.0251	0.009748

1983	0.3286	0.2319	0.09867	0.05962	0.04679	0.01303

1984	0.1922	0.1339	0.0501	0.01804	0.01349	0.006188

1985	2.441	1.668	0.8003	0.3359	0.2263	0.0577

1986	0.2269	0.1516	0.06907	0.03217	0.02543	0.01219

1987	0.5184	0.3627	0.1455	0.0651	0.04898	0.01296

1988	5.991	4.129	1.409	0.5016	0.3479	0.08627

1989	0.5463	0.3653	0.1366	0.06604	0.06246	0.01619

1990	1.454	0.9973	0.4004	0.1546	0.1044	0.02703

0.1	2.4175	1.6513	0.77032	0.32971	0.22278	0.071352

					Average of yearly averages:	0.0237338

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: NYgrapes25cm

Metfile:	w14860.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NYGrapesC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	25	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	15-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

California Grapes, non-irrigated, 0.1 cm incorporation

stored as CAgrapes1mm.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt	modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 at
07:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	52.54	41.76	22.37	9.028	6.019	1.484

1962	1.134	0.9582	0.5287	0.2285	0.1564	0.04087

1963	1.254	0.9874	0.4645	0.1972	0.1333	0.05139

1964	55.85	40.95	17.7	6.645	4.432	1.09

1965	2.779	2.17	1.017	0.3945	0.263	0.06762

1966	0.2411	0.1996	0.1121	0.04464	0.02976	0.007946

1967	8.185	6.514	3.024	1.164	0.7763	0.1917

1968	57.52	44.13	18.61	8.227	5.501	1.355

1969	0.03412	0.0304	0.02167	0.01394	0.01095	0.003292

1970	22.99	17.75	10.69	4.039	2.693	0.6688

1971	0.5065	0.3978	0.1374	0.05689	0.0393	0.01791

1972	6.98	5.529	2.508	0.9669	0.6446	0.1621

1973	2.741	2.101	0.8835	0.3283	0.2193	0.05485

1974	49.06	37.01	16.65	6.541	4.367	1.077

1975	5.939	4.584	2.206	0.866	0.5779	0.1472

1976	31.58	24.42	10.48	4.461	3	0.7456

1977	36.54	28.58	11.57	4.05	2.7	0.6668

1978	96.17	68.6	24.8	8.908	6.11	1.631

1979	2.201	1.747	0.8016	0.3065	0.2044	0.05237

1980	0.01364	0.01077	0.006067	0.002643	0.001846	0.0004728

1981	3.788	2.989	1.574	0.5981	0.3991	0.09848

1982	100	70.51	26.15	10.01	6.702	1.653

1983	10.68	7.636	3	1.125	0.7532	0.1878

1984	0.3615	0.2837	0.1307	0.04996	0.03331	0.008448

1985	1.7	1.359	0.6104	0.416	0.2792	0.06905

1986	22.78	18.4	7.185	2.515	1.676	0.4137

1987	5.985	4.938	2.349	0.9016	0.6032	0.1491

1988	1.105	0.9349	0.4825	0.1689	0.1126	0.02769

1989	38.51	27.53	10.07	3.659	2.443	0.6113

1990	0.1175	0.1015	0.05305	0.02216	0.01516	0.003809

0.1	57.353	43.893	21.994	8.8399	5.9672	1.4711

					Average of yearly averages:	0.424609926666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: CAgrapes1mm

Metfile:	w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario:	CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0.1	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	30-06	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

California grapes, non-irrigated, 5 cm incorporation

stored as CAgrapes.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt	modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 at
07:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	     96 hr	      21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	0.0001498	0.0001251	8.812e-005	4.083e-005	2.722e-005	6.712e-006

1962	9.32e-006	7.846e-006	4.26e-006	2.969e-006	2.061e-006	5.28e-007

1963	0.001483	0.001168	0.000584	0.0002323	0.0001554	4.057e-005

1964	0.00443	0.003297	0.001436	0.0005426	0.0003639	8.976e-005

1965	9.939e-005	7.565e-005	3.139e-005	1.171e-005	1.123e-005	4.393e-006

1966	0.0008048	0.000697	0.0003557	0.0001359	9.061e-005	2.342e-005

1967	7.894e-005	6.282e-005	2.917e-005	1.574e-005	1.107e-005	4.837e-006

1968	0.0009158	0.0007311	0.000359	0.0001815	0.000138	3.398e-005

1969	0.0003921	0.000308	0.0001583	6.481e-005	4.424e-005	1.153e-005

1970	0.0007766	0.0006669	0.0003795	0.0001452	9.708e-005	3.934e-005

1971	0.000464	0.0003644	0.0001483	5.192e-005	3.461e-005	9.174e-006

1972	0.0007473	0.0006285	0.0003206	0.0001228	8.19e-005	2.519e-005

1973	0.000616	0.0004931	0.0001114	3.936e-005	2.818e-005	8.076e-006

1974	0.005499	0.004148	0.001866	0.0007487	0.0005002	0.0001357

1975	0.0006904	0.0005329	0.0002564	0.0001007	6.717e-005	1.927e-005

1976	0.01404	0.01086	0.004658	0.001809	0.00126	0.0003117

1977	0.004502	0.003521	0.00147	0.0005145	0.000343	8.573e-005

1978	0.0246	0.01755	0.006341	0.002277	0.001544	0.0004028

1979	0.0003914	0.0003075	0.0001832	7.277e-005	4.905e-005	1.824e-005

1980	8.269e-005	7.213e-005	4.049e-005	1.927e-005	1.313e-005	3.236e-006

1981	0.0001423	0.0001123	6.313e-005	2.558e-005	1.755e-005	4.34e-006

1982	0.003409	0.002575	0.001271	0.0008049	0.0006284	0.0002044

1983	0.0007639	0.000546	0.0002145	0.0001263	0.000107	4.158e-005

1984	0.0007474	0.0005866	0.0002703	0.0001243	8.284e-005	2.059e-005

1985	0.0001416	0.0001176	5.798e-005	3.666e-005	2.512e-005	7.965e-006

1986	0.0006799	0.0005491	0.0002145	7.507e-005	5.005e-005	1.919e-005

1987	0.0001947	0.0001666	8.576e-005	3.604e-005	2.431e-005	6.018e-006

1988	0.0001351	0.0001143	6.76e-005	2.366e-005	1.577e-005	4.406e-006

1989	0.01377	0.009846	0.003601	0.001308	0.0008735	0.0002196

1990	0.0003191	0.0002606	0.0001375	5.353e-005	3.594e-005	1.05e-005

0.1	0.0129429	0.0092762	0.0034275	0.00125769	0.00084899	0.00021808

					Average of yearly averages:	6.04258333333334e-005

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: CAgrapes

Metfile:	w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario:	CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	5	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	30-06	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

California Grapes, non-irrigated, 25 cm incorporation

stored as CAgrapes25cm.out

Chemical: telone

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt	modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 at
07:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at
15:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf	modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 08:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	0.0009771	0.0008162	0.0005747	0.0002663	0.0001775	4.378e-005

1962	6.081e-005	5.119e-005	2.779e-005	1.947e-005	1.352e-005	3.461e-006

1963	0.009582	0.007547	0.003775	0.001501	0.001004	0.0002627

1964	0.02791	0.02077	0.00905	0.003419	0.002294	0.0005657

1965	0.000639	0.0004864	0.0002018	7.522e-005	7.195e-005	2.831e-005

1966	0.005244	0.004541	0.002318	0.0008856	0.0005904	0.0001526

1967	0.000515	0.0004098	0.0001903	0.0001028	7.235e-005	3.159e-005

1968	0.005906	0.004715	0.002316	0.001169	0.0008894	0.000219

1969	0.002554	0.002006	0.001031	0.0004221	0.0002882	7.509e-005

1970	0.005135	0.00441	0.002509	0.00096	0.0006419	0.0002588

1971	0.003039	0.002387	0.0009715	0.00034	0.0002267	6.007e-005

1972	0.004815	0.00405	0.002066	0.0007915	0.0005277	0.0001628

1973	0.004019	0.003217	0.000727	0.0002568	0.0001835	5.256e-005

1974	0.03554	0.0268	0.01206	0.00484	0.003233	0.0008777

1975	0.004456	0.003439	0.001655	0.0006497	0.0004335	0.0001247

1976	0.08429	0.06517	0.02797	0.01088	0.007521	0.001861

1977	0.02952	0.02309	0.00964	0.003374	0.002249	0.0005619

1978	0.05454	0.03891	0.01406	0.005049	0.00352	0.001011

1979	0.002424	0.001903	0.001133	0.0004475	0.0003012	0.000114

1980	0.0005436	0.0004741	0.0002662	0.0001268	8.638e-005	2.129e-005

1981	0.0009482	0.0007479	0.0004205	0.0001705	0.0001169	2.893e-005

1982	0.02161	0.01632	0.008056	0.005032	0.003939	0.001294

1983	0.004762	0.003403	0.001337	0.0007989	0.0006797	0.0002647

1984	0.004851	0.003807	0.001754	0.000807	0.000538	0.0001337

1985	0.000881	0.0007316	0.0003608	0.0002274	0.0001558	4.995e-005

1986	0.004466	0.003607	0.001409	0.0004931	0.0003287	0.0001244

1987	0.00128	0.001095	0.0005637	0.0002371	0.00016	3.96e-005

1988	0.0008839	0.0007476	0.0004423	0.0001548	0.0001032	2.886e-005

1989	0.08194	0.05857	0.02142	0.007784	0.005197	0.001309

1990	0.002099	0.001714	0.0009037	0.0003514	0.0002359	6.933e-005

0.1	0.05264	0.037699	0.01386	0.0050473	0.0038971	0.0012657

					Average of yearly averages:	0.000327684033333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: CAgrapes25cm

Metfile:	w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario:	CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	telone

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	110.97	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.55e-3	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	34	torr

Solubility	sol	2500	mg/L

Kd	Kd		mg/L

Koc	Koc	41	mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	195.2	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	60	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	97.6	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 5	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Hydrolysis:	pH 9	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	25	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	19.8	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.0	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	30-06	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	0

Record 18:	PLVKRT	0

	PLDKRT	0

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

Appendix II.  Effects data for 1,3-dichloropropene and its degradates

	(I)  Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms

		(a)  Birds, Reptiles, and Terrestrial Phase Amphibians, Acute and
Subacute

An acute oral (LD50) study (preferably with the Mallard or Northern
bobwhite) using the technical grade of the active ingredient (TGAI) is
required to establish the toxicity of 1,3-D to birds, and by extension
to reptiles and terrestrial phase amphibians.  An acceptable Northern
bobwhite study with the TGAI was submitted by the registrant (Table
B-1).  Since the LD50 (152 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
(mg/kg-bw) falls in the range of 51 to 500 mg/kg-bw, 1,3-D is classified
as moderately toxic to avian species on an acute oral basis (Table B-1).
 The guideline 71-1 is fulfilled.  

Table B-1.  Avian Acute Oral Toxicity

Species	% ai	LD50 (mg a.i./kg-bw)	Toxicity Category	MRID No.

(Author, Year)	Study 

Classification

Northern bobwhite

(Colinus virginianus)	92	152	Moderately toxic	001189381

(Fink et al., 1982)	Acceptable

1 Corresponds to EPA Accession # 261149 and 248415

Two subacute dietary studies (5-day LC50) using the TGAI are also
required to establish the toxicity of 1,3-D to birds and reptiles.  The
preferred test species are Mallard duck and Northern bobwhite.  The
avian acute dietary LC50 test (milligrams per kilogram of diet
(mg/kg-diet) or parts per million [ppm])is a subacute, eight-day dietary
laboratory study designed to determine the dietary concentration of
toxicant that is likely to cause 50 percent mortality in a test
population of birds.  The TGAI is administered to the diet of juvenile
birds for five days, followed by three days of “clean” diet.  An
acceptable Northern bobwhite and Mallard duck were submitted by the
registrant, results of these tests are presented in Table B-2.

Table B-2.  Avian Subacute Dietary Toxicity 

Species	% ai	LC50

(ppm, or mg ai.i/kg diet)	Toxicity Category	MRID No.

