Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0049-0149
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-03-19T05:00Z

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(
DRAFT)
­
Taxonomy
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
TAXONOMY
NAME
­
anchovy,
northern
OTHER
COMMON
NAMES
­
northern
anchovy
and
anchovy
ELEMENT
CODE
­

CATEGORY
­
Fish
PHYLUM
AND
SUBPHYLUM
­
Chordata,

CLASS
AND
SUBCLASS
­
Osteichthyes,

ORDER
AND
SUBORDER
­
Clupeiformes,

FAMILY
AND
SUBFAMILY
­
Engraulidae,

GENUS
AND
SUBGENUS
­
Engraulis,

SPECIES
AND
SSP
­
mordax,

SCIENTIFIC
NAME
­
Engraulis
mordax
AUTHORITY
­
Girard
TAXONOMY
REFERENCES
­
118
and
190
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Taxonomy
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Status
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
STATUS
Coded
Status
Commercial
Commercial/
consumption
Commercial/
bait
Existing,
FMP
exists
Commercial/
industrial
REFERENCES
FOR
STATUS
­
118
COMMENTS
ON
STATUS
­
The
largest
catches
at
present
are
taken
by
the
commercial
fleet
which
fishes
for
reduction
purposes.
Reliable
records
of
commercial
landings
of
northern
anchovies,
used
for
human
consumption,
dead
bait,
feeding
in
fish
hatcheries
and
mink
farms,
and
reduction
to
oil
and
meal,
date
from
1916.
During
the
earlier
years
of
the
fishery,
annual
landings
averaged
only
458
tons.
Most
of
the
catch
from
1916
through
1921
was
for
reduction
to
oil
and
meal.
In
1919
a
law
was
passed
prohibiting
the
reduction
of
whole
fish
except
under
permit.
By
1921,
this
law
had
reduced
anchovy
landings
to
an
average
of
150
tons
for
the
next
17
years.
During
the
period
1939­
1946,
landings
averaged
1,319
tons.
Scarcity
of
the
Pacific
sardine,
Sardinops
sagax
caeruleus,
caused
processors
to
begin
canning
anchovies
in
quantity
in
1946;
and
in
1947,
the
catch
increased
to
8,591
tons
with
landings
exceeding
canning
needs
and
the
excess
deliveries
being
diverted
to
reduction
plants.
In
order
to
lower
the
quantity
of
anchovies
being
reduced,
The
California
Game
and
Fish
Commission
required
each
processor
to
place
a
large
proportion
of
each
ton
of
anchovies
in
cans
(
40­
60%
depending
on
can
size).
Anchovy
canning
declined
with
the
temporary
resurgence
of
the
sardine
population
through
1951.
With
the
collapse
of
the
sardine
fishery
in
1952,
anchovy
landings
again
increased
to
38,935
tons
in
1953.
Due
to
economic
conditions,
presumably
low
consumer
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acceptance
of
canned
anchovies,
and
an
upsurge
of
sardine
in
1958,
landings
declined
to
18,392
tons
in
1957
and
5,263
tons
in
1958.
Landings
remained
below
4500
tons
through
1965.
In
November
1965,
the
California
Fish
and
Game
Commission
authorized
a
68,040
metric
ton
anchovy
harvest
for
reduction.
The
1978­
79
season
was
the
first
under
management
of
the
Pacific
Fishery
Management
Council
(
PFMC)
Anchovy
Plan.
The
live­
bait
industry
consists
of
the
harvest,
maintenance,
and
sale
of
small,
live
marine
fish
to
anglers
for
use
as
bait
and/
or
chum.
As
the
sport
fishing
industry
grew,
the
demand
for
live­
bait
also
increased,
causing
a
greater
degree
of
specialization
in
boats
and
nets,
and
in
the
methods
of
locating
and
distributing
the
live­
bait.
Shortly
after
WWII,
the
demands
for
live­
bait
became
sufficient
to
support
a
fleet
engaged
solely
to
supply
bait.
This
fishery
is
important
today
because
prized
sport
fishes
usually
prefer
live­
bait
to
any
other
offering
*
118*.

Status
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Distribution
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
DISTRIBUTION
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Distribution
­
1
HABITAT
ASSOCIATIONS
NATIONAL
WETLAND
INVENTORY
CODES
NWI
NWICLS
NWIMOD
NWISPEC
Marine
OW0
V
1
Marine
OW0
V
1
Estuarine
FL.
V
1
Estuarine
FL.
V
1
REFERENCES
FOR
NWI
­
118
COMMENTS
ON
HABITAT
ASSOCIATIONS
­
The
northern
anchovy
is
an
epipelagic
species
although
it
has
been
observed
at
depths
of
300
m.
Adults
tend
to
remain
relatively
offshore.
Juveniles
are
often
found
close
inshore,
in
shallow
waters,
and
in
estuaries,
as
well
as
offshore.
Turbid
waters
with
high
densities
of
edible
fine
particulate
matter
make
harbor
waters
an
excellent
habitat
for
larvae
and
juveniles.
Favorable
larval
habitat
consists
of
dense
plankton
blooms
of
edible
and
nutritious
organisms
*
118*.

