Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0766-0062
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2014-11-14T05:00Z

TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1

CROP GROUPING PETITION – TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT, EDIBLE PEEL, 

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION) TO 40 CFR 180.41 (c) AND 180.1 (h)

(Açaí;  Acerola;  African plum;  Agritos;  Almondette;  Ambarella; 
Apak palm;  Appleberry;  Arazá;  Arbutus Berry;  Babaco;  Bacaba palm; 
Bacaba-de-leque;  Bayberry, Red;  Bignay;  Bilimbi;  Breadnut; 
Cabeluda;  Cajou (pseudofruit);  Cambucá;  Carandas-plum;  Carob; 
Cashew (pseudofruit);  Ceylon iron wood;  Ceylon olive; 
Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande;  Chinese olive, black;  Chinese olive, white; 
Chirauli-nut;  Ciruela verde;  Cocoplum;  Date;  Davidson's plum; 
Desert-date;  Doum palm coconut;  False sandalwood;  Feijoa;  Fig; 
Fragrant Manjack;  Gooseberry, Abyssinian;  Gooseberry, Ceylon; 
Gooseberry, Indian;  Gooseberry, Otaheite;  Governor's plum; 
Grumichama;  Guabiroba;  Guava;  Guava berry;  Guava, Brazilian;  Guava,
cattley;  Guava, Costa Rican;  Guava, para;  Guava, purple strawberry; 
Guava, strawberry;  Guava, yellow strawberry;  Guayabillo;  Illawarra
plum;  Imbé;  Imbu;  Indian-plum;  Jaboticaba;  Jamaica-cherry; 
Jambolan;  Jelly palm;  Jujube, Chinese;  Jujube, Indian;  Kaffir-plum; 
Kakadu plum;  Kapundung;  Karanda;  Kwai muk;  Lemon aspen;  Mangaba; 
Marian plum;  Mombin, Malayan;  Mombin, purple;  Mombin, yellow; 
Monkeyfruit;  Monos plum;  Mountain cherry;  Nance;  Natal plum;  Noni; 
Olive;  Papaya, Mountain;  Patauá;  Peach Palm;  Persimmon, black; 
Persimmon, Japanese;  Pitomba;  Plum-of-Martinique;  Pomerac;  Rambai; 
Rose apple;  Rukam;  Rumberry;  Sea grape;  Sentul;  Sete-capotes; 
Silver aspen;  Starfruit;  Surinam cherry;  Tamarind;  Uvalha;  Water
apple;  Water pear;  Water berry;  Wax jambu)

AUTHORS

William P. Barney and Kathryn Homa

INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 4

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

500 COLLEGE ROAD EAST, 201W

PRINCETON, NJ 08540

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication

No. A - 27200-21-10, Supported by State, U.S. Hatch Act

and other U.S. Department of Agriculture funds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                   						        							
							PAGE

  TOC \o "1-2" \h \z \u    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744745"  TITLE PAGE:
VOLUME 1	  PAGEREF _Toc274744745 \h  1  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744746"  TABLE OF CONTENTS	  PAGEREF
_Toc274744746 \h  2  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744747"  TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION):	 
PAGEREF _Toc274744747 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744748"  PROPOSED AMENDMENT	  PAGEREF
_Toc274744748 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744749"  BACKGROUND	  PAGEREF _Toc274744749 \h  7
 

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744750"  CULTURAL INFORMATION	  PAGEREF
_Toc274744750 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744751"  PEST PROBLEMS	  PAGEREF _Toc274744751 \h
 7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744752"  PROPOSED CROP GROUP	  PAGEREF
_Toc274744752 \h  8  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744753"  PROPOSED SUBGROUPS AND REPRESENTATIVE
CROPS	  PAGEREF _Toc274744753 \h  11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744754"  CROP DEFINITIONS	  PAGEREF _Toc274744754
\h  14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744755"  SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSIONS	
 PAGEREF _Toc274744755 \h  15  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744756"  Table 1. Tolerances established on
Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel	  PAGEREF _Toc274744756 \h 
18  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744757"  Table 2. Tropical and Subtropical Fruit,
Edible Peel Production in 2008	  PAGEREF _Toc274744757 \h  22  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744758"  Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons –
Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel	  PAGEREF _Toc274744758 \h 
23  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744759"  ATTACHMENT 1. EXCEL SPREADSHEETS FOR
SORTING SUBGROUPS	  PAGEREF _Toc274744759 \h  31  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744760"  ATTACHMENT 2. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL	 
PAGEREF _Toc274744760 \h  68  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc274744761"  ATTACHMENT 3. REFERENCES	  PAGEREF
_Toc274744761 \h  80  

 VOLUME 2.  COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS

VOLUME 3.  REFERENCES

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION):

40 CFR 180.41 (c)

	IR-4 Project and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee
(ICGCC) propose an amendment (addition) to 40 CFR 180.41 (c), adding a
new crop group – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edilbe Peel.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT

1. Add a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and
Subtropical Fruits, Edilbe Peel”.

2. Add the following 108 commodities in this new crop group:

Açaí,  Euterpe oleracea Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Acerola,  Malpighia emarginata DC.,  (Malpighiaceae)

African plum,  Vitex doniana Sweet,  (Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also
placed in Verbenaceae))

Agritos,  Berberis trifoliolata Moric.,  (Berberidaceae)

Almondette,  Buchanania lanzan Spreng.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Ambarella,  Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson,  (Anacardiaceae)

Apak palm,  Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Appleberry,  Billardiera scandens Sm.,  (Pittosporaceae)

Arazá,  Eugenia stipitata McVaugh,  (Myrtaceae)

Arbutus Berry,  Arbutus unedo L.,  (Ericaceae)

Babaco,  Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo, 
(Caricaceae)

Bacaba palm,  Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Bacaba-de-leque,  Oenocarpus distichus Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Bayberry, Red,  Morella rubra Lour.,  (Myricaceae)

Bignay,  Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.,  (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in
Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae))

Bilimbi,  Averrhoa bilimbi L.,  (Oxalidaceae (also placed in
Averrhoaceae))

Breadnut,  Brosimum alicastrum Sw.,  (Moraceae)

Cabeluda,  Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff,  (Myrtaceae)

Cajou (pseudofruit),  Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl., 
(Anacardiaceae)

Cambucá,  Marlierea edulis Nied.,  (Myrtaceae)

Carandas-plum,  Carissa edulis Vahl,  (Apocynaceae)

Carob,  Ceratonia siliqua L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed
in Caesalpiniaceae))

Cashew (pseudofruit),  Anacardium occidentale L.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Ceylon iron wood,  Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard,  (Sapotaceae)

Ceylon olive,  Elaeocarpus serratus L.,  (Elaeocarpaceae)

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande,  Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk., 
(Myrtaceae)

Chinese olive, black,  Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev, 
(Burseraceae)

Chinese olive, white,  Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.,  (Burseraceae)

Chirauli-nut,  Buchanania latifolia Roxb.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Ciruela verde,  Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.,  (Malpighiaceae)

Cocoplum,  Chrysobalanus icaco L.,  (Chrysobalanaceae)

Date,  Phoenix dactylifera L.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Davidson's plum,  Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.,  (Cunoniaceae (also
placed in Davidsoniaceae))

Desert-date,  Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile,  (Zygophyllaceae (also
placed in Balanitaceae))

Doum palm coconut,  Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt.
Palmae))

False sandalwood,  Ximenia americana L.,  (Olacaceae)

Feijoa,  Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret,  (Myrtaceae)

Fig,  Ficus carica L.,  (Moraceae)

Fragrant Manjack,  Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.,  (Boraginaceae)

Gooseberry, Abyssinian,  Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb., 
(Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))

Gooseberry, Ceylon,  Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.,  (Salicaceae
(also placed in Flacourtiaceae))

Gooseberry, Indian,  Phyllanthus emblica L.,  (Phyllanthaceae (also
placed in Euphorbiaceae))

Gooseberry, Otaheite,  Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels,  (Phyllanthaceae
(also placed in Euphorbiaceae))

Governor's plum,  Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.,  (Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae))

Grumichama,  Eugenia brasiliensis Lam,  (Myrtaceae)

Guabiroba,  Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg,  (Myrtaceae)

Guava,  Psidium guajava L.,  (Myrtaceae) [Includes by crop definition:  

Guava berry,  Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg, 
(Myrtaceae)

Guava, Brazilian,  Psidium guineense Sw.

Guava, Cattley,  Psidium cattleianum Sabine,  (Myrtaceae)

Guava, Costa Rican,  (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

Guava, Para,  Psidium acutangulum DC.,  (Myrtaceae)

Guava, purple strawberry,  Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum, 
(Myrtaceae)

Guava, strawberry,  Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi)
Fosberg,  (Myrtaceae)

Guava, yellow strawberry,  Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum
forma lucidum O. Deg.,  (Myrtaceae)

Guayabillo,  (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

Illawarra plum,  Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl.,  (Podocarpaceae)

Imbé,  Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson,  (Clusiaceae (alt.
Guttiferae))

Imbu,  Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Indian-plum,  Flacourtia jangomas,  (Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae))

Jaboticaba,  Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg,  (Myrtaceae)

Jamaica-cherry,  Muntingia calabura L.,  (Muntingiaceae, ((also placed
in Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae))

Jambolan,  Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels,  (Myrtaceae)

Jelly palm,  Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Jujube, Chinese,  Ziziphus jujuba Mill.,  (Rhamnaceae)

Jujube, Indian,  Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.,  (Rhamnaceae)

Kaffir-plum,  Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss,  (Anacardiaceae)

Kakadu plum,  Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley, 
(Combretaceae)

Kapundung,  Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg.,  (Phyllanthaceae
(also placed in Euphorbiaceae))

Karanda,  Carissa carandas L.  

Kwai muk,  Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.,  (Moraceae)

Lemon aspen,  Acronychia acidula,  (Rutaceae)

Mangaba,  Hancornia speciosa Gomes,  (Apocynaceae)

Marian plum,  Bouea macrophylla Griff.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Mombin, Malayan,  Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz, 
(Anacardiaceae)

Mombin, purple,  Spondias purpurea L.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Mombin, yellow,  Spondias mombin L.,  (Anacardiaceae)

Monkeyfruit,  Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.,  (Moraceae)

Monos plum,  Pseudanamomis  umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel,  (Myrtaceae)

Mountain cherry,  Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth,  (Malpighiaceae)

Nance,  Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth,  (Malpighiaceae)

Natal plum,  Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC,  (Apocynaceae)

Noni ,  Morinda citrifolia L.,  (Rubiaceae)

Olive,  Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea,  (Oleaceae)

Papaya, Mountain,  Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.,  (Caricaceae)

Patauá,  Oenocarpus bataua Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

Peach Palm,  Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes,  (Arecaceae (alt.
Palmae))

Persimmon, black,  Diospyros texana Scheele,  (Ebenaceae)

Persimmon, Japanese,  Diospyros kaki Thunb.,  (Ebenaceae)

Pitomba,  Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg,  (Myrtaceae)

Plum-of-Martinique,  Flacourtia inermis,  (Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae))

Pomerac,  Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry,  (Myrtaceae)

Rambai,  Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.,  (Phyllanthaceae)

Rose apple,  Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston,  (Myrtaceae)

Rukam,  Flacourtia rukam,  (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))

Rumberry,  Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh,  (Myrtaceae)

Sea grape,  Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.,  (Polygonaceae)

Sentul,  Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr.,  (Meliaceae)

Sete-capotes,  Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg, 
(Myrtaceae)

Silver aspen,  Acronychia wilcoxiana,  (Rutaceae)

Starfruit,  Averrhoa carambola L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in
Averrhoaceae))

Surinam cherry,  Eugenia uniflora L.,  (Myrtaceae)

Tamarind,  Tamarindus indica L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also
placed in Caesalpiniaceae))

Uvalha,  Eugenia pyriformis,  (Myrtaceae)

Water apple,  Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston,  (Myrtaceae)

Water pear	Syzygium guineense,  (Myrtaceae)

Water berry,  Syzygium cordatum,  (Myrtaceae)

Wax jambu,  Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, 
(Myrtaceae)

BACKGROUND

	A tropical fruit is a fruit produced by a tree, shrub or vine native to
the tropics.  The tropics are generally defined as the region of the
globe between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.  The
environment of the tropics is warm to hot and humid year round, creating
a unique habitat that results in trees, shrubs, and vines that grow
nowhere else in the world.  The sub-tropics are geographically located
immediately north and south of the tropical zone and have climates much
milder than temperate, northern zones.

Some tropical fruits are well known throughout the world and have been
consumed for centuries.  Some of these fruits include bananas,
pomegranates, mangoes, papaya, avocados, pineapple, guavas, passionfruit
and dates.  Many of these fruits are available in markets year-round
from a steady supply of fruit produced in the tropics and sub-tropics. 
Other tropical fruit are less well known, but are popular in specific
countries or regions of the world.  Other previously less well known
fruit have recently become popular in the US.  For example açaí fruit
is now a popular health drink.  