(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Northern bobwhite

(Colinus virginianus)	92	>10,000	Practically 

Nontoxic	00120907

00052565

(Fink, 1975)	Acceptable

Mallard duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)	92	>10,000	Practically 

Nontoxic	00120908

00052564

(Fink, 1975)	Acceptable

The LC50 values for both species are higher than 2,000 ppm, which
indicates that 1,3-D is practically nontoxic to birds and reptiles on a
subacute dietary basis; however, this result is inconsistent with the
acute oral test.  The subacute dietary results could be explained by
food avoidance.  Both studies noted decreased food consumption and
weight gain in the test groups receiving 1,3-D-treated food compared to
the controls.  Therefore, the birds may have received an inadequate dose
resulting in a poor dose response.  Field study data indicate that
volatility is the primary route of 1,3-D dissipation with dispersal
increasing to 35.1 milligrams per square meter per hour (mg/m2/hour) by
three days (EFED RED Chapter).  Therefore, the weight of evidence
indicates that 1,3-D is moderately toxic to birds (LD50 = 152 mg/kg). 
The guideline 71-2 is fulfilled. 

Since 1,3-D is highly volatile, inhalation is also a possible route of
exposure for birds.  Data are not available for acute inhalation
toxicity for birds. 

		(b)  Birds, Chronic

Historically avian reproduction studies using the TGAI have not been
required from the registrant for 1,3-D, since the field dissipation
half-life is roughly one week and existing registered uses are for only
one application per year.  Two applications of 1,3-D are proposed in for
this proposed registration; however, 1,3-D is highly volatile, and the
applications must be made at least 60 days apart.  There are no
registrant submitted or open literature avian reproduction studies.  The
toxicity of the degradates of 1,3-D to birds is therefore unknown.

		(c)  Mammals, Acute and Chronic

Wild mammal testing is required on a case-by-case basis, depending on
the results of lower tier laboratory mammalian studies, intended use
pattern, and pertinent environmental fate characteristics.  In most
cases, laboratory rat or mouse toxicity values submitted to the Agency
for determination of human health effects substitute for wild mammal
testing.  Results of acute oral, sub-acute dietary, acute and
developmental inhalation studies with laboratory rats are presented in
Table B-3.  Previous risk assessments have utilized different data
points with which to assess risk with no explanation, and one study that
was cited could not be found.  The current mammal data were reviewed,
and the data contained in Table B-3 are from studies that have been used
in OPPs Health Effects Division risk assessments or have been identified
as acceptable/supplemental and represent the most sensitive endpoint
among the data available.  Based on the acute oral value for rats, 1,3-D
is considered to be moderately toxic to wild mammals.

Table B-3. Acute and chronic oral, dietary, and inhalation data for
laboratory mammals.

Species 	Test Type	% ai	Toxicity Value	Affected Endpoints	MRID

(Author, Year)

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Acute Oral	97.5	LD50 = 224 mg test material/kg-bw
(Females)	Mortality	402209011

(Jeffrey et al., 1987)

Laboratory mouse

(Mus musculus)	Acute Oral	92.0	LD50 = 640 mg/kg-bw (Males and Females)
Mortality	00039683

(Toyoshima et al. 1978)

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	13-Week Feeding  Study2	96.0	NOAEC = 5 mg/kg-bw/day

(Rats aged 6-8 weeks at study initiation)	Body weight,  hyperkeratosis
and/or basal cell hyperplasia of the non-glandular portion of the
stomach	429548021,3

(Haut et al. 1993)

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Acute Inhalation	94.4	LC50 = 729 ppm of air

(3.31 mg a.i./L of air) (Males and Females)

(4-hour exposure)	Mortality	000329853,4

(Stevenson and Blair, 1977)

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Acute Inhalation	97.5	LC50 = 855 ppm of air

(3.88 mg a.i./L of air) (Males)

(4-hour exposure)	Mortality	402209031,5

(Streeter et al., 1987)

Laboratory rat

(Rattus norvegicus)	Developmental Inhalation	92.0	NOEL Maternal

    20 ppm (0.091 mg a.i./L of air)

NOEL Developmental

    60 ppm (0.272 mg a.i./L of air)

(6 hours of exposure/ day during gestation days 6-15)	Maternal - body
weight loss and reduced food consumption  Developmental - delayed
ossification of vertebral centra	00144715

001528481,,3,5

(John et al., 1983)

1Used in 1998 1,3-D (Telone) RED

2A 2-generation rat reproduction study was not available for 1,3-D

3Used in 1997 EFED RED Chapter

4MRID misidentified in 1997 EFED RED Chapter as 235350

5Used in most recent HED risk assessment 

		(d)  Insects

A honeybee acute contact study using the typical end-use product is not
required for drip applications.  However there are two honey bee acute
contact studies that have been submitted.  The two studies are both by
Atkins et al. (1969 [MRID #00018842], 1973 [MRID #00028772]) and appear
to present the same information.  Therefore, they have been treated as
one source for the purpose of this risk assessment.  It also appears
that previous risk assessments have misinterpreted the information
presented in these studies.  Corrected results are presented below in
Table B-4.  Because the acute contact LD50 is greater than 60.43
micrograms per bee (μg/bee), 1,3-dichloropropene is classified as
practically non-toxic to bees on this basis.  The guideline 141-1 is
fulfilled.  

Table B-4.  Nontarget Insect Acute Contact Toxicity 

Species	

% ai	LD50

(µg test material/bee)	

Toxicity Category	MRID No.

(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)	TGAI	>60.43	Practically nontoxic	00028772

(Atkins, 1973) 

00018842

(Atkins, 1969)	Acceptable

		(e)  Terrestrial Plants

Tier I and Tier II terrestrial plant toxicity studies (MRID 45007502)
with 97.8%-100% a.i. 1,3-D were submitted as a result of the request for
data to support registration of 1,3-D.  Since the time that the 1998 RED
was signed, Tier I and Tier II terrestrial plant tests have been
submitted.  Tier I tests measure the response of plants, relative to a
control, at a test level that is equal to the highest use rate
(expressed as pounds of active ingredient per acre (lbs a.i./acre). 
Tier II tests measure the response of plants, relative to a control, at
five or more test concentrations.  Tier II test results allow the
determination of concentration-response relationships and further refine
the ecological assessment. 

For terrestrial seedling emergence and vegetative vigor testing the
following plant species and groups are usually tested: (1) six species
of at least four dicotyledonous families, one species of which is
soybean (Glycine max), and the second of which is a root crop, and four
species of at least two monocotyledonous families, one of which is corn
(Zea mays).   

Tiers I and II seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies were
submitted for 1,3-D.  These studies were determined to be acceptable for
this chemical.  The study report left questions as to the validity of
the study, since methods were not described as to how the volatility of
1,3-D was controlled among treatments.  However, further investigation
of the study through contact with the study director provided
information that indicated satisfactory control of this effect.  The
EC25 and NOAEC values for the most sensitive monocotyledon and
dicotyledon species are presented in Table B-5.  The guidelines 122-1
and 123-1 Tiers I and II vegetative vigor and seedling emergence studies
for 1,3-D are fulfilled.

Table B-5.  Terrestrial plant toxicity data for 1,3-D.  

Type of Test and Species	EC25 (ppm)1

	NOAEC (ppm)1

	Most Sensitive Endpoint

22-day Seedling Emergence

Onion (Monocot.)	>80

(>11.69 lbs a.i./acre)	80

(11.69 lbs a.i./acre)	None

22-day Seedling Emergence

Tomato (Dicot.)	33 

(4.81 lbs a.i./acre)	15

(2.19 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot weight

22-day Vegetative Vigor

Onion 	24

(3.5 lbs a.i./acre)	15

(2.19 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot length

22-day Seedling Emergence

Tomato	47

(6.86 lbs a.i./acre)	28

(4.08 lbs a.i./acre)	Shoot weight

1The report provides toxicity levels tested and toxicity values in units
of ppm.  These were converted to lbs a.i./acre by multiplying the
concentration in ppm (mg/L) by the volume of treatment solution used to
treat each plant (0.35 L).  Mass was divided by the area of each pot
(6.5 in diameter) and the resulting value was converted to pounds/acre.

 

(II)  Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

		(a)  Freshwater Fish and Amphibians, Acute

Two freshwater fish 96-hour acute toxicity studies using the TGAI are
required to establish the toxicity of 1,3-D to fish and amphibians.  The
preferred test species are the rainbow trout (a coldwater fish) and
bluegill sunfish (a warm-water fish).  Results of several 96-hour tests
with five species of fish (Bluegill Sunfish, Rainbow Trout, Fathead
Minnow, Large Mouth Bass, and Walleye) are presented in Table B-6. 
Since the LC50 values for these five species falls in the range of 1 to
10 ppm, 1,3-D is classified as moderately toxic to freshwater fish on an
acute basis.  These are also assumed to be the effect levels for aquatic
phase amphibians.  The most sensitive aquatic fish species in this list
is the walleye, which exhibited a LC50 of 1.08 ppm.  

In previous risk assessments for 1,3-D, toxicity data from the Mayer and
Ellersieck (1986) manual have been considered to be acceptable. 
However, EFED determined that the raw data need review based on current
standards.  Until such time that the data are reviewed, these studies
are classified as supplemental.  The data for 1,3-D have been requested
and are currently under review.  Any changes to the estimate of risk
based on use of these data will be forwarded to the appropriate
divisions in OPP.  Because there are acute 96-hour LC50 values that are
classified as acceptable for two species of freshwater fish, guideline
72-1 is fulfilled.

Table B-6.  Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity

Species/

(Flow-through or Static)	% ai	96-hour LC50 

(measured/nominal)	Toxicity Category	MRID No.

(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Walleye

(Stizostedion vitreum)

static 	100 	1.08 ppm a.i.

(nominal) 	Moderately Toxic	40098001

(Mayer and Ellersieck, 1986)	Supplemental1

Largemouth Bass

(Micropterus salmoides)

static	100	3.65 ppm a.i.

(nominal)	Moderately Toxic	40098001

(Mayer and Ellersieck, 1986)	Supplemental1

Bluegill Sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirius)

flow-through	96	3.7 ppm a.i.

(measured)	Moderately Toxic	44849101

(Kirk et al. 1999)	Acceptable

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

static	92	3.94 ppm test material.

(measured)	Moderately Toxic	00039692

(Bentley, 1975)	Acceptable

Fathead Minnow

(Pimephales promelas)

static	100	4.1 ppm a.i.

(nominal)	Moderately Toxic	40098001

(Mayer and Ellersieck, 1986)	Supplemental1

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

static	92	5.9 ppm2 

(unknown)	Moderately Toxic	STE0DI01

USEPA

1977	Acceptable

Bluegill Sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirius)

static	>80	6.1 ppm test material3

(nominal)	Moderately Toxic	00117043 (Buccafusco, 1981)	Supplemental4

Bluegill Sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirirus)

static	92	6.7 ppm2 

(unknown)	Moderately Toxic	STE0DI02

USEPA

1977	Acceptable

Bluegill Sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirirus)

static	92	7.09 ppm test material.

(measured)	Moderately Toxic	00039692

(Bentley, 1975)	Acceptable

1EFED has determined that data from this reference should be classified
as “supplemental” until the raw data can be obtained and evaluated
for each study.  At this time, the data have not been reviewed for
1,3-Dichloropropene.

2Whether LC50 is reported in ppm a.i. or ppm test material is not known.

3Study does not specify whether ppm is reported as test material or
a.i., but the exact percentage of a.i. in test material was not known

4Rated supplemental because the dose levels were not high enough to
calculate an LD50.

 	(b)  Freshwater Fish, Chronic

A freshwater fish early life-stage test (embryo development through a
portion of juvenile growth) using the TGAI is required for 1,3-D because
the end-use product may be transported to water from the intended use
site.  Also, the following conditions are met:  (1) the pesticide is
intended for use such that its presence in water is likely to be
continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic acute
LC50 or EC50 is less than 1 ppm, (3) the EEC in water is equal to or
greater than 0.01 of any acute LC50 or EC50 value or  (4) the actual or
estimated environmental concentration in water resulting from use is
less than 0.01 of any acute LC50 or EC50 value and any one of the
following conditions exist: studies of other organisms indicate the
reproductive physiology of fish may be affected, physicochemical
properties indicate cumulative effects, or the pesticide is persistent
in water (i.e., half-life greater than 4 days).  The preferred test
species is fathead minnow (Primephales promelas).

A flow-through freshwater fish early life stage study with 1,3-D and
fathead minnow (96% purity) (Marino et al. 2000 [MRID 45145001]) was
submitted.  However, the study was determined to be invalid because
dissolved oxygen at the two highest concentrations were depleted to
levels as low as 43% of saturation.  Because of problems related to
volatility of 1,3-D, flow-through rate had to be increased, which could
also have led to damage to the larvae.  Mortality in the study was the
most sensitive endpoint, but whether this is attributable to 1,3-D,
depleted oxygen, or increased flow rate is uncertain.  Therefore, the
guideline 72-4a is not fulfilled.