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Habitat
Associations
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Food
Habits
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
FOOD
HABITS
TROPHIC
LEVEL
­
OMNIVORE
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REFERENCES
FOR
TROPHIC
LEVEL
­
118
LIFESTAGE
FOOD
FOOD
PART
General
Crustaceans
Not
Specified
General
Microorganisms
Not
Specified
Important
Copepods
Not
Specified
Important
Microorganisms
Not
Specified
Adult
Copepods
Not
Specified
Adult
Crustaceans
Not
Specified
Adult
Detritus
­
Organic
Not
Specified
Adult
Clupeiformes
Egg/
Fetus
stage
Larva
Copepods
Egg/
Fetus
stage
REFERENCES
FOR
GENERAL
FOOD
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
IMPORTANT
FOOD
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
ADULT
FOOD
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
JUVENILE
FOOD
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
LARVAE
FOOD
­
118
COMMENTS
ON
FOOD
­
The
percentage
of
food
items
by
number
from
stomach
samples
has
been
estimated
as
crustaceans,
50.78%;
other
zooplankters,
35.76%;
phytoplankton,
10.99%;
and
foriegn
matter,
2.4%.
It
was
concluded
that
the
northern
anchovy
is
an
omnivorous
species
feeding
predominantly
on
zooplankters
and
to
a
lesser
extent
on
phytoplankton.
The
most
important
food
items
of
the
adults
are
copepods
and
euphausiids.
Anchovies
may
also
feed
on
amorphic
organic
material;
the
extent
of
this
behavior
may
be
underestimated
by
usual
stomach
contents
analyses.
In
relation
to
feeding
habits,
the
anchovy
is
diurnal,
feeding
mostly
during
the
day.
The
northern
anchovy
is
primarily
a
filter
feeder,
but
may
also
be
a
particulate
or
selective
feeder,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
available
food.
Experiments
have
shown
that
prey
organisms
less
than
1
mm
are
consumed
by
filter
feeding
and
organisms
a
few
millimeters
in
length
are
taken
by
particulate
biting.
When
presented
with
a
mixture
of
large
and
small
food
items,
anchovies
tend
to
adopt
the
feeding
mode
which
results
in
the
highest
caloric
intake.
A
significant
portion
of
eggs
spawned
by
anchovies
may
be
cannibalized.
Based
on
31
samples
of
10
or
more
fish,
they
concluded
that
17.2%
of
the
daily
egg
production
was
consumed.
Both
the
evidence
from
stomach
contents
and
from
theoretical
filter­
feeding
rates
were
examined,
and
it
was
concluded
that
cannibalism
is
an
important
mechanism
regulating
the
reproduction
of
anchovies.
Food
habits
of
anchovy
larvae
have
been
examined.
Copepod
eggs
and
nauplii
were
the
most
abundantly
consumed
food
items.
Unarmored
dinoflagellates
Food
Habits
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Food
Habits
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
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Date
27
AUG
96
may
also
be
an
important
food
source,
especially
for
first­
feeding
anchovy
larvae.
It
has
been
hypothesized
that
dense
local
concentrations
of
edible
food
items
are
required
for
successful
first­
feeding,
and
that
recruitment
strength
may
be
strongly
influenced
by
the
formation
and
destruction
of
these
habitats
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
ADULT
FOOD
­
The
percentage
of
food
items
by
number
from
stomach
samples
has
been
estimated
as
crustaceans,
50.78%;
other
zooplankters,
35.76%;
phytoplankton,
10.99%;
and
foriegn
matter,
2.4%.
It
was
concluded
that
the
northern
anchovy
is
an
omnivorous
species
feeding
predominantly
on
zooplankters
and
to
a
lesser
extent
on
phytoplankton.
The
most
important
food
items
of
the
adults
are
copepods
and
euphausiids.
Anchovies
may
also
feed
on
amorphic
organic
material;
the
extent
of
this
behavior
may
be
underestimated
by
usual
stomach
contents
analyses.
In
relation
to
feeding
habits,
the
anchovy
is
diurnal,
feeding
mostly
during
the
day.
The
northern
anchovy
is
primarily
a
filter
feeder,
but
may
also
be
a
particulate
or
selective
feeder,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
available
food.
Experiments
have
shown
that
prey
organisms
less
than
1
mm
are
consumed
by
filter
feeding
and
organisms
a
few
millimeters
in
length
are
taken
by
particulate
biting.
When
presented
with
a
mixture
of
large
and
small
food
items,
anchovies
tend
to
adopt
the
feeding
mode
which
results
in
the
highest
calotic
intake.
A
significant
portion
of
eggs
spawned
by
anchovies
may
be
cannibalized.
Based
on
31
samples
of
10
or
more
fish,
they
concluded
that
17.2%
of
the
daily
egg
production
was
consumed.
Both
the
evidence
from
stomach
contents
and
from
theoretical
filter­
feeding
rates
were
examined,
and
it
was
concluded
that
cannibalism
is
an
important
mechanism
regulating
the
reproduction
of
anchovies
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
LARVAE
FOOD
­
Food
habits
of
anchovy
larvae
have
been
examined.
Copepod
eggs
and
nauplii
were
the
most
abundantly
consumed
food
items.
Unarmored
dinoflagelllates
may
also
be
an
important
food
source,
especially
for
first­
feeding
anchovy
larvae.
It
has
been
hypothesized
that
dense
local
concentrations
of
edible
food
items
are
required
for
successful
first­
feeding,
and
that
recruitment
strength
may
be
strongly
influenced
by
the
formation
and
destruction
of
these
habitats
*
118*.

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Food
Habits
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
Environment
Associations
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
G
=
General
A
=
Adult
LIM
=
Limiting
RA
=
Resting
Adult
J
=
Juvenile
FA
=
Feeding
Adult
RJ
=
Resting
Juvenile
BA
=
Breeding
Adult
FJ
=
Feeding
Juvenile
P
=
Pupae
L
=
Larvae
E
=
Egg
RL
=
Resting
Larvae
FL
=
Feeding
Larvae
LIFESTAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
A
Water
Temperature:
Specified
in
Comments
LIM
Water
Temperature:
Specified
in
Comments
L
Water
Temperature:
Specified
in
Comments
G
Dissolved
Oxygen:
Specified
in
Comments
G
Turbidity:
Specified
in
Comments
L
Turbidity:
Specified
in
Comments
J
Turbidity:
Specified
in
Comments
L
Aquatic
Features:
Specified
in
Comments
E
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
specified
in
comments
L
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
specified
in
comments
J
Estuarine
habitat
zone:
specified
in
comments
G
Water
Depth
Preference:
Specified
in
Comments
G
Relation
to
Substrate:
Unattached
­
normally
free
living
REFERENCES
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
LIMITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
FEEDING
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
RESTING
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
BREEDING
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
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REFERENCES
FOR
FEEDING
JUVENILE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
RESTING
JUVENILE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
FEEDING
LARVAE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
RESTING
LARVAE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
REFERENCES
FOR
EGG
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
118
COMMENTS
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOCIATIONS
­
TEMPERATURE:
Adult
anchovies
have
been
regularly
observed
in
waters
ranging
from
12
to
20
deg
C
surface
temperature
in
southern
California.
There
is
some
evidence
that
anchovies
tend
to
avoid
high
surface
temperatures
by
remaining
deeper
in
the
water
column,
as
demonstrated
by
Environment
Associations
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Environment
Associations
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
the
anomalous
conditions
in
November
1976.
The
lower
lethal
temperature
for
adult
northern
anchovy
was
7
deg
C
in
laboratory
acclimation
tests.
DEPTH:
The
northern
anchovy
is
an
epipelagic
species
although
it
has
been
observed
at
depths
of
300
m.
HABITAT
ZONE:
Adult
northern
anchovies
tend
to
remain
relatively
offshore.
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN:
Oxygen
depletion
has
caused
occasional
fish
kills
at
Terminal
Island,
Los
Angeles.
In
1973­
74,
oxygen
depletion
due
to
dieoff
of
massive
dinoflagellate
blooms
caused
fish
kills
in
Fish
Harbor,
as
well
as
at
other
locations
in
coastal
waters.
TURBIDITY:
Anchovies
have
been
attracted
to
harbor
waters
when
the
Terminal
Island
Treatment
Plant
has
malfunctioned
and
released
high
BOD
floc
and
wastes,
and
when
dredging
created
high
levels
of
turbidity
and
resuspended
edible
particulates
and
microbiota
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
RESTING
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
TEMPERATURE:
Adult
anchovies
have
been
regularly
observed
in
waters
ranging
from
12
to
20
deg
C
surface
temperature
in
southern
California.
There
is
some
evidence
that
anchovies
tend
to
avoid
high
surface
temperatures
by
remaining
deeper
in
the
water
column,
as
demonstrated
by
the
anomalous
conditions
in
November
1976.
The
lower
lethal
temperature
for
adult
northern
anchovy
was
7
deg
C
in
laboratory
acclimation
tests.
DEPTH:
The
northern
anchovy
is
an
epipelagic
species
although
it
has
been
observed
at
depths
of
300
m.
HABITAT
ZONE:
Adult
northern
anchovies
tend
to
remain
relatively
offshore.
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN:
Oxygen
depletion
has
caused
occasional
fish
kills
at
Terminal
Island,
Los
Angeles.
In
1973­
74,
oxygen
depletion
due
to
dieoff
of
massive
dinoflagellate
blooms
caused
fish
kills
in
Fish
Harbor,
as
well
as
at
other
locations
in
coastal
waters.

