Document ID: FDA-2009-P-0405-0014
Agency: fda
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
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Posted Date: 2009-09-30T04:00Z

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<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:507.60pt;top:36.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">141</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:87.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">5</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:87.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">Toxicological and related effects of</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:109.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">antibacterial feed additives</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:203.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.1</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.55pt;top:203.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Introduction</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:234.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As animals are fed AFA for long periods of time, knowledge on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:249.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bioaccumulation, chronic toxicity and problems associated with residues is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:265.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">imperative. AFA are defined chemical substances and might as such have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:280.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxic or allergenic properties. According to directive 70/524/EEC and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:295.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">guidelines provided in 94/40/EC, satisfactory information relating to these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:311.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">topics has to be presented before approval.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:326.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Toxic effects, if any, could be seen either in target animal species (or non-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:341.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target animals as a result of accidental intake) or in humans.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:357.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Animals and humans may be exposed via residues in animal products and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:372.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">humans also when handling products containing the substances. If the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:387.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">product has unwanted properties, such as organ toxicity, mutagenicity or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:403.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">allergenicity, both ways of exposure could be harmful.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:418.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some AFA are poorly absorbed from the gut. Residues are therefore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:433.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">normally not an issue for these substances. Other AFA such as ardacin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:449.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">avilamycin are absorbed to some extent, and tylosin, spiramycin, olaquindox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:464.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and carbadox are well absorbed after oral administration (FAO/WHO, 1991;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:480.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Magnussen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.95pt;top:479.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.10pt;top:480.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991; FAO/WHO, 1994). Further, the possibility of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:495.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">accumulation in the animal must also be addressed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:510.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the following, some information with relevance to the topic will be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:526.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">discussed. Toxicological aspects of coccidiostats, nitroimidazoles and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:541.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophoric AFA are discussed in chapter 7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:581.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.2</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.55pt;top:581.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Toxicity for target species</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:612.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">With a few exceptions, AFA are not expected to cause toxic reactions in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:627.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target species at the levels permitted.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:643.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Bacitracin is nephrotoxic (Prescott and Baggot, 1993), but is not absorbed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:658.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from the gut. Toxic effects are therefore not to be expected. Flavomycin is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:673.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reported to have very low toxicity (Huber, 1979) and is only absorbed in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:689.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">small quantities (Sambeth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:256.30pt;top:688.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:285.45pt;top:689.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1974).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:704.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some macrolides have been reported to cause gastrointestinal disorders,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:719.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mainly diarrhoea, at therapeutic levels (Prescott and Baggot, 1993). This is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:735.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not likely to pose a clinical problem as the concentrations used for growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:750.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">promotion are comparatively low. Moreover, this should probably be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:842.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:878.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:878.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:878.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">142</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:928.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">regarded as a disturbance of the intestinal microflora and not as a toxic effect</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:944.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on the animal.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:959.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Carbadox and olaquindox are known to cause adrenal damage at growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:974.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">promoting levels (van der Molen, 1988; Nabuurs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.55pt;top:974.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.75pt;top:974.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990). Lowered</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:990.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">aldosterone production is found in porcine adrenal glands exposed to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1005.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carbadox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.65pt;top:1005.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.65pt;top:1005.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Spierenburg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:230.40pt;top:1005.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.55pt;top:1005.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988b; Spierenburg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:368.60pt;top:1005.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:397.80pt;top:1005.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988a). Van</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1021.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Der Molen (1988) demonstrated a dose-response as well as a time-response</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1036.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">relationship between in-feed carbadox and adrenal damage in pigs. After 10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1051.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">weeks of carbadox at 25 ppm or more, damage to adrenal glomerular cells</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1067.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">could be observed histologically at post-mortem examination. Adrenal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1082.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">damage leads to profound hormonal disturbances. This means that the use of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1097.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carbadox as a feed additive probably results in, at least to some degree,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1113.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Addisons disease (a syndrome caused by impaired function of the adrenal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1128.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">glands) in pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:1143.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The clinical signs observed are dose-related, ranging from mild to severe.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1159.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">At 50 ppm, mild effects of increased faecal dryness may be observed. Other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1174.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">signs include symptoms indicating salt imbalance (urine drinking), decreased</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1190.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">abdominal volume and lowered haematocrit values. Further, changes in hair</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1205.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quality, with hair becoming longer and withered, irritable behaviour and a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1220.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">decrease in feed intake and weight gain may be observed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:1236.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Olaquindox has the same toxic effects, although less pronounced, at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1251.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dosages of 100 ppm or more (Nabuurs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:273.45pt;top:1251.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:299.40pt;top:1251.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990). Also in other respects,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1266.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">there is a difference in activity between the substances. Carbadox is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1282.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">permitted in feed at a concentration of 50 ppm, whereas olaquindox is used at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1297.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">100 ppm (see table 3.III). Accidental overdosing of olaquindox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:401.75pt;top:1297.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Köfer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:436.45pt;top:1297.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:465.60pt;top:1297.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1312.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990; Stockhofe-Zurwieden</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.80pt;top:1312.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:246.00pt;top:1312.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991) and carbadox (Power</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:396.10pt;top:1312.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.25pt;top:1312.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1989)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1328.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been reported to cause death and severe adrenal damage in piglets.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:1343.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As the main early sign of intoxication with quinoxalines, i.e. dry faeces,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1358.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may be mistaken for recovery from enteric disease, mild intoxications are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1374.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">expected to be overlooked by farmers and farm workers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1409.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most AFA are not expected to cause toxic reactions in target species at the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1406pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1406pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:1406pt;width:410pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1406pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1406pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1407pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1407pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1424.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">levels used.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1423pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1423pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1445.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Quinoxalines and carbadox in particular, cause adrenal damage in pigs at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1445pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1445pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1461.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">doses used for growth promotion. This poses a serious risk for the well-being</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1460pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1460pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1476.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of the animals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1492pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1492pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:1492pt;width:410pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1492pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1492pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:1475pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:1475pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1524.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.3</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.55pt;top:1524.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Toxicity for non-target species</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1555.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">There are various possibilities for ingestion of AFA by non-target species,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1570.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">like mix-ups or contamination of feed at the feed mill, inadvertent feeding or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:1585.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">inclusion of poultry litter in animal feed. Problems associated with residues</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:1684.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1720.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:1720.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:1720.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">143</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1770.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in animal products in pet food could occur if the raw material contains</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1786.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residues. The latter is a direct parallel to residue problems in products</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1801.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intended for human consumption.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:1816.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The susceptibility to accidental intoxication varies between different non-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1832.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target species. Even AFA that are innocuous for the target species may cause</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1847.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">adverse reactions in non-target species. For example, ruminants and horses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1863.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are generally very sensitive to disturbance of the intestinal microflora by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1878.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antimicrobial substances. Such disturbances may, in severe cases, cause</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1893.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fatalities.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:1909.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Accidental feeding of low doses of tylosin to cows has been reported to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1924.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cause ruminal stasis, inappetence, decreased milk production and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1939.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hypersensitivity (Crossman and Poyser, 1981; Prescott and Baggot, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1955.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Contamination of concentrate feed for dairy cows with bacitracin has also</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1970.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been reported. This may cause sudden drops in milk production (Woodger,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:1985.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1979). Feeding of olaquindox at a concentration of 400 ppm to turkeys and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2001.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">broiler chickens caused adrenal damage in the birds (Reetz</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:427.05pt;top:2001.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:456.20pt;top:2001.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:2016.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The severity of the consequences of accidental feeding of some AFA to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2032.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">non-target species underlines the importance that maximum care should be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2047.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">taken to avoid such events.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2076.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Accidental intake of AFA by non-target species can result in serious</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:2074pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2074pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2091.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequences. Adequate procedures for risk management, such as adherence</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2091pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2091pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2107.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to Good Manufacturing Procedures, have to be applied.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2122pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2122pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:2122pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2122pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2122pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:2106pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:2106pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2148.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.4</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.55pt;top:2148.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Adverse effects in humans</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2179.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">If the substance used has unwanted properties, ingestion of residues in meat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2195.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">or occupational exposure could produce toxic effects of AFA in humans.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:2210.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Substances with a potential for causing allergic reactions may be harmful</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2225.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at extremely low concentrations. Ingestion of a very small dose of any of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2241.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">these substances might trigger a reaction in an already sensitised person</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2256.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Rico, 1985).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2295.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">5.4.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.45pt;top:2295.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Exposure to residues</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2326.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Regulations such as withdrawal times are meant to ensure that no harmful</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2342.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residues remain in animal products after slaughter. With the exception of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2357.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quinoxalines, AFA do not have regulated withdrawal times but the use is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2372.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">usually restricted to a maximum age (see table 5.I.). The maximum age limits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2388.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are often equal to, or perhaps in some regions even longer than, the life span</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2403.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of the animals. In reality, this means that some animals, particularly broilers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:2419.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and slaughter pigs, will be fed AFA right up to the time of slaughter.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:2526.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:2562.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:2562.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2562.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">144</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2612.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 5.I. Examples of MRLs and withdrawal times for some AFA within</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2628.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the EU. Data compiled from Council directive 70/524/EEC annex I and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2643.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Commission regulation EC 1442/95 unless otherwise indicated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2664.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½)½%XEMPEL½P¥½-2,
V¤RDEN½MAXIMAL½RESTKONCENTRATION	½OCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2680.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">KARENSTIDER½F¶R½N¥GRA½!&4½INOM½%5½$ATA½SAMMANST¤LLDA½FR¥N½2¥DSDIREKTIV</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2695.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%%'½ANNEX½)½OCH½+OMMISSIONENS½REGLERING½%'½½OM½INTE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2710.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ANNAT½ANGES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Substance</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Animal</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2740.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">species</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Maximum</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2740.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">age</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.20pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Withdrawal</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.20pt;top:2740.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">time</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MRL</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2740.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(µg/kg)</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Tissue</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Comments</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:66pt;top:2725pt;width:74pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:142pt;top:2725pt;width:54pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:2725pt;width:57pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:2725pt;width:64pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:320pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:321pt;top:2725pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:362pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:363pt;top:2725pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:407pt;top:2725pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:408pt;top:2725pt;width:67pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2761.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Avilamycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2761.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">swine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.30pt;top:2761.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.65pt;top:2761.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:340.55pt;top:2760.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 5.52pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:66pt;top:2753pt;width:74pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:142pt;top:2753pt;width:54pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:2753pt;width:57pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:2753pt;width:64pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:320pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:321pt;top:2753pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:362pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:363pt;top:2753pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:407pt;top:2753pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:408pt;top:2753pt;width:67pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2780.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Bacitracin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2780.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">slaughter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2793.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">hogs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2780.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2780.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2812.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Bacitracin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2812.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">broilers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2812.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2812.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Carbadox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">piglets</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4 months,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.20pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">28 days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:330.20pt;top:2830.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 5.52pt">2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2844.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">30</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">muscle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:2844.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">liver</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2831.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MRL based</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2844.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">on sensitivity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2857.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">of analytical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2870.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">method</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2883.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">available</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2902.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Flavomycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2902.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">broilers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.30pt;top:2902.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2921.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Flavomycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2921.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">slaughter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2934.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">hogs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2921.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2921.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Olaquindox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">piglets</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4 months,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.15pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">28 days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.60pt;top:2954.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">temporary</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2967.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">acceptance,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:2980.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">no ADI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:2999.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Spiramycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:2999.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">broilers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:2999.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:2999.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">400</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3012.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">300</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3025.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">200</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:2999.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">liver</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3012.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">fat, skin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3025.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">muscle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Spiramycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">slaughter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:3057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pigs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(600)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(200)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(300)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">liver</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">fat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">kidney,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3083.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">muscle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3044.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">provisional</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MRL,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">expired July</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3083.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1997.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3096.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Presently no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3109.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MRLs for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:411.55pt;top:3123.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pigs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:3142.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Tylosin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.75pt;top:3142.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">slaughter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:3155.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pigs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:3142.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3142.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3142.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">muscle,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3155.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">liver,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3168.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">kidney,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.70pt;top:3181.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">skin ,fat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:3200.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Virginiamycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:3200.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">broilers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:3200.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3200.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:3219.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Virginiamycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:3219.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">slaughter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.80pt;top:3232.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pigs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.35pt;top:3219.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6 months</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.70pt;top:3219.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:142pt;top:3244pt;width:54pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:3244pt;width:57pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:255pt;top:3244pt;width:64pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:320pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:321pt;top:3244pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:362pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:363pt;top:3244pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:407pt;top:3244pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:408pt;top:3244pt;width:67pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:3244.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:87.55pt;top:3246.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ND = not determined</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:3257.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:87.55pt;top:3259.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">According to JECFA (FAO/WHO, 1991)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:3368.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3404.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:3404.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:3404.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">145</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:3454.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Residue problems are addressed in reports from the Joint FAO/WHO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3470.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The Committee for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3485.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP) are responsible for fixing acceptable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3500.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">daily intake (ADI) and maximum residue levels (MRL) for veterinary drugs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3516.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in the European Union. For AFA that are at present only used for growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3531.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">promoting purposes, MRLs have not yet been set.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:3547.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For substances that are poorly absorbed from the gut, no residues in meat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3562.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">would be expected. Little is known about the possibility of residues due to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3577.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">faecal contamination. If the pharmacokinetics of these substances are similar</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3593.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in humans, ingested residues would not be absorbed to any large extent and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3608.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">would thus not be expected to cause toxic reactions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3647.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Spiramycin</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3674.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Spiramycin, when fed to pigs at 16 mg/kg per day for 7 days, resulted in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3690.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residues of around 6000 µg/kg in liver at 0.5 days withdrawal time</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3705.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1991). The dosage used corresponds to 400 mg to a pig</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3720.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">weighing 25 kg, roughly equivalent to 400 ppm in feed. For poultry receiving</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3736.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">300 ppm for 10 days, at zero-withdrawal liver residues were 3800 µg/kg.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3751.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Neospiramycin is a major active metabolite which is included in the MRL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:505.30pt;top:3751.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3767.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Maximum approved doses for growth promotion are 8 (swine) and 15</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3782.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(poultry) times lower than the dosages used above. Assuming a linear</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3797.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">relationship, MRLs are not likely to be reached in poultry even at zero-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3813.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">withdrawal. For pigs, the assumed residues at zero withdrawal are above</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3828.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">MRL. ADI (50µg/kg bodyweight, based on microbiological data) may be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3844.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exceeded for pig liver and possibly also for poultry liver. Further</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3859.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">investigations into residues of spiramycin, including neospiramycin, should</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3874.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">be considered.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3913.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Tylosin</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3941.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When tylosin was fed to pigs at 200 ppm for 17 days, residues of 30 µg/kg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3956.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">were detected in liver at zero withdrawal time (FAO/WHO, 1991). At</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3971.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dosages approved for growth promotion, MRLs are not expected to be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:3987.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reached. However, tylosin is extensively metabolised in the animal and there</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4002.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is still some uncertainty as to the appropriate marker residue(s).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4041.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Carbadox</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4068.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">During storage, carbadox is rapidly decomposed to desoxycarbadox in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4084.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">kidney and liver samples, but is stable in eggs and muscle (Keukens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:474.10pt;top:4084.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:503.25pt;top:4084.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4099.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990; Binnendijk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:212.25pt;top:4099.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.40pt;top:4099.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991). Carbadox has shown dose-related increases of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:4115.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">benign and malignant liver tumours in long-term feeding studies in rats, and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:4210.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:4246.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:4246.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4246.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">146</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4296.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">gave positive results in 14 out of 15 mammalian and non-mammalian</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4312.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">genotoxicity studies (FAO/WHO, 1990).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:4327.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) is another major residual metabolite</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4342.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of carbadox. Studies on QCA elimination from liver after feeding of 50 ppm</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4358.