CULTURAL INFORMATION

The majority of tropical fruits develop on trees or shrubs, while a
small portion of tropical fruits grow on vines on trellises.  Since
tropical and sub-tropical fruits are grown in similar climates, these
crops have similar production methods.  The monographs in Volume 2 of
this submission include cultivation details for each of the proposed
tropical and sub-tropical crops.

PEST PROBLEMS

Environmental conditions in the tropics and sub-tropics are favorable
for a wide range of weed, insect and plant diseases on a year-round
basis.  These diverse insects, weeds and pathogens often need to be
controlled by herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.  A crop group
regulation would facilitate the establishment of pesticide tolerances on
numerous pesticides that are needed to control a wide diversity of plant
pests.  



PROPOSED CROP GROUP

The Tropical and sub-tropical fruit, edible peel proposal was initiated
at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002
(see Attachment 2 for Symposium proposal).  This workgroup was Chaired
by Michael Braverman (IR-4) and Co-Chaired by Jonathan Crane (University
of Florida), Nancy Dodd (EPA), Will Donovan (EPA), Edith Lurvey (IR-4)
and Maria Rodriguez (EPA).

This new crop group was further discussed and developed within the
Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping
Consulting Committee (ICGCC), which consisted of 62 U.S. crop or
regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities,
agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project, USDA, and EPA, and also 33
international crop or regulatory experts representing over 30 countries.
 The Workgroup discussed and validated each of the proposed commodities.
 Kathryn Homa (author, IR-4) then updated and developed commodity
monographs (Volume 2 of this submission) as supporting data.  A list of
references is provided at the end of the monographs.  Copies of partial
references are included as Volumes 3 and 4??? of this submission.

An important aspect of developing this new crop group was the
harmonization with the Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal
Feeds.  The Codex classification system is currently under revision with
many proposed tropical fruit additions.  The IR-4/EPA Crop Grouping
Working Group and the ICGCC are making every effort to collaborate with
the revision of the Codex crop classification.  In the current Codex
Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, assorted tropical and
sub-tropical fruits – edible peel are included in Group 005 which is
classified in Type 01 Fruits.  The IR-4/ICGCC submission will be
forwarded to the Codex Electronic Working Group for the revision of the
Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  This submission
includes many of the recently proposed additions of tropical fruits,
edible peel to the Codex classification.  The inclusion of tropical
fruits with edible peels will ultimately benefit US growers in exporting
commodities that would have Codex MRLS established based on a harmonized
tropical and sub-tropical fruits, edible peel crop group.  

Fruits that are primarily processed into juice, jams, jelly or wine were
also included in the edible peel crop group since it was assumed that
pesticide residues could contaminate the commodity during processing. 
Examples include (1) açaí, which is soaked in water to soften the
outer shell; (2) arazá, which is rarely eaten raw due to its acidity
and is mostly prepared into a juice or jelly; (3) red bayberry, which
has a knobby surface and is prepared into juice, sweets, jam and wine;
(4) bilimbi, which is extremely acidic/sour and is usually not eaten
raw, but is soaked and boiled to make jam, jelly and beverages and (5)
patauá, which is soaked before it is eaten to soften the pulp.  



Palm commodities are proposed to be classified in a separate subgroup
based on botanical similarity of trees of the family Arecaceae (alt.
Palmae).  Generally, trees within the palm family contain a tall,
unbranched stem that can reach 80 meters in height, a rosette of
leathery, evergreen palmate (fan-like) to pinnate (feather-like)
spirally arranged leaves that measure several meters long, spike or
branched inflorescences, and berry or drupe fruit.  In most palms, fruit
is produced in clusters that hang from the tree.  Because fruit is
produced in clusters that are partially exposed to the elements and
fruit is located considerably higher on palm trees than other tropical
and sub-tropical fruits, similar use patterns of pesticide applications
are expected to occur and similar residue patterns can be expected
within the palm group.

Some proposed tropical fruits with an edible peel (abrico-da-praia,
bacupari, bacupari-do-campo, cambuci, curriola, guabiju, jacaratia, jua,
mama-cadela, marmelada, per-do-cerrado, Puerto Rican guava and sorva)
were rejected from consideration from the crop group either because
there was not enough information available to properly classify them
into crop groups and subgroups or they are rarely cultivated.

Table 1 (Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel, pages 18-21 of this volume) shows the existing US, Codex
and EU tolerances for Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits with an edible
peel.  The majority of these tolerances are US tolerances and it should
be noted that over half of the US tolerances are tolerances for those
commodities which are included in the edible peel crop definition as
follows: 

General commodity 	Specific Commodities Included in Definition 	Comments

Guava 	guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit,
acerola 	Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely contaminates Passiflora
spp. during juicing 

Table 2 (Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008,
page 22 of this volume) shows the production (2008) of Tropical and
Sub-tropical fruits, edible peel from the FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations) website.  Note the proposed
representative crops for the new US Tropical and Sub-tropical, edible
peel crop group are among those tropical fruits that are reported by the
FAO.

Table 3 (Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel , pages 23-30 of this volume) shows a comparison of the
classification of tropical fruits from the Codex Classification with
both the proposed US grouping and the EU crop regulation.  Most of the
proposed additions to the Codex Classification have been included in the
US proposed new crop group.

The new Tropical and Sub-Tropical fruits, edible peel crop group
consists of a diverse group of plants from many plant families.  Within
this group, fruit size of tropical and sub-tropical fruits with edible
peels range from a diameter of 0.2 inches (fruit of chirauli-nut,
Buchanania latifolia Roxb.) to 8 inches (babaco, Vasconcellea x
heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo).  In addition to size, the
texture of tropical and sub-tropical fruit also varies from a thin
smooth peel to a peel with fine hairs or pubescence.  

Many publications have documented the relationship between surface area
and mass of a commodity (Maclachlan, D.J. and D. Hamilton, 2010; Ripley,
B.D., G.M. Ritcey, R. Harris, M.A. Denomme, L. Lissemore, 2003;
Matsumura, F., G.M. Boush, T. Misato, eds., 1972; Schneider, B., 2002). 
 In general, the smaller the object, the larger the ratio of surface
area to weight becomes.  For example, pesticide deposits on grapes can
be expected to be about 3X the pesticide deposit on apples due to the
higher surface area per unit weight (Bates, 1990).  Chili peppers are
also often cited as an example.  Because of their size, they normally
have a higher residue than sweet peppers (with the same GAP) and are
likely to drive a tolerance or MRL for peppers.  There is also
indication that surface area/mass ratio plays a more important role on
pesticide deposits than pubescence/serration present on surfaces
(Sundaram, 1991).  

To classify Tropical and Sub-Tropical fruits into groups (edible versus
inedible peel) and subgroups, Excel spreadsheets (see Attachment 1) were
developed to be able to sort commodities with common characteristics. 
These spreadsheets include information regarding the common name,
scientific name, taxonomic family name, production in the US, fruit
shape, maximum radius (cm) and maximum height (cm) from the literature,
calculated volume, calculated surface area, surface area to mass
(volume) ratio, texture description and peel texture (see Attachment 
1).  These spreadsheets allowed the sorting of commodities into small
versus medium to large fruit and also smooth peel versus a rough or
hairy peel.  Fruit that were described in the literature as small fruit
generally had a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of >1.5:1; so this
criteria was used to separate small versus medium to large fruit
(surface area/mass (volume) ratio of ≤1.5:1).

Since sorting the spreadsheets into both fruit size (surface area/mass
(volume) ratio) and also peel texture resulted in subgroups that could
not be supported by an appropriate representative commodity (lack of
production in the US), this scheme was rejected (see page 12).  Sorting
into fruit size (small versus medium to large fruit) based on the
surface area to mass (volume) ratio, with the addition of a palm
subgroup resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme (see page 13).

Based on above background and the input from the International Crop
Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), IR-4 and the ICGCC propose that
the Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruits, Edible Peel be established as a
new crop group.  Three subgroups are proposed:  (1) Subgroup 21A. 
Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel; (2) Subgroup 21B.
Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
and (3) Subgroup 21C. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel
Subgroup.  



Selection of representative commodities should be based on a
representative commodity that is most likely to (1) contain the highest
residues; (2) be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3)
similar in morphology, growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to
the related commodities within a group or subgroup.  Based on these
criteria, one representative commodity is proposed (olive) for Subgroup
21A; two representative commodities (fig and guava) are proposed for
Subgroup 21B and one representative commodity (date) is proposed for
Subgroup 21C.  A crop group regulation would benefit growers and
consumers, save considerable taxpayer’s money on residue studies, save
time for government agencies on review of residue data and facilitate
the establishment of import tolerances.  

PROPOSED SUBGROUPS AND REPRESENTATIVE CROPS

Proposed US Subgroups and Representative Crops for the Tropical and
Sub-tropical fruits, Edible Peel Crop Group:

Subgroup 21A.	Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel
Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Olive

Subgroup 21B.	Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible
Peel Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crops:  Fig and Guava

Subgroup 21C.	Tropical and Sub-Tropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel
Subgroup

	Proposed Representative Crop:  Date

Rejected Crop Subgroups:

Crop Group / Subgroup	Proposed Rep. Commodities	

Proposed Commodities

Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruit, Smooth Peel Subgroup	Olive
Açaí;  Acerola;  African plum;  Agritos;  Almondette;  Bacaba palm; 
Bacaba-de-leque;  Bignay;  Carandas-plum;  Ceylon iron wood;  Ceylon
olive;  Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande;  Chinese olive, black;  Chinese olive,
white;  Chirauli-nut;  Cocoplum;  Date;  False sandalwood;  Fragant
Manjack;  Gooseberry, Otaheite;  Governor’s plum;  Grumichama; 
Guabiroba;  Guava berry;  Illawarra plum;  Indian-plum;  Jamaica-cherry;
 Jambolan;  Jelly palm;  Jujube, Chinese;  Kaffir-plum;  Kakadu plum; 
Karnada;  Lemon aspen;  Mombin, yellow;  Monos plum;  Mountain cherry; 
Olive;  Persimmon, Black;  Pitomba;  Plum-of-Martinique;  Rukam; 
Rumberry;  Silver aspen;  Water apple;  Water pear;  Water berry;  Wax
jambu

Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruit, Rough or Hairy Peel Subgroup	???
Apak palm;  Appleberry;  Arbutus berry;  Bayberry, Red;  Breadnut; 
Cabeluda;  Desert-date;  Gooseberry, Abyssinian;  Gooseberry, Ceylon; 
Kapundung;  Sea grape;  Sete-capotes; 

Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium-Large Fruit, Smooth Peel Subgroup	Fig
and Guava	Ambarella;  Arazá;  Babaco;  Bilimbi;  Cajou (fruit); 
Cambucá;  Cashew (pseudofruit);  Ciruela verde;  Davidson’s plum; 
Doum palm coconut;  Feijoa;  Fig;  Gooseberry, Indian  Guava;  Guava,
Cattley;  Guava, Para;  Guava, purple strawberry;  Guava, strawberry; 
Guava, yellow strawberry;  Imbé;  Imbu;  Jaboticaba;  Jujube, Indian; 
Mangaba;  Marian plum;  Mombin, Malayan;  Mombin, purple;  Nance;  Natal
plum;  Papaya Mountain;  Patauá;  Peach palm;  Persimmon, Japanese; 
Pomerac;  Rose apple;  Starfruit;  Surinam cherry;  Uvalha

Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium-Large Fruit, Rough or Hairy Peel
Subgroup	???	Carob;  Kwai muk;  Monkeyfruit;  Noni;  Rambai;  Sentul; 
Tamarind

Small fruit = SA:M of >1.5:1.  Medium to Large Fruit = SA:M of
≤1.5:1.Proposed Crop Subgroups:

Crop Group / Subgroup	Proposed Rep. Commodities	

Proposed Commodities

21A.  Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
Olive	Acerola;  African plum;  Agritos;  Almondette;  Appleberry; 
Arbutus berry;  Bayberry, Red;  Bignay;  Breadnut;  Cabeluda; 
Carandas-plum;  Ceylon iron wood;  Ceylon olive; 
Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande;  Chinese olive, black;  Chinese olive, white; 
Chirauli-nut;  Cocoplum;  Desert-date;  False sandalwood;  Fragant
Manjack;  Gooseberry, Abyssinian;  Gooseberry, Ceylon;  Gooseberry,
Otaheite;  Governor’s plum;  Grumichama;  Guabiroba;  Guava berry; 
Illawarra plum;  Indian-plum;  Jamaica-cherry;  Jambolan;  Jujube,
Chinese;  Kaffir-plum;  Kakadu plum;  Kapundung;  Karnada;  Lemon aspen;
 Mombin, yellow;  Monos plum;  Mountain cherry;  Olive;  Persimmon,
Black;  Pitomba;  Plum-of-Martinique;  Rukam;  Rumberry;  Sea grape; 
Sete-capotes;  Silver aspen;  Water apple;  Water pear;  Water berry; 
Wax jambu

21B.  Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel
Subgroup	Fig and Guava	Ambarella;  Arazá;  Babaco;  Bilimbi;  Cajou
(fruit);  Cambucá;  Carob;  Cashew (pseudofruit);  Ciruela verde; 
Davidson’s plum;  Feijoa;  Fig;  Gooseberry, Indian;  Guava;  Guava,
Cattley,  Guava, Para;  Guava, purple strawberry;  Guava, strawberry; 
Guava, yellow strawberry;  Imbé;  Imbu;  Jaboticaba;  Jujube, Indian; 
Kwai muk;  Mangaba;  Marian plum;  Mombin, Malayan;  Mombin, purple; 
Monkeyfruit;  Nance;  Natal plum;  Noni;  Papaya, Mountain;  Persimmon,
Japanese;  Pomerac;  Rambai;  Rose apple;  Sentul;  Starfruit;  Surinam
cherry;  Tamarind;  Uvalha

21C.  Tropical and Sub-Tropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup	Date
Açaí;  Apak palm;  Bacaba palm;  Bacaba-de-leque;  Date;  Doum palm
coconut;  Jelly palm;  Patauá;  Peach Palm

Small fruit = Surface Area:Mass ratio of >1.5:1.  Medium to Large Fruit
= Surface Area:Mass ratio of ≤1.5:1.