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TURBIDITY:
Anchovies
have
been
attracted
to
harbor
waters
when
the
Terminal
Island
Treatment
Plant
has
malfunctioned
and
released
high
BOD
floc
and
wastes,
and
when
dredging
created
high
levels
of
turbidity
and
resuspended
edible
particulates
and
microbiota
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
FEEDING
ADULT
ENVIRONTAL
ASSOC_
­
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN:
Prior
to
regulatory
control,
oxygen
depletion
due
to
excessive
dumping
of
high
oxygen
demand
wastes
into
waters
with
reduced
circulation
caused
episodes
of
fish
kills,
but
such
areas
provided
attractive
food
supplies
preliminary
to
the
oxygen
depletion
events.
TURBIDITY:
Anchovies
have
been
attracted
to
harbor
waters
when
the
Terminal
Island
Treatment
Plant
has
malfunctioned
and
released
high
BOD
floc
and
wastes,
and
when
dredging
created
high
levels
of
turbidity
and
resuspended
edible
particulates
and
microbiota
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
BREEDING
ADULT
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
HABITAT
ZONE:
Heaviest
concentrations
of
spawning
fish
occur
inshore.
TEMPERATURE:
Spawning
usually
occurs
in
temperatures
between
12
and
15
deg
C,
which
are
typical
during
late
winter
*
118*.

Environment
Associations
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
Environment
Associations
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
COMMENTS
ON
RESTING
JUVENILE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
DEPTH:
Juvenile
northern
anchovies
are
often
found
in
shallow
waters,
as
well
as
offshore.
TURBIDITY:
Turbid
waters
with
high
densities
of
edible
fine
particulate
matter
apparently
made
harbor
waters
an
excellent
habitat
for
juvenile
anchovies
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
RESTING
LARVAE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
TEMPERATURE:
Temperatures
below
10
deg
C
were
lethal
to
developing
northern
anchovy
larvae.
TURBIDITY:
Turbid
waters
with
high
densities
of
edible
fine
particulate
matter
apparently
made
harbor
waters
an
excellent
habitat
for
larval
fishes.
HABITAT
FEATURES:
Favorable
larval
habitat
consists
of
dense
plankton
blooms
of
edible
and
nutritious
organisms
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
FEEDING
LARVAE
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
HABITAT
FEATURES:
Favorable
larval
habitat
consists
of
dense
plankton
blooms
of
edible
and
nutritious
organisms.
Some
organisms
of
the
proper
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size,
such
as
armored
dinoflagellates,
cannot
be
digested
by
the
anchovy
larvae.
These
plankton
blooms
characteristically
form
as
thin
layers
often
extending
over
large
geographic
areas
*
118*.

COMMENTS
ON
EGG
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSOC_
­
HABITAT
ZONE:
Anchovy
eggs
are
common
out
to
200
miles
offshore
and
have
been
taken
out
as
far
as
300
miles
in
some
years
*
118*.

