Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0394-0008
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2012-08-17T04:00Z

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY
AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
                 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                            WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

								PC Code: 	288202
                        				DP Barcode:	D391853

MEMORANDUM

DATE:		November 4, 2011

SUBJECT:		[Revised to Include Leafy Petioles] Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for Cyprodinil and its Metabolite CGA-249287 for the New Use of the Chemical on Various New Tree Nuts, Bulb Onion, Green Onion, Leafy Vegetable (Except Brassica), Leafy Petioles, Fruiting Vegetable, Pome Fruit, Caneberry, Bushberry, Small Fruit Climbing (Except Fuzzy Kiwifruit), Low Growing Berry (Except Cranberry) and Dragon Fruit
FROM:		José L. Meléndez, Chemist
				Environmental Risk Branch V
				Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)	

THROUGH:	Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Branch Chief
				Environmental Risk Branch 5
				Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

TO:				Lisa Jones, Risk Manager Reviewer
				Shaha Joyner, Risk Manager #20
				Cynthia Giles-Parker, Branch Chief
				Fungicide Branch

				Laura Nollen, Risk Manager Reviewer
				Barbara Madden, Risk Manager #05
				Daniel Rosenblatt, Branch Chief
				Risk Integration, Minor Use and Emergency Response Branch
				Registration Division (7505P)

AND:			Thurston Morton, Chemist
				Christine Olinger, Acting Branch Chief
				Risk Assessment Branch 4
				Health Effects Division (7509P)

This memo presents the Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) for cyprodinil, an active ingredient of Vangard[(R)] WG, Switch[TM] 62.5, and Inspire Super(TM) Fungicides, and its metabolite CGA-249287.  It was revised to include leafy petioles (subgroup 4B), which were not included in the June 30, 2011 drinking waters assessment (DWA) (D385884+).  Based on a review of the use information, it was found that all the newly proposed crops have a similar or lower application rate than the maximum application rate of 0.47 lb a.i./A applied 3 times/year, or 1.4 lb a.i./A/year, previously modeled using the New York grapes scenario.  EDWCs for the new uses should be similar than those already calculated for grapes; therefore, a new DWA is not required.  The values reported in the previous assessment can be used to cover the new crops.  An electronic copy of the previous DWA is provided in Attachment A (DP Barcode D382086), which also provides structures and nomenclature of cyprodinil and its metabolite CGA-249287 (as per the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee's (MARC) decision document).

The tier 2 aquatic models PRZM/EXAMS and the tier 1 model SCI-GROW were used to obtain EDWCs in surface water and groundwater, respectively.  The acute EDWC in surface water is 34.79 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287 (i.e., cyprodinil + CGA-249287).  The chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  The cancer/chronic EDWC in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  All surface waters EDWCs were obtained using the New York grapes PRZM scenario.  The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for the use on grapes is 0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  The summary of the results is presented in the Table 1 of the Attachment A.  For details on methods, characterization of results, uncertainties, etc., please, refer to the Attachment A.

Should it be required, additional refinements may be available.  For example, regional PCAs and typical use rates may be options to be used should it be requested by HED.

Identification of specific data gaps:
The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is considered substantially complete; there are no new data available for this assessment.  There is uncertainty with the aqueous photolysis study (MRID 43908422).  It was carried out with natural (unsterilized) water.  Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern, with slow transformation at the beginning.  The possibility of microbial transformation is not ruled out.  For modeling purposes, it was assumed that cyprodinil is stable to aqueous photolysis, which is a conservative assumption.

Use information:
Three end-use products are involved in this DWA, as follows.  One product contains only cyprodinil, while two of the products have another active ingredient:

   * Vangard(R) WG Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-828), containing 75.0% cyprodinil A.I. and 25.0% other ingredients
   * Switch(R) 62.5G Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) containing 37.5% cyprodinil A.I., 25.0% fludioxonil A.I. and 37.5% other ingredients
   * Inspire Super(TM) Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 100-1317) containing 24.1% cyprodinil A.I., 8.4% difenoconazole A.I. and 67.5% other ingredients

A previous DWA, dated November 8, 2010 (Attachment A), involved only the products Vangard(R) WG and Switch(R) 62.5G Fungicides and the request to apply a maximum of two times aerially the product to most of the crops.  The registrant also requested the approval of chemigation method of application for several of the crops.

One of the proposed changes evaluated in this DWA, for the products Vangard(R) WG and Inspire Super(TM) Fungicides, is a tolerance petition to include several nut trees, crop group 14.  These are added crops besides almonds and pistachios, which are already approved for cyprodinil.  Furthermore, it is proposed to reduce the pre-harvest interval for almonds from 60 days to 14 days.  However, the maximum application rate on tree nuts is the same than previously assessed for almonds.

In a separate request (IR-4 tolerance petition) involving all three product labels, the registrant is proposing to add the following crops groups to the labels:
   * Bulb onion subgroup 3-07A
   * Green onion subgroup 3-07B
   * Leafy vegetable subgroup 4A, except brassica
   * Leafy petioles subgroup 4B
   * Fruiting vegetable group 8-10
   * Pome fruit group 11-10
   * Caneberry subgroup 13-07A
   * Bushberry subgroup 13-07B
   * Small fruit climbing subgroup 13-07F, except fuzzy kiwifruit
   * Low growing berry subgroup 13-07G, except cranberry
   * Dragon fruit

Table 1 provides a summary of the use information for the pesticide cyprodinil (i.e., the table does not include the other two active ingredients).  Generally, no more than two sequential applications are allowed as part of a resistance management strategy (unless otherwise stated for a crop).  The label requires a buffer zone to protect lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds.  For ground applications the buffer zone is 75 ft; meanwhile, for aerial applications the buffer zone is 150 ft.  A vegetative filter strip should be allowed within 10 ft of aquatic areas.  Furthermore, other measures of precaution are required (e.g. applications when gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph are not allowed).

The following crops were previously modeled.  All the crops for which aerial applications are allowed were modeled using all aerial applications as the most conservative scenario.
   * CA almond (covers tree nuts crop group 14)
   * NY grape (covers grapes and associated crops)
   * CA fruit (covers pome fruits)
   * MI cherry (despite having a lower single application rate, it has the same maximum seasonal rate; thus, it covers other stone fruits)
   * GA onion (covers crops under the onion group)
   * FL strawberry (covers crops under the strawberry and other berries category)
   * PA tomato (covers crops under the fruiting vegetables category)
   * OR Snap Bean, MO Melon and NC sweet potato (they have the same application rate than leafy vegetables and leafy petioles; thus, they cover the new crops)
   * CA fruit and MI cherry covers the new crop dragon fruit

Since previously modeled crops cover the new proposed crops, the results of the previous DWA can be used for the new uses.

Table 1.  Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828), Switch(R) 62.5G (EPA Reg. No. 100-953) and Inspire Super(TM) (EPA Reg. No. 1317) Fungicides.  Changes or new crops are shaded blue.  Scenarios that were previously modeled are shaded yellow.
Use
                                Single App Rate
                                  (lb a.i./A)
                                Number of Apps.
                               Yearly App. Rate
                                  (lb a.i./A)
                         Interval Between Apps. (days)
                                  App Method
                          Pre-Harvest Interval (days)
Almond (CA almond)
                                     0.47
                                       3
                                      1.4
                                 NS or 14 (1)
                                     G, A*
                                      14
Pistachio
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                      14
                                     G, A*
                                       7
Tree Nuts (beech, Brazil nut, butternut, cashew, chestnut, chinquapin, filbert (hazelnut), hickory nut, macadamia nut, pecan, walnut (black and English))
                                     0.47
                                       3
                                      1.4
                                      NS
                                     (2) 
                                     G, A*
                                      14
Citrus (lemon, lime)
                                     0.33
                                       1
                                     0.33
                                      N/A
                                       G
                                       0
Grapes (NY Grape) (including cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these; Amur river grape, hardy kiwifruit, maypop, schisandra berry; and muscadines, gooseberry for Inspire Super(TM) only)
                                     0.47
                                       3
                                      1.4
                                       7
                                     G, A*
                                      (5)
                                      7;
                      (14 days for Inspire Super(TM) only)
Kiwi
                                     0.47
                                       2
                                     0.94
                                       7
                                     G, A*
                                       0
Pome Fruits (CA fruit) (apples, azarole, crabapples, loquat, mayhaw, medlar, pears, Asian pear, quince, Chinese quince, Japanese quince, tejocote and cultivars, varieties and/or hybrids of these)
                                     0.23
                                      5-6
                                      1.4
                                       7
                                     G, A*
                                      (6)
                                       0
Stone Fruits (MI Cherry) (apricot, tart cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes)
                                     0.23,
                                  0.47 in CA
                                      6,
                                    3 in CA
                                      1.4
                                   1.4 in CA
                                      NS
                                      (3)
                                     G, A*
                                       2
Tropical Fruits (Dragon fruit, lychee, longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, avocado, black sapote, canistel, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla and star apple)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, A*
                                      (5)
                                       0
Beans (dried and succulent, except cowpeas) (OR Snap Bean) (garbanzo bean or chickpea, grain lupin bean, sweet lupin bean, white lupin bean, white sweet lupin bean, kidney bean, lima bean, mung bean, navy bean, pinto bean, snap bean, wax bean, fava bean, asparagus bean and blackeyed pea)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       7
Berries: (including all cultivars and/ or hybrids of these)
Bushberries (aronia berry, black currant, blueberry high and low bush, Buffalo currant, Chilean guava, currant, edible honeysuckle, elderberry, European barberry, gooseberry, highbush cranberry, huckleberry, jostaberry, juneberry (Saskatoon berry), lingonberry, native currant, red currant, salal, sea buckthorn)
Caneberries (blackberry, loganberry, red and black raspberry, wild raspberry)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, A*
                                      (5)
                                       0
Brassica (cole) leafy vegetables (broccoli, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, cavalo broccolo, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mizuna, mustard greens, mustard spinach, rape greens and turnip greens)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       7
Cucurbit Crops (MO Melon) (cantaloupe, cucumber, guourds, honeydew, muskmelon, watermelon, chayote, Chinese waxgourd, Momordica spp. (bitter melon, balsam apple), pumpkin, squash and zucchini)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       1
Herbs, Dried and Fresh (angelica, balm, basil, borage, burnet, camomille, catnip, dried chervil leaves, chive, clary, coriander leaves {cilantro}, costmary, culantro leaves, curry leaves, dillweed, horehound, hyssop, lavender, lemongrass, lovage leaves, marigold, marjoram, nasturtium, dried parsley leaves, pennyroyal, rosemary, rue, sage, summer and winter savory, sweet bay, tansy, tarragon, thyme, wintergreen, woodruff and wormwood)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       7
Leafy Vegetables (except brassica) (head and leaf of lettuce, amaranth, arugula, chervil, edible chrysanthemum, corn salad, cress, dandelion, dock, escarole endive (escarole), New Zealand spinach, orach, parsley, purslane, radicchio, spinach, spinach vine)
Leafy Petioles (Cardoon celery; celery; Chinese celery; celtuce; Florence fennel; rhubarb; Swiss chard)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                      (7)
                                       0
Leaves of Root and Tuber Vegetables (NC Sweet Potato) (carrot, garden beet, sugar beet, edible burdock, cassava, celeriac, chicory, dasheen, parsnip, Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, Spanish salsify, sweet potato, tanier, turnip rooted chervil, true yam)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                    1.3 (4)
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       7
Root Vegetables (except sugar beet) (edible burdock, carrot, celeriac, chicory, garden beet, ginseng, horseradish, parsnip, Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, Spanish salsify, skirret, turnip, turnip root parsley, turnip rooted chervil)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                    1.3 (4)
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       7
Bulb Onion (GA Onion) (Chinese onion, dry bulb onion, daylily bulb, Fritillaria bulb, garlic, great headed garlic, lily bulb, pearl onion, potato onion, serpent garlic, shallot)
Green Onion (Beltsville bunching onion, Chinese chive fresh leaves, fresh chive leaves, Fritillaria leaves, fresh onion, green onion, Hosta elegans, Kurrat, lady's leek, leek, macrostem onion, shallot fresh leaves, tree tops onion, Welsh onion tops, wild leek, wild onion)
Onions Grown for Seed
                                     0.47
                                   3 at 0.43
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                      (7)
                                       7
Strawberries (FL Strawberry) (including cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these, bearberry, bildberry, cloudberry, mountries, partridgeberry)
                                     0.47
                                   3 at 0.43
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                      (5)
                                       0
Tomatoes, Peppers, Eggplant and Other Fruiting Vegetables (PA Tomato) (African eggplant, bush tomato, bell pepper, cocona, currant tomato, eggplant, garden huckleberry, Goji berry, groundcherry, Martynia, naranjilla, okra, pea eggplant, pepino, bell pepper, nonbell pepper, Roselle, scarlet eggplant, sunberry, tomatillo, tomato, tree tomato)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                   G, A*, C
                                       0
Watercress
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, C
                                       0
G = ground; A* = Aerial (maximum of two aerial applications allowed); C = Chemigation; NS = Not specified.
 (1). For Vangard(R) WG one application at 5-10% bloom, 50-100% bloom and at petal fall.  For Inspire Super(TM) the minimum retreatment interval is 14 days and the maximum single application rate is 0.33 lb a.i./A.
(2). Apply when conditions are conducive to disease.  It is noted that the supplemental labels for Switch(R) 62.5G and Inspire Super(TM) do not have this crop group.
(3). One application at bloom stage, second application at full bloom, in CA, two applications during the preharvest period.
(4). For radish, only 2 applications per crop and 4 applications per year.
(5). The supplemental label for Switch(R) 62.5G only indicates that only one aerial application is allowed, and only in CA.  Otherwise, only ground applications are allowed for the product.
(6). This crop group not included in the supplemental label for Switch(R) 62.5G.
(7). The supplemental label for Inspire Super(TM) does not have these crop groups.