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carbadox yielded residues above 30 µg/kg in liver and kidney for 4 to 5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4373.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">weeks (Baars</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:140.35pt;top:4373.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:169.55pt;top:4373.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990; Baars</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.30pt;top:4373.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.45pt;top:4373.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991). The authors’ opinion was that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4389.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a withdrawal time of 8 weeks should be recommended. In an experiment by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4404.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Rutalj (1996), QCA was still present at around 10 µg/kg at 62 days after</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4419.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cessation of feeding of carbadox at 50 ppm. Detection of QCA is dependent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4435.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on the extraction method used, and it has been suggested that this is due to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4450.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other intermediate metabolites in the pathway of carbadox to QCA (Baars</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:456.70pt;top:4450.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4465.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.20pt;top:4465.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:4481.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the 36th report of JECFA (FAO/WHO, 1990) it was concluded that an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4496.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ADI could not be established, due to the carcinogenic and genotoxic nature</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4511.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of carbadox and some of its metabolites. MRLs set in 1990 (FAO/WHO,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4527.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990) for QCA as marker substance were apparently based on the detection</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4542.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">limit of the analytical method.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4581.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Olaquindox</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4609.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Olaquindox is extensively metabolised in the animal. The metabolites found</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4624.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">vary between tissues and between animal species (FAO/WHO, 1995). One of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4639.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the metabolites, 3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA), is known</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4655.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to be responsible for the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:199.55pt;top:4654.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.55pt;top:4655.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mutagenicity of other quinoxaline</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4670.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">derivatives and has therefore been chosen as a marker compound</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4685.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1995). The drug is rapidly absorbed from the gut and mainly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4701.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">excreted via urine. No bound residues appear to be present in tissue</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4716.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1995). In pigs given 60 ppm in-feed olaquindox up to 16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4731.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of age, and with a withdrawal period of 28 days, olaquindox residues were</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4747.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">below 0.005 ppm in muscle and below 0.01 ppm in kidney (FAO/WHO,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4762.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1995). An ADI could not be allocated by JECFA 1995, because of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4777.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">genotoxic potential of the parent compound and the absence of specific</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4793.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxicity studies on the metabolites. No MRL has been set.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4832.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some comments on the quinoxalines</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4859.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Carbadox has, and olaquindox is suspected of having carcinogenic and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4875.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">genotoxic properties (Cihák and Srb, 1983; Nunoshiba and Nishioka, 1989;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4890.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">FAO/WHO, 1990; FAO/WHO, 1994; FAO/WHO, 1995). Carcinogenic and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4905.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">genotoxic effects in consumers could be possible at very low intake levels,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4921.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">especially if the substance in question is ingested regularly over a number of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4936.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">years. Farm and feedmill workers are a special risk group, frequently</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:4951.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposed to AFA when handling animal feed. If appropriate protection cannot</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:5052.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5088.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:5088.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:5088.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">147</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5138.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">be ensured, the handling of animal feed containing quinoxalines and other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5154.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA with potentially toxic effects must be regarded as an occupational</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5169.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hazard. A conservative approach is often recommended for genotoxic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5184.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances in order to prevent underestimation of the risks.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5224.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Avilamycin</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5251.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Experimental feeding of 60 ppm radiolabelled avilamycin to swine for 14</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5266.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">days resulted in residues of 140 µg/kg in muscle, 660 µg/kg in liver, 340</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5282.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">µg/kg in kidney and 550µg/kg in fat at zero withdrawal time (Magnussen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:505.05pt;top:5281.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5297.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:135.20pt;top:5297.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991). The majority of the parent compound is metabolised or degraded</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5312.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and most of the residue is derived from the oligosaccharide portion of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5328.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">avilamycin (Magnussen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.85pt;top:5327.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.75pt;top:5328.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991). MRL has not been determined.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5367.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ardacin</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5394.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Experimental feeding of broiler chickens with 15 ppm ardacin for 30 days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5409.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resulted in liver residues of up to 50 µg/kg after a 7 day withdrawal period</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5425.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Gottschall</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.50pt;top:5425.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.65pt;top:5425.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995). Ardacin is not biotransformed to any large extent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5440.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Gottschall</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:182.70pt;top:5440.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.65pt;top:5440.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995). No MRL has been established.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5479.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">5.4.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.45pt;top:5479.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Allergy</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5511.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Humans may be exposed to AFA substances during production and mixing in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5526.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">feed. Allergic reactions due to macrolides (including spiramycin and tylosin)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5541.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are reported to be frequent in farmers and other people who handle these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5557.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances daily (Veien</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:244.65pt;top:5556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:273.80pt;top:5557.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1980; Gollins, 1989; Lee</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.90pt;top:5556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:439.05pt;top:5557.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1989;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5572.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Caraffini</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:168.95pt;top:5572.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.10pt;top:5572.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994; Danese</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.50pt;top:5572.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:304.65pt;top:5572.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). Allergic reactions to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5587.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">streptogramins (Pillette</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.10pt;top:5587.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:272.25pt;top:5587.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990) and bacitracin (Katz and Fisher, 1987;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5603.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Grandinetti and Fowler, 1990) have been reported in association with clinical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5618.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapy. Photoallergic reactions due to exposure to olaquindox are well</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5633.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">known (de Vries</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.30pt;top:5633.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:237.45pt;top:5633.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990; Schauder</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.95pt;top:5633.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.10pt;top:5633.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:5649.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Although the population at risk for these reactions must be regarded as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5664.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">comparatively small, the consequences of an allergy can be debilitating. This</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5679.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">occupational hazard for farmers handling AFA cannot be ignored.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5711.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most AFA, if present in food, would be expected to be at concentrations too</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:120pt;top:5710pt;width:408pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5710pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5726.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">low for toxic effects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5726pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5726pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5748.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Quinoxalines have a genotoxic potential which may be harmful even at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5747pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5747pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:5763.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">extremely low concentrations.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5778pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5778pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:120pt;top:5778pt;width:408pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5778pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5778pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:5762pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:528pt;top:5762pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:5894.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:5930.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:5930.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:5930.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">148</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:5981.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Many AFA have allergenic properties. Such properties are clearly unwanted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:69pt;top:5980pt;width:408pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:5980pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:5997.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in substances of common use. The consequences of an allergy can be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:5996pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:5996pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6012.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">debilitating</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6011pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6011pt;width: 1pt;height:21pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6033.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As some AFA can cause allergic reactions and are potentially genotoxic, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6033pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6033pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6049.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risks of long term continuous exposure to low dosages of genotoxic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6048pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6048pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6064.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances (e.g. workers at feed mills and farmers) need to be evaluated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6079pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6079pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:69pt;top:6079pt;width:408pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6079pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6079pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6063pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:477pt;top:6063pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6110.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.5</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.55pt;top:6110.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Interactions</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6141.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As AFA are fed continuously, other substances such as therapeuticals are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6157.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">likely to be administered simultaneously at some time. Therefore, there is a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6172.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">need for information on possible interactions. Some interactions that could</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6188.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">be envisaged are intoxication due to amplification of toxic effects, loss of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6203.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapeutic effect due to antagonism between the two drugs, or other side</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6218.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects. Intoxication by ionophores induced by simultaneously administered</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6234.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tiamulin is well known (see chapter 7). No reports have been found on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6249.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">interactions between other AFA and therapeutic substances. As AFA are a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6264.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">constant part of the feed, it is likely that their use would not be connected</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6280.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with disturbances during therapy. Interactions between AFA and other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6295.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances might therefore easily be overlooked.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6339.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Little information is available on possible interactions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:6337pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:6337pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6337pt;width:410pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:6337pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:6337pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:6355pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:6355pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:6355pt;width:410pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:6355pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:6355pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:6338pt;width: 1pt;height:17pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:478pt;top:6338pt;width: 1pt;height:17pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6387.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">5.6 Summary comments</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6418.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For humans, the use of AFA is an occupational hazard. The risks involved</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6433.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are allergy and, for quinoxalines, genotoxicity. The population at risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6449.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">includes farmers, farm workers, feed mill workers and other persons</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6464.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">handling products containing the substances.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:6479.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In target animals, the use of quinoxalines results in adrenal damage</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:6495.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Addisons disease). This is deleterious for animal well being.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:6736.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:6772.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:6772.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:6772.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">149</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:6846.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">References</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:6874.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"AARS¹!*¹*AGER¹,0¹3PIERENBERG¹4*¹DE¹'RAAF¹'*¹AND¹3EINHORST¹*7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:486.80pt;top:6874.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:6887.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Residues of carbadox metabolites in edible pork products.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.90pt;top:6887.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RCHIVES½OF½4OXICOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:6900.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3UPPL¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.35pt;top:6901.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">288-292.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:6926.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"AARS¹!*¹VAN¹'INKEL¹,!¹!ERTS¹--,¹DE¹'RAAF¹'*¹3EINHORST¹*7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:6939.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+EUKENS¹(*¹3CHWILLENS¹0,7*¹3PIERENBURG¹4*¹AND¹*AGER¹,0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:482.60pt;top:6940.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1990.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:6953.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Kinetics of carbadox residues in pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:319.75pt;top:6953.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½2ESIDUES½OF½VETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:6965.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DRUGS½IN½FOOD½½%URO2ESIDUE½CONFERENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.50pt;top:6966.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">May 21-23, Noordwijkerhout. pp. 110-112.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:6992.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"INNENDIJK¹'-¹!ERTS¹--,¹AND¹+EUKENS¹(*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.75pt;top:6992.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Optimization and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7005.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ruggedness testing of the determination of residues of carbadox and metabolites in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7018.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">products of animal origin. Stability studies in animal tissues.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.05pt;top:7018.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7031.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HROMATOGRAPHY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:231.80pt;top:7031.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:252.10pt;top:7031.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">401-410.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7057.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ARAFFINI¹3¹!SSALVE¹$¹3TINGENI¹,¹AND¹,ISI¹0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.75pt;top:7057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Tylosin, an airborne contact</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7070.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">allergen in veterinarians.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:262.75pt;top:7070.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTACT½$ERMATITIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.50pt;top:7070.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:368.25pt;top:7070.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">327-328.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7096.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#IH¡K¹2¹AND¹3RB¹6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.55pt;top:7096.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Cytogenetic effects of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7110.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">promoting agents.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:232.55pt;top:7109.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UTATION½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:322.65pt;top:7109.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.95pt;top:7110.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">129-135.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7136.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ROSSMAN¹0*¹AND¹0OYSER¹-2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.90pt;top:7136.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1981. Effect of inadvertently feeding tylosin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7149.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">tylosin with dimetridazole to dairy cows.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:334.05pt;top:7149.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:7149.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:441.95pt;top:7149.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">285.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7175.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ANESE¹0¹:ANCA¹!¹AND¹"ERTAZZONI¹-'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.90pt;top:7175.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Occupational contact dermatitis from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">tylosin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:7188.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTACT½$ERMATITIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.55pt;top:7188.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:291.35pt;top:7188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">122-123.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7214.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DE¹6RIES¹(¹"EYERSBERGEN¹VAN¹(ENEGOUWEN¹'-¹+ALLOE¹&¹AND¹"ERKHUYSEN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7227.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.80pt;top:7228.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Phototoxicity of olaquindox in the rat.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.90pt;top:7227.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESEARCH½IN½6ETERINARY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7240.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.95pt;top:7241.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">240-244.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7267.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.75pt;top:7267.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. 36th report of the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7280.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drugs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:328.05pt;top:7280.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ECHNICAL½REPORT½SERIES½.O½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:471.30pt;top:7280.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50-56.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7293.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">WHO, Geneva.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7319.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.75pt;top:7319.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Monographs prepared by the 38th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7332.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Expert Committee on Food Additives. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7345.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and foods.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:196.30pt;top:7345.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/½&OOD½AND½.UTRITION½0APER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.95pt;top:7345.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">41/4 pp.136. WHO, Rome.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7371.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.75pt;top:7371.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Forty-second Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7384.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Food Additives. Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7397.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:173.25pt;top:7397.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/½&OOD½!DDITIVES½3ERIES½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.30pt;top:7397.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pp. 55-57. WHO, Rome.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7423.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.75pt;top:7423.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Forty-second report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7436.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Food Additives. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:463.75pt;top:7436.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7449.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ECHNICAL½2EPORT½3ERIES½.O½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:297.10pt;top:7449.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pp. 19-21. WHO, Geneva.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:7475.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'OLLINS¹7*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:183.30pt;top:7475.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Occupational asthma due to tylosin tartrate.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:412.30pt;top:7475.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"RITISH½*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:7488.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NDUSTRIAL½-EDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.55pt;top:7488.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.30pt;top:7488.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">894.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:7578.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:7614.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:7614.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7614.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">150</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7677.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'OTTSCHALL¹$7¹&ILTER¹-,¹AND¹7ANG¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:278.15pt;top:7677.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Analysis of tissue residues and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7690.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">comparative metabolism of ardacin in cattle, broilers, and rats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:378.80pt;top:7690.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7703.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!GRICULTURAL½AND½&OOD½#HEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.15pt;top:7703.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.95pt;top:7704.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2956-2963.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7729.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'RANDINETTI¹0*¹AND¹&OWLER¹*&¹*R</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.10pt;top:7730.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Simultaneous contact allergy to neomycin,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7743.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">bacitracin, and polymyxin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:220.30pt;top:7743.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!MERICAN½!CADEMY½OF½½$ERMATOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:435.80pt;top:7743.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.55pt;top:7743.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">646-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7756.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">647.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7782.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(UBER¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:118.40pt;top:7782.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1979. Moenomycin and related phosphorus-containing antibiotics.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.20pt;top:7782.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.90pt;top:7782.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">F.E.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7795.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Hahn (ed.),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:152.00pt;top:7795.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIBIOTICS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:214.85pt;top:7795.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Vol. 5, pt 1. Springer Verlag, New York. pp. 135-153.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7821.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+ATZ¹"%¹AND¹&ISHER¹!!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:199.80pt;top:7821.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1987. Bacitracin: a unique topical antibiotic sensitizer.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7834.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!MERICAN½!CADEMY½OF½$ERMATOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.00pt;top:7834.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.75pt;top:7834.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1016-1024.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7860.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+EUKENS¹(*¹INNENDIJK¹'-¹AND¹!ERTS¹--,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:309.35pt;top:7861.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1990. Determination of residues of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7874.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">carbadox and metabolites in edible tissues -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.95pt;top:7873.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:330.10pt;top:7874.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">stability studies.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:405.00pt;top:7873.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7886.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">OF½4HE½%URO2ESIDUE½CONFERENCE½2ESIDUES½OF½6ETERINARY½$RUGS½IN½&OOD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:422.85pt;top:7887.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">May 21-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7899.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">23, Noordwijkerhout. pp. 235-239.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7925.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+¶FER¹*¹(¶CHER¹(¹AND¹(INTERDORFER¹&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:270.10pt;top:7926.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Olaquindoxvergiftung bei Ferkeln.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:7939.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7IENER½4IER¤RZTLICHE½-ONATSSCHRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.10pt;top:7939.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.85pt;top:7939.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">135-137.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:7965.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,EE¹(3¹7ANG¹94¹9EO¹#4¹4AN¹+4¹AND¹2ATNAM¹+6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:364.65pt;top:7965.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Occupational</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:7978.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">asthma due to tylosin tartrate.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:233.25pt;top:7978.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"RITISH½*OURNAL½OF½)NDUSTRIAL½-EDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:408.25pt;top:7978.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.00pt;top:7978.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">498-499.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:8004.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-AGNUSSEN¹*$¹$ALIDOWICZ¹*%¹4HOMSON¹4$¹AND¹$ONOHO¹!,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:392.75pt;top:8004.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Tissue</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8017.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">residues and metabolism of avilamycin in swine and rats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:355.05pt;top:8017.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!GRICULTURAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8030.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">AND½&OOD½#HEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.60pt;top:8030.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.35pt;top:8031.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">306-310.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:8056.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ABUURS¹-*!¹VAN¹DER¹-OLEN¹%*¹DE¹'RAAF¹'*¹AND¹*AGER¹,0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:395.40pt;top:8057.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Clinical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8070.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">signs and performance of pigs treated with different doses of carbadox, cyadox and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8083.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">olaquindox.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:154.55pt;top:8083.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½-EDICINE½3ERIES½!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.25pt;top:8083.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.00pt;top:8083.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">68-76.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:8109.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.UNOSHIBA¹4¹AND¹.ISHIOKA¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.35pt;top:8109.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Genotoxicity of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8122.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">derivatives in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:161.90pt;top:8122.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%SCHERICHIA½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:237.00pt;top:8122.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:255.75pt;top:8122.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:364.80pt;top:8122.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:370.35pt;top:8122.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UTATION½RESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8135.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:119.55pt;top:8135.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">203-209.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.95pt;top:8161.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ILLETTE¹-¹#LAUDEL¹*0¹-ULLER¹#¹AND¹,ORETTE¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.40pt;top:8161.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Toxidermie à la</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8174.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Pristinamycine après sensibilisation à la virginiamycine topique.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:387.40pt;top:8174.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!LLERGIE½ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8187.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)MMUNOLGIE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:157.60pt;top:8187.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:172.35pt;top:8188.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">197.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.95pt;top:8213.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OWER¹3"¹$ONNELLY¹7*#¹-C,AUGHLIN¹*'¹7ALSH¹-#¹AND¹$ROMEY¹-&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:455.65pt;top:8214.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8227.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1989. Accidental carbadox overdosage in pigs in an Irish weaner-producing herd.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8240.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:186.85pt;top:8240.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.15pt;top:8240.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">367-370.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.95pt;top:8266.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0RESCOTT¹*&¹AND¹"AGGOT¹*$¹EDS	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:242.55pt;top:8266.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.65pt;top:8266.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIMICROBIAL½THERAPY½IN½VETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8279.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MEDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.75pt;top:8279.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2nd ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames. pp. 612.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.95pt;top:8305.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EETZ¹*¹"USCH¹!¹AND¹7ITTHUHN¹5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.20pt;top:8305.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Bisergon©-induzierte</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8318.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Nebennierenveränderungen bei Puten- und Broilerküken.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.85pt;top:8318.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ONATSHEFTE½F¼R</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:8331.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERIN¤RMEDIZIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:181.70pt;top:8331.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:196.45pt;top:8331.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">220-225.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:8420.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8456.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:8456.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:8456.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">151</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8519.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ICO¹!'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.85pt;top:8519.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1985. Toxicological assessment of residues of feed additives and veterinary</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8532.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.30pt;top:8532.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH½%UROPEAN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8545.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.65pt;top:8545.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">September 12-15, Exeter. pp. 1-22.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8571.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2UTALJ¹-¹"AZULIC¹$¹3APUNAR