	(c)  Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity test (48 hours for
copepods, 96 hours for other invertebrates) using the TGAI is required
to establish the toxicity of 1,3-D to aquatic invertebrates.  The
preferred test is the 48-hour Daphnia magna test.  Results of two
48-hour acute tests with D. magna are presented in Table B-7.  Since the
most sensitive EC50 is less than 0.1 ppm, 1,3-D is considered to be very
highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates on an acute basis.  The
most sensitive endpoint value has been obtained from the Mayer and
Ellersieck manual, and the data are currently under review.  Any changes
to the risk assessment due to a change in study status will be forwarded
to the appropriate divisions within OPP. 

Table B-7.  Freshwater Invertebrate Acute Toxicity

Species

(Static or Flow-through)	% ai	48-hour LC50 1 

(measured/nominal)	Toxicity Category	MRID No.

(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Waterflea

(Daphnia magna)

(static)	100	0.09 ppm a.i.

 (measured)	Very Highly Toxic	40098001

(Mayer and Ellersieck, 1986)	Supplemental2

Waterflea

(Daphnia magna)	>80	6.2  ppm test material

(nominal)	Moderately Toxic	00117044

(LeBlanc, 1980)	Supplemental3

1EC50 for D. magna but effect is immobility to a degree that is
commensurate to mortality.

2EFED has determined that data from this reference should be classified
as “supplemental” until the raw data can be obtained and evaluated
for each study.  At this time, the data have not been reviewed for
1,3-Dichloropropene.

1Study is a published report of multiple bioassays each with a different
chemical.  Although the protocol used to test 1,3-D is similar to that
recommended by EPA, the details of the conduct of the study with respect
to 1,3-D are not provided.

		(d)  Freshwater Invertebrate, Chronic

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate life-cycle test using the TGAI is
required for 1,3-D since the end-use product may be transported to water
from the intended use site and the following conditions are met: (1) the
pesticide is intended for use such that its presence in water is likely
to be continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic
acute LC50 or EC50 is less than 1 ppm, or, (3) the EEC in water is equal
to or greater than 0.01 of any acute EC50 or LC50 value, or, (4) the
actual or estimated environmental concentration in water resulting from
use is less than 0.01 of any aquatic acute EC50 or LC50 value and any of
the following conditions exist: studies of other organisms indicate the
reproductive physiology of invertebrates may be affected,
physicochemical properties indicate cumulative effects, or the pesticide
is persistent in water (i.e., half-life greater than 4 days).  The
preferred test species is Daphnia magna. 

A flow-through freshwater invertebrate chronic study with 1,3-D (96%
purity) and Daphnia (Kirk et al. 1999 [MRID 45007501]) was submitted. 
The study is classified as supplemental.  Mortality occurred at all test
levels, but it was not significantly different from the controls at
concentrations lower than the reproductive NOAEC.  Mortality in the lab
water and solvent controls was 10% and 15%, respectively.  The study
identified a 21-day LOAEC for 1,3-D of 0.105 ppm and a NOAEC of 0.070
ppm based on growth (length) and mean progeny.  

		(e)  Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute

Acute 96-hour toxicity testing with estuarine/marine fish using the TGAI
is required for 1,3-D.  This chemical is mobile in the environment, and
grapes are grown in coastal counties.  Therefore, 1,3-D has the
potential to reach coastal areas.  This concern was raised in the 1997
EFED RED Chapter, and a study with the preferred species, the sheepshead
minnow, has been subsequently submitted and results are summarized in
Table B-8.  Since the 96-hour LC50 is between 0.1 and 1.0 ppm,
1,3-dichloropropene is classified as highly toxic to marine fish on an
acute basis.  The guideline 72-3a is fulfilled.

Table B-8.  Marine/Estuarine Fish Acute Toxicity

Species

(Static or Flow-through)	% ai	96-hour LC50  (measured/nominal)	Toxicity
Category	MRID No. (Author, Year)	Study Classification

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinodon variegatus)

flow-through	96	0.87 ppm a.i.

(measured)	Highly Toxic	44843901

(Drottar and Krueger, 1999)	Acceptable

		(f)  Estuarine and Marine Fish, Chronic

Chronic tests of estuarine/marine fish toxicity using the TGAI have not
been submitted, since they were not considered to be necessary based on
previous risk assessments for 1,3-D.  However, because 1,3-D is expected
to be applied in coastal counties in which grapes are grown, it could be
transported via runoff to marine/environments, and the acute value for
sheepshead minnow is < 1.0 mg/L, chronic toxicity data for
marine/estuarine fish is needed.  A chronic value for estuarine/marine
fish cannot be estimated based on the acute-to-chronic ratio for
freshwater fish, since the freshwater fish early life stage test was
determined to be invalid.  

(g)  Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates, Acute

Acute 96 hour toxicity testing with estuarine/marine invertebrates using
the TGAI is required, since the 1,3-D is mobile within the environment
and is used in coastal counties.  The preferred test species are the
mysid shrimp and Eastern oyster (embryo-larval or shell deposition). 
Acute toxicity data for a saltwater mysid (Mysidopsis bahia, renamed
Americamysis bahia) and Eastern Oyster shell deposition study are
presented in Table B-9, and the Eastern oyster is shown to be the more
acutely sensitive species.  Since the 96-hour LC50/EC50 values are
between 0.1 and 1.0 ppm, 1,3-dichloropropene is classified as highly
toxic to marine/estuarine crustaceans and molluscs on an acute basis. 
The guidelines 72-3b and 72-3c are fulfilled.

Table B-9.  Marine/Estuarine Invertebrate Acute Toxicity

Species

(Static/Flow-through)	% ai	96-hour LC50/EC50 (ppm) (measured/nominal)
Toxicity Category	MRID No. (Author, Year)	Study Classification

Saltwater mysid

(Mysidopsis bahia, renamed Americamysis bahia)

Flow-through	96	LC50 = 0.7 ppm a.i. (measured)	Highly Toxic	44843904

(Drottar and Krueger, 1999)	Acceptable

Eastern oyster

(Crassostrea virginica)

Flow-through	96	EC50 = 0.64 ppm a.i. (measured)

(shell deposition study)	Highly Toxic	44843903

(Drottar and Krueger, 1999)	Acceptable

		(h)  Estuarine and Marine Invertebrate, Chronic

Chronic tests of estuarine/marine invertebrate toxicity using the TGAI
have not been submitted, since they were not considered to be necessary
based on previous risk assessments for 1,3-D.  However, because 1,3-D is
expected to be applied in coastal counties in which grapes are grown, it
could be transported via runoff to marine/environments, and the acute
value for saltwater mysid and Eastern oyster is < 1.0 mg/L, chronic
toxicity data for marine/estuarine fish is needed.  

Because there is no marine/estuarine invertebrate chronic toxicity study
for 1,3-D an acute–to-chronic ratio (ACR) approach was used to
estimate a chronic value.  However, the two LC50 estimates for D. magna
vary widely and result in ACRs that produce very different NOAEC
estimates.  Therefore, the most feasible approach is to use the ACR
calculated for freshwater fish and apply this to the mysid LC50.  As a
result, the estimated NOAEC would be 0.02 ppm for marine/estuarine
invertebrates (0.7 ppm/35).  This value represents an estimate only and
is tentative, pending the status determination for MRID 45007501.  

		(i)  Toxicity to Aquatic Plants, Freshwater and Marine/Estuarine

As with the terrestrial plants, the 1998 RED for 1,3-D used as a
herbicide required a full battery of tests with aquatic plants.  Since
the time that the 1998 RED was signed, Tier II toxicity tests with four
freshwater plant/algae species and one marine/estuarine algae species
have been submitted by the registrant.  Results of these tests are
presented in Table B-10.  Among the freshwater plants and algae tested
in acceptable/supplemental studies, the freshwater diatom (Navicula
pelliculosa) was determined to be the most sensitive species based on
the EC50, although the EC05 had to be roughly estimated for this species
since data were not provided in order to calculate a NOAEC

Table B-10. Freshwater and Marine/Estuarine Plant Toxicity

Species

	%ai	EC50 (ppm) (nominal/measured)	NOAEC1 (ppm) (nominal/measured)	MRID
(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Freshwater

Duckweed

(Lemna gibba)

(static)	96	20.0 ppm a.i. (14-day)

(nominal)	1.2 ppm a.i. (14-day)

(nominal)	44843914 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Acceptable

Green algae

(Selenastrum capricornutum)	96	15.0 ppm a.i. (96-hour)

(nominal)	9.5 ppm a.i. (96-hour)

(nominal)	44940314 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Acceptable

Freshwater diatom

(Navicula pelliculosa)	96	7.9 ppm a.i. (120-hour)

(nominal)	EC05 = 2.7 ppm a.i.2

(96-hour)

(nominal)	44843909 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental3

Cyanobacteria (formerly bluegreen algae)

(Anabaena flos-aquae)	96	108.0 ppm a.i. (120-hour)

(nominal)	11.3 ppm a.i. (120-hour)

(nominal)	44843911 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Acceptable

Marine/Estuarine

Saltwater diatom

(Skeletonema costatum)	96	15.5 ppm a.i. (120- hour)

(nominal)	8.8 ppm a.i. (120-hour)

(nominal)	44843910 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Acceptable

1Unless otherwise noted the endangered species measurement endpoints are
based on NOAEC values.  Where a NOAEC can not be determined in a study
the EC05 is used as an alternative endangered species endpoint for the
NOAEC. 

2NOAEC could not be determined due to lack of data.  EC05 is an estimate
determined using the Nuthatch program.

3Study classified as supplemental because total cell counts for the
individual replicate vessels were not reported.  These values are needed
in order to perform the proper statistical analysis. 

	(III)  Toxicity of Degradation Products and Manufacturing Impurities

In the EFED RED chapter for 1,3-D, the manufacturing impurity (1,2-D)
and the degradates of 1,3-D (3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acid) were considered to be at least as toxic as the parent compound,
although a rationale or reference for this was not provided.  Since the
RED was signed in 1998, acute freshwater fish (Rainbow trout) and
invertebrate (D. magna), and aquatic plant (L. gibba, A. flos-aquae, S.
capricornutum, N. pelliculosa, S. costatum) toxicity data for the
degradates have been submitted (Table B-11).  

Table B-11.  Toxicity of 3-Chloroallyl Alcohol and 3-Chloroacrylic Acid
to Freshwater Invertebrates and Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants

Species

(static or flow-through)	Test Material	%ai	Endpoint Value

(Test duration)

(Measured/Nominal)	Toxicity Category	MRID

(Author, Year)	Study Classification

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

(static-renewal)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not Reported	LC50 = 0.986 ppm
a.i.

NOAEC = 0.303 ppm a.i.

(96 hours)

(measured)	Highly Toxic	44940306 (Marino et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Rainbow trout

(Onchorynchus mykiss)

(static)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	100	LC50 = 69.5 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 49.2 ppm a.i.

(96 hours)

(measured)	Slightly Toxic	44940307

(Marino et al., 1999)	Acceptable

Freshwater Invertebrates

Waterflea (Daphnia magna)

(static)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not Reported	EC50 = 2.3 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 1.2 ppm a.i.

(48 hours)

(measured)	Moderately Toxic	44843902 (Marino et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Waterflea (Daphnia magna)

(static-renewal)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	100	EC50 = 55.0 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 24.9 ppm a.i.

(48 hours)

(measured)	Slightly Toxic	44940308 (Marino et al., 1999)	Acceptable

Aquatic Plants

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

(static)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not Reported	EC50 = 1.694 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 0.042 ppm a.i.

(14 days)

(measured)	N/A	44940320 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

(static)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	Not Reported	EC50 = 0.22 ppm a.i.

EC05 = 0.0023 ppm a.i.

(14 days)

(measured)	N/A	45007504 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental2

Blue-green algae (Anabaena flos-aquae)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not
Reported	EC50 >101.0 ppm a.i.

NOAEC= 52 ppm a.i.

(120 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44843912 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Blue-green algae (Anabaena flos-aquae)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	Not Reported
EC50= 4.2 ppm a.i.

NOAEC= 3.2 ppm a.i.

(120 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44940318 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not
Reported	EC50 = 32.9 ppm a.i.

EC05 = 5.7 ppm a.i.3

(120 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44843913 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	Not
Reported	EC50  = 5.4 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 2.5 ppm a.i.

(120 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44940317 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Green Alga (Selenastrum capricornutum)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not
Reported	EC50 = 49.0 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 14.0 ppm a.i.

(96 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44940315 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Green Alga (Selenastrum capricornutum)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	Not Reported
EC50 = 0.432 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 0.181 ppm a.i.