Environment
Associations
­
3
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
LIFE
HISTORY
See
C.
Life.
Hist
for
detailed
life
history
account
LIFE
HISTORY
CODES
­
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
January
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
February
Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
March
Breeding
Spawning
Season:
April
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Breeding/
Spawning
Season:
May
Spawning
Site:
Standing
Water
Periodicity:
Active
in
day
COMMENTS
ON
LIFE
HISTORY
­
DISTRIBUTION
AND
MOVEMENT
PATTERNS:
The
population
of
northern
anchovy
is
distributed
from
the
Queen
Charlotte
Islands,
British
Columbia
to
Magdalena
Bay,
Baja
California.
The
central
subpopulation
ranges
from
approximately
San
Francisco,
California,
38
deg
N,
to
Pt.
Baja,
Baja
California
30
deg
N.
The
eggs
and
larvae
are
common
out
to
200
miles
offshore
and
have
been
taken
out
as
far
as
300
miles
some
years.
Based
on
the
relative
abundance
of
anchovy
larvae,
the
greatest
density
of
anchovies
is
in
the
inshore
regions.
The
seasonal
movement
patterns
of
the
northern
anchovy
in
northern
Baja
California
and
southern
California
are
not
well
defined.
The
information
is
based
on
CF&
G
acoustic
transect­
midwater
trawl
surveys
(
frequently
referred
to
as
the
sea
surveys)
for
the
period
June
1966
to
February
1973.
Anchovies
in
this
area
are
widely
distributed
from
shore
to
157
km
seaward.
The
greatest
concentrations
were
generally
within
37
km
of
shore
and
deep
water
basins.
The
more
distant
deep
water
basins
lying
37
km
to
111
km
offshore
collectively
contained
the
largest
portion
of
the
anchovy
population
in
this
region
with
small
but
very
numerous
schools
distributed
over
large
areas.
Relatively
small
amounts
of
fish
were
found
in
the
shallow
banks
and
inshore
waters.
School
groups
or
concentrations
rarely
exceeded
or
equaled
those
of
deeper
water.
However,
these
areas
may
be
more
important
than
results
indicated
since
acoustic
equipment,
particularly
sonar,
is
less
efficient
in
detecting
schools
in
shallow
water.
In
addition,
a
common
scattered
schooling
behavior
in
shallow
water
often
made
school
enumeration
difficult
or
impossible.
Anchovy
distribution
within
the
Southern
California
Bight
varied
considerably
both
seasonally
and
annually.
During
the
fall
months,
a
large
portion
of
the
population
was
located
inshore
and
in
the
more
northern
part
of
the
Bight.
Schools
were
generally
larger
in
size
but
fewer
in
number
than
in
any
other
season.
Commencing
in
late
winter,
an
offshore
and
southeasterly
movement
occurred
coinciding
with
the
onset
of
major
spawning
activity.
At
this
time
the
population
was
widely
spread
over
large
areas
offshore
and
south
of
San
Pedro.
Schools
became
extremely
numerous
and
small,
reaching
peak
numbers
usually
in
April
or
May.
A
return
northward
also
occurred
at
this
time
with
part
of
the
population
forming
large
daytime
surface
schools
during
some
years.
Time
of
formation
of
these
schools
varied
from
the
middle
of
March
to
late
June.
Seasonal
distribution
in
northern
Baja
California
was
less
varied
and
Life
History
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
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different
than
in
southern
California.
During
a
large
portion
of
the
year,
anchovies
were
found
in
concentrations
in
deep
water
close
to
shore
similar
to
the
southern
California
fall
distribution.
In
contrast
to
southern
California,
however,
very
few
schools
were
detected
during
spring
months,
and
few
or
no
fish
were
found
more
than
27.8
km
offshore
except
near
the
offshore
border
area
between
the
two
localities.
By
far
the
most
prevalent
and
common
schooling
behavior
observed
in
the
Southern
California
Bight
was
the
formation
of
small,
very
low
density
near
surface
schools
during
daylight
hours.
After
dark,
anchovy
school
invariably
dispersed
into
a
thin
surface
scattering
layer
and
remained
so
until
the
following
dawn.
Small
low
density
schools
near
the
surface
were
always
found
over
bottom
depths
of
more
than
183
m
and
were
widely
distributed
over
thousands
of
square
miles
of
sea
surface
area.
Although
they
were
found
over
deep
water
everywhere,
they
were
the
only
type
schools
distributed
in
the
more
offshore
areas.
Schools
of
this
type
comprised
an
estimated
90%
of
all
detected
by
sea
surveys.
They
were
dominant
type
during
all
seasons
but
were
most
numerous
and
prevalent
during
the
late
winter
and
spring.
At
this
time,
schools
are
very
small
(
probably
0.5
to
6.0
tons)
and
vary.
All
the
actively
spawning
anchovies
collected
during
the
sea
survey
were
from
this
type
of
school.
The
rapidity
of
vertical
migration
and
the
large
differential
temperatures
encountered
indicate
a
eurythermal
tolerance
for
anchovies.
Tagging
conducted
in
the
late
1960'
s
demonstrated
that
anchovies
move
alongshore
between
central
California
(
San
Francisco
Bay
to
Morro
Bay),
and
southern
California
in
both
a
northerly
and
southerly
direction.
There
is
some
evidence
that
anchovies
in
southern
California
move
from
offshore
areas
to
inshore
and
vice
versa.
Anchovies
tagged
off
Catalina
and
San
Clemente
Islands
were
later
recovered
in
the
Los
Angeles­
Long
Beach
Harbor.
Tagged
fish
released
in
the
Harbor
area
were
caught
in
southern
California
fishing
grounds
and
off
Baja
California.
One
tagged
anchovy
that
was
released
off
San
Diego
was
recovered
at
Monterey
129
days
later.
The
fish
travel
at
least
370
miles
at
a
rate
of
nearly
3
miles
per
day.
Unfortunately,
the
overall
tag
recovery
rate
was
low.
The
swimming
speed
of
a
small
school
of
90­
100
mm
SL
anchovies
was
measured
in
the
laboratory
at
3
body
lengths
per
second.
If
a
school
of
130
mm
SL
anchovies
maintained
an
average
speed
of
3
body
lengths
per
second,
they
could
travel
a
distance
of
approximately
34
km
in
24
hours.
This
is
greater
than
the
average
velocity
in
the
tagging
study
mentioned
above,
but
it
is
unlikely
that
a
school
travels
in
a
straight
line
for
a
distance
of
34
km.
Analysis
of
CFG
anchovy
sea
survey
data
indicates
that
fish
length
at
age
increases
at
higher
latitudes.
Anchovies
inhabiting
offshore
waters
within
the
Southern
California
Bight
are
generally
larger
and
older
than
anchovies
in
the
nearshore
regions.
In
addition,
preliminary
studies
show
anchovies
of
the
same
age
are
larger
offshore.
This
indicates
that
mixing
is
limited
or
systematic,
creating
this
heterogeneity
within
the
central
subpopulation.
AGE
