Document ID: NHTSA-2016-0031-0047
Agency: nhtsa
Document Type: Rule
Title: Make Inoperative Exemptions: Vehicle Modifications to Accommodate People with Disabilities; Modifications by Rental Car Companies
Posted Date: 2022-03-15T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 50 (Tuesday, March 15, 2022)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 14406-14419]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-05293]

=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

49 CFR Part 595

[Docket No. NHTSA-2016-0031]
RIN 2127-AL67

Make Inoperative Exemptions; Vehicle Modifications To Accommodate 
People With Disabilities; Modifications by Rental Car Companies

AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 
Department of Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This final rule amends NHTSA's regulations regarding 
exemptions to the make inoperative prohibition to accommodate 
disabilities to include new exemptions relating to the Federal motor 
vehicle safety standards (FMVSS) for roof crush resistance, rear 
visibility, and air bags. The air bag provision permits rental car 
companies to make inoperative a knee bolster air bag, on a temporary 
basis, to permit the temporary installation of hand controls to 
accommodate persons with physical disabilities seeking to rent the 
vehicle. We have drafted this rule to facilitate the mobility of 
drivers and passengers with physical disabilities in a manner that 
balances safety and accessibility. This rulemaking responds to a 
petition for rulemaking from the National Mobility Equipment Dealers 
Association and from Bruno Independent Living Aids, Inc., and to an 
inquiry from Enterprise Holdings Co.

DATES: This rule is effective March 15, 2022.
    Petitions for Reconsideration: Petitions for reconsideration of 
this final rule must be received at the address below by April 29, 
2022.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to petition for reconsideration of this rule, 
submit your petition to the following address so that it is received by 
NHTSA by the date above: Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety 
Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, West Building, Washington, 
DC 20590. You should refer in your petition to the docket number of 
this document. The petition will be placed in the docket. Note that all 
submissions received will be posted without change to https://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided. 
Please see the Privacy Act heading below.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gunyoung Lee, NHTSA Office of Crash 
Avoidance Standards (phone: 202-366-

[[Page 14407]]

6005; fax: 202-493-0073); Daniel Koblenz, NHTSA Office of Chief Counsel 
(phone: 202-366-5329; fax 202-366-3820); or David Jasinski (phone: 202-
366-5552; fax 202-366-3820. The mailing address for these officials is: 
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue 
SE, Washington, DC 20590.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. Background
III. FMVSS No. 216a (Roof Crush Resistance)
    a. The Standard
    b. NMEDA Petition for Rulemaking
    c. NPRM
    d. Comments on the NPRM
    e. Agency Decision
IV. FMVSS No. 111 (Rear Visibility)
    a. The Standard
    b. Bruno Petition for Rulemaking
    c. SNPRM
    d. Comments on the NPRM
    e. Agency Decision
V. FMVSS No. 208 (Occupant Crash Protection)
    a. FAST Act
    b. Enterprise Request for Interpretation
    c. SNPRM
    d. Response to Comments
    e. Agency Decision
VI. Effective Date
VII. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

I. Introduction

    This final rule amends 49 CFR part 595, subpart C, ``Make 
Inoperative Exemptions, Vehicle Modifications to Accommodate People 
With Disabilities,'' in response to petitions from the National 
Mobility Equipment Dealers Association (NMEDA), Bruno Independent 
Living Aids, Inc. (Bruno), and a request from Enterprise Holdings Co. 
(Enterprise).
    This final rule is preceded by two rulemaking proposals. First, 
NHTSA published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on March 11, 
2016 (81 FR 12852), relating to NMEDA's petition on the roof crush 
resistance standard. Second, the agency published a supplemental notice 
of proposed rulemaking (SNPRM) on December 28, 2020 (85 FR 84281) on 
Bruno's petition on the rear visibility standard. The SNPRM also 
responded to Enterprise's inquiry seeking to permit rental car 
companies the ability to temporarily make inoperative knee bolster air 
bags to facilitate installation of hand controls.\1\ NHTSA received no 
comments opposing adoption of the proposals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ NHTSA decided to combine the rulemakings into RIN 2127-AL67 
for the convenience of readers and to simplify administrative 
procedures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Background

    The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (49 U.S.C. 
Chapter 301) (Safety Act) and NHTSA's regulations require vehicle 
manufacturers to certify that their vehicles comply with all applicable 
FMVSSs (49 U.S.C. 30112; 49 CFR part 567) at the time of manufacture. A 
vehicle manufacturer, distributor, dealer, rental company or repair 
business, except as indicated below, may not knowingly make inoperative 
any part of a device or element of design installed in or on a motor 
vehicle in compliance with an applicable FMVSS (49 U.S.C. 30122). NHTSA 
has the authority to issue regulations that exempt regulated entities 
from the ``make inoperative'' provision (49 U.S.C. 30122(c)). The 
agency has used that authority to adopt 49 CFR part 595, ``Make 
Inoperative Exemptions.''
    The provisions at 49 CFR part 595, subpart C, sets forth exemptions 
from the make inoperative provision to permit, under limited 
circumstances, vehicle modifications that take the vehicles out of 
compliance with certain FMVSSs when the vehicles are modified to be 
used by persons with disabilities after the first retail sale of the 
vehicle for purposes other than resale. The regulation was promulgated 
to facilitate the modification of motor vehicles so that persons with 
disabilities can drive or ride in them. The regulation involves 
information and disclosure requirements and limits the extent of 
modifications that may be made. A motor vehicle repair business that 
avails itself of the exemption provided by subpart C must register 
itself with NHTSA. The modifier is exempted from the make inoperative 
provision only to the extent that the modifications affect the 
vehicle's compliance with the FMVSSs specified in 49 CFR 595.7(c) and 
only to the extent specified in Sec.  595.7(c). Modifications that 
would take the vehicle out of compliance with any other FMVSS, or with 
an FMVSS listed in Sec.  595.7(c) but in a manner not specified in 
paragraph (c), are not exempted by the regulation.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The modifier must also affix a permanent label to the 
vehicle identifying itself as the modifier and the vehicle as no 
longer complying with all FMVSS in effect at original manufacture, 
and must provide and retain a document listing the FMVSSs with which 
the vehicle no longer complies and indicating any reduction in the 
load carrying capacity of the vehicle of more than 100 kilograms 
(kg) (220 pounds (lb)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. FMVSS No. 216a (Roof Crush Resistance)

a. The Standard

    FMVSS No. 216a, ``Roof crush resistance; Upgraded standard,'' 
requires that the vehicle roof meet two requirements when subjected to 
a test force applied by a large steel test plate first to one side of 
the roof, and then to the other side: The lower surface of the test 
plate must not move more than 127 millimeters (mm); and the load 
applied to a headform positioned on a test device in the corresponding 
front outboard seat must not exceed 222 Newtons. Vehicles with a gross 
vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 2,722 kg (6,000 lb) or less must 
withstand a test force of up to 3 times the vehicle's unloaded weight. 
For vehicles with a GVWR greater than 2,722 kg (6,000 lb) and up to 
4,536 kg (10,000 lb), the test force is up to 1.5 times the vehicle's 
unloaded wight. The standard applies, with some exceptions, to 
passenger cars, trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and buses 
other than school buses.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ This upgraded roof crush standard was adopted May 12, 2009 
(74 FR 22348).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The standard provides an alternative compliance option for vehicles 
built in two or more stages (other than vehicles built using a chassis 
cab) and vehicles with a GVWR greater than 2,722 kg (6,000 lb) with an 
altered roof.\4\ Manufacturers of these vehicles may certify to the 
roof crush requirements of FMVSS No. 220, ``School bus rollover 
protection,'' instead of the upgraded roof crush requirements in FMVSS 
No. 216a. (The FMVSS No. 220 requirements are explained below.) Vehicle 
modifiers,\5\ however, are (prior to this final rule) prohibited from 
making any vehicle modifications to vehicles meeting FMVSS No. 216a--
such as raising the vehicle roof--unless the vehicle continues to 
comply with FMVSS No. 216a, due to the make inoperative prohibition. 
Part 595 does not, prior to today's final rule, provide an exemption 
from FMVSS No. 216a for modifiers that raise the roof on vehicles to 
accommodate people with disabilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ S3.1(b).
    \5\ The term ``vehicle modifier'' refers to entities that make 
changes to a vehicle after the first purchase other than for resale. 
The terms ``alterer'' and ``multistage manufacturer'' refer to 
entities that makes changes to vehicles prior to the vehicle being 
sold to the end user (i.e., prior to first purchase other than for 
resale). See 49 CFR parts 567 and 568.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. NMEDA Petition for Rulemaking

    NMEDA requested that NHTSA amend 49 CFR part 595 to provide an 
exemption from FMVSS No. 216a for