CROP DEFINITIONS

The current crop definition for tropical and sub-tropical fruit with
edible peel is proposed to be removed because the commodities will be
included in crop subgroups.

General commodity 	Specific Commodities Included in Definition 	Comments

Guava 	guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit,
acerola 	Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely contaminates Passiflora
spp. during juicing 

However, one crop definition is proposed for guava that includes many of
the closely related species and varieties.  The following is a proposed
crop definition for Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel:

A	B

Guava 

(Psidium guajava L.)	Guava, Para (Psidium acutangulum DC.);  Guava,
Brazilian (Psidium guineense Sw.);  Guava, cattley (Psidium cattleianum
Sabine);  Guava, Costa Rican (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg)
Nied.);  Guava, purple strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var.
cattleianum);  Guava, strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var.
littorale (Raddi) Fosberg);  Guava, yellow strawberry; (Psidium
cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.);  Guayabillo
(Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)



SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSIONS

	Until the new crop group is published in 40 CFR, the author suggests
that the Minor Use Branch of the Registration Division and the ChemSAC,
EPA/OPP approve the proposed crop group and establish following interim
tolerance expressions to be used in tolerance petitions:

Tolerance expression for Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel
Crop Group:

Açaí

Acerola

African plum

Agritos

Almondette

Ambarella

Apak palm

Appleberry

Arazá

Arbutus Berry

Babaco

Bacaba palm

Bacaba-de-leque

Bayberry, Red

Bignay

Bilimbi

Breadnut

Cabeluda

Cajou (pseudofruit)

Cambucá

Carandas-plum

Carob

Cashew (pseudofruit)

Ceylon iron wood

Ceylon olive

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande

Chinese olive, black

Chinese olive, white

Chirauli-nut

Ciruela verde

Cocoplum

Date

Davidson's plum

Desert-date

Doum palm coconut

False sandalwood

Feijoa

Fig

Fragrant Manjack

Gooseberry, Abyssinian

Gooseberry, Ceylon

Gooseberry, Indian

Gooseberry, Otaheite

Governor's plum

Grumichama

Guabiroba

Guava

Guava berry

Guava, Brazilian

Guava, Cattley

Guava, Costa Rican

Guava, Para

Guava, purple strawberry

Guava, strawberry

Guava, yellow strawberry

Guayabillo

Illawarra plum

Imbé

Imbu

Indian-plum

Jaboticaba

Jamaica-cherry

Jambolan

Jelly palm

Jujube, Chinese

Jujube, Indian

Kaffir-plum

Kakadu plum

Kapundung

Karanda

Kwai muk

Lemon aspen

Mangaba

Marian plum

Mombin, Malayan

Mombin, purple

Mombin, yellow

Monkeyfruit

Monos plum

Mountain cherry

Nance

Natal plum

Noni 

Olive

Papaya, Mountain

Patauá

Peach Palm

Persimmon, black

Persimmon, Japanese

Pitomba

Plum-of-Martinique

Pomerac

Rambai

Rose apple

Rukam

Rumberry

Sea grape

Sentul

Sete-capotes

Silver aspen

Starfruit

Surinam cherry

Tamarind

Uvalha

Water apple

Water pear

Water berry

Wax jambu

The above proposed interim tolerance expressions would facilitate
tolerance establishment of crop protection products in or on Tropical
and Sub-tropical fruits, Edible Peel without requiring additional
residue data for all the commodities proposed in the crop group.

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel

(FASonline:  mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity	

Compound	

US (ppm)	

Codex (ppm)	

EU (ppm)

Acerola	Azoxystrobin	2	--	--

Acerola	Bifenazate	0.9	--	--

Acerola	Buprofezin	0.3	--	--

Acerola	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	--

Acerola	Chlorantraniliprole	2	--	--

Acerola	Glyphosate	0.2	--	--

Acerola	Imidacloprid	1	--	--

Acerola	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	--

Acerola	Paraquat dichloride	0.05	--	--

Acerola	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	--

Acerola	Spinetoram	0.3	--	--

Acerola	Spinosad	1.5	--	--

Date	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	0.01

Date	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Date	Hexythiazox	1	2	0.5

Date	Malathion	8	--	0.02

Date	Oxyfluorfen	0.05	--	0.05

Date	Phosphine	0.1	--	0.05

Date	Pyriproxyfen	0.3	--	0.05

Date	Spinetoram	0.1	--	0.05

Date	Spinosad	0.1	--	0.02

Feijoa	Azoxystrobin	2	--	--

Feijoa	Bifenazate	0.9	--	--

Feijoa	Buprofezin	0.3	--	--

Feijoa	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	--

Feijoa	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	--

Feijoa	Glyphosate	0.2	--	--

Feijoa	Imidacloprid	1	--	--

Feijoa	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	--

Feijoa	Oxyfluorfen	0.05	--	--

Feijoa	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	--

Feijoa	Spinetoram	0.3	--	--

Feijoa	Spinosad	0.05	--	--

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline:  mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity	

Compound	

US (ppm)	

Codex (ppm)	

EU (ppm)

Fig	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	0.01

Fig	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	0.01

Fig	Chlorpyrifos	0.01	--	0.05

Fig	Clothianidin	0.05	--	0.02

Fig	d-Phenothrin	0.01	--	0.05

Fig	Diazinon	0.5	--	0.01

Fig	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Fig	Malathion	8	--	0.02

Fig	Maneb	7	--	0.05

Fig	Oryzalin	0.05	--	0.01

Fig	Oxyfluorfen	0.05	--	0.05

Fig	Paraquat dichloride	0.05	--	0.02

Fig	Piperonyl Butoxide	8	--	--

Fig	Propylene chlorohydrin	3	--	--

Fig	Propylene oxide	3	--	--

Fig	Pyrethrins	1	--	1

Fig	Pyriproxyfen	0.3	--	0.05

Fig	Spinetoram	0.1	--	0.05

Fig	Spinosad	0.1	--	0.02

Guava	Atrazine	0.05	--	0.05

Guava	Azoxystrobin	2	--	0.05

Guava	Bifenazate	0.9	--	0.01

Guava	Buprofezin	0.3	--	0.05

Guava	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	0.01

Guava	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	0.01

Guava	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Guava	Imidacloprid	1	--	0.05

Guava	Malathion	8	--	0.02

Guava	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	0.02

Guava	Paraquat dichloride	0.05	0.01	0.02

Guava	Piperonyl butoxide	8	--	--

Guava	Pyrethrins	1	--	1

Guava	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	0.05

Guava	Spinetoram	0.3	--	0.05

Guava	Spinosad	0.3	--	0.02

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline:  mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity	

Compound	

US (ppm)	

Codex (ppm)	

EU (ppm)

Jaboticaba	Azoxystrobin	2	--	--

Jaboticaba	Bifenazate	0.9	--	--

Jaboticaba	Buprofezin	0.3	--	--

Jaboticaba	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	--

Jaboticaba	Chlorantraniliprole	2	--	--

Jaboticaba	Glyphosate	0.2	--	--

Jaboticaba	Imidacloprid	1	--	--

Jaboticaba	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	--

Jaboticaba	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	--

Jaboticaba	Spinetoram	0.3	--	--

Jaboticaba	Spinosad	0.3	--	--

Olive	1-Naphthaleneacetamide	0.7	--	0.05

Olive	1-Naphthaleneacetic acid	0.7	--	0.05

Olive	Buprofezin	3.5	5	2

Olive	Carbaryl	10	30	5

Olive	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	0.01

Olive	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	0.01

Olive	Diuron	1	--	0.2

Olive	Fenpropathrin	5	--	0.01

Olive	Glyphosate	0.2	--	1

Olive	Methidathion	0.05	1	1

Olive	Oryzalin	0.05	--	0.01

Olive	Oxyfluorfen	0.05	--	1

Olive	Paraquat dichloride	0.05	0.1	0.02

Olive	Pendimethalin	0.1	--	0.05

Olive	Pyriproxyfen	1	--	0.05

Olive	Simazine	0.2	--	0.1

Persimmon	Azoxystrobin	2	--	0.05

Persimmon	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	0.01

Persimmon	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	0.01

Persimmon	Clofentezine	0.05	--	0.02

Persimmon	d-Phenothrin	0.01	--	0.05

Persimmon	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Persimmon	Imidacloprid	3	--	0.05

Persimmon	Napropamide	0.1	--	0.05

Persimmon	Oxyfluorfen	0.05	--	0.05

Persimmon	Paraquat dichloride	0.05	--	0.02

Persimmon	Phosphine	0.01	--	0.05

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline:  mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity	

Compound	

US (ppm)	

Codex (ppm)	

EU (ppm)

Starfruit	Azoxystrobin	2	--	--

Starfruit	Bifenazate	0.9	--	--

Starfruit	Buprofezin	0.3	--	--

Starfruit	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	--

Starfruit	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	--

Starfruit	Chlorothalonil	3	--	--

Starfruit	Glyphosate	0.2	--	--

Starfruit	Imidacloprid	1	--	--

Starfruit	Mefenoxam	0.2	--	--

Starfruit	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	--

Starfruit	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	--

Starfruit	Spinetoram	0.3	--	--

Starfruit	Spinosad	0.3	--	--

Surinam Cherry	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Tamarind	Azoxystrobin	2	--	0.1

Tamarind	Glyphosate	0.2	--	0.1

Wax Jambu	Azoxystrobin	2	--	--

Wax Jambu	Bifenazate	0.9	--	--

Wax Jambu	Buprofezin	0.3	--	--

Wax Jambu	Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	--	--

Wax Jambu	Chlorantraniliprole	4	--	--

Wax Jambu	Glyphosate	0.2	--	--

Wax Jambu	Imidacloprid	1	--	--

Wax Jambu	Methoxyfenozide	0.4	--	--

Wax Jambu	Pyriproxyfen	0.1	--	--

Wax Jambu	Spinetoram	0.3	--	--

Wax Jambu	Spinosad	0.3	--	--



Table 2. Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008

(FAOSTAT:    HYPERLINK "http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx" 
http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx , results as of September
7, 2010)

Countries/

Regions	

Carob	

Cashewapple (cashew (fruit))	

Date	

Fig	Mangoes, Mangosteens and Guavas	

Olive	

Persimmon

Australia	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	30 ha

85 tonnes	9500 ha

57947 tonnes	10,500 ha

57,123 tonnes	82 ha

715 tonnes

New Zealand	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	180 ha

3,000 tonnes

United States	No data

No data	No data

No data	2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes	3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes	675 ha

2950 tonnes	12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes	No data

No data

Africa	13,371 ha

29,216 tonnes	71,000 ha

191,000 tonnes	414,108 ha

2,634,247 tonnes	186,717 ha

490,477 tonnes	603968 ha

3395045 tonnes	3,940,207 ha

2,862,518 tonnes	No data

No data

North America	No data

No data	No data

No data	2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes	3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes	675 ha

2950 tonnes	12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes	No data

No data

Central America	56 ha

28 tonnes	No data

No data	596 ha

2,788 tonnes	1,084 ha

6,123 tonnes	214195 ha

2128243 tonnes	9,112 ha

19,436 tonnes	45 ha

442 tonnes

South America	No data

No data	610,001 ha

1,660,005 tonnes	82 ha

446 tonnes	4,055 ha

29,865 tonnes	141692 ha

1908411 tonnes	79,371 ha

238,601 tonnes	8,797 ha

173,297 tonnes

Asia	5,879 ha

21,616 tonnes	No data

No data	826,301 ha

4,441,347 tonnes	130,694 ha

405,550 tonnes	3651624 ha

26543548 tonnes	1,598,893 ha

2,670,784 tonnes	752,131 ha

3,441,058 tonnes

Europe	69478 ha

126,224 tonnes	No data

No data	4,037 ha

14,000 tonnes	120622 ha

105,559 tonnes	No data

No data	4,899,749 ha

11,749,599 tonnes	2,732 ha

50,441 tonnes

World Total	88,784 ha

177,084 tonnes	681,001 ha

1,851,005 tonnes	1,247,188 ha

7,109,974 tonnes	447,006 ha

1,076,940 tonnes	4723906 ha

34889014 tonnes	10,549,973 ha

17,658,661 tonnes	763,967 ha

3,668,953 tonnes

Note:  This table reports only the tropical fruits (edible peel)
available on the FAO website.