0OSTRUZNIK¹*¹:IVKOVIC¹*¹AND¹,JUBICIC¹)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:478.15pt;top:8572.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8585.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) in swine liver and muscle.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:439.90pt;top:8584.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&OOD½!DDITIVES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8598.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">AND½#ONTAMINANTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:237.10pt;top:8597.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:251.85pt;top:8598.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">879-882.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8624.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3AMBETH¹7¹"AUER¹&¹$OST¹'¹AND¹.ESEMANN¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.50pt;top:8624.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1974. Evaluation of the saferty of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8637.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">flavomycin in poultry.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:251.85pt;top:8637.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½86½7ORLDS½0OULTRY½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:472.30pt;top:8637.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">August 11-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8650.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16, New Orleans. pp. 78-80.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8676.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CHAUDER¹3¹3CHR¶DER¹7¹AND¹'EIER¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.95pt;top:8676.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Olaquindox-induced airborne</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8689.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">photoallergic contact dermatitis followed by transient or persistent light reactions in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8702.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">15 pig breeders.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:8702.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTACT½$ERMATITIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:314.60pt;top:8702.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:329.35pt;top:8702.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">344-354.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8728.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3PIERENBURG¹4*¹"AARS¹!*¹DE¹'RAAF¹'*¹AND¹*AGER¹,0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:410.00pt;top:8728.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1988a. Carbadox</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8741.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">induced inhibition of aldosterone production in porcine adrenals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:434.95pt;top:8741.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.10pt;top:8741.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:475.65pt;top:8741.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8754.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH½#ONGRESS½OF½%UROPEAN½!SSOCIATION½FOR½6ETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8767.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0HARMACOLOGY½AND½4OXICOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:292.05pt;top:8767.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">August 28-September 2, Budapest. p. 95.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8793.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3PIERENBURG¹4*¹"AARS¹!*¹DE¹'RAAF¹'*¹AND¹*AGER¹,0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:410.00pt;top:8793.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988b. Carbadox-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8806.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">induced inhibition of aldosterone production in porcine adrenals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:437.70pt;top:8806.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.10pt;top:8806.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8819.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4OXICOLOGY½IN½6ITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.90pt;top:8819.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:251.10pt;top:8820.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">141-143.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8845.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3TOCKHOFE
:URWIEDEN¹.¹"RUNCKHORST¹$¹7ALDMANN¹+(¹AND¹0OHLENZ¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:483.30pt;top:8846.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8859.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Pathomorphologische Verlaufsuntersuchungen nach Olaquindoxintoxikation bei</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8872.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Mastschweinen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.60pt;top:8872.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4IER¤RZTLICHE½0RAXIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:319.15pt;top:8872.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:333.90pt;top:8872.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">58-63.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.85pt;top:8898.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">VAN¹DER¹-OLEN¹%*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:214.50pt;top:8898.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Pathological effects of carbadox in pigs with special emphasis</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8911.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">on the adrenal.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:218.45pt;top:8911.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½#OMPARATIVE½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:378.55pt;top:8911.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:393.30pt;top:8911.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">55-67.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.85pt;top:8937.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6EIEN¹.+¹(ATTEL¹4¹*USTESEN¹/¹AND¹.ORHOLM¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:371.45pt;top:8937.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. Occupational contact</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8950.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">dermatitis due to spiramycin and/or tylosin among farmers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:414.80pt;top:8950.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTACT½$ERMATITIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:8963.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:159.45pt;top:8964.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">410-413.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:8989.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7OODGER¹'*!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.20pt;top:8990.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1979. Antibiotic contamination of compound cattle feed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:460.75pt;top:8989.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:9003.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:187.65pt;top:9003.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.90pt;top:9003.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">173.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:9262.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:9298.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5. Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:9298.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:9298.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">152</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:10104.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10140.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10191.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">6</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:10191.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">Environmental aspects on antibacterial feed</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:10213.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">additives</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10307.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">6.1</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:10307.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Introduction</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10338.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Several factors are of interest for the assessment of environmental effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10353.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA. The environmental burden, i.e. the amount of the substance that enters</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10369.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and is deposited in the environment, as well as the distribution and transport</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10384.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">between different environmental compartments, defines the exposure. Effects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10399.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to be considered include: effects on soil microbes, earthworms, algae and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10415.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">aquatic organisms. Furthermore, safety for wildlife and other unintended</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10430.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">recipients must also be considered.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:10445.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The environmental deposition of AFA is related to the number of animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10461.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fed these substances, duration of use, dosage, metabolism, excretion pattern</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10476.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and method of waste disposal. As most of these substances are poorly, or not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10491.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at all, absorbed in the gut, the amount excreted in faeces is almost as large as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10507.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the total amount fed to various animal species. The impact on the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10522.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environment from the use of AFA is therefore through excretion in faeces.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10537.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some AFA may also be excreted in urine. Although the concentrations in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10553.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">urine would be expected to be far lower than in faeces, evaporation and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10568.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">precipitation during storage could lead to higher concentrations, especially at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10584.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the bottom of the storage tank.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:10599.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">According to directive 70/525/EEC and the guidelines in 94/40/EC, studies</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10614.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on excreted residues and an environmental assessment should be performed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10630.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on all feed additives.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:10645.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">An overall assessment of environmental effects must include thorough</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10660.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">estimations of secondary effects and evaluations of different production</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10676.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">systems as a whole. For example, waste from the manufacture of AFA has a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10691.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">high nitrogen content and may also include other potentially harmful</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10706.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">components, excess AFA among others. The disposal of this waste must be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10722.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">taken into account. The need for long-term assessments when it comes to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10737.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environmental effects cannot be overemphasised.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:10752.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the following, some information available on environmental aspects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10768.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA will be discussed. Corresponding information on coccidiostats (and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:10783.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophore AFA) is found in chapter 7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:10946.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:10982.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:10982.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:10982.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">154</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11033.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">6.2</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:11033.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Exposure of the environment to AFA</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11064.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Many of the AFA are derived from soil microorganisms and are therefore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11079.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">likely to be, eventually, degraded in soil. Nonetheless, degradability and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11095.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradation rates must be determined for each substance. This testing must</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11110.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">be standardised as far as possible. Many variables need to be considered in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11125.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">this standardisation (Bouwman and Reus, 1994). As the compounds will be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">excreted in faeces, degradation studies should be conducted in soil mixed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11156.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with manure. The type of manure used is important in this regard. Animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11171.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">species from which the manure originates and dry matter content is of prime</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11187.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">importance, but feed composition, management factors and geographic area</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11202.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may also influence the composition of the manure.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:11217.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Other factors that may affect the outcome of degradation studies are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11233.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">temperature, light, oxygen concentration, microbial composition in soil and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11248.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">manure, and sampling procedures. The methods for analysing the substance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11264.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in question, as well as its major metabolites, must also be standardised. When</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11279.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">all these requirements are fulfilled, it will still be very difficult to apply the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11294.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">results of experimental studies to the environment as a whole. Antimicrobial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11310.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances that are released into the environment via faeces will disperse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11325.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">through a number of transport mechanisms. A model for this was presented</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11340.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">by Addison (1984), in which volatilisation, degradation, diffusion, adsorption</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11356.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to sediment, losses to ground water and streams etc. is calculated. This model</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11371.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">clearly illustrates the complexity of the matter and how difficult it is to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11386.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">predict the exact fate of antimicrobials that are released into the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:11402.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Various studies have been reported on aerobic degradation in soil of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11417.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances used as AFA including bacitracin, tylosin spiramycin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11432.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">flavomycin (Bewick, 1978; Jagnow, 1978; Bewick and Tribe, 1980;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11448.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Gavalchin and Katz, 1994). Most study designs are fairly simple; the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11463.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substance under investigation is mixed with soil or soil/manure mixes and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11479.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">decline in concentration under different conditions is measured over time.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11494.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most substances appear to have a half life in soil of about 2-3 weeks at 20°C,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11509.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">while lower temperatures generally cause a slower degradation. In sterile</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11525.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">soil, no degradation occurs, indicating that microbes are essential for the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11540.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">process (Gavalchin and Katz, 1994). Two studies have been found that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11555.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrate no uptake of tylosin (Bewick, 1979b) or bacitracin (Vogtmann</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11570.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:96.80pt;top:11571.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1978) by vegetables from soil fertilised with AFA-containing manure.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:11586.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For the quinoxalines, no information has been found. Being synthetic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11601.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances, they are of special interest as they might not be as easily</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11617.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradable by existing soil microflora.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:11632.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some losses to surface or ground water are to be expected. Bewick (1979a)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11647.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrated a notable difference in adsorptive capacity of different clays.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11663.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When release from soils was studied, the concentration in leakage was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:11678.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">related to the amount of tylosin applied. Under practical conditions, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:11788.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11824.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:11824.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:11824.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">155</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11874.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degree of leaching will depend, among other things, on fertilising practices,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11890.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">weather conditions and type of soil. In view of the large variation of such</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11905.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">factors within the European Union, experimental data are especially difficult</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11920.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to interpret. No data on degradation in water has been found.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:11936.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Larger standardised studies would be necessary to draw firm conclusions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11951.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on the environmental burden (Bouwman and Reus, 1994). As light and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11967.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">temperature are important variables regarding degradation times, it may be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11982.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">necessary to conduct separate studies for application to different geographic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:11997.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">areas.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12042.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most antibiotic AFA appear to have a half life in soil of about 2-3 weeks at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12039pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12039pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:12039pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12039pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12039pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12040pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12040pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12057.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">20°C. Information is lacking on the synthetic substances (quinoxalines).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12056pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12056pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12084.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Due to the complexity of the matter, it is difficult to predict the exact fate of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12072pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12072pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12100.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antimicrobials that are released into the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12115pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12115pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:12115pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12115pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12115pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:12099pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:12099pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12141.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">6.3</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:12141.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Effects of AFA on the environment</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12184.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.3.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:12184.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Disruption of microecology</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12215.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Many ecosystems depend on complex microbial interactions. Soil is a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12231.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">heterogeneous system with a mixed biota and fluctuating local conditions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12246.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The microbiota is essential for supplying nutrients to crops, stimulating plant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12261.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">growth, control or inhibition of the activity of plant pathogens and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12277.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">improvement of soil structure. Microbes are also important in the degradation</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12292.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of pollutants. Disruption of these microbial populations is detrimental for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12307.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">agriculture as well as for the society as a whole.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:12323.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Antibacterial substances such as AFA, if present in animal wastes in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12338.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">inhibitory concentrations, are expected to affect the environmental</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12354.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microflora. Bewick (1978), in one of a series of experiments on waste from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12369.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tylosin production, investigated the effects of added tylosin on various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12384.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">parameters for soil activity. At concentrations corresponding to 37 ppm or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12400.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">more, nitrogen mineralisation was reduced. A decrease in microbial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12415.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">respiration could be noted for 5 to 7 weeks after the addition of the antibiotic.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12430.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Degradation of most AFA would be expected during composting (Vogtmann</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12446.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.80pt;top:12446.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1978).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:12461.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Other microbial systems could be affected. Treatment of wastewater from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12476.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animal production facilities and slaughterhouses, as well as sewage, often</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12492.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">includes a microbial process. This may be impaired by low concentrations of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12507.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antimicrobial substances in the wastewater. No information has been found</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:12522.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on this subject.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:12630.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:12666.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:12666.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12666.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">156</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:12716.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Source separated municipal solid waste and agricultural waste can be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12732.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">utilised for biogas production. Substances with an antimicrobial effect</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12747.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">against anaerobic bacteria could disturb this process. Thaveesri (1994) found</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12762.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that monensin negatively affected the performance of UASB (upflow</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12778.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors. Contrary to this, in studies on manure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12793.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from pigs and poultry fed avilamycin, Sutton (1989) reported efficient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12809.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">operation of experimental and large mesophilic digesters. The presence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12824.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">avilamycin appeared to alter the metabolism of the microflora, increasing the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12839.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">efficiency to degrade volatile solids.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:12855.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Considerable research and investments are currently spent on optimising</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12870.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">biogas plants in order to meet with the requirements for more sustainable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12885.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">systems. In such highly efficient, modern anaerobic digestion plants, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12901.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">processes are strictly controlled. The effects of AFA on such sensitive</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12916.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">systems must therefore be carefully evaluated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:12931.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Albeit transient, the deleterious effects of antibiotics on environmental</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12947.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microflora cannot be ignored.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:12986.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.3.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:12986.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Decreased nutrient losses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13017.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The beneficial effect of AFA on nitrogen excretion and total amount of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13033.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animal manure has been widely discussed (Roth and Kirchgessner, 1993;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13048.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Lindermayer and Propstmeier, 1994; Roth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:289.55pt;top:13048.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.70pt;top:13048.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994; Verbeke and Viaene,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13063.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1996). This effect is a consequence of the improved feed efficiency</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13079.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">associated with AFA use. The amounts of nutrients excreted in faeces and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13094.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">urine are lowered in proportion to the decreased amount of feed consumed by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13109.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the animals, i.e. by approximately 3-4 % (Thomke and Elwinger, 1997).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:13125.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In combination with AFA, high protein diets are often used. Dietary</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13140.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">manipulations can also reduce nitrogen excretion while maximum growth is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13155.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">maintained (Williams, 1995; Cromwell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.15pt;top:13155.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:303.35pt;top:13155.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996; Henry, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13171.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Multiphase feeding, where the daily supply of nutrients is adjusted as closely</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13186.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">as possible to the requirements of the animals, will substantially reduce</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13202.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitrogen excretion while supporting maximum growth (Henry, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13217.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Appropriate feeding strategies will not only affect nitrogen excretion, but</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13232.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">also reduce pollution by other substances, such as phosphorus and trace</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13248.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">elements. Investments in feed storage, feed preparation and feed distribution</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13263.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with computerised automated systems may be costly but adjustment to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13278.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">physiological requirements of the animals may still be a beneficial alternative</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13294.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to costly waste treatments and the risk of future environmental damage.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:13309.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It appears logical that the amount of nitrogen in the feed will affect the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13324.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">amount of nitrogen excreted in faeces and urine. A pig feed with a protein</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13340.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">content of 14% with added amino acids will result in similar or smaller</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13355.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitrogen excretion per animal than feed with 18% protein content</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:13370.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supplemented with AFA (Roth and Kirchgessner, 1993; Williams, 1995;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:13472.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13508.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:13508.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:13508.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">157</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13558.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Verbeke and Viaene, 1996). Supplementations of feed with enzymes and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13574.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">probiotics also aim at a situation in which a greater share of the nutrients</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13589.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supplied in the feed is made available for absorption by the animal. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13604.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">higher rate of nutrient absorption leads to a lowered output with animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13620.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">voiding.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:13635.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The protein content of both pig and broiler feed in Sweden was reduced as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13651.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a consequence of the ban of AFA enforced in 1986 (Wierup, 1996). This has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13666.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been possible since several crystalline amino acids are available at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13681.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">competitive price levels. Although the alteration in feed composition was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13697.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">primarily aimed at avoiding intestinal disturbances, there were also benefits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13712.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in terms of lowered nitrogen excretion.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:13727.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When discussing nitrogen load it is also important to remember that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13743.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">inorganic fertilisers added to agricultural soil contain a substantial amount of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13758.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitrogen. As an example, the amount of nitrogen fertilisers used in France,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13773.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Germany and Sweden expressed in kg/hectare cultured land in 1995 was 120,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13789.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">140 and 70 respectively (SCB, 1997). Finding ways of a better utilisation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13804.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the nitrogen in manure as a fertiliser, thereby reducing the need for inorganic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13820.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fertilisers, would perhaps be a better way of reducing total nitrogen load than</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13835.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reducing the nitrogen content of manure.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13879.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Presence of non degraded AFA in manure or wastewater will impair the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13877pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13877pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:13877pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13877pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13877pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13878pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13878pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13895.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microbial activity in the recipient habitats, lowering the turnover capacity of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13894pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13894pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13910.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the microbiota.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13909pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13909pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13937.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The usage of AFA leads to lower excreta nutrient discharges in pigs and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13925pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13925pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13953.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">poultry. Any given diet that improves nutrient absorption will also reduce</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13952pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13952pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:13968.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nutrient losses with animal voiding.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13984pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13984pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:13984pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13984pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13984pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:13967pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:13967pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14010.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">6.4</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:14010.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14041.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Faeces from animals fed AFA contains not only bacteria carrying genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14056.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coding for resistance against these substances, but also the substance itself,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14071.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">thereby providing a selective pressure that may further the spread of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14087.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">genes. This is not primarily a problem for the environment, although some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14102.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">possible implications will be discussed in 6.4.4.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14141.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.4.1 Persistence of resistant bacteria in the environment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14172.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In order to have an influence on the environmental pool of resistance genes,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14188.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacteria carrying the genes must persist for some time in the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:14203.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Animal bacteria would be expected to disappear from the soil surface under</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:14314.