(96 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44940319 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Saltwater diatom (Skeletonema costatum)	3-Chloroallyl alcohol	Not
Reported	EC50 = 0.248 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 0.071 ppm a.i.

(120 hours)

(measured)	N/A	44940316 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

Saltwater diatom (Skeletonema costatum)	3-Chloroacrylic acid	Not
Reported	EC50 = 52.0 ppm a.i.

NOAEC = 23.9 ppm a.i.

(96 hours)

(measured)	N/A	45007503 (Kirk et al., 1999)	Supplemental1

1Study is supplemental due to unknown value of test substance purity and
other missing information.  The study can be upgraded if this
information is reported.

2Raw data were not provided to allow conduct of proper statistical
analysis.and because test substance purity was not provided.  EC05 was
estimated as best as possible using the program, Nuthatch.  Test
substance purity was not provided.

3NOAEC was determined to be greater than EC50.  EC05 estimated using the
program Nuthatch.

Based on the above toxicity data, the 3-chloroallyl alcohol is more
toxic to freshwater fish and invertebrates than the 3-chloroacrylic
acid.  The acid is classified as slightly toxic to both taxa while the
3-chloroallyl alcohol degradate is classified as very highly toxic to
freshwater fish and moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates.  The
alcohol degradate is also more toxic to Rainbow trout than the parent
compound.  As a result, this degradate could pose greater risk to
freshwater fish than the parent, depending on how much of it is formed
in the environment.  Since the degradates of 1,3-D are mobile and
persistent in the environment, it is possible that the degradates could
reach marine/estuarine environments.  The ratio of acute toxicity
between the parent and alcohol degradate for rainbow trout is 3.99 (LC50
of 3.94 ppm for 1,3-D/LC50 of 0.986 ppm for 3-chloroallyl alcohol).  If
the ratio of toxicity is the same for marine/estuarine fish, then an
approximate LC50 for 3-chloroallyl alcohol for the sheepshead minnow is
0.218 ppm (LC50 of 0.87 for 1,3-D/3.99).  Using the peak exposure
estimate of 0.039 ppm for 3-chloroallyl alcohol in the risk assessment
results in an estimated RQ of 0.18, which exceeds the listed species and
acute restricted use LOCs for aquatic animals.  Therefore, data should
be submitted to demonstrate the toxicity of at least 3-chloroallyl
alcohol to marine/estuarine fish and invertebrates, and preferably for
3-chloroacrylic acid as well.  The 3-chloroacrylic acid degradate was
less toxic than the parent for both the freshwater fish and invertebrate
tested (Rainbow trout and D. magna, respectively).

Except for the saltwater diatom (S. costatum), aquatic plant results for
the degradates were the reverse of that for freshwater fish; the acid
degradate was more toxic than the alcohol degradate.  Except for S.
costatum theacid degradate is also more toxic than the parent compound. 
However, the sensitivity to the alcohol degradate as compared to the
parent was mixed, L. gibba and S. costatum were more sensitive to the
alcohol degradate than the parent whereas A. flos-aquae, N. pelliculosa,
and S. capricornutum were more sensitive to the parent than the alcohol
degradate.  Duckweed (L. gibba) was the most sensitive to both
degradates, and was more sensitive to both of these than the parent
compound.   

Terrestrial plant toxicity of 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acid data were collected simultaneously with the 1,3-D tests on
terrestrial plants described above (MRID 45007502).  Since these tests
were conducted at the same time and place as tests with 1,3-D, the
validity of the results for 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic
acid are in question, since the volatility of 1,3-D could have affected
plants in these tests.  Therefore, the status of these studies is as yet
undetermined, and effects are unknown.  EFED will provide RD with its
findings as soon as they are available.  

Two acute oral studies with laboratory rats have been submitted, which
indicated an LD50 of 91 mg/kg-bw for both the alcohol and acid
degradates (MRID 44843905 and 44940309), indicating that the degradates
are more toxic than the parent compound (LD50 of 152 mg/kg-bw).  This
value would classify the alcohol and acid degradates of 1,3-D as
moderately toxic.  

Data are not available to determine the toxicity of the degradates of
1,3-D (3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid) to birds,
reptiles, and terrestrial phase amphibians.  Based on evidence that
mammals are more sensitive to the degradates than the parent, it is
likely that birds are also more sensitive to the acid and alcohol
degradates than to the parent.

	(IV)  Data Available from EPA’s Ecotox Database

A preliminary search of 1,3-D in the Ecotox Database available to the
public (www.epa.gov/ecotox) did not produce terrestrial acute or chronic
toxicity values lower than those already available from registrants for
birds or mammals, and did not provide further information for non-target
plants.  

The search also did not provide lower aquatic acute or chronic toxicity
values for freshwater or marine/estuarine fish or invertebrates.  A
study on green algae (S. capricornutum) indicated a 96-hour LC50 of 4.95
ppm based on in vivo chlorophyll a measurements, indicating the
possibility of reduce populations of aquatic plants with exposure at
this level of 1,3-D.  However, the values that are already available
indicating actual reductions in cell counts are favored over this
measurement.  Some information was also available indicating toxicity
values to insects that have aquatic-phase larvae.  In one study,
stonefly (Tallaperla maria) demonstrated an LC50 of 5.42 ppm and the
midge (Chironomus riparius) demonstrated an LC50 of 1.35 ppm.  

Appendix III.  Listed Species Co-occurring in States with Grape Crops.  

No species were excluded; minimum of 1 acre queried among USDA NASS Crop
Data for 2002.  All medium types are reported for: Mammals, Marine
mammals, Amphibians, Fish, Crustaceans, Bivalves, and Gastropods. 
Freshwater, brackish, saltwater, vernal pool, seasonal wetland, and
permanent wetland medium types reported for: Dicotyledons,
Monocotyledons, Ferns, Conifers/Cycads, Coral, and Lichen.

Alabama	( 73) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	Freshwater, Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Salamander, Red Hills	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Phaeognathus hubrichti)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Combshell, Southern (=Penitent mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma penita)	Freshwater

	Combshell, Upland	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma metastriata)	Freshwater

	Kidneyshell, Triangular	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Orangenacre	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lampsilis perovalis)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Acornshell Southern	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma othcaloogensis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus acutissimus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus parvulus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma brevidens)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Dark Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema furvum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lampsilis altilis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Tait's Mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema taitianum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus inflatus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema perovatum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Obovaria retusa)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema plenum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cor)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis subangulata)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema decisum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema georgianum)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis virescens)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cracking	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Hemistena lata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula intermedia)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Toxolasma cylindrellus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma turgidula)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	Freshwater

	Stirrupshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula stapes)	Freshwater

	Shrimp, Alabama Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Palaemonias alabamae)	Freshwater

	Amphianthus, Little	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amphianthus pusillus)	Freshwater

	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Marshallia mohrii)	Terrestrial

	Bladderpod, Lyrate	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lesquerella lyrata)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dalea foliosa)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Leather-flower, Alabama	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clematis socialis)	Terrestrial

	Leather-flower, Morefield's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clematis morefieldii)	Terrestrial

	Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia rubra alabamensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia oreophila)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Potato-bean, Price's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Apios priceana)	Terrestrial

	Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus	Threatened	Ferns	No

	(Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis)	Terrestrial

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Threatened	Ferns	No

	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum)	Terrestrial

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes louisianensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Cavefish, Alabama	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni)	Freshwater

	Chub, Spotfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimonax monachus)	Freshwater

	Darter, Boulder	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma wapiti)	Freshwater

	Darter, Goldline	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Percina aurolineata)	Freshwater

	Darter, Slackwater	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma boschungi)	Freshwater

	Darter, Snail	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Percina tanasi)	Freshwater

	Darter, Vermilion	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma chermocki)	Freshwater

	Darter, Watercress	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma nuchale)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Yellowfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Noturus flavipinnis)	Freshwater

	Sculpin, Pygmy	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus))	Freshwater

	Shiner, Blue	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Cyprinella caerulea)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Cahaba	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Notropis cahabae)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Palezone	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Notropis albizonatus)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Alabama	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus suttkusi)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Campeloma, Slender	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Campeloma decampi)	Freshwater

	Elimia, Lacy	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Elimia crenatella)	Freshwater

	Pebblesnail, Flat	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Lepyrium showalteri)	Freshwater

	Riversnail, Anthony's	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Athearnia anthonyi)	Freshwater

	Rocksnail, Painted	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Leptoxis taeniata)	Freshwater

	Rocksnail, Plicate	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Leptoxis plicata)	Freshwater

	Rocksnail, Round	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Leptoxis ampla)	Freshwater

	Snail, Armored	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta)	Freshwater

	Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Lioplax cyclostomaformis)	Freshwater

	Snail, Tulotoma	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Tulotoma magnifica)	Terrestrial

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Xyris tennesseensis)	Terrestrial

	Trillium, Relict	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Trillium reliquum)	Terrestrial

	Water-plantain, Kral's	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Sagittaria secundifolia)	Freshwater

	Arizona	( 38) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Rana chiricahuensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Salamander, Sonora Tiger	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi)	Vernal pool, Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Blue-star, Kearney's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Amsonia kearneyana)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)	Terrestrial

	

	Cactus, Brady Pincushion	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus bradyi)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Cochise Pincushion	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha robbinsorum)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Pima Pineapple	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri)	Terrestrial

	Cliffrose, Arizona	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Purshia (=cowania) subintegra)	Terrestrial

	Cycladenia, Jones	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis))	Terrestrial

	Fleabane, Zuni	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Erigeron rhizomatus)	Terrestrial

	Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Senecio franciscanus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus holmgreniorum)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Sentry	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Welsh's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Asclepias welshii)	Terrestrial

	Umbel, Huachuca Water	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Catfish, Yaqui	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Ictalurus pricei)	Freshwater

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Gila	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila intermedia)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Chub, Sonora	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Gila ditaenia)	Freshwater

	Chub, Virgin River	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	Freshwater

	Chub, Yaqui	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila purpurea)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Loach	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Tiaroga cobitis)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Desert	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon macularius)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Beautiful	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinella formosa)	Freshwater

	Spikedace	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Meda fulgida)	Freshwater

	Spinedace, Little Colorado	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Lepidomeda vittata)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)	Freshwater

	

	Trout, Apache	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus apache)	Freshwater

	Trout, Gila	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus gilae)	Freshwater

	Woundfin	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	Freshwater

	Ambersnail, Kanab	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Spiranthes delitescens)	Terrestrial

	Sedge, Navajo	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Carex specuicola)	Terrestrial

	Fatmucket, Arkansas	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis powelli)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Scaleshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Leptodea leptodon)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis streckeri)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (=Wheeler's pm)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Arkansia wheeleri)	Freshwater

	Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum)	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Cambarus aculabrum)	Freshwater

	Bladderpod, Missouri	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lesquerella filiformis)	Terrestrial

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Geocarpon minimum)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Pondberry	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lindera melissifolia)	Terrestrial

	Cavefish, Ozark	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Amblyopsis rosae)	Freshwater

	Darter, Leopard	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Percina pantherina)	Freshwater

	Shagreen, Magazine Mountain	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Mesodon magazinensis)	Terrestrial

	California	( 217) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, California Red-legged	Threatened	Amphibian	Yes

	(Rana aurora draytonii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Rana muscosa)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Salamander, California Tiger	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma californiense)	Terrestrial, Vernal pool

	Salamander, Desert Slender	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Batrachoseps aridus)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum)	Freshwater, Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Toad, Arroyo Southwestern	Endangered	Amphibian	Yes

	(Bufo californicus (=microscaphus))	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Cypress, Gowen	Threatened	Conf/cycds	No

	(Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana)	Terrestrial

	Cypress, Santa Cruz	Endangered	Conf/cycds	No

	(Cupressus abramsiana)	Terrestrial

	Abalone, White	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Haliotis sorenseni)	Saltwater

	Crayfish, Shasta	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Pacifastacus fortis)	Freshwater

	Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta conservatio)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta longiantenna)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Riverside	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Streptocephalus woottoni)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, San Diego	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta sandiegonensis)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Threatened	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta lynchi)	Vernal pool

	Shrimp, California Freshwater	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Syncaris pacifica)	Freshwater

	Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Lepidurus packardi)	Vernal pool

	Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pseudobahia peirsonii)	Terrestrial

	Allocarya, Calistoga	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Plagiobothrys strictus)	Vernal pool

	Ambrosia, San Diego	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ambrosia pumila)	Terrestrial

	Baccharis, Encinitas	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Baccharis vanessae)	Terrestrial

	Barberry, Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis)	Terrestrial

	Barberry, Nevin's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Berberis nevinii)	Terrestrial

	Bedstraw, El Dorado	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Galium californicum ssp. sierrae)	Terrestrial