                 Attachment A. Electronic Copy of Previous DWA
                 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                            WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460
                                       
                                       
                           OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY
                           AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
                                       
                                       
                                       
								PC Code: 	288202
                        				DP Barcode:	D382086

MEMORANDUM

DATE:		November 8[th] 2010

SUBJECT:		Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for Cyprodinil and its Metabolite CGA-249287 for the Section 3 New Use of the Chemical on Multiple Crops by Aerial and Chemigation Methods of Application

FROM:		José Luis Meléndez, Chemist
				Environmental Risk Branch V
				Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)	

THROUGH:	Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Chief
				Environmental Risk Branch 5
				Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

TO:				Lisa Jones, Risk Manager Reviewer
				Mary Waller, Risk Manager #21
				Cynthia Giles-Parker, Chief
				Fungicide Branch
				Registration Division (7505P)

AND:			Ray Kent, Chief
				Risk Assessment Branch 4
				Health Effects Division (7509P)

This memo presents revised  Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) for cyprodinil, an active ingredient of Switch[TM] 62.5 and Vangard[(R)] WG Fungicides), and its metabolite CGA-249287, based on a maximum application rate of 0.47 lb a.i./A applied 3 times/year, or 1.4 lb a.i./A/year, on grapes.  The models PRZM/ EXAMS and SCI-GROW were used in obtaining EDWCs in surface water and groundwater, respectively.  The acute EDWC in surface water is 34.79 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287 (i.e., cyprodinil + CGA-249287).  The chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  The cancer/ chronic EDWC in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  All surface waters EDWCs were obtained using the New York grapes PRZM scenario.  The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for the use on grapes is 0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil and CGA-249287.  The summary of the results is presented in the Table 1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Cyprodinil (CAS name 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine; IUPAC name 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine; PC code 288202; and CAS number 121552-61-2) is a pyrimidine fungicide.  Cyprodinil has been classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) as a FRAC Code 9 fungicide, using their classification scheme of fungicides according to mode of action (MOA or MoA).  The MOA is inhibition of aminoacids and protein synthesis (Group Name AP or anilino pyrimidine; Chemical group name anilino pyrimidine; Resistance risk: Medium) <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI131, accessed 10/01/2010>.  The active ingredient of this fungicide belongs to the chemical class of anilino-pyrimidines and exhibits a systemic mode of action with no cross resistance to currently used disease control products. The systemic action of cyprodinil comes from its lipophilic properties. It is easily absorbed into and across the cuticle and wax layers of leaves and fruits from where it continuously distributes and penetrates into other plant parts. Biochemical studies indicate that the MOA for cyprodinil comes from its interference with biosynthesis of methionine.  It may also impede the secretion on fungal hydrolytic enzymes, thus resulting in impaired fungal pathogenesis and growth.

Currently, cyprodinil is used in a variety of crops such as beans, berries, brassica (cole) leafy vegetables, carrots, herbs, leafy vegetables (except brassica and spinach), onions, strawberries, tomatoes, herbs, various tropical fruits, root vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, kiwifruit, lemon and watercress.  Presently, this pesticide is applied by ground methods only, except in California, where the label includes one aerial application per season for some crops.

This action involves only the product Vangard[(R)] Fungicide, with the active ingredient cyprodinil.  Another product, Switch(TM) Fungicide, contains the active ingredients cyprodinil and fludioxonil; however, it is not included in this action.  This is a drinking water assessment (DWA) for the Section 3 product registration of the aerial and chemigation applications of cyprodinil on the following crops:

A maximum of two aerial applications allowed per year (additional applications via ground methods also allowed, depending on the crop): almonds, grapes, kiwi, pistachios, pome fruits, stone fruits, tropical fruits and berries.

A maximum of two aerial applications allowed per year (additional applications via ground methods also allowed, depending on the crop) and/ or chemigation applications: dried and succulent beans (except cowpeas), brassica (cole) leafy vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, dried and fresh herbs, leafy vegetables (except brassica and spinach), leaves of root and tuber vegetables (including sugar beets), root vegetables (except sugar beet), onions and garlic, strawberries and tomatoes & tomatillos.

Chemigation applications (also applications via conventional ground methods allowed): watercress.

There are no changes for cyprodinil on citrus (i.e., lemon and lime), for which only ground applications are allowed.  

A screening-level DWA for cyprodinil is presented in this document.  For surface waters the linked PRZM/ EXAMS tier 2 aquatic models were used, and for ground waters, the tier 1 aquatic model SCI-GROW was utilized.  For the assessment, maximum application rates and minimum intervals between applications were used.  In the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee's (MARC) decision document it was concluded that the transformation product of cyprodinil, CGA-249287 (4-cyclopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-2-amine) is of potential concern for drinking water sources.  Therefore, EDWCs of CGA-249287 were also simulated using the PRZM/ EXAMS and SCI-GROW models.  For surface waters, this degradate and its parent were modeled individually (i.e., using the residue summation or RS approach, as opposed to the total residue or TR approach) (note: the RS approach is described in the Analysis Plan and Analysis sections of this DWA).  This was done because a single degradate was modeled and sufficient environmental fate and physicochemical characteristic information was available for modeling.  Furthermore, the solubility, persistence and mobility characteristics of parent and degradate were different and their structures differ (refer to the Appendix for structures).

Although the maximum EDWC resulted from the use on grapes in NY, this DWA is based on the use of multiple crop locations and multiple crop uses, representative of the maximum seasonal application rate.  Represented states included CA, NY, MI, OR, MO, NC, GA, FL and PA and represented crops included almonds, fruits (pome and stone fruits), grapes, cherries, snap beans, melons, sweet potatoes, onions, strawberries and tomatoes.
 
Two uncertainties are worth mentioning related to the RS approach: first, the approach assumes that the maximum concentration of CGA-249287 occurs at the time of application (CGA-249287 was actually a maximum at 28 days posttreatment in the aerobic soil metabolism study), and second, CGA-249287 was assumed to be stable to some routes of degradation for which there was no fate data available.

The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is essentially complete.  There is uncertainty with the aqueous photolysis study.  It was carried out with natural (unsterilized) water.  Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern, with slow transformation at the beginning.  The possibility of microbial transformation is not ruled out.  There is also uncertainty with the soil photodegradation study.  It is suspected that there was microbial transformation instead of photodegradation.  The amount of cyprodinil in the irradiated and dark control samples were similar.  Of these uncertainties in the fate database, only the aqueous photolysis may have an effect on the modeled EDWCs for cyprodinil because it is a direct input parameter in the model.  For modeling purposes, it was assumed that cyprodinil and its degradate are stable to aqueous photolysis, which is a conservative assumption.

In this assessment EDWCs may be overestimates because only two aerial applications are proposed for the application of cyprodinil on grapes with a third application via ground.  In this assessment, all three applications were assumed to be aerial.

Table 1 provides a summary of the Tier 2 modeled drinking water concentrations.

Table 1.  Maximum Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations for the Use of Cyprodinil (expressed as total residues of cyprodinil plus its degradate CGA-249287)
DRINKING WATER SOURCE (MODEL USED) 
USE (rate modeled per year)
MAXIMUM ESTIMATED DRINKING WATER CONCENTRATION  (EDWC)  ( ppb) 
Groundwater (SCI-GROW)
Grapes (1.4 lb a.i.)
Acute and Chronic
                                    0.0861
Surface water
(PRZM/ EXAMS)
NY grapes (1.4 lb a.i.)
Acute
                                     34.79

Chronic
                                     24.65

Cancer/Chronic
                                     16.38

The National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) data warehouse does not have monitoring data on cyprodinil.  The STORET (short for Storage Retrieval) database does contain some monitoring data.

Should it be required, additional refinements may be available.  For, example, regional PCAs and typical use rates may be used should it be requested by the HED.

PROBLEM FORMULATION

   Background 

In a previous drinking water assessment, dated 12/16/2003, estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of cyprodinil and its metabolite CGA-249287, due to the proposed use of the chemical on leafy greens, subgroup 4A (except spinach), snap, dry and succulent beans, and almonds.  In a later review dated 09/12/2006, on the use of the chemical on various crops, using aerial applications in the state of California, preliminary results indicated that EDWCs were of similar order of magnitude than the 2003 review.  Therefore, the EFED relied on its 2003 drinking water analysis using the Oregon snap beans scenario.  On 05/02/2008, the EFED issued a new DWA for new uses on various new crops.  The resulting highest EDWCs were for the NY grape scenario.  Later, in a 12/10/2009 DWA, the EFED relied on the 2008 DWA for EDWCs.

The environmental fate data base for cyprodinil is considered substantially complete; there are no new data available for this assessment.  The molecular weight of cyprodinil is 225.29 g/mol.  It is `readily soluble' in water (13 ppm at pH 7, FAO 2000).  From its octanol/ water partition coefficient, it seems likely to partition with organic tissues and other organic media.  It is alkaline in water (pH 9.5 and pKa = 4.44).  Finally, it is not likely to volatilize substantially, with a vapor pressure of 3.80x10[-6] mmHg and a Henry's Law constant of 7.04x10[-8] Atm-m[3]/mol at 20°C.  Cyprodinil binds to sediment and particulate.  It appears to be a persistent compound under most conditions, except aerobic soil metabolism, as demonstrated in laboratory studies.  Cyprodinil appears to bind strongly to particulate and sediment, showing relatively low soil mobility (KOC range 1550 to 2030); its potential for groundwater contamination appears to be low.  However, due to its high persistence under aquatic conditions, aquifers that lie below areas that have low organic content and coarse textured soils or shallow leaky aquifers could be prone to contamination.  Even though buffer zones can ameliorate moderately the level of spray drift, the potential for runoff still exists for long periods of time.  Cyprodinil's high affinity to sorb to soil and particulate suggests the potential for runoff in eroded particles.  This stability and binding to particulate and organic matter (mainly under anaerobic conditions) suggests that cyprodinil residues in sediments could contribute to a possible resuspension of the compound through mixing and mass balance for an extended period.    One degradates of cyprodinil has been considered of concern, CGA-249287 (moderately mobile) (maxima 11.7% at 28 days in the aerobic soil metabolism study and 14.2% in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study).
   
   Use Characterization
   
Table 2 is a summary of all agricultural use patterns for cyprodinil.  The use information was obtained from the current and proposed labels for Vangard[(R)] WG.  The proposed changes are bolded and highlighted yellow.