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:14350.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:14350.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14350.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">158</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14400.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the influence of sunlight, but they may persist deeper in the soil for some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14416.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">time. Around farm buildings, enterococci and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:310.55pt;top:14416.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:344.35pt;top:14416.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">can be isolated from soil</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14431.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Parrakova and Fratric, 1980). Mackey and Hinton (1990) investigated the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14446.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">survival of streptococci and enterococci on straw. After 4 weeks, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14462.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">inoculated bacteria could still be isolated although their numbers were</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14477.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reduced. Davies and Wray (1996) found that salmonellae from infected calf</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14493.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carcasses could diffuse into soil and persist for up to 21 months, while bacilli</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14508.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and clostridia from the same source could persist in soil for more than two</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14523.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">years. The salmonellae could also be isolated from wild-bird droppings,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14539.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">maggots and surface water for 4 weeks after burial of the carcasses. Hinton</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14554.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and Linton (1982) reported survival of multiresistant salmonellae and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:434.75pt;top:14554.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14569.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in slurry for at least 7 weeks. Thus, bacteria of animal origin (both gram-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14585.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">positive and gram-negative) appear to be able to contaminate soil for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14600.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prolonged periods of time.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14639.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.4.2 Gene transfer in the environment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14671.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Gene transfer occurs readily in almost any environment. It has been shown</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14686.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that gene transfer can occur in soil between different bacteria, by various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14701.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mechanisms (Bale</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:166.05pt;top:14701.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.20pt;top:14701.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988; Henschke and Schmidt, 1990; Top</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:414.00pt;top:14701.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:443.15pt;top:14701.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14717.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990; Cresswell and Wellington, 1992; Lilley</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:308.00pt;top:14716.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:337.20pt;top:14717.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). Kruse and Sørum</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14732.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(1994) demonstrated the transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14747.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">between various bacterial species in diverse household microenvironments.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14763.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Timoney and Linton (1982) showed that transfer of a specific plasmid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">between different strains of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.70pt;top:14778.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.75pt;top:14778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from calves in faeces occurred at 30°C</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14793.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but not at 37°C. This indicates that some transfer systems in animal bacteria</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14809.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are adapted only to environmental conditions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:14824.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Gene transfer to soil bacteria can occur from bacteria that will not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14839.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">themselves survive for long in the soil. The addition of nutrients, as when</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14855.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">manure is spread on farmland, and the presence of plant roots, provide a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14870.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">favourable environment in which an increased bacterial metabolism and gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14886.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer would be expected (Cresswell and Wellington, 1992; Lilley</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.20pt;top:14885.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:452.15pt;top:14886.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14901.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1994).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:14916.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When studying gene transfer in the soil microenvironment, many factors</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14932.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may influence the result. For example, temperature, humidity and pH are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14947.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">important, as well as the bacterial species used in the experiments. Soil</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14962.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">micro-organisms such as pseudomonads, bacilli and streptomycaetes are well</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14978.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">adapted to growth in the soil environment and may transfer and maintain</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:14993.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance genes in these environments better than do coliforms (Cresswell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:15008.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and Wellington, 1992). Methodological problems such as detection of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:15024.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer when the genes are not properly expressed and the vast amount of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:15039.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">non-described or non-cultivable bacteria present in soil suggest that the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:15054.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">observed transfer frequencies may only be the tip of the iceberg. One gram of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:15156.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15192.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:15192.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:15192.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">159</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15242.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">agricultural soil can contain more than 100 000 different bacterial species</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15258.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Cresswell and Wellington, 1992). It seems obvious that studies on just a few</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15273.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of those cannot provide a basis for conclusions regarding the whole</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15288.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microenvironment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15328.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.4.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:15328.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Persistence of resistance genes in environmental bacteria</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15359.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Resistance genes in soil microbes may persist for a long time, even without a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15374.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">selective pressure from antimicrobial substances. Gene transfer from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:481.55pt;top:15374.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15390.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to soil pseudomonads in a non-sterile, unamended, soil system has been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15405.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrated, with a persistence of the introduced gene in the recipient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15420.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacterium for 100 days (Cresswell and Wellington, 1992). If the expression</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15436.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of resistance genes is costly from a metabolic point of view, resistant bacteria</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15451.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are likely to disappear in the absence of a selective pressure. However, this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15466.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">competitive disadvantage may be overcome (see 4.4.5). Bacteria may adjust</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15482.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to the expression of resistance, lowering the metabolic cost. Bale and co-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15497.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">workers (1993) studied the survival of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:323.60pt;top:15497.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.40pt;top:15497.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and its nalidixic acid resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15513.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mutants on dry surfaces. Out of seven resistant mutants, five survived longer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15528.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">compared to the sensitive parent strains. Further, transferable genetic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15543.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">elements carrying resistance genes may also carry other traits of advantage. If</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15559.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">so, the resistance genes will still be able to persist in the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15598.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">6.4.4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:15598.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Possible implications for the environment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15629.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Co-transfer of resistance genes and virulence genes has been demonstrated,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15644.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not only in animal and human pathogens, but also in plant pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15660.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Amuthan and Mahadevan, 1994). Certain virulence genes in plant and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15675.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animal pathogens are similar enough to suggest a horizontal spread (Alfano</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15690.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and Collmer, 1996). Theoretically, in the presence of a selective pressure for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15706.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance genes, virulence of plant and wildlife pathogens might increase</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15721.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and non-pathogenic bacteria might acquire virulence. Although purely</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15737.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">speculative, this merits further investigation. Similarly, possible co-transfer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15752.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of resistance to pesticides such as copper or sulphur should be considered.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15796.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Transfer of genes occurs readily in the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15794pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15794pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:15794pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15794pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15794pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15795pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15795pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15824.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Resistance genes can persist in the environment both in their original</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15811pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15811pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15839.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacterial hosts and in environmental organisms.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15838pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15838pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15866.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Possible co-transfer of resistance genes and other genes in plant pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15854pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15854pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:15882.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">should be investigated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15897pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15897pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:15897pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15897pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15897pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:15881pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:15881pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:15998.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:16034.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:16034.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16034.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">160</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16085.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">6.5</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:16085.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Summary comments</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16116.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Little information is publicly available on environmental effects of AFA.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16131.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">According to accessible data, antibiotic AFA present in soil are degraded by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16147.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microbes. Hence, no major toxic effects on terrestrial or aquatic fauna or on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16162.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">terrestrial plants are expected. Presence of AFA in soil will transiently</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16177.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">disrupt the microflora with potentially negative consequences on nutrient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16193.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mineralisation etc. Further, more information is needed concerning possible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16208.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects on modern biogas plants. Presence of AFA and genes encoding for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16223.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance to AFA in manure is not primarily a problem for the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16239.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Such genes will form part of the resistance gene pool available for animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:16254.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and human bacteria.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:16840.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:16876.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:16876.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:16876.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">161</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:16950.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">References</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:16978.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!DDISON¹*"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.15pt;top:16978.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Antibiotics in sediments and run-off waters from feedlots.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:477.80pt;top:16978.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESIDUE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:16991.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EVIEWS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:191.95pt;top:16991.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.75pt;top:16992.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1-28.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17018.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!LFANO¹*2¹AND¹#OLLMER¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:256.65pt;top:17018.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Bacterial pathogens in plants: life up against the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:17031.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">wall.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.80pt;top:17031.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4HE½0LANT½#ELL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:244.90pt;top:17031.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:254.15pt;top:17031.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1683-1698.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17057.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MUTHAN¹'¹AND¹-AHADEVAN¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:278.75pt;top:17057.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Plasmid and pathogenecity in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:444.95pt;top:17057.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8ANTHOMONAS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:17070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ORYZAE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:182.50pt;top:17070.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pathovar</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:17070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ORYZAE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.40pt;top:17070.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.95pt;top:17070.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!PPLIED½"ACTERIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:407.50pt;top:17070.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:422.25pt;top:17070.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">529-538.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17096.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ALE¹-*¹"ENNET¹0-¹"ERINGER¹*%¹AND¹(INTON¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:383.50pt;top:17097.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. The survival of bacteria</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17110.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">exposed to dessication on surfaces associated with farm buildings.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:446.65pt;top:17109.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17123.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLIED½"ACTERIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.20pt;top:17122.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:264.95pt;top:17123.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">519-528.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17149.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ALE¹-*¹&RY¹*#¹AND¹$AY¹-*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:286.40pt;top:17149.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Transfer and occurrence of large mercury</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:17162.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">resistance plasmids in river epilithon.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.80pt;top:17162.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLIED½AND½%NVIRONMENTAL½-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:17175.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.00pt;top:17175.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">972-978.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17201.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EWICK¹-7-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.30pt;top:17201.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Effect of tylosin and tylosin fermentation waste on microbial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17214.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">activity of soil.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.70pt;top:17214.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3OIL½"IOLOGY½AND½"IOCHEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.20pt;top:17214.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:375.00pt;top:17214.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">403-407.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17240.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EWICK¹-7-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.30pt;top:17241.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1979a. The adsorption and release of tylosin by clays and soils.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:490.90pt;top:17240.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0LANT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:17254.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">AND½3OIL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:192.35pt;top:17253.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.10pt;top:17254.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">363-372.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17280.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EWICK¹-7-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.30pt;top:17280.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1979b. The use of antibiotic fermentation waste as fertilizers for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17293.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">tomatoes.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.60pt;top:17293.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!GRICULTURAL½3CIENCES½#AMBRIDGE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:400.65pt;top:17293.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:415.45pt;top:17293.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">669-674.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17319.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EWICK¹-7-¹AND¹4RIBE¹(4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:279.00pt;top:17319.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. The decomposition of tylosin fermentation</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17333.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">waste in soil at four temperatures.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:303.10pt;top:17332.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0LANT½AND½3OIL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:372.00pt;top:17332.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:386.75pt;top:17333.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">249-258.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17358.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"OUWMAN¹'-¹AND¹2EUS¹*!7!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:295.55pt;top:17359.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Persistence of medicines in manure.CLM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17372.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">163-1994, pp. 31. CLM, Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Utrecht.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17398.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#RESSWELL¹.¹AND¹7ELLINGTON¹%-(¹EDS	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:327.95pt;top:17398.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:361.05pt;top:17398.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ETECTION½OF½GENETIC½EXCHANGE½IN½THE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17411.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">TERRESTRIAL½ENVIRONMENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.45pt;top:17411.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">. Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 59-82.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17437.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ROMWELL¹',¹#ARTER¹3$¹,INDEMANN¹-$¹AND¹4URNER¹,7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:434.75pt;top:17437.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1996. Reducing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17450.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in growing and finishing pigs by dietary</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17463.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">manipulation.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:214.05pt;top:17463.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH½)063½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:393.20pt;top:17463.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7-10 July, Bologna. p. 418.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17489.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$AVIES¹2(¹AND¹7RAY¹#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.30pt;top:17489.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Seasonal variations in the isolation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.75pt;top:17489.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17502.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">TYPHIMURIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.75pt;top:17502.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:212.30pt;top:17502.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA½ENTERITIDIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:309.95pt;top:17502.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.50pt;top:17502.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ACILLUS½CEREUS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:386.30pt;top:17502.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:405.00pt;top:17502.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17515.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from environmental samples.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.90pt;top:17515.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½-EDICINE½"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:436.95pt;top:17515.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.70pt;top:17515.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">119-127.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17541.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'AVALCHIN¹*¹AND¹+ATZ¹3%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:254.65pt;top:17541.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. The persistence of fecal-borne antibiotics in soil.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17554.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½THE½!SSOCIATION½OF½/FFICIAL½!NALYTICAL½#HEMISTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:412.20pt;top:17554.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.95pt;top:17555.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">481-485.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:17580.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ENRY¹9</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:168.35pt;top:17581.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1996. Feeding strategies for pollution control in pig production.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:461.65pt;top:17581.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:17593.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH½)063½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:317.40pt;top:17594.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7-10 July, Bologna. pp. 45-50.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:17682.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:17718.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:17718.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17718.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">162</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17781.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ENSCHKE¹2"¹AND¹3CHMIDT¹&2*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.10pt;top:17781.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Plasmid mobilization from genetically</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17794.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">engineered bacteria to members of the indigenous soil microflora</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:390.55pt;top:17794.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½SITU</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.05pt;top:17794.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.55pt;top:17794.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#URRENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17807.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.10pt;top:17807.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.85pt;top:17808.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">105-110.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17833.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(INTON¹-¹AND¹,INTON¹!(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:205.65pt;top:17834.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. The survival of multi-antibacterial drug-resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17847.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%SCHERICHIA½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.30pt;top:17847.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:193.05pt;top:17847.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:304.90pt;top:17847.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in stored static slurry from a veal calf</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17860.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">unit.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.00pt;top:17860.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½(YGIENE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:213.00pt;top:17860.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:227.75pt;top:17860.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">557-565.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17886.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*AGNOW¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:124.05pt;top:17886.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Microbial degradation of the feed antibiotics zinc-bacitracin,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17899.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">flavophospholipol, spiramycin, and of tetracycline in chicken manure, damp-stored</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17912.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and mixed with soil.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:192.20pt;top:17912.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE½&ORSCHUNG½3ONDERHEFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:390.55pt;top:17912.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:405.35pt;top:17912.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">227-234.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17938.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+RUSE¹(¹AND¹3¸RUM¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:188.85pt;top:17938.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17951.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.50pt;top:17951.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLIED½%NVIRONMENTAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:17964.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.10pt;top:17964.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.85pt;top:17965.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4015-4021.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:17990.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ILLEY¹!+¹&RY¹*#¹$AY¹-*¹AND¹"AILEY¹-*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:304.30pt;top:17991.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:337.40pt;top:17991.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½SITU</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:368.20pt;top:17991.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">transfer of an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18004.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">exogenously isolated plasmid between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:269.45pt;top:18004.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½0SEUDOMONAS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.30pt;top:18004.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">spp. in sugar beet rhizosphere.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18017.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.05pt;top:18017.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.35pt;top:18017.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">27-33.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18043.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,INDERMAYER¹(¹AND¹0ROPSTMEIER¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.05pt;top:18043.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Leichtungsförderer über die gesamte</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18056.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Mastdauer?</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:153.65pt;top:18056.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+RAFTFUTTER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.70pt;top:18056.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.O¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.40pt;top:18056.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">479-481.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18082.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ACKEY¹%4¹AND¹(INTON¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.20pt;top:18082.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. The survival of streptococci and enterococci in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18095.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">animal feed and on straw with particular reference to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.30pt;top:18095.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3TREPTOCOCCUS½BOVIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:424.60pt;top:18095.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:430.15pt;top:18095.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18108.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">OF½!PPLIED½"ACTERIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.55pt;top:18108.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.30pt;top:18109.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">345-348.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18135.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ARRAKOVA¹%¹AND¹&RATRIC¹)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.70pt;top:18135.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. Soil contamination in the environment of intensive</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18148.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">farming units.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:163.85pt;top:18148.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!GRICULTURAL½7ASTES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.20pt;top:18148.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.40pt;top:18148.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">161-170.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18174.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2OTH¹&8¹AND¹+IRCHGESSNER¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.70pt;top:18174.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Influence of avilamycin and tylosin on retention</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18187.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and excretion of nitrogen in growing pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:288.20pt;top:18187.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NIMAL½0HYSIOLOGY½AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18200.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NIMAL½.UTRITION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.05pt;top:18200.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.80pt;top:18200.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">175-185.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18226.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2OTH¹&8¹7INDISCH¹7¹AND¹+IRCHGESSNER¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.40pt;top:18227.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Influence of Avilamycin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18239.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Tylosin on fecal excretion of nitrogen and amino acids in growing pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18252.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!GRIBIOLOGICAL½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:213.30pt;top:18252.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:228.05pt;top:18253.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">147-155.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18279.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3#"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:92.35pt;top:18279.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 1996. pp. 244. Statistiska centralbyrån, Örebro,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18292.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Sweden.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18318.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3UTTON¹!,¹.YE¹*#¹0ATTERSON¹*!¹+ELLY¹$4¹AND¹&URUMOTO¹%LKIN¹%*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:433.25pt;top:18318.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18331.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Effects of avilamycin in swine and poultry wastes on methane production in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18344.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">anaerobic digesters.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:189.90pt;top:18344.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"IOLOGICAL½7ASTES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.60pt;top:18344.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:290.35pt;top:18344.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">35-45.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18370.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4HAVEESRI¹*¹"OUCNEAU¹'¹AND¹6ERSTRAETE¹7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:292.75pt;top:18370.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Effect of monensin on UASB-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18383.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reactor performance.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.10pt;top:18383.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NVIRONMENTAL½4ECHNOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:319.75pt;top:18383.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:334.50pt;top:18383.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">491-496.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:18409.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4HOMKE¹3¹AND¹%LWINGER¹+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.90pt;top:18410.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Growth and feed efficiency responses to antibiotic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18423.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">growth promotants in pigs and poultry. Report to the Commission on Antimicrobial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:18436.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Feed Additives. pp. 17. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:18524.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18560.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:18560.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:18560.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">163</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18623.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4IMONEY¹*&¹AND¹,INTON¹!(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:269.85pt;top:18623.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. Experimental ecological studies on H2 plasmids</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18637.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in the intestine and faeces of the calf.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.10pt;top:18636.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!PPLIED½"ACTERIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:466.65pt;top:18636.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:481.40pt;top:18637.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">417-424.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18663.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4OP¹%¹-ERGEAY¹-¹3PRINGAEL¹$¹AND¹6ERSTRAETE¹7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:382.05pt;top:18663.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Gene escape model:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18676.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">transfer of heavy metal resistance genes from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.85pt;top:18676.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½%SCHERICHIA½COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:428.75pt;top:18676.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:440.15pt;top:18676.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!LCALIGENES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18689.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">EUTROPHUS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:197.25pt;top:18689.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">on agar plates and in soil samples.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:351.45pt;top:18689.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLIED½AND½%NVIRONMENTAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18702.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.10pt;top:18702.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:230.85pt;top:18702.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2471-2479.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18728.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ERBEKE¹7¹AND¹6IAENE¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.65pt;top:18728.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Environmental impact of using feed additives. pp. 38.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18741.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">University of Gent, Gent.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18767.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7IERUP¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.85pt;top:18767.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Sverige förbjöd antibiotika i tillväxtbefrämjande syfte 1986 - vad</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18780.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">hände med djurhälsan och hur löstes problemen?</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:369.20pt;top:18780.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+UNGLIGA½3KOGS
½OCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18793.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ANTBRUKSAKADEMIENS½4IDSKRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.25pt;top:18793.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:313.55pt;top:18793.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">69-78.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18819.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ILLIAMS¹0%6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:200.35pt;top:18820.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Animal production and European pollution problems.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:473.25pt;top:18819.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NIMAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18833.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&EED½3CIENCE½AND½4ECHNOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:288.10pt;top:18832.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:302.85pt;top:18833.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">135-144.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:18859.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6OGTMANN¹(¹/BRIST¹7¹(AUSER¹+¹0FIRTER¹(0¹AND¹!UGSTBURGER¹&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:463.90pt;top:18859.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18872.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Composting and plant growth: use of chicken manure containing antibiotics.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:18885.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OMPOST½3CIENCE½,AND½5TILIZATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:307.30pt;top:18885.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:322.05pt;top:18885.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">22-25.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:19366.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:19402.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6. Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:19402.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:19402.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">164</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:20208.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20244.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20295.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">7</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:20295.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20389.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.1</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:20389.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Introduction</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20420.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidiosis is a severe, world wide health and welfare problem in poultry.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20435.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The disease is caused by unicellular parasites which grow and multiply in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20451.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intestinal mucosa of the birds. Commercially reared chickens are particularly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20466.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">vulnerable to the disease due to the intensive production systems.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:20481.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Since the early 1940s various drugs have been used to treat and/or prevent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20497.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiosis in poultry. Coccidiostats have in fact contributed substantially to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20512.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the remarkable success of modern poultry production. In the EU</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20527.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats are incorporated in the feed, as feed additives, while in Sweden,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20543.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats are regarded as pharmaceutical specialities (i.e. medicated feed)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20558.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and are only available on veterinary prescription. Included among the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20573.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats used in poultry are the ionophoric antibiotics and various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20589.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chemotherapeutic substances. Two of the ionophores, monensin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20604.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">salinomycin are also used as growth promoters, in cattle and swine,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20619.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">respectively.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20659.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.1.1 The parasite and the disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20690.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Several reviews of the coccidiosis problem in poultry have been published</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20705.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Horton-Smith and Long, 1963; Macpherson, 1978; Long and Reid, 1982;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20721.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Long, 1990). Since knowledge of the disease is essential for the discussion</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20736.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">about coccidiostats in modern poultry production, some basic information</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20751.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">about coccidia and coccidiosis will be presented in the following.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:20767.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidiosis is caused by intestinal protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20782.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most coccidia of domestic fowl belong to the genus</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:393.80pt;top:20782.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%IMERIA½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.05pt;top:20782.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Each poultry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20797.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">species may be infected with several different</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:362.60pt;top:20797.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%IMERIA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:407.55pt;top:20797.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">species which are host</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20813.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">specific and of varying pathogenicity. Seven different coccidial species can</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20828.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infect chickens. The parasites are transmitted via oocysts, shed in the faeces</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20844.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of infected hosts and ingested by uninfected birds. Coccidia multiply in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20859.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">epithelial cells in the intestinal mucosa and sometimes also in other organs of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20874.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the host. The severity of the infection depends on the coccidial species, host</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20890.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">immunity and on the dose of ingested oocysts. Young birds are highly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20905.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">susceptible to coccidiosis since they, to a large extent, lack passively</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20920.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transferred maternal immunity. Immunity is best developed by repeated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:20936.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure to small numbers of oocysts. Additionally, immunity to coccidia is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:21050.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:21086.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:21086.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21086.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">166</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21136.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">species specific which means that resistance to one coccidial species does not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21152.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">confer resistance to another species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21167.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The symptoms of coccidiosis include mucoid to haemorrhagic diarrhoea,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21182.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">depression, emaciation and depressed growth rate. Sometimes mortality is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21198.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">high. The location and nature of the lesions in the host intestinal mucosa</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21213.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">depend on the coccidial species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21229.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Birds with clinical coccidiosis can be treated with water-soluble</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21244.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sulphonamides, amprolium or toltrazuril.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21259.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidia are ubiquitous parasites which are easily introduced into poultry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21275.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">houses. Due to the persistent nature of the oocysts, and the propagation in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21290.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">birds, a considerable population of oocysts will be established in the litter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21305.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">during the rearing period. As commercially reared young chickens, with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21321.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">insufficient immunity to coccidia, are kept in large numbers in high stocking</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21336.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">density productions systems the disease becomes a severe problem if not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21351.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevented. Chickens reared in traditional, low stocking density units, such as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21367.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">free range backyard flocks, usually become infected by coccidia but these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21382.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">birds seldom develop overt clinical coccidiosis as the number of oocysts in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21398.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the environment will be comparatively low and immunity develops rapidly.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21413.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Unprevented coccidiosis, even if subclinical, has a considerable impact on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21428.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the economic profit in the broiler industry. The economic losses of a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21444.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiosis outbreak are substantial due to increased mortality, depressed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21459.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">growth, decreased feed efficiency, medication and increased work load.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21474.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has been shown that coccidial infection predisposes chickens to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21490.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intestinal clostridial overgrowth (Dykstra, 1978; Baba</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.60pt;top:21489.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.75pt;top:21490.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21505.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Interaction between coccidia and various other avian bacterial and viral</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21520.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pathogens has also been described (Shane</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.95pt;top:21520.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:317.15pt;top:21520.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985; Ruff, 1989).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21536.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Taken together, modern broiler production systems require preventive</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21551.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">strategies for coccidiosis control, which today are synonymous with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21566.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chemoprophylaxis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21606.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.1.2 Prevention and chemoprophylaxis</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21637.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Anticoccidial drugs are classified in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21652.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Classification system (ATCvet) as group QP51A, together with other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21668.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antiprotozoal agents (NLN, 1995). Coccidiostats approved for use in poultry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21683.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and other food-producing animals within the EU are listed in table 7.I.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:21698.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In most countries, coccidiostats are incorporated in the feed to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21714.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">commercially raised broiler chickens and during the growth period to many</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21729.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">replacement pullets (future layers and breeders). The by far most widespread</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21744.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">use of coccidiostats is in broiler chickens. Ideally, the drugs should show no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21760.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">adverse effects on growth, feed intake, feed conversion or health, and leave</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21775.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">no residues in meat. Furthermore, coccidiostats should minimise coccidiosis,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:21791.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but allow some development of coccidia in order to stimulate immunity.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:21892.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:21928.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:21928.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:21928.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">167</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:21978.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The discovery in the early 1940s that the sulphonamides possessed potent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:21994.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">anticoccidial activity made way for the development of the broiler industry in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22009.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the United States. The rapid development of new and more potent drugs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22024.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">against coccidia as well as the development of efficient vaccines against</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22040.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">many avian viral diseases, together with confinement rearing and genetic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22055.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">selection for improved growth rate, made the success of the broiler industry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22071.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">possible. The remarkable world-wide expansion of the poultry industry and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22086.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the rapid development of coccidial resistance against coccidiostats have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22101.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">necessitated a continuous search for new, efficient coccidiostats (figure 7.I).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22150.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22150.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1930 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22205.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22205.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1940 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1950 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22314.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22314.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1960 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22368.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22368.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1970 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22422.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22422.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1980 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22477.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22477.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">1990 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.00pt;top:22531.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.25pt;top:22531.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">2000 -</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22155.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">sulphur</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.70pt;top:22176.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">sulphanilamide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.70pt;top:22187.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">sulphaguanidine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.70pt;top:22199.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">sulphadimidine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22212.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">roxarsone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.70pt;top:22226.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">nitrofurazone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.70pt;top:22237.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">nitrophenide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22254.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">nicarbazine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22268.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">furazolidone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22283.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">nitromide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.70pt;top:22294.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">amprolium</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.25pt;top:22312.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">dinitolmide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.25pt;top:22326.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">aklomide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.50pt;top:22349.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">metylbenzoquate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.25pt;top:22335.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">buquinolate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22364.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">clopidol</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22375.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">decoquinate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:454.00pt;top:22385.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">monensin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:453.25pt;top:22396.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">robenidine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22410.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">halofuginone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22481.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">maduramicin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22425.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">lasalocid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22439.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">salinomycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22453.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">arprinocid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22467.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">narasin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:453.10pt;top:22493.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">diclazuril</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.80pt;top:22510.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">semduramicin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.80pt;top:22193.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Emerging broiler</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.80pt;top:22205.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">industy in USA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22295.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Broiler industry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22306.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">established in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22317.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Sweden with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22329.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">commercial hybrids</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22424.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Coccidiosis control</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22436.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">programme in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22447.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Sweden</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22487.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Commercially</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22498.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">available vaccines</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22509.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">based on precocious</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22520.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">oocysts of parasite</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.00pt;top:22532.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">strains</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22595.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Figure 7.I. Year of introduction of representative coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:22616.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">&IGUR½)½)NTRODUKTIONS¥R½F¶R½REPRESENTATIVA½KOCCIDIOSTATIKA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<span style="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;position:absolute;left:0.00pt;top:21892.00pt;z-index:-1;"><img style="width:595pt;height:842pt;" src="outputfile157647897.htm_files\outputfile157647897_background26.png"></span>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:22734.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:22770.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:22770.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22770.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">168</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22820.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 7.I. Coccidiostats approved within the European Union (Council</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22836.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">directive 70/524)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22854.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½)½+OCCIDIOSTATIKA½GODK¤NDA½INOM½DEN½%UROPEISKA½5NIONEN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22869.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2¥DSDIREKTIV½	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22884.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'ENERIC¹NAME #HEMICAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22896.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">GROUP</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:22884.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:22896.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN¹FEED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:22908.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MGKG	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:22884.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3PECIESCATEGORY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.20pt;top:22884.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ITH
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:22896.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DRAWAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:22908.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DAYS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22884.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-AXIMUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22896.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">AGE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:22884pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:218pt;top:22884pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:270pt;top:22884pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:22884pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:428pt;top:22884pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22922.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MPROLIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">thiamine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22935.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">analogue</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:22922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">62.5-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:22922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">poultry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:22922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22935.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">onwards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:22921pt;width:74pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:22921pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:142pt;top:22921pt;width:75pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:218pt;top:22921pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:218pt;top:22921pt;width:51pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:270pt;top:22921pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:271pt;top:22921pt;width:103pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:22921pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:22921pt;width:52pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:428pt;top:22921pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:429pt;top:22921pt;width:61pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22948.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MPROLIUM </FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22961.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ETHOPABATE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:22974.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ratio 25:1.6)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22948.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">thiamine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22961.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">analogue +</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22974.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">substituted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:22987.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">benzoic acid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:22948.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">66.5-133</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:22948.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for laying,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:22961.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys, guinea fowl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:22948.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22948.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:22961.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">onwards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23000.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RPRINOCID</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23000.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">benzylpurine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:23000.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">60</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23000.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23013.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23000.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23000.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23026.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ECOQUINATE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23026.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">quinolone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:23026.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20-40</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23026.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23026.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23039.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ICLAZURIL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23039.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">benzene-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23052.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">acetonitrile</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23039.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23039.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23039.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23065.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$INITOLMIDE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23077.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$/4	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23065.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">dinitro-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23078.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">toluamide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23065.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">62.5-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23065.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">poultry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23065.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23065.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23078.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">onwards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23090.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ALOFUGINONE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23091.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">quinazolinone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:23091.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2-3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23104.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2-3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23091.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23104.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23091.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23104.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23104.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">12 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23116.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ASALOCID</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23117.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23130.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23117.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">75-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23130.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">75-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23143.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">90-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23117.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23130.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23143.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23117.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23143.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23130.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23143.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">12 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23155.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ADURAMICIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23156.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23169.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23156.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23156.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23156.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23181.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ETI
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23194.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">CLORPINDOL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23181.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pyridone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23181.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23194.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23207.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">125-200</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23181.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23194.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">guinea fowl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23207.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">rabbits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23181.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23194.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23207.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23181.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23194.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">onwards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23220.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ETICLORPIN
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23233.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DOLMETHYL
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23246.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">BENZOQUAT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23220.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pyridone+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23233.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">quinolone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23220.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">110</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23233.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">110</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23246.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">110</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23220.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23233.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23246.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23220.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23246.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23233.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23246.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">12 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23259.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ONENSIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23272.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23272.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100-120</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23285.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">90-100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23272.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for laying</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23285.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23259.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23285.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23272.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:23285.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23298.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ARASIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23298.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23311.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23298.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">60-70</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23298.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23298.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23324.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ARASIN¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23337.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">NICARBAZIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23350.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ratio 1:1)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23324.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23337.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23350.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+carbanilide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23324.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">80-100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23324.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23324.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23363.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ICARBAZIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23363.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">carbanilide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:23363.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100-125</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23363.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23363.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">9</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.05pt;top:23363.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4 weeks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23389.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2OBENIDINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23389.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">guanidine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:23389.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">30-36</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23402.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">30-36</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23415.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50-66</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23389.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23402.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23415.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">rabbits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23389.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23402.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23415.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23427.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALINOMYCIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23428.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23441.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23428.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50-70</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23428.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23428.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23453.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3EMDURA