[[Page 14408]]

modifiers that raise the vehicle roof to meet the special needs of 
occupants with disabilities. NMEDA requested that such modifications be 
permitted as long as the vehicle is not made inoperative with the 
requirements of FMVSS No. 220.
    NMEDA explained that (presumably prior to the effective date of 
FMVSS No. 216a), raising the roof of a vehicle was an everyday 
manufacturing operation for hundreds of NMEDA members, most of which 
are modifiers of vehicles with a GVWR greater than 2,722 kg (6,000 lb), 
but not greater than 4,536 kg (10,000 lb). NMEDA explained that there 
is a need for modifiers to raise the roofs of vehicles after first sale 
to meet the mobility needs of consumers with disabilities. In many 
cases, a consumer will purchase a vehicle, usually over 2,722 kg (6,000 
lb) GVWR and then approach a modifier to have a roof raised. Generally, 
customers ask to raise the roof 305 to 356 mm (12 to 14 inches) to suit 
their particular needs. In other cases, a public agency or independent 
transportation company will purchase a vehicle to have the roof raised 
to provide public transportation for persons needing accommodation.
    NMEDA further argued that FMVSS No. 216a and the make inoperative 
prohibition make it impossible for such modifiers to raise the roof and 
ensure continued compliance with FMVSS No. 216a. It explained that, 
prior to the upgrade to FMVSS No. 216a, NMEDA had tested and provided 
consortium test and installation instruction to its members for a 
tubular structure, or roll cage, to comply with the requirements in 
FMVSS No. 220. Petitioner conducted this testing mainly because it 
believed that FMVSS No. 220 is a comparatively simpler test and the 
roll cage is less expensive to install. NMEDA indicated, however, that 
the modification procedure it developed is no longer performed; it 
would violate the make inoperative prohibition because it was intended 
to ensure compliance with FMVSS No. 220, not with FMVSS No. 216a. NMEDA 
also stated that it is not practical for it to design a FMVSS No. 216a-
compliant roof to fit the various makes and models of vehicles that 
would be modified. The petitioner further explained that, while 
modifiers would have difficultly ensuring a modified roof continues to 
meet FMVSS No. 216a, they would be able to ensure that it meets FMVSS 
No. 220.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ NMEDA also appeared to suggest that while roof suppliers 
could (in theory) design, build, and provide vehicle modifiers with 
roofs capable of meeting FMVSS No. 216a, this is not likely to 
happen because the business of its members alone is not sufficient 
incentive for a roof supplier to design and certify a roof that 
meets FMVSS No. 216a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. NPRM

    NHTSA granted NMEDA's petition and, on March 11, 2016, published an 
NPRM (81 FR 12852) proposing to amend part 595 to add an exemption to 
the upgraded roof strength requirements of FMVSS No. 216a. We proposed 
to condition this exemption on the installation of a roof meeting the 
performance requirements of FMVSS No. 220.
    In the NPRM we stated that we tentatively agreed with the 
petitioner that there may be a need to accommodate persons with special 
mobility needs by raising the vehicle roof and that FMVSS No. 216a 
essentially prevents vehicle modifiers from doing so. Prior to the 
promulgation of FMVSS No. 216a, the vast majority of the vehicles being 
modified for this purpose did not have to comply with any roof crush 
requirements because they were vehicles with a GVWR between 2,722 kg 
(6,000 lb) and 4,536 kg (10,000 lb), to which FMVSS No. 216 (the pre-
upgrade standard) did not apply. Thus, prior to the 2009 upgrade, 
modifiers could replace the roof on such vehicles without violating the 
make inoperative prohibition.
    We explained that, while such vehicles now have requirements under 
FMVSS No. 216a, the need to accommodate persons with disabilities 
remains. A raised roof makes it easier for someone to enter the vehicle 
seated in a wheelchair or for a personal care attendant to tend to them 
or walk in and out of the entrance. Doors may be raised in conjunction 
with a roof to enable a person in a wheelchair to enter without having 
to bend over or have a personal care attendant tilt the wheelchair 
back. Larger wheelchairs or motorized wheelchairs may also require 
modifications to the roof height to improve ingress and egress of the 
occupant. These modifications to the roof could take the vehicle out of 
compliance with the requirements of FMVSS No. 216a.
    Accordingly, we tentatively agreed with NMEDA that there is a need 
to provide an exemption in part 595 for modifications that involve 
raising the vehicle roof to accommodate persons with special mobility 
needs. We also tentatively agreed with NMEDA's suggestion that FMVSS 
No. 220 is a reasonable alternative to ensure a minimum level of roof 
strength to protect the occupants of vehicles modified in this manner.
    Similar to the rationale we expressed in the 2009 final rule (74 FR 
22348, May 12, 2009) for allowing alterers and multistage manufacturers 
the option of certifying to FMVSS No. 220 instead of FMVSS No. 216a, we 
explained that there are technical problems involved with ensuring that 
a vehicle that has its roof raised continues to meet the requirements 
of FMVSS No. 216a. For example, if a van is altered by replacing the 
roof with a taller roof surface and structure, this would change the 
location of the FMVSS No. 216a test plate with respect to the original 
roof surface and structure. If a vehicle was modified and the roof was 
raised to the heights suggested by NMEDA (305 to 356 mm), the 127 mm of 
test device travel specified in the requirements would likely be 
exceeded prior to the test device engaging the original vehicle's roof 
structure in the FMVSS No. 216a test. We further stated that it would 
be difficult for modifiers (generally small businesses) to raise the 
roof of a vehicle to these types of heights and ensure that the vehicle 
remains compliant with FMVSS No. 216a, given the small volume, variety 
of roof heights needed to accommodate different disabilities, and 
variety of vehicle models.
    We further stated our tentative belief that providing modifiers an 
exemption from FMVSS No. 216a, as long as the modified vehicle meets 
FMVSS No. 220, strikes an appropriate balance between the need to 
modify these vehicles to accommodate persons with disabilities and the 
need to ensure that vehicle roofs are sufficiently strong. Providing 
the qualified exemption would enable modifiers to use a whole raised 
roof that is designed to be installed on the vehicle. Further, such a 
raised roof could be applied to vehicles of varying height and would 
still be able to absorb the load of the test plate in the FMVSS No. 220 
test. As NMEDA stated, such a roof structure has been designed and is 
available to modifiers.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ NMEDA developed raised roof manufacturing guidelines which 
provide their members with roof structure designs and installation 
considerations such that the modified vehicle would meet the minimum 
load requirements in FMVSS No. 220. See NMEDA, Raised Roof 
Manufacturing Guidelines--Ford E series GM/Chevrolet Savana/Express 
Model years 2008-2009-2010, Revision 2, January 19, 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also explained that we believed the requirements of FMVSS No. 
220 offer a reasonable avenue for increasing safety in rollover 
crashes. We noted that, at the time of the 2009 upgrade, several states 
required ``para-transit'' vans and other buses, which are typically 
manufactured in multiple

[[Page 14409]]

stages, to comply with the roof crush requirements of FMVSS No. 220. 
Further, we noted that our crash data showed that FMVSS No. 220 has 
been effective for protecting school buses during rollover crashes. We 
also stated that we believed the strength requirements for FMVSS Nos. 
216a and 220 are comparable. FMVSS No. 216a requires the roof on 
vehicles with a GVWR greater than 2,722 kg (6,000 lb) to withstand a 
force of 1.5 times the vehicle's unloaded weight, applied sequentially 
to the front corners of the roof by an angled plate. The roof must 
withstand the force such that it does not crush to the point of 
allowing the lower surface of the test plate to travel more than 127 
millimeters,\8\ and the load applied to a headform located at the 
corresponding front outboard seating position does not exceed 222 
Newtons.\9\ The FMVSS No. 220 test uses a single horizontal plate over 
the whole roof of the vehicle to apply a load to the vehicle's roof. 
That standard requires the roof to withstand a force of 1.5 times the 
vehicle's unloaded weight prior to 130 mm of plate travel.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ S5.1(a).
    \9\ S5.1(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Comments on the NPRM

    The agency received one comment to the NPRM from an individual who 
supported the proposal.

e. Agency Decision

    NHTSA has decided to finalize the proposal and add an exemption 
from FMVSS No. 216a to part 595 for the reasons provided in the NPRM. 
We recognize the concerns raised by NMEDA regarding continued mobility 
for people with disabilities and have concluded that its request to 
allow modifiers the option of meeting the performance requirements of 
FMVSS No. 220 is reasonable. The agency continues to believe the 
requirements of FMVSS No. 220 have been effective for school buses, and 
these requirements are permitted as a compliance option in FMVSS No. 
216a for alterers and multistage manufacturers who complete or add 
raised roofs to vehicles prior to first retail sale. In the context of 
the NMEDA's petition and its development of raised roof manufacturing 
guidelines for its members, we believe FMVSS No. 220 appropriately 
balances safety and practicability.
    We note that in the 2009 roof crush upgrade rulemaking (in the 
context of the decision to specify FMVSS No. 220 as an alternative 
compliance option for certain multistage manufacturers and alterers), 
we expressed some concern that, while the requirements in FMVSS No. 220 
have been effective for school buses, they might not be as effective 
for other vehicle types (e.g., light vehicles) as FMVSS No. 216a 
because that test results in roof deformations that are consistent with 
the crush patterns in the real world for light vehicles. However, at 
the same time we acknowledged that requiring multistage manufacturers 
and alterers to meet FMVSS No. 216a would fail to consider the 
practicability problems and special issues those entities face. In 
those circumstances, NHTSA believed that the requirements of FMVSS No. 
220 offered a reasonable balance between practicability and safety.
    Similarly, while we believe that ensuring light vehicles' 
compliance with FMVSS No. 220 may not provide the same high level of 
safety as ensuring compliance with FMVSS No. 216a, we also believe that 
FMVSS No. 220 offers a reasonable avenue to balance the need to modify 
vehicles to accommodate persons with a disability and the need to 
increase safety in rollover crashes. We do encourage modifiers only to 
raise or alter the roof when there are no other options. For this 
reason, we encourage modifiers to contact the respective manufacturer 
or seek advice from groups like NMEDA to address questions or concerns 
related to the modification(s) that may compromise a safety system. It 
is the agency's position that a modification that deactivates any 
safety system or takes a vehicle out of compliance from any FMVSS that 
is exempted in part 595 should be pursued only when all other options 
have been reasonably exhausted given the circumstances.
    Therefore, for the reasons provided here and in the NPRM, we are 
amending 49 CFR 595.7(c) to exempt vehicle modifications in which the 
roof is raised so long as the modified vehicle meets the roof crush 
requirements of FMVSS No. 220. We note that the final regulatory text 
incorporates some technical changes to the proposed regulatory text. 
The final regulatory text clarifies that the exemption only applies to 
modifications involving a raised roof. The final regulatory text also 
makes clear that the exemption applies to the entirety of FMVSS No. 
216a, not just S5.2(b).