Table 2.  Summary of use information for cyprodinil, based on Vanguard[(R)] WG Fungicide label (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
USE
                   SINGLE  APP. RATE             (lb a.i./A)
                                NUMBER OF APPS.
                         YEARLY APP. RATE (lb a.i./A)
                         INTERVAL BETWEEN APPS. (days)
                                  APP. METHOD
                                      (*)
                          Pre-Harvest INTERVAL (days)
Almond
                                     0.47
                                       3
                                      1.4
                                    NS (1)
                                     G, A
                                      60
Citrus (lemon, lime)
                                     0.33
                                       1
                                     0.33
                                      N/A
                                       G
                                       0
Grapes
                                     0.47
                                       3
                                      1.4
                                       7
                                     G, A
                                       7
Kiwi
                                     0.47
                                       2
                                     0.94
                                       7
                                     G, A
                                       0
Pistachio
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                      14
                                     G, A
                                       7
Pome Fruits (apples, crabapples, loquat, mayhaw, pears, quince)
                                     0.23
                                      5-6
                                     1.25#
                                       7
                                     G, A
                                       0
Stone Fruits (apricot, tart cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes)
                                     0.23,
                                  0.47 in CA
                                      6,
                                    3 in CA
                                      1.4
                                   1.4 in CA
                                    NS (2)
                                     G, A
                                       2
Tropical Fruits (lychee, longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, avocado, black sapote, canistel, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla and star apple)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, A
                                       0
Beans (dried and succulent, except cowpeas) (garbanzo bean or chickpea, grain lupin bean, sweet lupin bean, white lupin bean, white sweet lupin bean, kidney bean, lima bean, mung bean, navy bean, pinto bean, snap bean, wax bean, fava bean, asparagus bean and blackeyed pea)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Berries (Bushberries: blueberry, currant, elderberry, gooseberry, huckleberry, Caneberries: blackberry, loganberry, red and black raspberry, Juneberry, Ligonberry and Salal)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, A
                                       0
Brassica (cole) leafy vegetables (broccoli, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, cavalo broccolo, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mizuna, mustard greens, mustard spinach, rape greens and turnip greens)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Cucurbit Crops (cantaloupe, cucumber, guourds, honeydew, muskmelon, watermelon, chayote, Chinese waxgourd, Momordica spp. (bitter melon, balsam apple), pumpkin, squash and zuchini)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       1
Herbs, Dried and Fresh (angelica, balm, basil, borage, burnet, camomille, catnip, dried chervil leaves, chive, clary, coriander leaves {cilantro}, costmary, culantro leaves, curry leaves, dillweed, horehound, hyssop, lavender, lemongrass, lovage leaves, marigold, marjoram, nasturtium, dried parsley leaves, pennyroyal, rosemary, rue, sage, summer and winter savory, sweet bay, tansy, tarragon, thyme, wintergreen, woodruff and wormwood)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Leafy Vegetables (except brassica and spinach) (head and leaf of lettuce, amaranth, arugula, chervil, edible chrysanthemum, corn salad, cress, dandelion, dock, escarole endive, orach, parsley, purslane, radicchio)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       0
Leaves of Root and Tuber Vegetables (carrot, garden beet, sugar beet, edible burdock, cassava, celeriac, chicory, dasheen, parsnip, Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, Spanish salsify, sweet potato, tanier, turnip rooted chervil, true yam)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                    1.3 (3)
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Root Vegetables (except sugar beet) (edible burdock, carrot, celeriac, chicory, garden beet, ginseng, horseradish, parsnip, Oriental radish, rutabaga, black salsify, Spanish salsify, skirret, turnip, turnip root parsley, turnip rooted chervil)
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                    1.3 (3)
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Onions (dry bulb, green, onions grown for seed), Garlic
                                     0.47
                                   3 at 0.43
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       7
Strawberries
                                     0.47
                                   3 at 0.43
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       0
Tomato & Tomatillo
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                    G, A, C
                                       0
Watercress
                                     0.33
                                       4
                                      1.3
                                       7
                                     G, C
                                       0
(*)G = ground; A = Aerial (maximum of two aerial applications allowed); C = Chemigation; NS = Not specified.
#Maximum rate per year was slightly decreased from 1.4 lb a.i./A.
(1). One application at 5-10% bloom, 50-100% bloom and at petal fall.
(2). One application at bloom stage, second application at full bloom, in CA, two applications during the preharvest period.
(3). For radish, only 2 applications per crop and 4 applications per year.

Presently, this pesticide is applied by ground methods only, except in California, where the label includes one aerial application per season for some crops.  It is noted, that some of the proposed crops may be rotated or planted more than once a year (e.g. lettuce, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and carrots).  However, the rates indicated in the fourth column in Table 2 are actually the rates allowed per year.  Thus, for crops that are planted more than once a year, the derived EDWCs are not underestimations.  The label requires a buffer zone to protect lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds.  For ground applications, the buffer zone is 75 ft; while for aerial applications, the buffer zone is 150 ft.  A vegetative filter strip should be allowed within 10 ft of aquatic areas.  Furthermore, other measures of precaution are required (e.g. applications when gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph are not allowed).  No more than two sequential applications are allowed as part of a resistance management strategy.

The use patterns selected for modeling involved the highest application rates: e.g., for grapes, the highest application rate and minimum interval were used (three applications at 0.47 lb a.i./A per application at 7-day intervals).  Since aerial and ground applications cannot be modeled together with PRZM/ EXAMS, it was assumed that all three applications were aerial although the label calls for a maximum of two aerial applications and one ground application.

Figure 1 provides the 2002 estimated annual agricultural use of cyprodinil.  Major use crops for cyprodinil in 2002 were grapes (~ 42% of national use, with over 50,000 pounds of the chemical applied) and almonds (~32% of national use, with over 35,000 pounds of active ingredient applied).  Major use areas were at the time, CA, the west coast zone (OR, ID), the Midwest (MI and WI), the east coast zone (VA, NC), the northeast and portions of central FL.  At this time, there are no readily available more current usage and typical use data, such as typical application rate, number of applications, or interval between applications.
   
                                         
          Fig. 1.  2002 Estimated Annual Agricultural Use for Cyprodinil
Caution: The pesticide use maps available from this site show the average annual pesticide use intensity expressed as average weight (in pounds) of a pesticide applied to each square mile of agricultural land in a county. The area of each map is based on state-level estimates of pesticide use rates for individual crops that were compiled by the CropLife Foundation, Crop Protection Research Institute during based on information collected during 1999 through 2004 and on 2002 Census of Agriculture county crop acreage. The maps do not represent a specific year, but rather show typical use patterns over the five year period 1999 through 2004. Use intensity rates are expressed as the pounds applied per square mile of mapped agricultural land in a county. The area of mapped agricultural land for each county was obtained from an enhanced version of the 1992 USGS National Land Cover Data (NLCD). The key limitations of the data used to produce these maps include the following: (1) state use coefficients represent an average for the entire state and consequently do not reflect the local variability of pesticide management practices found within states and counties, (2) pesticide use estimates are not for a specific year, but represent typical use patterns for the five year period, (3) state pesticide use coefficients may not have been available for all states where a pesticide may have been applied to agricultural land, and therefore, are not displayed on the maps, (4) the county crop acreage is based on the 2002 Census of Agriculture and may not represent all crop acreage because of Census nondisclosure rules, and (5) agricultural land area used to calculate the pesticide use intensity and display the data was derived from 30-meter satellite remote sensing data that may over estimate or underestimate the actual agricultural land area. The maps are not intended for making local-scale estimates of pesticide use, such as estimates at the county level. Please refer to Method for Estimating Pesticide Use for a detailed discussion of how the pesticide use data were developed.
   
   Conceptual Model 

For cyprodinil, the following drinking water hypothesis is being employed for this assessment:
      Cyprodinil use in accordance with the label, results in potential contamination of, both, surface and ground water resources.  It may also result in the contamination of surface and ground water resources with the major degradate of concern CGA-249287.

The conceptual site model is a generic graphic depiction of the risk hypothesis (Figure 2).  Through a preliminary iterative process of examining available data, the conceptual model (i.e., the risk hypothesis) has been refined to reflect the likely exposure pathways that are most relevant and applicable to this assessment (refer to the following figure).
      
                                         
                  Figure 2. Conceptual Site Model for Cyprodinil

Cyprodinil is applied to the field and there may be crop absorption since the chemical is systemic (the chemical is absorbed through the cuticle and wax layers of leaves and fruits because it is lipophilic).  In addition, spray drift is an important factor in the contamination of nearby surface waters.  As the field may be kept irrigated, large runoff events accompanied with erosion may be a factor in horizontal movement due to the tendency of the chemical to sorb to soil and particulate.  Since cyprodinil appears to be a persistent compound, it may be available for long periods of time in the field (several months).  Vertical movement to subsurfaces is expected to be a relatively minor component for cyprodinil.  Furthermore, volatilization, is expected to be a very minor route of dissipation for the active ingredient.  Cyprodinil's major degradate, CGA-249287 is also a factor that is considered.  It may result in runoff and leaching (high solubility and relatively low Kd = 3.97 mL/g and KOC range 180-867 mL/gOC), and volatilization may play a factor in the dissipation of the chemical (vapor pressure = 1.62 x 10[-3] mmHg and Henry's Law Constant = 3.46 x 10[-6] atm-m[3]/mol).
   
   Analysis Plan 

The following scenarios were previously modeled, with aerial applications:  CA grapes, CA almonds and CA fruits (representing pome and stone fruits).  The following scenarios will be considered for modeling in this assessment: CA almond, CA fruit, FL strawberry, GA onion, MI cherry, MO melon, NC sweet potato, NY grape, OR snap bean and PA tomato.  These crop/ scenario combinations are representative of the major uses and/ or the highest seasonal application rates.  Also, they are representative of diverse regions of the U.S.  The maximum application rate and the minimum interval between applications will be utilized in all instances.  Even though only two aerial applications are allowed for these crops, the linked models PRZM/ EXAMS (using the shell PE5.pl) cannot model independently aerial and ground applications; therefore, all aerial applications will be assumed, which is a conservative approach.

As per a Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) recommendation, the residue summation (RS) approach will be taken.  The application rate for the parent and the degradation product needs to be adjusted to account for the molecular weight ratio of degradate to parent and the normalized maximum percentage of degradation product produced.  This method requires environmental fate data for the degradate of concern, CGA-249287.  It also requires manual post-processing of the output data (daily EECs) to obtain the 1-in-10 year estimated exposure concentrations (EECs), using a spreadsheet that calculates the 90[th] percentile EECs; which is considered to equal the 1-in-10 year EECs.
   
There are no major uncertainties in the chemical's fate database.  The aqueous photolysis study resulted in a half-life of 22 days, but the review concluded that there may be little aqueous photolysis and that aqueous photolysis is not a major route of dissipation for cyprodinil.  The reason is that the study was conducted with an unsterilized solution.  For modeling purposes, EFED assumed that the cyprodinil is stable to aqueous photolysis.  This uncertainty is expected to affect both the peak and long term EDWCs; however, the assumption is conservative.

At this time, the HED is expected to need only acute, chronic and cancer/ chronic endpoints.  The Tier 2 aquatic linked models PRZM/ EXAMS and the Tier 1 aquatic model SCI-GROW will be used to obtain the EDWCs. 
   
ANALYSIS

	Environmental Fate

A summary table of physicochemical and environmental fate and transport properties of cyprodinil, including measured parameters, values, data sources, and comments is included in Table 3.

Table 3.  Summary of physicochemical and environmental fate and transport properties of cyprodinil.
                                   PARAMETER
                               VALUE(S) (units)
                                    SOURCE
                                    COMMENT
  Chemical Name
               4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine
                              Chemical Data Sheet
                                   CAS name

               4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine
                                       
                                  IUPAC name
  Structure

                                       
  Molecular Weight
                                 225.29 g/mole
                                Registrant Data
                                       - 
  Physical State
      Powder with agglomerates at 20°C, with a weak odor and beige color
                                EPA Fact Sheet
                                      --
  Density at 20°C
                                 1.21 g/cm[3]
                                EPA Fact Sheet
                                      --
  Solubility (20 [o]C)
              16-20 ppm @ pH 5; 13 ppm  @ pH 7; and 15 ppm @ pH 9
                                MRID: 43709003.
                                       - 
  Vapor Pressure (20 oC)
                              3.80 x 10[-6] mmHg
                                MRID: 43709003.
                                       - 
  Henry's Law constant
                         7.04 x 10[-8]  atm-m[3]/mole
                                      ---
              Estimated from vapor pressure and water solubility.
  pKa 
                                     4.44
                             Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.)
The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11th  ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 319
  pH at 25°C
                                      9.5
                                EPA Fact Sheet
                                      ---
  Solubilities in g/l at 25°C
     In ethanol 160, acetone 610, toluene 460, n-hexane 30, n-octanol 160
                             Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.)
                                      ---
 Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient 
 (KOW,  at 20[o]C)
               log PO/W = 3.9 @ pH 5; 4.0 @ pH 7; and 4.0 @ pH 9
                            PO/W  =  10,000 @ pH 7
                                MRID: 43709003.
                                       - 
  Hydrolysis Half-life 
  (pH 5, 7, 9; (25[o]C)
                           Stable to hydrolysis at 
                                pH 5, 7, and 9.
                                MRID: 43709044.
                              Stable at all pHs.
  Aqueous Photolysis Half-life 
  (pH 5)
                                DT50  = 22 days
In unsterilized water; suspected microbial transformation instead of photolysis.
                                MRID: 43908422.
Phototransformation followed a biphasic pattern, w. slow transformation during the first 9 days, followed by an increased rate from days 9-30.
  Soil Photolysis Half-life
t1/2  = 64-70 days - suspected microbial transformation instead of photodegradation.
                         MRID: 43908423 and 43908424.
                     vs. 160-86 days for the dark control
  Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life
                          LS t1/2  =  40 and 50 days
                          SL t1/2  =  22 and 31 days
               MRID: 43908425, 43908426, 43709045, and 43709046.
For the SL, the pattern was biphasic, the half lives reported include data from 0 to 21 days.
  Anaerobic Soil Metabolism
Half-life
After aerobic incubation (half-lives of 16-98 days), during anaerobic conditions, the compound was stable
                         MRID:  43908427 and 43908428
                                      ---
  Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism   
  Half-life
                             Stable for 369 days.
                                       