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:23466.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MICIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23454.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.30pt;top:23467.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.75pt;top:23454.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">25</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.40pt;top:23454.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens for fattening</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.15pt;top:23454.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:23479pt;width:74pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:141pt;top:23479pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:142pt;top:23479pt;width:75pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:218pt;top:23479pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:218pt;top:23479pt;width:51pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:270pt;top:23479pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:271pt;top:23479pt;width:103pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:23479pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:23479pt;width:52pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:428pt;top:23479pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:429pt;top:23479pt;width:61pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:23576.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23612.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:23612.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:23612.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">169</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23663.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.2</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:23663.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Microbiological aspects</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23706.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.2.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:23706.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Parasitological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23737.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Anticoccidial substances include the antibiotic group polyether ionophores</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23752.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(ionophoric antibiotics/ionophores) and various chemically synthesised</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23768.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances (table 7.I.).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:23783.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The ionophoric antibiotics are fermentation products from various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23798.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3TREPTOMYCES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.20pt;top:23798.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">spp. and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.70pt;top:23798.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">!CTINOMADURA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.05pt;top:23798.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">spp. Ionophores make complexes with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23814.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mono- or divalent cations, forming lipid soluble compounds which facilitate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23829.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transport of cations through the cell membrane of the parasite (Jeffers, 1989).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23844.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The facilitated transport of K , Na , Ca</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:273.35pt;top:23842.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:299.75pt;top:23842.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.40pt;top:23842.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">2+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:337.75pt;top:23844.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and Mg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:377.75pt;top:23842.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">2+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:390.05pt;top:23844.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ions across the cell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23860.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">membrane results in secondary toxic intracellular calcium concentrations and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23875.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">disrupts osmotic balance. Ionophores are effective against both asexual and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23891.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sexual stages of the coccidia.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:23906.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Few of the chemotherapeutic coccidiostats have been sufficiently studied</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23921.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with respect to the mechanisms for anticoccidial activity. However, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23937.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quinolone coccidiostats are known to disrupt the electron transport in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23952.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mitochondrial cytochrome system of coccidia (Wang, 1975; Chapman,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23967.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1993). Amprolium acts as a thiamine antagonist (FASS VET., 1997). The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23983.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mode of action for some other coccidiostats, such as halofuginone and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:23998.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">diclazuril, is incompletely understood.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:24013.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidia have, so far, developed resistance to all coccidiostats used. In</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24029.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">some cases the resistance problems have emerged so rapidly that the market</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24044.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">life of new products has been too limited to justify the costs of development</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24059.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of the drug. The development of resistance to the ionophorous anticoccidials</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24075.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been comparatively slow. However, increasing ionophore resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24090.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">problems have been noticed in many countries (McDougald</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.00pt;top:24090.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:461.15pt;top:24090.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1986;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24106.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Jeffers, 1989; Peeters</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:233.40pt;top:24105.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:262.55pt;top:24106.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:302.50pt;top:24105.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:305.75pt;top:24106.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Therefore, various anticoccidial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24121.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">programmes including switch, rotation or shuttle application of anticoccidial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24136.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">agents are applied to counteract resistance problems in many countries. There</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24152.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been some debate as to whether resistance to one ionophoric substance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24167.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conveys cross-resistance to all other ionophores. Reported results have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24182.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">contradictory (Jeffers, 1989) However, the general view is that resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24198.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">leads to cross-resistance to all ionophores (Chapman, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:24213.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Considering the efforts that are put into avoiding resistance problems, it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24228.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">somewhat surprising that so little is known about the modes of action and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24244.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance mechanisms for various coccidiostats. Explanations for the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24259.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mechanisms of resistance are either speculative or unavailable (Chapman,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24274.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1993). Such information is essential for understanding how to counteract</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:24290.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance and what substances would be most effective in a given situation.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:24418.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:24454.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:24454.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24454.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">170</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24504.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.2.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:24504.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Bacteriological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24536.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most polyether ionophores are not only active against protozoa, but also</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24551.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, e.g.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:372.45pt;top:24551.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,ACTOBACILLUS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:446.25pt;top:24551.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">spp</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24566.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Rada</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:101.85pt;top:24566.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:131.00pt;top:24566.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.20pt;top:24566.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:302.35pt;top:24566.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Dutta</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.50pt;top:24566.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:364.65pt;top:24566.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1983; Benno</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:437.75pt;top:24566.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:466.90pt;top:24566.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24582.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1988; Kondo, 1988; Elwinger</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.70pt;top:24581.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:254.85pt;top:24582.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992; Kyriakis</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.35pt;top:24581.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.50pt;top:24582.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995; Watkins</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.85pt;top:24581.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24597.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.20pt;top:24597.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1997),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:124.15pt;top:24597.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½%UBACTERIUM½SPP</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:218.85pt;top:24597.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.30pt;top:24597.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">0EPTOCOCCUS½SPP 0EPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS½SPP</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:447.80pt;top:24597.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24612.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3TREPTOCOCCUS½BOVIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.40pt;top:24612.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Watanabe</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:233.45pt;top:24612.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:262.65pt;top:24612.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981) as well as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:356.25pt;top:24612.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">!CHOLEPLASMA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.85pt;top:24612.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24627.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">-YCOPLASMA½SPP</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.80pt;top:24628.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Stipkovits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:221.70pt;top:24627.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.90pt;top:24628.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1987). As is the case with coccidia, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24643.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mechanism for the inhibitory activity against bacteria is tthrough increased</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24658.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">membrane cation permeability.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:24674.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Microbiological manipulation of the ruminal fermentation process and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24689.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequently of the ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations is thought to be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24704.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the basis for the improved feed efficiency in ruminants when the feed is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24720.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supplemented with low concentrations of ionophores (Nagaraja</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:399.90pt;top:24720.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:429.10pt;top:24720.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24735.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Chirase</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:110.50pt;top:24735.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:139.65pt;top:24735.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988). The changes of the ruminal fermentation process</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24751.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">include enhanced production of propionic acid by ruminal ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24766.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistant bacteria, and decreased production of acetic acid, butyric acid, lactic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24781.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">acid and methane by ionophore sensitive bacterial species (Schelling, 1984;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24797.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nagaraja and Taylor, 1987).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:24812.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Several ionophores including monensin, narasin, salinomycin and lasalocid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24827.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sodium have been shown to suppress growth of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:320.00pt;top:24827.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:24827.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">. Ionophoric</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24843.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibiotics are therefore considered to be important in the prevention of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24858.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:286.50pt;top:24858.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:289.75pt;top:24858.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Elwinger</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:341.60pt;top:24858.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:370.75pt;top:24858.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). Together</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24873.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with the suppression of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.85pt;top:24873.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.15pt;top:24873.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a better performance has also been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24889.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">noted in ionophore-medicated chickens (Elwinger</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:333.20pt;top:24889.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:359.10pt;top:24889.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992; Quarles</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.70pt;top:24889.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:467.85pt;top:24889.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24904.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1992; Elwinger</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:154.40pt;top:24904.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.30pt;top:24904.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994; Elwinger</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.05pt;top:24904.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.25pt;top:24904.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996; Waldenstedt</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:400.15pt;top:24904.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:429.30pt;top:24904.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1997).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24919.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It is likely that the reduced immunological challenge in terms of reduced load</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24935.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:24935.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:163.15pt;top:24935.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in the intestines of chickens explains the increased growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24950.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">rate of the medicated birds.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:24966.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Like other antimicrobial substances that are mainly active against gram-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24981.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">positive bacteria, ionophores might be expected to facilitate salmonella</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:24996.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">colonisation (see chapter 4). Only one study has been found that investigates</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25012.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the effect of monensin in this respect (Manning</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:317.00pt;top:25011.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:346.15pt;top:25012.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). The authors of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25027.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">this study concluded that monensin did not influence salmonella</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25042.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">colonisation. Further studies, on other ionophores as well, are needed to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25058.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">evaluate this matter.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:25073.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">No information about bacterial resistance to ionophores has been found.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25105.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Anticoccidial drugs include ionophoric antibiotics and chemoterapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25103pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25103pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:25103pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25103pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25103pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25104pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25104pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:25121.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25120pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25120pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:25152pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:25136pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:25136pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:25260.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25296.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:25296.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:25296.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">171</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25348.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidial drug resistance is an emerging problem in particular for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:25346pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25346pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25363.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chemoterapeutic substances but also for ionophores.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25363pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25363pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25378pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25378pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25394.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">More information about modes of action and resistance mechanisms for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25393pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25393pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25410.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">various coccidiostats is needed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25409pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25409pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25424pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25424pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25440.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most ionophores are active against gram-positive bacteria.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25440pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25440pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25455pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25455pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25471.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Several ionophores suppress growth of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:326.85pt;top:25471.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS½
½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:462.55pt;top:25471.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25470pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25470pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25486.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">causative agent of necrotic enteritis in chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25502pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25502pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:25502pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25502pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25502pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:25486pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:25486pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25528.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.3</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:25528.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25559.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidiostats are generally considered to be free from side effects and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25574.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxicity as long as they are used in their target species at the correct dosage.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25590.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">However, the ionophoric antibiotics and some of the chemotherapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25605.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats have a narrow range of safety and there are many reports in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25620.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">literature of accidental intoxications of target and non-target species with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25636.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">various anticoccidial drugs. However, most such events can be avoided if</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25651.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">good manufacturing practices (GMP) are maintained.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:25666.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Intoxications with coccidiostats have been reported in association with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25682.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">poor mixing of the feed resulting in uneven cocccidiostat concentration,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25697.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">failure to properly dilute the coccidiostat concentrate, and in cases of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25712.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">incorrect identification of the product or the feed (Szancer, 1989; Novilla,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25728.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1992). The feed can become cross-contaminated at the feedmill and pet food</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25743.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has on occasion been shown to contain traces of coccidiostat (Wilson, 1980;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25758.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Wheeler, 1996). Toxicity has also been noted when giving poultry feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25774.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">containing coccidiostat to animal species for which the feed was not intended</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25789.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and when chicken manure has been used as a source of nitrogen in cattle feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25805.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Muylle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:163.30pt;top:25804.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:192.45pt;top:25805.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981; Perl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:252.55pt;top:25804.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.75pt;top:25805.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991; Perelman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:369.80pt;top:25804.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:398.95pt;top:25805.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:25820.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Diagnosis of coccidiostat intoxication is sometimes difficult due to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25835.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reversibility of clinical signs and/or the variability of pathological lesions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25851.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">associated with toxicity of coccidiostats of different chemical groups. Feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25866.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">analysis is often not possible to perform because the feed has already been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25881.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumed and/or representative feed samples are not available.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25921.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.3.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:25921.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Toxicity of ionophores</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25952.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Many review articles on the toxic effects of ionophores in target and non-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25967.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target species have been published during the last decades (among others</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25983.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Beck and Harries, 1979; Galitzer and W., 1984; Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.95pt;top:25982.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.10pt;top:25983.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:25998.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Szancer, 1989; Novilla, 1992).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:26102.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:26138.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:26138.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26138.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">172</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:26188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The toxic effects of ionophores are directed mainly against skeletal and/or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26204.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cardiac muscle.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:154.65pt;top:26204.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">)N½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:196.35pt;top:26204.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">studies have shown that myopathy occurs as a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26219.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequence of disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis followed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26234.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">by increased intracellular Na concentration (Shier and Dubourdieu, 1992;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.95pt;top:26233.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26250.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Sandercock and Mitchell, 1995). The LD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.35pt;top:26256.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.20pt;top:26250.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">values for the ionophores are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26265.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">generally low, often not higher than 2 to 3 times the recommended dosage in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26281.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">various species (Loyd-Evans, 1991). The diagnostic approach to ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26296.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intoxication relies on the combination of non-pathognomonic clinical signs,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26311.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">histopathological changes, recovery of the animals when the feed is changed,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26327.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and analysis of potentially toxic levels of coccidiostats in the feed. There is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26342.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">no efficient, specific treatment for ionophore intoxication in any species</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26357.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.70pt;top:26357.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:152.60pt;top:26357.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985). Withdrawal of the suspected feed and supportive</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26373.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">treatment is recommended (Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.10pt;top:26373.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.00pt;top:26373.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:26388.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Accidental intoxication with ionophores has been described in many</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26403.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">different animal species, e.g. chickens, turkeys, ostriches, cattle, sheep, deer,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26419.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pigs, horses, dogs and cats (Muylle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:256.30pt;top:26419.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:282.20pt;top:26419.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981; Glover and Wobeser, 1983;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26434.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Galitzer and W., 1984; Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.95pt;top:26434.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:269.85pt;top:26434.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985; Chalmers, 1988; Novilla, 1992;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26450.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Baird, 1997). There is considerable species variation in susceptibility to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26465.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophore toxicity (table 7.II). Horses are very susceptible to ionophores and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26480.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">great care is warranted at the feed mill to ensure that cross contamination of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26496.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">equine feed is avoided.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26538.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 7.II.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.25pt;top:26538.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:128.50pt;top:26538.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Species and substance variation of toxicity following oral dosing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26554.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of monensin and lasalocid (mg/kg body weight) (from Galitzer and W., 1984;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26569.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Fowler, 1995)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26590.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½))½6ARIATION½I½TOXICITET½MELLAN½ARTER½OCH½SUBSTANSER½EFTER½ORALT½INTAG</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26606.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AV½MONENSIN½OCH½LASALOCID½MGKG½KROPPSVIKT	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:309.35pt;top:26606.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(från Galitzer and W., 1984;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26621.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Fowler, 1995)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26637.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3PECIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26637.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ONENSINY,$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:181.15pt;top:26644.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26637.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ONENSINY,$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:264.55pt;top:26644.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26637.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ASALOCIDY,$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.55pt;top:26644.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:26636pt;width:46pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:113pt;top:26636pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:114pt;top:26636pt;width:82pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:26636pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:198pt;top:26636pt;width:79pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:277pt;top:26636pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:278pt;top:26636pt;width:81pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26651.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Chicken</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26651.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">200</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26651.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">150</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26651.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">72</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:26649pt;width:46pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:113pt;top:26649pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:114pt;top:26649pt;width:82pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:26649pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:198pt;top:26649pt;width:79pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:277pt;top:26649pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:278pt;top:26649pt;width:81pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26664.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Mouse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26664.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">125 or 61-110</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26664.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26664.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">146</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26677.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Rabbit</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26677.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">40</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26677.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26677.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">40</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26689.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Rat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26689.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">35 (25-43)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26689.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26689.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">122</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26702.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Goat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26702.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">24-26</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26702.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26702.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26715.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Sheep</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26715.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">12</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26715.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3-4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26715.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26728.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cattle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26728.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">22-80</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26728.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.85pt;top:26728.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26741.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Swine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26741.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">16-17 or 50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26741.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4 or 8</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26741.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26754.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Horse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26754.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2-3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26754.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26754.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">22</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26767.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Dog</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.70pt;top:26767.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.10pt;top:26767.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.90pt;top:26767.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:26780pt;width:46pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:113pt;top:26780pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:114pt;top:26780pt;width:82pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:197pt;top:26780pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:198pt;top:26780pt;width:79pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:277pt;top:26780pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:278pt;top:26780pt;width:81pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:26781.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">* </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">data not available</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:26944.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:26980.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:26980.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:26980.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">173</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27030.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophore toxicity in poultry</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27057.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Intoxication with ionophores is a well known problem in poultry (among</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27073.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">others Howell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.95pt;top:27073.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.15pt;top:27073.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1980; Hanrahan</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:313.80pt;top:27073.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.95pt;top:27073.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981; Halvorson</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:436.15pt;top:27073.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:465.35pt;top:27073.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1982;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27088.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Braunius, 1989; Dowling, 1992). The prevalence of ionophore toxicity in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27103.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">broiler chickens may be higher than what is generally considered, but hidden</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27119.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">due to diagnostic difficulties.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:27134.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When exposed to sub-lethal toxic doses of ionophoric antibiotics chickens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27150.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">show growth depression and decreased feed intake (Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:443.85pt;top:27149.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:469.80pt;top:27150.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27165.