IV. FMVSS No. 111 (Rear Visibility)

a. The Standard

    FMVSS No. 111 requires light vehicles to be equipped with a backup 
rear visibility system that, among other things, displays an image of 
the area directly behind the vehicle. The standard requires that each 
passenger car must display a rearview image to the driver that meets 
the requirements of FMVSS No. 111 S5.5.1 through S5.5.7, and that each 
multipurpose passenger vehicle, low-speed vehicle, truck, bus, and 
school bus with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 lb) or less must meet the 
requirements of S6.2.1 through S6.2.7. It is NHTSA's understanding that 
all manufacturers comply with the rearview image requirements using a 
backup camera system (i.e., a rear-facing camera behind the vehicle 
that transmits a video image to a digital display in view of the 
driver).
    During the rulemaking that established the FMVSS No. 111 rear 
visibility requirements, the issue of temporary equipment obstructing a 
backup camera system's field of view was raised by a commenter. The 
commenter (the National Truck Equipment Association) noted that, 
because it was expected that manufacturers would meet the new rear 
visibility requirements with a backup camera system, it would be 
possible for the camera's field of view to be obstructed by the 
installation of certain types of temporarily-attached vehicle 
equipment, such as a salt or sand spreader, which can be temporarily 
mounted to the trailer hitch of a pickup truck. NHTSA responded to this 
comment in the final rule by stating that the rule was not intended to 
apply ``to trailers and other temporary equipment that can be installed 
by the vehicle owner.'' However, NHTSA did not address the question of 
whether the installation of such equipment would violate the make 
inoperative prohibition (49 U.S.C. 30122) if done by an entity subject 
to section 30122.

b. Bruno Petition for Rulemaking

    Bruno requested that NHTSA amend subpart C so that it would include 
paragraphs S5.5 and S6.2 of FMVSS No. 111. Bruno is a manufacturer of 
several products that allow a vehicle owner to transport unoccupied 
personal mobility devices (PMD) such as wheelchairs, powered 
wheelchairs, and powered scooters intended for use by vehicle occupants 
with mobility impairments. Bruno stated that there are two types of PMD 
transport devices that it manufactures. The first type is what the 
petitioner describes as a platform lift that can be attached to the 
exterior of the vehicle by means of a trailer hitch. This type of PMD 
transport device is fully supported by the trailer receiver hitch 
without ground contact. The second type of PMD transport device is 
supported in part by contact with the

[[Page 14410]]

ground. As such it is a ``trailer'' under NHTSA's definitions.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ 49 CFR 571.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Bruno stated that most backup cameras that are installed pursuant 
to FMVSS No. 111 are mounted at a low height along the horizontal 
centerline of the vehicle, often near the vehicle's rear license plate 
mounting. The placement of the backup camera in this location means 
that it may be obstructed by a rear-mounted PMD transport device, or by 
a PMD that is mounted onto the transport device. Since the PMD 
transport devices may obstruct the rear view from the vehicle's 
rearview video system, installation of the devices could arguably 
violate the ``make inoperative'' prohibition (49 U.S.C. 30122). Bruno 
stated that, to avoid potential uncertainty regarding the manufacture, 
sale or installation of both types of PMD transport devices it 
manufactures, it requests that subpart C be amended to cover the backup 
camera requirements (S5.5 and S6.2) of FMVSS No. 111.

c. SNPRM

    NHTSA granted Bruno's petition and proposed to add S5.5 and S6.2 of 
FMVSS No. 111 to the list of exemptions in part 595, subpart C, so that 
modifiers would know that NHTSA would not consider the temporary 
installation of a PMD transport device that blocks a vehicle's required 
backup camera to be a ``make inoperative'' violation. However, to 
maximize safety, we proposed to write the ``make inoperative'' 
exemption narrowly to apply only to the ``field of view'' and ``size'' 
requirements for backup cameras in FMVSS No. 111 (S5.5.1, S5.5.2, 
S6.2.1, and S6.2.2), and only to the temporary installation of a PMD 
transport device.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ We noted in the SNPRM that NHTSA issued an interpretation 
letter explicitly stating that NHTSA would not consider an owner 
installing a PMD transport device that obstructs the backup camera 
to be a ``make inoperative'' violation. Letter to Richard A. Keller, 
III (May 3, 2019), available at https://isearch.nhtsa.gov/files/571.111%20--%20Camera%20Obstruction%20--%20Keller%20--%2018-0661.htm. However, it is NHTSA's understanding that PMDs transport 
devices are generally installed by dealers and motor vehicle repair 
businesses that specialize in modifications to provide mobility 
solutions to people with physical disabilities, both of which are 
subject to the make inoperative prohibition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Comments on the SNPRM

    NHTSA received eight comments on the proposed expansion of part 595 
to the ``field of view'' and ``size'' requirements for backup cameras 
in FMVSS No. 111, all supportive of the proposal. These comments were 
from disability rights advocates, trade associations, individual 
commenters, and Bruno itself. The comments supported the proposed 
exemption due to the mobility benefits it would provide to persons who 
use PMDs. Commenters who discussed NHTSA's reasoning supported the 
agency's decision to draft the exemption narrowly, so that it would 
only apply to temporary (rather than permanent) disabling of the backup 
camera system, since doing so preserves the safety benefits of the 
backup camera system to the greatest extent possible.

e. Agency Decision

    NHTSA has balanced the safety benefits of the camera system for 
rear visibility with the enhanced mobility for people with disabilities 
that this exemption would enable. We are adopting the make inoperative 
exemption for the field of view and size requirements for backup 
cameras in FMVSS No. 111 (S5.5.1, S5.5.2, S6.2.1, and S6.2.2) but only 
for temporary situations. The modifications permitted under the 
exemption do not permanently affect the vehicle's design or structure 
and will not be available beyond the population of persons with 
disabilities who wish to have a covered entity install a PMD transport 
device on their vehicle. NHTSA believes, and the commenters agree, that 
this exemption allowing only a temporary disabling of the backup camera 
system is narrowly focused and maintains the safety provided by the 
backup camera system in most circumstances, while recognizing the needs 
of persons with disabilities to transport PMDs.
    We also emphasize that, while this final rule's exemption permits a 
temporary disengagement of the field of view and size requirements, we 
believe that modifiers should consider whether there are supplemental 
backup cameras that could be used with the PMD conveyances so that rear 
visibility could be maintained. We are not requiring the installation 
of such a system because the cost and complexity of wiring such a 
system into a vehicle could be significant enough to prevent some 
persons with disabilities from being able to install a PMD transport 
device.\12\ Installing such a system could also affect the compliance 
of the original backup camera system that drivers would resume relying 
on once a temporarily installed PMD transport device is removed. 
Nonetheless, NHTSA encourages modifiers to consider the feasibility of 
a supplemental backup camera to offset the blockage of the original 
equipment rear visibility system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ This point was raised by Bruno in its comment, where Bruno 
states that requiring that a vehicle remain compliant with FMVSS No. 
111 could significantly increase the cost of PMD transport devices, 
by as much as 25%-30%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. FMVSS No. 208 (Occupant Crash Protection)

a. FAST Act

    The Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), Public 
Law 114-94 (December 4, 2015), made rental companies subject to the 
``make inoperative'' prohibition. The FAST Act also defined terms 
related to rental companies. For example, a ``rental company'' is 
defined as a person who is engaged in the business of renting covered 
rental vehicles and uses for rental purposes a motor vehicle fleet of 
35 or more covered rental vehicles, on average, during the calendar 
year. A ``covered rental vehicle'' is defined as a vehicle that meets 
three requirements: (1) It has a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less; (2) it 
is rented without a driver for an initial term of less than four 
months; and (3) it is part of a motor vehicle fleet of 35 or more motor 
vehicles that are used for rental purposes by a rental company.
    Thus, beginning in December 2015, rental companies, as the term is 
defined in the FAST Act, were subject to the make inoperative 
prohibition for the first time. One effect of this FAST Act provision 
was to subject rental companies to Sec.  30122 prohibitions for making 
inoperative systems installed to comply with the FMVSS--even if doing 
so to accommodate the installation of adaptive equipment for use by 
persons with disabilities, and even if the modification were only 
temporary.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Although the make inoperative prohibition does contain an 
exception for temporarily taking vehicles or equipment out of 
compliance, that limited exception only applies where the entity 
taking the vehicles out of compliance does not believe the vehicle 
or equipment will not be used when the device is inoperative. 
Obviously, a rental company would intend a rental vehicle that has a 
device or element temporarily ``made inoperative'' to accommodate a 
disability to be used while the device or element is inoperative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Enterprise Request for Interpretation

    In a letter dated August 12, 2019, Enterprise submitted a request 
for interpretation to NHTSA regarding the effect of the ``make 
inoperative'' prohibition on its obligations under the Americans with 
Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).\14\ Specifically, Enterprise asked 
whether the ``make inoperative'' prohibition applies to modifications 
by rental companies to temporarily disable knee bolster air bags to 
accommodate the installation of hand controls for drivers with physical 
disabilities.