AND
GROWTH:
The
age
of
northern
anchovies
has
been
determined
by
annual
rings
on
scales
and
otoliths.
The
use
of
otoliths
for
aging
was
verified
and
it
was
concluded
that
the
age
composition
obtained
from
otoliths
did
not
significantly
differ
from
that
for
scales.
Because
40%
of
the
anchovies
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sampled
from
the
fishery
did
not
have
readable
scales,
California
Fish
and
Game
now
uses
otoliths
for
aging.
It
was
found
that
scale
annuli
formed
during
early
winter
and
spring
months.
A
complete
annual
ring
for
otoliths
was
defined
as
the
interface
between
an
inner
hyaline
and
an
outer
opaque
Life
History
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
zone.
The
peak
time
of
ring
formation
in
otoliths
is
late
spring
and
nearly
all
new
rings
are
completed
by
June
1st.
Length­
at­
age
varies
considerably
with
geographic
locality.
Anchovies
sampled
by
CDF&
G
midwater
trawls
show
a
clinal
variation
in
length­
at­
age,
with
progressively
smaller
mean
lengths
at
more
southerly
latitudes.
Importantly,
there
are
not
only
differences
between
subpopulations,
but
within
the
central
subpopulation
itself.
Furthermore,
there
is
an
inshore­
offshore
cline
in
length­
at­
age
in
the
Southern
California
Bight.
These
differences
suggest
that
the
central
subpopulation
may
not
be
as
homogeneous
as
genetic
studies
and
tag
recapture
patterns
indicate.
The
von
Bertalanffy
growth
curve
was
fitted
to
backcalculated
lengths
for
age
groups
1
through
6
using
otoliths.
The
equation
is:
l(
t)
=
L(
infin.)
(
1­
exp(­
k(
t­
t(
o))
with
parameter
estimates
L(
infin)=
165.5
mm
SL,
K=
0.2987
and
t(
o)=­
1.714.
Total
length
(
TL)
of
the
anchovy
in
millimeters
can
be
estimated
by
multiplying
standard
length
in
millimeters
by
1.17111.
A
5­
inch
anchovy
is
approximately
108
mm
SL.
The
length­
weight
relationship
has
been
found
to
vary
significantly
within
seasons
and
between
seasons.
The
following
allometric
relationship
was
given
for
southern
California
anchovies
from
the
1966­
67
fishery:
female:
W
=
1.0933
x
10^­
5
L^
2.98408
male:
W
=
8.056
x
10^­
6
L^
3.04859
where
weight,
W,
is
in
grams
and
length,
L,
is
in
mm
SL.
For
these
estimates
the
isometric
relationship
W
=
1.015
x
10^­
5
L^
3
appears
to
be
approximately
equivalent
for
the
two
sexes.
SIZE
AND
AGE
AT
RECRUITMENT:
Recruitment
is
the
addition
of
young
fish
from
recent
year
classes
to
the
catchable
portion
of
a
fish
stock.
Fish
recruit
to
the
vulnerable
portion
of
the
stock
as
a
result
of
growth,
behavior,
and
changes
in
location.
In
the
management
of
northern
anchovies,
it
is
important
to
know
the
age
at
recruitment,
location
where
recruitment
takes
place,
and
the
magnitude
of
the
biomass
of
the
incoming
recruits.
Age
at
recruitment
for
anchovies
is
different
for
the
live­
bait
and
commercial
reduction
fisheries.
From
a
live­
bait
sampling
program
in
the
summer
of
1968,
it
was
found
that
age
I
fish
accounted
for
62%
of
the
catch
by
weight.
Age
groups
O
and
II
contributed
15%
and
19%
of
the
catch
by
weight,
respectively.
Age
groups
III
and
older
made
up
4%
of
the
catch
(
these
percentages
were
adjusted
to
account
for
the
4%
of
sampled
fish
that
could
not
be
aged).
These
data
suggest
that
recruitment
to
the
live­
bait
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fishery
occurs
over
a
6
to
12
month
age
interval
beginning
with
age
O
fish
in
the
middle
of
their
first
year
of
life
(
anchovies
of
this
small
size
are
commonly
referred
to
as
"
pinheads").
Age
of
recruitment
to
the
California
commercial
reduction
fishery
is
older
than
for
the
live­
bait
fishery.
Recruitment
for
the
San
Pedro
reduction
fishery
begins
with
age
O
fish
in
the
winter
months
near
the
end
of
their
first
year
of
life.
Age
I
fish
approach
full
recruitment
in
the
following
winter
near
the
end
of
their
second
year
of
life.
During
the
late
1970'
s,
under
conditions
of
lower
biomass
and
an
age
composition
emphasizing
young
fish,
age
I
fish
recruited
earlier.
Age
II
fish
are
fully
recruited.
Most
of
the
southern
California
reduction
catch
is
composed
of
reproductively
mature
fish
(
i.
e.,
spawning
biomass).
The
extent
of
pre­
spawners
in
the
catch
is
most
easily
measured
by
the
incidence
of
fish
with
gonads
insufficiently
developed
to
distinguish
their
sex.
These
fish
have
Life
History
­
3
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
comprised
from
1.0%
to
8.5%
of
the
San
Pedro
catch,
with
a
long
term
average
of
5%.
The
incidence
of
pre­
spawners
has
risen
in
recent
years,
and
is
associated
with
an
overall
decrease
in
average
age
of
the
catch.
The
reduction
fishery
historically
has
been
subject
to
a
5­
inch
total
length
(
108
mm
SL)
minimum
size
limit
and
a
3­
mile
nearshore
area
closure.
These
restrictions
have
influenced
the
size
and
age
at
recruitment.
A
comparison
of
mean
length
of
anchovies
sampled
by
the
reduction
fishery
and
by
CDF&
G
midwater
trawls
in
the
same
area
was
made.
The
mean
lengths
at
age
are
similar
for
ages
greater
than
about
1.5,
but
differ
for
younger,
smaller
fish.
The
difference
in
small
fish
mean
lengths
suggests
that
the
fishery
selects
for
the
larger
fish
in
the
cohort.
Importantly,
this
selection
appears
to
happen
only
in
the
size
range
below
the
historic
legal
size
limit.
Most
of
the
smaller
younger
fish
are
associated
with
nearshore
areas
which
were
sampled
by
the
CDF&
G
trawl,
but
are
closed
to
the
reduction
fishery.
It
is
not
clear
to
what
extent
the
5­
inch
minimum
size
limit
has
influenced
the
lengths
at
age.
Recruitment
to
the
reduction
fishery
is
delayed
because
small
fish
typically
inhabit
nearshore
areas;
historically
the
fishery
has
been
prohibited
from
operating
in
nearshore
areas
in
southern
California.
There
is
a
definite
onshore­
offshore
gradient
in
the
size
distribution
of
the
anchovies
sampled
by
midwater
trawls
on
CF&
G
sea
surveys.
Anchovies
in
nearshore
stations
were
generally
smaller
than
those
taken
in
the
offshore
areas
while
the
larger
and
older
fish
exhibited
a
greater
offshore
distribution.
Results
of
a
nearshore
survey
indicate
that
age
O
anchovies
occurred
in
the
nearshore
zone
with
a
higher
frequency
relative
to
offshore
surveys
of
previous
years.
This
and
the
age
composition
of
the
live­
bait
catch
strongly
suggest
that
the
younger
anchovies
(
ages
O
and
I)
predominate
in
the
nearshore
zone,
the
area
of
the
bait
fishery.
These
younger
fish
make
only
a
small
contribution
to
the
spawning
biomass
because
many
are
probably
sexually
immature.