                                MRID: 44186406.
                                       - 
  Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 
  Half-life
t1/2  = 106-126 days for the Rhine river; 165-178 days for the pond system from Switzerland, and 612 days for the pond system from Denton, TX.
               MRID: 45518701, 45518702, 43908429, and 43908430.
                                       _
  Organic Carbon Partition
                           Coefficient (KOC) (mL/gOC)

                                    SL 2030
                                    S  1770
                                    L  1630
                                    CL 1550
                                MRID: 43709047.
         Moderately to Slightly Mobile (FAO of the UN classification)
                     Soil Partition Coefficient (Kd) (mL/g)

                                    SL 16.3
                                    S  14.2
                                    L  24.3
                                    CL 31.2
                                MRID: 43709047.
                                       - 
Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC
CGA-249287 (mL/g or mL/gOC)
                             Soil/  Kd         KOC
                              SL  5.23       650
                              S   6.97       867
                              CL  3.48       173
                              L   3.88       260
                              LS  0.31       180
                                MRID  43908431
                               Moderately mobile
Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC
CGA-321915 (mL/g or mL/gOC)
                             Soil/   Kd       KOC
                              SL  2.52       313
                              S   1.45       180
                              CL  0.99       49.7
                              L   1.14       76.5
                              LS  0.25       147
                                MRID  43908432
                          Mobile to Moderately mobile
Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and KOC
CGA-275535 (mL/g or mL/gOC)
                             Soil/  Kd        KOC
                              SL1 60.3      7500
                              S   26.7      3320
                              L1  32.1      2070
                              L2  33.3      2900
                              LS  4.39      2550
                              SL2 8.31      1810
                                MRID  44186407
                                Slightly mobile
  Terrestrial Field Dissipation 
  Half-life
Applied to two plots, one w. 6 applications at 0.5 lb a.i./A, and another at 3.0 lb a.i./A:
CA half-lives 42 days multiple applics. 47 days single applic. and NY 14 to 28 days.
Non-linear first order half-life was 35 days.  First order half lives in NY were 88-92 days.
                 MRID: 44186408, 44186437, 44186409, 44186436.
                                       _
Bioaccumulation in Fish
                                Total residue:
                                  Edible 100X
                                Non-edible 777X
                                Whole fish 466X
                           BCF based on parent only:
                                  Edible 33X
                                Non-edible 90X
Between 76 and 83% of the radioactivity depurated after one day; and >97% depurated by the third day.
                                MRID: 43924501.
                                       

The major route of dissipation of cyprodinil in the field appears to be the aerobic soil metabolism (22-50 days in four measurements of two soils, with a biphasic pattern).  Laboratory data supports that cyprodinil shows moderate to very slow degradation to other routes of dissipation.  It is highly persistent in anaerobic aquatic environments, and degrades slowly in aerobic aquatic environments (half-lives of 106-126 days in river system; 165-612 days in pond systems).  Aqueous and soil photolysis have been found to be minor degradation pathways for this chemical.  Cyprodinil is stable to hydrolysis in the pH range of 5-9.  The results of the field studies were of the same order of magnitude than the aerobic soil metabolism (CA half lives 42-47 days and NY half lives 14-28 days).  Cyprodinil does not readily leach to ground water, and has a relatively high affinity to bind to soil and particulate matter, it is moderately to slightly mobile (FAO mobility classification; Kd  range = 14.2  -  31.2 mL/g; KOC range = 1,550  -  2,030 mL/gOC).  Given the relatively low vapor pressure of cyprodinil (3.80 x 10[-6] mmHg), its low Henry's Law Constant (7.04 x 10[-8] atm-m[3]/mol), and its tendency to bind to soils and sediments (average KOC = 1745 mL/gOC), the chemical is not expected to volatilize readily from wet or dry surfaces in the environment.  Furthermore, cyprodinil is not expected to be a good leacher.  The likely routes of exposure to aquatic environments will be from spray drift and the contamination of surface waters from run-off and erosion events. Cyprodinil's fate characteristics suggest that residues in the sediment can persist for several months to years, and the chemical can be present in the water column continuously when residues from the sediment are redistributed throughout the water body by equilibration.

The octanol/water partition coefficient predicts a high potential for bioconcentration for cyprodinil (log KOW = 4 at pH 7.0; KOW = 10,000).  However, cyprodinil residues bio-concentrated only with maximum BCFs of 100, 777, and 466, in the edible, non-edible, and whole fish tissues, respectively.  The rate of depuration was rapid.  Between 76 and 83% of the radioactivity depurated after one day; while >=97% depurated by the third day.

As it has been indicated, there is uncertainty with the aqueous photolysis study.  It was carried out with natural (unsterilized) water.  Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern, with slow transformation taking place during the first nine days, followed by an increased rate from days 9-30.  The possibility of microbial transformation is not ruled out.  A previous review concluded that "based on calculated DT50 and observed transformation pattern, photolysis of cyprodinil would not be considered a major pathway of dissipation in natural waters."  This uncertainty affects the modeling results because the aqueous photolysis is an input parameter for PRZM/ EXAMS; however, it is not an input parameter in SCI-GROW.  There is also uncertainty with the soil photodegradation study.  The calculated half-lives were 64-70 days; however, it is suspected that there was microbial transformation instead of photodegradation because the amount of cyprodinil in the irradiated and dark control samples were similar.  Photodegradation on soil surfaces is not expected to play a major role in the dissipation of cyprodinil.  This uncertainty does not affect the modeling results because the soil photodegradation is not an input parameter for PRZM/ EXAMS or SCI-GROW.

Table 4 summarizes the available data on the formation of transformation products by each process in the studies reviewed.

Table 4.  Summary of degradate formation from degradation of cyprodinil.
                                  STUDY TYPE
                      DEGRADATE and MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
                                    SOURCE
                                       
                                  CGA-249287
                             (residue of concern)
                                  CGA-321915
                                       
                CGA-275535, CGA-304075, and CGA-304076 mixture
                                       
  Hydrolysis
                               Relatively stable
                                MRID: 43709044.
  Aqueous Photolysis
                               Not a contributor
                                MRID: 43908422
  Soil Photolysis
                               Not a contributor
                           MRID: 4390823 and 43908424
  Aerobic Soil Metabolism
                               11.7% at 28 days
                                      ---
                                13% at 14 days
                MRID: 43908425, 43908426, 43709045, and 43709046
  Anaerobic Soil Metabolism
                       Stable during the anaerobic phase
                           MRID: 43908427, 43908428
  Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism
                                     14.2%
                                      ---
                                      ---
               MRID: 45518701, 45518702, 43908429, and 43908430
 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 
                              Stable for 369 days
                                MRID: 44186406.
 Terrestrial Field Dissipation
                                0.086 ppm in NY
Detected in 0-6" depth in both sites, and 6-12" depth in CA between 60 to 240 days.
                                 Not monitored
                          MRID: 44186409 and 44186436

The common denominator in Table 4 is the presence of CGA-249287, which is also identified as the residue of concern in this DWA.  This metabolite is the major one in aerobic soil and aquatic metabolic condition.  CGA-249287 is moderately mobile.  Even though leaching was not observed in the field, it may have gone undetected.  This remains an uncertainty.  There is uncertainty about the transformation products of cyprodinil.  It appears that only under aerobic conditions there is degradation and relatively little information was available about CGA-249287, the degradate of concern, and CGA-321915.

      Drinking Water Exposure Modeling

	Modeling Approach and Input Parameters

   * Model Selection
      
SCI-GROW (Screening Concentration in Ground Water v. 2.3; dated July 29, 2003) is a regression model used as a screening tool to estimate pesticide concentrations found in ground water used as drinking water.  SCI-GROW was developed by fitting a linear model to groundwater concentrations with the Relative Index of Leaching Potential (RILP) as the independent variable.  Groundwater concentrations were taken from 90-day average high concentrations from Prospective Ground Water studies; the RILP is a function of aerobic soil metabolism and the soil-water partition coefficient.  The output of SCI-GROW represents the concentrations that might be expected in shallow unconfined aquifers under sandy soils, which is representative of the ground water most vulnerable to pesticide contamination likely to serve as a drinking water source.  (Ref. 9)

The Tier 2 aquatic model employs PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model; version 3.12.2 compiled May 12, 2005) and EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System; version 2.98.04.06 compiled April 25, 2005).  PRZM simulates processes such like runoff and erosion from an agricultural field on a daily time step.  The runoff and erosion flux output data from PRZM are used as chemical loadings to the EXAMS surface water program in order to predict the EECs.  A graphical user interface PE5.pl (v.5.0, November 15, 2006) developed by the EPA (http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water ) was used to facilitate inputting chemical and use specific parameters into the appropriate PRZM input files (inp) and EXAMS chemical files.
      
PRZM is a one-dimensional, dynamic, compartmental model that can be used to simulate chemical movement in unsaturated soil systems within and immediately below the plant root zone.  It has two major components:  hydrology (and hydraulics) and chemical transport.  The hydrologic component for calculating runoff and erosion is based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number technique and the Universal Soil Loss Equation.  Evapotranspiration is estimated either directly from pan evaporation data, or based on an empirical formula.  Water movement is simulated by the use of generalized soil para - meters, including field capacity, wilting point, and saturation water content.  The chemical transport component can simulate pesticides or other chemicals.  For pesticides, the transport component can simulate pesticide applica - tion on the soil or on the plant foliage.  Biodegradation can also be considered in the root zone.  Dissolved, adsorbed, and vapor-phase concentrations in the soil are estimated by simultaneously considering the processes of pesticide uptake by plants, surface runoff, erosion, decay, volatilization, foliar washoff, advection, dispersion, and retarda - tion.  For nitrogen, simulation of surface applications, atmospheric deposition, and septic effluent discharge may all be simulated.

EXAMS is a model that has a set of process modules that link fundamental chemical properties to limnological processes that control the kinetics and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems. It provides facilities for steady state or long-term evaluation of chronic chemical discharges, initial-value approaches for studying short-term contaminant releases, and full kinetic simulations that allow for monthly variation in mean climatological factors, and changes in contaminant loadings on daily time scales.  It is fairly and relatively complex model that requires more input variables, ranging from hydro-geological and weather data to pesticide physicochemical properties, mobility coefficients, and degradation rate constants in the aqueous and sediment phases.

   * Scenario Selection.

The scenarios selected were CA almonds, CA fruits, NY grapes, MI cherries, OR snap beans, MO melon, NC sweet potato, GA onion, FL strawberries and PA tomato.  These crops were representative of the major uses or the highest seasonal application rates.  Also, all these crops could be applied aerially.  The minimum interval between applications was utilized in each case (most conservative scenario was taken).

   * Model Inputs

The Metabolism Assessment Review Committee's (MARC) decision document concluded that the transformation product CGA-249287 of cyprodinil is a potential concern for drinking water sources.  Therefore, EDWCs of CGA-249287 were also simulated using the linked PRZM/ EXAMS, and SCI-GROW models.  EFED had only limited environmental fate data for this transformation product; however, KOC of this metabolite was available. The aerobic soil metabolism half-life was calculated from reported formation-decline curve of parent cyprodinil and CGA-249287 metabolite in the aerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 43908425). Selected physical and chemical parameters for CGA-249287 were also generated using EPISUITE, v. 3.12, which is a Windows[(R)] based suite of physical/ chemical property and environmental fate estimation models developed by the EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC).  For the output file of EPISUITE, refer to the Appendix.

According to the SAP, although the simultaneous formation/ decline kinetic modeling strategy is the preferred method for estimation of total residue concentrations, this method is highly dependent on the ability to describe the formation and degradation kinetics of degradation products. To that end, the method requires environmental fate data for the toxic degradation products. Another important consideration is the ability to integrate these data into PRZM/ EXAMS model simulations.  In light of these issues, alternative modeling strategies could be employed such as the total residue (TR) approach or the residue summation (RS) approach depending on the availability of data.  PRZM/ EXAMS modeling is used to obtain daily time series for calculating the 1-in-10 year aquatic exposure concentrations for the RS method.  The 1-in-10 year exposure concentrations are calculated using daily concentration data by means of a post-processing spreadsheet application.