[[Page 14411]]

Following receipt of the letter, NHTSA met with Enterprise to discuss 
its request further.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ A copy of this letter has been included in the docket 
number identified at the beginning of this document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its letter, Enterprise stated that, to provide service to 
customers with disabilities and ensure compliance with the ADA, rental 
companies install adaptive equipment, such as hand controls, upon 
request. Enterprise stated that, when installing adaptive equipment in 
a motor vehicle, ``equipment or features that were installed in 
compliance with NHTSA's safety standards may need to be modified. In 
these cases, the vehicle modification may render the affected equipment 
or features, as originally certified, `inoperative.' ''
    Enterprise specifically addressed safety concerns with installing 
hand controls in rental vehicles equipped with knee bolster air 
bags.\15\ Hand controls consist of a metal bar that connects to the 
accelerator and brake pedals of a vehicle to enable operation by a 
person unable to control the pedals with their feet. Knee bolster air 
bags are installed by manufacturers to prevent or reduce the severity 
of leg injuries and generally help control occupant kinematics in the 
event of a frontal collision. Since knee bolster air bags, like all air 
bags, deploy at high speeds with a great degree of force, installed 
hand controls in the path of knee bolster air bag deployment could 
break apart, propelling components of the hand control into the driver 
with great forces--which would create a serious safety risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Enterprise did not provide an example other than the 
situation posed by installation of hand controls and its effect on 
knee bolster air bags.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Enterprise stated that manufacturers of hand controls owned by 
Enterprise specify that a driver's side knee bolster air bag must be 
disabled (including removal in some instances) \16\ for safe operation 
of the hand controls, both because the presence of a knee bolster air 
bag may interfere with safe operation of the hand controls, and because 
the presence of hand controls would interfere with the air bag should 
it be deployed in the event of a crash.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ This document generally refers to the act of ``disabling'' 
the knee bolster air bag. For the purposes of the applicability of 
the ``make inoperative'' prohibition and exemption discussed in this 
document, the act of ``disabling'' the knee bolster air bag may also 
include removing the air bag. In other words, removal is one means 
of disabling the air bag.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Enterprise noted that 49 CFR part 595, subpart C, includes 
exemptions for certain entities from the make inoperative prohibition 
in certain circumstances to accommodate the modification of vehicles 
for persons with disabilities. However, as the subpart pre-dated the 
FAST Act, the subpart does not include rental companies within the 
entities who could use those exemptions.
    Pertaining specifically to knee bolster air bags, Enterprise noted 
that they are not specifically required by FMVSS No. 208. However, 
Enterprise observed that vehicle manufacturers are increasingly making 
knee bolster air bags standard equipment on all models such that it is 
becoming difficult for Enterprise to purchase new vehicles that do not 
include knee bolster air bags. Further, Enterprise stated that vehicles 
with knee bolster air bags are not crash tested with the knee bolster 
air bags removed or disabled, meaning Enterprise cannot know whether 
disabling knee bolster air bags affects compliance with FMVSS No. 208.
    Enterprise concluded that, based upon its ADA obligations to 
provide hand controls for drivers requesting them and the increasing 
trend of knee bolster air bags being standard equipment, knee bolster 
air bags would have to be temporarily disabled on rental vehicles to 
continue to make vehicles available to rent by drivers with physical 
disabilities. Enterprise requested NHTSA's help in answering whether 
disabling the knee bolster air bag would constitute a violation of the 
make inoperative prohibition, and if it would, how Enterprise could 
provide hand controls to serve its customers.

c. SNPRM

    NHTSA decided to issue the SNPRM to address the problem raised by 
Enterprise. NHTSA explained that it did not have sufficient information 
to determine whether the knee bolster air bag is a part or element of 
design installed ``in compliance with an applicable motor vehicle 
safety standard,'' but noted that knee bolster air bags are installed 
to reduce femur loading, and FMVSS No. 208 does provide specific 
requirements for femur load.\17\ NHTSA determined that, as knee bolster 
air bags are already becoming standard equipment across much of the 
light duty fleet, this situation could result in rental companies 
facing the untenable position of being forced to either: (1) Retain a 
number of older vehicles in its fleet (without knee bolster air bags) 
and on its premises to rent to drivers requesting hand controls; (2) 
cease the rental of vehicles to drivers requesting hand controls; (3) 
disable the air bag and potentially violate section 30122; or (4) 
install hand controls on vehicles with knee bolster air bags and create 
serious safety risks for their customers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See 49 CFR 571.208, S15.3.5. NHTSA noted that it had made 
general inquiries with vehicle manufacturers through their trade 
association about whether knee bolster air bags are installed as 
part of an element of design installed in compliance with the motor 
vehicle safety standards, but their association did not provided 
information to resolve this question.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    None of these results was acceptable to NHTSA. The first action 
would prevent Enterprise from providing for rent newer vehicles, which 
include newer safety innovations, to drivers requiring the use of hand 
controls, which NHTSA deemed unacceptable because all drivers should be 
afforded the protections of new safety technologies. Further, the 
action would be impracticable given the inability to guarantee 
availability of sufficient vehicles at all relevant rental facilities. 
The second action was unacceptable as it would eliminate a critical 
service for people with disabilities and may be contrary to the ADA. 
The third action would potentially violate the Safety Act. The fourth 
option would create an unreasonable risk to the safety of rental 
customers with physical disabilities.
    NHTSA issued the December 2020 SNPRM after balancing NHTSA's 
primary interest in promoting motor vehicle safety with the interest 
(including the statutory interest implicit within the ADA) to provide 
access to mobility for persons with disabilities. NHTSA tentatively 
concluded that it should exercise its statutory authority to exempt 
rental companies from the make inoperative prohibition in certain 
circumstances, and with certain conditions, so that rental companies 
may rent vehicles to drivers requesting hand controls. The action would 
be consistent with NHTSA's decision to promulgate 49 CFR part 595, 
subpart C, to exempt motor vehicle repair businesses from the make 
inoperative prohibition to accommodate persons with disabilities. NHTSA 
proposed to add a new section to 49 CFR part 595 specifically for 
rental companies having to disable a knee bolster air bag to install 
hand controls.

d. Response to Comments

    NHTSA received 42 comments on the SNPRM. Twenty-one comments 
directly addressed the issue of the proposed make inoperative exemption 
for rental companies.\18\ All were generally

[[Page 14412]]

supportive of the rulemaking, with a few raising issues with specific 
aspects of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ A number of comments addressed broad issues not discussed 
in the rulemaking. For example, two anonymous commenters raised 
issues related to the safety of deaf drivers. An individual raised 
the issue of the availability of left foot drive rental cars. 
Another expressed a desire for vehicles that are accessible with 
ramps and low steps for people who are mobility impaired. An 
individual suggested that induction loops for car rentals be 
mandated so people with hearing loss can receive effective 
communication when they rent a car. An individual supported the 
rulemaking, but believed that additional steps should be taken such 
as adaptive equipment for deaf and the hard of hearing, and that 
people with disabilities should be able to rent a car for a 
spontaneous trip if they desire to do so without waiting for a 
modification to be completed. An anonymous commenter stated that 
more must be done because it costs five times more to rent an 
accessible vehicle than a generic vehicle. Another stated that NHTSA 
should work with automobile manufacturers to make modifications more 
financially accessible. These comments provided helpful information 
to NHTSA regarding issues related to accessibility. To the extent 
the comments are beyond the scope of this rulemaking, they are not 
further discussed in this document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To learn more about this area, NHTSA presented 11 questions in the 
SNPRM regarding the scope of an exemption to rental companies, and the 
logistics of granting those exemptions. In this section, NHTSA presents 
the questions, summarizes and responds to the comments, and indicates 
any changes made to the proposal in response to those comments.
1. Should rental companies be provided exemptions from the make 
inoperative prohibitions to make temporary vehicle modifications, 
permanent vehicle modifications, or both?
    The wording of the proposed regulatory text allowed only temporary 
modifications by rental companies that would include the duration of 
the rental agreement and a reasonable period before and after 
modification, to allow the rental company to make and reverse the 
modification, respectively. If the vehicle would be rented to a second 
person requiring the same modification immediately after the 
termination of the first rental agreement, a rental company would not 
be required to reverse the modification and then immediately modify the 
vehicle again.
    All commenters who addressed the issue supported allowing temporary 
modifications. Enterprise stated in its comment that it only 
anticipates making temporary modifications to vehicles. Enterprise 
stated that, while it was unlikely that the same vehicle would be 
rented to two people requiring the same modification consecutively, it 
supported the proposed allowance that, if a vehicle were to be rented 
to a second person requiring the same modification, the rental company 
would not be required to reverse the modification and then immediately 
modify the vehicle again.
    The Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA), National Automobile 
Dealers Association (NADA), and NMEDA supported only providing 
temporary modifications. The rental companies did not express a need 
for an exemption for permanent modifications. This final rule only 
pertains to temporary modifications by rental companies. Given that 
this rulemaking was initiated in response to a request for temporary 
relief from a rental company and that no information was provided on 
the need or merits of permanent modifications, NHTSA has determined 
that it is unnecessary for this rule to provide for permanent 
modifications. Accordingly, this final rule will only allow for 
temporary modifications to rental cars to accommodate customers with 
disabilities.
    The City of Los Angeles supported temporary modifications only for 
the driver's seating position, not the passenger's seating position. 
NHTSA focused on the position that would need the hand controls, which 
presumably was only the driver's seating position. The scope of the 
exemption will not cover modifications other than those necessary to 
install hand controls.
    An individual stated that the exemption should only be granted if 
it could be reasonably assured that the modification is an appropriate 
type for a person's specific disability, the equipment was manufactured 
and tested according to applicable standards, regulations, and 
guidelines, that all modifications are performed by factory trained and 
certified technicians, and that rental companies prohibit adding a 
second driver without a disability to the rental contract. NHTSA 
declines to adopt these suggestions. As to the first suggestion, NHTSA 
believes that requiring a rental company to verify a customer's need 
for a specific accommodation is more appropriately addressed by State 
and Federal civil and disability rights law. Second, the Safety Act 
already requires that all motor vehicle equipment comply with all 
applicable FMVSSs and that they be free of safety-related defects. 
Regarding the third suggestion, NHTSA declines to condition the 
availability of exemptions to accommodate persons with disabilities on 
the credentialing of technicians by third parties. (Nevertheless, NHTSA 
urges all rental companies modifying vehicles to follow manufacturer-
recommended practices related to the disabling of knee bolster air bags 
to ensure the safety of both their customers and the employees who 
modify vehicles.) Finally, NHTSA declines to adopt a rule prohibiting 
adding a second driver to the rental contract, as such a requirement 
appears overly restrictive at this time.
2. Should NHTSA provide a make inoperative exemption for other 
installations of adaptive equipment by rental companies?
    Commenters such as Enterprise, the American Car Rental Association 
(ACRA), PVA, the City of Los Angeles, and NMEDA suggested that NHTSA 
could grant similar exemptions for other accommodations. An individual 
expressed a concern with sitting too close to the air bags and 
suggested rental companies could disable air bags on a case-by-case 
basis with the customer acknowledging the risks of removing the air 
bag. NHTSA has not included any additional make inoperative exemptions 
in this final rule. If rental companies or others believe that further 
make inoperative exemptions are necessary, they may submit a petition 
for rulemaking.
3. If a temporary modification to install adaptive equipment causes the 
air bag malfunction telltale required by FMVSS No. 208 to illuminate, 
should the rental company be allowed to disable the telltale?
    In its conversations with NHTSA prior to the NPRM, Enterprise 
stated that its procedure for disabling the knee bolster air bag would 
involve the installation of a shunt within the electrical circuitry of 
the air bag system. NHTSA believed that the installation of such a 
shunt would allow the air bag system, upon its diagnostic check at the 
time the vehicle is started, to conclude that there is no malfunction 
within the air bag system. Accordingly, NHTSA was concerned about 
potential safety implications if, after the diagnostic check, the air 
bag malfunction telltale would not illuminate even though the knee 
bolster air bag was disabled. Conversely, the illumination of the air 
bag malfunction telltale where the knee bolster air bag is disabled 
also raises concern. If the air bag malfunction telltale is illuminated 
for the duration of the rental to a driver with a disability, that 
driver would not have the benefit of the telltale illuminating the 
event of any other malfunction within the air bag system, including 
malfunctions affecting air bags that are installed pursuant to FMVSS 
No. 208.
    Commenters were divided in their views. For example, Enterprise, 
ACRA, PVA, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, the City of Los 
Angeles, and NMEDA believed that the telltale should not illuminate 
when using the shunt so that it could alert the driver of some other 
air bag system malfunction. Enterprise and Terry Sturgis both noted 
that the driver would already be aware

