Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2003-0067-0022
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-11-17T05:00Z

PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
BLANK
William
C.
Herz
Director
of
Scientific
Programs
M
E
M
O
R
A
N
D
U
M
TO:
Product
Testing
Recipient
FROM:
William
C.
Herz,
Director,
Scientific
Programs
SUBJECT:
Sulfuric
Acid
Product
Testing
Dossier
DATE:
March
15,
2003
It
is
with
great
pleasure
that
The
Fertilizer
Institute
(
TFI)
announces
the
completion
and
distribution
of
the
final
product
testing
dossier
for
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
#
7664­
93­
9).

As
you
are
aware,
TFI
sponsored
this
four
 
year
program
to
develop
and
summarize
screening­
level
hazard
information
for
high
production
volume
(
HPV)
chemicals.
The
data
elements
generated
represent
a
broad
overview
of
human
health
and
ecological
parameters.
These
include
a
physical
­
chemical
characterization,
environmental
fate,
mammalian
toxicity
and
ecotoxicity.
A
health
and
environmental
safety
data
summary
dossier
was
prepared
for
each
of
the
23
materials.
It
summarizes
the
available
literature
data,
new
testing
data,
category
description
and
read
across
data
as
well
as
provides
a
conclusion
regarding
the
inherent
hazards
of
the
material.

Upon
receipt
of
this
data
a
90
calendar
day
regulatory
trigger
starts
within
which
you
must
update
your
material
safety
data
sheets
(
MS­
DS).
Upon
first
product
shipment
you
must
also
notify
your
distributors
and
employers
once
the
MS­
DS
has
been
updated.
These
regulatory
requirements
are
detailed
in
29
CFR
1910.1200(
g)(
5)
and
29
CFR
1910.1200(
g)(
6)(
i).
The
requirements
are
found
in
the
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
Administration
"
Hazard
Communication
Standard"
(
29
CFR
1910.1200).

Please
note
that
by
receipt
of
this
data;
you
agree
not
to
distribute
or
sell
this
data
beyond
your
own
company.
PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
BLANK
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE
OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................
1
SIDS
PROFILE..................................................................................................................................
6
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARY
FOR
SULFURIC
ACID
.........................................................................
7
1.
GENERAL
INFORMATION...............................................................................................
11
2.
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA.........................................................................................
18
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
PATHWAYS................................................................
23
4.
ECOTOXICITY....................................................................................................................
28
5.
TOXICITY............................................................................................................................
39
6.
REFERENCES
.....................................................................................................................
63
LIST
OF
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
SIDS
Data
Availability
Summary
APPENDIX
B
SIDS
Data
Summaries
for
Nitric,
Sulfuric
and
Phosphoric
Acids
ACRONYMS
AND
ABBREVIATIONS
BCF
Bioconcentration
Factor
bw
Body
Weight
DAP
Diammonium
Phosphate
DOT
Department
of
Transportation
FDA
U.
S.
Food
and
Drug
Administration
g/
L
Grams
per
Liter
GLP
Good
Laboratory
Practices
GTSP
Granular
Triple
Super
Phosphate
g/
mL
Grams
per
Milliliter
HSDB
Hazardous
Substance
Data
Bank
IPCS
International
Programme
for
Chemical
Safety
KNO3
Potassium
Nitrate
Koc
Organic
Carbon
Partition
Coefficient
Kow
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
LC50
Median
Lethal
Concentration
LD50
Median
Lethal
Dose
LOAEL
Lowest
Observable
Adverse
Effect
Level
LOEC
Lowest
Observable
Effect
Concentration
LOEL
Lowest
Observable
Effect
Level
M
Molar
MAP
Monoammonium
Phosphate
mg/
kg
Milligrams
per
Kilogram
mg/
kg/
day
Milligrams
per
Kilogram
per
Day
mg/
L
Milligrams
per
Liter
MHb
Methyl
Hemoglobin
mm
Hg
Millimeters
of
Mercury
mmol/
L
Millimoles
per
Liter
NaNo3
Sodium
Nitrate
NFPA
National
Fire
Prevention
Association
(
NH4)
2NO3
Ammonium
Nitrate
NIOSH
National
Institute
for
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
NO3
Nitrate
NOAEL
No
Observable
Adverse
Effect
Level
NOEC
No
Observable
Effect
Concentration
NOEL
No
Observable
Effect
Level
OECD
Organisation
for
Economic
Co­
operation
and
Development
Pa
Pascal
ppm
Parts
per
Million
SCAS
Semi
Continuous
Activated
Sludge
SIDS
Screening
Information
Data
Set
SSP
Single
Super
Phosphate
TLm
Median
Toxicity
Level
TLV
Threshold
Limit
Value
TFI
The
Fertilizer
Institute
UAN
Urea
Ammonia
Nitrogen
1
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
EXECUTIVE
OVERVIEW
I.
INTRODUCTION
The
Fertilizer
Institute,
on
behalf
of
its
member
companies,
initiated
a
Product
Testing
Project
to
collect,
review,
summarize,
and
where
necessary
develop
additional
health
and
environmental
safety
data
for
23
of
its
high
production
volume
inorganic
fertilizer
materials.
These
data
and
summaries
provide
valuable
information
that
can
be
used
to
update
Material
Safety
Data
Sheets,
answer
customers'
questions,
and
support
product
stewardship
efforts.
The
chemical
industry
is
also
participating
in
a
voluntary
program
of
comparable
scope
for
high
production
volume
organic
chemicals.
1
The
23
fertilizer
materials
were
divided
into
five
categories
(
i.
e.,
ammonia
compounds,
nitrate
compounds,
phosphate
compounds,
salts
and
acids)
based
on
their
primary
constituents
as
shown
in
Table
1.
The
use
of
categories
is
a
recognized
and
accepted
method
that
allows
health
and
environmental
safety
data
from
one
chemical
in
the
category
to
be
used
to
represent
one
or
more
other
related
chemicals
in
the
category
(
USEPA
1999).
The
key
is
to
find
similar,
or
at
least
predictable,
patterns
and
trends
among
the
chemicals
in
a
category.
In
this
way,
data
can
be
pooled,
resources
are
optimized,
and
fewer
animals
are
used
in
testing,
all
without
losing
the
ability
to
evaluate
the
hazards
and
safety
of
the
individual
chemicals.
Note
that
some
of
the
materials
fall
into
more
than
one
category
(
e.
g.,
diammonium
phosphate
[
DAP]
is
in
both
the
phosphate
and
ammonia
categories).

Searches
were
conducted
using
on­
line
databases,
standard
reference
texts,
and
other
published
sources
for
data
describing
toxicity,
ecotoxicity,
environmental
fate,
and
physical­
chemical
properties.
The
collected
data
were
reviewed
for
quality
and
acceptability
and
then
summarized
according
to
the
Organization
for
Economic
Cooperation
and
Development
(
OECD)
Screening
Information
Data
Set
(
SIDS)
dossier
format
(
OECD
1997).
The
OECD
countries
(
including
the
United
States)
have
agreed
on
a
set
of
tests
and
on
types
of
data
(
referred
to
as
`
data
elements')
that
are
generally
necessary
to
characterize
the
chemical
behavior
and
potential
hazards
of
chemicals
released
into
the
environment.
The
OECD
SIDS
dossier
was
chosen
as
a
standard
format
for
the
TFI
Product
Testing
Project
in
order
that
it
would
be
scientifically
defensive,
broadly
applicable
and
easily
understandable
to
a
wide
range
of
stakeholders.

The
following
sections
of
this
Executive
Overview
provide:
the
rationale
for
development
of
the
Acids
category
(
Section
II);
a
synopsis
of
the
available
data
related
to
the
physical­
chemical
properties,
environmental
fate,
ecotoxicity
and
toxicity
of
all
three
acids
(
phosphoric,
sulfuric,
nitric)
in
the
category
(
Section
III);
and
a
conclusion
regarding
the
need
for
additional
testing
(
Section
IV).

The
data
for
sulfuric
acid
are
summarized
in
the
Chemical
Profile
and
Data
Summary
tables.
Because
the
evaluation
of
data
gaps
relies
on
a
category
approach,
the
Data
Summary
table
references
Appendix
B
when
data
are
available
for
nitric
and/
or
phosphoric
acids
for
those
data
elements
where
no
sulfuric
acid
data
are
available.
Appendix
B
provides
a
summary
of
the
data
for
all
three
acids.
The
individual
studies
for
sulfuric
acid
are
described
and
the
references
are
presented
in
subsequent
pages
of
this
document.
Separate
data
summary
documents
are
available
for
nitric
acid
and
phosphoric
acid.

1
HPV
Chemical
Challenge
Program;
USEPA
1999
(
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
opptintr/
chemrtk/
volchall.
htm)
II.
Rationale
for
the
Acids
Category
The
acids
category
for
fertilizer
materials
includes
nitric,
phosphoric
and
sulfuric
acids.
These
acids
are
water
soluble
and
dissociate
into
their
constituent
ions.
The
toxicological
effects
of
strong
acids
are
primarily
related
to
low
pH.

The
acids
are
corrosive
upon
contact
with
animal
and
human
tissues,
whether
via
dermal
contact,
inhaled
or
swallowed.
Acidity
(
i.
e.,
low
pH)
also
causes
toxicity
to
fish.
The
mechanisms
involved
in
acidinduced
toxicity
vary
depending
upon
levels
of
acidity
and
interactions
with
other
components
(
McKenna
and
Duerr
1976).
Below
pH
3,
acidity
causes
coagulation
of
mucus
on
fish
gill
surfaces
resulting
in
subsequent
anoxia
or
respiratory
failure
(
Packer
and
Dunson
1970).
At
slightly
higher
pH
values,
fish
mortality
occurs
due
to
a
decrease
in
sodium
and
chloride
ions
and
an
increase
in
hydrogen
ions
in
the
blood
(
Schofield
and
Trojnar
1980).
The
data
indicate
that
there
are
only
subtle,
although
measurable,
differences
in
the
toxicity
contribution
of
various
anions.
A
comparison
study
revealed
that
sulfuric
acid
is
most
toxic,
nitric
and
hydrochloric
acids
are
moderately
toxic,
and
phosphoric
acid
is
the
least
toxic
to
fish.
Presumably
the
difference
in
the
toxic
effect
of
these
acids
is
due
to
the
anions
produced
upon
dissociation
(
Alkahem
1989).

III.
Summary
of
Data
Available
for
the
Acids
Category
Because
these
acids
may
be
produced
and
used
at
varying
concentrations,
the
available
data
may
have
been
collected
using
acids
of
different
strengths.
Physical­
chemical
properties
may
vary
relative
to
the
concentration
of
the
acid
being
tested.
Therefore,
data
are
presented
for
different
concentration
acids
if
available.
In
addition,
aquatic
and
animal
toxicity
tests
are
generally
conducted
on
as
pure
a
test
material
as
can
be
obtained.
Therefore,
care
must
be
exercised
when
evaluating
the
effects
that
may
result
from
exposure
to
lower
strength
acids.
Aquatic
data
are
presented
as
effects
related
to
pH,
while
the
data
for
the
animal
toxicity
testing
retains
the
traditional
measurement
units.

Physical­
Chemical
Data
Overall,
the
physical­
chemical
properties
of
the
acids
category
are
well
characterized.
Sufficient
data
are
available
for
all
relevant
parameters
and
no
further
testing
is
warranted
to
understand
the
behavior
of
these
compounds
released
into
the
environment.

Acids
are
highly
soluble
in
water,
with
solubility
ranging
from
750­
1,000
g/
L.
The
acids
dissociate
into
their
constituent
ions
(
i.
e.,
H+
and
NO3
­;
H+
and
PO4
3­;
H+
and
SO4
2­).
The
vapor
pressure
varies
substantially
from
0.3­
1.5
mm
Hg
for
phosphoric
acid
to
42­
62
mm
Hg
for
nitric
acid.
The
relatively
low
vapor
pressure
for
all
acids
suggests
that
they
are
not
significantly
volatile.

Environmental
Fate
and
Pathway
The
high
solubility
of
these
compounds
suggests
that
they
are
present
mostly
in
aqueous
solutions,
where
they
readily
dissociate.
The
fate
dynamics
of
the
resulting
anions
are
well
understood
by
the
nitrogen,
phosphorus
and
sulfur
cycles.
No
further
testing
is
necessary.

Ecotoxicity
Based
on
the
standard
Federal
Insecticide
Fungicide
and
Rodenticide
Act
(
FIFRA)
acute
toxicity
ratings
for
fish
and
Daphnia
(
below),
the
compounds
in
this
category
may
be
very
highly
toxic
to
aquatic
organisms.
However,
because
the
toxicity
is
known
to
be
pH­
dependent,
toxicity
is
mitigated
by
neutralization
of
the
acid,
as
would
normally
be
the
case
when
acids
are
released
into
waterways.
Therefore,
no
further
testing
is
necessary.
The
acute
LC50
for
fish
ranged
from
pH
3.0­
4.0.
There
is
some
evidence
suggesting
the
following
order
of
anion
toxicity
in
aquatic
systems:
SO4
>
NO3
>
PO4.

EC/
LC50
(
mg/
L)
Toxicity
Description
<
0.1
Very
Highly
Toxic
0.1­
1
Highly
Toxic
1­
10
Moderately
Toxic
10­
100
Slightly
Toxic
>
100
Practically
Non­
Toxic
Toxicity
Sufficient
toxicity
data
are
available
to
characterize
toxicity
effects
for
the
three
acids
and
no
additional
testing
is
needed.
As
with
aquatic
systems,
mammalian
toxicity
is
primarily
related
to
pH,
and
non­
pH
related
effects
would
not
be
a
primary
concern
for
the
acids.

The
acute
oral
LD50
reported
in
a
phosphoric
acid
study
is
1,530
mg/
kg
bw.
The
inhalation
LC50s
of
nitric
acid,
phosphoric
acid,
and
sulfuric
acid
are
65
­
67
ppm
NO2,
61
­
1689
mg/
m3
P2O5
(
four
different
species
tested),
and
347
­
430
ppm
H2SO4,
respectively.
Acute
dermal
studies
of
phosphoric
acid
report
LD50s
ranging
from
>
1,260­>
3,160
mg/
kg
bw.
Based
on
the
standard
FIFRA
acute
toxicity
ratings
for
mammals
(
below),
the
compounds
in
this
category,
when
neutralize,
are
considered
to
be
of
low
to
very
low
toxicity
(
40
CFR
156.62).

Toxicity
Category
I
II
III
IV
Toxicity
Rating
High
Moderate
Low
Very
Low
Oral
LD50
 
50
mg/
kg
>
50­
500
mg/
kg
>
500­
5000
mg/
kg
>
5000
mg/
kg
Dermal
LC50
 
200
mg/
kg
>
200­
2000
mg/
kg
>
2000­
20,000
mg/
kg
>
20,000
mg/
kg
Inhalation
LC50
 
0.2
mg/
L
>
0.2­
2
mg/
L
>
2­
20
mg/
L
>
20
mg/
L
Unneutralized,
their
corrosivity
upon
contact
at
high
concentrations
is
well
documented.
All
three
acids
tested
negative
for
mutagenicity.
Up
to
375
mg/
kg
bw
phosphoric
acid
in
food
did
not
affect
the
growth
of
rat
offspring
in
a
reproduction
study
and
up
to
20
mg/
m3
of
sulfuric
acid
in
air
did
not
affect
reproduction
in
either
mice
or
rabbits.

IV.
Conclusion
for
the
Acids
Category
Sufficient
data
are
available
to
characterize
the
physical­
chemical
properties,
environmental
fate,
ecotoxicity
and
toxicity
of
the
acids
category.
Therefore,
additional
testing
is
not
needed
to
assess
the
hazards
of
the
three
acids.
TABLE
1:
CATEGORIES
FOR
PRODUCT
TESTING
PROJECT
CATEGORY
COMPOUND
CAS
NUMBER
Ammonia
Compounds
Anhydrous
ammonia
Aqua
ammonia
Ammonium
nitrate
Ammonium
sulfate
Ammonium
thiosulfate
Nitrogen
solutions
(
UAN)
Ammonium
phosphate
sulfate
Diammonium
phosphate
(
DAP)
Monoammonium
phosphate
(
MAP)
Urea
7664­
41­
7
1336­
21­
6
6484­
52­
2
7783­
20­
2
7783­
18­
8
15978­
77­
5
12593­
60­
1
7783­
28­
0
7722­
76­
1
57­
13­
6
Nitrate
Compounds
Sodium
nitrate
Ammonium
nitrate
Potassium
nitrate
Potassium
sodium
nitrate
Nitrogen
solutions
(
UAN)
Urea
7631­
99­
4
6484­
52­
2
7757­
79­
1
7757­
79­
1/
7631­
99­
4
15978­
77­
5
57­
13­
6
Phosphate
Compounds
Diammonium
phosphate
(
DAP)
Monoammonium
phosphate
(
MAP)
Liquid
polyphosphate
Single
superphosphate**
Granular
triple
superphosphate**
7783­
28­
0
7722­
76­
1
­­
8011­
76­
5
65996­
95­
4
Salts
Potassium
chloride
Potassium
magnesium
sulfate
Potassium
nitrate
Potassium
sodium
nitrate
Potassium
sulfate
Calcium
sulfate
7447­
40­
7
14168­
73­
1
7757­
79­
1
7757­
79­
1/
7631­
99­
4
7778­
80­
5
7778­
18­
9
Acids
Phosphoric
acid
Nitric
acid
Sulfuric
acid
7664­
38­
2
7697­
37­
2
7664­
93­
9
*
=
Nitrogen
solutions
are
represented
largely
by
Urea­
Ammonia­
Nitrogen
(
UAN;
15978­
77­
5)
**
=
Single
superphosphate
and
granular
triple
superphosphate
are
combined
into
a
single
dossier.
­­
=
No
CAS
number
readily
available
V.
REFERENCES
CITED
40
CFR
156.62.
Toxicity
Category.

Alkahem,
H.
F.
1989.
Effect
of
different
acids
on
the
freshwater
fish,
Aphanius
dispar.
J.
Biol.
Sci.
Res.
20(
3):
537­
545.

McKenna,
M.
and
Duerr,
F.
1976.
Effects
of
ambient
pH
on
the
gills
of
Ictalurus
melas
Rafinesque.
Am.
Zool.
16:
224.