The RS method requires assignment of an application rate for each of the individual chemical stressors (i.e., cyprodinil and CGA-249287).  These application rates are normalized according to the percentage of residue detected in aerobic soil metabolism studies and the molecular weight ratio of degradate and parent compounds.  The aerobic soil was chosen because most of the chemical is expected to reach the soil system after application.  Table 5 provides an example on the determination of the application rate using the RS method for the application of cyprodinil on grapes.  The two chemicals are assumed to be applied at time zero.  Also, it is assumed that the maximum degradation of the parent and the maximum formation of degradates occur at application.  This assumption constitutes an uncertainty of the RS method.  CGA-249287 was actually a maximum at 28 days in the aerobic soil metabolism study.

Table 5. Example calculation of application rates for modeling of cyprodinil and its metabolite (example for the use on grapes)
Chemical Species
                       % Maximum  in Aerobic Soil Study
                               Application Rate
                                  (lb a.i./A)
                                Molecular Ratio
                     Modeled Application Rate (lb a.i./A)

                                   Observed*
                                  Normalized

Cyprodinil
                                     100%
                                     89.5%
                                     0.421
                                       1
                                     0.421
CGA-249287
                                     11.7%
                                     10.5%
                                    0.0492
                                    0.662**
                                    0.0327
Total
                                    111.7%
                                     100%
                                     0.47
                                       
                                       
The shaded and bolded area provides the results used in modeling.
* Observed maximum values for parent and CGA 249287 in the aerobic soil metabolism studies
** CGA-249287 to cyprodinil molecular ratio = 149.20/ 225.29

Tables of model parameter input values for SCI-GROW (Tables 6a and 6b) and PRZM/ EXAMS (Tables 7a and 7b) are based on the current input parameter guidance, dated 10/22/2009 (Ref. 10).

Table 6a. SCI-GROW (v 2.3) input parameter values for cyprodinil use on grapes[1].
                               PARAMETER (units)
                                   VALUE(S)
                                    SOURCE
                                    COMMENT
Maximum Application Rate (lb a.i./A)
                                     0.421
                                Proposed label.
Proposed label for Switch(TM) fungicide.  For calculation of application rate, see Table 5.
Number of Applications per Year
                                       3
                                Proposed label.
Represents most-conservative scenario in which the total maximum rate per year is applied in three applications.
Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC; mL/g)
                                     1700
                                     MRID:
                                   437090-47
        Median value of the following KOC's 2030, 1770, 1630, 1550. 
Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days)
                                     35.5
               MRID: 43908425, 43908426, 43709045, and 43709046.
Median value, since there are four or more half-life values: 50, 40, 31, 22 days.
1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009). 

Table 6b. SCI-GROW (v2.3) input parameter values for CGA-249287 use on grapes[1].
                               PARAMETER (units)
                                   VALUE(S)
                                    SOURCE
                                    COMMENT
Maximum Application Rate (lb a.i./A)
                                    0.0327
                                Proposed label.
               For calculation of application rate, see Table 5.
Number of Applications per Year
                                       3
                                Proposed label.
Represents most-conservative scenario in which the total maximum rate per year is applied in three applications.
Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC; mL/g)
                                      173
                            MRID 43709047, 43908431
Lowest value of the following KOC's: 173, 180, 260, 650, and 867.   There is greater than a three-fold variation between the values.  
Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days)
                                      72
                                      ---
                               Available value.
1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009). 

The cyprodinil label requires that, for resistance management, two applications of the chemical should be alternated with a chemical with a different mode of action for two applications.  In this assessment, it was assumed that the alternate fungicide is also applied at 7-day intervals.  Thus, for example, for grapes, the chemical is firstly applied once, an alternate fungicide is applied twice, and then cyprodinil is applied twice.  The corresponding intervals between applications are 21 and 7 days (21-day interval between the 1[st] and 2[nd] application, and 7-day interval between the 2[nd] and 3[rd] application).  A total of 3 applications of cyprodinil are modeled at the maximum rate for the example use on grapes.  [Similarly, for four applications the intervals are 7, 21 and 7 days, and for six applications the intervals are 7, 21, 7, 21 and 7 days.]  The application dates were obtained from the corresponding metadata files, the crop profiles, meteorological files and the label.

Table 7a. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for Cyprodinil[1]
PARAMETER
VALUE(S)
SOURCES
COMMENTS
Output File Name
CYPRODIN
---
---
Chemical Name
Cyprodinil
---
---
Crop Names
Almond, grape, pome and stone fruits (e.g., apple, cherry), avocado, beans (e.g., snap bean), cabbage, melon, sweet potato, onion, strawberry and tomato
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
---
PRZM Scenario
Scenario/ Represented Crop
CA almond/ almond
CA fruit/ pome fruits
NY grape/ grape
MI cherries/ stone fruit
OR snap bean/ bean
MO melon/ cucurbit vegetable
NC sweet potato/ leaves of root & tuber vegetable
GA onion/ onions and garlic
FL strawberry/ strawberry
PA tomato/ tomato & tomatillo
---
Representative of a variety of crops, taking into consideration most geographical regions in the US, maximum application rates and aerial applications.
Application Rate
Crop/  Rate in kg a.i./ha
CA almond/ 0.472
CA fruit/ 0.472
NY grape/ 0.472
MI cherries/ 0.231
OR snap bean/ 0.331
MO melon/ 0.331
NC sweet potato/ 0.331
GA onion/ 1 @ 0.361 + 2 @ 0.472
FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.361 + 2 @ 0.472
PA tomato/ 0.331
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828); refer to Table 5 for an example of the calculation of the application rate to be used in modeling.
Crop/  Rate in lb a.i./A
CA almond/ 0.421
CA fruit/ 0.421 (in CA)
NY grape/ 0.421
MI cherries/ 0.206
OR snap bean/ 0.295
MO melon/ 0.295
NC sweet potato/ 0.295
GA onion/ 1 @ 0.322 + 2 @ 0.421
FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.322 + 2 @ 0.421
PA tomato/ 0.295
Number of Applications Allowed
CA almond/ 3
CA fruit/ 3
NY grape/ 3
MI cherries/ 6
OR snap bean/ 4
MO melon/ 4
NC sweet potato/ 4
GA onion/ 3
FL strawberry/ 3
PA tomato/ 4
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
---
Interval between Applications (days)
CA almond/ 21, 7 (assumed)
CA fruit/ 21, 7 (assumed)
NY grape/ 21, 7
MI cherries/ 7, 21, 7, 21, 7
OR snap bean/ 7, 21, 7
MO melon/ 7, 21, 7
NC sweet potato/ 7, 21, 7
GA onion/ 21, 7
FL strawberry/ 21, 7
PA tomato/ 7, 21, 7
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
As per label requirement, for resistance management, after two applications, alternate with a different mode of action for two applications.
Day of Application
Crop/ Day-Month
CA almond/ 01-03
CA fruit/ 18-04
NY grape/ 15-08
MI cherries/ 05-05
OR snap bean/ 02-07
MO melon/ 30-05
NC sweet potato/ 22-07
GA onion/ 20-04
FL strawberry/ 02-01
PA tomato/ 01-07
Estimated from metadata file, the crop profiles, meteorological files and label.
Crop/ PHI (days)
CA almond/ 60
CA fruit/ 2
NY grape/ 7
MI cherries/ 2
OR snap bean/ 7
MO melon/ 1
NC sweet potato/ 7
GA onion/ 7
FL strawberry/ 0
PA tomato/ 0
KOC
1,745
MRID: 437090-47
Average KOC value among four values ranging from 1550 to 2030 ml/g.  The KOC model was utilized since it describes better the mobility of cyprodinil.
Aerobic Soil Metabolism (days)
44.3
MRID: 439084-26
Represents the 90[th] percentile of the upper confidence bound on the mean of four half-life values: 40, 50, 22, 31 days; mean = 35.75 days; std. dev. = 10.40 days
Incorporation Depth
0.0 in
Proposed label
---
Method of Application
Aerial
Proposed label
---
Buffer Zone (ft.)
150 aerial
Proposed label
---
Application Efficiency (fraction)
0.95 aerial
---
---
Spray Drift (fraction)
0.16 aerial applications
---
---
Solubility in Water at pH 7 (ppm) (20°C)
13
MRID 437090-03
---
Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days)
382.3
MRID 439084-26, 439084-29, 439084-30, 455187-01 & 455187-02
Represents the 90[th] percentile of the upper confidence bound on the mean of five half-life values: 106, 126, 165, 178 and 612 days; mean = 237.40 days; std. dev. =  211.41days
Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days)
Stable
MRID 441864-06
---
Hydrolysis at pH 7
Stable
MRID 437090-44
---
Aqueous Photolysis @ pH 7 and 25°C (days)
Stable
MRID 439084-22
---
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
225.29
Registrant Data
---
Vapor Pressure (torr)
3.80 x 10[-6]
MRID 437090-03
torr = mmHg
Henry's Law Constant
(atm-m[3]/mol)
7.04 x 10[-8]
Calculated from solubility and vapor pressure.
---
Environment
ir298.exv
---
Default for index reservoir, as opposed to pond scenario.
Field Size
Reservoir
---

Runoff
Overall
---

Metfile Scenario
CA almond w23232.dvf
CA fruit w93193.dvf
NY grape w14860.dvf
MI cherries w14850.dvf
OR snap bean w24232.dvf
MO melon w13893.dvf
NC sweet potato w13722.dvf
GA onion w03822.dvf
FL strawberry w12842.dvf
PA tomato w14751.dvf
---
As suggested by the shell (PE5).
CAM (Chemical Application Method)
2
---
2 = linear foliar based on crop canopy
IPSCND
1
---
1 = pesticide remaining on foliage is converted to surface application to the top soil layer
FEXTRC, Foliar extraction
0.5
---
---
PLDKRT, Decay rate on foliage (day[-1])
0
---
---
PLVKRT, Volatilization rate from foliage
0
---
---
UPTKF, Uptake factor
0
---
---
1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).

For CGA-249287, the same application dates as for cyprodinil were utilized.  The application rates were adjusted as indicated in the example provided in the Table 5.  The following parameters were estimated by the EPISUITE model: molecular weight, solubility in water, vapor pressure and Henry's Law Constant.  Other parameters such as the aerobic soil metabolism were derived from the decay curve in the study performed for cyprodinil.  In the absence of data, for the following processes CGA-249287 was assumed to be stable: hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis and anaerobic aquatic metabolism.  These assumptions are conservative.

Table 7b. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS for CGA-249287[1]
PARAMETER
VALUE(S)
SOURCES
COMMENTS
Output File Name
CGA_249287
---
---
Chemical Name
CGA-249287
---
---
Crop Names
Same as for cyprodinil; refer to Table 7a.
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
---
PRZM Scenario
Same as for cyprodinil; refer to Table 7a.
---
---
Application Rate
Crop/  Rate in kg a.i./ha
CA almond/ 0.0367
CA fruit/ 0.0367
NY grape/ 0.0367
MI cherries/ 0.0179
OR snap bean/ 0.0257
MO melon/ 0.0257
NC sweet potato/ 0.0257
GA onion/ 1 @ 0.0280 + 2 @ 0.0367
FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.0280 + 2 @ 0.0367
PA tomato/ 0.0257
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828) ; refer to Table 5 for an example of the calculation of the application rate to be used in modeling.
Crop/  Rate in lb a.i./A
CA almond/ 0.0327
CA fruit/ 0.0327 (in CA)
NY grape/ 0.0327
MI cherries/ 0.0160
OR snap bean/ 0.0229
MO melon/ 0.0229
NC sweet potato/ 0.0229
GA onion/ 1 @ 0.0250 + 2 @ 0.0327
FL strawberry/ 1 @ 0.0250 + 2 @ 0.0327
PA tomato/ 0.0229
Number of Applications Allowed
CA almond/ 3
CA fruit/ 3
NY grape/ 3
MI cherries/ 6
OR snap bean/ 4
MO melon/ 4
NC sweet potato/ 4
GA onion/ 3
FL strawberry/ 3
PA tomato/ 4
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
---
Interval between Applications (days)
CA almond/ 21, 7
CA fruit/ 21, 7
NY grape/ 21, 7
MI cherries/ 7, 21, 7, 21, 7
OR snap bean/ 7, 21, 7
MO melon/ 7, 21, 7
NC sweet potato/ 7, 21, 7
GA onion/ 21, 7
FL strawberry/ 21, 7
PA tomato/ 7, 21, 7
Proposed label for Vangard[(R)] WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-828)
As per label requirement, for resistance management, after two applications, alternate with a different mode of action for two applications.
Day of Application
Crop/ Day-Month
CA almond/ 01-03
CA fruit/ 18-04
NY grape/ 15-08
MI cherries/ 05-05
OR snap bean/ 02-07
MO melon/ 30-05
NC sweet potato/ 22-07
GA onion/ 20-04
FL strawberry/ 02-01
PA tomato/ 01-07
Estimated from metadata file, meteorological files and label.
Crop/ PHI (days)
CA almond/
CA fruit/
NY grape/ 7
MI cherries/ 2
OR snap bean/ 7
MO melon/ 1
NC sweet potato/ 7
GA onion/ 7
FL strawberry/ 0
PA tomato/ 0
Kd
3.97
MRID 43709047, 43908431
Average value of the following Kd`s 0.31, 3.48, 3.88, 5.23, and 6.97, the Kd model describes the mobility of the degradate better than the KOC model.
Aerobic Soil Metabolism (days)
216
MRID: 43908425, 43908426, 43709045, and 43709046.
3X available value
Incorporation Depth
0.0 in
Proposed label
---
Method of Application
Ground or Aerial
Proposed label
---
Buffer Zone (ft.)
75 ground/ 150 aerial
Proposed label
---
Application Efficiency (fraction)
0.95 aerial
---
---
Spray Drift (fraction)
0.16 aerial
---
Included because the degradate forms under aerobic aquatic metabolism conditions.
Solubility in Water (ppm) pH 7 @ 25°C
2,352
EPISuite
From KOW. 
Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days)
432
---
2X the aerobic soil metabolism input value
Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days)
Stable
MRID 43908427, 44186406
Assume stable
Hydrolysis at pH 7
Stable
MRID 43709044
Assume stable
Aqueous Photolysis @ pH 7 and 25°C (days)
Stable
MRID 43908422
Assume stable
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
149.20
EPISuite
---
Vapor Pressure (torr or mmHg, at 25°C)
0.00162
EPISuite
---
Henry's Law Constant
(atm-m[3]/mol)
3.46x10[-6]
EPISuite
Bond method.
Environment
ir298.exv
---
Default for index reservoir, as opposed to pond scenario.
Field Size
Reservoir
---