[[Page 14413]]

of the disablement of the knee bolster air bag. In contrast, NADA and 
Eugene Blumkin supported illuminating the telltale when using the 
shunt.
    The arguments presented by the commenters largely echoed the 
competing safety interests that were discussed in the SNPRM. After 
considering the comments, NHTSA has decided either illumination status 
is acceptable. If the air bag malfunction telltale illuminates because 
of disabling the knee bolster air bag, it is correctly warning about a 
problem with the air bag system. A telltale that does not illuminate 
due to a shunt is also acceptable as a related outcome to this final 
rule's permitting the modification to the knee bolster air bag. 
Further, an unilluminated telltale may be able to notify the occupants 
of malfunctions with other air bags in the vehicle. In both situations, 
the telltale must be restored to operating status when the knee bolster 
air bag system is returned to its pre-rental state. NHTSA suggests that 
rental companies inform their customers what it means if the telltale 
is illuminated in the vehicle.
4. Would a hand control (or any other adaptive equipment typically 
installed by rental companies) interfere with devices or elements of 
designs installed in compliance with any other FMVSS?
    In response to this question, Enterprise stated its belief that the 
mere installation of adaptive equipment would not constitute a make 
inoperative violation. NADA did not address the legal question but 
stated its desire to limit the exemption to temporary hand control 
installation and knee bolster air bag deactivation. NMEDA suggested 
that some hand control designs may interfere with compliance with FMVSS 
No. 124, which pertains to accelerator control systems. However, NMEDA 
did not indicate what aspect of FMVSS No. 124 would be made inoperative 
by the installation of hand controls or whether such hand controls 
might be commonly used by rental companies.
    Having considered the issue and the comments received, the agency 
is focusing this final rule on the application of FMVSS No. 208 (the 
disablement of the knee bolster air bag for the installation of hand 
controls). NHTSA believes that the wording of the exemption 
sufficiently addresses all make inoperative issues caused by the 
installation of the hand controls.
5. Should rental companies need to request an exemption from NHTSA or 
should the exemption be provided automatically within the regulation?
    NHTSA tentatively concluded in the NPRM that rental companies 
should not have to seek an exemption from NHTSA prior to disabling the 
knee bolster air bags to install hand controls. Rather, NHTSA proposed 
to grant the exemption to rental companies conditionally on their 
compliance with the proposed amendments to 49 CFR part 595.
    All commenters who addressed this issue agreed that rental 
companies should not have to seek an exemption from NHTSA. In the 
SNPRM, NHTSA observed that a rental company may be required to make 
modifications quickly to provide accommodations when a customer 
requests a vehicle with hand controls. As a practical matter, NHTSA 
would not be able to evaluate and respond to requests for exemption 
quickly enough in situations where customers are waiting at the rental 
car counter. Accordingly, this final rule does not require that rental 
companies seek permission from NHTSA prior to making modifications to 
vehicles. This approach is consistent with other exemptions in Sec.  
595.7.
6. Should rental companies be required to notify NHTSA of modifications 
to vehicles?
    As provided in 49 CFR 595.6, a motor vehicle repair business that 
modifies a vehicle pursuant to part 595 must, not later than 30 days 
after it modifies a vehicle pursuant to the ``make inoperative'' 
exemption in part 595, identify itself to NHTSA. In the SNPRM, NHTSA 
tentatively concluded that a similar requirement is not warranted for 
rental companies. First, there are far fewer rental companies than 
there are motor vehicle repair businesses, such that NHTSA is aware of 
the existence of large rental companies. Second, the modifier 
information furnished to NHTSA under 49 CFR 595.6 is used, in part, to 
populate a database available to the public of entities that perform 
modifications to motor vehicles to accommodate persons with 
disabilities.\19\ Regarding rental companies, they are modifying 
vehicles to accommodate customers with physical disabilities as part of 
their business operations, and as part of their efforts to comply with 
the ADA. Thus, a list of rental companies able to modify vehicles 
pursuant to 49 CFR part 595 would likely be a list of all rental 
companies. Such a list would be of limited utility to the public and 
would impose a paperwork burden on all rental companies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ This list of entities is not intended as an endorsement of 
any entity but is solely provided for informational purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Enterprise, the City of Los Angeles and NMEDA supported not 
requiring rental companies to identify themselves to NHTSA or notify 
NHTSA when making a vehicle modification. Conversely, an individual and 
NADA asserted that rental companies should have to identify themselves 
to NHTSA prior to making modifications pursuant to this make 
inoperative exemption. NMEDA suggested that NHTSA consider requiring 
rental companies to submit annual reports of modifications and other 
information pertinent to modifications such as the location, number of 
installations, types of controls installed, serial number, make/model 
of vehicles modified, and reports of any incidents.
    NHTSA does not believe that the regular reporting of modifications 
made pursuant to the make inoperative exemption is needed. Safety-
related incidents may be reported to NHTSA by anyone via an internet 
portal at https://www.nhtsa.gov/report-a-safety-problem, or by 
contacting NHTSA's vehicle safety hotline. If NHTSA discovers a safety 
issue in the future that justifies regular reporting of vehicle 
modifications, NHTSA may consider a requirement in the future. However, 
at this time, NHTSA is not aware of any safety issue that would justify 
the burden and expense of regular reporting of vehicle modifications. 
Accordingly, NHTSA is not requiring any regular reporting to NHTSA of 
modifications.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ However, records of modifications that are kept by rental 
companies may be subject to disclosure to NHTSA in the context of a 
specific investigation or enforcement action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Should rental companies be required to notify customers that the air 
bag in the vehicle they rented is disengaged to accommodate the 
installation of adaptive equipment?
    The SNPRM proposed requiring that the rental company affix a 
temporary label, meant to remain affixed during the rental, indicating 
that the knee bolster air bag is disabled. This label would serve both 
to inform persons driving the vehicle of the status of the air bag and 
to remind the rental company to reactivate the air bag at the 
conclusion of the rental.
    Commenters were generally supportive of this proposed labeling 
requirement. Enterprise, NADA and others agreed that a temporary label 
was a practicable means of notifying the

[[Page 14414]]