	Bedstraw, Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Galium buxifolium)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus palmatus)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, Pennell's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, salt marsh	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus)	Saltwater

	Bird's-beak, Soft	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis)	Brackish, Saltwater

	Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina)	Terrestrial

	Bluecurls, Hidden Lake	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum)	Terrestrial

	Broom, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae)	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. prostratum))	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum)	Terrestrial

	Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Malacothamnus clementinus)	Terrestrial

	Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus)	Terrestrial

	Butterweed, Layne's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Senecio layneae)	Terrestrial

	Button-celery, San Diego	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Bakersfield	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Opuntia treleasei)	Terrestrial

	Ceanothus, Coyote	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ceanothus ferrisae)	Terrestrial

	Ceanothus, Pine Hill	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ceanothus roderickii)	Terrestrial

	Ceanothus, Vail Lake	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Ceanothus ophiochilus)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Keck's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sidalcea keckii)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Pedate	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea pedata)	Terrestrial

	Clarkia, Pismo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata)	Terrestrial

	Clarkia, Presidio	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia franciscana)	Terrestrial

	Clarkia, Springville	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia springvillensis)	Terrestrial

	Clarkia, Vine Hill	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia imbricata)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Fleshy Owl's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta)	Vernal pool

	Clover, Monterey	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium trichocalyx)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Showy Indian	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium amoenum)	Terrestrial

	Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eryngium constancei)	Terrestrial

	Crownbeard, Big-leaved	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Verbesina dissita)	Terrestrial

	Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Atriplex coronata var. notatior)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Parish's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Erigeron parishii)	Freshwater

	Dudleya, Conejo	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Marcescent	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya setchellii)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya nesiotica)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Verity's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya verityi)	Terrestrial

	Dwarf-flax, Marin	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Hesperolinon congestum)	Terrestrial

	Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii)	Terrestrial

	Evening-primrose, San Benito	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Camissonia benitensis)	Terrestrial

	Fiddleneck, Large-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Amsinckia grandiflora)	Terrestrial

	Flannelbush, Mexican	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Fremontodendron mexicanum)	Terrestrial

	Flannelbush, Pine Hill	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens)	Terrestrial

	Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thysanocarpus conchuliferus)	Terrestrial

	Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii)	Terrestrial

	Gilia, Monterey	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria)	Terrestrial

	Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pseudobahia bahiifolia)	Terrestrial

	Goldfields, Burke's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lasthenia burkei)	Terrestrial

	Goldfields, Contra Costa	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lasthenia conjugens)	Terrestrial

	Grass, Hairy Orcutt	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia pilosa)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Sacramento Orcutt	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia viscida)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Slender Orcutt	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia tenuis)	Vernal pool

	Jewelflower, California	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Caulanthus californicus)	Terrestrial

	Jewelflower, Tiburon	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Streptanthus niger)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, Baker's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delphinium bakeri)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, Yellow	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delphinium luteum)	Terrestrial

	Layia, Beach	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Layia carnosa)	Terrestrial, Coastal (neritic)

	Lessingia, San Francisco	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. germanorum))	Terrestrial

	Liveforever, Laguna Beach	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya stolonifera)	Terrestrial

	Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya traskiae)	Terrestrial

	Lupine, Clover	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus tidestromii)	Coastal (neritic)

	Lupine, Nipomo Mesa	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus nipomensis)	Coastal (neritic)

	Malacothrix, Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Malacothrix squalida)	Terrestrial

	Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Malacothrix indecora)	Terrestrial

	Mallow, Kern	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eremalche kernensis)	Terrestrial

	Manzanita, Del Mar	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia)	Terrestrial

	Manzanita, Ione	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Arctostaphylos myrtifolia)	Terrestrial

	Manzanita, Morro	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Arctostaphylos morroensis)	Terrestrial

	Manzanita, Pallid	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Arctostaphylos pallida)	Terrestrial

	Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arctostaphylos confertiflora)	Terrestrial

	Meadowfoam, Butte County	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica)	Vernal pool

	Meadowfoam, Sebastopol	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Limnanthes vinculans)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Braunton's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus brauntonii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus clarianus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus tener var. titi)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus albens)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Fish Slough	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus jaegerianus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Pierson's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus tricarinatus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus pycnostachyus var. lanosissimus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Mint, Otay Mesa	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pogogyne nudiuscula)	Terrestrial

	Mint, San Diego Mesa	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pogogyne abramsii)	Terrestrial

	Monardella, Willowy	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Monardella linoides ssp. viminea)	Terrestrial

	Morning-glory, Stebbins	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Calystegia stebbinsii)	Terrestrial

	Mountainbalm, Indian Knob	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eriodictyon altissimum)	Terrestrial

	Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cercocarpus traskiae)	Terrestrial

	Mustard, Slender-petaled	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thelypodium stenopetalum)	Terrestrial

	Navarretia, Few-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Navarretia leucocephala ssp. pauciflora (=N. pauciflora))	Vernal pool,
Terrestrial

	Navarretia, Many-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha)	Terrestrial, Vernal pool

	Navarretia, Spreading	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Navarretia fossalis)	Vernal pool

	Oxytheca, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja cinerea)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja grisea)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, Soft-leaved	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja mollis)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, Tiburon	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta)	Terrestrial

	Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Thlaspi californicum)	Terrestrial

	Pentachaeta, Lyon's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pentachaeta lyonii)	Terrestrial

	Pentachaeta, White-rayed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pentachaeta bellidiflora)	Terrestrial

	Phacelia, Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis)	Terrestrial

	Phlox, Yreka	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phlox hirsuta)	Terrestrial

	Polygonum, Scott's Valley	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Polygonum hickmanii)	Terrestrial

	Potentilla, Hickman's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Potentilla hickmanii)	Terrestrial

	Pussypaws, Mariposa	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Calyptridium pulchellum)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Hoffmann's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arabis hoffmannii)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, McDonald's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arabis mcdonaldiana)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sibara filifolia)	Terrestrial

	Rush-rose, Island	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthemum greenei)	Terrestrial

	Sandwort, Bear Valley	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Arenaria ursina)	Terrestrial

	Sandwort, Marsh	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arenaria paludicola)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Sea-blite, California	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Suaeda californica)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Ben Lomond	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Howell's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chorizanthe howellii)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Monterey	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Orcutt's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chorizanthe orcuttiana)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Robust	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Chorizanthe robusta var. robusta)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Scotts Valley	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Slender-horned	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dodecahema leptoceras)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Sonoma	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chorizanthe valida)	Terrestrial

	Spurge, Hoover's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Chamaesyce hooveri)	Vernal pool

	Stickyseed, Baker's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Blennosperma bakeri)	Vernal pool

	Stonecrop, Lake County	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Parvisedum leiocarpum)	Vernal pool

	Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eriophyllum latilobum)	Terrestrial

	Taraxacum, California	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Taraxacum californicum)	Terrestrial

	Tarplant, Gaviota	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa)	Terrestrial

	Tarplant, Otay	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens)	Terrestrial

	Tarplant, Santa Cruz	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Holocarpha macradenia)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, Chorro creek Bog	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Thistle, Fountain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, La Graciosa	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cirsium loncholepis)	Coastal (neritic), Freshwater, 

	Thistle, Suisun	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum)	Brackish, Terrestrial

	Thornmint, San Diego	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Acanthomintha ilicifolia)	Terrestrial

	Thornmint, San Mateo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii)	Terrestrial

	Tuctoria, Green's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Tuctoria greenei)	Vernal pool

	Vervain, California	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Verbena californica)	Terrestrial

	Wallflower, Ben Lomond	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Erysimum teretifolium)	Terrestrial

	Wallflower, Contra Costa	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum)	Terrestrial

	Wallflower, Menzie's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Erysimum menziesii)	Terrestrial

	Watercress, Gambel's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rorippa gambellii)	Terrestrial, Brackish, Freshwater

	Woodland-star, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lithophragma maximum)	Terrestrial

	Woolly-star, Santa Ana River	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum)	Terrestrial

	Woolly-threads, San Joaquin	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii)	Terrestrial

	Yerba Santa, Lompoc	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Eriodictyon capitatum)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Hutton Tui	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Gila bicolor ssp.)	Freshwater

	Chub, Mohave Tui	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gila bicolor mohavensis)	Freshwater

	Chub, Owens Tui	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila bicolor snyderi)	Freshwater

	Goby, Tidewater	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Eucyclogobius newberryi)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Desert	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon macularius)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Owens	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Cyprinodon radiosus)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (California Coastal Run)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Spring Run)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Sacramento River Winter Run)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Saltwater, Freshwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Coho (Central California Coast population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Smelt, Delta	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Hypomesus transpacificus)	Freshwater, Brackish

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Steelhead, (California Central Valley population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Central California Coast population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Northern California population)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (South-Central California population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Southern California population)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, green	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Acipenser medirostris)

	Sucker, Lost River	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Deltistes luxatus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Modoc	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Catostomus microps)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Santa Ana	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Catostomus santaanae)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	Trout, Little Kern Golden	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei)	Freshwater

	Trout, Paiute Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris)	Freshwater

	Snail, Morro Shoulderband	Endangered	Gastropod	Yes

	(Helminthoglypta walkeriana)	Terrestrial

	Alopecurus, Sonoma	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis)	Terrestrial

	Amole, Cammatta Canyon	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum)	Terrestrial

	Amole, Purple	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum)	Terrestrial

	Bluegrass, Napa	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Poa napensis)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Bluegrass, San Bernardino	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Poa atropurpurea)	Terrestrial

	Brodiaea, Chinese Camp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Brodiaea pallida)	Terrestrial

	Brodiaea, Thread-leaved	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Brodiaea filifolia)	Terrestrial

	Grass, California Orcutt	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Orcuttia californica)	Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Grass, Colusa	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Neostapfia colusana)	Vernal pool

	Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Orcuttia inaequalis)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Solano	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Tuctoria mucronata)	Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Lily, Pitkin Marsh	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense)	Freshwater

	Lily, Western	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Lilium occidentale)	Terrestrial

	Onion, Munz's	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Allium munzii)	Terrestrial

	Piperia, Yadon's	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Piperia yadonii)	Terrestrial

	Sedge, White	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Carex albida)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Colorado	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Cactus, Knowlton	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus knowltonii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Mesa Verde	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus glaucus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Mancos	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus humillimus)	Terrestrial

	Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Eriogonum pelinophilum)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Greenback Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki stomias)	Freshwater

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	Terrestrial

	Connecticut	( 4) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Agalinis acuta)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Delaware	( 1) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Florida	( 58) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	Freshwater, Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Bankclimber, Purple	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Elliptoideus sloatianus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Medionidus penicillatus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ochlockonee Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Medionidus simpsonianus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oval Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema pyriforme)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis subangulata)	Freshwater

	Slabshell, Chipola	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Elliptio chipolaensis)	Freshwater

	Threeridge, Fat (Mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Amblema neislerii)	Freshwater

	Torreya, Florida	Endangered	Conf/cycds	No

	(Torreya taxifolia)	Terrestrial

	Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave	Threatened	Crustacean	No

	(Palaemonetes cummingi)	Freshwater, Subterraneous

	Aster, Florida Golden	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chrysopsis floridana)	Terrestrial

	Bellflower, Brooksville	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Campanula robinsiae)	Terrestrial

	Birds-in-a-nest, White	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Macbridea alba)	Terrestrial

	Blazing Star, Scrub	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Liatris ohlingerae)	Terrestrial

	Bonamia, Florida	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Bonamia grandiflora)	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Scrub	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium)	Terrestrial

	Butterwort, Godfrey's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pinguicula ionantha)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Campion, Fringed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Silene polypetala)	Terrestrial

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Fringe Tree, Pygmy	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chionanthus pygmaeus)	Terrestrial

	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Ribes echinellum)	Terrestrial

	Gourd, Okeechobee	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis)	Terrestrial

	Harebells, Avon Park	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Crotalaria avonensis)	Terrestrial

	Hypericum, Highlands Scrub	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hypericum cumulicola)	Terrestrial

	Jacquemontia, Beach	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Jacquemontia reclinata)	Terrestrial, Coastal (neritic)

	Lupine, Scrub	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus aridorum)	Terrestrial

	Meadowrue, Cooley's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thalictrum cooleyi)	Terrestrial

	Mint, Garrett's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dicerandra christmanii)	Terrestrial

	Mint, Lakela's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dicerandra immaculata)	Terrestrial

	Mint, Longspurred	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dicerandra cornutissima)	Terrestrial

	Mint, Scrub	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dicerandra frutescens)	Terrestrial