OECD.
1997.
SIDS
Manual.
OECD
Secretariat,
3rd
Revision,
July
1997.

Packer,
R.
and
Dunson,
W.
1970.
Effects
of
low
environmental
pH
on
blood
pH
and
sodium
balance
of
brook
trout.
Exp.
Zool.
174:
65­
72.

Schofield,
C.
and
Trojnar,
J.
1980.
Aluminum
toxicity
to
fish
in
acidified
waters.
In
Toribara,
T.,
Miller,
M.,
and
Morrow,
P.
(
eds.).
Polluted
Rain.
New
York:
Plenum
Press.

USEPA.
1999.
Development
of
Chemical
Categories
in
the
HPV
Challenge
Program.
www.
epa.
gov/
chemrtk/
catdoc29.
pdf.
6
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
SIDS
PROFILE
Date:
January
27,
2003
1.01
A.
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9
1.01
C.
CHEMICAL
NAME
(
OECD
NAME)
Sulfuric
acid
1.01
D
CAS
DESCRIPTOR
Sulfuric
acid
1.01
G
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
H2SO4
OTHER
CHEMICAL
IDENTITY
INFORMATION
Not
applicable
1.5
QUANTITY
Greater
than
1
million
tonnes
per
annum
1.7
USE
PATTERN
Fertilizer
manufacture,
manufacturing
of
dyestuffs,
parchment
paper
and
glue.
Used
as
alkylation
catalyst,
food
additive,
and
dehydrating
agent.
Used
in
electroplating
baths,
iron
and
steel,
and
refining
of
mineral
and
vegetable
oils.
1.9
SOURCES
AND
LEVELS
OF
EXPOSURE
Emissions
from
production
processes.
Fertilizer
production.
Lead­
acid
batteries.
Foods.

Issues
for
discussion
(
identify,
if
any)
SIDS
testing
required:

No
additional
testing
required
(
see
Executive
Overview
for
rationale).
7
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARY
FOR
SULFURIC
ACID
Date:
January
27,
2003
CAS
NO.
7664­
93­
9
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
10oC
2.2
Boiling
Point
280­
290oC
at
1
atm
2.3
Density
1.84
x
10­
6
g/
mL
at
20oC
2.4
Vapour
Pressure
7.5
x
10­
4
mm
Hg
at
20oC
(
low
volatility)
2.5
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
See
Appendix
B
results
2.6A
Water
Solubility
Miscible
(
highly
soluble)
2.6B
pH
and
pKa
values
pH:
0.3
at
49
g/
L
pK1:
­
3;
pK2
1.92
at
25oC
2.7
Flash
Point
Non­
flammable
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Non­
flammable
2.9
Flammability
Non­
flammable
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Not
explosive
2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Powerful
acidic
oxidizer
2.13B
Henry's
Law
Constant
See
Appendix
B
results
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Dissociates
in
water
to
form
sulfate
salts,
especially
with
calcium
and
magnesium
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
Dissolves
some
soil
material,
in
particular
carbonate­
based
materials
3.2
Monitoring
Data
Average
concentration
of
13.5
µ
g/
m3
in
air
for
urban
eastern
U.
S.
3.3
Transport
and
Distribution
Dissolves
in
the
atmosphere;
highly
mobile
in
soil
and
can
dissolve
carbonate­
based
materials
3.5
Biodegradation
Sulfate­
reducing
bacteria
break
down
sulfuric
acid
3.6
BOD5
Does
not
cause
a
biochemical
oxygen
demand
3.7
Bioaccumulation
Does
not
bioaccumulate
8
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
CAS
NO.
7664­
93­
9
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
Toxicity
to
Fish
Lepomis
macrochirus
(
bluegill),
Aphanius
dispar
Salmo
gairdneri
(
rainbow
trout)
Brachydanio
rerio
(
zebra
fish)
Gambusia
affinis
(
mosquito
fish)
96­
hr
semi­
static
96­
hr
semi­
static,
continuous
or
pulsed
96­
hr
static,
OECD
Guideline
203
96­
hr
static
LC50
=
pH
3.0
­
3.84
LC50
=
pH
3.7
­
4.41
LC50
=
500
mg/
L
(
pH
2.29)

LC50
=
42
mg/
L
(
pH
3.37)

4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Daphnia
magna
24­
hr
static,
ISO
6341
15
64­
hr
static
EC50
=
29
mg/
L
(
pH
3.5)

EC100
=
88
mg/
L
(
pH
3.05)
4.3
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Plants
(
Algae)
Nitzchia
palea
(
diatom)
28­
day
Growth
inhibition
as
determined
by
cell
count
observed
at
10
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.99)
4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
Activated
sludge
120­
hr
EC50
=
58
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.23)
4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
Salvelinus
fontinalis
(
brook
trout)
Cyprinus
carpio,
Plecoglossus
altivelis,
Oncorhyncus
masou,
and
Salvelinus
pluvius
90­
day
semi­
static,
pulsed
96­
hr,
larvae
&
fry
exposed
H+
sensitivity
changed
with
developmental
stage
EC50
(
reproduction
rate)
=
~
pH
4.0
­
5.2;
LC50
(
mortality
of
larvae
and
fry)
=
~
pH
3.6
­
5
4.6.1
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
Bacteria
Subarctic
field
study
Total
biomass
was
dependent
on
pH
4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
Nephroma
arcticum
(
lichen),
Peltigera
spp.
(
lichen),
Empetrum
nigrum
(
dwarf
shrub)
and
Vaccinium
vitisidaea
(
dwarf
shrub)
Simulated
acid
rain
field
study
in
northern
Finland,
10
growing
seasons
Decrease
in
cover
of
foliose
lichens
and
reduction
in
nitrogen­
fixing
activity
for
nitrogen­
fixing
lichens.
No
long­
term
negative
effects
on
fructiose
lichens
reported.
A
pH
of
3
reduced
reproductive
output
of
V.
vitis­
idaea.
TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
Rat
OECD
Guideline
401
LD50
=
2,140
mg/
kg
bw;
>
5,000
mg/
kg
bw
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
Toxicity
Guinea
pig
Rabbit
Rat
1­
hr
or
8­
hr
1­
hr
1­
hr
LC50
=
18
­
61
mg/
m3
Can
slow
mucous
transport
in
lung
at
0.45
mg/
m3
LC50
=
347
­
420
ppm
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
Rat,
mouse,
guinea
pig,
and
rabbit
Erosion
of
the
skin,
erythema,
and
edema
observed
after
exposure
to
5
­
10%
solution;
no
effects
observed
from
<
5%
solution
9
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
CAS
NO.
7664­
93­
9
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
5.2.1
Skin
Irritation/
Corrosion
Rat,
rabbit,
human
OECD
Guideline
404
Not
irritating
at
10%;
corrosive
at
high
concentrations
5.2.2
Eye
Irritation
Corrosion
Rabbit,
rat,
mouse
OECD
Guideline
405
Can
cause
irritation
and
corrosion
to
eyes
5.4
Repeated
Dose
Toxicity
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
Rabbit
Guinea
pig
Monkey
Dog
Chicks,
mallard
ducklings
Continuous,
up
to
14
weeks
6
hr/
day,
5
day/
wk,
6
months
1
hr/
day,
5
day/
wk,
up
to
12
months
2
hr/
day,
14
days
Several
studies
ranging
from
4
to
23
hrs/
day
and
for
2
days
up
to
12
months
23.5
hr/
day,
7
day/
wk,
78
weeks
21
hr/
day,
620
days
Via
oral
feed:
up
to
11,117
mg/
kg/
day,
14
days
(
chicks);
12,393
mg/
kg/
day,
15
days
(
mallards)
No
effects
on
body
or
lung
weights
or
myokinetic
activity
up
to
0.15
mg/
m3
Normal
weight
gain
and
no
respiratory
lesions
at
10
mg/
m3
At
0.25
mg/
m3,
weight
reduction
and
increased
bronchial
reactivity
were
observed
Retardation
of
respiratory
tract
clearance
at
0.5
mg/
m3
No
effects
on
body
weight,
lung
function
or
pathology
at
up
to
2.49
mg/
m3
Minimal
changes
at
10
mg/
m3
but
damage
to
lungs
at
25
mg/
m3
Deterioration
of
pulmonary
structure
and
function
at
doses
up
to
4.79
mg/
m3
Reduced
lung
function,
volume
and
weight
at
0.9
mg/
m3
Decrease
in
growth
of
chicks
at
11,117
mg/
kg/
day
due
to
an
18%
decrease
in
food
intake.
No
effects
in
ducklings.
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
Salmonella
typhimurium,

Escherichia
coli
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
(
Ames
test)
Negative
Negative
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Sea
urchin
Embryo
and
sperm
assays
Aberrations
caused
by
pH
<
6.5
5.8
Toxicity
to
Reproduction
Mouse,
rabbit
Via
inhalation:
7
hrs/
day,
10­
13
days
of
gestation
No
significant
effects
at
20
mg/
m3
5.9
Developmental
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
Mouse,
rabbit
Via
inhalation:
7
hrs/
day,
10­
13
days
of
gestation
NOEL
(
maternal):
5
mg/
m3
NOEL
(
teratogenicity):
20
mg/
m3
5.10A
Specific
Toxicities
See
Appendix
B
results
10
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
CAS
NO.
7664­
93­
9
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
5.11
Human
Experience
High
concentrations
can
irritate
skin
and
mucous
membranes
and
cause
eye
damage.
Inhalation
at
high
concentrations
for
longer
periods
may
cause
respiratory
infections
and
digestive
disturbances.
1.8
Occupational
Exposure
Limits
8
hr.
TWA­
TLV
5
min.
STEL­
TLV
1
mg/
m3
in
air
2
mg/
m3
in
air
11
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
1.
GENERAL
INFORMATION
1.01
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
*
A.
CAS
number
7664­
93­
9
B.
Name
(
IUPAC
name)
Sulfuric
acid
*
C.
Name
(
OECD
name)
Sulfuric
acid
*
D.
CAS
Descriptor
Not
applicable
(
where
applicable
for
complex
chemicals)

E.
EINECS
Number
231­
639­
5
F.
Molecular
Formula
H2O4S
*
G.
Structural
Formula
H2SO4
OS(
O)(=
O)=
O
H.
Substance
Group
Not
applicable
I.
Substance
Remark
Not
applicable
J.
Molecular
Weight
98.08
1.02
OECD
INFORMATION
A.
Sponsor
Country
Not
applicable
(
would
be
US)

B.
Lead
Organization
Not
applicable
(
would
be
EPA)

C.
Name
of
Responder
(
Information
on
a
responder
should
be
provided
when
companies
respond
to
Lead
Organization
or
SIDS
Contact
Points.)

Name:
Mr.
William
C..
Herz,
Director
of
Scientific
Programs
Address/
Phones:
The
Fertilizer
Institute
Union
Center
Plaza
820
First
Street,
NE,
Suite
430
Washington,
D.
C.
20002
Tel:
(
202)
962­
0490
Fax:
(
202):
962­
0577
12
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
1.1
GENERAL
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
A.
Type
of
Substance
element
[
];
inorganic
[
X];
natural
substance
[
];
organic
[
];
organometallic
[
];
petroleum
product
[
]

B.
Physical
State(
at
20
°
C
and
1.013
hPa)

gaseous
[
];
liquid
[
X];
solid
[
]

C.
Purity
A
sulfuric
acid
strength
of
78­
98%
is
typically
produced.

1.2
SYNONYMS
Hydrogen
sulphate
Battery
acid
Dipping
acid
Electrolyte
acid
Fertilizer
acid
Mattling
acid
Nordhausen
acid
O
Oil
of
vitriol
Spirit
of
sulfur
Dihydrogen
sulfate
BOV
Vitriol
brown
oil
Sulfur
acid
1.3
IMPURITIES
[
Indicate
CAS
No.,
chemical
name
(
IUPAC
is
preferable),
percentage,
if
possible
EINECS
number.]

Remarks:
None
identified
1.4
ADDITIVES
[
e.
g.
stabilizing
agents,
inhibitors
etc.
Indicate
CAS
No.,
chemical
name
(
IUPAC
name
is
preferable),
percentage,
if
possible
EINECS
number,
the
component
of
the
UVCB
substance
with
no
defined
composition)
should
be
indicated
here.]

Remarks:
None
identified
*
1.5
QUANTITY
[
Information
on
production
or
import
levels
should
be
provided
in
figures
or
ranges
(
e.
g.
1,000­
5,000;
5,000­
10,000
tonnes,
etc.;
see
SIDS
Manual)
per
responder
or
country
and
the
date
for
which
those
ranges
apply
should
be
given.
For
EU
Member
states,
only
13
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
indicate
the
EU
import
figure.
Give
an
estimation
of
the
global
production
quantity
in
the
remarks
field.
Information
on
the
number
of
producers
in
the
country
and
the
source
of
information
should
also
be
given
in
the
remarks
field.)

Remarks:
More
than
one
million
tonnes.
47.68
million
tons
produced
in
the
US
in
1995.
(
If
possible,
indicate
if
the
substance
was
produced
and/
or
imported
during
the
12
months
following
adoption
of
the
EU
regulation
on
existing
chemicals.)
References:
Kirschner,
E.
M.
1996.
Growth
of
top
50
chemicals
slowed
in
1995
from
very
high
1994
rate.
Chem.
Eng.
News.
74:
16­
22.

1.6
LABELING
AND
CLASSIFICATION
(
If
possible,
enter
information
on
labeling
and
classification,
such
as
labeling
and
classification
system,
existence
of
specific
limit,
symbols,
nota,
R­
Phrases
and
S­
Phrases
of
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC.
See
HEDSET
Explanatory
Note.)

Labeling
Type:
As
in
Directive
67/
548/
EEC
Specific
limits:
C
>
15%:
C.
R35
5%
<
C
<
15%:
Xi,
R36/
38
Symbols:
(
C)
Corrosive
(
Xi)
Irritant
R­
phrases:
35
Causes
severe
burns
S­
phrases:
1/
2,
26,
30,
45
Text
of
S­
phrases:
Keep
locked
up
and
out
of
reach
of
children.
In
case
of
contact
with
eyes,
rinse
immediately
with
plenty
of
water
and
seek
medical
advice.
Never
add
water
to
this
product.
In
case
of
accident
or
if
you
feel
unwell,
seek
medical
advice
immediately
(
show
the
label
where
possible)
Remarks:
Directive
92/
32
of
April
30,
1992.
1992.
Official
Journal
of
the
European
Communities,
No.
L154
of
June
5,
1992.
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Landfair,
S.
W.,
Brown,
E.
L.,
Israel,
R.
J.,
and
Kreis,
P.
B.
1993.
The
EC's
seventh
amendment:
Fundamental
changes
in
the
regulation
of
chemical
substances
manufactured
and
imported
into
the
European
community.
Internation
Environmental
Reporter
0/
49­
8738/
93:
785­
790.
STNEasy.
1999.
Chemlist:
STN
International.
May.
<
http://
www.
cas.
org/
stn.
html>.

Classification
Type:
As
in
Directive
67/
548/
EEC
Category
of
danger:
Corrosive
R­
phrases:
35
Causes
severe
burns
14
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Remarks:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
STNEasy.
1999.
Chemlist:
STN
International.
May.
<
http://
www.
cas.
org/
stn.
html>.

DOT
Labeling
Hazard
Class:
8
(
corrosive)
Reportable
Quantity:
1000
lbs.
Labels
Required:
Corrosive
Placard:
Corrosive
References:
Hill
Brothers
Chemical
Company.
1999.
Material
Safety
Data
Sheet:
Sulfuric
Acid.
CS18100.
June
17,
1999.

NFPA
Rating
Health:
3
(
high)
Fire:
0
(
insignificant)
Reactivity:
2
(
moderate)
Specific:
Not
applicable
References:
Hill
Brothers
Chemical
Company.
1999.
Material
Safety
Data
Sheet:
Sulfuric
Acid.
CS18100.
June
17,
1999.

*
1.7
USE
PATTERN
A.
General
[
Data
on
use
pattern
have
to
be
given
by
assigning
main
types
according
to
their
exposure
relevance
(
i.
e.
non­
dispersive
use,
use
in
closed
systems,
use
resulting
in
inclusion
into
or
onto
matrix
and
wide
dispersive
use),
industrial
categories
(
e.
g.
basic
chemical
industry,
chemical
industry,
agricultural
industry,
personal
and
domestic
use)
and
use
categories
such
as
coloring
agents,
intermediates,
solvents,
adhesives,
cleaning/
washing
agents,
fertilizers,
impregnation
agents,
surface­
active,
etc.
If
available,
give
an
estimation
of
different
uses
in
percentage
terms.
See
SIDS
Manual
for
guidance.]

Type
of
Use:
Category:

(
a)
main
Wide
dispersive
use
industrial
Agricultural
use
Fertilizer
(
b)
main
Non­
dispersive
use
industrial
Chemical
use
In
the
manufacture
of
dyestuffs,
parchment
paper,
glue,
alkylation
catalyst,
electroplating
baths,
iron
and
steel,
food
additive,
dehydrating
agent,
refining
of
mineral
and
vegetable
oils
15
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Remarks:
(
a)
Most
of
the
sulfuric
acid
produced
in
the
USA
is
consumed
in
fertilizer
production
(
68%).

(
b)
Sulfuric
acid
is
also
used
in
petroleum
refining
(
7%),
ore
processing
(
4%),
industrial
organic
chemicals
(
3.5%),
synthetic
rubber
and
plastics
(
2.5%),
pulp
and
paper
(
2.5%),
and
other
(
9%).
Reference:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
The
Merck
Index.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer
(
IARC).
1992.
Occupational
exposures
to
mists
and
vapours
from
sulfuric
acid
and
other
strong
inorganic
acids.
IARC
Monograph
Eval.
Carcinogen
Risk
Chem.
Hum.
54.

B.
Uses
in
Consumer
Products
[
If
the
chemical
is
present
in
consumer
products
as
marketed,
give
details
of
products'
function
(
e.
g.
detergent,
etc.),
and
percentage
in
product
and
physical
state
of
product
as
marketed
(
e.
g.
aerosol,
powder
or
liquid)]

Remarks:
No
data
1.8
OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE
LIMIT
VALUE
(
Indicate
the
type
of
occupational
exposure
limit
value
including
short­
term
exposure
limit
value.
If
a
value
does
not
exist,
give
the
hygiene
standard
of
the
producer
company
if
available.
See
also
5.11.)