driver that the vehicle has been modified. PVA, the City of Los 
Angeles, NMEDA, and Eugene Blumkin supported the requirement that 
rental companies notify customers that the knee bolster air bag has 
been disabled. Terry Sturgis suggested an inward facing windshield 
sticker or a tag on the key ring.
    NHTSA is adopting the requirement, but declines to specify a 
location for the label. NHTSA is concerned that some States may have 
laws preventing the placing of such a label on the windshield, hanging 
from a rearview mirror or in a similarly view-obstructing location. 
NHTSA believes a label on the key ring would not be sufficient to 
satisfy the requirement that the label must be in the vehicle's 
passenger compartment.
    In the SNPRM, NHTSA also proposed that renters of modified vehicles 
would have to be informed of the name and address of the rental company 
modifying the vehicle and again that the knee bolster air bag has been 
temporarily disabled. NHTSA believed that this notification could be 
accomplished simply by annotating the invoice or rental agreement at 
the rental counter, which would take a minimum amount of time, and that 
the costs to meet this requirement would be insignificant.
    NADA, PVA, the City of Los Angeles, NMEDA, and Eugene Blumkin 
supported the requirement of separately notifying the renter of the 
modification, for example, by providing information in the rental 
agreement. Terry Sturgis suggested that notification directly to the 
customer may not be necessary because they would likely know about the 
modification already, having requested it. Enterprise and ACRA opposed 
the separate notification in the rental agreement. Both commenters 
found the second notification to be unnecessary and not practical. Both 
indicated that rental companies did not have systems in place to append 
such notifications at the time of the execution of the rental 
agreement. In contrast to NHTSA's estimate that the burden of this 
notification would be minimal, Enterprise and ACRA suggested that 
implementing such a system could cause substantial expense. Further, 
the commenters noted that, in some cases, the customer does not execute 
a rental agreement at the time of rental. Instead, renters sign a 
master rental agreement and then, after placing a reservation, can 
choose an eligible vehicle and leave.
    NHTSA agrees with Enterprise, ACRA, and Terry Sturgis that this 
separate notification is unnecessary. The notification directly to the 
customer is duplicative of the notification that would be provided in 
the passenger compartment of the vehicle itself. Finally, NHTSA accepts 
that the annotation of rental agreements may be a greater burden than 
estimated in the SNPRM. Accordingly, this final rule does not include 
the requirement that a rental company provide a separate notification 
directly to the renter at the time the vehicle is rented.\21\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ It is unclear to us, however, how a master agreement would 
apply to when the customer is renting a vehicle that has been 
modified under the exemption. Prior to the customer arriving, the 
rental company would be required to modify a specific vehicle by 
disabling or removing the knee bolster air bag, installing hand 
controls and placing the consumer notification information in the 
passenger compartment. NHTSA believes that such a modified vehicle 
would be removed from any general circulation until the customer 
requesting the modification arrives to rent the vehicle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Should rental companies be required to retain records of vehicles 
modified pursuant to this ``make inoperative'' exemption. If so, what 
information and for how long?
    Motor vehicle repair businesses that permanently modify vehicles 
pursuant to the make inoperative exemption in 49 CFR part 595, subpart 
C, are required to retain, for five years, information provided to 
owners of vehicles that are modified. In the SNPRM, NHTSA proposed that 
this type of record retention should be required of rental companies as 
well. The information would facilitate enforcement by NHTSA in the 
event of potential violations of the terms of the make inoperative 
exemption, or if a safety problem arises in the vehicle at a later date 
that could possibly relate to the deactivation of the air bag. NHTSA 
stated that the costs associated with this record retention would be 
minimal since the record could be the rental agreement or invoice 
itself, which can be stored as part of their general record retention 
process, electronically or in paper format at their discretion.
    NADA and Eugene Blumkin agreed with NHTSA's proposal that rental 
companies be subject to similar record retention requirements applying 
to motor vehicle repair businesses. NADA suggested that rental 
companies should have to keep records for each vehicle modified, 
including vehicle identification information, dates when modifications 
were made, dates restored, and how and when the company disposed of the 
vehicle. NMEDA suggested that rental companies be subject to record 
retention requirements as to customer, equipment, vehicle, technician, 
installation, and inspection information. The Disability Rights 
Education and Defense Fund and the Consortium for Citizens with 
Disabilities Transportation Task Force supported a five-year 
recordkeeping requirement.
    Enterprise and ACRA suggested that rental companies may lack a 
system to provide and retain a copy of the notice that would be 
provided to renters. After reading Enterprise's and ACRA's comments, it 
was unclear to us whether they objected only to retaining the document 
proposed to be provided to the customer (but not adopted by this final 
rule), or whether Enterprise objected to the record retention 
requirement generally. NHTSA sought further clarification from 
Enterprise. In response, the commenter stated it could reasonably 
maintain records of a rental company location making the modification, 
the vehicle being modified, and the device or element of design that is 
made inoperative.
    After considering the comments, NHTSA has decided to require a 
record consisting of the following be retained: (1) The name and 
address of the company making the modifications; (2) clear 
identification of the vehicle being modified; and (3) identification of 
the devices of elements of design modified. Further, (4) the record 
must be retained for five years. (Because this final rule does not 
include the requirement that a rental company provide a copy of the 
notice placed in the passenger compartment to the customer at the time 
of execution of the rental agreement, there is no requirement in this 
final rule that such a document be retained.)
    However, this final rule does modify one of the above record 
requirements. There was some ambiguity in the proposal regarding 
whether modifications were required to be made by the rental company or 
whether rental companies may contract with a motor vehicle repair 
business to perform the modifications. NHTSA did not intend in the 
SNPRM to limit a rental company's ability to choose whether to use its 
own employees to perform the modification or to contract with a motor 
vehicle repair business to perform the modification. This final rule 
makes this explicit by replacing the proposed requirement that the 
retained record contain the name and physical address of the rental 
company making the modification with a requirement that the rental 
company retain the name and physical address of the rental company and 
any entity that performed or reversed the modification on behalf of the 
rental company. In the clarification of its comments, Enterprise stated 
that its internal recordkeeping systems could not keep track of work 
provided by third

[[Page 14415]]

parties. However, we believe that any invoices or any other record 
provided by such third parties to Enterprise or created by Enterprise 
(whether in paper or electronic form) can be reasonably maintained. To 
allow for the fact that relevant records may be created by more than 
one entity, NHTSA has changed the term ``document'' to the plural 
``documents'' in order to remove any implication that the information 
required to be retained must all be contained within a single document.
    As with the existing record retention requirement for motor vehicle 
repair businesses that permanently modify vehicles for people with 
disabilities, NHTSA is specifying a five-year recordkeeping 
requirement. In its clarification, Enterprise stated this its record 
retention policy requires records be retained for three years. We 
believe it is not unreasonable and would result in minimal added 
expense for records related to the rentals of modified vehicles be 
retained for five years. A five-year period better ensures that data 
will be available in case safety problems arise with the performance of 
the knee bolster air bags, hand controls, or related equipment in 
vehicles modified pursuant to this exemption. NHTSA is not requiring 
any regular reporting to the agency of modifications made pursuant to 
this exemption, so retaining the records for five years better 
guarantees the availability of data. A five-year period is also 
consistent with a similar requirement in part 595, subpart C, that has 
been workable.
    NHTSA considers the costs of the recordkeeping requirements in a 
section below discussing the Paperwork Reduction Act.
9. Should rental companies be required to notify subsequent renters 
and/or purchasers of rental vehicles that the vehicle was previously 
modified?
    In the SNPRM, NHTSA expressed its view that subsequent renters or 
purchasers of rental vehicles need not be notified of prior temporary 
modifications. Enterprise, ACRA, Terry Sturgis, and Eugene Blumkin 
agreed that rental companies should not be required to disclose prior 
temporary modifications that were reversed. In contrast, NADA suggested 
that rental companies should be required to notify purchasers of rental 
vehicles of prior modifications. NMEDA stated that notification to 
subsequent renters would be ethical, reasonable, and not overly 
burdensome. PVA suggested that subsequent purchasers may benefit from 
knowing that the vehicle could be modified to accommodate hand 
controls.
    NHTSA concludes there is not a sufficient need for a NHTSA 
requirement that rental companies be required to notify subsequent 
renters or purchasers of rental vehicles that have been modified 
pursuant to this make inoperative exemption. As noted by ACRA, the 
installation and removal of hand controls and disabling and reenabling 
of the knee bolster air bag typically have no permanent effect on the 
vehicle. NHTSA agrees these are straightforward processes that are 
unlikely to compromise the safety performance of the vehicle once the 
vehicle is restored.
    Further, NHTSA believes that State law may be better equipped to 
handle any general or specific retail disclosure obligations. Nothing 
in this rulemaking should be construed as affecting any notification 
obligation imposed by State or other Federal law. In response to PVA, 
NHTSA believes that it might make more sense if information that a 
vehicle is capable of being modified to accommodate hand controls were 
provided by the vehicle manufacturer rather than the rental company.
10. What procedures should NHTSA require of rental companies to ensure 
the knee bolster air bag will be reenabled when the rental vehicle is 
returned and the hand controls are disabled?
    The proposed make inoperative exemption would only apply for the 
period during which a covered rental vehicle is rented to a person with 
a disability and a reasonable period before and after the rental 
agreement in order to perform and subsequently reverse the modification 
to accommodate a driver with physical disabilities. However, the 
proposal did not include any specific requirements for rental companies 
for reversing modifications to rental vehicles. NHTSA requested 
comments on whether NHTSA should impose requirements related to 
reversing a vehicle modification and if so, what those requirements 
should be.
    ACRA stated that rental companies should have their own procedures 
for ensuring that the knee bolster air bag is replaced and reenabled. 
PVA and NADA agreed that rental companies should be required to 
reenable the knee bolster air bag, but did not suggest any specific 
procedure NHTSA could require to provide assurance that it would be 
done. An individual stated that rental companies should follow the 
procedures specified by vehicle and air bag manufacturers.
    This final rule does not adopt procedures for reversing the 
modifications. Each rental company will have protocols and business 
practices best suited to ensure the air bag is restored. NHTSA believes 
that the notification in the passenger compartment and the presence of 
hand controls should be sufficient to ensure that the rental company 
reinstalls and reenables the knee bolster air bag prior to renting the 
vehicle to another customer. Nothing in this rulemaking precludes the 
use of other cues such as a special key ring. However, NHTSA does not 
believe at this time that mandating secondary cues is necessary to 
achieve the required reenabling of the air bag.
11. To the extent car sharing companies (e.g., Zipcar) qualify as a 
``rental company'' under 49 U.S.C. 30102, would all aspects of this 
proposal be reasonably applied to ride sharing companies, or would 
procedural requirements need to be different for them?
    In the SNPRM, NHTSA stated that all aspects of this proposal would 
be equally applicable to a car sharing company that qualifies as a 
``rental company'' under the definition in 49 U.S.C. 30102. Commenters 
who addressed this issue, such as ACRA, the Disability Right Education 
and Defense Fund, the Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities 
Transportation Task Force, PVA, and Eugene Blumkin agreed that car 
sharing companies who met the definition of a ``rental company'' should 
be held to the same standard. Terry Sturgis stated that procedural 
requirements for ride sharing companies may need to be different, but 
provided no specific suggestions.
    NHTSA agrees with the commenters that car sharing companies who 
qualify as a ``rental company'' should be held to the same requirements 
as any other rental company. Having received no specific suggestion of 
any special procedural accommodations that might be required based on 
the process for car sharing, NHTSA is not providing any different 
accommodations for car sharing companies who may avail themselves of 
this make inoperative exemption.

e. Agency Decision

    For the reasons discussed above and in the NPRM, we are amending 
subpart C to permit rental car companies to make inoperative a knee 
bolster air bag, on a temporary basis, to permit the temporary 
installation of hand controls to accommodate persons with physical 
disabilities seeking to rent the vehicle. The exemption extends only 
for the period during which the covered rental vehicle is rented to the 
person with a

[[Page 14416]]

disability and must be reversed after the rental is over. The rental 
company must affix a label in the passenger compartment, in a visible 
location, informing the driver that the vehicle has had its knee 
bolster air bags temporarily disabled. Information about the 
modification must be kept by the rental company for five years. NHTSA 
has issued this final rule after balancing vehicle safety with the 
interest (including the statutory interest implicit within the ADA) to 
provide access to mobility for persons with disabilities.