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

1	Not Listed	--	Açaí	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	Not Listed	--

2	Acerola, FT 4095, see Barbados cherry (FT 0287)	--	Acerola	Malpighia
emarginata DC.	Not Listed	--

3	Not Listed	--	African plum	Vitex doniana Sweet	Not Listed	--

4	Not Listed	--	Agritos	Berberis trifoliolata Moric.	Not Listed	--

5	Not Listed	--	Almondette	Buchanania lanzan Spreng.	Not Listed	--

6	Ambarella, FT0285	Spondias cytherea Sonn.	Ambarella	Spondias dulcis
Sol. ex Parkinson	Not Listed	--

7	Not Listed	--	Apak palm	Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.	Not Listed	--

8	Not Listed	--	Appleberry	Billardiera scandens Sm.	Not Listed	--

9	Not Listed	--	Arazá	Eugenia stipitata McVaugh	Not Listed	--

10	Arbutus berry, 

FT 0286	Arbutus unedo L.	Arbutus Berry	Arbutus unedo L.	Not Listed	--

11	Not Listed	--	Babaco	Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M.
Badillo	Not Listed	--

12	Not Listed	--	Bacaba palm	Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.	Not Listed	--

13	Not Listed	--	Bacaba-de-leque	Oenocarpus distichus Mart. 	Not Listed
--

14	Not Listed	--	Bayberry, Red	Morella rubra Lour.,  	Not Listed	--

15	Not Listed	--	Bignay	Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.	Not Listed	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

16	Bilimbi, FT 0288	Averrhoa bilimbi L.	Bilimbi	Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Bilimbi included in the Carambola (Starfruit) definition	--

17	Not Listed	--	Breadnut	Brosimum alicastrum Sw.	Not Listed	--

18	Not Listed	--	Cabeluda	Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff	Not Listed
--

19	Not Listed	--	Cajou (pseudofruit)	Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl.
Not Listed	--

20	Not Listed	--	Cambucá	Marlierea edulis Nied. 	Not Listed	--

21	Not Listed	--	Carandas-plum	Carissa edulis Vahl	Not Listed	--

22	Carob, FT 0291	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Carob	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Not
Listed	--

23	Cashew apple, FT 0292	Anacardium occidentale L.	Cashew (pseudofruit)
(pseudofruit)	Anacardium occidentale L.	Not Listed	--

24	Not Listed	--	Ceylon iron wood	Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard	Not
Listed	--

25	Not Listed	--	Ceylon olive	Elaeocarpus serratus L.	Not Listed	--

26	Not Listed	--	Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande	Eugenia aggregata (Vell.)
Kiaersk.	Not Listed	--

27	Chinese olive, black, white, FT 0293	Canarium pimela Koenig	Chinese
olive, black	Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev	Not Listed	--

28	Chinese olive, black, white, FT 0293	Canarium pimela Koenig	Chinese
olive, white	Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.	Not Listed	--

29	Not Listed	--	Chirauli-nut	Buchanania latifolia Roxb.	Not Listed	--

30	Not Listed	--	Ciruela verde	Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.	Not Listed
--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

31	Cocoplum, FT 0294	Chrysobalanus icaco L.	Cocoplum	Chrysobalanus icaco
L.	Not Listed	--

32	Date, FT 0295	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Date	Phoenix dactylifera L.
Dates, Code number 0161010	Phoenix dactylifera

33	Not Listed	--	Davidson's plum	Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.	Not
Listed	--

34	Desert-date, FT 0296	Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile	Desert-date
Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile	Not Listed	--

35	Not Listed	--	Doum palm coconut	Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.	Not
Listed	--

36	Not Listed	--	False sandalwood	Ximenia americana L.	Not Listed	--

37	Not Listed	--	Feijoa	Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret	Not Listed	--

38	Fig, FT 0297	Ficus carica L	Fig	Ficus carica L	Figs, Code number
0161020	Ficus carica

39	Not Listed	--	Fragrant Manjack	Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. 	Not Listed
--

40	Not Listed	--	Gooseberry, Abyssinian	Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.)
Warb.	Not Listed	--

41	Not Listed	--	Gooseberry, Ceylon	Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.
Not Listed	--

42	Not Listed	--	Gooseberry, Indian	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Not Listed	--

43	Otaheite Gooseberry, FT 0306	Phyllanthusdistichus (L.) Muell. Arg.
Gooseberry, Otaheite	Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels	Not Listed	--

44	Not Listed	--	Governor's plum	Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.	Not
Listed	--

45	Grumichama, FT 0298	Eugenia brasiliensis Lam	Grumichama	Eugenia
brasiliensis Lam	Grumichama included in the Jambolan definition	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

46	Not Listed	--	Guabiroba	Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg	Not Listed
--

47	Not Listed	--	Guava	Psidium guajava L.	Not Listed	--

48	Not Listed	--	Guava berry	Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O.
Berg	Not Listed	--

49	Not Listed	--	Guava, Brazilian	Psidium guineense Sw.	Not Listed	--

50	Not Listed	--	Guava, cattley	Psidium cattleianum Sabine	Not Listed	--

51	Not Listed	--	Guava, Costa Rican	Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O.
Berg) Nied.	Not Listed	--

52	Not Listed	--	Guava, Para	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum
Not Listed	--

53	Not Listed	--	Guava, purple strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine
var. cattleianum	Not Listed	--

54	Not Listed	--	Guava, strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var.
littorale (Raddi) Fosberg	Not Listed	--

55	Not Listed	--	Guava, yellow strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine
var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.	Not Listed	--

56	Not Listed	--	Guayabillo	Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.	Not
Listed	--

57	Not Listed	--	Illawarra plum	Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl.	Not
Listed	--

58	Not Listed	--	Imbé	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson	Not Listed	--

59	Not Listed	--	Imbu	Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost.	Not Listed	--

60	Not Listed	--	Indian-plum	Flacourtia jangomas	Not Listed	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

61	Jaboticaba, FT 0300	Myrciaria cauliflora Berg	Jaboticaba	Myrciaria
cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg	Not Listed	--

62	Not Listed	--	Jamaica-cherry	Muntingia calabura L.	Not Listed	--

63	Not Listed	--	Jambolan	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Jambolan, Code
number 0161070	Syzygium cumini

64	Not Listed	--	Jelly palm	Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.	Not Listed	--

65	Jujube, Chinese, 

FT 0302	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Jujube, Chinese	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Not
Listed	--

66	Jujube, Indian, 

FT 0301	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Jujube, Indian	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Not Listed	--

67	Not Listed	--	Kaffir-plum	Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss
Not Listed	--

68	Not Listed	--	Kakadu plum	Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa
Pedley	Not Listed	--

69	Not Listed	--	Kapundung	Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg.	Not
Listed	--

70	Caranda, FT 0290	Carissa carandas L.	Karanda	Carissa carandas L.	Not
Listed	--

71	Not Listed	--	Kwai muk	Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	Not
Listed	--

72	Not Listed	--	Lemon aspen	Acronychia acidula	Not Listed	--

73	Not Listed	--	Mangaba	Hancornia speciosa Gomes	Not Listed	--

74	Not Listed	--	Marian plum	Bouea macrophylla Griff.	Not Listed	--

75	Not Listed	--	Mombin, Malayan	Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.)
Kurz	Not Listed	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

76	Not Listed	--	Mombin, purple	Spondias purpurea L.	Not Listed	--

77	Hog plum, FT 0299	Spondias mombin L.	Mombin, yellow	Spondias mombin
L.	Not Listed	--

78	Not Listed	--	Monkeyfruit	Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Not Listed	--

79	Not Listed	--	Monos plum	Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel
Not Listed	--

80	Not Listed	--	Mountain cherry	Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth	Not Listed
--

81	Not Listed	--	Nance	Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth	Not Listed	--

82	Natal plum, FT 0304	Carissa grandiflora A.DC	Natal plum	Carissa
macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC	Not Listed	--

83	Not Listed	--	Noni	Morinda citrifolia L.	Not Listed	--

84	Olive, FT 0305	Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea	Olive	Olea europaea
L. subsp. europaea	Table olives, Code number 0161030	Olea europaea

85	Not Listed	--	Papaya, Mountain	Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.	Not
Listed	--

86	Not Listed	--	Patauá	Oenocarpus bataua Mart.	Not Listed	--

87	Not Listed	--	Peach Palm (fruit)	Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes
Not Listed	--

88	Not Listed	--	Persimmon, black	Diospyros texana Scheele	Not Listed	--

89	Persimmon, Japanese, FT 0307	Diospyros kaki Thunb.	Persimmon,
Japanese	Diospyros kaki Thunb.	Persimmon, Code number 0161060	Diospyros
kaki

90	Not Listed	--	Pitomba	Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg	Not
Listed	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

91	Not Listed	--	Plum-of-Martinique	Flacourtia inermis	Not Listed	--

92	Pomerac, FT 0308	Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Pomerac
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Pomerac included in the
Jambolan definition	--

93	Not Listed	--	Rambai	Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.	Not
Listed	--

94	Rose apple, FT 0309	Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston	Rose apple	Syzygium
jambos (L.) Alston	Rose apple included in the Jambolan definition	--

95	Not Listed	--	Rukam	Flacourtia rukam	Not Listed	--

96	Not Listed	--	Rumberry	Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh	Not Listed	--

97	Sea grape, FT 0310	Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.	Sea grape	Coccoloba
uvifera (L.) L.	Not Listed	--

98	Not Listed	--	Sentul	Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr.	Not Listed
--

99	Not Listed	--	Sete-capotes	Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O.
Berg	Not Listed	--

100	Not Listed	--	Silver aspen	Acronychia wilcoxiana	Not Listed	--

101	Carambola	Averrhoa carambola L.	Starfruit	Averrhoa carambola L.
Carambola, Code number 0161050	Averrhoa carambola

102	Surinam cherry, FT 0311	Eugenia uniflora L.	Surinam cherry	Eugenia
uniflora L.	Surinam cherry included in the Jambolan definition	--

103	Not Listed	--	Tamarind	Tamarindus indica L.	Not Listed	--

104	Not Listed	--	Uvalha	Eugenia pyriformis	Not Listed	--

105	Not Listed	--	Water apple	Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston	Water
apple included in the Jambolan definition	--

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits,
Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits –
edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2
(1) (iv)    

Row #	Codex 	Proposed US 	EU Crop List or Regulation

	Commodity Name and Code	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name	

Commodity Name	

Botanical Name

106	Not Listed	--	Water pear	Syzygium guineense	Not Listed	--

107	Not Listed	--	Water berry	Syzygium cordatum	Not Listed	--

108	Not Listed	--	Wax jambu	Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.
Perry	Not Listed	--



ATTACHMENT 1. EXCEL SPREADSHEETS FOR SORTING SUBGROUPSTable 1.  All
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Açaí	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae	No data	sphere	1	 
4	13	3.0	smooth with thin oily coating	Smooth

Acerola	Malpighia emarginata DC.	Malpighiaceae	Puerto Rico, Hawaii and
Florida	sphere	1.75	 	22	38	1.7	thin glossy skin	Smooth

African plum	Vitex doniana Sweet	Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed
in Verbenaceae)	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth and shiny	Smooth

Agritos	Berberis trifoliolata Moric.	Berberidaceae	New Mexico, Texas,
Arizona	sphere	0.6	 	1	5	5.0	subglobose to globose bright red berry,
smooth skin	Smooth

Almondette	Buchanania lanzan Spreng.	Anacardiaceae	No data	sphere	0.75
 	2	7	4.0	hard, grey to black drupe 	Smooth

Ambarella	Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson	Anacardiaceae	Home gardens;
Hawaii, Florida, Puerto Rico	cylinder	4	10	502	352	0.7	skin is thick,
tough and russetted	Smooth

Apak palm	Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	Texas,
Arizona, California	cylinder	0.75	2	4	13	3.7	green to brown, hairy	Rough
or Hairy

Appleberry	Billardiera scandens Sm.	Pittosporaceae	No data	cylinder	0.5
2.5	2	9	4.8	hairy peach like peel	Rough or Hairy

Arazá 	Eugenia stipitata McVaugh	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	6	 	904	452
0.5	skin is shiny	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Arbutus Berry	Arbutus unedo L.	Ericaceae	North American Pacific Coast,
the southwestern United States; grown as an ornamental in the deep
south; northern Florida, southern California	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4
Skin texture is rough and pebbled	Rough or Hairy