Runoff
Overall
---

Metfile Scenario
CA almond w23232.dvf
CA fruit w93193.dvf
NY grape w14860.dvf
MI cherries w14850.dvf
OR snap bean w24232.dvf
MO melon w13893.dvf
NC sweet potato w13722.dvf
GA onion w03822.dvf
FL strawberry w12842.dvf
PA tomato w14751.dvf
---
As suggested by the shell (PE5).
CAM (Chemical Application Method)
2
---
2 = linear foliar based on crop canopy
IPSCND
1
---
1 = pesticide remaining on foliage is converted to surface application to the top soil layer
FEXTRC, Foliar extraction
0.5
---
---
PLDKRT, Decay rate on foliage (day[-1])
0
---
---
PLVKRT, Volatilization rate from foliage
0
---
---
UPTKF, Uptake factor
0
---
---
1. Data were selected according to the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides (Version 2.1, dated October 22, 2009).

The percent cropped area (PCA) for all crops assessed was the Agency's national default of 0.87.  Options for Tier I are national scale cotton, wheat, corn, soybeans, or default.  Regional PCAs are a Tier II tool intended for more refined assessment. (Ref. 7)  In the Exposure Characterization section, the uncertainties surrounding the use of the PCA and the Index Reservoir are described.

	Modeling Results

Once the parent cyprodinil, and its degradate CGA-249287 were modeled separately using PRZM/ EXAMS, an output file is obtained that provides 1-in-10 year exposure concentrations for each chemical.  An example of an output file is provided in the Appendix for reference purposes; however, these files were not utilized for the determination of the EDWCs.  It is noted however, that the 1-in-10 years exposure values may be used if it known that parent and its degradate have different toxicity and/ or mode of action.  In this assessment it is assumed that parent and degradate are of similar toxicity and mode of action.

Furthermore, there is another output file that provides daily concentrations, also called the time series or TS file.  For each crop scenario one TS file is obtained for cyprodinil and another for CGA-249287.  Post-processing daily exposure concentrations from the model results is performed to obtain daily EDWCs for the total residues (both stressors) by combining daily concentrations from both chemicals by simple addition of daily exposure concentrations.  The post-processing of total residue daily exposure concentrations is continued by calculating the required running averages and maxima for each of the 30 years.  This is followed by calculating the 90[th] percentiles which is considered to be the 1-10 year EDWCs for the total residues.  In the post-processing, the PCA adjustment was also incorporated.  Thus, the spreadsheet application yields directly the PCA adjusted EDWCs.

Table 8 provides the results of the surface waters modeling and Table 9 provides the results for the groundwater modeling.

Table 8.  Tier 2 Surface Waters Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) of the Total Residues of Concern of Cyprodinil plus CGA-249287[1]
                      DRINKING WATER SOURCE (MODEL USED)
                                 USE SCENARIO
                               National PCA (%) 
                                  EDWC ( ppb)
                                       

                                       
                        1-in-10-year annual peak conc.
                        1-in-10-year annual mean conc.
                              Overall mean conc.
                         Surface water  (PRZM/ EXAMS)
                                   CA almond
                                      87
                                     11.50
                                     6.92
                                     6.13

                                   CA fruit
                                      87
                                     16.33
                                     11.58
                                     10.24

                                  NY grape[1]
                                      87
                                     34.79
                                     24.65
                                     16.38

                                  MI cherries
                                      87
                                     21.29
                                     15.59
                                     12.12

                                 OR snap bean
                                      87
                                     10.02
                                     5.47
                                     4.33

                                   MO melon
                                      87
                                     22.07
                                     7.21
                                     5.66

                                NC sweet potato
                                      87
                                     28.25
                                     12.91
                                     10.07

                                   GA onion
                                      87
                                     17.88
                                     6.97
                                     5.56

                                 FL strawberry
                                      87
                                     21.22
                                     6.63
                                     5.10

                                   PA tomato
                                      87
                                     21.05
                                     10.76
                                     8.10
1. The shaded and bolded row indicates the scenario that yielded the highest EDWCs.

The use scenario that yielded the highest EDWCs was NY grape.  The maximum acute concentration in surface water (EDWC) is 34.79 μg/L of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287, using the NY grapes scenario.  The maximum chronic EDWC in surface waters is 24.65 μg/L of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287, using the NY grapes scenario.  Finally, the maximum cancer/ chronic EDWC in surface waters is 16.38 μg/L of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287, using the NY grapes scenario.

Table 9.  Groundwater Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) Modeled for the Use of Cyprodinyl and CGA-249287[1]

Parameter\  Concentrations in  ppb

                                     Crop

                                  Cyprodinil

                                  CGA-249287

                                Total Residues
SCI-GROW (Acute and Chronic)
                                    Grapes
                                  3.60x10[-2]
                                  5.01x10[-2]
                                  8.61x10[-2]
1. The shaded and bolded cell indicates the EDWC for the total residues.
   
The SCI-GROW generated EDWC for grapes are 0.0360 μg/L for cyprodinil, 0.0501 μg/L for CGA-249287 and 0.0861 μg/L for the total residues of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287.  This value is suitable for acute and chronic exposures.

      Monitoring Data

The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Data Warehouse was checked for possible detections of cyprodinil, but it was found that the chemical was not monitored in the study units (basins) that are included in the database.  In addition, STORET (short for STOrage RETrieval) Data Warehouse was checked.  It appears that it contains data on cyprodinil.

      Drinking Water Treatment

It is likely that primary treatment may reduce the levels of cyprodinil due to its relatively high tendency to bind.  Also it is possible that the chemical and/ or its degradate undergoes transformation.  However, there is no information available at this time to determine the levels of reduction and/ or transformation, if any (Ref. 6).

EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION

The maximum EDWCs were obtained on the use of cyprodinil on grapes in NY.  The following two crops with the next to the highest EDWCs were NC sweet potato and MO melon.  Three crops modeled in the west coast (two in CA and one in OR) yielded the lowest EDWCs out of a total of 10 crop scenarios modeled.  The range of peak EDWCs varied only by a factor of ~3.5.  The range of peak EDWCs is 10.02 ppb for OR snap beans to 34.79 for NY grapes.  It appears that the obtained EDWCs are reasonable conservative values.

In a previous assessment, the NY grapes scenario also yielded the highest EDWCs even though at the time, the application was modeled with ground methods (as compared to applications made aerially in CA, which were also modeled in the DWA).  Since the shell (PE5.pl) does not allow for changes in the method of application in the same modeling run, all the applications were assumed to be aerial.  Thus, the results of this assessment are likely to be conservative, since for all crops only two aerial applications will be allowed per season.  In the case of grapes, a total of three applications are made at the maximum application rate.

In addition, for cyprodinil, the label requires a buffer zone and a vegetated buffer strip to protect lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds.  For aerial applications, the buffer zone is 150 ft.  For this assessment, the level of drift was assumed to be 0.16 (16%), which is the standard value that has been derived for aerial applications that do not include a buffer zone; however, it is possible that the level of drift is an overestimate for aerial applications of cyprodinil because of the buffer zone restriction.  It appears that the assumption of 16% drift could be conservative in this assessment.

The crops selected for modeling [almond, fruit (for pome fruits), grape, cherries (for stone fruits), snap beans (for beans), melons (for cucurbit vegetables), sweet potatoes (for various root and tuber vegetables), onions (for onions and garlic), strawberries and tomatoes] are representative of the maximum number of applications at the maximum single application rates at the minimum interval between applications (maximum seasonal application rate between 1.3 and 1.4 lb a.i./A/year).  For grapes, which had the maximum EDWCs in PRZM/ EXAMS, the range of application rates for a single application is 0.235 to 0.47 lb a.i./A (5-10 oz of product, containing 75% a.i., Vangard[(R)] WG Fungicide), it is unknown if the maximum single or seasonal application rate are similar to the typical application rates.  However, it is indicated in the label that the higher application rate for grapes is recommended for the use of cyprodinil alone, while the range of application rates (5-10 oz product) is recommended for tank mixtures with another fungicide registered on grapes for control of Botrytis bunch rot.  The selected crop scenarios represent most regions and various major use areas of the continental US (CA, NY, MI, OR, MO, NC, GA, FL and PA).  No new crops are proposed in this action.  Rather, the use of aerial and chemigation applications are proposed.

Grapes and almonds are the two major crops (as of 2002), which comprised >74% of the national use of cyprodinil, followed by raspberries (not modeled), peaches and strawberries (5.3-5.9% of the national use each).  The next crops in order of usage are apples, plums and prunes, nectarines, apricots and pears, in that order (0.58-3.6% of the national use).

Crops which were not modeled in this assessment were tropical fruits, kiwi, citrus (lemon and lime), pistachios (usually modeled using the CA almond scenario, which was modeled), berries, brassica (cole) vegetables, herbs, leafy vegetables and watercress.  For citrus and watercress, only ground applications are allowed according to the proposed label.  Tropical fruits, citrus, brassica (cole) vegetables and leafy vegetables are typically modeled using crop scenarios located in FL or CA, for which other scenarios were modeled (e.g., FL avocado, FL citrus, CA citrus, FL cabbage and CA lettuce).  For kiwi, berries and herbs, no standard scenario was available.  Despite the fact that these crops were not modeled, a variety of crops were modeled indeed, which cover major uses of cyprodinil and most regions of the continental U.S. where the chemical may be used.  These crops may be considered representative of all uses of cyprodinil.

One uncertainty related to the fate database is the aqueous photolysis study.  It resulted in a half-life of 22 days, but the review concluded that there may be little aqueous photolysis and that aqueous photolysis is not a major route of dissipation for cyprodinil.  The study was conducted with an unsterilized solution.  For modeling purposes, EFED assumed that the cyprodinil is stable to aqueous photolysis.  This uncertainty is expected to alter both the peak and long term EDWCs (should the actual photolysis rate was different); however, the assumption is conservative.

The input parameters for PRZM/ EXAMS for cyprodinil have a relatively low level of uncertainty.  The dataset for the chemical was extensive.  The chemical was found to be stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis at pH 7 and anaerobic aquatic metabolism.  A total of ten PRZM scenarios were run with PRZM/ EXAMS.  In general, conservative assumptions were made with respect to the input parameters in this assessment, as per the input guidelines dated 10/22/2009 (Ref. 10).

CGA-249287 had been selected by the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee (MARC) for modeling of EDWCs.  The metabolite was modeled separately (as opposed to the use of the total residue approach), but using the residue summation method (RS).  For CGA-249287, there is a higher degree of uncertainty in the input parameters.  For this chemical, only the mobility study was available.  The aerobic soil metabolism half-life was derived from the study on the parent.  Since only one value was available, it was multiplied by three to account for the uncertainty due to the lack of additional half-lives.  The aerobic aquatic metabolism was assumed to be twice the aerobic soil metabolism input (as per the input guidelines).  CGA-249287 was assumed to be stable to hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis and anaerobic aquatic metabolism (because there was no data or the metabolite did not degrade under the stated conditions).  The vapor pressure, Henry's Law constant and solubility were derived from the EPISUITE[(R)] model because no empirical values were available.