Exposure
limit
value
Type:
8
hour
Time
Weighted
Average
Value:
1
mg/
m3
in
air
Remarks:
OSHA
TWA­
TLV
Reference:
National
Institute
for
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
(
NIOSH).
1994.
NIOSH
Pocket
Guide
to
Chemical
Hazards.
Lippmann,
M.,
Gearhart,
J.
M.,
and
Schlesinger,
R.
B.
1987.
Basis
for
a
particle
size­
selective
TLV
for
sulfuric
acid
aerosols.
Appl.
Ind.
Hyg.
2(
5):
188­
199.

Short
term
exposure
limit
value
Value:
2
mg/
m3
in
air
STEL
Length
of
exposure
period:
5
minutes
Frequency:
8
times
Remarks:
Measured
as
total
dust
Reference:
European
Commission
1996.
16
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
*
1.9
SOURCES
OF
EXPOSURE
Describe
sources
of
potential
human
[
other
than
concentration
of
chemicals
in
the
workplace
and
indoor
environment
(
see
5.11)],
or
environmental
exposure,
including
emission
data
(
e.
g.
quantities
per
media
with
information
such
as
time
dimensions
of
release,
indication
of
type
of
release
(
e.
g.
point
source
or
diffuse),
type
of
estimating
(
e.
g.
average
or
worst
case,
uncertainties
in
estimation),
for
all
phases
of
the
life
cycle
of
the
chemical
if
available,
including
manufacturing
and
user
areas.

For
environmental
exposure,
indicate
the
production
process
briefly,
number
the
sites
of
manufacture
and,
the
basis
for
concluding
that
the
process
is
"
closed"
if
applicable.

Also
an
indication
of
measured
exposure
levels
(
expressed
in
an
appropriate
form,
e.
g.
geometric
mean
and
standard
deviation)
can
be
mentioned
here.
Any
information
that
will
help
focus
the
assessment
of
exposure
(
either
qualitative
or
quantitative
in
nature)
can
be
mentioned,
if
available).

Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
is
produced
by
converting
sulfur
dioxide
(
SO2)
into
sulfur
trioxide
(
SO3).
Sulfur
trioxide
dissolves
in
water
to
make
sulfuric
acid.
Sources
of
sulfur
dioxide
include
pyrite,
pyrrhotite
and
calcium
sulfate,
which
occurs
naturally
as
gypsum.
Oleum
is
a
source
of
sulfur
trioxide.

A
total
of
130,263
thousand
tonnes
of
sulfuric
acid
were
produced
worldwide
in
1982.
The
U.
S.
is
the
largest
producer
(
29,395
thousand
tonnes)
followed
by
the
USSR
and
China
(
23,801
and
8,174
thousand
tonnes
respectively).
The
majority
of
sulfuric
acid
produced
in
China
is
used
in
the
production
of
phosphate
fertilizers.

Sulfuric
acid
also
is
present
in
the
atmosphere
as
an
aerosol
formed
from
anthropogenic
emissions
of
various
oxides
of
sulfur.
Reported
peak
sulfuric
acid
concentrations
in
the
air
range
from
50
­
240
µ
g/
m3.
Concentrations
of
sulfuric
acid
in
the
U.
S.
between
1974
­
1986
were
generally
below
5
µ
g/
m3.
The
eastern
U.
S.
has
higher
concentrations
of
aerosol
acidity
than
the
western
U.
S.
because
of
the
power
plants
in
the
Ohio
river
valley
and
the
ability
of
acid
aerosols
to
be
transported.
Tioxide
Europe
Limited
reported
emissions
of
concentrations
up
to
9,000
mg/
m3
from
the
main
discharge
chimney
from
a
factory
in
France.

Exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
may
occur
through
exposure
to
sulphonated
organics
in
detergents
or
lead­
acid
batteries.
Other
potential
exposure
routes
include
spills
during
transport.
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer
(
IARC).
17
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
1992.
Occupational
exposures
to
mists
and
vapours
from
sulfuric
acid
and
other
strong
inorganic
acids.
IARC
Monograph
Eval.
Carcinogen
Risk
Chem.
Hum.
54.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

1.10
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A.
Options
for
disposal
[
Mode
of
disposal
(
e.
g.
incineration,
release
to
sewage
system,
etc.)
for
each
category
and
type
of
use,
if
appropriate;
recycling
possibility.]

Remarks:
Reuse,
recover,
or
recycle
if
possible.
Waste
acid
can
be
reprocessed
to
obtain
a
product
near
virgin
quality.
Some
industries
that
recycle
sulfuric
acid
are
organic
chemical,
petrochemical,
and
inorganic
chemical
industries.
If
not
recycled,
it
should
be
disposed
to
licensed
chemical
waste
disposal
contractor.
Sulfuric
acid
may
be
disposed
of
by
being
placed
in
sealed
containers
and
by
being
absorbed
in
vermiculite,
dry
sand,
or
earth.
It
may
also
be
neutralized
or
diluted.
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Hazardous
Substances
Data
Bank
(
HSDB).
1999.
Sulfuric
Acid.
National
Library
of
Medicine.
Bethesda,
MD.
West,
J.
R.
and
Smith,
G.
M.
1983.
Sulfuric
acid
and
sulfur.
In
Kent,
J.
A.
(
ed.).
Reigel's
Handbook
of
Industrial
Chemistry.
8th
ed.
New
York:
Van
Nostrand
Reinhold.
Pp.
130­
142.
In
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer
(
IARC).
1992.
Occupational
exposures
to
mists
and
vapours
from
sulfuric
acid
and
other
strong
inorganic
acids.
IARC
Monograph
Eval.
Carcinogen
Risk
Chem.
Hum.
54.

B.
Other
remarks
Remarks:
No
data
18
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
2.
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
*
2.1
MELTING
POINT
(
If
more
than
one,
identify
the
recommended
value.)

Value:
10
°
C,
100%
H2SO4
Decomposition:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
Ambiguous
[
]
Sublimation:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
Ambiguous
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
References:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
The
Merck
Index.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
Sax
et
al.
1994.
Dangerous
Properties
of
Industrial
Materials.
8th
ed.
New
York:
Van
Nostrand
Reinhold
Company.
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
12th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

*
2.2
BOILING
POINT
(
If
more
than
one,
identify
the
recommended
value.)

Value:
280­
290oC,
100%
H2SO4;
327­
335
°
C,
98%
H2SO4
Pressure:
at
1,013
hPa
(
1
atm)
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
References:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
The
Merck
Index.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
and
Physics.
12th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.
Sax
et
al.
1994.
Dangerous
Properties
of
Industrial
Materials.
8th
ed.
New
York:
Van
Nostrand
Reinhold
Company.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).
19
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
*
2.3
DENSITY
(
Relative
Density)
(
Where
applicable,
indicate
the
relative
density
of
the
substance.)

Type:
Bulk
density
[
];
Density
[
];
Relative
Density
[
X]
Value:
1.84
mg/
L,
100%
H2SO4;
1.69
mg/
L,
77%
H2SO4;
1.40
mg/
L,
50%
H2SO4;
1.18
mg/
L,
25%
H2SO4
Temperature:
20
°
C
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
References:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
The
Merck
Index.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
12th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

*
2.4
VAPOUR
PRESSURE
(
If
more
than
one,
identify
the
recommended
value)

Value:
0.001
hPa
(
7.5
x
10­
4
mm
Hg),
100%
H2SO4;
0.006
hPa,
90%
H2SO4;
0.9
hPa,
70%
H2SO4;
8.26
hPa,
50%
H2SO4;
15.73
hPa,
35%
H2SO4;
18.83
hPa,
25%
H2SO4;
1
mm
Hg
at
145.8oC;
<
0.04
KPa;
<
0.3
mm
Hg
Temperature:
20
°
C
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Kristensen,
P.
1993.
Inorganic
acid
aerosols.
Nordic
Expert
Group
for
Documentation
of
Occupational
Exposure
Limits.
Arbete
och
Halsa.
1:
7­
54.
Sax
et
al.
1994.
Dangerous
Properties
of
Industrial
Materials.
8th
ed.
New
York:
Van
Nostrand
Reinhold
Company.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).
20
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
*
2.5
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
logPow
(
If
more
than
one,
identify
the
recommended
value)

Remarks:
No
data
*
2.6
WATER
SOLUBILITY
(
If
more
than
one,
identify
the
recommended
value)

A.
Solubility
Value:
Miscible
Temperature:
25
°
C
Description:
Miscible
[
X];
Of
very
high
solubility
[
];
Of
high
solubility
[
];
Soluble
[
];
Slightly
soluble
[
]
Of
low
solubility
[
];
Of
very
low
solubility
[
];
Not
soluble
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
Remarks:
Releases
great
heat.
References:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
The
Merck
Index.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
12th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.

B.
pH
Value,
pKa
Value
pH
Value:
1.0;
0.3;
2.1
Concentration:
0.05
M;
49g/
L;
0.049
g/
L
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
References:
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Kristensen,
P.
1993.
Inorganic
acid
aerosols.
Nordic
Expert
Group
for
Documentation
of
Occupational
Exposure
Limits.
Arbete
och
Halsa.
1:
7­
54.

pKa
Value:
pK1
=
­
3;
pK2
=
1.92
Concentration:
0.05
M
Temperature:
25
°
C
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
Remarks:
Dibasic
acid.
21
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
References:
Radel,
S.
T.
and
Navidi,
M.
H.
1990.
Chemistry.
New
York:
West
Publishing
Company.
Stumm,
W.
and
Morgan,
J.
J.
1996.
Aquatic
Chemistry.
Chemical
Equilibria
and
Rates
in
Natural
Waters.
New
York:
John
Wiley
&
Sons,
Inc.

2.7
FLASH
POINT
(
liquids)

Remarks:
Non­
flammable
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

2.8
AUTO
FLAMMABILITY
(
solid/
gases)

Remarks:
Non­
flammable
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

2.9
FLAMMABILITY
Remarks:
Non­
flammable
References:
Rhone­
Poulenc.
1993.
Safety
Data
Sheet.
(
23.03.93).
In
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

2.10
EXPLOSIVE
PROPERTIES
Remarks:
Not
explosive
References:
Rhone­
Poulenc.
1993.
Safety
Data
Sheet.
(
23.03.93).
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

2.11
OXIDIZING
PROPERTIES
Results:
Maximum
burning
rate
equal
or
higher
than
reference
mixture
[
];
Vigorous
reaction
in
preliminary
test
[
];
No
oxidizing
properties
[
];
Other
[
X]
Method:
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)
Not
specified
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
Remarks:
Powerful
acidic
oxidizer,
which
can
cause
ignition
or
explosion
in
contact
with
many
materials.
Sulfuric
acid
is
a
very
powerful
acidic
oxidizer
that
can
ignite
or
explode
on
contact
with
many
materials,
e.
g.,
acetic
acid,
22
Sulfuric
Acid
(
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No.
7664­
93­
9)
acetone
cyanhydrian,
(
acetone
+
HNO3),
(
acetone
+
K2Cr2O7),
acetonitrile,
acrolein,
acrylonitrile,
(
acrylonitrile
+
H2O),
(
alcohols
+
H2O2),
allyl
alcohol,
allyl
chloride,
NH4OH,
2­
amino
ethanol,
NH4,
triperchromate,
aniline,
(
bromates
+
metals),
BrF5,
nbutyraldehyde
carbides,
CoHC2,
chlorates,
(
metals
+
chlorates),
ClF3,
chlorosulfonic
acid,
Cu3N,
diisobutylene,
(
dimethyl
benzylcarbinol
+
H2O2),
epichlorohydrin,
ethylene
cyanhydrin,
ethylene
diamine,
ethylene
glycol,
ethylene
imine,
fulminates,
HCl,
H2,
IF7,
(
indene
+
HNO3),
Fe,
isoprene,
Li6Si2,
Hg3N2,
mesityl
oxide,
metals,
(
HNO3
+
glycerides),
pnitrotoluene
perchlorates,
HC104,
(
C6H6
+
permanganates),
pentasilver
trihydroxydiamino
phosphate,
(
l­
phenyl­
2­
methyl
propyl
alcohol
+
H2O2),
P,
P(
OCN)
3,
picrates,
potassium­
tert­
butoxide,
KClO3,
KMnO4,
(
KMnO4
+
KCl),
(
KMnO4
+
H2O),
 ­
propiolactone,
RbHC2,
propylene
oxide,
pyridine,
Na,
Na2CO3,
NaOH,
steel,
styrene
monomer,
water,
vinyl
acetate,
(
HNO3
+
toluene).
When
heated
it
emits
highly
toxic
fumes;
will
react
with
water
or
steam
to
produce
heat;
can
react
with
oxidizing
or
reducing
materials.
When
heated
to
decomposition
it
emits
toxic
fumes
of
SOx.
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Hazardous
Substances
Databank
(
HSDB).
1999.
Sulfuric
Acid.
National
Library
of
Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD.
Sax
et
al.
1994.
Dangerous
Properties
of
Industrial
Materials.
8th
ed.
New
York:
Van
Nostrand
Reinhold
Company.

*
2.12
OXIDATION:
REDUCTION
POTENTIAL
(
Where
applicable,
indicate
the
redox
potential
and
the
conditions
under
which
it
was
measured.)

Remarks:
No
data
2.13
ADDITIONAL
DATA
A.
Partition
co­
efficient
between
soil/
sediment
and
water
(
Kd)

Remarks:
No
data
B.
Other
data
[
e.
g.
Henry's
Law
constant,
fat
solubility,
surface
tension
(
of
aqueous
solution),
adsorption/
desorption
on
soil,
particle
size
distribution,
etc.]
23
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
PATHWAYS
[
Reporting
of
studies
should
give
the
test
method,
test
conditions,
(
laboratory
versus
field
studies),
test
results
(
e.
g.
%
degradation
in
specified
time
period)
and
reference.
Information
on
breakdown
products
(
transient
and
stable)
should
be
provided
when
available.]

3.1
STABILITY
*
3.1.1
PHOTODEGRADATION
Remarks:
No
data
*
3.1.2
STABILITY
IN
WATER
Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
will
ultimately
react
with
calcium
and
magnesium
in
water
to
form
sulfate
salts.
References:
Environment
Canada.
1984.
Technical
Information
for
Problem
Spills:
Sulphuric
Acid
and
Oleum.
Ottawa,
Ontario:
Environmental
Protection
Service,
Technical
Services
Branch.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
dissociates
in
water
and
the
sulfate
anion
may
associate
with
other
cations.
Sulfate
in
water
may
be
oxidized
to
sulfuric
acid
by
sulfur
bacteria
that
use
sulfur
for
energy.
In
the
surface
layer
of
the
ocean,
the
sulfate
anion
may
be
formed
from
dissolved
sulfur
dioxide.
Because
of
the
relative
lack
of
salt,
the
oxidation
of
sulfur
dioxide
to
sulfate
is
less
likely
to
occur
in
freshwater.
References:
Kellogg,
W.
W.,
Cadle,
R.
D.,
Allen,
E.
R.,
et
al.
1972.
The
sulfur
cycle.
Science
175:
587­
596.
Takeuchi,
T.
L.
and
Suzuki,
I.
1994.
Effect
of
pH
on
sulfite
oxidation
by
Thiobacillus
tiooxidans
cells
with
sulfurous
acid
or
sulfur
dioxide
as
a
possible
substrate.
Journal
of
Bacteriaol
176:
913­
916.
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
USEPA).
1985.
The
Acidic
Deposition
Phenomenon
and
its
Effects:
Critical
Assessment
Document.
Washington,
D.
C.:
Office
of
Acid
Deposition,
Environmental
Monitoring
and
Quality
Assurance.
EPA/
600/
8­
85/
001.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).
24
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
3.1.3
STABILITY
IN
SOIL
Remarks:
During
transport
through
the
soil,
sulfuric
acid
can
dissolve
some
of
the
soil
material,
in
particular
carbonate­
based
materials.
References:
Environment
Canada.
1984.
Technical
Information
for
Problem
Spills:
Sulphuric
Acid
and
Oleum.
Ottawa,
Ontario:
Environmental
Protection
Service,
Technical
Services
Branch.
In
European
Commission
.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

Remarks:
Sulfate
and
hydrogen
can
adsorb
to
soil
particles
or
be
converted
to
gases.
Anaerobic
bacteria
in
sediments
and
soil
reduce
sulfate
to
sulfur
and
hydrogen
sulfide.
References:
Kellogg,
W.
W.,
Cadle,
R.
D.,
Allen,
E.
R.,
et
al.
1972.
The
sulfur
cycle.
Science
175:
587­
596.
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
USEPA).
1985.
The
Acidic
Deposition
Phenomenon
and
its
Effects:
Critical
Assessment
Document.
Washington,
D.
C.:
Office
of
Acid
Deposition,
Environmental
Monitoring
and
Quality
Assurance.
EPA/
600/
8­
85/
001.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

*
3.2
MONITORING
DATA
(
ENVIRONMENTAL)
Note
that
data
on
biological
effects
monitoring,
including
biomagnification,
and
biotransformation
and
kinetics
in
environmental
species
are
to
be
reported
in
section
4.7
and
4.8
respectively.
Nonetheless,
concentration
in
various
biota
should
be
reported
here.
Data
on
concentration
in
the
workplace
or
indoor
environment
should
be
reported
under
5.11.

Type
of
measurement:
Background
[
X];
At
contaminated
site
[
];
Other
[
]
Media:
Drinking
water
Results:
For
a
rural
UK
site
(
Smallwood,
Cheshire)
for
1992­
1993,
the
sulfate
concentration
was
as
follows:
Minimum
14.5
mg/
L
Average
17.4
mg/
L
Maximum
20.4
mg/
L
References:
North
West
Water
Company.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

Type
of
measurement:
Background
[
];
At
contaminated
site
[
];
Other
[
X]
Media:
Air
Remarks:
Reported
peak
sulfuric
acid
concentrations
include
240
µ
g/
m3
in
the
Los
Angeles
area
in
1950,
an
hourly
25
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
average
of
678
µ
g/
m3
in
London
during
an
episode
in
1962,
and
an
hourly
average
of
50
µ
g/
m3
in
Ontario
during
the
summer
of
1986.
Arithmetic
annual
average
sulfate
concentrations
measured
from
1964
to
1968
were
13.5
µ
g/
m3
for
urban
sites
in
the
eastern
United
States
and
6.4
µ
g/
m3
for
urban
sites
in
the
western
United
States.
A
review
of
studies
of
the
measurement
of
sulfuric
acid
or
hydrogen
ion
in
the
United
States
from
1974
to
1986
indicated
that
the
concentrations
were
generally
below
5
µ
g/
m3.
The
highest
concentration
reported
in
these
studies
was
a
1
hour
average
of
41
µ
g/
m3
in
1984
at
a
site
in
St.
Louis,
MO.
References:
Amdur,
M.
O.
1989.
Sulfuric
acid:
The
animals
tried
to
tell
us.
Appl.
Ind.
Hyg.
4:
189­
197.
Altshuller,
A.
P.
1973.
Atmospheric
sulfur
dioxide
and
sulfate:
Distribution
of
concentration
at
urban
and
nonurban
sites
in
United
States.
Environ.
Sci.
Tech.
7:
709­
712.
Lioy,
P.
J.
and
Waldman,
J.
M.
1989.
Acidic
sulfate
aerosols:
Characterization
and
exposure.
Environ.
Health
Perspect.
79:
15­
34.