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Recruitment
to
the
Mexican
fishery
occurs
at
a
smaller
size
and
younger
age.
Anchovies
in
northern
Baja
California
are
smaller
at
age
than
in
southern
California.
Moreover,
the
Mexican
fishery
is
not
subject
to
the
size
or
area
restrictions
that
affect
the
California
fishery.
The
young
of
the
year
are
recruited
to
the
Mexican
fishery
in
the
fall,
at
6
months
of
age
and
a
length
of
80
to
90
mm
SL.
An
estmated
18%
of
the
Mexican
landings
were
fish
smaller
than
100
mm
SL.
The
Mexican
fishery
uses
a
smaller
mesh
size
than
does
the
California
purse
seine
fishery.
MATURITY
AND
REPRODUCTION:
Anchovy
spawning
occurs
in
all
nomths
of
the
year,
but
is
most
intense
from
January
to
May.
Spawning
takes
place
in
open
waters
throughout
the
range.
The
geographic
distribution
of
larvae
expands
and
contracts
with
changes
in
population
size.
Spawning
occurs
from
sunset
to
midnight,
and
adults
appear
to
spawn
about
once
per
week
during
the
peak
season.
Size
at
sexual
maturity
may
vary
with
geographic
location
and
population
size,
but
information
is
insufficient
to
accurately
define
the
pattern.
In
the
early
1950'
s,
central
California
anchovies
were
found
to
mature
at
a
relatively
large
size,
ca.
120
mm
SL.
During
the
peak
abundances
of
the
mid­
1970'
s,
CDF&
G
found
nearly
all
anchovies
to
be
mature
at
two
years
of
age.
Recent
histological
analysis
shows
anchovies
to
mature
at
small
sizes,
corresponding
to
ages
of
less
than
one
year.
In
1978
all
fish
sampled
were
mature
(
length
70
mm
SL
and
above).
In
1979,
length
at
50%
maturity
was
96
mm
SL.
Inclusion
of
more
recent
unpublished
data
indicates
that
about
90%
of
the
age
O­
I
fish
are
sexually
mature.
Age
at
onset
of
reproductive
Life
History
­
4
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
maturity
is
density
dependent
in
many
species,
and
it
appears
likely
that
the
early
maturation
seen
in
recent
years
is
related
to
decreased
population
sizes.
Small
fish
that
have
attained
maturity
typically
have
a
slightly
lower
weight­
specific
fecundity,
slightly
lower
spawning
frequency
during
the
peak
spawning
season,
and
a
shorter
spawning
season.
SEX
COMPOSITION:
Male
and
female
anchovies
appear
to
occur
in
the
population
in
equal
numbers.
The
overall
female
to
male
ratio
in
CDF&
G
midwater
trawl
samples
from
1966
to
1975
was
1.09:
1,
only
slightly
greater
than
the
expected
1:
1
ratio.
Still,
there
were
an
inordinate
number
of
samples
with
a
large
proportion
of
either
males
or
females,
particularly
during
the
peak
spawning
months
of
February
to
June.
Sex
composition
sampled
by
midwater
trawl
has
been
shown
to
vary
with
time
of
night.
The
largest
discrepancies
from
1:
1
occur
during
the
hours
of
peak
spawning.
All
evidence
points
to
a
tendancy
for
male
and
female
fish
to
segregate
in
association
with
spawning
behavior.
The
California
purse
seine
fishery
takes
a
disproportionate
fraction
of
females,
and
a
similar
tendancy
has
been
shown
for
the
Baja
California
fishery.
A
clear
trend
for
the
imbalance
to
increase
with
age
of
the
fish
has
been
shown,
with
the
two
sexes
of
young
fish
being
captured
in
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approximately
equal
numbers.
Recently,
fishery
sex
ratios
have
declined
toward
equal
catches
of
males
and
females.
The
decline
in
percentage
female
is
probably
related
to
the
overall
decline
in
average
age
of
the
catches
since
1975,
although
the
relationship
is
not
precise.
The
previous
FMP
voiced
concern
that
the
disproportionate
harvest
of
females
could
result
in
decreased
productivity.
If
the
reproductive
potential
of
the
population
resides
in
the
female
portion
of
the
biomass,
the
unbalanced
harvest
has
a
greater
impact
on
productivity
than
indicated
by
models
assuming
balanced
harvests.
However,
if
the
recent
tendancy
toward
a
balanced
sex
ratio
is
a
natural
consequence
of
age
composition
changes
due
to
exploitation,
the
problem
may
be
largely
self­
correcting.
MORTALITY:
The
age
composition
of
anchovy
from
CDF&
G
midwater
trawl
catches
has
been
used
to
estimate
the
total
mortality
rate
(
Z)
of
adults
age
2+.
Long­
term
fluctuations
in
apparent
adult
mortality
have
been
shown,
and
it
has
been
noted
that
the
decreased
life
span
of
recent
year­
classes
is
suggestive
of
increased
mortality.
The
age
composition
data
has
been
reanalylized
using
a
technique
that
accounts
for
variable
recruitment,
changes
in
biomass,
and
the
commercial
harvest.
It
was
noted
that
anchovy
are
incompletely
available
to
the
trawl
through
their
second
birthday,
therefore
mortality
at
ages
1
and
2
must
be
assumed
to
be
the
same
as
mortality
at
age
3.
Age­
specific
natural
mortality
rate
(
M=
Z­
F)
during
the
period
from
1968­
1981
has
averaged
0.50
for
aged
1­
3,
0.97
for
age
4,
and
1.19
for
age
5.
The
long­
term
trend
identified
previously
was
evident
in
this
analysis;
minimum
mortality
occurred
during
1971­
74.
Fishing
mortality
(
F)
increased
about
ten
fold
during
the
period
from
1974
to
1978
and
currently
is
similar
in
magnitude
to
natural
mortality.
The
average
relative
availability
of
age
classes
to
the
fisheries
is
as
follows:
Age
1
2
3
4
5
F(
i)/
F(
total)
.66
1.74
2.26
1.80
1.01
The
following
hypothetical
stable
population
was
constructed
with
the
fishery
parameters
observed
during
1977­
1982.
The
recruitment
level
(
i.
e.,
initial
biomass)
was
selected
to
yield
a
result
similar
to
that
observed
during
recent
years.
Biomass
here
refers
to
total
biomass,
not
spawning
Life
History
­
5
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
biomass.
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
sum
wt(
g)
12.2
17.2
20.5
23.4
26.9
30.4
M
.50
.50
.50
.97
1.19
1.19
F
.28
.69
.96
.81
.81
.81
initial
biomass
(
10^
3mtons)
610
396
145
39
8
1
1198
catch
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(
10^
3mtons)
121
159
73
15
3
0
371
The
average
natural
mortality
rate
(
M)
of
all
ages
combined
is
0.55,
while
the
average
natural
mortality
rate
of
biomass
(
M­
G)
of
this
population
is
0.36.
The
equilibrium
biomass
with
no
fishery
is
1939
thousand
m
tons.