With the RS approach, both cyprodinil and CGA-249287 were assumed to be applied at time zero.  Also, it is assumed that the maximum degradation of the parent and the maximum formation of degradates occur at application.  This assumption constitutes an uncertainty of the RS method.  The degradate was actually a maximum at 28 days in the aerobic soil metabolism study.  The EDWC was comparatively higher using the conventional approach to determine 1-in-10 year peak exposures (e.g., for the CA almond scenario, the peak EDWC is 13.48 ppb x 0.87 = 11.73 ppb for cyprodinil and the peak EDWC is 0.827 ppb x 0.87 = 0.719 ppb for CGA-249287, see the Appendix for the example output file).  The metabolite comprised only a maximum of ~12-14% in laboratory studies.  When the time series files were post-processed, the peak EDWC for the same scenario was slightly lower than the sum of the individual values.  For the example of the CA almond scenario, the final post-processed EDWC is 11.50 ppb of cyprodinil plus CGA-249287.  It is unknown if using the peak value derived using this approach may be an overestimation or underestimation of what really happens in the field.  CGA-249287 was a major degradate only under aerobic conditions (aerobic soil metabolism and aerobic aquatic metabolism) and in the field.

The extent of this assessment is national in scope, with the use of national percent crop areas (PCAs).  For uncertainties regarding the use of a PCA, refer to the following section.

In addition, the percent of the crop which is treated (PCT) with a pesticide can be an important factor in determining the concentration level in drinking water in each basin.  However, PCT can vary greatly from watershed to watershed, and generally, pesticide use data is not collected below the statewide level, so this variability cannot currently be characterized. Using state-wide averages for PCT will underestimate for up to half the watersheds, or in cases where the usage is limited to a small portion of the state, significantly underestimate for these watersheds, while overestimating for the rest. Because there is no currently acceptable method to estimate PCT on a watershed basis from existing data, and existing data sources are usually at too large a scale, OPP does not estimate drinking water concentrations be quantitatively adjusted to account for PCT.  OPP currently assumes 100% PCT for surface-water-source drinking water assessments, as there is no way to objectively defend the assumption of a lower PCT without appropriate data or estimation tools.

Monitoring data were not utilized in this assessment.

Uncertainties Related to the Use of a PCA

The PCA is a watershed-based modification (Ref. 7). Implicit in its application is the assumption that currently used field-scale models reflect basin-scale processes consistently for all pesticides and uses. In other words, it is assumed that the large field simulated by the index reservoir models is a reasonable approximation of pesticide fate and transport within a watershed that contains a drinking water reservoir. If the models fail to capture pertinent basin-scale fate and transport processes consistently for all pesticides and all uses, the application of a factor that reduces the concentrations estimated by modeling could, in some instances, result in underestimated EDWCs. Important basin scale processes that are not simulated by using PRZM and EXAMS with a PCA factor tend to reduce the peak concentration below the estimate, but may extend the duration of its occurrence. Examples of these processes include applications to different fields on different dates, non-simultaneous entry of runoff into the water body at different locations in the watershed, and subsurface interflow through ground water.

The spatial data used for the PCA came from readily available sources and have a number of inherent limitations:

   1. The size of the 8-digit HUC [mean = 366,989 ha; range = 6.7-2,282,081 ha; n = 2,111] may not provide reasonable estimates of actual PCAs for smaller watersheds. The watersheds that drain into drinking water reservoirs are generally smaller than the 8-digit HUC and may be better represented by watersheds defined for drinking water intakes.
   2. The conversion of the county-level data to watershed-based percent cropped areas assumes the distribution of the crops within a county is uniform and homogeneous throughout the county area. Distances between the treated fields and the water body are not addressed.
   3. PCA adjustment factors were generated using data from the 1992 and 1997 Census of Agriculture. The assumption that "yearly changes in cropping patterns will cause minimal impact" remains a source of uncertainty.
   4. The PCA adjustment factors do not consider the percent of the crop treated in the watershed because detailed pesticide usage data are extremely limited at this time and are currently available for only a few states.

      Uncertainties Related to the Use of the Index Reservoir

The index reservoir represents potential drinking water exposure from a specific area (Illinois) with specific cropping patterns, weather, soils, and other factors (Ref. 8). Use of the index reservoir for areas with different climates, crops, pesticides used, sources of water (e.g., rivers instead of reservoirs), and hydrogeology creates uncertainties. In general, because the index reservoir represents a fairly vulnerable watershed, the exposure estimated with the index reservoir will likely be higher than the actual exposure for most drinking water sources. However, the index reservoir is not designed to represent a worst case scenario.  Communities that derive their drinking water from smaller bodies of water with minimal outflow, or with more runoff prone soils, would be likely to have higher drinking water exposure than estimated using the index reservoir. Areas with a more humid climate, that use a similar reservoir and cropping patterns may also have higher concentrations of pesticides in their drinking water than predicted using this scenario.

A single steady flow represents water flow through the reservoir. Because this steady discharge from the reservoir also removes chemicals, this assumption will underestimate removal from the reservoir during wet periods and will overestimate removal during dry periods. This assumption can both underestimate and overestimate the concentration of a pesticide remaining in the reservoir depending upon the annual precipitation pattern at the reservoir.

The index reservoir scenario uses the characteristics of a single soil to represent soils in the watershed. Soils can vary substantially across even small areas and this variability is not reflected in the scenario.

The index reservoir scenario does not consider tile drainage. Tile drainage contributes additional water and, in some cases, additional pesticide loading to the reservoir. This may cause either an increase or decrease in the pesticide concentration in the reservoir. Tile drainage also causes the surface soil to dry out faster, which will reduce runoff of the pesticide into the reservoir. The watershed used as the model for the index reservoir (Shipman City Lake) does not have tile drainage in the cropped areas.

The index reservoir scenario assumes complete mixing of the chemical through the water column. However, thermal stratification can occur in reservoirs that inhibits mixing.  Eventually, an overturn event will occur that eliminates the stratification and returns the water column to a completely mixed state. Overturn occurs when the temperature drops in the fall and again in the spring when the reservoir warms up. EXAMS does not easily model stratification and spring and fall turnover. Because of this limitation with EXAMS, the Index Reservoir has been simulated without stratification. There are data to suggest that Shipman City Lake, upon which the Index Reservoir is based, does indeed stratify in the deepest parts of the lake at least in some years. This may result in both over and underestimation of the concentration in drinking water depending upon the time of the year and the depth of the drinking water intake.

REFERENCES 

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Guidance for Developing a Tier I Drinking Water Exposure Assessment
 
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Characterization of Drinking Water Exposure for Dietary Risk Assessment. December 13, 2007.

3.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999)  Estimating the Drinking Water Component of a Dietary Exposure Assessment.  http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/science/#drinking

4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000a).  Development and Use of Distributions of Pesticide Concentrations in Drinking Water for FQPA Exposure Assessments. FIFRA SAP Meeting  -  February 29  -  March 3, 2000.  http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/index.htm.

5. June 2000: Monitoring Strategies for Pesticides in Surface-Derived Drinking Water. FIFRA SAP Meeting - http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/june/finwateronly.pdf 

6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000b). Progress Report on Estimating Pesticide Concentrations in Drinking Water and Assessing Water Treatment Effects on Pesticide Removal and Transformation. http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/meetings/2000/index.htm

7. Jones, R.D., K. Costello, J. Hetrick, J. Lin, R. Parker, N. Thurman, C. Peck and G. Orrick.  2010.  Development and Use of Percent Cropped Area Adjustment Factors in Drinking Water Exposure Assessments.  Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA. September 9, 2010

8.  Jones, R.D., K. Costello, J. Hetrick, J. Lin, R. Parker, N. Thurman and C. Peck.  2010.  Development and Use of the Index Reservoir in Drinking Water Exposure Assessments.  Office of Pesticides Programs, USEPA.  April 15, 2010

9.  SCI-GROW Description http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/scigrow_description.htm 

10.  Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1 (October 22, 2009).  Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm

11.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007). Guidance for Developing a Tier II Drinking Water Exposure Assessment.

12.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  FAO PESTICIDE DISPOSAL SERIES 8.  Assessing Soil Contamination: A Reference Manual.  Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil.  Editorial Group, FAO Information Division: Rome, 2000.  http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E00.htm
APPENDIX

Structure of Cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine)

Structure of CGA-249287 (4-cyclopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-2-amine)
      

EPISUITE Output File for CGA-249287

SMILES : c1c(C)nc(N)nc1(C2CC2)
CHEM   : 
MOL FOR: C8 H11 N3 
MOL WT : 149.20
------------------------------ EPI SUMMARY (v3.12) --------------------------
 Physical Property Inputs:
    Water Solubility (mg/L):   ------
    Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) :   ------
    Henry LC (atm-m3/mole) :   ------
    Log Kow (octanol-water):   ------
    Boiling Point (deg C)  :   ------
    Melting Point (deg C)  :   ------

 Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC):
    Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) =  1.77

 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.41):
    Boiling Pt (deg C):  277.53  (Adapted Stein & Brown method)
    Melting Pt (deg C):  86.92  (Mean or Weighted MP)
    VP(mm Hg,25 deg C):  0.00162  (Modified Grain method)

 Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41):
    Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L):  2352
       log Kow used: 1.77 (estimated)
       no-melting pt equation used

 Water Sol Estimate from Fragments:
    Wat Sol (v1.01 est) =  4921.5 mg/L

 ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR v0.99h):
    Class(es) found:
       Aromatic Amines

 Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]:
   Bond Method :   3.46E-006  atm-m3/mole
   Group Method:   Incomplete
 Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]:  1.352E-007 atm-m3/mole

 Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.02):
   Biowin1 (Linear Model)         :   0.5521
   Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model)     :   0.5343
 Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
   Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model):   2.5848  (weeks-months)
   Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) :   3.3870  (days-weeks  )
 Readily Biodegradable Probability (MITI Model):
   Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model)    :   0.1900
   Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model):   0.1365
 Ready Biodegradability Prediction:   NO

 Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin v1.91]:
   Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction:
      OVERALL OH Rate Constant =  78.8956 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec
      Half-Life =     0.136 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
      Half-Life =     1.627 Hrs
   Ozone Reaction:
      No Ozone Reaction Estimation

 Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66):
      Koc    :  47.33
      Log Koc:  1.675 

 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]:
    Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure!

 BCF Estimate from Log Kow (BCFWIN v2.15):
    Log BCF =  0.663  (BCF = 4.607)
       log Kow used: 1.77 (estimated)

 Volatilization from Water:
    Henry LC:  3.46E-006 atm-m3/mole  (estimated by Bond SAR Method)
    Half-Life from Model River:      207.9  hours   (8.664 days)
    Half-Life from Model Lake :       2371  hours   (98.78 days)

 Removal In Wastewater Treatment:
    Total removal:               2.27  percent
    Total biodegradation:        0.09  percent
    Total sludge adsorption:     1.98  percent
    Total to Air:                0.20  percent
      (using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)

 Removal In Wastewater Treatment:
    Total removal:              22.64  percent
    Total biodegradation:       20.84  percent
    Total sludge adsorption:     1.65  percent
    Total to Air:                0.16  percent
      (using Biowin/EPA draft method)

 Level III Fugacity Model:
           Mass Amount    Half-Life    Emissions
            (percent)        (hr)       (kg/hr)
   Air       0.235           3.25         1000       
   Water     36.1            900          1000       
   Soil      63.6            1.8e+003     1000       
   Sediment  0.11            8.1e+003     0          
     Persistence Time: 710 hr

SCi-GROW Output Files (output for the parent, followed by output for the degradate):

                           SCIGROW
                          VERSION 2.3
            ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION
                 OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
             U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                        SCREENING MODEL
                FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
 
 SciGrow version 2.3
 chemical:Cyprodinil
 time is  9/24/2010  15: 6:21
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Application      Number of       Total Use    Koc      Soil Aerobic
  rate (lb/acre)  applications   (lb/acre/yr)  (ml/g)   metabolism (days)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      0.421           3.0           1.263      1.70E+03       35.5
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 groundwater screening cond (ppb) =   3.60E-02 
 ************************************************************************

                           SCIGROW
                          VERSION 2.3
            ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION
                 OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
             U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                        SCREENING MODEL
                FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
 
 SciGrow version 2.3
 chemical:CGA-249287
 time is  9/24/2010  15: 8:20
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Application      Number of       Total Use    Koc      Soil Aerobic
  rate (lb/acre)  applications   (lb/acre/yr)  (ml/g)   metabolism (days)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      0.033           3.0           0.098      1.73E+02       72.0
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 groundwater screening cond (ppb) =   5.01E-02 
 ************************************************************************