Type
of
measurement:
Background
[
];
At
contaminated
site
[
];
Other
[
X]
Media:
Air
Results:
Sample
Geometric
mean
±
standard
deviation
Sulfate
Outdoor
90.98
±
2.45
nmol/
m3
Indoor
69.13
±
2.62
nmol/
m3
Personal
71.53
±
2.40
nmol/
m3
Hydrogen
ion
Outdoor
72.39
±
2.87
nmol/
m3
Indoor
9.10
±
3.51
nmol/
m3
Personal
18.39
±
3.03
nmol/
m3
Remarks:
The
samples
were
collected
over
12­
hour
daytime
periods
in
State
College,
PA.
References:
Suh,
H.
H.,
Koutrakis,
P.,
and
Spengler,
J.
D.
1993.
Validation
of
personal
exposure
models
for
sulfate
and
aerosol
strong
acidity.
J.
Air
Waste
Manage.
Assoc.
43:
845­
850.

Type
of
measurement:
Background
[
X];
At
contaminated
site
[
];
Other
[
]
Media:
Water
Remarks:
Background
sulfate
concentrations
in
North
American
lakes
are
estimated
at
20­
40
µ
eq/
L.
In
eastern
North
America
where
acid
deposition
occurs,
sulfate
concentrations
are
80­
100
µ
eq/
L.
Surface
water
closer
to
sources
of
emission
has
even
higher
concentrations.
Lakes
near
Sudbury,
Ontario,
Canada
have
concentrations
of
about
400
µ
eq/
L,
and
lakes
east
of
the
26
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Rhine­
Rhone
industrial
region
of
Germany
can
have
concentrations
of
>
1,000
µ
eq/
L.
References:
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
USEPA).
1985.
The
Acidic
Deposition
Phenomenon
and
its
Effects:
Critical
Assessment
Document.
Washington,
D.
C.:
Office
of
Acid
Deposition,
Environmental
Monitoring
and
Quality
Assurance.
EPA/
600/
8­
85/
001.

3.3
TRANSPORT
AND
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPARTMENTS
INCLUDING
ESTIMATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCENTRATIONS
AND
DISTRIBUTION
PATHWAYS
(
e.
g.
during
the
chemical
life­
cycle.
The
information
should
indicate
whether
the
calculation
is
on
a
global
basis
or
is
site­
specific,
and
whether
it
is
based
on
laboratory
measurements
or
field
observations.)

*
3.3.1
TRANSPORT
(
a)
Type
of
measurement:
Adsorption
[
];
Desorption
[
];
Volatility
[
];
Other
[
X]
Media:
Water
Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
dissolves
in
the
water
in
the
air
and
is
removed
from
the
air
in
rain.
Sulfuric
acid
in
rain
separates
to
form
hydrogen
ions
and
sulfate.
The
ability
of
sulfuric
acid
to
change
the
pH
of
water
is
dependent
on
the
amount
of
sulfuric
acid
and
the
ability
of
other
substances
in
the
water
to
neutralize
the
hydrogen
ions
(
buffering
capacity).
References:
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
b)
Type
of
measurement:
Adsorption
[
];
Desorption
[
];
Volatility
[
];
Other
[
X]
Media:
Water
Remarks:
Since
sulfuric
acid
is
miscible
with
water,
the
presence
of
water
in
the
soil
or
falling
as
precipitation
at
the
time
of
a
spill
will
influence
the
rate
of
chemical
movement
in
the
soil.
Dilution
through
mixture
with
water
will
decrease
the
viscosity
more
than
if
contained
in
strong
inorganic
acid
mists.
References:
ACGIH.
1998.
TLVs
Chem.
Subst.
and
Physical
Agents
and
Biological
Exp.
Indices.
In
Hazardous
Substances
Database
(
HSDB).
1999.
Sulfuric
Acid.
National
Library
of
Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD.

(
c)
Type
of
measurement:
Adsorption
[
];
Desorption
[
];
Volatility
[
];
Other
[
X]
27
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Media:
Soil
Remarks:
During
transport
through
the
soil,
sulfuric
acid
can
dissolve
some
of
the
soil
material,
in
particular
carbonate­
based
materials.
Sulfuric
acid
is
very
mobile
in
soil
and
its
mobility
increases
with
dilution
in
water.
References:
Hazardous
Substances
Database
(
HSDB).
1999.
Sulfuric
Acid.
National
Library
of
Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD.

(
d)
Type
of
measurement:
Adsorption
[
];
Desorption
[
];
Volatility
[
];
Other
[
X]
Media:
Air
Remarks:
Wet
deposition
processes,
including
rainout
(
a
process
that
occurs
within
the
clouds)
and
washout
(
removal
by
precipitation
below
the
clouds),
contribute
to
the
removal
of
sulfate
from
the
atmosphere.
In
the
stratosphere,
sulfuric
acid
aerosols
have
lifetimes
of
about
14
and
2.4
days
at
altitudes
of
15
and
20
km,
respectively.
References:
Kellogg,
W.
W.,
Cadle,
R.
D.,
Allen,
E.
R.
et
al.
1972.
The
sulfur
cycle.
Science
175:
587­
596.

*
3.3.2
THEORETICAL
DISTRIBUTION
(
FUGACITY
CALCULATION)

Remarks:
No
data
3.4
IDENTIFICATION
OF
MAIN
MODE
OF
DEGRADABILITY
IN
ACTUAL
USE
Remarks:
No
data
*
3.5
BIODEGRADATION
Remarks:
[
in
case
of
poorly
soluble
chemicals,
treatment
given
(
nature,
concentration,
CAS
number,
name
and
percentage
of
degradation
products
etc.)]
Sulfate­
reducing
bacteria
are
known
to
break
down
sulfuric
acid.
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

3.6
BOD5,
COD
OR
RATIO
BOD5/
COD
BOD5
Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
does
not
cause
a
biochemical
oxygen
demand.
28
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
References:
Roth,
L.
1982.
Wassergefahrdende
Stoffe.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

3.7
BIOACCUMULATION
Remarks:
Sulfur
is
an
important
constituent
of
normal
biomolecules.
Food
chain
bioaccumulation
is
not
an
important
issue
for
either
sulfur
trioxide
or
sulfuric
acid.
References:
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

3.8
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A.
Sewage
treatment
(
Information
on
treatability
of
the
substance)

Remarks:
No
data
B.
Other
information
[
Information
that
will
help
to
focus
the
exposure
assessment
(
either
qualitative
or
quantitative)]

Remarks:
No
data
4.
ECOTOXICITY
*
4.1
ACUTE/
PROLONGED
TOXICITY
TO
FISH
(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
X];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Lepomis
macrochirus
(
bluegill)
Exposure
period:
96
hours
for
each
pH
level
Results:
LC50
=
pH
3.0
to
3.5
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Fish
were
separated
into
groups
of
30
and
maintained
in
38­
L
aquaria
containing
dechlorinated
tap
water
at
23
±
2
°
C
and
pH
6.5.
The
fish
were
subjected
to
continuous
light
and
were
fed
each
evening.
During
the
29
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
experiment,
each
aquarium
was
split
into
two
compartments.
The
fish
were
pushed
into
one
compartment
and
were
then
allowed
to
disperse
through
the
aquarium
through
an
opening
in
a
Plexiglas
partition.
The
number
of
fish
found
in
the
other
compartment
was
determined
every
15
seconds
for
9
minutes.
To
determine
effects
of
acid
on
motility,
a
rate
constant
was
first
established
on
fish
prior
to
the
introduction
of
acid.
This
pretreatment
period
lasted
for
a
period
of
10
days.
The
aquarium
was
then
adjusted
and
maintained
at
pH
4.0
and
a
rate
constant
was
determined
over
10
days.
A
lethal
concentration
was
determined
in
a
group
of
eight
fish
transferred
into
an
aquarium,
initially
maintained
at
pH
7.5.
After
a
1
week
stabilization
period,
the
fish
were
subjected
to
increasing
acid
concentrations.
The
pH
was
decreased
every
96
hours
to
give
a
pH
series
of
7.5,
5.0,
4.5,
3.0,
3.5,
3.25,
and
3.0.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4),
nitric
acid
(
HNO3),
phosphoric
acid
(
H3PO4),
hydrochloric
acid
(
HCl)
Remarks:
The
results
from
all
four
acids
were
essentially
the
same.
It
appears
that
any
contribution
of
the
anions
to
fish
toxicity
is
similar
and
that
the
quantity
rather
than
the
quality
of
acids
is
the
primary
factor
in
fish
toxicity.
References:
Ellgaard,
E.
G.
and
Gilmore
III,
J.
Y.
1984.
Effects
of
different
acids
on
the
bluegill
sunfish,
Lepomis
macrochirus
Rafinesque.
J.
Fish.
Biol.
25:
133­
137.

(
b)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
X];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Salmo
gairdneri
(
rainbow
trout)
Exposure
period:
96­
hours
Results:
LC50
(
96­
h;
continuous
mean
[
H+])
=
65.1­
84.9
µ
g/
L
(
pH
4­
4.15)
LC50
(
96­
h;
daily
12­
h
pulse
mean
[
H+])
=
52.7­
57.8
µ
g/
L
(
pH
3.7­
3.9)
LC50
(
96­
h;
alternate
24­
h
pulse
mean
[
H+])
=
46.8­
55.8
µ
g/
L
(
pH
4­
4.02)
LC50
(
96­
h;
single
48­
h
pulse
mean
[
H+])
=
35.8­
42.3
µ
g/
L
(
pH
4.41)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
All
test
water
was
a
blend
of
untreated
and
softened
well
water.
After
holding
embryos
and
alevins
for
62
days
until
the
onset
of
active
swimming,
fish
were
transferred
to
60­
L
aquaria
containing
30­
L
of
water
at
a
flow
rate
of
500
mL/
min.
Blended
water
was
acidified
to
pH
4.0
with
sulfuric
acid
using
a
Beckman
automatic
titrator.
Fifteen
rainbow
trout
were
placed
in
each
aquarium
at
30
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
pH
6.8
(
control),
4.35,
4.15,
4.0,
or
3.80
continuously
for
96
hours
or
to
pulses
of
pH
3.70,
3.80,
4.0,
4.15,
or
4.35
for
12
to
48
hours.
Between
pulses,
tanks
received
pH
6.8
water.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Juvenile
rainbow
trout
died
at
only
extremely
high
hydrogen
ion
concentrations
[
H+].
The
acute
lethality
of
intermittent
exposures
from
this
study
suggests
that
at
equivalent
mean
[
H+],
toxicity
increased
with
exposure
duration
and/
or
decreased
with
length
of
recovery
period.
References:
Curtis,
L.
R.,
Seim,
W.
K.,
Siddens,
L.
K.,
Meager,
D.
A.,
Carchman,
R.
A.,
Carter,
W.
H.
and
Chapman,
G.
A.
1989.
Role
of
exposure
duration
in
hydrogen
ion
toxicity
to
brook
(
Salvelinus
fontinalis)
and
rainbow
trout
(
Salmo
gairdneri).
Can.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
46:
33­
40.

(
c)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
X];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Aphanius
dispar
Exposure
period:
96
hours
Results:
LC50
(
96­
h)
=
pH
3.84
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
After
acclimation,
15
fish
were
transferred
to
each
test
aquarium
at
pH
4.5,
4.0,
3.75,
3.25,
or
3.0.
The
control
had
a
pH
of
7.6.
The
pH
grades
were
prepared
by
adding
the
required
amount
of
H2SO4.
The
number
of
dead
fish
at
each
pH
were
registered
at
6,
24,
48,
72,
and
96
hours
of
exposure.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Initially,
exposure
resulted
in
hyperactivity,
erratic
swimming,
and
occasional
convulsion.
Over
time,
fish
at
pH
4.5
and
4.0
settled
motionless
at
the
bottom
and
those
at
pH
3.25
and
3.0
showed
restlessness.
Test
animals
secreted
mucus
so
profusely
at
advanced
stages
of
exposure
that
the
water
became
milky.
At
the
final
stage
of
exposure,
fish
lost
their
sense
of
balance
and
swam
lateral­
side
up.
Physiological
and
mechanical
responses
eventually
resulted
in
death
in
some
specimens.
The
results
of
this
study
show
that
sulfuric
acid
is
more
toxic
than
hydrochloric
acid
(
LC50
=
pH
3.75),
nitric
acid
(
3.71),
and
phosphoric
acid
(
3.58).
Therefore,
the
quantity
as
well
as
quality
of
acid
must
be
considered
in
assessing
the
impact
of
acid
precipitation
in
fish
populations.
31
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
References:
Alkahem,
H.
F.
1989.
Effect
of
different
acids
on
the
freshwater
fish,
Aphanius
dispar.
J.
Biol.
Sci.
Res.
20(
3):
537­
545.

(
d)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Brachydanio
rerio
(
zebrafish)
Exposure
period:
96­
hours
Results:
LC50
(
96­
h)
=
500
mg/
L
(
pH:
2.29)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
OECD
Guideline
203
(
1985)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4);
48.4%
after
neutralization
with
NaOH.
References:
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
e)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Gambusia
affinis
(
mosquito
fish)
Exposure
period:
96­
hours
Results:
LC50
(
96­
h)
=
42
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.37)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
X];
?
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Fish
were
exposed
to
static
solutions
for
96
hours
at
20­
24oC
and
pH
6.7­
8.2.
Test
chambers
were
aerated.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Initial
turbidity
of
the
water
was
1,700
ppm
clay
and
the
final
turbidity
was
47
ppm.
References:
Wallen
I.
E.,
Greer,
W.
C.
and
LaSater,
R.
1957.
Toxicity
to
Gambusia
affinis
of
certain
pure
chemicals
in
turbid
waters.
Sewage
and
Industrial
Wastes
29(
6):
695­
711.

4.2
ACUTE
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
*
A.
Daphnia
(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Daphnia
magna
32
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Exposure
period:
24­
hours
Results:
EC50
(
24­
h)
=
29
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.5)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
X];
?
[
]
Method:
ISO
6341
15
"
Water
quality
and
determination
of
the
inhibition
of
the
mobility
of
Daphnia
magna
Straus
(
Cladocera,
Crustacea)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
(
b)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Daphnia
magna
Exposure
period:
64
hours
Results:
EC100
(
64­
h)
=
88
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.05)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
D.
magna
were
exposed
under
static
conditions
for
up
to
64
hours.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
EC100
represents
the
concentration
causing
complete
mortality
of
test
animals.
References:
McKee
et
al.
1963.
Water
Quality
Criteria.
The
Resources
Agency
of
California,
State
Water
Quality
Control
Board,
Publ.
No.
3­
A.
In
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

*
4.3
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
PLANTS,
e.
g.
algae
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
X];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
];
Closed­
system
[
X]
Species:
Nitzschia
palea
(
diatom)
Exposure
period:
672
hours
(
28
days)
Results:
See
remarks
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
Two
drops
of
innoculum
containing
approximately
39,500
cells
were
transferred
to
15
mL
of
culture
medium.
This
growth
system
consisted
of
a
modified
Chu
#
10
medium
mixed
with
either
deionized
water
for
the
control,
or
0.0001
M
nitric
or
sulfuric
acids.
These
were
held
at
20
°
C.
The
initial
calculated
cell
count
was
2,630
cells/
mL.
At
each
sampling
(
64
to
672
hours)
one
33
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
culture
tube
from
each
treatment
was
examined
for
pH
and
cell
density.
GLP:
Yes
[
X]
No
[
]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
H2SO4
reduced
the
cell
count
(
at
600
hours)
by
33%.
The
growth
rate
calculated
between
500
and
600
hours
were
1,413
cells/
mL/
hr
for
the
control
and
360
cells/
mL/
hr
for
H2SO4.
The
calculated
cell
yield
at
600
hours
was
254,300
cells/
mL
for
the
control
and
85,100
cells/
mL
for
H2SO4.
Equi­
molar
concentrations
of
nitric
and
sulfuric
acid
had
markedly
different
effects
on
growth
rate,
suggesting
that
this
diatom
is
actually
deriving
a
slight
nutritional
benefit
from
the
nitric
acid.
References:
Eggleston,
P.
M.,
Loiselle,
D.
S.,
and
Skalny,
M.
S.
1991.
The
effects
of
nitric
and
sulfuric
acids
on
the
diatom
Nitzschia
palea
(
Kutz.)
W.
Smith.
J.
of
Freshwater
Ecol.
6(
4):
451­
453.

4.4
TOXICITY
TO
BACTERIA
(
Single
species
test
and
tests
on
overall
processes
such
as
nitrification
or
soil
respiration
are
included
in
this
item.)

Type:
Aquatic
[
X];
Field
[
];
Soil
[
];
Other
[
]
Species:
Activated
sludge
Exposure
period:
120­
hours
Results:
EC50
(
120­
h)
=
58
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.23)
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
(
1959)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Respiration
inhibition
References:
Hermann.
1959.
Ind.
Eng.
Chem.
51(
4):
84A­
87A.
In
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

4.5
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
4.5.1
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
FISH
(
Effects
on
reproduction,
embryo/
larva,
etc.)