PREDATION:
The
anchovy
is
a
prey
species
throughout
all
its
life
stages:
egg,
larvae,
juvenile,
and
adult.
The
list
of
predators
is
long
and
includes
almost
every
predator
species
of
fish,
birds
and
mammals
in
the
California
Current
region.
Anchovy
eggs
and
larvae,
as
part
of
the
zooplankton
complex,
fall
prey
to
the
assortment
of
invertebrate
and
vertebrae
planktivores
including
adult
anchovies.
Because
of
the
rapid
larval
growth
rates,
the
duration
of
this
life
stanza
is
about
2
to
4
months,
but
the
mortality
is
high.
As
juveniles
in
the
nearshore
zone,
anchovies
are
vulnerable
to
game
fish
of
recreational
and
commercial
importance
although
these
species
must
compete
with
a
variety
of
other
predators
of
less
recreational
value.
Important
recreational
species
in
southern
California
are
Pacific
bonito
(
Sarda
chiliensis),
yellowtail
(
Seriola
dorsalis),
California
barracuda
(
Sphyraena
argentea),
and
in
northern
California
salmon
(
Oncorhynchus
sp.),
and
striped
bass
(
Roccus
saxatilis).
Less
valued
species
such
as
Pacific
electric
ray
(
Torpedo
californica)
and
the
abundant
white
croaker
(
Genyonemus
lineatus)
have
been
observed
feeding
on
anchovy
schools.
As
adults
offshore,
anchovies
are
fed
upon
by
numerous
predators
that
include
recreationally
and
commercially
important
fish
(
i.
e.,
albacore,
bonito,
Pacific
mackerel),
marine
mammals,
and
marine
birds.
Many
of
these
predators
are
opportunistic
feeders
preying
on
whichever
species
is
available.
Unfortunately,
very
little
is
known
about
the
actual
quantities
of
anchovy
consumed
or
the
percentage
of
anchovies
in
the
predator
diets
in
relation
to
other
forage
species.
The
annual
fraction
of
adult
anchovies
that
succumb
to
predation
can
be
calculated
from
the
equation:
P/
B
=
M(
1­
e^­(
Z­
G))/
(
Z­
G)
where
P/
B
is
the
ratio
of
predator
consumption
to
initial
biomass;
M,
Z,
and
G
are
instantaneous
rates
of
natural
mortality,
total
mortality
and
body
growth,
respectively.
Predators
comsume
46%
of
the
initial
spawning
biomass
of
anchovies
in
an
average
year.
This
percentage
will
decrease,
as
will
the
average
biomass,
as
fishing
pressure
increases.
The
biomass
of
pre­
recruit
anchovies
which
is
available
to
predators
cannot
be
measured
directly,
but
analysis
shows
that
a
year
class
achieves
maximum
biomass
before
first
spawning.
FOOD
HABITS:
The
percentage
of
food
items
by
number
from
stomach
samples
has
been
estimated
as
crustaceans,
50.78%;
other
zooplankters,
35.76%;
phytoplankton,
10.99%;
and
foriegn
matter,
2.4%.
It
was
concluded
that
the
northern
anchovy
is
an
omnivorous
species
feeding
predominantly
on
zooplankters
and
to
a
lesser
extent
on
phytoplankton.
The
most
important
Life
History
­
6
(
DRAFT)
­
Life
History
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
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food
items
of
the
adults
are
copepods
and
euphausiids.
Anchovies
may
also
feed
on
amorphic
organic
material;
the
extent
of
this
behavior
may
be
underestimated
by
usual
stomach
contents
analyses.
In
relation
to
feeding
habits,
the
anchovy
is
diurnal,
feeding
mostly
during
the
day.
The
northern
anchovy
is
primarily
a
filter
feeder,
but
may
also
be
a
particulate
or
selective
feeder,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
available
food.
Experiments
have
shown
that
prey
organisms
less
than
1
mm
are
consumed
by
filter
feeding
and
organisms
a
few
millimeters
in
length
are
taken
by
particulate
biting.
When
presented
with
a
mixture
of
large
and
small
food
items,
anchovies
tend
to
adopt
the
feeding
mode
which
results
in
the
highest
calotic
intake.
A
significant
portion
of
eggs
spawned
by
anchovies
may
be
cannibalized.
Based
on
31
samples
of
10
or
more
fish,
they
concluded
that
17.2%
of
the
daily
egg
production
was
consumed.
Both
the
evidence
from
stomach
contents
and
from
theoretical
filter­
feeding
rates
were
examined,
and
it
was
concluded
that
cannibalism
is
an
important
mechanism
regulating
the
reproduction
of
anchovies.
Food
habits
of
anchovy
larvae
have
been
examined.
Copepod
eggs
and
nauplii
were
the
most
abundantly
consumed
food
items.
Unarmored
dinoflagelllates
may
also
be
an
important
food
source,
especially
for
first­
feeding
anchovy
larvae.
It
has
been
hypothesized
that
dense
local
concentrations
of
edible
food
items
are
required
for
successful
first­
feeding,
and
that
recruitment
strength
may
be
strongly
influenced
by
the
formation
and
destruction
of
these
habitats.
HABITAT:
The
northern
anchovy
is
an
epipelagic
species
although
it
has
been
observed
at
depths
of
300
m.
Adults
tend
to
remain
relatively
offshore.
Juveniles
are
often
found
close
inshore,
in
shallow
waters,
and
in
estuaries,
as
well
as
offshore.
Turbid
waters
with
high
densities
of
edible
fine
particulate
matter
make
harbor
waters
an
excellent
habitat
for
larvae
and
juveniles.
Favorable
larval
habitat
consists
of
dense
plankton
blooms
of
edible
and
nutritious
organisms.
TEMPERATURE:
Adult
anchovies
have
been
regularly
observed
in
waters
ranging
from
12
to
20
deg
C
surface
temperature
in
southern
California.
There
is
some
evidence
that
anchovies
tend
to
avoid
high
surface
temperatures
by
remaining
deeper
in
the
water
column,
as
demonstrated
by
the
anomalous
conditions
in
November
1976.
The
lower
lethal
temperature
for
adult
northern
anchovy
was
7
deg
C
in
laboratory
acclimation
tests.
DEPTH:
The
northern
anchovy
is
an
epipelagic
species
although
it
has
been
observed
at
depths
of
300
m.
HABITAT
ZONE:
Adult
northern
anchovies
tend
to
remain
relatively
offshore.
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN:
Oxygen
depletion
has
caused
occasional
fish
kills
at
Terminal
Island,
Los
Angeles.
In
1973­
74,
oxygen
depletion
due
to
dieoff
of
massive
dinoflagellate
blooms
caused
fish
kills
in
Fish
Harbor,
as
well
as
at
other
locations
in
coastal
waters.
TURBIDITY:
Anchovies
have
been
attracted
to
harbor
waters
when
the
Terminal
Island
Treatment
Plant
has
malfunctioned
and
released
high
BOD
floc
and
wastes,
and
when
dredging
created
high
levels
of
turbidity
and
resuspended
edible
particulates
and
microbiota
*
118*.