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">At higher doses clinical signs include anorexia, leg-weakness,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27180.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">incoordination, drowsiness, depression, diarrhoea and sometimes even</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27196.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">deaths. Sternal recumbence with neck and hind legs outstretched may also be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27211.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">seen (Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:203.95pt;top:27211.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:229.90pt;top:27211.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985). Gross pathology lesions are often inconclusive.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27226.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Pathological changes include emaciation, congestion, myocardial ventricular</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27242.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dilatation, pallor and streaking of skeletal and heart muscle, and ascites</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27257.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.70pt;top:27257.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:203.60pt;top:27257.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985). Histopathological changes are variable. In many</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27272.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cases scattered foci of acute myonecrosis can be seen. In other cases severe</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27288.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">muscle and myocardial degeneration and necrosis are observed (Langston</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:507.55pt;top:27288.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27303.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:135.20pt;top:27303.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985). The clinical signs are reversible  and usually disappear once the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27319.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">feed containing toxic levels of the ionophore is removed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:27334.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores may also negatively interfere with reproduction in poultry.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27349.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Reduced fertility (Jones</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:245.50pt;top:27349.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:274.65pt;top:27349.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990; Perelman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.95pt;top:27349.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:391.90pt;top:27349.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993), reduced or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27365.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">completely lost egg production (Howell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.30pt;top:27364.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.20pt;top:27365.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1980; Fowler, 1995) and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27380.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reduced hatchability (Howell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.95pt;top:27380.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:301.90pt;top:27380.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1980; Jones</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.15pt;top:27380.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:399.10pt;top:27380.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990; Perelman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:490.40pt;top:27380.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:516.35pt;top:27380.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27395.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1993) have been reported. This is not a problem in commercial production,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27411.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">since breeders and layers are not treated with ionophores during the egg-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27426.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">laying period. However, in cases when layer feed has been contaminated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27441.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with ionophores reproductive disturbances have been reported (Perelman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:504.10pt;top:27441.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27457.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:135.20pt;top:27457.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:27472.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Remarkable differences in toxicity may be seen within the group of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27487.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophores, when used in the same animal species. For example, in turkeys,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27503.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophore intoxication has been recorded when standard dosages of narasin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27518.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and salinomycin have been used (Davis, 1983; Horrox, 1984), while other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27534.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophores, such as monensin, maduramicin and semduramicin, are better</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27549.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tolerated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27588.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophore toxicity in other animal species</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27615.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As mentioned, ionophore toxicity has been described in many non-target</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27631.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">species including ostriches (Baird, 1997), sheep (Nation</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:412.75pt;top:27630.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:441.90pt;top:27631.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1982; Confer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27646.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.80pt;top:27646.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1983), captive white-tailed deer (Glover and Wobeser, 1983), horses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27661.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Muylle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:166.50pt;top:27661.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:192.45pt;top:27661.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981; Kamphues</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.00pt;top:27661.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:316.15pt;top:27661.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990), dogs (Chalmers, 1988; Karsai</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:27677.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and Papp, 1990; Safran</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:242.95pt;top:27676.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:272.10pt;top:27677.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993) and cats (Wheeler, 1996). Intoxication</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:27786.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:27822.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:27822.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27822.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">174</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with ionophores in non-target species can cause a variety of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27888.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">clinicopathological changes.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:27903.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Horses may develop hypovolemic shock and toxic tubular nephrosis, as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27918.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">well as cardial and skeletal muscle changes when given low doses of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27934.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophores. As a lingering effect of ionophore toxicity in horses cardiac</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27949.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fibrosis has also been reported (Muylle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.55pt;top:27949.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:302.50pt;top:27949.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1981). There are also clear</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27965.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">indications that cats show remarkable sensitivity to ionophores. In 1996 an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27980.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">outbreak of feline neuropathy was linked to cat feed containing traces of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:27995.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">salinomycin (detection limit 2 ppm Wheeler, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:28011.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophore intoxication has also been described in cattle (Galitzer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.00pt;top:28010.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.15pt;top:28011.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28026.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1986; Schlosberg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:161.25pt;top:28026.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:190.40pt;top:28026.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992). A primary cardiomyopathic syndrome has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28041.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been described in beef cattle fed dried broiler manure containing ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28057.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residues (Perl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.05pt;top:28057.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.00pt;top:28057.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991; Schlosberg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:271.05pt;top:28057.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:297.00pt;top:28057.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992). This syndrome is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28072.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">characterised by sudden death, exercise intolerance and subcutaneous</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28087.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">oedema. There are also reports describing intoxication with ionophores in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28103.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">swine (Van Fleet</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:159.45pt;top:28103.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:188.60pt;top:28103.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1983).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28142.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Interactions of ionophores with other medicinal substances</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28169.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some ionophores interact with antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28185.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Meingassner</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:141.45pt;top:28184.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.60pt;top:28185.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1978; Frigg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:237.95pt;top:28184.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.10pt;top:28185.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1983; Umemura</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.95pt;top:28184.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:387.10pt;top:28185.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1984; Miller</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:458.75pt;top:28184.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28200.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.20pt;top:28200.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1986; Miller, 1990; Fowler, 1995 and others). The mechanism of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28215.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">interaction between ionophores and other chemically defined substances has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28231.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not been fully clarified. However, in an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:278.50pt;top:28230.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:319.50pt;top:28231.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">study the elimination of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28246.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">monensin in rat liver was reduced by 60% when tiamulin was added</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28261.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Meingassner</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:28261.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.60pt;top:28261.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1978). In combination with the narrow safety margin for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28277.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ionophores the reduced elimination of ionophores poses an increased risk of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28292.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intoxication. Monensin, narasin and salinomycin can interact with antibiotics</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28307.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">such as chloramphenicol, erythromycin and oleandomycin (Prescott and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28323.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Baggot, 1993). Other examples of interaction include lasalocid with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28338.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chloramphenicol, lasalocid and monensin with furaltadone and furazolidone,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28353.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lasalocid with sulphadimethoxine, and monensin with sulphaquinoxaline,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28369.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sulphamethazine and sulphadimethoxine (Frigg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:320.50pt;top:28369.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:346.40pt;top:28369.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1983; Miller, 1990).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28408.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.3.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:28408.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Toxicity of other coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28439.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Non-specific signs of toxicity, such as depressed growth rate, reduced feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28455.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intake, weakness and depression, have been observed in birds and mammals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28470.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">following exposure to some of the non-ionophoric substances (Fowler,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28485.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1995). Furthermore, more specific toxic signs are reported with certain</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28501.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances. One such example of toxicity is the reduction of the skin tensile</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28516.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">strength of broiler chickens by the interference of halofuginone with the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:28531.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">collagen synthesis (Angel</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:204.45pt;top:28531.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:233.60pt;top:28531.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985; Granot</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:308.85pt;top:28531.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.00pt;top:28531.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991; Christensen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.45pt;top:28531.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:467.60pt;top:28531.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:28628.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28664.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:28664.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:28664.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">175</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28714.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1994). As a consequence, the birds suffer skin tears during slaughter and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28730.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">processing. In a recent study it was also shown that halofuginone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28745.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supplementation is associated with an increase in skin scratches and sores in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28760.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the birds</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.15pt;top:28760.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VIVO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.25pt;top:28760.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Pinion</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:246.45pt;top:28760.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.60pt;top:28760.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995). Unpublished Swedish observations</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28776.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">when this product was used in the middle of the 80s are consistent with these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28791.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">findings. Due to problems with carcass quality that were put in connection</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28807.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with the use of halofuginone, the product was abandoned by the industry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28822.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Björn Engström, personal communication, 1997 ). The animal welfare</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:375.70pt;top:28820.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28837.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">aspect of halofuginone toxicity should also be considered.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:28853.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Halofuginone and arprinocid are known to be toxic for ducks and geese</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28868.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Behr</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:151.40pt;top:28868.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.55pt;top:28868.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1988). Robenidine, arprinocid and in particular halofuginone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28883.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">have been reported to be toxic to chicken embryos (Atef</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:413.50pt;top:28883.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.65pt;top:28883.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1989; Granot</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28899.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.80pt;top:28899.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991; Christensen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:251.50pt;top:28899.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.40pt;top:28899.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). Additionally, halofuginone is toxic to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28914.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fish (Fowler, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:28929.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nicarbazin interferes with the thermoregulatory balance at high ambient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28945.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">temperatures which can, in a dose dependent way, cause decreased weight</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28960.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">gain and feed efficiency as well as increased mortality (Wienernusz and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28976.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Teeter, 1995). At therapeutic dosage nicarbazin also interferes with the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:28991.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reproduction of hens by causing decreased egg production and hatchability</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29006.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Jones</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:158.25pt;top:29006.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.15pt;top:29006.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29045.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.3.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:29045.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Residues</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29077.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">To avoid residues of coccidiostats in meat, withdrawal periods before</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29092.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">slaughter of the animals are assigned (table 7.I.). Eggs are, however, a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29107.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">special problem. Maximum age levels and restrictions on usage in layer feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29123.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may not always be enough to ensure that eggs are free of coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29138.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Laying might commence shortly after, or even before, the maximum age is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29153.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reached. Moreover, withdrawal right before laying starts may not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29169.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sufficient for substances that persist for a long time in the tissues of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29184.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29223.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29251.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has been suggested that residues of ionophores in food could cause adverse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29266.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects on the health of humans since these substances possess potent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29281.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cardiovascular properties (Kabell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.70pt;top:29281.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:323.85pt;top:29281.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1979; Fahim and Pressman, 1981).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29297.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Monensin induces coronary vasodilatation in dogs and rabbits at low</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29312.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">concentrations. Inotropic effects of lasalocid on human heart muscle has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29327.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been demonstrated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:222.60pt;top:29327.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:29327.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Levy and Inesi, 1974) but there are no reports in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:121pt;top:29371pt;width:143pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29375.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.48pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.60pt;top:29377.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Björn Engström, Senior Veterinary Officer, Department of Poultry, National Veterinary Institute,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:29389.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Sweden</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:29470.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:29506.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:29506.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29506.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">176</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the literature describing ionophore toxicity in humans associated with meat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29572.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumption.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29587.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores are absorbed from the gut and may be found in various organs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29602.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at zero withdrawal time (Davison, 1984; Donoho, 1984; Lynch</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:397.30pt;top:29602.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.45pt;top:29602.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29618.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Atef</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:94.05pt;top:29618.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:123.20pt;top:29618.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993). However, if withdrawal times are respected, presence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29633.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxic residues would not be expected.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29649.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For narasin, passage into egg yolk has also been reported (Catherman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.20pt;top:29648.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29664.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.25pt;top:29664.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29703.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Other substances</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29730.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some of the non-ionophoric coccidiostats are absorbed from the gut of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29746.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target animals. However, most substances appear to have low toxicity, why</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29761.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residues would not be expected to give rise to any toxic effects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29776.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Decoquinate is only absorbed to a small extent (Seman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.85pt;top:29776.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:396.00pt;top:29776.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1989) and is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29792.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reported to have very low toxicity (Fowler, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29807.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Low toxicity is also reported for diclazuril (Fowler, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29822.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Feeding of radiolabelled arprinocid at concentrations between 60 and 80</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29838.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ppm has been reported to result in residues of 0.1-0.5 ppm in liver after 3-5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29853.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">days withdrawal time (Jacob</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.10pt;top:29853.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.25pt;top:29853.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1982).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29869.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In one study, meticlorpindol in chicken feed at 125 ppm for 34 days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29884.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resulted in residues in liver and muscle of 0.5 ppm and 0.1 ppm, respectively,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29899.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at 2 days withdrawal (Ekström</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:229.55pt;top:29899.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.70pt;top:29899.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1984). Thereafter, there was a slow</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29915.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">decrease in residue concentrations, which were measured until 10 days after</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29930.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">withdrawal. Low toxicity of meticlorpindol after oral intake is reported</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29945.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Fowler, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:29961.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Amprolium, may be found in eggs up to 10 days after withdrawal from the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29976.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">feed (Kan</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.50pt;top:29976.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:151.65pt;top:29976.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1989). Amprolium is reported to be fairly atoxic, and it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:29991.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not permitted in the feed after the beginning of egg laying, but no withdrawal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30007.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">time has been assigned for eggs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:30022.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Passage of halofuginone into eggs has also been reported (Lindsay and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30037.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Blagburn, 1995). No withdrawal time for eggs has been established.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:30053.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For some substances, such as lasalocid, maduramicin, narasin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30068.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">halofuginone, withdrawal times are shorter in Swedish national regulations</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30084.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">than in EU regulations. As a conservative approach may be preferable in this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30099.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">case, it is advisable to adjust the Swedish withdrawal times to the EU</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30114.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">regulations.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30153.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.3.4 Allergy</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30185.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores may cause irritation and allergic reactions in humans, and may</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30200.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">thereby be an occupational hazard for feedmill workers and other people that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:30215.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">come into contact with these substances on a daily basis (Mancuso</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:416.00pt;top:30215.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:445.15pt;top:30215.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:30312.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30348.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:30348.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:30348.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">177</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30398.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990; Fowler, 1995). Protective clothing and dust masks are recommended</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30414.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">when handling ionophores. Dust formation might be reduced by changes in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30429.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the galenic formulation used. For some coccidiostats the maximum dusting</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30444.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">properties allowed when handling the substances, as determined by the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30460.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Stauber Heubach method, have been fixed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:30475.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Amprolium, meticlorpindol, robenidine and halofuginone may cause</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30491.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">irritation of the skin and eyes by direct contact or through aerosols (Mancuso</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30506.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.80pt;top:30506.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1990; Fowler, 1995) and care should be taken to avoid contact, by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30521.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">using masks and protective clothing while handling these substances.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30537.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Clinical reports of allergic reactions to non-ionophoric coccidiostats appear</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30552.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to be less frequent. However, this does not necessarily mean that such</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30567.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reactions are rare.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30612.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The toxicological safety margins of ionophores are comparatively narrow.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:30609pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30610pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30610pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30639.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores are toxic for many non-target species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30626pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30626pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30667.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some ionophores interact with antibiotics and chemotherapeutics which may</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30654pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30654pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30682.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">increase the risk of intoxication.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30681pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30681pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30709.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some non-ionophore coccidiostats are toxic for ducks, geese and fish.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30697pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30697pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30737.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Halofuginone causes skin damage in the target species. This is unacceptable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30724pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30724pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30752.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from an animal welfare point of view.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30751pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30751pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30779.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most coccidiostats are absorbed from the gut, and may be found in various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30767pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30767pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30795.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tissues at zero withdrawal. It is therefore important that withdrawal times are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30794pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30794pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30810.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">respected.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30809pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30809pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30837.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For some substances, withdrawal times for eggs should be considered.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30825pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30825pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30865.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores, and some non-ionophores may cause irritation and/or allergic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30852pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30852pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30880.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reactions in man.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30896pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30896pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:30896pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30896pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30896pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:30879pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:30879pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30922.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.4</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:30922.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Environmental aspects</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30953.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Since poultry manure is extensively used as fertilisers, coccidiostats and their</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30968.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradation products are likely to reach soil and water. Therefore, it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30983.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">important to identify potential effects on terrestrial and aquatic environments,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:30999.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">including flora, fauna and microbes. However, very few studies have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:31014.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">published regarding the environmental fate of coccidiostats, which makes it</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:31029.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">difficult to evaluate their possible impact in this respect.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:31154.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:31190.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:31190.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31190.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">178</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31240.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.4.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:31240.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Environmental aspects on ionophores</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31272.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores are excreted in poultry manure (Donoho, 1984; Perl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:403.75pt;top:31271.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:429.70pt;top:31272.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31287.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Schlosberg</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:131.70pt;top:31287.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:157.65pt;top:31287.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992). Biodegradation studies indicate that monensin is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31302.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradable, under aerobic conditions, in soil with or without manure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31318.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Donoho, 1984). No traces of monensin were found in soil 33 days after the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31333.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">deposition and the monensin concentrations declined in manure piles during</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31348.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">natural weather conditions (Donoho, 1984). However, in manure piles under</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31364.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">relatively anaerobic conditions monensin levels declined slowly (Donoho,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31379.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1984). It is, however, reasonable to presume that the microbiological activity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31394.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in the soil may be altered initially, which may influence the release of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31410.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nutrients.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:31425.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As ionophores are active against anaerobic bacteria, interference with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31440.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">anaerobic microbial processes, such as in biogas production or wastewater</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31456.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">treatment might be expected. A reduction in the biogas conversion efficiency</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31471.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of UASB-(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors  by 20% when</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31487.