(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
X];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
]
Open­
system
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
34
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Species:
Salvelinus
fontinalis
(
brook
trout)
Endpoint:
Length
of
fish
[
];
Weight
of
fish
[
X];
Reproduction
rate
[
];
Other
[
X]
Mortality
Exposure
period:
Up
to
90­
days
in
a
series
of
intermittent
exposures
Results:
See
remarks
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
All
test
water
was
a
blend
of
untreated
and
softened
well
water.
After
holding
embryos
and
alevins
for
62
days
until
the
onset
of
active
swimming,
fish
were
transferred
to
60
L
aquaria
containing
30
L
of
water
at
a
flow
rate
of
500
mL/
min.
Blended
water
was
acidified
to
pH
4.0
with
sulfuric
acid
using
a
Beckman
automatic
titrator.
Approximately
250
embryos
were
placed
in
exposure
chambers
within
4
hours
of
fertilization.
Each
of
54
chambers
were
covered
to
exclude
light.
Repeated
short­
duration
exposures
of
0.2­
day
H+/
0.8­
day
control
water
and
1
day
H+/
7­
day
control
water,
were
started
the
next
day.
A
series
of
4
day
H+/
4­
day
control
water
exposures
were
started
on
day
1,
2,
or
3
of
the
test.
Five
fish
were
removed
from
each
exposure
chamber
2
weeks
after
hatching
and
at
2
week
intervals
thereafter.
After
60
and
90
days
of
exposure,
two
additional
fish
were
removed
from
each
chamber.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Continuous
90
day
exposure
of
brook
trout
embryos
and
larvae
to
H+
at
pH
4.5
and
4.0
sharply
decreased
survival.
Survival
of
embryos
for
10
days
after
fertilization
was
100%
at
pH
5.0
and
dropped
to
about
12%
at
pH
4.5
and
to
0%
at
pH
4.0.
For
repetitive
intermittent
exposures,
the
maximum
H+
concentration
[
H+]
attained
was
the
primary
determinant
of
toxicity,
secondarily
modified
by
frequency
and
duration
of
the
H+
pulse.
When
the
first
4
day
pulse
was
begun
on
day
1,
2,
or
3
after
fertilization,
there
was
95,
23,
and
7%
embryo
mortality,
respectively,
within
the
first
week
of
the
test.
After
16
days,
respective
mortalities
reached
100,
85,
and
69%.
Cumulative
mortality
progressively
increased
in
both
remaining
groups
thereafter
until
eventually
producing
virtually
complete
mortality.
In
general,
the
time
to
90%
hatching
was
delayed
1
to
8
days
by
H+
exposure.
Cumulative
mortality
indicated
that
H+
sensitivity
changed
with
developmental
stage.
Also,
data
for
embryos
and
alevins
were
described
by
one
exposure­
response
relationship
and
data
for
fry
by
another.
At
28
days
after
hatching
significant
weight
reduction
(
37%)
was
found
only
in
fish
continuously
exposed
to
pH
4.5.
35
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
References:
Curtis,
L.
R.,
Seim,
W.
K.,
Siddens,
L.
K.,
and
Meager,
D.
A.
1989.
Role
of
exposure
duration
in
hydrogen
ion
toxicity
to
brook
(
Salvelinus
fontinalis)
and
rainbow
trout
(
Salmo
gairdneri).
Can.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
46:
33­
40.

(
b)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
];
Other
(
e.
g.
field
test)
[
];
Open­
system
[
];
Closed­
system
[
];
Other
[
X]
Not
indicated
Species:
Cyprinus
carpio,
Plecoglossus
altivelis,
Oncorhynchus
masou,
Salvelinus
pluvius
Endpoint:
Length
of
fish
[
];
Weight
of
fish
[
];
Reproduction
rate
[
X];
Other
[
X]
Mortality
Exposure
period:
Not
identified
for
reproduction
endpoint,
however
mortality
data
are
listed
as
96­
hour
duration.
Results:
EC50
(
reproduction
rate)
=
approx.
pH
4.0
to
5.2
LC50
(
mortality
of
larvae
and
fry)
=
approx.
pH
3.6
to
5
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
Not
described.
The
duration
of
the
reproduction
component
of
the
studies
is
not
provided.
Information
on
test
temperature,
static
vs
flow
through
conditions,
etc.
are
not
provided.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
Substance:
Not
specified,
but
presumably
sulfuric
acid.
Remarks:
Results
of
a
series
of
studies
are
reported
in
IUCLID
and
included
here
although
significant
testing
details
are
missing.
Results
indicate
that
reproduction
and
survival
effects
are
due
to
lowered
pH.
Reference:
Shinshiman,
K.
and
Ishikawa,
Y.
1992.
Denryoku
Chuo
Kenkyusho
Hokoku
1­
25.
In
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(*)
4.5.2
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
(
e.
g.
Daphnia
reproduction.
The
need
to
conduct
tests
for
this
endpoint
will
depend
upon
possible
concern
for
long
term
effects.)

Remarks:
No
data
4.6
TOXICITY
TO
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANISMS
4.6.1
TOXICITY
TO
SOIL
DWELLING
ORGANISMS
Type
of
test:
Artificial
Soil
[
];
Filter
Paper
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species:
Bacteria
Endpoint:
Mortality
[
];
Weight
[
];
Other
[
X]
36
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Exposure
period:
12
growing
seasons
Results:
See
remarks
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
The
study
area
was
situated
near
Kevo
Subarctic
Research
Station
in
northern
Finland.
Each
of
the
60
study
plots
(
5
m
by
5
m)
supported
at
least
one
pine
and
one
mountain
birch.
The
treatments
were
dry
control,
irrigated
control
treated
with
spring
water
(
pH
6),
and
medium
(
pH
3.8)
and
high
levels
of
acid
rain
(
H2SO4).
Humus
samples
were
collected
12
growing
seasons
after
the
start
of
a
simulated
acid
rain
experiment
situated
in
the
subarctic
environment.
Total
organic
carbon
and
nitrogen
were
determined
by
dry
combustion.
The
water
content
of
fresh
humus
was
adjusted
to
60%
of
the
water­
holding
capacity
before
respiration
of
microbes
was
determined.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
The
total
biomass
of
active
microorganisms
and
the
total
amount
of
microbe­
derived
phospholipid
fatty
acids
(
PLFA)
were
found
to
be
dependent
on
pH.
Respiration
rate
and
amount
of
bacterial
PLFA
decreased
with
decreasing
pH.
Bacterial
communities
showed
a
greater
tolerance
for
an
acidic
environment
as
the
pH
decreased.
Coniferous
forest
humus
seems
to
contain
a
bacterial
group,
consisting
mainly
of
gram­
positive
bacteria,
which
easily
adapts
to
an
acid
environment,
and
a
group
of
bacteria,
mainly
gram­
negative
ones,
which
more
easily
adapts
to
humus
with
a
more
neutral
pH.
However,
whether
this
situation
represents
a
direct
pH
effect
or
an
effect
of
pH
altering
carbon
availability
and
thus
selecting
for
more
active
bacteria
cannot
be
elucidated
from
these
results.
The
potential
of
the
bacterial
community
to
degrade
different
carbon
sources
appeared
to
be
only
slightly
affected
by
pH.
It
is
likely
that
the
increased
acid
tolerance
of
the
bacterial
community
resulted
at
least
in
part
from
a
shift
in
species
composition.
It
has
been
suggested
that
the
reduction
in
the
availability
of
carbon
for
microbes
is
the
main
reason
for
the
adverse
effects
of
acidification;
reduced
substrate
availability
of
heterotrophs
may
thus
determine
microbial
activity.
References:
Pennanen,
T.,
Fritze,
H.,
Vanhala,
P.,
Kiikkila,
O.,
Neuvonen,
S.,
and
Baath,
E.
1998.
Structure
of
a
microbial
community
in
soil
after
prolonged
addition
of
low
levels
of
simulated
acid
rain.
Appl.
Environ.
Microbiol.
64(
6):
2173­
2180.
37
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
4.6.2
TOXICITY
TO
TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS
Species:
Nephroma
arcticum
(
lichen),
Peltigera
spp.
(
lichen),
Empetrum
nigrum
(
dwarf
shrub),
Vaccinium
vitis­
idaea
(
dwarf
shrub)
Endpoint:
Emergence
[
];
Growth
[
X];
Other
[
]
Exposure
period:
10
growing
seasons
Results:
See
remarks.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updated
of
the
method
used)]
The
study
area
was
situated
near
Kevo
Subarctic
Research
Station
in
northern
Finland.
Each
of
the
60
study
plots
(
5
m
by
5
m)
supported
at
least
one
pine
and
one
mountain
birch.
The
treatments
were
dry
control,
irrigated
control
treated
with
spring
water
(
pH
6),
and
medium
(
pH
3.8)
and
high
(
pH
2.9)
levels
of
acid
rain
(
H2SO4).
Artificial
rain
amounted
to
180
mm
per
growing
season.
The
percentage
of
sub­
plot
area
covered
by
vertical
projection
of
above­
ground
plant
living
parts
was
estimated
for
vascular
species
and
lichens.
In
addition,
measurements
were
made
of
growth
parameters
of
individual
ramets
(
above
ground
shoots
distal
to
adventitious
roots)
of
E.
nigrum
and
V.
vitis­
idaea.
Five
ramets
of
each
species
were
randomly
selected
and
the
length
of
current
shoots
and
number
of
current
lateral
shoots
were
determined.
Additional
measurements
included
the
number
of
flower
buds
per
terminal
current
shoot
and
total
number
of
berries.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
Acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
The
marked
decrease
observed
in
the
cover
of
foliose
lichens
(
Nephroma
arcticum
and
Peltigera
spp.)
was
probably
caused
by
reduction
in
nitrogen
fixation
as
a
result
of
acid
rain.
Significant
reductions
in
nitrogenase
activity
in
response
to
simulated
acid
rain,
especially
sulfuric
acid,
have
been
demonstrated
for
nitrogen­
fixing
lichens.
However,
negative
effects
of
long­
term
acid
rain
on
fruticose
lichens
(
mainly
Cladina
spp.)
were
not
reported.
There
were
no
marked
changes
in
shoot
growth
in
response
to
the
acid
rain
treatments,
which
is
understandable
since
these
species
are
already
adapted
to
poor
soil.
E.
nigrum
and
V.
vitis­
idaea
tolerate
acid
rain
at
the
studied
concentrations.
A
positive
effect
of
acid
rain
on
growth
of
these
species
might
occur,
depending
on
local
conditions
or
when,
for
example,
these
evergreen
dwarf
shrubs
co­
exist
with
other
species
which
are
disadvantaged
by
acidification.
Acid
rain
of
pH
3
reduced
reproductive
output
in
V.
vitis­
idaea,
depending
on
canopy
tree
species
and
tree
density.
38
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
References:
Shevtsova,
A.
and
Neuvonen,
S.
1997.
Responses
of
ground
vegetation
to
prolonged
simulated
acid
rain
in
sub­
arctic
pine­
birch
forest.
New
Phytol.
136:
613­
625.

4.6.3
TOXICITY
TO
OTHER
NON
MAMMALIAN
TERRESTRIAL
SPECIES
(
INCLUDING
AVIAN)

Remarks:
No
data
4.7
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
MONITORING
(
INCLUDING
BIOMAGIFICATION)
[
Studies
on
variation
of
predominant
species
in
certain
ecosystems
(
e.
g.
mesocosm)
and
monitoring
of
biological
effects
are
included.]

Remarks:
No
data
4.8
BIOTRANSFORMATION
AND
KINETICS
(
Under
this
item,
studies
on
absorption,
distribution,
metabolism
and
excretion
etc.
should
be
given.)

Remarks:
No
data
4.9
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
Remarks:
The
toxicity
of
sulfuric
acid
to
aquatic
life
is
a
function
of
the
resulting
pH.
A
pH
of
4.0
gave
pronounced
gill
irritation
and
a
pH
of
3.5
was
lethal
to
sunfish,
bass
and
carp.
Reference:
National
Research
Council
of
Canada.
1977.
Sulphur
and
it's
Inorganic
Derivatives.
NRCC
No.
15015,
pp
226­
267.
In
Hazardous
Substances
Database
(
HSDB).
1999.
Sulfuric
Acid.
National
Library
of
Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD.
39
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
5.
TOXICITY
(
Where
observations
on
humans
are
available,
these
should
be
entered
in
the
appropriate
"
comments"
section
or
under
section
5.11.)

*
5.1
ACUTE
TOXICITY
5.1.1
ACUTE
ORAL
TOXICITY
(
a)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
X];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species/
strain:
Rats
Value:
2,140
mg/
kg
bw
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Rats
were
dosed
by
gavage
in
water
at
a
concentration
of
0.25
g/
mL.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Reagent
grade
sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Smyth,
H.
F.
Jr.,
Carpenter,
C.
P.,
Weil,
C.
S.,
et
al.
1969.
Range­
finding
toxicity
data:
List
VII.
Am.
Ind.
Hyg.
Assoc.
J.
30:
470­
476.
(
b)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
X];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species/
strain:
Wistar
rat
Value:
>
5,000
mg/
kg
bw
Method:
OECD
Guideline
401
(
1985)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4);
48.4%
after
neutralization
with
NaOH.
References:
Hoechst
Ag.
Unpublished
study.
Report
No.
85.0427
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
c)
Remarks:
Due
to
the
irritant
and/
or
corrosive
effects
of
sulfuric
acid,
the
oral
route
is
not
an
appropriate
route
of
exposure
for
testing
possible
toxic
endpoints.
Gavage
dosing
of
animals
will
not
represent
oral
exposure
in
humans.
Toxic
signs
of
oral
exposure
in
man
are
of
irritation/
corrosion
of
the
gastrointestinal
tract.
References:
Serin,
I.
F.
1981.
Review
and
Evaluation
of
Recent
Literature
Relevant
to
Occupational
Exposure
to
Sulphuric
Acid.
US
National
Institute
of
Environmental
Health
and
Safety.
PB87­
213898.
In
European
Commission
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
40
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
5.1.2
ACUTE
INHALATION
TOXICITY
(
a)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
X];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pig
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
Guinea
pigs
were
given
1
hour
nose­
only
exposures
to
52­
61
mg/
m3
sulfuric
acid
aerosols
in
the
size
range
of
0.8­
1.2
µ
m
(
MMAD).
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Guinea
pigs
developed
labored
breathing
and
about
6%
of
the
animals
died
(
total
number
exposed
was
not
stated).
Excised
lung
gas
volume
was
decreased
in
guinea
pigs
killed
directly
after
the
exposure,
but
not
24
or
72
hours
later.
References:
Stengel,
P.
W.,
Bendele,
A.
M.,
Cockerham,
S.
L.,
et
al.
1993.
Sulfuric
acid
induces
hyperresponsiveness
to
substance
P
in
the
guinea
pig.
Agents
Actions
39(
special
conference
issue):
C128­
C131.

(
b)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
X];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species/
strain:
Rats
Value:
347
ppm
(
female)
420
ppm
(
male)
Method:
Rats
were
exposed
to
fuming
sulfuric
acid
for
1
hour.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Fuming
sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Vernot,
E.
H.,
MacEwen,
J.
D.,
Haun,
CC,
et
al.
1977.
Acute
toxicity
and
skin
corrosion
data
for
some
organic
and
inorganic
compounds
and
aqueous
solutions.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
42:
417­
423.

(
c)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
X];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pigs
Value:
18
mg/
m3
(
8­
h;
1­
2­
mo
old)
50
mg/
m3
(
8­
h;
1.5­
yr
old)
Method:
Guinea
pigs
were
exposed
for
8
hours
to
sulfuric
acid
aerosols
with
a
mean
aerosol
size
of
1
µ
m.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
aerosol
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Effects
observed
in
the
guinea
pigs
that
died
included
gross
hemorrhage
in
the
lung,
surface
hemorrhage
of
the
adrenal
glands,
hemorrhage
and
edema
of
the
lungs,
and
nasal
bleeding.
Effects
observed
in
the
lungs
of
animals
that
survived
for
up
to
3
weeks
after
the
exposure
included
spotty
areas
of
old
hemorrhage
and
some
areas
of
consolidation
especially
around
the
hilar
regions.
41
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Adherence
of
the
lungs
to
the
diaphragm
and
pleural
walls
was
sometimes
observed.
Microscopically,
pneumonic
changes,
fibrosis,
thickening
of
the
alveolar
walls,
atelectasis,
and
congestion
of
the
alveolar
space
and
bronchi
were
observed.
References:
Amdur,
M.
O.,
Schulz,
R.
Z.,
and
Drinker,
P.
1952.
Toxicity
of
sulfuric
acid
mist
to
guinea
pigs.
AMA
Arch.
Ind.
Hyg.
Occup.
Med.
5:
318­
329.

(
d)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
New
Zealand
White
rabbits
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Eight
rabbits
were
exposed
via
oral
delivery
tube
for
1
hour
to
H2SO4
aerosols
at
mass
concentrations
of
100,
198,
264,
826,
and
1084
µ
g/
m3.
Mucociliary
clearance
assessed
using
radioactively
tagged
Fe2O3,
which
was
inhaled
immediately
after
exposure
to
H2SO4.
A
series
of
control
tests
were
performed
on
each
animal
within
a
month
prior
to
any
exposure.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
aerosol
Remarks:
Overall
bronchial
clearance
was
stimulated
by
exposure
to
H2SO4
at
low
levels
beyond
the
threshold
concentration,
but
a
maximum
acceleration
is
reached,
and
exposures
at
increasing
concentrations
result
in
a
reduction
in
the
degree
of
acceleration
as
the
dose
delivered
to
deeper
lung
regions
is
presumably
sufficient
to
initiate
a
net
slowing
of
mucus
transport
at
concentrations
above
450
mg/
m3.
References:
Schlesinger,
R.
B.,
Chen,
L.
C.,
and
Driscoll,
K.
E.
1984.
Exposure­
response
relationship
of
bronchial
mucociliary
clearance
in
rabbits
following
acute
inhalations
of
sulfuric
acid
mist.
Toxicology
Letters
22:
249­
254.