Babaco	Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo
Caricaceae	California	cylinder	10	40	12560	3140	0.3	 	Smooth

Bacaba palm	Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No data
sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0	purple-black fruits, smooth skinned	Smooth

Bacaba-de-leque	Oenocarpus distichus Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No
data	sphere	0.5	 	1	3	6.0	purple-black fruits 	Smooth

Bayberry, Red	Morella rubra Lour.	Myricaceae	No data; grown for
ornamental purposes	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	Dark red to purple-red fruit
has a knobby surface	Rough or Hairy

Bignay	Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.	Phyllanthaceae (also placed in
Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)	Florida	sphere	0.4	 	0.3	2	7.5	Skin is
thin and tough	Smooth

Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Bilimbi 	Averrhoa bilimbi L.	Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)
Limited production in southern Florida, Puerto Rico and Hawaii	cylinder
2.5	10	196	196	1.0	skin is glossy, smooth, thin, soft and tender	Smooth

Breadnut	Brosimum alicastrum Sw.	Moraceae	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28
2.0	pericarp is thick, scaly and greenish-orange	Rough or Hairy

Cabeluda	Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere
1.25	 	8	20	2.4	pubescent	Rough or Hairy

Cajou (fruit)	Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl.	Anacardiaceae	No data
cone	2.5	7	46	78	1.7	small, juicy, edible peduncle, smooth and shiny 
Smooth

Cambucá	Marlierea edulis Nied.	Myrtaceae	Some seedlings were planted in
1993 in Florida and Hawaii	sphere	2.75	7	87	95	1.1	skin is leathery,
thin and contains many slightly raised longitudinal ridges	Smooth

Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Carandas-plum	Carissa edulis Vahl	Apocynaceae	No data	sphere	0.75	 	2	7
4.0	purple-black fruit is a solitary berry that is ovoid to spherical
Smooth

Carob	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in
Caesalpiniaceae)	Numerous scattered trees are found in semitropical
areas.  Adapted to Southern California in the foothills and in the
desert.  Carob trees are planted in Texas, Arizona, California, and
Florida	cylinder	1.75	30	288	349	1.2	glossy, tough and fibrous	Rough or
Hairy

Cashew 	Anacardium occidentale L.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cone	2.5	10	65
100	1.5	skin of the cashew apple is waxy	Smooth

Ceylon iron wood	Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard	Sapotaceae	No data
cylinder	0.4	1.5	1	5	6.3	reddish-yellow to yellow berries that are
obovoid-oblong or ellipsoid in shape	Smooth

Ceylon olive	Elaeocarpus serratus L.	Elaeocarpaceae	No data	sphere	1.25
 	8	20	2.4	smooth	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande	Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk.	Myrtaceae
Grown in Southern Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth and shiny
Smooth

Chinese olive, black	Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev	Burseraceae
No data	cylinder	1.5	5	35	61	1.7	skin is smooth and purple-black	Smooth

Chinese olive, white	Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.	Burseraceae	No data
cylinder	1.25	4.5	22	45	2.0	ovoid to spindle-shaped drupes 	Smooth

Chirauli-nut	Buchanania latifolia Roxb.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cylinder
0.3	0.9	0.3	2	8.9	oblong ovoid drupe that turns black when ripe	Smooth

Ciruela verde	Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.	Malpighiaceae	No data
sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth skin	Smooth

Cocoplum	Chrysobalanus icaco L.	Chrysobalanaceae	Florida, Puerto Rico
sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	The thin skin changes from green to
pinkish-white to brownish purple to black when ripe and resemble plums. 
	Smooth

Date	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	Coachella Valley,
California, with some in Arizona	cylinder	1.25	7.5	37	69	1.9	oblong,
elliptical, rounded or ovoid fruit 	Smooth

Davidson's plum	Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.	Cunoniaceae (also placed
in Davidsoniaceae	No data	cylinder	2.5	6	118	133	1.1	Bluish-black fruit
is a laterally compressed	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Desert-date	Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile	Zygophyllaceae (also
placed in Balanitaceae)	Puerto Rico	cylinder	1	4	13	31	2.5	sticky date
like fruit	Rough or Hairy

Doum palm coconut	Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
No data	cylinder	2.5	8	157	165	1.1	 	Smooth

False sandalwood	Ximenia americana L.	Olacaceae	Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin
Islands	cylinder	1.5	3.5	25	47	1.9	The skin of the fruit is thin and
highly perishable	Smooth

Feijoa	Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret	Myrtaceae	Commercial production
in California.  Scattered trees have been planted in Florida and Hawaii
cylinder	2	5	63	88	1.4	waxy bloom	Smooth

Fig	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Almost all of the commercial production is
in California.  Figs are also grown in home gardens throughout the
southern states; naturalized in the United States; Hawaii	cone	3	10	94
126	1.3	 	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Fragrant Manjack	Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.	Boraginaceae	No data	sphere
0.75	 	2	7	4.0	 	Smooth

Gooseberry, Abyssinian	Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.	Salicaceae
(also placed in Flacourtiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	skin is
thin and tender 	Rough or Hairy

Gooseberry, Ceylon	Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.	Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae)	Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	thin, bitter, coated with short velvety hairs,
mostly used for jelly	Rough or Hairy

Gooseberry, Indian	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Phyllanthaceae (also placed in
Euphorbiaceae)	Puerto Rico	sphere	3	 	113	113	1.0	thin, hard
translucent smooth skin	Smooth

Gooseberry, Otaheite	Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels	Phyllanthaceae (also
placed in Euphorbiaceae)	Grown in Florida and Hawaii in home gardens
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	waxy skin	Smooth

Governor's plum	Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.	Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae)	Home gardens, Florida; occasionally planted in
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	round to
ovoid berries, fruit is tipped by 5 to 6 short radiating styles	Smooth

Grumichama	Eugenia brasiliensis Lam 	Myrtaceae	Hawaii	sphere	1.5	 	14
28	2.0	fragile like grape skin	Smooth

Guabiroba	Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg	Myrtaceae	No data	cylinder
1.25	6	29	57	1.9	resembles a small guava	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Guava	Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	Florida, Guam, Hawaii, California and
Puerto Rico	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	smooth to rough, thin 	Smooth

Guava berry	Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands; experimental plants are grown in Hawaii
and Florida	sphere	0.8	 	2	8	3.8	rough glandular spots but overall
smooth skin	Smooth

Guava, Brazilian	Psidium guineense Sw.	Myrtaceae	Southern California
sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Guava, cattley	Psidium cattleianum Sabine	Myrtaceae	Hawaii, southern and
central Florida, southern California; 	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin
peel	Smooth

Guava, Costa Rican	Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.	Myrtaceae
No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Guava, Para	Psidium acutangulum DC. 	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	4	 	268
201	0.8	leathery peel	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Guava, purple strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum 
Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth

Guava, strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi)
Fosberg 	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth

Guava, yellow strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum
forma lucidum O. Deg. 	Myrtaceae	yellow strawberry guava is cultivated
in Hawaii	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth

Guayabillo	Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied. 	Myrtaceae	Southern
California	sphere	0.75	 	2	7	4.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Illawarra plum	Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl.	Podocarpaceae	No data
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	waxy, berry-like 	Smooth

Imbé	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson	Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae)
Florida	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	skin is smooth & thin	Smooth

Imbu	Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost.	Anacardiaceae	Minor production in
South Florida	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth, thick, tough skin 	Smooth

Indian-plum	Flacourtia jangomas	Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae)	Florida, Puerto Rico 	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Jaboticaba	Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae	Some
production in South Florida; California; used to make wine in Hawaii
sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth glossy tough skin	Smooth

Jamaica-cherry	Muntingia calabura L.	Muntingiaceae (also placed in
Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae)	Florida, Hawaii	sphere	0.625	 	1	5	4.8
smooth, thin and tender	Smooth

Jambolan	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Myrtaceae	Cultivated and
naturalized in the Southeastern United States, Florida, California,
Hawaii and Puerto Rico	cylinder	1.25	5	25	49	2.0	thin smooth glossy
Smooth

Jelly palm	Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
Landscape plant of the Southeastern United States and California	sphere
1.75	 	22	38	1.7	round or ovoid	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Jujube, Chinese	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Rhamnaceae	Minor production. 
Trees are planted in home gardens in the Southern states; trees have
become weedy in some states	cylinder	0.65	3	4	15	3.7	skin is smooth or
rough, glossy, thin but tough; most photos show smooth skin until
harvest and then wrinkled when dried	Smooth

Jujube, Indian	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Rhamnaceae	Ornamental in Hawaii;
Southern Florida, Puerto Rico	cylinder	2.25	6.25	99	120	1.2	skin smooth
or rough, glossy, thin but tough, most photos show smooth fruit	Smooth

Kaffir-plum	Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss	Anacardiaceae	Grown
in the US; no yield data is available 	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	plum-like
oval-shaped fruit, skin is thin	Smooth

Kakadu plum	Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley
Combretaceae	No data	cylinder	0.5	3	2	11	4.7	smooth skin	Smooth

Kapundung	Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg.	Phyllanthaceae (also
placed in Euphorbiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.2	 	7	18	2.5	fine silvery
hairs	Rough or Hairy



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Karanda	Carissa carandas L.	Apocynaceae	Cultivated in a limited way in
Florida and California and in some experimental gardens in Trinidad and
Puerto Rico	cylinder	1	2.5	8	22	2.8	smooth, glossy skin is thin but
tough and turns from a purplish-red to dark-purple or black when ripe
Smooth

Kwai muk	Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	Moraceae	Florida	sphere
2.5	 	65	79	1.2	skin is thin, tender and contains velvety brown hairs
Rough or Hairy

Lemon aspen	Acronychia acidula	Rutaceae	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4
skin is waxy and contains small ridges	Smooth

Mangaba	Hancornia speciosa Gomes	Apocynaceae	No data	sphere	3	 	113	113
1.0	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Marian plum	Bouea macrophylla Griff.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cylinder	2.5
7	137	149	1.1	skin is thin, smooth, brittle and edible	Smooth

Mombin, Malayan	Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz	Anacardiaceae
No data	cylinder	2.25	5	79	102	1.3	oblong to ellipsoid drupe, smooth and
thick skinned	Smooth

Mombin, purple	Spondias purpurea L.	Anacardiaceae	Florida	cylinder	1.75
5	48	74	1.5	skin glossy and firm	Smooth

Mombin, yellow	Spondias mombin L.	Anacardiaceae	Florida	cylinder	1.25	4
20	41	2.1	thick leathery smooth skin	Smooth

Monkeyfruit	Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Moraceae	No data	sphere	6	 
904	452	0.5	The skin is velvety	Rough or Hairy



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Monos plum	Pseudanamomis  umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel	Myrtaceae
Cultivated and naturalized in Puerto Rico, Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28
2.0	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Mountain cherry	Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth	Malpighiaceae	No data
cylinder	0.75	3	5	18	3.3	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Nance	Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth	Malpighiaceae	Puerto Rico	sphere
2.5	 	65	79	1.2	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Natal plum	Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC	Apocynaceae	home plantings in
Florida, California, Hawaii and the Gulf States	cylinder	2	6.25	79	104
1.3	smooth and tender and is coated with a thin, whitish wax bloom when
ripe	Smooth

Noni 	Morinda citrifolia L.	Rubiaceae	Hawaii, Samoa, Puerto Rico, U.S.
Virgin Islands, the Florida Keys	cylinder	3.75	14	618	418	0.7	bumpy skin
texture, mainly used for juice or fermented, not peeled	Rough or Hairy



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Olive	Olea europaea L. subsp.europaea	Oleaceae	Commercially grown in
California; most production occurs California’s Central Valley; some
production occurs outside Phoenix, Arizona	cylinder	1	4	13	31	2.5	smooth
skin	Smooth

Papaya, Mountain	Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.	Caricaceae	Limited. 
Grown in California	cylinder	4	20	1005	603	0.6	skin is smooth, tough
Smooth

Patauá	Oenocarpus bataua Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No data 	sphere
2	 	33	50	1.5	pear shaped	Smooth

Peach Palm	Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
No data	sphere	2.5	 	65	79	1.2	pear shaped	Smooth

Persimmon Black	Diospyros texana Scheele	Ebenaceae	Texas	sphere	1.25	 
8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Persimmon Japanese	Diospyros kaki Thunb.	Ebenaceae	Florida, California;
southern states	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	skin is smooth, glossy, thin and
tough	Smooth

Pitomba	Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg	Myrtaceae	A few
specimens have been grown in southern Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0
skin is thin and tender	Smooth

Plum-of-Martinique	Flacourtia inermis	Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Pomerac	Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae	Hawaii,
Puerto Rico	cone	3.75	10	147	170	1.2	skin is thin, smooth and waxy
Smooth

Rambai	Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.	Phyllanthaceae	No
data	cylinder	2	4.5	57	82	1.4	skin is thin and leathery	Rough or Hairy