	Mustard, Carter's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Warea carteri)	Terrestrial

	Pawpaw, Beautiful	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Deeringothamnus pulchellus)	Terrestrial

	Pawpaw, Four-petal	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Asimina tetramera)	Terrestrial

	Pawpaw, Rugel's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Deeringothamnus rugelii)	Terrestrial

	Pinkroot, Gentian	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Spigelia gentianoides)	Terrestrial

	Plum, Scrub	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Prunus geniculata)	Terrestrial

	Polygala, Lewton's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Polygala lewtonii)	Terrestrial

	Polygala, Tiny	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Polygala smallii)	Terrestrial

	Rhododendron, Chapman	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rhododendron chapmanii)	Terrestrial

	Rosemary, Etonia	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Conradina etonia)	Terrestrial

	Rosemary, Short-leaved	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Conradina brevifolia)	Terrestrial

	Sandlace	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Polygonella myriophylla)	Terrestrial

	Snakeroot	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eryngium cuneifolium)	Terrestrial

	Spurge, Telephus	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Euphorbia telephioides)	Terrestrial

	Warea, Wide-leaf	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Warea amplexifolia)	Terrestrial

	Water-willow, Cooley's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Justicia cooleyi)	Terrestrial

	Whitlow-wort, Papery	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Paronychia chartacea)	Terrestrial

	Wings, Pigeon	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Clitoria fragrans)	Terrestrial

	Wireweed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Polygonella basiramia)	Terrestrial

	Ziziphus, Florida	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ziziphus celata)	Terrestrial

	Darter, Okaloosa	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma okaloosae)	Freshwater

	Sawfish, Smalltooth	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Pristis pectinata)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Cladonia, Florida Perforate	Endangered	Lichen	No

	(Cladonia perforata)	Terrestrial

	Beargrass, Britton's	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Nolina brittoniana)	Terrestrial

	Seagrass, Johnson's	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Halophila johnsonii)	Coastal (neritic), Saltwater

	Georgia	( 43) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	Freshwater, Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Bankclimber, Purple	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Elliptoideus sloatianus)	Freshwater

	Combshell, Upland	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma metastriata)	Freshwater

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Kidneyshell, Triangular	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Acornshell Southern	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma othcaloogensis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus acutissimus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus parvulus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lampsilis altilis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Medionidus penicillatus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oval Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema pyriforme)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema perovatum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis subangulata)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema decisum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema georgianum)	Freshwater

	Threeridge, Fat (Mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Amblema neislerii)	Freshwater

	Torreya, Florida	Endangered	Conf/cycds	No

	(Torreya taxifolia)	Terrestrial

	Amphianthus, Little	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amphianthus pusillus)	Freshwater

	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Marshallia mohrii)	Terrestrial

	Campion, Fringed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Silene polypetala)	Terrestrial

	Dropwort, Canby's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Oxypolis canbyi)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia oreophila)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Rattleweed, Hairy	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Baptisia arachnifera)	Terrestrial

	Skullcap, Large-flowered	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Scutellaria montana)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Sumac, Michaux's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rhus michauxii)	Terrestrial

	Quillwort, Black-spored	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes melanospora)	Vernal pool

	Quillwort, Mat-forming	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes tegetiformans)	Vernal pool

	Darter, Amber	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Percina antesella)	Freshwater

	Darter, Cherokee	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma scotti)	Freshwater

	Darter, Etowah	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma etowahae)	Freshwater

	Darter, Goldline	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Percina aurolineata)	Freshwater

	Logperch, Conasauga	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Percina jenkinsi)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Blue	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Cyprinella caerulea)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Xyris tennesseensis)	Terrestrial

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Trillium, Persistent	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Trillium persistens)	Terrestrial

	Trillium, Relict	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Trillium reliquum)	Terrestrial

	Water-plantain, Kral's	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Sagittaria secundifolia)	Freshwater

	Hawaii	( 203) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Amphipod, Kauai Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Spelaeorchestia koloana)	Freshwater, Subterraneous

	Abutilon eremitopetalum (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Abutilon eremitopetalum)	Terrestrial

	Achyranthes mutica (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Achyranthes mutica)	Terrestrial

	A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum)	Terrestrial

	A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)	Terrestrial

	'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Nothocestrum breviflorum)	Terrestrial

	'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Nothocestrum peltatum)	Terrestrial

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbe	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana)	Terrestrial

	'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Euphorbia haeleeleana)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope adscendens)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope adscendens)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope balloui)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope balloui)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope haupuensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope haupuensis)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope knudsenii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope knudsenii)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope mucronulata)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope mucronulata)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope munroi)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Melicope munroi)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope ovalis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope ovalis)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope pallida)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope pallida)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope quadrangularis)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Melicope quadrangularis)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope reflexa)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope reflexa)	Terrestrial

	Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Melicope zahlbruckneri)	Terrestrial

	Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Alsinidendron viscosum)	Terrestrial

	'Anunu (Sicyos alba)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sicyos alba)	Terrestrial

	Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Isodendrion hosakae)	Terrestrial

	Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Isodendrion laurifolium)	Terrestrial

	Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Isodendrion longifolium)	Terrestrial

	'Awikiwiki (Canavalia molokaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Canavalia molokaiensis)	Terrestrial

	'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Centaurium sebaeoides)	Terrestrial

	'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hedyotis cookiana)	Terrestrial

	Bonamia menziesii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Bonamia menziesii)	Terrestrial

	Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Chamaesyce halemanui)	Terrestrial

	Cyanea undulata (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea undulata)	Terrestrial

	Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delissea rhytidosperma)	Terrestrial

	Dubautia latifolia (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Dubautia latifolia)	Terrestrial

	Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Dubautia pauciflorula)	Terrestrial

	Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Geranium arboreum)	Terrestrial

	Gouania hillebrandii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Gouania hillebrandii)	Terrestrial

	Gouania meyenii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Gouania meyenii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea asarifolia)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea asarifolia)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea dunbarii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea dunbarii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea glabra)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea glabra)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea hamatiflora carlsonii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea Macrostegia var. gibsonii)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea mannii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea mannii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea mceldowneyi)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea platyphylla)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea platyphylla)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea procera)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea procera)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea recta)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea recta)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea remyi)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea remyi)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea shipmanii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea shipmannii)	Terrestrial

	Haha (Cyanea stictophylla)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyanea stictophylla)	Terrestrial

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyrtandra giffardii)	Terrestrial

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyrtandra limahuliensis)	Terrestrial

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyrtandra munroi)	Terrestrial

	Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Haplostachys haplostachya)	Terrestrial

	Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus woodi)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hibiscadelphus woodii)	Terrestrial

	Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus distans)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hibiscadelphus distans)	Terrestrial

	Heau (Exocarpos luteolus)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Exocarpos luteolus)	Terrestrial

	Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hedyotis st.-johnii)	Terrestrial

	Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hesperomannia arborescens)	Terrestrial

	Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hesperomannia arbuscula)	Terrestrial

	Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hesperomannia lydgatei)	Terrestrial

	Hibiscus, Clay's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hibiscus clayi)	Terrestrial

	Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ochrosia kilaueaensis)	Terrestrial

	Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Wilkesia hobdyi)	Terrestrial

	Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Labordia lydgatei)	Terrestrial

	Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaen)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis)	Terrestrial

	Kamakahala (Labordia triflora)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Labordia triflora)	Terrestrial

	Kanaloa kahoolawensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Kanaloa kahoolawensis)	Terrestrial

	Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Colubrina oppositifolia)	Terrestrial

	Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Pteralyxia kauaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hedyotis coriacea)	Terrestrial

	Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia racemosa)	Terrestrial

	Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Kokia drynarioides)	Terrestrial

	Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Kokia kauaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus)	Endangered
Dicot	Yes

	(Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus)	Terrestrial

	Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae)	Terrestrial

	Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Myrsine linearifolia)	Terrestrial

	Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha)	Terrestrial

	Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Bidens wiebkei)	Terrestrial

	Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Abutilon menziesii)	Terrestrial

	Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi)	Terrestrial

	Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron lychnoides)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Alsinidendron lychnoides)	Terrestrial

	Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Nototrichium humile)	Terrestrial

	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Plantago hawaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Plantago princeps)	Terrestrial

	

	Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea stellarioides)	Terrestrial

	Lipochaeta venosa (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lipochaeta venosa)	Terrestrial

	Lobelia niihauensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lobelia niihauensis)	Terrestrial

	Lysimachia filifolia (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lysimachia filifolia)	Terrestrial

	Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lysimachia lydgatei)	Terrestrial

	Lysimachia maxima (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lysimachia maxima)	Terrestrial

	Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Alectryon macrococcus)	Terrestrial

	Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Peucedanum sandwicense)	Terrestrial

	Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hibiscus brackenridgei)	Terrestrial

	Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea apokremnos)	Terrestrial

	Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Cyrtandra cyaneoides)	Terrestrial

	Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Flueggea neowawraea)	Terrestrial

	Munroidendron racemosum (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Munroidendron racemosum)	Terrestrial

	Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis)	Terrestrial

	Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis)	Endangered	Dicot
Yes

	(Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)	Terrestrial

	Na'u (Gardenia brighamii)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Gardenia brighamii)	Terrestrial

	Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Scaevola coriacea)	Terrestrial

	Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lipochaeta fauriei)	Terrestrial

	Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lipochaeta kamolensis)	Terrestrial

	Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lipochaeta micrantha)	Terrestrial

	Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lipochaeta waimeaensis)	Terrestrial

	Neraudia ovata (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Neraudia ovata)	Terrestrial

	Neraudia sericea (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Neraudia sericea)	Terrestrial

	Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Geranium multiflorum)	Terrestrial

	'Oha (Delissea rivularis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delissea rivularis)	Terrestrial

	'Oha (Delissea undulata)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delissea undulata)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia drepanomorpha)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia drepanomorpha)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia lindseyana)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia peleana)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia pyrularia)	Terrestrial

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Clermontia samuelii)	Terrestrial

	'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sesbania tomentosa)	Terrestrial

	'Olulu (Brighamia insignis)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Brighamia insignis)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia knudsenii)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia mannii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia mannii)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia mollis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia mollis)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia velutina (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia velutina)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia waimeae)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia warshaueri)	Terrestrial

	Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Phyllostegia wawrana)	Terrestrial

	Pilo (Hedyotis mannii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hedyotis mannii)	Terrestrial

	Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Portulaca sclerocarpa)	Terrestrial

	Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum sandwicense)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Solanum sandwicense)	Terrestrial

	Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum incompletum)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Solanum incompletum)	Terrestrial

	Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Brighamia rockii)	Terrestrial

	Remya kauaiensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Remya kauaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Remya montgomeryi (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Remya montgomeryi)	Terrestrial

	Remya, Maui	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Remya mauiensis)	Terrestrial

	Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense)	Terrestrial

	Sanicula purpurea (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sanicula purpurea)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea haleakalensis)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea helleri (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea helleri)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea kauaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea lydgatei (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea lydgatei)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea membranacea (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea membranacea)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea nuttallii (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea nuttallii)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea sarmentosa (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea sarmentosa)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda)	Terrestrial

	Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (ncn)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina)	Terrestrial

	Silene alexandri (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Silene alexandri)	Terrestrial

	Silene hawaiiensis (ncn)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Silene hawaiiensis)	Terrestrial

	Silene lanceolata (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Silene lanceolata)	Terrestrial

	Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum)	Terrestrial

	Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium kauense)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Argyroxiphium kauense)	Terrestrial

	Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense)	Terrestrial

	Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Spermolepis hawaiiensis)	Terrestrial

	Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia)	Terrestrial

	Stenogyne bifida (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Stenogyne bifida)	Terrestrial

	Stenogyne campanulata (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Stenogyne campanulata)	Terrestrial

	Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Tetramolopium arenarium)	Terrestrial

	Tetramolopium capillare (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Tetramolopium capillare)	Terrestrial

	Tetramolopium remyi (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Tetramolopium remyi)	Terrestrial

	Tetramolopium rockii (ncn)	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Tetramolopium rockii)	Coastal (neritic), Terrestrial

	Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Caesalpinia kavaiense)	Terrestrial

	Ulihi (Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Vicia menziesii)	Terrestrial

	Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Vigna o-wahuensis)	Terrestrial

	Viola helenae (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Viola helenae)	Terrestrial

	Viola lanaiensis (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Viola lanaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion pyrifolium)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Isodendrion pyrifolium)	Terrestrial

	Xylosma crenatum (ncn)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Xylosma crenatum)	Terrestrial

	Asplenium fragile var. insulare (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Asplenium fragile var. insulare)	Terrestrial