VI. Effective Date

    As this final rule relieves the regulatory burdens on various 
entities and facilitates the mobility of persons with disabilities, the 
agency finds that there is good cause for an immediate effective date.

VII. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), E.O. 
13563, and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures

    We have considered the potential impact of this final rule under 
Executive Order 12866, Executive Order 13563, and DOT Order 2100.6A. 
This final rule is not significant and so was not reviewed by the 
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under E.O. 12866 and is not of 
special note to the Department under DOT Order 2100.6A. This rulemaking 
imposes no costs on the vehicle modification or car rental industry. If 
anything, there could be a cost savings due to the exemptions. NHTSA 
has qualitatively assessed the benefits and costs of the rule.
    FMVSS No. 216a: With respect to benefits, as noted above we believe 
that while ensuring compliance with FMVSS No. 220 may not provide the 
same level of safety as ensuring compliance with FMVSS No. 216a, we 
believe that, in light of the mobility needs of individuals with 
disabilities, in this particular case FMVSS No. 220 offers a reasonable 
avenue to balance the need to modify vehicles to accommodate persons 
with a disability and the need to increase safety in rollover crashes. 
We have made the exemption narrow and conditioned on maintaining the 
integrity of the roof. Further, this conditional exemption ensures a 
higher level of safety than prior to the roof crush upgrade, when FMVSS 
No. 216 did not apply to any vehicles over 6,000 lb.
    With respect to costs, prior to this final rule modifiers needed to 
ensure that a vehicle on which the roof had been raised continued to 
meet FMVSS No. 216a. The final rule requires that modifiers instead 
ensure that the modified vehicle meets FMVSS No. 220. Because the FMVSS 
No. 220 test is, as NMEDA argued in its petition, less complicated than 
the FMVSS No. 216a test (and NMEDA has provided its members with 
information and instructions on how to install an FMVSS No. 220-
compliant roll cage when raising a vehicle roof), the final rule will 
be less costly for modifiers to comply with than the current 
requirement.
    The roof crush resistance rule does not contain new reporting 
requirements or requests for information beyond what is already 
required by 49 CFR part 595, subpart C.
    FMVSS No. 111: Modifying a vehicle to install a trailer for PMD 
transport device not only increases business for entities making these 
modifications, but also increases consumer choices regarding the 
vehicles they can use to ride in. Because of this rule, a consumer may 
now ride in a vehicle that cannot fit a PMD because the PMD could be 
stowed on a carrier.
    Modifying a vehicle in a way that reduces the rear visibility of a 
backup camera by installing a trailer or carrying a PMD could reduce 
crash avoidance features of the vehicle when the vehicle is reversing. 
However, few vehicles would be potentially modified and the agency has 
made the exemption temporary and not permanent. We have made the 
exemption as narrow as possible to achieve the goal of increasing 
mobility of drivers and passengers with physical disabilities while 
maintaining a level of vehicle safety.
    The rear visibility rule does not contain new reporting 
requirements or requests for information beyond what is already 
required by 49 CFR part 595, subpart C.
    FMVSS No. 208: Rental companies choosing to deactivate knee bolster 
air bags to facilitate installation of hand controls will not incur 
costs beyond those of their own choosing. This rulemaking will have 
minor labeling and recordkeeping costs on rental companies that install 
temporary hand controls and disable the knee bolster air bag; the 
increased revenue due to increase rentals of vehicles modified with 
hand controls will likely offset the minor labeling and recordkeeping 
requirements.
    The labeling and recordkeeping costs are necessary to ensure that 
the renter knows the knee bolster air bag is nonfunctional and to 
assist in having the knee bolster air bag restored when the rental is 
over. The 5-year record retention requirement facilitates enforcement 
by NHTSA in the event of potential violations of the terms of the make 
inoperative exemption in this rule, and facilitates the investigation 
and identification of vehicles in the event a subsequent safety problem 
arises relative to the deactivation of the air bags. NHTSA believes 
that the costs associated with retaining this record are minimized 
since the record could be the rental invoice or agreement itself, which 
can be stored by rental companies in the same manner that they store 
their invoices, including electronically.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice 
of proposed rulemaking or final rule, it must prepare and make 
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small 
businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). 
The Small Business Administration's regulations at 13 CFR part 121 
define a small business, in part, as a business entity ``which operates 
primarily within the United States.'' (13 CFR 121.105(a)). No 
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency 
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide a statement of 
the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    NHTSA has considered the effects of this rule under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act. I certify that this rule will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    FMVSS No. 216a: Most dealerships and repair businesses are 
considered small entities, and some proportion of these modify vehicles 
to accommodate individuals with disabilities. However, NHTSA expects 
that the number of such modifications that are made every year is not 
so large as to involve a substantial number of small entities. We also 
note that it should be more practicable for modifiers to comply with 
the make inoperative provision after this final rule than in the 
absence of the final rule. Therefore, the impacts on any small 
businesses affected by this rulemaking will not be substantial.

[[Page 14417]]

    FMVSS No. 111: The entities installing the trailers and PMD 
transport devices could be small entities. However, the impacts on them 
are not expected to be significant. The exemption provides flexibility 
to these entities with minimal requirements (there are some labeling 
and recordkeeping requirements), but overall the agency does not 
believe there would be a large number of PMD transporters installed. 
Therefore, the impacts on any small businesses affected by this 
rulemaking would not be significant.
    FMVSS No. 208: A substantial number of rental companies could be 
small entities, but NHTSA does not believe the impacts on them will be 
significant. The exemption provides additional flexibility to install 
hand controls with minimal requirements (there are some labeling and 
recordkeeping requirements), but overall NHTSA does not believe there 
will be a large number of rental car transactions affected by this 
rulemaking. This final rule's impact on small businesses will not be 
significant.

Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

    NHTSA has examined this final rule pursuant to Executive Order 
13132 (64 FR 43255; Aug. 10, 1999) and concludes that no additional 
consultation with States, local governments, or their representatives 
is mandated beyond the rulemaking process. The agency has concluded 
that the rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to 
warrant consultation with State and local officials or the preparation 
of a federalism summary impact statement. The rule does not have 
``substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between 
the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.''
    NHTSA rules can have preemptive effect in two ways. First, the 
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act contains an express 
preemption provision stating that a State (or a political subdivision 
of a State) may prescribe or continue to enforce a standard that 
applies to an aspect of performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle 
equipment only if the standard is identical to the FMVSS governing the 
same aspect of performance. See 49 U.S.C. 30103(b)(1). This provision 
is not relevant because this final rule does not involve establishing, 
amending, or revoking a Federal motor vehicle safety standard. Second, 
the Supreme Court has recognized the possibility, in some instances, of 
implied preemption of State requirements imposed on motor vehicle 
manufacturers, including sanctions imposed by State tort law.
    NHTSA is aware of a State law that might be seen as differing from 
this rule.\22\ However, the agency does not see a preemption issue. 
This rule strikes a balance between safety and accessibility 
appropriate to NHTSA's make inoperative exemptions, 49 CFR part 595, 
subpart C. NHTSA has struck this balance by setting the performance 
requirements that must be met so as not to violate section 30122. 
States can decide if that balance speaks to their safety goals. The 
agency requested comments on any specific State law or action that 
would prohibit the disabling of a knee bolster air bag. No comments 
were received. In sum, NHTSA does not anticipate that this final rule 
will preempt any State law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See, e.g., N.J. Admin. 16:53-1.3(f) (``Roof modifications 
shall meet the requirements of the roof crush resistance standard 
set forth in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 216 (49 CFR 
571.216), incorporated herein by reference, as amended and 
supplemented.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Civil Justice Reform

    When promulgating a regulation, agencies are required under 
Executive Order 12988 to make every reasonable effort to ensure that 
the regulation, as appropriate: (1) Specifies in clear language the 
preemptive effect; (2) specifies in clear language the effect on 
existing Federal law or regulation, including all provisions repealed, 
circumscribed, displaced, impaired, or modified; (3) provides a clear 
legal standard for affected conduct rather than a general standard, 
while promoting simplification and burden reduction; (4) specifies in 
clear language the retroactive effect; (5) specifies whether 
administrative proceedings are to be required before parties may file 
suit in court; (6) explicitly or implicitly defines key terms; and (7) 
addresses other important issues affecting clarity and general 
draftsmanship of regulations.
    Pursuant to this order, NHTSA notes as follows. The preemptive 
effect of this rule is discussed above. NHTSA notes further that there 
is no requirement that individuals submit a petition for 
reconsideration or pursue other administrative proceeding before they 
may file suit in court.