(
e)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Hartley
guinea
pigs
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
All
animals
were
housed
in
cages
and
maintained
on
a
12­
h
light/
12­
h
dark
cycle
at
22
°
C.
Animals
were
exposed
to
acid
aerosols
in
a
specially
designed
90
L
chamber.
The
guinea
pigs
were
assigned
to
one
of
three
exposure
groups
or
a
control
group.
The
mean
measured
exposure
concentrations
were
14.1,
20.1
and
43.3
mg/
m3
H2SO4
aerosol.
Six
animals
were
exposed
simultaneously
for
4
hours.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
42
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
aerosol
Remarks:
Exposure
to
H2SO4
aerosol
resulted
in
marked
alterations
in
both
the
magnitude
and
composition
of
the
ventilatory
response.
These
alterations
were
both
dose
and
time
dependent
(
i.
e.,
post
exposure
interval).
References:
Roth,
S.
H.,
Bjarnason,
S.
G.,
DeSanctis,
G.
T.,
Feroah,
T.,
Jiang,
X.,
Karkhanis,
A.,
and
Green,
F.
H.
Y.
1998.
Ventilatory
responses
in
awake
guinea
pigs
exposed
to
acid
aerosols.
Journal
of
Toxicology
and
Environmental
Health
54:
261­
283.

5.1.3
ACUTE
DERMAL
TOXICITY
(
a)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Rats,
mice
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
One
mL/
kg
of
the
acid
was
placed
on
the
electric
razorshaved
skin
of
the
back
of
rats
and
mice.
The
application
area
was
left
unoccluded,
and
the
animals
wore
collars
and
were
caged
separately
to
prevent
licking.
The
skin
was
examined
for
1
week
after
the
application.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
Remarks:
Erosion
of
the
skin
at
10%,
erythema
and
edema
at
5%,
and
no
effects
at
2.5%
were
reported
in
rats
and
mice.
References:
Sekizawa,
J.,
Yasuhara,
K.,
Suyama,
Y,
et
al.
1994.
A
simple
method
for
screening
assessment
of
skin
and
eye
irritation.
J.
Toxicol.
Sci.
19:
25­
35.
In
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
b)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pigs,
rabbits
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
A
10%
sulfuric
acid
solution
was
applied
to
the
skin
for
4
hours.
The
sites
were
evaluated
for
erythema
and
edema
on
a
scale
of
0­
4
at
4,
24,
and
48
hours
after
the
application.
The
test
was
completed
by
a
procedure
proposed
by
the
FDA
in
1972.
The
mean
score
was
0
for
both
intact
and
abraded
skin
in
guinea
pigs
and
for
43
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
intact
skin
in
rabbits.
The
mean
score
was
0.1
for
abraded
skin
in
rabbits.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?[
]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
Remarks:
No
skin
effects
were
observed.
References:
Nixon,
G.
A.,
Tyson,
C.
A.,
and
Wertz,
W.
C.
1975.
Interspecies
comparisons
of
skin
irritancy.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
31:
481­
490.
In
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

5.1.4
ACUTE
TOXICITY
BY
OTHER
ROUTES
OF
ADMINISTRATION
(
e.
g.
subcutaneous,
intravenous,
etc.)

Remarks:
No
data
5.2
CORROSIVENESS/
IRRITATION
5.2.1
SKIN
IRRITATION/
CORROSION
(
a)
Species/
strain:
Rabbit
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[
];
Corrosive
[
];
Highly
irritating
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Moderately
irritating
[
];
Slightly
irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
X]
Classification:
(
if
possible,
according
to
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC)
Highly
corrosive
(
causes
severe
burns)
[
];
Corrosive
(
causes
burns)
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
OECD
Guideline
404
(
1985)
GLP:
Yes
[
X]
No
[
]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4);
48.4%
after
neutralization
with
NaOH.
Remarks:
No
adverse
effect
observed.
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
b)
Species/
strain:
Rats,
rabbits,
humans
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[
];
Corrosive
[
];
Highly
irritating
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Moderately
irritating
[
];
Slightly
irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
X]
44
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Classification:
(
if
possible,
according
to
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC)
Highly
corrosive
(
causes
severe
burns)
[
];
Corrosive
(
causes
burns)
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
This
comparative
study
was
with
rats,
rabbits,
and
humans,
abraided
and
non­
abraided
skin.
It
demonstrated
non­
irritancy
of
10%
aqueous
sulfuric
acid.
However,
sulfuric
acid
is
corrosive
at
higher
concentrations.
References:
Nixon,
G.
A.,
Tyson,
C.
A.,
and
Wetz,
W.
C.
Interspecies
comparisons
of
skin
iritancy.
1975.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
31:
481.

5.2.2
EYE
IRRITATION/
CORROSION
(
a)
Species/
strain:
Rabbits
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[
];
Corrosive
[
];
Highly
irritating
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Moderately
irritating
[
];
Slightly
irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
X]
Classification:
(
if
possible,
according
to
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC)
Irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
];
Risk
of
serious
damage
to
eyes
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
OECD
Guideline
405
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
Remarks:
A
10%
(
0.1mL)
sulfuric
acid
solution
was
considered
non­
irritating
to
the
eyes
when
examined
in
a
Draize
test
in
rabbits.
References:
Jacobs,
G.
A.
1992.
OECD
eye
irritation
tests
on
two
strong
acids.
J.
Am.
Coll.
Toxicol.
11:
734.
In
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).
(
b)
Remarks:
In
a
study
in
rabbits,
a
10%
solution
of
sulfuric
acid
was
tested
for
eye
irritation.
A
volume
of
0.01
ml
did
not
cause
severe
irritation,
but
0.05
and
0.1
ml
were
severely
irritating.
In
general,
strong
mineral
acids
are
known
to
be
corrosive
to
the
eye.
Reference:
Griffith,
J.
F.,
Nixon,
G.
A.,
Bruce,
R.
D.,
Reer,
P.
J.,
and
Bannan,
E.
A.
1980.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
55:
501­
45
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
513.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
c)
Species/
strain:
Rats,
mice
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[
];
Corrosive
[
];
Highly
irritating
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Moderately
irritating
[
X];
Slightly
irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
]
Classification:
(
if
possible,
according
to
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC)
Irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
];
Risk
of
serious
damage
to
eyes
[
]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
See
remarks
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Swelling
of
the
iris
and
"
diffuse
cornea"
were
observed
in
both
rats
and
mice
in
which
0.01
mL
of
a
2.5%
sulfuric
acid
solution
was
placed
in
one
eye.
The
other
eye
was
treated
with
saline
as
a
control.
After
treatment,
the
eyes
were
kept
open
for
30
seconds.
No
effects
were
observed
at
concentrations
of
1­
1.25%.
References:
Sekizawa,
J.,
Yasuhara,
K.,
and
Suyama,
Y.,
et
al.
1994.
A
simple
method
for
screening
assessment
of
skin
and
eye
irritation.
J.
Toxicol.
Sci.
19:
25­
35.
In
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
d)
Species/
strain:
New
Zealand
albino
rabbits
Results:
Highly
corrosive
[
];
Corrosive
[
X];
Highly
irritating
[
];
Irritating
[
];
Moderately
irritating
[
];
Slightly
irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
]
Classification:
(
if
possible,
according
to
EC
Directive
67/
548/
EEC)
Irritating
[
];
Not
irritating
[
];
Risk
of
serious
damage
to
eyes
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
The
right
eyes
were
used
for
testing
and
the
0.1
mL
of
H2SO4
was
placed
directly
on
the
central
portion
of
the
cornea.
The
left
eye
served
as
an
untreated
control.
Two
groups
of
at
least
6
rabbits
were
used.
The
eyes
of
the
first
group
were
gently
washed
for
2
minutes
with
300
mL
of
tap
water
20
seconds
after
exposure;
the
test
eyes
of
the
second
group
were
not
washed
after
exposure.
Examinations
were
made
at
1
hour
and
days
1,
2,
3,
and
7
after
instillation.
Rabbits
were
exposed
to
10
and
5
%
w/
v
H2SO4.
46
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Reagent
grade
sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Conjunctivitis
was
present
in
all
animals
tested
with
the
acids
and
lasted
through
day
7.
10%
w/
v
H2SO4
produced
pannus
in
2
and
6
washed
and
unwashed
eyes,
respectively.
In
unwashed
eyes,
H2SO4
generated
corneal
opacities
in
less
than
24
hours.
The
washing
procedure
appeared
to
decrease
the
onset
of
opacity.
References:
Murphy,
J.
C.,
Osterberg,
R.
E.,
Seabaugh,
V.
M.,
and
Bierbower,
G.
W.
1982.
Ocular
irritancy
responses
to
various
pHs
of
acids
and
bases
with
and
without
irrigation.
Toxicol.
23:
281­
291.

5.3
SKIN
SENSITIZATION
Remarks:
No
data
*
5.4
REPEATED
DOSE
TOXICITY
(
a)
Species/
strain:
Rat
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
X];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
3
to
90
days
Frequency
of
treatment:
23.5
hours/
day
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
0,
20,
100
or
150
 g/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
Results:
Exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
resulted
in
increased
glycoprotein
secretion.
Method:
Rats
were
exposed
for
30
and
90
days
to
atmospheres
containing
0,
20,
100
or
150
µ
g/
m3
of
sulfuric
acid
aerosol,
six
rats
in
each
group.
Rats
were
continuously
exposed
to
the
pollutant
for
23.5
hours
per
day.
A
nebulizer
was
used
to
nebulize
an
aqueous
solution
of
H2SO4
at
a
concentration
that
would
ultimately
produce
a
respirable
aerosol
size
even
if
the
droplets
were
to
grow
in
the
humid
respiratory
tracts
of
animals.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
At
150
µ
g/
m3,
all
of
the
rats
gained
weight
during
the
exposure
intervals.
There
were
no
significant
differences
in
body
or
lung
weights
between
treated
and
control
animals.
At
100
µ
g/
m3
and
20
µ
g/
m3,
there
were
no
significant
changes
in
body
or
lung
weights
in
47
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
exposed
compared
to
control
animals.
There
were
also
no
significant
differences
in
total
4­
hydroxyproline
content
of
the
lung
lobs
or
hydroxypyridinium.
References:
Last,
J.
A.
and
Pinkerton,
K.
E.
1997.
Chronic
exposure
of
rats
to
ozone
and
sulfuric
acid
aerosol:
biochemical
and
structural
response.
Toxicol.
116:
133­
146.

(
b)
Species/
strain:
Rat
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
6,
7,
8,
13,
or
14
weeks
Frequency
of
treatment:
Continuously
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
2.37,
2.49,
4.05,
14.85,
15.18
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
Results:
Exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
did
not
significantly
alter
food
intake,
weight,
or
myokinetic
activity.
At
4.05
mg/
m3,
there
was
an
increase
in
lung
resistance
and
respiratory
frequency
and
reduced
tidal
volume,
but
all
other
parameters
were
normal.
Myokinetic
activity
was
inhibited
at
2.49
mg/
m3
but
not
at
higher
or
lower
doses.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Lewkowski
et
al.
1979.
Assessing
Toxic
Eff.
Environ.
Pollut.
187­
217.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
c)
Species/
strain:
Rat
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
X];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
6
months
Frequency
of
treatment:
6
hours/
day,
5
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
10
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
10
mg/
m3
Results:
No
lesions
of
the
respiratory
tract
were
observed
and
there
was
normal
weight
development.
48
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
No
data
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Cavender.
1978.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
4:
845­
852.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
d)
Species/
strain:
Rabbit
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
X];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
4,
8,
and
12
months
Frequency
of
treatment:
1
hour/
day,
5
days/
week
Dose:
250
µ
g/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
<
250
µ
g/
m3
LOEL:
250
µ
g/
m3
Results:
Weight
reduction
was
observed.
After
4
months
of
exposure,
there
was
increased
sensitivity
in
the
acetylcholine­
challenge
and
after
8
months
there
was
increased
bronchial
reactivity.
There
was
also
a
retardation
of
mucociliary
clearance
and
increase
in
the
number
of
secretory
cells
in
the
lung.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Broncho
provocation
challenge
with
intravenous
acetylcholine
was
studied
in
4­
12
rabbits
exposed
noseonly
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
Exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
had
no
effect
on
dynamic
compliance
or
respiratory
rate,
suggesting
the
site
of
increased
airway
responsiveness
may
be
predominantly
the
larger
bronchi.
References:
Gearhart,
J.
M.
and
Schlesinger,
R.
B.
1986.
Sulfuric
acid­
induced
airway
hyperresponsiveness.
Fundam.
Appl.
Toxicol.
7:
681­
689.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).
49
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
(
e)
Species/
strain:
Rabbit
(
New
Zealand)
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
X];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
1,
57
or
240
days
Frequency
of
treatment:
1
hour/
day,
5
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
250
µ
g/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
LOAEL:
250
µ
g/
m3
Results:
An
increase
of
the
alveolar
clearance
of
3.5
µ
m
particles
was
observed.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Four
rabbits
were
exposed
to
sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
aerosols
(
MMD
0.3
µ
m).
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Schlesinger
et
al.
1986.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
17:
213­
220.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
f)
Species/
strain:
Rabbit
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
X];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
14­
days
Frequency
of
treatment:
2
hours/
day
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
503
µ
g/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
>
503
µ
g/
m3
LOEL:
503
µ
g/
m3
Results:
Retardation
of
the
respiratory
tract
clearance
was
observed.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Rabbits
were
exposed
for
2
weeks
to
sulfuric
acid
aerosols.
50
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Schlesinger
et
al.
1987.
Fundam.
Appl.
Toxicol.
7:
681­
689.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
g)
Species/
strain:
Hartley
guinea
pig
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
X];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
52
weeks
Frequency
of
treatment:
7
days/
week,
23
hours/
day
Dose:
0.08,
0.1,
0.9
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
see
results
Results:
No
effects
were
observed
at
0.9
mg/
m3
(
MMD
0.49
µ
m),
at
0.08
mg/
m3
(
MMD
0.84
µ
m),
or
at
0.1
mg/
m3
(
MMD
2.78
µ
m).
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Male
and
female
guinea
pigs
(
50
of
each)
were
exposed
under
the
stated
conditions.
Three
different
aerosol
sizes
were
tested.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
There
were
no
marked
effects
on
body
weight,
lung
function,
or
microscopic
pathology.
References:
Alarie,
Y.,
Busey,
W.,
Krumm,
A.,
and
Ulrich,
C.
Long
term
continuous
exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
mist
in
cynomolgus
monkeys
and
guinea
pigs.
1973.
Arch.
Environ.
Health
27:
16­
24.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
h)
Type:
LC0
[
];
LC100
[
];
LC50
[
];
LCL0
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Hartley
strain
guinea
pigs
(
3­
4
week
old;
male
and
female)
Value:
See
remarks
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Ten
animals
of
each
sex
were
separated
into
groups
of
two
or
three
in
cages
and
were
transferred
to
exposure
chambers
daily.
Animals
exposed
to
filtered
room
air
51
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
served
as
controls.
Animals
were
exposed
to
25
mg/
m3
H2SO4
mist
for
2
days
for
6
hours/
day.
Stabilized
H2SO4
mist
was
generated
from
5
M
H2SO4
by
using
glass
nebulizers.
The
guinea
pigs
were
anesthetized
by
intrapeitoneal
injection
of
sodium
pentobarbital
the
day
after
the
2­
day
exposure
and
a
thoracotomy
was
performed.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
aerosol
Remarks:
Pulmonary
lesions
were
seen
in
all
20
guinea
pigs
exposed
to
H2SO4
mist;
males
and
females
responded
in
the
same
manner.
Lesions
were
acute
and
were
characterized
by
edema
and
hemorrhage,
with
distinct
demarcation
between
altered
and
normal
pulmonary
parenchyma.
The
lesions
appeared
within
48
hours
of
initial
exposure.
Collapsed,
fluid­
filled
areas
of
the
lung
were
evident
on
gross
examination.
Changes
in
the
airways
appeared
to
be
limited
to
alveolar
duct
regions.
Increased
numbers
of
macrophages
were
seen
in
alveolar
ducts
and
adjacent
areas
of
alveoli.
Lesions
were
not
observed
in
the
more
proximal
segments
of
the
airways,
namely
the
bronchi,
trachea,
or
larynx.
Finally,
bacteria
were
not
observed
in
the
trachea
of
treated
guinea
pigs,
suggesting
that
sulfuric
acid
mist
may
have
a
deleterious
effect
on
normal
tracheal
flora.
References:
Cockrell,
B.
Y.,
Busey,
W.
M.,
and
Cavender,
F.
L.
1978.
Respiratory
tract
lesions
in
guinea
pigs
exposed
to
sulfuric
acid
mist.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
4:
835­
844.