Rose apple	Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston	Myrtaceae	Florida, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands; naturalized in the Southeastern United States;
grown as an ornamental in California	cylinder	2	5	63	88	1.4	smooth and
thin	Smooth

Rukam	Flacourtia rukam	Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)	No
data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Rumberry	Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	1.5
 	14	28	2.0	leathery skin	Smooth

Sea grape	Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.	Polygonaceae	Home gardens along the
Gulf Coast; Florida; ornamental in Hawaii	sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0	skin is
pubescent	Rough or Hairy



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Sentul	Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr.	Meliaceae	Grows well in
South Florida	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	fruit is globose or oblate with
wrinkles extending a short distance from the base.  The rind is downy
Rough or Hairy

Sete-capotes	Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae	No
data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	velvety skin	Rough or Hairy

Silver aspen	Acronychia wilcoxiana	Rutaceae	No data	sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0
ribbed shiny fruit	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Starfruit	Averrhoa carambola L.	Oxalidaceae (also placed in
Averrhoaceae)	The majority of domestic production is from Florida. 
Fruit from Hawaii must be treated prior to shipment to the mainland.
Guam in 1992; some production occurs in California	cylinder	4.5	16	1017
579	0.6	skin is thin, waxy	Smooth

Surinam cherry	Eugenia uniflora L.	Myrtaceae	Hawaii, California and
Florida as a small bush-like tree or hedge; naturalized in the
Southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands; 	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	ribbed, thin smooth shiny skin	Smooth



Table 1.  All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common Name	

Scientific Name	

Family	

Production US	

Shape	Max Radius (cm)	Max Height (cm)	

Est Vol (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	

SA : M	

Texture Description	

Peel Texture

Tamarind	Tamarindus indica L.	Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed
in Caesalpiniaceae)	New Mexico, Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico.  For the most part, tamarind production is of minor importance in
the US 	cylinder	1.6	18	145	1470	10.2	mature pod is minutely scaly,
rusty, velvety, indehiscent, constricted between seeds and brittle	Rough
or Hairy

Uvalha	Eugenia pyriformis 	Myrtaceae	Florida	sphere	2.5	 	65	79	1.2
thin smooth skin	Smooth

Water apple	Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston	Myrtaceae	Hawaii	cone	2.25
2	11	37	3.5	pear-shaped, waxy	Smooth

Water pear	Syzygium guineense	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0
black shiny	Smooth

Water berry	Syzygium cordatum	Myrtaceae	No data	cone	1.25	3.5	6	19	3.4
pear shaped waxy	Smooth

Wax jambu	Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae
Florida	cone	2.5	5	33	64	1.9	pear-shaped, waxy	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Bayberry, Red	Morella rubra Lour.	Myricaceae	No data; grown for
ornamental purposes	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	Dark red to purple-red fruit
has a knobby surface	Rough or Hairy

Breadnut	Brosimum alicastrum Sw.	Moraceae	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28
2.0	pericarp is thick, scaly and greenish-orange	Rough or Hairy

Arbutus Berry	Arbutus unedo L.	Ericaceae	North American Pacific Coast,
the southwestern United States; grown as an ornamental in the deep
south; northern Florida, southern California	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4
Skin texture is rough and pebbled	Rough or Hairy

Cabeluda	Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere
1.25	 	8	20	2.4	pubescent	Rough or Hairy

Gooseberry Abyssinian	Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.	Salicaceae
(also placed in Flacourtiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	skin is
thin and tender 	Rough or Hairy

Gooseberry Ceylon	Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.	Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae)	Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	thin, bitter, coated with short velvety hairs,
mostly used for jelly	Rough or Hairy



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Sete-capotes	Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae	No
data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	velvety skin	Rough or Hairy

Desert-date	Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile	Zygophyllaceae (also
placed in Balanitaceae)	Puerto Rico	cylinder	1	4	13	31	2.5	sticky date
like fruit	Rough or Hairy

Kapundung	Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg.	Phyllanthaceae (also
placed in Euphorbiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.2	 	7	18	2.5	fine silvery
hairs	Rough or Hairy

Sea grape	Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.	Polygonaceae	Home gardens along the
Gulf Coast; Florida; ornamental in Hawaii	sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0	skin is
pubescent	Rough or Hairy

Apak palm	Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	Texas,
Arizona, California	cylinder	0.75	2	4	13	3.7	green to brown, hairy	Rough
or Hairy

Appleberry	Billardiera scandens Sm.	Pittosporaceae	No data	cylinder	0.5
2.5	2	9	4.8	hairy peach like peel	Rough or Hairy

Acerola	Malpighia emarginata DC.	Malpighiaceae	Puerto Rico, Hawaii and
Florida	sphere	1.75	 	22	38	1.7	thin glossy skin	Smooth

Jelly palm	Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
Landscape plant of the Southeastern United States and California	sphere
1.75	 	22	38	1.7	round or ovoid	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Chinese olive, black	Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev	Burseraceae
No data	cylinder	1.5	5	35	61	1.7	skin is smooth and purple-black	Smooth

Date	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	Coachella Valley,
California, with some in Arizona	cylinder	1.25	7.5	37	69	1.9	oblong,
elliptical, rounded or ovoid fruit 	Smooth

False sandalwood	Ximenia americana L.	Olacaceae	Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin
Islands	cylinder	1.5	3.5	25	47	1.9	The skin of the fruit is thin and
highly perishable	Smooth

Guabiroba	Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg	Myrtaceae	No data	cylinder
1.25	6	29	57	1.9	resembles a small guava	Smooth

Wax jambu	Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae
Florida	cone	2.5	5	33	64	1.9	pear-shaped, waxy	Smooth

Jambolan	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Myrtaceae	Cultivated and
naturalized in the Southeastern United States, Florida, California,
Hawaii and Puerto Rico	cylinder	1.25	5	25	49	2.0	thin smooth glossy
Smooth

African plum	Vitex doniana Sweet	Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed
in Verbenaceae)	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth and shiny	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande	Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk.	Myrtaceae
Grown in Southern Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth and shiny
Smooth

Cocoplum	Chrysobalanus icaco L.	Chrysobalanaceae	Florida, Puerto Rico
sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	The thin skin changes from green to
pinkish-white to brownish purple to black when ripe and resemble plums. 
	Smooth

Governor's plum	Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.	Salicaceae (also
placed in Flacourtiaceae)	Home gardens, Florida; occasionally planted in
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	round to
ovoid berries, fruit is tipped by 5 to 6 short radiating styles	Smooth

Grumichama	Eugenia brasiliensis Lam 	Myrtaceae	Hawaii	sphere	1.5	 	14
28	2.0	fragile like grape skin	Smooth

Guava, Brazilian	Psidium guineense Sw.	Myrtaceae	Southern California
sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Guava, Costa Rican	Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.	Myrtaceae
No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Monos plum	Pseudanamomis  umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel	Myrtaceae
Cultivated and naturalized in Puerto Rico, Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28
2.0	thin smooth skin	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Pitomba	Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg	Myrtaceae	A few
specimens have been grown in southern Florida	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0
skin is thin and tender	Smooth

Rumberry	Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	1.5
 	14	28	2.0	leathery skin	Smooth

Water pear	Syzygium guineense	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	1.5	 	14	28	2.0
black shiny	Smooth

Chinese olive, white	Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.	Burseraceae	No data
cylinder	1.25	4.5	22	45	2.0	ovoid to spindle-shaped drupes 	Smooth

Mombin, yellow	Spondias mombin L.	Anacardiaceae	Florida	cylinder	1.25	4
20	41	2.1	thick leathery smooth skin	Smooth

Ceylon olive	Elaeocarpus serratus L.	Elaeocarpaceae	No data	sphere	1.25
 	8	20	2.4	smooth	Smooth

Gooseberry Otaheite	Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels	Phyllanthaceae (also
placed in Euphorbiaceae)	Grown in Florida and Hawaii in home gardens
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	waxy skin	Smooth

Illawarra plum	Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl.	Podocarpaceae	No data
sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	waxy, berry-like 	Smooth

Indian-plum	Flacourtia jangomas	Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae)	Florida, Puerto Rico 	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Kaffir-plum	Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss	Anacardiaceae	Grown
in the US; no yield data is available 	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	plum-like
oval-shaped fruit, skin is thin	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Lemon aspen	Acronychia acidula	Rutaceae	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4
skin is waxy and contains small ridges	Smooth

Persimmon Black	Diospyros texana Scheele	Ebenaceae	Texas	sphere	1.25	 
8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Plum-of-Martinique	Flacourtia inermis	Salicaceae (also placed in
Flacourtiaceae)	No data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Rukam	Flacourtia rukam	Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)	No
data	sphere	1.25	 	8	20	2.4	 	Smooth

Olive	Olea europaea L. subsp.europaea	Oleaceae	Commercially grown in
California; most production occurs California’s Central Valley; some
production occurs outside Phoenix, Arizona	cylinder	1	4	13	31	2.5	smooth
skin	Smooth

Karanda	Carissa carandas L.	Apocynaceae	Cultivated in a limted way in
Florida and California and in some experimental gardens in Trinidad and
Puerto Rico	cylinder	1	2.5	8	22	2.8	smooth, glossy skin is thin but
tough and turns from a purplish-red to dark-purple or black when ripe
Smooth

Açaí	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae	No data	sphere	1	 
4	13	3.0	smooth with thin oily coating	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Bacaba palm	Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No data
sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0	purple-black fruits, smooth skinned	Smooth

Silver aspen	Acronychia wilcoxiana	Rutaceae	No data	sphere	1	 	4	13	3.0
ribbed shiny fruit	Smooth

Mountain cherry	Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth	Malpighiaceae	No data
cylinder	0.75	3	5	18	3.3	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Water berry	Syzygium cordatum	Myrtaceae	No data	cone	1.25	3.5	6	19	3.4
pear shaped waxy	Smooth

Water apple	Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston	Myrtaceae	Hawaii	cone	2.25
2	11	37	3.5	pear-shaped, waxy	Smooth

Jujube, Chinese	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Rhamnaceae	Minor production. 
Trees are planted in home gardens in the Southern states; trees have
become weedy in some states	cylinder	0.65	3	4	15	3.7	skin is smooth or
rough, glossy, thin but tough; most photos show smooth skin until
harvest and then wrinkled when dried	Smooth

Guava berry	Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands; experimental plants are grown in Hawaii
and Florida	sphere	0.8	 	2	8	3.8	rough glandular spots but overall
smooth skin	Smooth

Almondette	Buchanania lanzan Spreng.	Anacardiaceae	No data	sphere	0.75
 	2	7	4.0	hard, grey to black drupe 	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Carandas-plum	Carissa edulis Vahl	Apocynaceae	No data	sphere	0.75	 	2	7
4.0	purple-black fruit is a solitary berry that is ovoid to spherical
Smooth

Fragrant Manjack	Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.	Boraginaceae	No data	sphere
0.75	 	2	7	4.0	 	Smooth

Guayabillo	Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied. 	Myrtaceae	Southern
California	sphere	0.75	 	2	7	4.0	smooth peel	Smooth

Kakadu plum	Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley
Combretaceae	No data	cylinder	0.5	3	2	11	4.7	smooth skin	Smooth

Jamaica-cherry	Muntingia calabura L.	Muntingiaceae (also placed in
Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae)	Florida, Hawaii	sphere	0.625	 	1	5	4.8
smooth, thin and tender	Smooth

Agritos	Berberis trifoliolata Moric.	Berberidaceae	New Mexico, Texas,
Arizona	sphere	0.6	 	1	5	5.0	subglobose to globose bright red berry,
smooth skin	Smooth

Bacaba-de-leque	Oenocarpus distichus Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No
data	sphere	0.5	 	1	3	6.0	purple-black fruits 	Smooth

Ceylon iron wood	Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard	Sapotaceae	No data
cylinder	0.4	1.5	1	5	6.3	reddish-yellow to yellow berries that are
obovoid-oblong or ellipsoid in shape	Smooth



Table 2.  Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by
Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Bignay	Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.	Phyllanthaceae (also placed in
Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)	Florida	sphere	0.4	 	0.3	2	7.5	Skin is
thin and tough	Smooth

Chirauli-nut	Buchanania latifolia Roxb.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cylinder
0.3	0.9	0.3	2	8.9	oblong ovoid drupe that turns black when ripe	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Monkeyfruit	Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Moraceae	No data	sphere	6	 
904	452	0.5	The skin is velvety	Rough or Hairy

Sentul	Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr.	Meliaceae	Grows well in
South Florida	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	fruit is globose or oblate with
wrinkles extending a short distance from the base.  The rind is downy
Rough or Hairy

Noni 	Morinda citrifolia L.	Rubiaceae	Hawaii, Samoa, Puerto Rico, U.S.
Virgin Islands, the Florida Keys	cylinder	3.75	14	618	418	0.7	bumpy skin
texture, mainly used for juice or fermented, not peeled	Rough or Hairy