National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Under the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 
(NTTAA) (Pub. L. 104-113), ``all Federal agencies and departments shall 
use technical standards that are developed or adopted by voluntary 
consensus standards bodies, using such technical standards as a means 
to carry out policy objectives or activities determined by the agencies 
and departments.'' Voluntary consensus standards are technical 
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling 
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by 
voluntary consensus standards bodies, such as the SAE International. 
The NTTAA directs us to provide Congress, through OMB, explanations 
when we decide not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus 
standards. No voluntary standards exist regarding this exemption for 
modification of vehicles to accommodate persons with disabilities.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires agencies to 
prepare a written assessment of the costs, benefits and other effects 
of proposed or final rules that include a Federal mandate likely to 
result in the expenditure by State, local or tribal governments, in the 
aggregate, or by the private sector, of more than $100 million annually 
(adjusted for inflation with base year of 1995). This final rule does 
not result in expenditures by State, local or tribal governments, in 
the aggregate, or by the private sector in excess of $100 million 
annually.

National Environmental Policy Act

    NHTSA has analyzed this rulemaking action for the purposes of the 
National Environmental Policy Act. The agency has determined that 
implementation of this action will not have any significant impact on 
the quality of the human environment.

Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    Under the PRA (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.), a Federal agency must 
receive approval from OMB before it collects certain information from 
the public and a person is not required to respond to a collection of 
information by a Federal agency unless the collection displays a valid 
OMB control number. This rulemaking creates new information collection 
requirements and is expected to increase the number of respondents 
under a previously approved Information Collection Request (ICR). The 
information collection requirements found in 49 CFR part 595, subpart 
C, were covered by a previously approved ICR that expired on August 31, 
2021, titled ``Exemption for the Make Inoperative Prohibition to 
Accommodate People with Disabilities'' (OMB Control No. 2127-0635). 
NHTSA has initiated the process of reinstating

[[Page 14418]]

the previously approved ICR in a request for comment published in the 
Federal Register on January 12, 2022 (87 FR 1829). To continue the 
process to request reinstatement of the previously approved information 
collection with modification to include the new reporting requirements 
for rental companies, NHTSA will be publishing a separate notice 
announcing that NHTSA is submitting the request to OMB for review 
approval, providing a 30-day comment period, and directing that 
comments be submitted to OMB.
    The aspects of this final rule pertaining to roof crush and rear 
visibility would not result in any additional information collection 
burdens beyond what is already required by subpart C. NHTSA expects 
that the vehicles modified under these new exemptions would already be 
modified under existing exemptions in subpart C.
    In the December 2020 SNPRM, NHTSA noted that the portion of this 
final rule pertaining to rental vehicles would include new reporting 
requirements or requests for information beyond what was already 
required by subpart C. The primary source of this recordkeeping burden 
was the proposed requirement that rental companies provide to a renter 
of a modified vehicle the information regarding the modifications and 
containing a copy of the label that must be placed in the vehicle. 
NHTSA presumed that this information would be included in the invoice 
provided to a renter and would result in an additional 1,333 burden-
hours expended annually by rental companies to comply. However, as 
discussed earlier in this document, NHTSA has not included in this 
final rule the requirement that rental companies provide renters with 
this information separately from the label that must be placed in the 
occupant compartment.
    The other information collection burden associated with the portion 
of the final rule pertaining to rental vehicles is the requirement that 
the rental company retain, for each applicable vehicle, a document 
listing the modifications made to the vehicle. In the December 2020 
SNPRM, NHTSA concluded that there was no additional cost or time burden 
associated with compliance with this requirement because NHTSA believed 
it was normal and customary in the ordinary course of business to 
prepare and retain such documents. NHTSA has made changes to this final 
rule to ensure that this is the case. First, NHTSA has not included the 
proposed requirement that the renter be provided with a copy of the 
label that must be placed in the vehicle in response to comments. 
Commenters such as Enterprise and ACRA identified this requirement as 
potentially burdensome and not something kept in the ordinary course of 
business. Second, NHTSA has clarified that third parties may modify 
vehicles in accordance with this exemption. The records or receipts 
provided by these third parties to rental companies may be sufficient 
to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements.
    Based on the foregoing, NHTSA believes that there will be no 
additional burdens beyond the ordinary course of business associated 
with collections of information subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act 
as part of this final rule.
    A discussion of the new information collection requirements will be 
included in the 30-day notice announcing NHTSA's submission to OMB of a 
request for reinstatement of its previously approved collection for 
part 595.

Plain Language

    Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write all rules in 
plain language. Application of the principles of plain language 
includes consideration of the following questions:
     Have we organized the material to suit the public's needs?
     Are the requirements in the rule clearly stated?
     Does the rule contain technical language or jargon that 
isn't clear?
     Would a different format (grouping and order of sections, 
use of headings, paragraphing) make the rule easier to understand?
     Would more (but shorter) sections be better?
    Could we improve clarity by adding tables, lists, or diagrams?
     What else could we do to make the rule easier to 
understand?
    If you have any responses to these questions, please send them to 
the NHTSA officials listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT 
section at the beginning of this document.

Regulation Identifier Number (RIN)

    The Department of Transportation assigns a regulation identifier 
number (RIN) to each regulatory action listed in the Unified Agenda of 
Federal Regulations. The Regulatory Information Service Center 
publishes the Unified Agenda in April and October of each year. You may 
use the RIN contained in the heading at the beginning of this document 
to find this action in the Unified Agenda.

Privacy Act

    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all submissions to 
any of our dockets by the name of the individual submitting the comment 
(or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf of an association, 
business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act 
Statement in the Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (65 FR 
19477-78).

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 595

    Motor vehicle safety, Motor vehicles.

    In consideration of the foregoing, NHTSA amends 49 CFR part 595 to 
read as follows:

PART 595--MAKE INOPERATIVE EXEMPTIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 595 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117, 30122 and 30166; 
delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.95.

0
2. Revise Sec.  595.3 to read as follows:

Sec.  595.3  Applicability.

    This part applies to dealers, motor vehicle repair businesses, and 
rental companies.

0
3. Revise Sec.  595.4 to read as follows:

Sec.  595.4  Definitions.

    Covered rental vehicle is defined as it is in 49 U.S.C. 30102(a).
    Dealer, defined in 49 U.S.C. 30102(a), is used in accordance with 
its statutory meaning.
    Motor vehicle repair business is defined as it is in 49 U.S.C. 
30122(a). This term includes businesses that receive compensation for 
servicing vehicles without malfunctioning or broken parts or systems by 
adding or removing features or components to or from those vehicles or 
otherwise customizing those vehicles.
    Rental company is defined as it is in 49 U.S.C. 30102(a).

0
4. Amend Sec.  595.7 by adding paragraphs (c)(18) and (19) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  595.7  Requirements for vehicle modifications to accommodate 
people with disabilities.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (18) 49 CFR 571.216a, in any case in which:
    (i) The disability necessitates raising the roof; and,
    (ii) The vehicle, after modification, meets 49 CFR 571.220.
    (19) S5.5.1, S5.5.2, S6.2.1, and S6.2.2 of 49 CFR 571.111, in any 
case in which a personal mobility device transporter is temporarily 
installed on a vehicle by way of a trailer hitch to carry a personal 
mobility device (e.g., a wheelchair,

[[Page 14419]]

powered wheelchair, or powered scooter) used by a driver or a passenger 
with a disability.
* * * * *

0
5. Add Sec.  595.8 to read as follows:

Sec.  595.8  Modifications by rental companies.

    (a) A rental company that modifies a motor vehicle temporarily in 
order to rent a covered rental vehicle to a person with a disability to 
operate, or ride as a passenger in, the motor vehicle is exempted from 
the ``make inoperative'' prohibition in 49 U.S.C. 30122 to the extent 
that those modifications make inoperative any part of a device or 
element of design installed on or in the motor vehicle in compliance 
with the Federal motor vehicle safety standards or portions thereof 
specified in paragraph (d) of this section. Modifications that would 
make inoperative devices or elements of design installed in compliance 
with any other Federal motor vehicle safety standards, or portions 
thereof, are not covered by the exemption in this paragraph (a).
    (b) The exemption described in paragraph (a) of this section 
extends only for the period during which the covered rental vehicle is 
rented to a person with a disability and a reasonable period before and 
after the rental agreement in order to perform and reverse the 
modification described in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (c) Any rental company that temporarily modifies a motor vehicle to 
enable a person with a disability to operate, or ride as a passenger 
in, the motor vehicle in such a manner as to make inoperative any part 
of a device or element of design installed on or in the motor vehicle 
in compliance with a Federal motor vehicle safety standard or portion 
thereof specified in paragraph (d) of this section must affix to the 
motor vehicle a label of the type and in the manner described in 
paragraph (e) of this section and must retain documents of the type and 
in the manner described in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (d)(1) 49 CFR 571.208, in the case of the disablement of a knee 
bolster air bag to allow the installation of hand controls.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (e) The label required by paragraph (c) of this section shall:
    (1) Be affixed within the passenger compartment of the vehicle;
    (2) Be affixed in a location visible to the driver in a manner that 
does not obstruct the driver's view while operating the vehicle;
    (3) Contain the statement ``WARNING--To accommodate installation of 
hand controls, this rental vehicle has had its knee bolster air bag 
temporarily disabled;'' and,
    (4) Be removed when the modifications described in paragraph (d) of 
this section are reversed.
    (f) The retained documents required by paragraph (c) of this 
section shall:
    (1) Contain the name and physical address of the rental company and 
any entity making or reversing the temporary modifications on behalf of 
the rental company;
    (2) Be kept in original or photocopied paper form, or retained 
electronically, by the rental company for a period of not less than 
five years after the conclusion of the rental agreement for which the 
modification is made;
    (3) Be clearly identifiable as to the vehicle that has been 
modified; and
    (4) Identify the devices or elements of design installed on or in a 
motor vehicle in compliance with a Federal motor vehicle safety 
standard made inoperative by the rental company.

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117, 30122 and 30166; 
delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.95.

Steven S. Cliff,
Deputy Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2022-05293 Filed 3-14-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-59-P