(
i)
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pig
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
2
days
Frequency
of
treatment:
6
hours/
day
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
25
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
>
25
mg/
m3
LOEL:
25
mg/
m3
Results:
Damage
to
the
lungs
(
edema,
hemorrhage,
and
macrophage
immigrations)
were
observed
in
all
20
animals.
There
was
no
change
to
the
proximal
respiratory
tract.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
52
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Cockrell
et
al.
1976.
Am.
Rev.
Respir.
Dis.
113:
91.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
j)
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pig
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
25
exposures
Frequency
of
treatment:
4
hours/
day,
6
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
2.49
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
>
2.49
mg/
m3
LOEL:
2.49
mg/
m3
Results:
No
change
of
the
beta
receptors
was
observed
in
animals
exposed
to
only
sulfuric
acid.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Iguchi
et
al.
1986.
Arerugi
35:
402­
408.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
k)
Species/
strain:
Guinea
pig
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
X];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
6
months
Frequency
of
treatment:
6
hours/
day,
5
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
10
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
>
10
mg/
m3
LOEL:
10
mg/
m3
Results:
Minimal
macrophage
proliferation
in
the
alveoli
and
slight
tracheal
changes
were
observed.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Not
described
53
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Cavender.
1978.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
4:
845­
852.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
l)
Species/
strain:
Beagle
dog
Sex:
Female
[
X];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
620
days
Frequency
of
treatment:
21
hours/
day;
7
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
0.9
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
>
0.9
mg/
m3
LOEL:
0.9
mg/
m3
Results:
A
number
of
indices
of
lung
function
were
changed
by
inhalation
of
sulfuric
acid
at
0.9
mg/
m3.
Sulfuric
acid
appeared
to
significantly
reduce
the
average
carbonmonoxide
diffusion
capacity,
residual
volume,
net
lung
volume,
and
total
lung
weight
and
increase
the
total
expiratory
resistance.
The
study
showed
a
statistically
significant
sulfuric
acid
effect
on
lung
and
heart
weights.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Female
beagles
were
exposed
to
0.9
mg/
m3
sulfuric
acid.
Exposures
averaged
21
hours/
day
for
620
days.
The
following
parameters
were
measured:
red
blood
cell
count,
hemoglobin
level,
hematocrit
reading,
white
blood
cell
count,
mean
corpuscular
volume,
mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
value,
and
mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
concentration.
Dogs
were
anesthetized
for
pulmonary
function
testing.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
No
clear­
cut
histopathological
changes
could
be
identified
as
a
result
of
sulfur
dioxide
exposure.
There
was
also
no
marked
affect
on
any
of
the
hematological
variables
studied.
However,
there
was
no
treatmentrelated
change
in
the
lung
observed
by
microscopy,
so
the
significance
of
the
reported
functional
differences
is
not
clear.
References:
Lewis,
T.
R.,
Moorman,
W.
J.,
Ludmann,
K.,
and
Campbell,
K.
I.
1973.
Toxicity
of
long­
term
exposure
to
oxides
of
sulfur.
Arch.
Environ.
Health
26:
16­
21.
54
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
(
m)
Species/
strain:
Monkey
Sex:
Female
[
];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
X];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
78
weeks
Frequency
of
treatment:
23.5
hrs/
day;
7
days/
week
Post
exposure
observation
period:
None
Dose:
0.38
to
4.79
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
X]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
LOAEL:
2.45
mg/
m3
Results:
At
the
highest
doses,
deleterious
effects
on
pulmonary
structures
and
deterioration
of
pulmonary
functions
were
observed
(
focal
epithelial
hyperplasia
and
focal
thickening
of
the
bronchiolar
walls).
At
the
lower
doses,
these
effects
were
less
pronounced
or
absent.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Cynomolgus
monkeys
(
groups
of
4­
5
of
each
sex)
were
exposed
to
sulfuric
acid
under
the
above
conditions.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
References:
Alarie,
Y.,
Busey,
W.,
Krumm,
A.,
and
Ulrich,
C.
Long
term
continuous
exposure
to
sulfuric
acid
mist
in
cynomolgus
monkeys
and
guinea
pigs.
1973.
Arch.
Environ.
Health
27:
16­
24.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
n)
Species/
Strain:
Chicks,
mallard
ducklings
Route
of
Administration:
Oral
feed
Exposure
Period:
14
days
for
chicks,
15
days
for
mallards
Frequency
of
Treatment:
Continuous
in
feed
Dose:
11,
117
and
2,338
mg/
kg/
day
(
chicks),
12,393
mg/
kg/
day
(
mallards)
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
];
Historical
[
]
NOEL:
2,338
mg/
kg/
day
(
chicks),
12,393
mg/
kg/
day
(
mallards)
Results:
Decreased
growth
(
decreased
tibia
length
and
decreased
body
weight
gain)
associated
with
an
18%
decrease
in
food
intake
was
observed
in
chicks
fed
11,117
mg/
kg/
day
sulfuric
acid
in
the
diet
for
14
days,
with
no
55
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
effects
at
2,338
mg/
kg/
day.
No
effect
on
growth
or
food
intake
was
observed
in
mallard
ducklings
fed
sulfuric
acid
in
the
diet
at
12,393
mg/
kg/
day
for
15
days.
In
contrast
to
chickens,
ducks
generally
drink
water
after
they
take
some
food,
diluting
the
acid.
Method:
Chicks
and
mallard
ducklings
were
exposed
to
sulfuric
acid
in
the
diet
for
14
and
15
days,
respectively.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
References:
Capdevielle,
M.
D.
and
Scanes,
C.
G.
1995a.
Effect
of
dietary
acid
or
aluminum
on
growth
and
growth­
related
hormones
in
mallard
ducklings
(
Anas
platyrhynchos).
Arch.
Environ.
Contam.
Toxicol.
29:
462­
468.
Capdevielle,
M.
D.
and
Scanes,
C.
G.
1995b.
Effect
of
dietary
acid
or
aluminum
on
growth
and
growth­
related
hormones
in
young
chickens.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
133:
164­
171.

*
5.5
GENETIC
TOXICITY
IN
VITRO
A.
Bacterial
Test
(
a)
Preferred
Type:
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
(
Ames
test)
System
of
Testing:
Salmonella
typhimurium,
Strains
TA100,
TA97,
TA102,
TA98
and
TA1535
Metabolic
activation:
With
[
];
Without
[
];
With
and
Without
[
X];
Results:
Genotoxic
effects:
+
?
­
With
metabolic
activation:
[
]
[
]
[
X]
Without
metabolic
activation:
[
]
[
]
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Standard
Ames
test
modified
to
incorporate
a
preinculation
with
buffer
solutions
at
pHs
from
4
to
9.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4)
Remarks:
No
effects
were
detectable
following
sublethal
pH
decrease.
Low
pH
values
resulted
in
bacterial
death.
References:
Cipollaro,
M.,
Corsate,
G.,
Esposito,
A.,
Ragucci,
E.,
Staiano,
N.,
Giordano,
G.
G.,
and
Pagano,
G.
1986.
Sublethal
pH
decrease
may
cause
genetic
damage
to
eukaryotic
cell:
A
study
on
sea
urchins
and
Salmonella
typhimurium.
Terato.
Carcino.
Mutagen.
6:
275­
287.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
56
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
(
b)
Type:
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
(
Ames
test)
System
of
testing:
Salmonella
typhimurium
TA98,
TA1535,
TA100,
TA1537,
TA1538
Concentration:
4­
5,000
µ
g/
plate
in
distilled
water
Metabolic
activation:
With
[
];
Without
[
];
With
and
Without
[
X];
Results:
Genotoxic
effects:
+
?
­
With
metabolic
activation:
[
]
[
]
[
X]
Without
metabolic
activation:
[
]
[
]
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Standard
Ames
test
GLP:
Yes
[
X]
No
[
]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4);
48.4%
after
neutralization
with
NaOH
References:
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
c)
Type:
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
System
of
testing:
Escherichia
coli
(
B/
Sd­
4/
1,3,4,5)
Concentration:
0.002­
0.005%
Metabolic
activation:
With
[
X];
Without
[
];
With
and
Without
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Results:
Genotoxic
effects:
+
?
­
With
metabolic
activation:
[
]
[
]
[
X]
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
E.
coli
were
tested
using
standardized
procedures.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
Remarks:
Sulfuric
acid
did
not
increase
gene
mutation
in
Escherichia
coli
with
metabolic
activation.
References:
Demerec,
M.,
Bertani,
G.,
and
Flint,
J.
1951.
A
survey
of
chemicals
for
mutagenic
action
on
E.
coli.
Amer.
Natural.
85:
119­
136.
In
International
Agency
for
Research
on
Cancer
(
IARC).
1992.
Occupational
exposures
to
mists
and
vapours
from
sulfuric
acid
and
other
strong
inorganic
acids.
IARC
Monograph
Eval.
Carcinogen
Risk
Chem.
Hum.
54.

B.
Non­
bacterial
in
vitro
test
Type:
Sea
urchin
embryo
and
sperm
assays
System
of
testing:
Sphaerechinus
granularis
and
Paracentrotas
lividus
Concentration:
pH
5.5
to
7.5
Method:
Triplicate
cultures
of
sea
urchin
gametes
and
embryos
were
obtained
from
individual
adults,
whereas
sperm
pretreatment
experiments
were
performed
by
fertilizing
57
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
the
eggs
from
an
individual
female
with
sperm
batches
pooled
from
three
to
five
males.
Embryos
were
cultured
in
the
dark.
Dilution
water
was
acidified
to
approximately
pH
of
5.
Effects
of
pH
were
evaluated.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
Remarks:
In
a
study
on
the
effect
of
pH
on
the
induction
of
mitotic
aberrations
in
sea
urchins,
an
increase
in
aberrations
was
observed
at
pH 
6.5.
A
similar
genotoxic
effect
was
observed
with
sulfuric,
hydrochloric,
and
phosphoric
acids,
indicating
that
pH
rather
than
sulfate
was
responsible
for
the
effect.
References:
Cipollaro,
M.,
Corsate,
G.,
Esposito,
A.,
Ragucci,
E.,
Staiano,
N.,
Giordano,
G.
G.,
and
Pagano,
G.
1986.
Sublethal
pH
decrease
may
cause
genetic
damage
to
eukaryotic
cell:
A
study
on
sea
urchins
and
Salmonella
typhimurium.
Teratog.
Carcinog.
Mutagen.
6:
275­
287.

*
5.6
GENETIC
TOXICITY
IN
VIVO
Remarks:
No
data
5.7
CARCINOGENICITY
Remarks:
No
animal
studies
identified.

5.8
TOXICITY
TO
REPRODUCTION
Type:
Fertility
[
];
One­
generation
study
[
];
Two­
generation
study
[
];
Other
[
X]
Species/
strain:
Mice
(
CF­
1),
rabbits
(
New
Zealand
white)
Sex:
Female
[
X];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Exposure
period:
Days
6­
15
(
mice)
or
6­
18
(
rabbits)
of
gestation
Frequency
of
treatment:
7
hrs/
day
Duration
of
the
test
Up
to
day
18
(
mice)
or
29
(
rabbits)
of
gestation
Doses:
5
and
20
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
X];
Historical
[
]
NOEL
Parental:
20
mg/
m3
Results:
No
significant
effects
on
the
mean
numbers
of
implants
per
dam
or
resorptions
per
litter
were
observed.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Groups
of
35
mice
and
20
bred
rabbits
were
exposed
to
H2SO4
in
dynamic
airflow
chambers.
The
chamber
58
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
airflow
was
approximately
800
L/
min.
Concentration
in
the
chambers
was
analyzed
3
times/
day.
MMD
was
1.6
µ
m
for
the
5
mg/
m3
concentration
and
2.4
µ
m
for
the
20
mg/
m3
concentration.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4),
purity
95.7%
Remarks:
Development
endpoints
were
also
examined
(
see
Section
5.9)
References:
Murray,
F.
J.,
Schwetz,
B.
A.,
Nitschke,
K.
D.,
Crawford,
A.
A.,
Quast,
J.
F.,
and
Staples,
R.
E.
1979.
Embryotoxicity
of
inhaled
sulfuric
acid
aerosol
in
mice
and
rabbits.
J.
Environ.
Sci.
Health
C13:
251­
266.

*
5.9
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY/
TERATOGENICITY
Species/
strain:
Mice
(
CF­
1),
rabbits
(
New
Zealand
white)
Sex:
Female
[
X];
Male
[
];
Male/
Female
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Route
of
Administration:
Inhalation
Duration
of
the
test:
Up
to
day
18
(
mice)
or
26
(
rabbits)
of
gestation
Exposure
period:
Days
6­
15
(
mice)
or
6­
18
(
rabbits)
of
gestation
Frequency
of
treatment:
7
hrs/
day
Doses:
5
and
20
mg/
m3
Control
group:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
No
Data
[
]
Concurrent
no
treatment
[
X];
Concurrent
vehicle
[
X];
Historical
[
]
NOEL
Maternal
Toxicity:
5
mg/
m3
NOEL
teratogenicity:
20
mg/
m3
Results:
Maternal
general
toxicity:
The
body
weights
of
the
dams
were
not
significantly
lower
than
that
of
controls.
Food
consumption
was
reported
to
be
decreased
during
the
first
few
days
of
exposure
at
20
mg/
m3,
but
not
at
5
mg/
m3.
In
dam
rabbits
given
the
high
dose,
body
weight
was
significantly
reduced
in
the
early
part
of
the
exposure
period
but
recovered.
Histological
examination
of
the
respiratory
tract
showed
a
dose­
related
increase
in
the
incidence
of
subacute
rhinitis
and
tracheitis.
Pregnancy/
litter
data:
Compared
to
the
control
group,
the
incidence
of
pregnancy,
as
well
as
the
proportion
of
pregnancies
detected,
was
not
significantly
altered
among
exposed
animals.
Fetal
data:
A
teratogenic
effect
was
not
detected
in
mice
or
rabbits.
The
offspring
of
exposed
mice
and
rabbits
did
not
have
significantly
higher
incidence
of
malformations
than
controls.
Inhalation
of
H2SO4
did
not
increase
the
incidence
of
minor
skeletal
variants.
The
only
statistically
significant
evidence
of
embryotoxicity
in
59
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
rabbits
was
an
increased
incidence
of
small
non­
ossified
areas
in
the
skull
bones.
Method:
[
e.
g.
OECD,
other
(
with
the
year
of
publication
or
updating
of
the
method
used)]
Groups
of
35
mice
and
20
bred
rabbits
were
exposed
to
H2SO4
in
dynamic
airflow
chambers.
The
chamber
airflow
was
approximately
800
L/
min.
Concentration
in
the
chambers
was
analyzed
3
times/
day.
MMD
was
1.6
µ
m
for
the
5
mg/
m3
concentration
and
2.4
µ
m
for
the
20
mg/
m3
concentration.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Sulfuric
acid
(
H2SO4),
purity
95.7%
Remarks:
Little
evidence
of
embryo
toxicity
was
observed
in
mice
or
rabbits
exposed
for
7
hr/
day
to
5
or
20
mg
H2SO4/
m3.
References:
Murray,
F.
J.,
Schwetz,
B.
A.,
Nitschke,
K.
D.,
Crawford,
A.
A.,
Quast,
J.
F.,
and
Staples,
R.
E.
1979.
Embryotoxicity
of
inhaled
sulfuric
acid
aerosol
in
mice
and
rabbits.
J.
Environ.
Sci.
Health
C13:
251­
266.

5.10
OTHER
RELEVANT
INFORMATION
A.
Specific
toxicities
Remarks:
No
data
B.
Toxicodynamics,
toxicokinetics
(
a)
Results:
Some
(
6­
8%)
of
the
sulfuric
acid
absorbed
as
sulfate
and
hydrogen
ions
is
conjugated
in
the
liver
from
the
plasma
pool
with
such
metabolites
as
phenol,
cresol,
indole,
and
skatole.
References:
Center
for
Disease
Control
(
CDC).
1974.
Criteria
for
a
Recommended
Standard .
Occupational
Exposure
to
Sulfuric
Acid.
Washington
D.
C.:
National
Institute
for
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
(
NIOSH).

(
b)
Remarks:
There
is
some
variation
in
the
toxicity
of
sulfuric
acid
mists
with
differing
particle
sizes.
This
variation
is
thought
to
be
related
to
the
extent
of
impaction
of
the
aerosol
particles
on
the
walls
of
the
upper
respiratory
tract,
bronchii
and
bronchioles,
triggering
airway
constriction,
and
the
extent
to
which
aerosol
particles
are
retained
by
the
respiratory
system
overall,
or
exhaled
without
impaction.
References:
Amdur,
M.
O.,
Schulz,
R.
Z.,
and
Drinker,
P.
1952.
Toxicity
of
sulfuric
acid
mist
to
guinea
pigs.
Arch.
Ind.
Hyg.
Occup.
Med.
5:
318­
329.
In
European
60
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

C.
Other
The
following
abbreviated
summaries
were
cited
in
the
IUCLID
Data
Sheet
for
sulfuric
acid
and
are
included
for
completeness.

(
a)
Remarks:
Chick
embryos
were
exposed
to
sulfuric
acid
aerosol
at
a
concentration
of
14.37
mg/
m3
from
day
1
through
day
14
of
development.
Survival
was
reduced
by
11%
compared
to
the
clean
air
level.
Embryonic
weight
was
12%
lower.
Hematocrit
and
serum
LDH
activity
were
20%
lower
while
serum
glucose
concentrations
were
not
significantly
affected.
Reference:
Hoffman
et
al.
1977.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
3:
705­
712.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
b)
Remarks:
Rabbits
exposed
for
one
hour
to
100­
2,155
mg/
m3
have
increased
mucociliary
clearance
at
low
concentrations
and
a
decreased
clearance
at
high
concentrations.
Reference:
Chen
et
al.
1983.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
71:
123­
131.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
c)
Remarks:
Rabbits
made
a
single
inhalation
of
46
to
522
mg/
m3
over
0.5
to
4
hours.
Viability
and
percent
macrophages
in
recovered
populations
were
not
affected.
Shortened
and
matted
cilia
in
the
deeper
segments
of
the
superior
rami
were
observed.
Reference:
Gomez
et
al.
1979.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
48:
A67.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
d)
Remarks:
Mice
exposed
to
15
mg/
m3
showed
a
decrease
in
the
clearance
of
applied
streptococci.
A
4
day
exposure
to
1.5
mg/
m3
over
90
minutes
had
no
influence
on
the
clearance.
Reference:
Fairchild
et
al.
1975.
Am.
Ind.
Hyg.
Assoc.
J.
584­
594.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
e)
Remarks:
Hamsters
exposed
to
900
µ
g/
m3
once
over
2
hours
experienced
a
decrease
in
the
ciliary
activity
over
at
last
48
hours.
61
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Reference:
Grose
et
al.
1978.
Pharmacologist
20:
211.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
f)
Remarks:
Hamsters
inhaling
365­
543
µ
g/
m3
for
2
hours/
day
over
3
to
13
exposures
showed
no
significant
decrease
in
ciliary
activity
and
no
change
in
mortality
after
inhaling
streptococci.
Reference:
Grose
et
al.
1982.
J.
Toxicol.
Environ.
Health
10:
351­
362.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

(
g)
Remarks:
Rabbits
exposed
for
one
hour
to
100­
2,155
µ
g/
m3
leads
to
an
increase
of
mucociliary
clearance
in
low
concentrations
and
to
a
decrease
of
clearance
in
high
concentrations.
Reference:
Chen
et
al.
1983.
Toxicol.
Appl.
Pharmacol.
71:
123­
131.
In
European
Commission.
1996.
Sulfuric
Acid.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.

*
5.11
EXPERIENCE
WITH
HUMAN
EXPOSURE
[
Describe
information
on
workplace
exposure
such
as
concentration
of
chemicals
in
the
workplace
or
indoor
environment
(
manufacturing,
maintenance
and
professional
use),
number
of
workers
(
in
ranges
for
each
situation),
frequency
and
duration
of
exposure,
if
available.
In
addition,
enter
details
of
effects
of
accidental
or
occupational
exposure,
epidemiological
and
clinical
studies,
case
reports,
etc.]