Kwai muk	Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	Moraceae	Florida	sphere
2.5	 	65	79	1.2	skin is thin, tender and contains velvety brown hairs
Rough or Hairy



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Carob	Ceratonia siliqua L.	Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in
Caesalpiniaceae)	Numerous scattered trees are found in semitropical
areas.  Adapted to Southern California in the foothills and in the
desert.  Carob trees are planted in Texas, Arizona, California, and
Florida	cylinder	1.75	30	288	349	1.2	glossy, tough and fibrous	Rough or
Hairy

Rambai	Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.	Phyllanthaceae	No
data	cylinder	2	4.5	57	82	1.4	skin is thin and leathery	Rough or Hairy

Tamarind	Tamarindus indica L.	Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed
in Caesalpiniaceae)	New Mexico, Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico.  For the most part, tamarind production is of minor importance in
the US 	cylinder	1.6	18	145	197	1.4	mature pod is minutely scaly, rusty,
velvety, indehiscent, constricted between seeds and brittle	Rough or
Hairy



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Babaco	Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo
Caricaceae	California	cylinder	10	40	12560	3140	0.3	 	Smooth

Arazá 	Eugenia stipitata McVaugh	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	6	 	904	452
0.5	skin is shiny	Smooth

Starfruit	Averrhoa carambola L.	Oxalidaceae (also placed in
Averrhoaceae)	The majority of domestic production is from Florida. 
Fruit from Hawaii must be treated prior to shipment to the mainland.
Guam in 1992; some production occurs in California	cylinder	4.5	16	1017
579	0.6	skin is thin, waxy	Smooth

Guava	Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	Florida, Guam, Hawaii, California and
Puerto Rico	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	smooth to rough, thin 	Smooth

Papaya, Mountain	Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.	Caricaceae	Limited. 
Grown in California	cylinder	4	20	1005	603	0.6	skin is smooth, tough
Smooth

Persimmon, Japanese	Diospyros kaki Thunb.	Ebenaceae	Florida, California;
southern states	sphere	5	 	523	314	0.6	skin is smooth, glossy, thin and
tough	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Ambarella	Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson	Anacardiaceae	Home gardens;
Hawaii, Florida, Puerto Rico	cylinder	4	10	502	352	0.7	skin is thick,
tough and russetted	Smooth

Guava, Para	Psidium acutangulum DC. 	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	4	 	268
201	0.8	leathery peel	Smooth

Bilimbi 	Averrhoa bilimbi L.	Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)
Limited production in southern Florida, Puerto Rico and Hawaii	cylinder
2.5	10	196	196	1.0	skin is glossy, smooth, thin, soft and tender	Smooth

Gooseberry, Indian	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Phyllanthaceae (also placed in
Euphorbiaceae)	Puerto Rico	sphere	3	 	113	113	1.0	thin, hard
translucent smooth skin	Smooth

Mangaba	Hancornia speciosa Gomes	Apocynaceae	No data	sphere	3	 	113	113
1.0	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Doum palm coconut	Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
No data	cylinder	2.5	8	157	165	1.1	 	Smooth

Marian plum	Bouea macrophylla Griff.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cylinder	2.5
7	137	149	1.1	skin is thin, smooth, brittle and edible	Smooth

Cambucá	Marlierea edulis Nied.	Myrtaceae	Some seedlings were planted in
1993 in Florida and Hawaii	sphere	2.75	7	87	95	1.1	skin is leathery,
thin and contains many slightly raised longitudinal ridges	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Davidson's plum	Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.	Cunoniaceae (also placed
in Davidsoniaceae	No data	cylinder	2.5	6	118	133	1.1	Bluish-black fruit
is a laterally compressed	Smooth

Pomerac	Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae	Hawaii,
Puerto Rico	cone	3.75	10	147	170	1.2	skin is thin, smooth and waxy
Smooth

Nance	Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth	Malpighiaceae	Puerto Rico	sphere
2.5	 	65	79	1.2	thin smooth skin	Smooth

Peach Palm	Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
No data	sphere	2.5	 	65	79	1.2	pear shaped	Smooth

Uvalha	Eugenia pyriformis 	Myrtaceae	Florida	sphere	2.5	 	65	79	1.2
thin smooth skin	Smooth

Jujube, Indian	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Rhamnaceae	Ornamental in Hawaii;
Southern Florida, Puerto Rico	cylinder	2.25	6.25	99	120	1.2	skin smooth
or rough, glossy, thin but tough, most photos show smooth fruit	Smooth

Mombin, Malayan	Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz	Anacardiaceae
No data	cylinder	2.25	5	79	102	1.3	oblong to ellipsoid drupe, smooth and
thick skinned	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Natal plum	Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC	Apocynaceae	home plantings in
Florida, California, Hawaii and the Gulf States	cylinder	2	6.25	79	104
1.3	smooth and tender and is coated with a thin, whitish wax bloom when
ripe	Smooth

Fig	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Almost all of the commercial production is
in California.  Figs are also grown in home gardens throughout the
southern states; naturalized in the United States; Hawaii	cone	3	10	94
126	1.3	 	Smooth

Feijoa	Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret	Myrtaceae	Commercial production
in California.  Scattered trees have been planted in Florida and Hawaii
cylinder	2	5	63	88	1.4	waxy bloom	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Rose apple	Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston	Myrtaceae	Florida, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands; naturalized in the Southeastern United States;
grown as an ornamental in California	cylinder	2	5	63	88	1.4	smooth and
thin	Smooth

Ciruela verde	Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.	Malpighiaceae	No data
sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth skin	Smooth

Guava, cattley	Psidium cattleianum Sabine	Myrtaceae	Hawaii, southern and
central Florida, southern California; 	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin
peel	Smooth

Guava, purple strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum 
Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth

Guava, strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi)
Fosberg 	Myrtaceae	No data	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Guava, yellow strawberry	Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum
forma lucidum O. Deg. 	Myrtaceae	yellow strawberry guava is cultivated
in Hawaii	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth thin peel	Smooth

Imbé	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson	Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae)
Florida	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	skin is smooth & thin	Smooth

Imbu	Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost.	Anacardiaceae	Minor production in
South Florida	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth, thick, tough skin 	Smooth

Jaboticaba	Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg	Myrtaceae	Some
production in South Florida; California; used to make wine in Hawaii
sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	smooth glossy tough skin	Smooth

Patauá	Oenocarpus bataua Mart.	Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)	No data 	sphere
2	 	33	50	1.5	pear shaped	Smooth



Table 3.  Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel -
Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Family	Production US	Shape	Max Radius (cm)
Max Height (cm)	Est Volume (cm3)	Est Surface Area (cm2)	SA : M	Texture
Description	Peel Texture

Surinam cherry	Eugenia uniflora L.	Myrtaceae	Hawaii, California and
Florida as a small bush-like tree or hedge; naturalized in the
Southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands; 	sphere	2	 	33	50	1.5	ribbed, thin smooth shiny skin	Smooth

Cashew 	Anacardium occidentale L.	Anacardiaceae	No data	cone	2.5	10	65
100	1.5	skin of the cashew apple is waxy	Smooth

Mombin, purple	Spondias purpurea L.	Anacardiaceae	Florida	cylinder	1.75
5	48	74	1.5	skin glossy and firm	Smooth

Cajou (fruit)	Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl.	Anacardiaceae	No data
cylinder	2.5	7	137	149	1.1	small, juicy, edible peduncle, smooth and
shiny 	Smooth



ATTACHMENT 2. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL 



Tropical/Subtropical Tree and Small Fruits

(Edible and Inedible Peels) 

													

Workgroup # 4

													

IR-4/USDA Crop Grouping Symposium

7-8 October 2002

Arlington, Virginia

													

Chair: Michael Braverman

Co-Chairs: Jonathan Crane, Nancy Dodd, Will Donovan, Edith Lurvey, Maria
Rodriguez

													

Workgroup #4’s mission was to review, evaluate and validate the
established Crop Group #10, and the proposed Crop Groups D, E and M to
include additional Crops.

													 

Note: The established Crop Groups reflected the US EPA’s 40 CFR
180.41, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency’s
Directive 98-02, and Mexico’s crop Grouping System which are
identical.



Proposed Crop Group D: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits – Edible Peel

Current Crop Group

US = Miscellaneous      Canada = None      Codex = FT      Mexico = None

Author’s Commodity List (Greenbook)

Greenbook monograph number follows the crop name	Validation:

Yes or No

Acerola (003)         JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY*	Y

Ambarella (017)     INEDIBLE PEEL. AVOCADO, BANANA, PAPAYA	NO.

MOVE TO CG E

Blimbe (075)          GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Carob bean (127)   FIG	Y

Cashew apple (130)    GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus  jujuba Mill.) (305, 306)    JUJUBE OR SURINAM
CHERRY	Y

Date (220)        FIG	Y

Fig (243)           FIG	Y

Guava (273)     GUAVA	Y

Imbu (294)       GUAVA/PERSIMMON 	Y

Jaboticaba (298)       JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Y

Jujube (305, 306)     JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Y

Jujube/Indian (306)  JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Y

Natal plum (402)      GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Olive (418)  (MOVE TO OILSEED)	NO

Otaheite gooseberry (431)    JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Y

Papaya/Mountain (438)        PAPAYA	Y

Pejibaye-Peach palm (Guilielma gasipaes=Bactris gasipaes) (432)   FIG	Y

Persimmon (468)    GUAVA	Y

Pomerac (487)        GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Purple mombin (Spondias purpurea L.) (017)    JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Y

Rose apple (514)          GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Sentul (541)                  GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Starfruit (578)               GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Surinam cherry (589)   GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

Yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) (017)    GUAVA/PERSIMMON	Y

See Work sheets for additions to proposed Crop Group D

*Caps (crops) signify the representative crop(s) associated with the
entry.

Proposed Subgroups for Group D

WENT CROP BY CROP (ABOVE) AND ADDED TO GROUP

Proposed Subgroup: Da

Rep. Commodities	Commodities	Validate:Y/N

Guava and Raisin	Acerola; Ambarella; Blimbe; Carob bean; Cashew apple;
Date; Fig; Guava; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube; Jujube/Indian; Natal plum;
Olive; Otaheite gooseberry; Papaya/Mountain; Persimmon; Pomerac; Rose
apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Noni; Purple mombin; Yellow
mombin; Chinese jujube; Bignay 	

NO*

Proposed Subgroup: Db

Rep. Commodities	Commodities	Validate:Y/N

Raisin	Olive; Fig; Date; Carob bean	NO*

Proposed Subgroup: Dc

Rep. Commodities	Commodities	Validate:Y/N

Guava	Acerola; Ambarella; Blimbe; Carob bean; Cashew apple; Guava; Imbu;
Jaboticaba; Jujube; Jujube/Indian; Natal plum; Otaheite gooseberry;
Papaya/Mountain; Persimmon; Pomerac; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit;
Surinam cherry; Noni; Purple mombin; Yellow mombin; Chinese jujube,
Feijoa; Wax Jambu; Passionfruit	

NO*

*SEE ATTACHED TABLES



Workgroup Worksheet 

Workgroup #: ___4______________ Crop Group:  D (Tropical/Subtropical
Fruit, Edible Peel)

Additions to Proposed Crop Groups and Subgroups

Common Name	Scientific Name

	Group/SG Placement	Rep Crop	Edible Part	Person(s) Requesting	Comments
Validate: Y/N

D.1 Craboo	Byrsonima crassifolia

(Malpighiaceae)	D 	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit (edible peel)	Mexico	NANCE

Cherry-sized fruit eaten raw, etc.	Y

D.2 Jamaica Cherry	Muntingia calabura

(Elaeocarpaceae)	D 	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit (edible peel)	IR-4	Panama berry

Strawberry Tree

Capulin	Y

D.3 Riberry	Suzygium  SYZYGIUM luehmannii

(Myrtaceae)	D 	Guava	Fruit	G. Burlow

(Australia)	Clove flavor (spice)	AI

D.4 Native Pepper	Kunzea pomifera

(Leptospermaceae)	D 	Guava	Fruit	G. Burlow

(Australia)	Native apple (spice)	MOVE TO SPICE

D.5 Davidson’s Plum	Davidsonia pruriens

(Davidsoniaceae)	D 	Guava	Fruit	G. Burlow

(Australia)

AI

D.6 Illawarra Plum	Podocarpus elatus

(Podocarpaceae)	D	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	G. Burlow

(Australia)	Resembles a grape	AI

D.7 Kakadu Plum	Terminalia ferdinandiana

(Combretaceae)	D 	Guava	Fruit	G. Burlow

(Australia)	Resembles a gooseberry	AI

D.8 Noni	Morinda citrifolia

(Rubiaceae)	D 	Guava	Fruit	M. Kawate (HI)	Indian Mulberry	Y

D.9 Bignay	Antidesma bunius

(Euphorbiaceae)	Da  	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

Y

D.10 Cajou	Anacardium giganteum  (Anacardiaceae)	D  	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