Sample PRZM/EXAMS Output Files (Note that the Time Series or TS files were used instead of the usual output files in determining the results):

Cyprodinil: CA almond
stored as CYPRODIN.out
Chemical: Cyprodinil
PRZM environment: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt	modified Wedday, 13 June 2007 at 12:17:16
EXAMS environment: ir298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07
Metfile: w23232.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:38
Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly
1961	6.773	6.6	6.018	5.027	4.564	2.583
1962	8.793	8.525	7.842	6.87	6.352	4.79
1963	13.92	13.53	12.7	11.28	10.41	7.162
1964	11.73	11.46	10.82	9.827	9.253	6.902
1965	11.58	11.3	10.58	9.53	9.006	6.692
1966	11.53	11.25	10.48	9.515	8.956	6.616
1967	11.76	11.48	10.86	9.676	9.069	6.665
1968	11.6	11.32	10.46	9.485	8.905	6.534
1969	11.48	11.2	10.36	9.38	8.849	6.494
1970	11.52	11.36	10.68	9.571	8.952	6.564
1971	11.68	11.4	10.6	9.544	9.024	6.675
1972	11.61	11.45	10.54	9.539	8.975	6.575
1973	11.28	11.01	10.39	9.418	8.838	6.472
1974	11.43	11.15	10.22	9.267	8.743	6.45
1975	11.81	11.57	10.65	9.564	8.975	6.494
1976	11.6	11.31	10.4	9.444	8.946	6.505
1977	11.51	11.22	10.5	9.436	8.87	6.526
1978	12	11.71	10.69	9.552	9.006	6.636
1979	11.61	11.32	10.44	9.385	8.858	6.522
1980	11.48	11.2	10.54	9.462	8.884	6.513
1981	11.49	11.21	10.45	9.386	8.826	6.499
1982	18.51	17.95	16.8	14.35	13.06	8.653
1983	13.6	13.29	12.4	11.62	11.02	8.212
1984	12.43	12.14	11.47	10.47	9.889	7.39
1985	11.78	11.51	10.82	9.798	9.223	6.901
1986	12.07	11.77	10.98	9.876	9.276	6.833
1987	12.33	12.09	11.22	10.07	9.415	6.871
1988	11.72	11.56	10.78	9.805	9.24	6.766
1989	12.06	11.76	10.87	9.756	9.145	6.771
1990	11.62	11.42	10.66	9.63	9.123	6.762

Sorted results
Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly
0.032258064516129	18.51	17.95	16.8	14.35	13.06	8.653
0.0645161290322581	13.92	13.53	12.7	11.62	11.02	8.212
0.0967741935483871	13.6	13.29	12.4	11.28	10.41	7.39
0.129032258064516	12.43	12.14	11.47	10.47	9.889	7.162
0.161290322580645	12.33	12.09	11.22	10.07	9.415	6.902
0.193548387096774	12.07	11.77	10.98	9.876	9.276	6.901
0.225806451612903	12.06	11.76	10.87	9.827	9.253	6.871
0.258064516129032	12	11.71	10.86	9.805	9.24	6.833
0.290322580645161	11.81	11.57	10.82	9.798	9.223	6.771
0.32258064516129	11.78	11.56	10.82	9.756	9.145	6.766
0.354838709677419	11.76	11.51	10.78	9.676	9.123	6.762
0.387096774193548	11.73	11.48	10.69	9.63	9.069	6.692
0.419354838709677	11.72	11.46	10.68	9.571	9.024	6.675
0.451612903225806	11.68	11.45	10.66	9.564	9.006	6.665
0.483870967741936	11.62	11.42	10.65	9.552	9.006	6.636
0.516129032258065	11.61	11.4	10.6	9.544	8.975	6.616
0.548387096774194	11.61	11.36	10.58	9.539	8.975	6.575
0.580645161290323	11.6	11.32	10.54	9.53	8.956	6.564
0.612903225806452	11.6	11.32	10.54	9.515	8.952	6.534
0.645161290322581	11.58	11.31	10.5	9.485	8.946	6.526
0.67741935483871	11.53	11.3	10.48	9.462	8.905	6.522
0.709677419354839	11.52	11.25	10.46	9.444	8.884	6.513
0.741935483870968	11.51	11.22	10.45	9.436	8.87	6.505
0.774193548387097	11.49	11.21	10.44	9.418	8.858	6.499
0.806451612903226	11.48	11.2	10.4	9.386	8.849	6.494
0.838709677419355	11.48	11.2	10.39	9.385	8.838	6.494
0.870967741935484	11.43	11.15	10.36	9.38	8.826	6.472
0.903225806451613	11.28	11.01	10.22	9.267	8.743	6.45
0.935483870967742	8.793	8.525	7.842	6.87	6.352	4.79
0.967741935483871	6.773	6.6	6.018	5.027	4.564	2.583

0.1	13.483	13.175	12.307	11.199	10.3579	7.3672
					Average of yearly averages:	6.60093333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:
Output File: CYPRODIN
Metfile:	w23232.dvf
PRZM scenario:	CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt
EXAMS environment file:	ir298.exv
Chemical Name:	Cyprodinil
Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments
Molecular weight	mwt	225.29	g/mol
Henry's Law Const.	henry	7.04e-8	atm-m^3/mol
Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.80e-6	torr
Solubility	sol	13	mg/L
Kd	Kd		mg/L
Koc	Koc	1745	mg/L
Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life
Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	382.3	days	Halfife
Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife
Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	44.3	days	Halfife
Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life
Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual
Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0.0	cm
Application Rate:	TAPP	0.472	kg/ha
Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.95	fraction
Spray Drift	DRFT	0.16	fraction of application rate applied to pond
Application Date	Date	01-03	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm
Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.
app. rate 1	apprate	0.472	kg/ha
Interval 2	interval	7	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.
app. rate 2	apprate	0.472	kg/ha
Record 17:	FILTRA	
	IPSCND	1
	UPTKF	0
Record 18:	PLVKRT	0
	PLDKRT	0
	FEXTRC	0.5
Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Reservoir
Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	total	none, monthly or total(average of entire run)

CGA-249287: CA almond
stored as CGA_249287.out
Chemical: CGA-249287
PRZM environment: CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt	modified Wedday, 13 June 2007 at 12:17:16
EXAMS environment: ir298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07
Metfile: w23232.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:38
Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly
1961	0.6052	0.5873	0.558	0.4729	0.4133	0.1633
1962	0.8305	0.8112	0.736	0.6165	0.5223	0.305
1963	1.228	1.196	1.143	0.9996	0.8743	0.4069
1964	0.6063	0.5869	0.5643	0.4817	0.4191	0.179
1965	0.6013	0.5838	0.5521	0.4713	0.4092	0.1609
1966	0.6408	0.6214	0.5773	0.5006	0.4381	0.184
1967	0.6925	0.6738	0.6241	0.5325	0.4708	0.1998
1968	0.6391	0.6217	0.5719	0.4895	0.4266	0.1726
1969	0.6136	0.5957	0.5542	0.4803	0.4205	0.167
1970	0.661	0.6416	0.6092	0.5116	0.4416	0.1867
1971	0.6365	0.6171	0.5764	0.4928	0.4336	0.1824
1972	0.6708	0.6513	0.5871	0.503	0.4414	0.1736
1973	0.5761	0.5576	0.539	0.4588	0.3994	0.1619
1974	0.6202	0.6028	0.5446	0.475	0.4176	0.17
1975	0.6732	0.6504	0.583	0.4888	0.4208	0.165
1976	0.6512	0.6318	0.5767	0.4953	0.428	0.1661
1977	0.611	0.5906	0.5616	0.471	0.4123	0.1661
1978	0.7302	0.7112	0.6421	0.5429	0.4841	0.1975
1979	0.6531	0.6371	0.592	0.5137	0.4537	0.1843
1980	0.6534	0.634	0.5806	0.4911	0.4268	0.1684
1981	0.6244	0.6071	0.5845	0.5061	0.4483	0.1851
1982	1.586	1.539	1.416	1.119	0.9401	0.3598
1983	0.7002	0.6798	0.6318	0.5672	0.5034	0.2042
1984	0.6017	0.5822	0.5525	0.4743	0.4141	0.1669
1985	0.5896	0.5727	0.5457	0.4702	0.4094	0.174
1986	0.6866	0.6674	0.6356	0.5473	0.479	0.1977
1987	0.7964	0.7747	0.7235	0.6156	0.5479	0.2197
1988	0.6774	0.6595	0.6241	0.564	0.501	0.2028
1989	0.6747	0.6552	0.6159	0.5347	0.4695	0.1987
1990	0.6648	0.6452	0.6036	0.5147	0.4565	0.1884

Sorted results
Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly
0.032258064516129	1.586	1.539	1.416	1.119	0.9401	0.4069
0.0645161290322581	1.228	1.196	1.143	0.9996	0.8743	0.3598
0.0967741935483871	0.8305	0.8112	0.736	0.6165	0.5479	0.305
0.129032258064516	0.7964	0.7747	0.7235	0.6156	0.5223	0.2197
0.161290322580645	0.7302	0.7112	0.6421	0.5672	0.5034	0.2042
0.193548387096774	0.7002	0.6798	0.6356	0.564	0.501	0.2028
0.225806451612903	0.6925	0.6738	0.6318	0.5473	0.4841	0.1998
0.258064516129032	0.6866	0.6674	0.6241	0.5429	0.479	0.1987
0.290322580645161	0.6774	0.6595	0.6241	0.5347	0.4708	0.1977
0.32258064516129	0.6747	0.6552	0.6159	0.5325	0.4695	0.1975
0.354838709677419	0.6732	0.6513	0.6092	0.5147	0.4565	0.1884
0.387096774193548	0.6708	0.6504	0.6036	0.5137	0.4537	0.1867
0.419354838709677	0.6648	0.6452	0.592	0.5116	0.4483	0.1851
0.451612903225806	0.661	0.6416	0.5871	0.5061	0.4416	0.1843
0.483870967741936	0.6534	0.6371	0.5845	0.503	0.4414	0.184
0.516129032258065	0.6531	0.634	0.583	0.5006	0.4381	0.1824
0.548387096774194	0.6512	0.6318	0.5806	0.4953	0.4336	0.179
0.580645161290323	0.6408	0.6217	0.5773	0.4928	0.428	0.174
0.612903225806452	0.6391	0.6214	0.5767	0.4911	0.4268	0.1736
0.645161290322581	0.6365	0.6171	0.5764	0.4895	0.4266	0.1726
0.67741935483871	0.6244	0.6071	0.5719	0.4888	0.4208	0.17
0.709677419354839	0.6202	0.6028	0.5643	0.4817	0.4205	0.1684
0.741935483870968	0.6136	0.5957	0.5616	0.4803	0.4191	0.167
0.774193548387097	0.611	0.5906	0.558	0.475	0.4176	0.1669
0.806451612903226	0.6063	0.5873	0.5542	0.4743	0.4141	0.1661
0.838709677419355	0.6052	0.5869	0.5525	0.4729	0.4133	0.1661
0.870967741935484	0.6017	0.5838	0.5521	0.4713	0.4123	0.165
0.903225806451613	0.6013	0.5822	0.5457	0.471	0.4094	0.1633
0.935483870967742	0.5896	0.5727	0.5446	0.4702	0.4092	0.1619
0.967741935483871	0.5761	0.5576	0.539	0.4588	0.3994	0.1609

0.1	0.82709	0.80755	0.73475	0.61641	0.54534	0.29647
					Average of yearly averages:	0.198593333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:
Output File: CGA_249287
Metfile:	w23232.dvf
PRZM scenario:	CAalmond_WirrigSTD.txt
EXAMS environment file:	ir298.exv
Chemical Name:	CGA-249287
Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments
Molecular weight	mwt	149.20	g/mol
Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.46e-6	atm-m^3/mol
Vapor Pressure	vapr	1.62e-3	torr
Solubility	sol	2352	mg/L
Kd	Kd	3.97	mg/L
Koc	Koc		mg/L
Photolysis half-life	kdp	0	days	Half-life
Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	432	days	Halfife
Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife
Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	216	days	Halfife
Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life
Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual
Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0.0	cm
Application Rate:	TAPP	0.0367	kg/ha
Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.95	fraction
Spray Drift	DRFT	0.16	fraction of application rate applied to pond
Application Date	Date	01-03	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm
Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.
app. rate 1	apprate	0.0367	kg/ha
Interval 2	interval	7	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.
app. rate 2	apprate	0.0367	kg/ha
Record 17:	FILTRA	
	IPSCND	1
	UPTKF	0
Record 18:	PLVKRT	0
	PLDKRT	0
	FEXTRC	0.5
Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	Reservoir
Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	total	none, monthly or total(average of entire run)