(
a)
Remarks:
A
substantial
amount
of
information
on
the
effects
of
sulfuric
acid
on
exposed
humans
is
summarized
in
the
ATSDR
Toxicological
Profile.
Sulfuric
acid
and
other
acids
are
very
corrosive
and
irritating
and
cause
direct
local
effects
on
the
skin,
eyes
and
respiratory
and
gastrointestinal
tracts
when
there
are
sufficient
concentrations.
Various
changes
in
respiration
may
occur
to
workers
exposed
to
low
concentrations.
Occupational
exposure
to
high
concentrations
of
sulfuric
acid
may
increase
the
incidence
of
laryngeal
and
lung
cancer
in
smokers.
Reference:
United
States
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
(
USDHHS).
1997.
Toxicological
Profile
for
Sulfur
Trioxide
and
Sulfuric
Acid.
Draft.
Atlanta:
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR).

(
b)
Remarks:
Due
to
its
great
affinity
and
strong
exothermic
reaction
with
water,
concentrated
sulfuric
acid
can
burn
and
char
62
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
the
skin.
It
is
even
more
rapidly
injurious
to
the
mucous
membranes
and
exceedingly
dangerous
to
the
eyes.
Dilute
sulfuric
acid
does
not
possess
this
charring
property,
but
irritates
the
skin
and
mucous
membranes
due
to
its
acidity
and
can
cause
dermatitis.
Eye
contact
with
concentrated
acid
is
capable
of
causing
irreparable
corneal
damage
resulting
in
blindness
and
acid
burns
of
the
eyelids
and
face
will
produce
cicatrization
with
disfigurement.
Inhalation
of
sulfuric
acid
in
high
enough
concentration
causes
an
irritation
or
tickling
of
the
nose
and
throat,
sneezing,
and
coughing.
At
lower
levels,
sulfuric
acid
causes
a
reflex
increase
in
the
rate,
and
diminution
of
the
depth,
of
respiration,
with
reflex
bronchoconstriction
resulting
in
increased
pulmonary
air
flow
resistance.
Exposure
to
higher
concentrations
or
for
longer
periods
may
result
in
bronchitic
symptoms
and
rhinorrhea,
lacrimation,
and
epistaxis
and
eventually
conjunctivitis,
frequent
respiratory
infections,
emphysema,
and
digestive
disturbances.
There
is
some
evidence
that
acclimatization
to
the
subjective
effects
of
inhaled
sulfuric
acid
mist
may
occur
in
people
who
are
occupationally
exposed,
to
the
extent
that
they
may
be
able
to
tolerate
3
to
4
times
the
exposure
levels
which
are
intolerable
to
the
unacclimated.
Reference:
Center
for
Disease
Control
(
CDC).
1974.
Criteria
for
a
Recommended
Standard .
Occupational
Exposure
to
Sulfuric
Acid.
Washington
D.
C.:
National
Institute
for
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
(
NIOSH).
63
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
6.
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Carcinogen
Risk
Chem.
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54.
APPENDIX
A
­
SIDS
Data
Availability
Summary
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
Explanation
of
Appendix
A
Appendix
A
is
a
SIDS
Data
Summary
table
that
provides
an
overview
of
availability
and
quality
of
the
data
used
in
this
Health
and
Environmental
Safety
Data
Summary
for
Sulfuric
Acid.
Y
(
Yes)
and
N
(
No)
designations
indicate
whether
data
are
available
that
meet
the
criteria
for
each
column.
The
columns
are
described
as:

Information:
Data
exist
that
were
useful
for
describing
the
data
element.
These
data
may
be
from
standard
laboratory
tests
or
from
generally
recognized
published
sources
or
professional
experience.

OECD
Study:
The
data
were
developed
using
standard
OECD
or
essentially
similar
(
e.
g.,
EPA
harmonized
protocols)
guidelines.

GLP:
The
data
were
developed
under
standard
Good
Laboratory
Practice
provisions.
These
generally
represent
the
highest
quality
data.

Other
Study:
Studies
were
conducted
that
could
not
be
definitively
identified
as
following
OECD
or
GLP
protocols.
These
studies
were
included
when
they
were
determined
to
be
of
adequate
quality
and
provided
relevant
information
to
the
characterization
of
the
compound.

Estimation
Method:
In
some
cases,
data
may
be
estimated
using
established
structure
activity
relationships.
These
methods
are
common
for
physical­
chemical
parameters
such
as
octanolwater
partition
coefficients
and
water
solubility.

Acceptable:
This
column
indicates
whether
the
data
are
deemed
acceptable
by
standard
acceptability
criteria
and
professional
judgment.
Only
the
data
meeting
adequacy
standards
are
included
in
this
summary
document.

SIDS
Testing
Recommended:
This
column
indicates
whether
additional
testing
is
recommended
based
on
an
evaluation
of
the
available
data
summarized
in
this
document.
It
is
not
necessary
to
fill
all
of
the
apparent
data
gaps
in
order
to
adequately
characterize
the
inherent
hazard
of
chemicals.
Information
from
other
data
elements
and
from
other
chemicals
in
the
category,
along
with
professional
judgment,
are
useful
in
the
final
determination
of
the
need
for
further
testing.
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
SIDS
DATA
AVAILABILITY
SUMMARY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
Acid
CAS
No:
7664­
93­
9
Information
OECD
Study
GLP
Other
Study
Estimation
Method
Acceptable
SIDS
Testing
Recommended
STUDY
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Physical­
Chemical
Data
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.12
Melting
Point
Boiling
Point
Density
Vapour
Pressure
Partition
Coefficient
Water
Solubility
pH
and
pKa
values
Oxidation:
Reduction
potential
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
­
Y
Y
­
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
P/
C
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
Photodegradation
Stability
in
Water
Monitoring
Data
Transport
and
Distribution
Biodegradation
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
­
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
ENV
FATE
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5.2
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
Acute
Toxicity
to
Fish
Acute
Toxicity
to
Daphnia
Toxicity
to
Algae
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Daphnia
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
Toxicity
to
Birds
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
­­
Y
Y
­
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
ECOTOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
TOXICITY
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.11
Acute
Oral
Acute
Inhalation
Acute
Dermal
Repeated
Dose
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vivo
Reproduction
Toxicity
Development/
Teratogenicity
Human
Experience
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
­
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
OTHER
TOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)
APPENDIX
B
­
SIDS
Data
Summaries
for
Nitric,
Sulfuric
and
Phosphoric
Acids
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
ACIDS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)

NITRIC
ACID
PHOSPHORIC
ACID
SULFURIC
ACID
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
­
41.59oC
21
(
85%
solution)
10oC
2.2
Boiling
Point
83
°
C
at
1
atm
158oC
280­
290oC
at
1
atm
2.3
Density
15.1
g/
mL
at
25
°
C
1.87
g/
mL
at
25oC
1.84
x
10­
6
g/
mL
at
20oC
2.4
Vapour
Pressure
62
mm
Hg
at
25
°
C
(
low
volatility)
0.03­
1.5
mm
Hg
at
20oC
(
low
volatility)
7.5
x
10­
4
mm
Hg
at
20oC
(
low
volatility)

2.5
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
OECD
Guideline
107,
GLP
­
2.3
at
25
°
C
2.6A
Water
Solubility
1
x
106
mg/
L
at
25
°
C
(
highly
soluble)
750­
850
g/
L
(
highly
soluble)
Miscible
(
highly
soluble)

2.6B
pH
and
pKa
values
pH:
1.0
at
0.1
M
pKa:
­
1.4
pH:
1­
1.5
at
1­
10
g/
L
pK1:
2.15;
pK2;

7.09;
pK3
12.32
at
25oC
pH:
0.3
at
49
g/
L
pK1:
­
3;
pK2
1.92
at
25oC
2.7
Flash
Point
Non­
flammable
Non­
flammable
Non­
flammable
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Non­
flammable
Non­
flammable
Non­
flammable
2.9
Flammability
Non­
flammable
DIN
51584
Non­
flammable
Non­
flammable
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Not
explosive
Possible
with
contact
with
metals
Not
explosive
2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Oxidizes
Powerful
acidic
oxidizer
2.13B
Henry's
Law
Constant
2.45
x
106
atm*
m3/
mol
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
ACIDS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)

NITRIC
ACID
PHOSPHORIC
ACID
SULFURIC
ACID
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Dissociates
into
its
respective
ions
(
H+;
NO3
­)
Ionic
dissociation
in
water
Dissociates
in
water
to
form
sulfate
salts,

especially
with
calcium
and
magnesium
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
Dissolves
some
soil
material
Dissolves
some
soil
material,
in
particular
carbonate­
based
materials
3.2
Monitoring
Data
Average
concentration
of
13.5
µ
g/
m3
for
urban
eastern
U.
S.

3.3
Transport
and
Distribution
Dissolves
carbonates;
nitrate
ions
taken
up
by
plants
stimulate
growth
Under
acidic
soil
conditions,

sparsely
soluble
phosphates
tend
to
solubilize
and
may
migrate
to
water
Dissolves
in
the
atmosphere;
highly
mobile
in
soil
and
can
dissolve
carbonate­
based
materials
3.5
Biodegradation
Under
anaerobic
conditions,
microorganisms
may
degrade
the
product
to
phosphine
Sulfate­
reducing
bacteria
break
down
sulfuric
acid
3.6
BOD5
Does
not
cause
a
biochemical
oxygen
demand
3.7
Bioaccumulation
Does
not
bioaccumulate
Does
not
bioaccumulate
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ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
toxicity
to
Fish
A.
dispar
(
freshwater
fish)

S.
gairdneri
(
rainbow
trout)
96­
hr.

semistatic
7­
day
semistatic
LC50
(
96
hr)
=
pH
3.7.
LC50
(
7
days)
=
pH
4.0
L.
macrochirus
(
bluegill
sunfish)
96­
hr.
static
LC50
=
pH
3.0
­

3.5
L.
macrochirus
(
bluegill),

A.
dispar
S.
gairdneri
(
rainbow
trout)

B.
rerio
G.
affinis
(
mosquito
fish)
96­
hr
semistatic
96­
hr
semi­

static,
Continuous
or
pulsed
96­
hr
static,

OECD
Guideline
203
96­
hr
static
LC50
=
pH
3.0­

3.84
LC50
=
3.7­
4.41
LC50
=
500
mg/
L
(
pH
2.29)

LC50
=
42
mg/
L
(
pH
3.37)

4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
D.
magna
D.
pulex
G.
pulex
(
amphipod)
12­
hr.
static
12­
hr.
static
12­
hr.
static
EC50
=
pH
4.6
EC50
=
pH
4.1
LC50
=
pH
3.4
Daphnia
magna
24­
hr
static,

ISO
6341
15
64­
hr
static
EC50
=
29
mg/
L
(
pH
3.5)

EC100
=
88
mg/
L
(
pH
3.05)

4.3
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Plants
(
Algae)
N.
palea
(
diatom)
28­
day
growth
in
lab
culture
tube
Inhibited
growth
of
diatoms
at
6.3
mg/
L
N.
palea
(
diatom)
28­
day
growth
in
lab
culture
tube
Growth
inhibition
as
determined
by
cell
count
observed
at
10
mg/
L
(
pH:

3.99)

4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
Subarctic
field
study
Total
biomass
was
dependent
on
pH
Activated
sludge
EC50
=
pH
2.55
Activated
sludge
120­
hr
EC50
=
58
mg/
L
(
pH:
3.23)

4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
S.
fontinalis
(
brook
trout)

C.
carpio,
P.

altivelis,
O.

masou,
S.

pluvius
90­
day
semistatic
pulsed
96­
hr,
larvae
&

fry
exposed
H+
sensitivity
changed
with
developmental
stage
EC50
(
reproduction
rate)
=
~
pH
4.0
­

5.2;
LC50
(
mortality
of
larvae
and
fry)
=
~
pH
3.6
­
5
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
ACIDS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
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(
CAS
No.
7664­
93­
9)

NITRIC
ACID
PHOSPHORIC
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SULFURIC
ACID
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RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
4.6.1
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
Bacteria
Subarctic
field
study
Total
biomass
was
dependent
on
pH.

4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
Peas,
beans,

beets,
rapeseed,

and
weeds
Sprayed
with
15
 
20%

solution
of
H3PO4
Foliage
was
destroyed
on
all
plants
N.
arcticum
(
lichen),
Peltigera.

spp.
(
lichen),

E.
nigrum
(
dwarf
shrub)
and
V.
vitisidaea
(
dwarf
shrub).
Simulated
acid
rain
field
study
in
northern
Finland,
10
growing
seasons
Decrease
in
cover
of
foliose
lichens
and
reduction
in
nitrogen­
fixing
activity
for
nitrogen­
fixing
lichens.
No
longterm
negative
effects
on
fructiose
lichens
reported.

A
pH
of
3
reduced
reproductive
output
of
V.

vitisidaea
SIDS
DATA
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ACIDS
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Date:
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2003
Sulfuric
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TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
Rat
Sheep
up
to
100
mg/
kg
bw/
day
LD50
=
1,530
mg/
kg
bw
100
mg/
kg
bw/
day
caused
loss
of
weight
and
death
Rat
OECD
Guideline
401
LD50
=
2,140
mg/
kg
bw;
>
5,000
mg/
kg
bw
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
Rat
4
hour
single
dose
LC50
=
65­
67
ppm
NO2
Guinea
pig,

mouse,
rat,

rabbit
1­
hr
LC50
=
61­
1,689
mg/
m3
P2O5
Guinea
pig
Rabbit
Rat
1­
hr,
8­
hr
1­
hr
1­
hr
18­
61
mg/
m3
Can
slow
mucus
transport
in
lung
at
0.45
mg/
m3
347­
420
ppm
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
Rabbit
24­
hr
LD50
=
>
1,260
­

>
3,160
mg/
kg
bw
Rat,
mouse,

guinea
pig,

rabbit
Erosion
of
the
skin,
erythema,

and
edema
observed
after
exposure
to
5
­

10%
solution;
no
effects
observed
from
<
5%

solution
5.2.1
Skin
Irritation/

Corrosion
Corrosive
to
skin
Rabbit
24­
hr
Highly
irritating
to
corrosive
Rat,
rabbit,

human
OECD
Guideline
404
Not
irritating
at
10%;
corrosive
at
high
concentrations
5.2.2
Eye
Irritation/

Corrosion
Corrosive
to
eyes
Rabbit
OECD
Guideline
405
Not
irritating
for
17%
solution
but
severe
irritation
at
higher
concentration
Rat,
rabbit,

mouse
OECD
Guideline
405
Can
cause
irritation
and
corrosion
to
eyes
5.4
Repeated
Dose
Mouse,
rat,

guinea
pig
Via
inhalation:

4
hrs/
day,
5
days/
week,

6
months
No
significant
effects
at
4
ppm
Rat
Continuous,
up
to
14
weeks
No
effects
on
body
or
lung
weights
or
myokinetic
activity
up
to
0.15
mg/
m3
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
ACIDS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
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(
CAS
No.
7664­
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9)

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5.4
(
continued)
Rat
6
hr/
day,
5
day/
wk,
6
months
Normal
weight
gain
and
no
respiratory
lesions
at
10
mg/
m3
Rabbit
1
hr/
day,
5
day/
wk,
up
to
12
months
At
0.25
mg/
m3,

weight
reduction
and
increased
bronchial
reactivity
were
observed
Rabbit
2
hr/
day,
14
days
Retardation
of
respiratory
tract
clearance
at
0.5
mg/
m3
Guinea
pig
Several
studies
ranging
from
4
to
23
hrs/
day
and
for
2
days
up
to
12
months
No
effects
on
body
weight,
lung
function
or
pathology
at
up
to
2.49
mg/
m3
Minimal
changes
at
10
mg/
m3
but
damage
to
lungs
at
25
mg/
m3
Monkey
23.5
hr/
day,
7
day/
wk,
78
weeks
Deterioration
of
pulmonary
structure
and
function
at
doses
up
to
4.79
mg/
m3
Dog
21
hr/
day,
620
days
Reduced
lung
function,
volume
and
weight
at
0.9
mg/
m3
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
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ACIDS
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Date:
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2003
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7664­
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SPECIES
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RESULTS
5.4
(
continued)
Chick,
mallard
ducklings
Via
oral
feed:

up
to
11,117
mg/
kg/
day,
14
days
(
chicks);

12,393
mg/
kg/
day,
15
days
(
mallards)
Decrease
in
growth
of
chicks
at
11,117
mg/
kg/
day
due
to
an
18%
decrease
in
food
intake.
No
effects
in
ducklings
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
S.
typhimurium
OECD
Guideline
471
(
Ames
test)
Negative
S.
typhimurium
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
(
Ames
test)
Negative
S.
typhimurium
E.
coli
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
(
Ames
test)
Negative
Negative
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Sea
urchin
Embryo
and
sperm
assays
Aberrations
caused
by
pH
#
6.5
5.8
Toxicity
to
Reproduction
Rat
One­
generation
375
mg/
kg
bw
did
not
affect
offspring
growth
in
rats
Mouse,

rabbit
Via
inhalation:

7
hrs/
day,
10­

13
days
of
gestation
No
significant
effects
at
20
mg/
m3
5.9
Development
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
Mouse,

rabbit
Inhalation:
7
hrs/
day,
10­
13
days
of
gestation
NOEL
(
maternal):

5
mg/
m3
NOEL
(
teratogenicity):
20
mg/
m3
5.10A
Specific
Toxicities
Chinese
hamster
cells
Cytotoxicity
in
V79
lung
cells
Effects
on
growth,
survival
rate,
and
macro
molecular
systhesis
at
30
mM
Neurotoxicity
Very
high
doses
can
lead
to
physiological
disruption
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
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ACIDS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Sulfuric
Acid
(
CAS
No.
7664­
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9)

NITRIC
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5.11
Human
Experience
Acute
accidental
inhalation
Acute
respiratory
injury
leading
to
death
following
exposure
to
60%

nitric
acid
solution
Ingestion,
inhalation
10,000
mg/
m3
is
immediately
dangerous
to
life
High
concentrations
can
irritate
skin
and
mucous
membranes
and
cause
eye
damage.

Inhalation
at
high
concentrations
for
longer
periods
may
cause
respiratory
infections
and
digestive
disturbances.

Dermal
contact
May
irritate
eyes
and
skin
1.8
Occupational
Exposure
Limits
8
hr
TWA­
TLV
15
min
STELTLV
2
ppm
(
5
mg/
m3
in
air)

4
ppm
(
10
mg/
m3
in
air)
8
hr
TWATLV
15
min
STELTLV
1
mg/
m3
in
air
3
mg/
m3
in
air
8
hr.
TWATLV
5
min.

STELTLV
1
mg/
m3
in
air.

2
mg/
m3
in
air