Y

D.11 Guava Berry	Myrciaria floribunda

(Myrtaceae)	D  	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

Y

D.12 Uvalha	Eugenia uvalha

(Myrtaceae)	D	Guava	Fruit	M. Braverman

(Brazil)

Y

D.13 Monos Plum	Pseudanamomis umbellifera 

(Myrtaceae)	D	guava

JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

(Puerto Rico)

Y

D.14 Jelly Palm	Butia capitata

(Arecaceae)	D  	Guava FIG	Fruit (eaten fresh)	M. Braverman

(Brazil)

Y

D.15 Cherry of the Rio Grande	Eugenia aggregata

(Myricaceae)	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	Brazil	Y

D.16 Brazil Cherry	Eugenia dombeyi

(Myricaceae)	D  	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	Size of cherry	Y

D.17

Pitomba	 Eugenia luschnatheanus

(Myrtaceae)	D  	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Y

D.18 Black Plum	Vitex doniana

(Verbenaceae)	D  	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY	Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	African plum	Y

D.19 Apple Rose	Rosa villosa

(Rosaceae)	D

Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	Leaves for tea

MOVE TO GROUP H	AI

D. 20 Akebia	Akebua quinata 

(Lardiz abalaceae)	D

Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)

AI

D.21 Amra	Spondias mangifera 

(Anacardiaceae)	D

Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)

AI

D.22 Appleberry	Billardiera scandens

(Pistiaceae)	D

Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	Australia	AI

D.23 Arkurbal	Willughbeia angustifloia

(Apocynaceae)	D

Fruit	M. Braverman

(IR-4)	Kubal Madu	AI



ADDITIONS TO PROPOSED CROP GROUP D BY WORKGROUP # 4

Common Name	Scientific Name

	Group/SG Placement	Rep Crop	Edible Part	Person(s) Requesting	Comments
Validate: Y/N

SEA GRAPE	COCOLOBA UVIFERA	D	JUJUBE

J. CRANE

Y

CATALEYA GUAVA	PSIDIUM CATTLEIANUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

COSTA RICAN

GUAVA	PSIDIUM FRIEDRICHSTHALUANUM	D	GUAVA/PERSIMMON

J. CRANE

Y

PUERTO RICAN GUAVA	PSIDIUM

MICROPHYLLUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

WATERROSE APPLE	SYZYGIUM AQUEUM	D	GUAVA

J. CRANE

Y

WATERBERRY

	SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

LOQUAT	ERIOBRYTA JAPONICA	D	JUJUBE 0R SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

AFRICAN PLUM	VITEX DONIANA	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

HOGPLUM

AMBRA	SPONDIUS PINATA	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

PARA GUAVA	BRITOA ACIDA	D	GUAVA/PERSIMMON

J. CRANE

Y

HERBERT RIVER CHERRY	ANTIDESMA DALLACHYAMUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

J. CRANE

Y

GAOLNUT	ANACOLOSA FRUTESCENS	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA	SEE WIERSEMA ARS LIST FOR SN, ETC.	AI

BURMESE GRAPE

KAPUNDUNG	BACCAUREA SP.	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

PALMYRA PALM	BORASSUS FLABELLIFER	D	FIG

WIERSEMA

Y

	PASSIFLORA + HYBRIDS	D	GUAVA OR PERSIMMON

WIERSEMA

Y

	PHYLLANATUS EMBLICA	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

	PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE	D	FIG

WIERSEMA

Y

	PSIDIUM SP. + HYBRIDS	D	GUAVA OR PERSIMMON

WIERSEMA

Y

MIRACLE FRUIT	SUNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

VELVET TAMARIND	DIALIUM GUINEENSE	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

	DIALIUM INDUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

	DILLENIA PHILIPPENENSIS	D

	AI

	DISPYROS SP.	D	GUAVA OR PERSIMMON

WIERSEMA

Y

	EUGENIA  SPPS	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

AISEN	BOSCIA SENEGALENSIS	D	JUJUBE  OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

ALMONDETTE	BUCHANANIA LANZAN	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

CHIRAULI-NUT	BUCHANANIA LATIFOLIA	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

CIRUELA VERDE	BUNCHOSIA ARMENIACA	D	GUAVA

WIERSEMA

Y

CHINESE WHITE OLIVE	CANARIUM SP.	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

KARANDA	CARISSA CARANDAS	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

Y

EGYPTIAN CARISSA	CARISSA EDULIS	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

COCO PALM	CRYSOBALANUS ICACO	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

WAMPI	CLAUSENA LANSIUM	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

JAVA PLUM	SYZYGIUM CUMINI	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

TAMARIND OF THE ANDES	VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM
CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y

TALLOWOOD	XIMENIA AMERICANA	D	JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY

WIERSEMA

Y



	Rep. Crop	Commodities	Comments

Tropical fruit	 Lychee, Banana, Pineapple, Guava or Persimmon (Japanese)
Jujube or Surinam Cherry	Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple,
ilama, soursop, biriba, paw paw, Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All
species of the genus Annona and their hybrids, lychee, longan, Spanish
lime, rambutan, pulasan, Akee, papaya, star apple, black sapote, mango,
horse mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) sapodilla,
canistel, mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey apple, Mangosteen,
Pomegranate, green sapote, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir
plum, Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white sapote
(Casmiroa) and hybrids of these.  Banana (All Musa species and their
hybrids), Avocado, Pineapple, jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera,
Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, Screwpine, Pandanus, Jujube, Chinese
jujube, Indian jujube, Surinam cherry (All Eugenia spp. and their
hybrids), Acerola,  Jaboticaba, Purple mombin, Yellow mombin,
Governor’s Plum, Imbe, Craboo, Jamaica cherry, Bignay, Cajou, Guava
berry,  Monos plum, Cherry of the Rio Grande, Brazil cherry, Pitomba,
Black plum(Vitex doniana), Abyssinian Gooseberry, Ceylon Gooseberry,
Vitex doniana, Florida gooseberry, Kei apple, Maya breadfruit,  Chinese
white olive, Karanda, Egyptian carissa, Coco plum, Wampi, Aisen,
Almondette, Chirauli nut, Galonut, Burmese grape, Kapundung, Phyllanthus
emblica, Miracle fruit, Velvet tamarind, Dialium indum, Java plum,
Tamarind of the Andes, Tallowood, Waterberry, Loquat, African plum, Hog
plum or Ambra, Herbert river cherry, Seagrape, Cattley guava,  Puerto
Rican Guava, Figs, dates, carob bean, Pejibaye-Peach palm, Jelly palm,
Sataw, Tamarind and other Palmae fruit, Salak, Palmyra palm fruit, Toddy
palm fruit, Pithecellobium dulce

	

A.Tropical fruit inedible peel subgroup	Lychee,  Avocado, Banana,
Pineapple	Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple, ilama,
soursop, biriba, paw paw, Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All species of
the genus Annona and their hybrids, lychee, longan, Spanish lime,
rambutan, pulasan, Akee, papaya, star apple, black sapote, mango, horse
mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) sapodilla, canistel,
mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey apple, Mangosteen, Pomegranate,
green sapote, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum,
Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white sapote (Casmiroa) and
hybrids of these.  Banana (All Musa species and their hybrids), Avocado,
Pineapple, jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang,
Monkeyfruit, Screwpine, Pandanus	Utilizes the smallest rough skin fruit
to cover worst case residues plus the two largest consumption fruit to
cover all tropical inedible peel fruit. Avocado is still included to
cover California and to cover intermediate sized fruit.

B. Inedible peel Sugar apple 

Subgroup	Sugar apple	Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple,
ilama, soursop, biriba, paw paw, Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All
species of the genus Annona and their hybrids	Most crops in the
Annonaceae; similar gross morphology. Inedible peel medium size fruit
with rough skin

C. Inedible peel Lychee subgroup	Lychee	Lychee, longan, Spanish lime,
rambutan, pulasan, Akee, langsat	All crops in the Sapindaceae; inedible
peel small size fruit with rough skin (except Spanish lime)

D. Inedible peel except Avocado and Banana subgroup	Papaya	Papaya, star
apple, black sapote, mango, horse mango (all species of Mangifera and
their hybrids) sapodilla, canistel, mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey
apple, Mangosteen, Pomegranate, green sapote, 

Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum, Manilkara hexandra,
Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids of these.  
All crop have inedible peel; smooth skin most corresponds to Codex
classification

E. Inedible peel smooth skin except Papaya and Banana subgroup	Avocado
Avocado, black sapote, star apple, canistel, mamey sapote, mango, ,
horse mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids)  papaya,
sapodilla, Ambarella,  Mamey apple, Mangosteen

Pomegranate, green sapote , Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir
plum, Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote  white sapote
(Casmiroa) and hybrids of these.  NOTE:  mamaey sapote and sapodilla do
not have a smooth peel, it is scurfy.	All crop have inedible peel;
smooth skin most corresponds to Codex classification



F. Inedible peel smooth skin except Avocado and Papaya subgroup	Banana
Banana (All Musa species and their hybrids), black sapote, star apple,
canistel, mamey sapote, mango, , horse mango (all species of Mangifera
and their hybrids) papaya, sapodilla, green sapote,  Ambarella , ,Mamey
apple, Mangosteen Pomegranate, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, ,
Bael fruit, Sun sapote,  white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids of these.  
NOTE:  mamaey sapote and sapodilla do not have a smooth peel; it is
scurfy.	All crop have inedible peel; smooth skin most corresponds to
Codex classification

G. Inedible peel

Large aggregate fruit subgroup	Pineapple	Pineapple, jackfruit, durian,
breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, Screwpine,
Pandanus	All crop have rough, bumpy, inedible peel

H. Inedible peel

Large aggregate fruit subgroup (except pineapple)	Jackfruit	 Jackfruit,
durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, Screwpine,
Pandanus	All crop have inedible peel. Does not include pineapple and is
for situations where the use pattern for pineapple does not fit the
other crops in the group.

I.  Edible peel Guava/

Persimmon subgroup 	Guava or Persimmon (Japanese)	Guava, Para Guava, 
Costa Rican Guava(All Psidium spp. and their hybrids), feijoa,
jaboticaba, wax jambu, star fruit, passion fruit, ( All Passiflora spp.
and their hybrids),  Japanese persimmon, common persimmon (All Diospyros
spp. and their hybrids), Blimbe, Cashew apple, Imbu, Natal plum,
Otaheite gooseberry, Mountain papaya, Pomerac, Rose apple, Sentul,
Marmaladebox, Naranjilla, Noni, Uvalha, Lucmo, Gandaria, Maprang,
Mabolo, Ciruela verde, Water Rose apple	Primarily edible peel; note/peel
rarely contaminates Passiflora spp. during juicing smooth skin medium
size fruit

J. Edible peel   Jujube /Surinam cherry subgroup	Jujube or Surinam
Cherry 	Jujube, Chinese jujube, Indian jujube, Surinam cherry (All
Eugenia spp. and their hybrids), Acerola,  Jaboticaba, Purple mombin,
Yellow mombin, Governor’s Plum, Imbe, Craboo, Jamaica cherry, Bignay,
Cajou, Guava berry,  Monos plum, Cherry of the Rio Grande, Brazil
cherry, Pitomba, Black plum (Vitex doniana), Abyssinian Gooseberry,
Ceylon Gooseberry, Florida gooseberry, Kei apple, Maya breadfruit, 
Chinese white olive, Karanda, Egyptian carissa, Coco plum, Wampi, Aisen,
Almondette, Chirauli nut, Galonut, Burmese grape, Kapundung, Phyllanthus
emblica, Miracle fruit, Velvet tamarind, Dialium indum, Java plum,
Tamarind of the Andes, Tallowood, Waterberry, Loquat, African plum, Hog
plum or Ambra, Herbert river cherry, Seagrape, Cattley guava,  Puerto
Rican Guava, star fruit, wax jambu	All crops have edible peel or peel
used in processing. Small, smooth skin 

K. Palm and low moisture fruits subgroup	Fig	Figs, dates, carob bean,
Pejibaye-Peach palm, Jelly palm, Sataw, Tamarind , Salak, Palmyra palm
fruit, Toddy palm fruit, Pithecellobium dulce and all other fruit of the
family Palmae	Fruit of low moisture 



ATTACHMENT 3. REFERENCES 

Kenaga, E.E. Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides, Academic Press, NY,
1972.

Machlachlan, D.J. and D. Hamilton. A New Tool for the Evaluation of Crop
Residue Trail Data (day-zero-plus decline).  Food Additives and
Contaminants, Vol. 27 (3), p 347-364, 2010.

Ripley, B.D., G.M. Ritcey, C.R. Harris, M.A. Denomme and L.I. Lissemore,
Comoparative Persistence of Pesticides on Selected Cultivars of
Specialty Vegetables, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol.
51, p 1328-1335, 2003.

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Sundaram, K.M.S., Influence of Foliar Morphology and Crown Geometry on
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