	Diellia erecta (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Diellia erecta)	Terrestrial

	Diellia pallida (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Diellia pallida)	Terrestrial

	Diellia unisora (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Diellia unisora)	Terrestrial

	Diplazium molokaiense (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Diplazium molokaiense)	Terrestrial

	Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus periens)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Adenophorus periens)	Terrestrial

	'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Marsilea villosa)	Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Ctenitis squamigera)	Terrestrial

	Pteris lidgatei (ncn)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Pteris lidgatei)	Terrestrial

	Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Huperzia) mannii)	Endangered	Ferns	Yes

	(Huperzia mannii)	Terrestrial

	Snail, Newcomb's	Threatened	Gastropod	Yes

	(Erinna newcombi)	Freshwater

	Bluegrass, Hawaiian	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Poa sandvicensis)	Terrestrial

	Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Poa mannii)	Terrestrial

	Gahnia Lanaiensis (ncn)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Gahnia lanaiensis)	Terrestrial

	Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Pleomele hawaiiensis)	Terrestrial

	Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Ischaemum byrone)	Terrestrial

	Kamanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Cenchrus agrimonioides)	Terrestrial

	Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Panicum niihauense)	Terrestrial

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Pritchardia affinis)	Terrestrial

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia munroi)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Pritchardia munroi)	Terrestrial

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Pritchardia napaliensis)	Terrestrial

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Pritchardia schattaueri)	Terrestrial

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Pritchardia viscosa)	Terrestrial

	Mariscus fauriei (ncn)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Mariscus fauriei)	Terrestrial

	Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Mariscus pennatiformis)	Terrestrial

	Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei var.carteri)	Endangered	Monocot
Yes

	(Panicum fauriei var. carteri)	Terrestrial

	Platanthera holochila (ncn)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Platanthera holochila)	Terrestrial

	Poa siphonoglossa (ncn)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Poa siphonoglossa)	Terrestrial

	Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos)	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Cyperus trachysanthos)	Terrestrial

	Wahane (Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii)	Terrestrial

	Idaho	( 16) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Silene spaldingii)	Terrestrial

	Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Mirabilis macfarlanei)	Terrestrial

	Howellia, Water	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Howellia aquatilis)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Limpet, Banbury Springs	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Lanx sp.)	Freshwater

	Snail, Bliss Rapids	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Taylorconcha serpenticola)	Freshwater

	Snail, Snake River Physa	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Physa natricina)	Terrestrial

	Snail, Utah Valvata	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Valvata utahensis)	Terrestrial

	Springsnail, Bruneau Hot	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis)	Freshwater

	Springsnail, Idaho	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Fontelicella idahoensis)	Freshwater

	Illinois	( 18) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	Freshwater

	Amphipod, Illinois Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Gammarus acherondytes)	Subterraneous, Freshwater

	Aster, Decurrent False	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Boltonia decurrens)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dalea foliosa)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Lakeside	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Hymenoxys herbacea)	Freshwater

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Potato-bean, Price's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Apios priceana)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium pitcheri)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Snail, Iowa Pleistocene	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Discus macclintocki)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Indiana	( 14) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Obovaria retusa)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema plenum)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Northern	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	Freshwater

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Goldenrod, Short's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Solidago shortii)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium pitcheri)	Terrestrial

	Iowa	( 9) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aconitum noveboracense)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Snail, Iowa Pleistocene	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Discus macclintocki)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Kansas	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Madtom, Neosho	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Noturus placidus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Kentucky	( 37) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma brevidens)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Alasmidonta atropurpurea)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oyster	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Obovaria retusa)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema plenum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula fragosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula sparsa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cracking	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Hemistena lata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Villosa trabalis)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Dromus dromas)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pegias fabula)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina florentina)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Northern	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Tan	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri))	Freshwater

	Shrimp, Kentucky Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Palaemonias ganteri)	Freshwater

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Goldenrod, Short's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Solidago shortii)	Terrestrial

	Goldenrod, White-haired	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Solidago albopilosa)	Terrestrial

	Potato-bean, Price's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Apios priceana)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Large (=Braun's)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla Rollins)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Small	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. perstellata Fernald)	Terrestrial

	Rosemary, Cumberland	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Conradina verticillata)	Terrestrial

	Sandwort, Cumberland	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arenaria cumberlandensis)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Dace, Blackside	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	Freshwater

	Darter, Relict	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma chienense)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Palezone	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Notropis albizonatus)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Louisiana	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus inflatus)	Freshwater

	Pearlshell, Louisiana	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Margaritifera hembeli)	Freshwater

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes louisianensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Maine	( 5) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Lousewort, Furbish	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pedicularis furbishiae)	Terrestrial

	Salmon, Atlantic	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Salmo salar)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Maryland	( 8) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Dropwort, Canby's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Oxypolis canbyi)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Agalinis acuta)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Darter, Maryland	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma sellare)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Massachusetts	( 4) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Agalinis acuta)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Michigan	( 8) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Northern	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	Freshwater

	Goldenrod, Houghton's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Solidago houghtonii)	Terrestrial

	Monkey-flower, Michigan	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium pitcheri)	Terrestrial

	Iris, Dwarf Lake	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Iris lacustris)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Minnesota	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula fragosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

	Roseroot, Leedy's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi)	Terrestrial

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Lily, Minnesota Trout	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Erythronium propullans)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Mississippi	( 14) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi DPS)	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Rana capito sevosa)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Combshell, Southern (=Penitent mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma penita)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Orangenacre	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lampsilis perovalis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema curtum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Tait's Mussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema taitianum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	Threatened	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus inflatus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema perovatum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema decisum)	Freshwater

	Pondberry	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lindera melissifolia)	Terrestrial

	Potato-bean, Price's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Apios priceana)	Terrestrial

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes louisianensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Darter, Bayou	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma rubrum)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Missouri	( 21) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Scaleshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Leptodea leptodon)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula fragosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Curtis'	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina curtisii)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum)	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Cambarus aculabrum)	Freshwater

	Aster, Decurrent False	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Boltonia decurrens)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Bladderpod, Missouri	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lesquerella filiformis)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Geocarpon minimum)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Sneezeweed, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helenium virginicum)	Vernal pool

	Cavefish, Ozark	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Amblyopsis rosae)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Darter, Niangua	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma nianguae)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Neosho	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Noturus placidus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Gulf	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Antrobia culveri)	Subterraneous, Freshwater

	Montana	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Silene spaldingii)	Terrestrial

	Howellia, Water	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Howellia aquatilis)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Nebraska	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Penstemon, Blowout	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Penstemon haydenii)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Nevada	( 20) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Blazing Star, Ash Meadows	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Mentzelia leucophylla)	Terrestrial

	Centaury, Spring-loving	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Centaurium namophilum)	Terrestrial

	Gumplant, Ash Meadows	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Grindelia fraxino-pratensis)	Terrestrial

	Ivesia, Ash Meadows	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Ivesia kingii var. eremica)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus phoenix)	Terrestrial

	Niterwort, Amargosa	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Nitrophila mohavensis)	Terrestrial

	Sunray, Ash Meadows	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Virgin River	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	Freshwater

	Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis)	Freshwater

	Dace, Moapa	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Moapa coriacea)	Freshwater

	Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump Killifish)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Empetrichthys latos)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Devils Hole	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Cyprinodon diabolis)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Warm Springs	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis)	Freshwater

	Spinedace, White River	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Lepidomeda albivallis)	Freshwater

	Springfish, Railroad Valley	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Crenichthys nevadae)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	Woundfin	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	Freshwater

	New Hampshire	( 2) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	New Jersey	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aeschynomene virginica)	Terrestrial, Brackish

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Beaked-rush, Knieskern's	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Rhynchospora knieskernii)	Terrestrial

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	New Mexico	( 27) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Rana chiricahuensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	

	Isopod, Socorro	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Thermosphaeroma thermophilus)	Freshwater

	Cactus, Knowlton	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus knowltonii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Mesa Verde	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	Terrestrial

	Fleabane, Zuni	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Erigeron rhizomatus)	Terrestrial

	Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Mancos	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus humillimus)	Terrestrial

	Pennyroyal, Todsen's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Hedeoma todsenii)	Terrestrial

	Poppy, Sacramento Prickly	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Pecos	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus paradoxus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Thistle, Sacramento Mountains	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium vinaceum)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Chihuahua	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Gila nigrescens)	Freshwater

	Chub, Gila	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila intermedia)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Loach	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Tiaroga cobitis)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Hybognathus amarus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Beautiful	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinella formosa)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis simus pecosensis)	Freshwater

	Spikedace	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Meda fulgida)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)	Freshwater

	Trout, Gila	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus gilae)	Freshwater

	Springsnail, Alamosa	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Tryonia alamosae)	Freshwater

	Springsnail, Socorro	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis neomexicana)	Freshwater

	New York	( 9) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amaranthus pumilus)	Coastal (neritic)

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Agalinis acuta)	Terrestrial

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aconitum noveboracense)	Terrestrial

	Roseroot, Leedy's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi)	Terrestrial

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Threatened	Ferns	No

	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Succinea chittenangoensis)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	North Carolina	( 37) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Elktoe, Appalachian	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Alasmidonta raveneliana)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lasmigona decorata)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oyster	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pegias fabula)	Freshwater

	Spinymussel, James River	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema collina)	Freshwater

	Spinymussel, Tar River	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Elliptio steinstansana)	Freshwater

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amaranthus pumilus)	Coastal (neritic)

	Avens, Spreading	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Geum radiatum)	Terrestrial

	Bittercress, Small-anthered	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cardamine micranthera)	Terrestrial

	Blazing Star, Heller's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Liatris helleri)	Terrestrial

	Bluet, Roan Mountain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hedyotis purpurea var. montana)	Terrestrial

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Coneflower, Smooth	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinacea laevigata)	Terrestrial

	Goldenrod, Blue Ridge	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Solidago spithamaea)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Hexastylis naniflora)	Terrestrial

	Heather, Mountain Golden	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Hudsonia montana)	Terrestrial

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aeschynomene virginica)	Terrestrial, Brackish

	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lysimachia asperulaefolia)	Terrestrial

	Meadowrue, Cooley's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thalictrum cooleyi)	Terrestrial

	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Pondberry	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lindera melissifolia)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Sumac, Michaux's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rhus michauxii)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Spotfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimonax monachus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Cape Fear	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis mekistocholas)	Freshwater

	Silverside, Waccamaw	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Menidia extensa)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Snail, Noonday	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Mesodon clarki nantahala)	Terrestrial

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Endangered	Lichen	No

	(Gymnoderma lineare)	Terrestrial

	Arrowhead, Bunched	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Sagittaria fasciculata)	Freshwater

	Irisette, White	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Sisyrinchium dichotomum)	Terrestrial

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Sedge, Golden	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Carex lutea)	Terrestrial

	North Dakota	( 1) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Ohio	( 13) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Northern	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	Freshwater

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Lakeside	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Hymenoxys herbacea)	Freshwater

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aconitum noveboracense)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Madtom, Scioto	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Noturus trautmani)	Freshwater

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Oklahoma	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Scaleshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Leptodea leptodon)	Freshwater

	Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (=Wheeler's pm)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Arkansia wheeleri)	Freshwater

	Cavefish, Ozark	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Amblyopsis rosae)	Freshwater

	Darter, Leopard	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Percina pantherina)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Neosho	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Noturus placidus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Oregon	( 28) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Threatened	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta lynchi)	Vernal pool

	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea nelsoniana)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Willamette	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens)	Terrestrial

	Lomatium, Bradshaw's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lomatium bradshawii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Lomatium, Cook's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lomatium cookii)	Vernal pool

	Lupine, Kincaid's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))
Terrestrial

	Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora)	Vernal pool

	Popcornflower, Rough	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Plagiobothrys hirtus)	Vernal pool

	Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Thelypodium howellii spectabilis)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Oregon	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oregonichthys crameri)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Lower Columbia River)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Willamette River)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chum (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Lower Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Upper Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Upper Willamette River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Fritillary, Gentner's	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Fritillaria gentneri)	Terrestrial

	Lily, Western	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Lilium occidentale)	Terrestrial

	Pennsylvania	( 4) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Northern	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	Freshwater

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Rhode Island	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Agalinis acuta)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	South Carolina	( 23) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	Freshwater, Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lasmigona decorata)	Freshwater

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amaranthus pumilus)	Coastal (neritic)

	Amphianthus, Little	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amphianthus pusillus)	Freshwater

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Coneflower, Smooth	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinacea laevigata)	Terrestrial

	Dropwort, Canby's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Oxypolis canbyi)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Ribes echinellum)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Hexastylis naniflora)	Terrestrial