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REFERENCES
FOR
LIFE
HISTORY­
118
Life
History
­
7
(
DRAFT)
­
Management
Practices
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
RESULT
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE
Existing
Regulating
commercial
harvest
levels
Existing
Regulating
harvest
­
setting
bag/
creel
limits
Existing
Regulating
harvest
­
setting
seasons
Existing
Regulating
harvest
­
setting
size
limits
Existing
Regulating
commercial
harvest
gear
types
REFERENCES
FOR
EXISTING
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
­
118
COMMENTS
ON
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
­
The
Pacific
Fishery
Management
Council
initiated
the
development
of
an
FMP
for
northern
anchovy
in
January
of
1977
and,
after
reviewing
and
revising
several
drafts,
approved
and
submitted
a
final
draft
to
the
Secretary
of
Commerce
in
June
of
1978.
Regulations
implementing
the
FMP
were
published
in
the
Federal
Register
on
September
13,
1978.
A
brief
summary
of
the
main
management
provisions
of
the
1978
FMP
are
as
follows:
1)
Optimum
yield
(
OY)
from
the
central
stock
of
northern
anchovies
is
equal
to
(
a)
zero,
if
estimated
spawning
biomass
is
less
than
100
thousand
short
tons,
(
b)
18
thousand
short
tons,
if
spawning
biomass
is
between
100
thousand
and
1
million
short
tons,
or
(
c)
18
thousand
short
tons
or
one
third
of
the
biomass
in
excess
of
1
million,
whichever
is
greater,
when
spawning
biomass
exceeds
1
million
short
tons.
2)
The
overall
harvest
quota
in
the
United
States'
Fishery
Conservation
Zone
(
FCZ)
is
equal
to
70%
of
the
optimum
yield.
3)
Twelve
thousand
six
hundred
short
tons
of
the
U.
S.
quota
is
reserved
for
the
non­
reduction
fishery.
4)
A
portion
of
the
reduction
fishery
quota
equal
to
the
smaller
of
10,000
short
tons
or
10%
of
the
total
reduction
quota
is
reserved
for
the
fishery
north
of
Pt.
Buchon.
5)
No
reduction
fishery
is
allowed
from
July
1
through
June
30
north
of
Pt.
Buchon,
July
1
through
September
14
south
of
Pt.
Buchon,
and
February
1
through
March
30
both
north
and
south
of
Pt.
Buchon.
Non­
reduction
fishing
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is
permitted
all
year.
6)
A
size
limit
of
5
inches
is
imposed
upon
the
reduction
fishery
but
not
upon
the
non­
reduction
fishery.
Incidental
catch
of
short
fish
is
allowable
in
quantities
of
less
than
15%
by
weight
in
any
load.
7)
Certain
portions
of
the
FCZ
are
closed
to
anchovy
reduction
fishing.
In
November
1982
the
PFMC
has
considered
four
amendments
to
the
original
FMP
prior
to
the
present
revision:
three
of
these
amendments
were
approved
and
submitted
to
the
Secretary
of
Commerce
and
have
been
implemented.
The
first
amendment
changed
the
method
of
specifying
the
domestic
annual
harvest
and
added
an
estimate
of
domestic
processing
capacity
and
expected
annual
level
of
domestic
processing
as
required
by
P.
L.
95­
354
which
amends
the
FCMA.
The
purpose
of
the
second
amendment
was
to
increase
the
domestic
fishing
fleet's
opportunity
to
harvest
the
entire
optimum
yield
from
the
FCZ
by
re­
allocating
all
or
a
portion
of
the
northern
area's
reserve
of
northern
anchovy
reduction
quota
to
both
the
northern
and
southern
areas
if
the
northern
fishery
had
not
harvested
or
demonstrated
an
intent
to
harvest
the
full
reserve
by
the
end
of
the
fishing
season.
The
third
amendment
was
Management
Practices
­
1
(
DRAFT)
­
Management
Practices
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
intended
primarily
as
a
safeguard
during
the
interim
period
when
egg
production
estimates
of
spawning
biomass
were
converted
to
larva
census
equivalent
biomass
estimates
for
calculation
of
the
annual
quota.
An
amendment
that
replaces
the
5
inch
size
limit
with
a
minimum
mesh
size
requirement
was
sent
to
the
Secretary
of
Commerce
by
the
PFMC
in
1982,
and
was
implemented
in
1983
*
118*.

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Management
Practices
­
2
(
DRAFT)
­
References
Species
anchovy,
northern
Species
Id
M010013
Date
27
AUG
96
References
118*
Frey,
H.,
J.
Ginter,
D.
Huppert,
A.
MacCall,
R.
Methot,
G.
Stauffer,
C.
Thomson.
1983.
Northern
anchovy:
fishery
management
plan
incorporating
the
final
environmental
impact
statement
and
draft
regulatory
inpact
review/
initial
regulatory
flexibility
analysis.
Pacific
Fishery
Management
Council
and
National
Marine
Fisheries
Service,
Fishery
Management
Plan
Amendment
#
5,
156
pp.

190
*
Robins,
C.
R.,
R.
M.
Bailey,
C.
E.
Bond,
J.
R.
Brooker,
E.
A.
Lachner,
R.
N.
Lea,
and
W.
B.
Scott.
1980.
A
list
of
common
and
scientific
names
of
fishes
from
the
United
States
and
Canada.
American
Fisheries
Society,
Special
Publ.
No.
12,
4th
edition
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References
­
1
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