	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lysimachia asperulaefolia)	Terrestrial

	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Pondberry	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lindera melissifolia)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	Terrestrial

	Quillwort, Black-spored	Endangered	Ferns	No

	(Isoetes melanospora)	Vernal pool

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Endangered	Lichen	No

	(Gymnoderma lineare)	Terrestrial

	Arrowhead, Bunched	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Sagittaria fasciculata)	Freshwater

	Irisette, White	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Sisyrinchium dichotomum)	Terrestrial

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Trillium, Persistent	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Trillium persistens)	Terrestrial

	Trillium, Relict	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Trillium reliquum)	Terrestrial

	South Dakota	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Tennessee	( 73) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Combshell, Upland	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma metastriata)	Freshwater

	Elktoe, Appalachian	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Alasmidonta raveneliana)	Freshwater

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Kidneyshell, Triangular	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus acutissimus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Medionidus parvulus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma brevidens)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Alasmidonta atropurpurea)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema gibberum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	Threatened	Bivalve	Yes

	(Lampsilis altilis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema perovatum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oyster	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Obovaria retusa)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema plenum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cor)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Pleurobema georgianum)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis virescens)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula sparsa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Birdwing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Conradilla caelata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cracking	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Hemistena lata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Villosa trabalis)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula intermedia)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Dromus dromas)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Green-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pegias fabula)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Toxolasma cylindrellus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma turgidula)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina florentina)	Freshwater

	Purple Bean	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Villosa perpurpurea)	Freshwater

	Rabbitsfoot, Rough	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Quadrula cylindrica strigillata)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Tan	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri))	Freshwater

	Crayfish, Nashville	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Orconectes shoupi)	Freshwater

	Aster, Ruth's Golden	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pityopsis ruthii)	Terrestrial

	Avens, Spreading	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Geum radiatum)	Terrestrial

	Bladderpod, Spring Creek	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lesquerella perforata)	Floodplain

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dalea foliosa)	Terrestrial

	Coneflower, Tennessee Purple	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinacea tennesseensis)	Terrestrial

	Ground-plum, Guthrie's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus bibullatus)	Terrestrial

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sarracenia oreophila)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Potato-bean, Price's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Apios priceana)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Large (=Braun's)	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla Rollins)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Small	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. perstellata Fernald)	Terrestrial

	Rosemary, Cumberland	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Conradina verticillata)	Terrestrial

	Sandwort, Cumberland	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arenaria cumberlandensis)	Terrestrial

	Skullcap, Large-flowered	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Scutellaria montana)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Threatened	Ferns	No

	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Slender	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimystax cahni)	Freshwater

	Chub, Spotfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimonax monachus)	Freshwater

	Dace, Blackside	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	Freshwater

	Darter, Amber	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Percina antesella)	Freshwater

	Darter, Bluemask (=jewel)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma /)	Freshwater

	Darter, Boulder	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma wapiti)	Freshwater

	Darter, Duskytail	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma percnurum)	Freshwater

	Darter, Slackwater	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma boschungi)	Freshwater

	Darter, Snail	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Percina tanasi)	Freshwater

	Logperch, Conasauga	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Percina jenkinsi)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Pygmy	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Noturus stanauli)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Smoky	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Noturus baileyi)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Yellowfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Noturus flavipinnis)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Blue	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Cyprinella caerulea)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail)	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe)	Terrestrial

	Riversnail, Anthony's	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Athearnia anthonyi)	Freshwater

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Endangered	Lichen	No

	(Gymnoderma lineare)	Terrestrial

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Xyris tennesseensis)	Terrestrial

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Texas	( 42) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Barton Springs	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Eurycea sosorum)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Salamander, San Marcos	Threatened	Amphibian	Yes

	(Eurycea nana)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Salamander, Texas Blind	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Typhlomolge rathbuni)	Subterraneous, Freshwater

	Toad, Houston	Endangered	Amphibian	Yes

	(Bufo houstonensis)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Amphipod, Peck's Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki)	Subterraneous, Freshwater

	Ambrosia, South Texas	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ambrosia cheiranthifolia)	Terrestrial

	Ayenia, Texas	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ayenia limitaris)	Terrestrial

	Bladderpod, Zapata	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lesquerella thamnophila)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Black Lace	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Bunched Cory	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha ramillosa)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus chisoensis var. chisoensis)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Echinomastus mariposensis)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Nellie Cory	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha minima)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Star	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astrophytum asterias)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ancistrocactus tobuschii)	Terrestrial

	Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cryptantha crassipes)	Terrestrial

	Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas Bitterweed)	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hymenoxys texana)	Terrestrial

	Dogweed, Ashy	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thymophylla tephroleuca)	Terrestrial

	Frankenia, Johnston's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Frankenia johnstonii)	Terrestrial

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Geocarpon minimum)	Terrestrial

	Manioc, Walker's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Manihot walkerae)	Terrestrial

	Oak, Hinckley	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Quercus hinckleyi)	Terrestrial

	Phlox, Texas Trailing	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis)	Terrestrial

	Pitaya, Davis' Green	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii)	Terrestrial

	Poppy-mallow, Texas	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Callirhoe scabriuscula)	Terrestrial

	Sand-verbena, Large-fruited	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Abronia macrocarpa)	Terrestrial

	Snowbells, Texas	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Styrax texanus)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Pecos	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus paradoxus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Darter, Fountain	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma fonticola)	Freshwater

	Gambusia, Big Bend	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gambusia gaigei)	Freshwater

	Gambusia, Clear Creek	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gambusia heterochir)	Freshwater

	Gambusia, Pecos	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gambusia nobilis)	Freshwater

	Gambusia, San Marcos	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gambusia georgei)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Devils River	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Dionda diaboli)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Comanche Springs	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Cyprinodon elegans)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Leon Springs	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon bovinus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Snail, Pecos Assiminea	Endangered	Gastropod	Yes

	(Assiminea pecos)	Freshwater

	Ladies'-tresses, Navasota	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Spiranthes parksii)	Terrestrial

	Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Potamogeton clystocarpus)	Freshwater

	Wild-rice, Texas	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Zizania texana)	Freshwater

	Utah	( 24) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Bear-poppy, Dwarf	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arctomecon humilis)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus glaucus)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Wright Fishhook	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus wrightiae)	Terrestrial

	Cycladenia, Jones	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis))	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Deseret	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus desereticus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Heliotrope	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus montii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus holmgreniorum)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Shivwits	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus ampullarioides)	Terrestrial

	Phacelia, Clay	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phacelia argillacea)	Terrestrial

	Primrose, Maguire	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Primula maguirei)	Terrestrial

	Reed-mustard, Shrubby	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schoenocrambe suffrutescens)	Terrestrial

	Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lepidium barnebyanum)	Terrestrial

	Townsendia, Last Chance	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Townsendia aprica)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Chub, Virgin River	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, June	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Chasmistes liorus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	Woundfin	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	Freshwater

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	Terrestrial

	Sedge, Navajo	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Carex specuicola)	Terrestrial

	Vermont	( 2) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Virginia	( 47) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Shenandoah	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Plethodon shenandoah)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma brevidens)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Alasmidonta atropurpurea)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Oyster	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema plenum)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Fusconaia cor)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula sparsa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Birdwing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Conradilla caelata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cracking	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Hemistena lata)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Villosa trabalis)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula intermedia)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Dromus dromas)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Green-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pegias fabula)	Freshwater

	Purple Bean	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Villosa perpurpurea)	Freshwater

	Rabbitsfoot, Rough	Endangered	Bivalve	Yes

	(Quadrula cylindrica strigillata)	Freshwater

	Riffleshell, Tan	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri))	Freshwater

	Spinymussel, James River	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema collina)	Freshwater

	Isopod, Lee County Cave	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Lirceus usdagalun)	Freshwater

	Isopod, Madison Cave	Threatened	Crustacean	No

	(Antrolana lira)	Freshwater

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Amaranthus pumilus)	Coastal (neritic)

	Bittercress, Small-anthered	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cardamine micranthera)	Terrestrial

	Chaffseed, American	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schwalbea americana)	Terrestrial

	Coneflower, Smooth	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinacea laevigata)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aeschynomene virginica)	Terrestrial, Brackish

	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arabis serotina)	Terrestrial

	Sneezeweed, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helenium virginicum)	Vernal pool

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Sumac, Michaux's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rhus michauxii)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Slender	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimystax cahni)	Freshwater

	Chub, Spotfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Erimonax monachus)	Freshwater

	Dace, Blackside	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	Freshwater

	Darter, Duskytail	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Etheostoma percnurum)	Freshwater

	Logperch, Roanoke	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Percina rex)	Freshwater

	Madtom, Yellowfin	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Noturus flavipinnis)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Polygyriscus virginianus)	Terrestrial

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Pink, Swamp	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Helonias bullata)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Isotria medeoloides)	Terrestrial

	Washington	( 25) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Silene spaldingii)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea nelsoniana)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Wenatchee Mountains	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sidalcea oregana var. calva)	Terrestrial

	Howellia, Water	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Howellia aquatilis)	Freshwater

	Lupine, Kincaid's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))
Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, Golden	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja levisecta)	Terrestrial

	Stickseed, Showy	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Hackelia venusta)	Terrestrial

	Salmon, Chinook (Lower Columbia River)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Puget Sound)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Willamette River)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chum (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chum (Hood Canal Summer population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Sockeye (Ozette Lake population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Saltwater, Freshwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Lower Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Upper Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Upper Willamette River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	West Virginia	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Salamander, Cheat Mountain	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Plethodon nettingi)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Fanshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	Freshwater

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	Freshwater

	Spinymussel, James River	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema collina)	Freshwater

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Harperella	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	Freshwater

	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arabis serotina)	Terrestrial

	Spiraea, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Spiraea virginiana)	Terrestrial

	Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Triodopsis platysayoides)	Terrestrial

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Wisconsin	( 8) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula fragosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

	Locoweed, Fassett's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea)	Terrestrial

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aconitum noveboracense)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium pitcheri)	Terrestrial

	Iris, Dwarf Lake	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Iris lacustris)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

 Cox, C.  1992.  1,3-Dichloropropene.  Journal of Pesticide Reform. 
12(1):33 -37, and references therein.  Available at
http://www.pesticide.org/dichloropropene.pdf

 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service,
2002 Census of Agriculture.  Available at
http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/index1.htm

 U.S. EPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in
the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:
Endangered and Treatened Species Effects Determinations.  USEPA, Office
of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  January 23, 2004.  Available
at: http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf.

 Michigan State University Extension. 1999.  MSU Extension Fruit
Bulletins – 26449701: Extension Bulletin E-2644 (Vineyard
Establishment I – Preplant Decisions). 
http://web1.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modfr/26449701.html.

Lord. W.  2001.  Growing Grapes.  University of New Hampshire Extension
Fact Sheet.   http://extension.unh.edu/Pubs/HGPubs/growgrap.pdf

 Beyer, W. N., E.E. Connor, and S. Gerould.  1994.  Estimates of soil
ingestion by wildlife.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  58(2):375-382

 EFED’s User’s Guide to T-REX Version 1.2.3.
http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/trex_usersguide.htm.

 U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development. 1993.  Wildlife Exposure
Factors Handbook Volume I.  Publication # EPA/600/R-93/187.  Available
at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/toc2-37.pdf.

 USEPA.  1978.  In-depth studies on health and environmental impacts of
selected water pollutants. (Table of data available from Charles E.
Stephan, USEPA, Duluth, MN). 

 Horn, J. D. and B. R. Oblad.  1983.  Aquatic toxicity studies of six
priority pollutants.  Final Report EPA Contract No. 68-01-6201.  NUS
Corporation, Houston, TX.  Report
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ᤀReduced survival, growth, and reproduction of individuals

Attribute changes

Aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates (and aquatic phase amphibians)

Aquatic plants

Terrestrial upland/

riparian plants

Terrestrial vertebrates

(birds, mammals, reptiles, terrestrial phase amphibians)

Receptors

Gill/integument uptake

Direct contact and/or root uptake

Air above soil/downwind

Inhalation

Ingestion

(Incidental soil, food)

Exposure route

Ground water

Surface water bodies

Upland soil/

Riparian soil

Target area soil and plant foliage

Stressor

Source exposure media

Leaching

(1,3-D and degradates)

Runoff/erosion

(1,3-D and degradates)

Volatilization and transport via wind 

(1,3-D only)

Direct deposition/ 

soil saturation

(1,3-D and degradates)

Source transport pathways

1,3-Dicholoropropene application to grapes via drip irrigation

Reduced population biomass and growth rate

Direct contact and/or root uptake