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">monensin was added has been reported (Thaveesri</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:332.10pt;top:31486.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:361.30pt;top:31487.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). Additionally,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31502.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the acclimatisation period was twice as long and total volatile acid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31517.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">concentrations were twice as high compared to the control.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:31533.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Direct effects on plants, fruits and vegetables are generally not expected,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31548.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but an inhibitory effect of monensin on apple pollen has been reported</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31563.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Speranza and Calzoni, 1992; Ciampolini</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:285.70pt;top:31563.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:314.85pt;top:31563.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:31579.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">No published information about persistence or effects of ionophores in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31594.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">aquatic environment have been found.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31633.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.4.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:31633.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Environmental aspects on other coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31665.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has been shown that some non-ionophore coccidiostats, e.g. decoquinate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31680.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and amprolium, are excreted in active form in poultry manure (Warman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.55pt;top:31680.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31695.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.20pt;top:31695.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1977; Hobson-Frohock and Johnson, 1983).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:31711.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">During simulated field conditions it was found that amprolium was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31726.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">adsorbed in the upper layers of the soil and amprolium could be recovered</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31741.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from the soil up to 80 days post deposition (Warman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:346.75pt;top:31741.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:372.70pt;top:31741.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1977). No effect</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31757.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on soil respiration or soil microflora was shown.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:31772.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Halofuginone is known to be acutely toxic to fish at low doses (acute</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31787.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxicity to carp at 0.7 ppm) (Fowler, 1995). The possible impact of this on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31803.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the aquatic environment is not known.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31835.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Available data indicate that ionophores are degradable under aerobic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:31833pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31833pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31851.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conditions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31850pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31850pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31865pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31865pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:31881.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ionophores may interfere with anaerobic systems such as biogas production</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31881pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31881pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31912pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31912pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:68pt;top:31912pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31912pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31912pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:31896pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:475pt;top:31896pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:31996.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32032.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:32032.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:32032.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">179</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32084.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some non-ionophoric coccidiostats may persist longer in the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:32082pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:32100pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:32100pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:32100pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:32100pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:32100pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height:17pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:32082pt;width: 1pt;height:17pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32126.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.5</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:32126.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Alternatives to coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32157.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">During the last fifteen to twenty years concern has been expressed regarding</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32172.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the future long-term prospects for chemical control of coccidiosis. The rapid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32187.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and continuous development of coccidial drug resistance and the slow and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32203.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">expensive development of new anticoccidial drugs will probably limit the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32218.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">usefulness of chemical control in the future. Awareness of potential hazards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32233.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for feed mill workers, farmers, target and non target animals and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32249.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environment will probably also increase the interest in alternative means of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32264.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">control. Finally, consumers have become increasingly concerned about feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32279.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">additives, food safety, food quality and welfare problems in meat producing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32295.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals and egg laying hens. On the other hand, new housing systems, such</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32310.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">as the keeping of layers in deep litter production systems, are being</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32326.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">introduced, and larger economical demands increase the need for efficient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32341.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and safe coccidiosis control. Several possibilities for non-chemical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32356.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiosis control are being investigated. These include improved hygienic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32372.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conditions, genetic selection of more resistant animals and further</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32387.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">development of immunological control.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32426.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.5.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:32426.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Improved hygiene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32457.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">One of the motives for keeping birds on wire floor is to separate the birds</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32473.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from their faeces and thereby avoiding contact with oocysts. It is, however,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32488.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">very difficult to eradicate avian coccidia by means of strict hygienic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32503.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">measures during commercial farming conditions with birds maintained on the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32519.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">floor. Once the coccidia have been introduced into the poultry house the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32534.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">residual oocyst contamination spreads to the following flock of birds (Loyd-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32550.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Evans, 1991). Good hygiene and dry litter reduce the number of oocysts, but</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32565.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">do not eliminate the risk of rapid spread of the parasites. Recently, a new</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32580.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">oocidal disinfectant has become commercially available (Sainsbury, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32619.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.5.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:32619.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Genetic resistance to coccidiosis</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32651.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Infection with coccidia in chickens induces immunity to the parasite as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32666.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrated by a reduction of parasite replication in the birds (Horton-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32681.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Smith and Long, 1963). The immune response depends on several factors</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32697.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">linked to the parasites as well as to the host. Two important host factors are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32712.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the age and breed of the birds. It has been known for some time that the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32728.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">breed of chickens influence immunity to infection by coccidia (Wakelin,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:32743.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1978; Lillehoj, 1986; Lillehoj, 1988). Differences are seen both in humoral</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:32838.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:32874.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:32874.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:32874.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">180</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:32924.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and cell mediated immunity. Studies in inbred chickens have confirmed that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:32940.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">this is a genetically heritable trait linked to the MHC genes and modulated by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:32955.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other genes (Clare</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.95pt;top:32955.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.10pt;top:32955.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1985; Johnson and Edgar, 1986; Lillehoj</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:413.25pt;top:32955.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.40pt;top:32955.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:32970.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1989).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:32986.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Although it has been shown in experimental systems that genetically</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33001.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">determined resistance to chicken coccidiosis represents a possible alternative</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33017.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to chemical prevention, this finding still awaits commercial application.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33032.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Commercial broiler and layer hybrids are primarily selected and bred for high</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33047.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">productivity by a limited number of multi-national breeding companies. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33063.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">efficacy and low cost of the anticoccidials, and the priority of production</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33078.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">qualities in the breeding programmes of commercial hybrids have impeded</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33093.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the progress of development of genetic immunity to diseases in the birds.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33133.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.5.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:33133.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Immunoprophylaxis</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33164.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">During recent years live vaccines against coccidiosis in chickens have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33179.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">become commercially available. Vaccines based on infectious and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33195.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pathogenic oocysts given at carefully controlled doses followed by post-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33210.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure chemical prevention with coccidiostats are used in breeders in some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33225.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">countries. The need for continuous chemical prevention is thereby avoided.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33241.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">This kind of vaccination programme is not used in broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:33256.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Live, attenuated vaccines based on oocysts of so-called ”precocious”</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33271.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">strains of the chicken coccidial species are sometimes used in litter-based</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33287.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production systems, e.g. in breeders and some layer chickens. These vaccines</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33302.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">provide adequate immunity to coccidiosis. Such an attenuated vaccine has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33317.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been used with good results in breeders in Sweden. The major drawback of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33333.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">live vaccines is their relatively high cost which limits their use in broiler</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33348.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chickens and replacement layers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:33363.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In broilers, however, the results of vaccination trials with precocious</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33379.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">strains in a coccidia-free environment have shown that vaccinated chickens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33394.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reared without coccidiostats and antibacterial feed additives show</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33410.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">significantly lower live weight at 13, 28 and 36 days of age compared to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33425.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals receiving narasin (70 mg/kg feed) or virginiamycin (20 mg/kg feed).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33440.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Both vaccinated birds and unvaccinated controls showed higher numbers of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33455.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:148.95pt;top:33456.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">than birds given either narasin or virginiamycin (Waldenstedt</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33471.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:96.80pt;top:33471.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1997). Suppression of subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) by narasin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33486.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and virginiamycin is the most likely explanation for the differences in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33502.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">performance. This indicates that unless subclinical NE can also be properly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33517.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">controlled, vaccination against coccidiosis may not be economically feasible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33532.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in broiler chickens. Further research in the field of non-chemotherapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33548.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevention of coccidiosis and NE will be needed if broilers are to be raised</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:33563.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">without coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:33680.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33716.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:33716.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:33716.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">181</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:33766.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">No non-live vaccines are commercially available at the moment. Subunit</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33782.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">vaccines based on immunogenic polypeptides possibly carried by live vectors</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33797.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may be a possibility in the future.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33842.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Long term prospects for chemical control of coccidiosis are uncertain.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33839pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33839pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:33839pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33839pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33839pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33840pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33840pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33869.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Improved hygiene will reduce coccidiosis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33856pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33856pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33896.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">More research efforts are needed on the development of suitable vaccines</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33884pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33884pt;width: 1pt;height:27pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33912.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and other preventive methods for the control of coccidiosis and necrotic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33911pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33911pt;width: 1pt;height:15pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33927.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">enteritis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33943pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33943pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:119pt;top:33943pt;width:407pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33943pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33943pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:33926pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:526pt;top:33926pt;width: 1pt;height:16pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33968.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.6</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:33968.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Summary comments on coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:33999.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Coccidiostats are used specifically for the control of coccidiosis, but may</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34015.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">also suppress subclinical necrotic enteritis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:34030.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">At the moment it does not appear feasible to rear broilers without</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34046.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:34061.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Breaches in good manufacturing procedures may result in toxic effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34076.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiostats in both target and non-target species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:34092.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In order to achieve an effective coccidiosis control and proper prevention</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34107.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of NE, anticoccidials must be used carefully and their effectiveness should be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34122.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">monitored continuously. While alternative measures for the control of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34138.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coccidiosis and NE are developed, coccidiostats should be available on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34153.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">veterinary prescription and used under veterinary supervision.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:34168.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In spite of the wide use of anticoccidial substances, little is known about</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34184.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance mechanisms. Further research into this area is needed in order to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34199.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effectively combat the increasing problem of resistance.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34239.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">7.7</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:34239.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Addendum: dimetridazole, ipronidazole and</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:34258.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">ronidazole</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34301.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.7.1 Introduction</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34332.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Dimetridazole, ipronidazole and ronidazole all belong to the 5-nitroimidazole</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34348.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">group, which also includes metronidazole. These substances are active</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34363.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">against obligate anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria, amoebas and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34379.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">flagellated protozoa (Breccia, 1980). In animals, the 5-nitroimidazoles are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34394.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">used for treatment of infections with anaerobic bacteria and protozoa</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:34409.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Prescott and Baggot, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:34522.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:34558.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:34558.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34558.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">182</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:34608.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Metronidazole was introduced for the treatment of anaerobic bacteria and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34624.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4RICHOMONAS½VAGINALIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:193.25pt;top:34624.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in human medicine. It is mainly used against</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34639.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">anaerobic infections in humans (Prescott and Baggot, 1993). In some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34654.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">countries, metronidazole is also used in food-producing animals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:34670.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The main veterinary use for 5-nitroimidazoles is for the treatment of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34685.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">histomoniasis, a disease for which few alternative drugs are available.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34724.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.7.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:34724.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Histomoniasis - the parasite and the disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34756.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Blackhead, also known as histomoniasis, is a disease of gallinaceous birds</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34771.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">which is caused by unicellular protozoa called</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:313.55pt;top:34771.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(ISTOMONAS½MELEAGRIDIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34786.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(McDougald, 1991). The organism may infect various bird species, e.g.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34802.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">turkeys, peafowl, pheasant, quail, grouse, partridge guinea fowl and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34817.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chickens. The turkey is, however, the most susceptible species. The birds</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34832.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">develop inflammations of the caeca and liver, and mortality rates may be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34848.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">high. The parasite is often carried by clinically healthy birds such as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34863.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chickens, by earthworms, various arthropods and by the caecal nematode</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34878.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(ETERAKIS½GALLINARUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.35pt;top:34879.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(McDougald, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:34894.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The control of histomoniasis is based on appropriate management. Turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34909.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">should not be reared on ground where chickens have been farmed. Several</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34925.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">years must elapse before turkeys can be kept on land where chickens have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34940.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been reared. Confinement rearing of turkeys reduces the incidence of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34955.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">disease. Histomonads are extremely delicate organisms and they do not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34971.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">survive outside their host, earthworms or heterakid eggs for more than a few</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:34986.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">minutes (McDougald, 1991).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:35001.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Preventive chemotherapy is practised in many countries in growing turkeys</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35017.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but not in chickens, except on problem farms. Chemoprophylactic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35032.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">medication in the feed with arsenicals, nitrofuran or 5-nitroimidazoles is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35047.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">often used. Efficient therapeutic and preventive alternative drugs are at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35063.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">present lacking.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:35078.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Histomoniasis has not been a problem in Swedish commercial turkey</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35094.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">farming during the last decade. The disease is sometimes diagnosed in small</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35109.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">turkey flocks reared outside, and occasionally in other bird species such as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35124.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">peafowl and pheasant. Chemoprevention is not applied in Sweden.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35163.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.7.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:35163.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Toxicological aspects on 5-nitroimidazoles</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35207.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Pharmacokinetics</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35234.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nitroimidazoles are well absorbed after oral administration to monogastric</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:35249.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals (Prescott and Baggot, 1993).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:35364.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35400.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:35400.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:35400.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">183</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:35450.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Dimetridazole is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35466.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">target species. In turkeys approximately 88% is eliminated within three days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35481.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and in swine approximately 76% of the dose is eliminated within seven days</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35496.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1989). The metabolism of dimetronidazole leads to reduction of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35512.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the 5-nitro group, fragmentation of the imidazole ring, and formation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35527.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">covalently bound residues (FAO/WHO, 1989). At the 34th JECFA meeting</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35543.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1990) it was found that the use of dimetridazole at permitted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35558.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">concentrations to poultry and swine gives rise to residues that deplete below</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35573.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">detectable levels at 2-3 days postdosing. However, due to the possibility of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35589.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bound residues, it was stated that the total residue in tissues of poultry and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35604.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">swine had not been characterised.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:35619.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">After oral administration of radiolabelled ipronidazole to rats,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35635.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">approximately 92% of the total radioactivity was excreted in urine, bile and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35650.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">faeces (FAO/WHO, 1989). Two hydroxylated metabolites still containing the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35665.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">5-nitro group have been identified in the faeces of turkeys and rats after oral</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35681.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">administration of ipronidazole (FAO/WHO, 1989). The total residues have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35696.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not been characterised (FAO/WHO, 1989).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:35712.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ronidazole is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in both laboratory</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35727.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and target animals (FAO/WHO, 1990). In studies using radiolabelled</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35742.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ronidazole, the radioactivity was found to be widely distributed in tissues and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35758.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">eliminated via the urine, faeces and expired air of the animals (FAO/WHO,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35773.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1989). The exact nature of ronidazole metabolites has not been determined,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35788.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but there appears to be a certain amount of bound residue (FAO/WHO,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35804.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1990).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35843.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Toxic effects</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35870.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties of 5-nitroimidazoles involves</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35885.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the reduction of the 5-nitro group which results in short-lived hydroxylamine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35901.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">derivatives that bind covalently to proteins and DNA, as a result of which</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35916.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">DNA strands may also break (Edwards, 1977). Following therapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35931.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">treatment with metronidazole, single strand-breaks have been demonstrated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35947.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in the DNA of peripheral human lymphocytes (Reitz</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.30pt;top:35947.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.45pt;top:35947.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991a).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:35962.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For dimetridazole, short-term toxicity in the form of clinical effects on the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35978.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nervous system and testicular atrophy has been demonstrated in rats fed high</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:35993.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">doses of the substance (FAO/WHO, 1989). Maternal toxicity has been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36008.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrated in rabbits fed high doses of dimetridazole (FAO/WHO, 1989).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36024.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Dimetridazole and its urinary metabolites gave positive results in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36039.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mutagenicity tests on strains of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:286.05pt;top:36039.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3ALMONELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.55pt;top:36039.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Typhimurium with nitroreductase</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36054.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">activity, but negative results in a variety of other mutagenicity tests</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36070.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1989). In a study evaluating the mutagenic and genotoxic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36085.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">potential of 48 nitroimidazoles and related imidazole derivatives,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:36100.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dimetridazole was found to have both mutagenic and genotoxic potential (De</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:36206.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:36242.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:36242.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36242.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">184</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36292.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Meo</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:94.65pt;top:36292.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:123.80pt;top:36292.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1992). In this study it was also found that the presence of a nitro</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36308.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substituent at the 5-position is essential for the genotoxic activity of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36323.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">imidazole derivatives. Increased incidence of benign mammary tumours in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36338.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">rats fed dimetridazole, as compared to nonmedicated control rats, has been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36354.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reported, as well as a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of benign</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36369.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mammary tumours (FAO/WHO, 1989). In the absence of results from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36385.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carcinogenicity studies in a second animal species, JECFA could not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36400.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">establish an ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) in 1989 (FAO/WHO, 1989)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:36415.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The 34th JECFA meeting also stated that ipronidazole showed mutagenic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36431.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">properties in bacterial test systems, but because of inadequate study design of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36446.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">studies in mammalian test systems the genotoxic potential could not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36461.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">properly evaluated (FAO/WHO, 1989). Studies on chronic toxicity and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36477.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carcinogenicity indicate an effect of ipronidazole on mammary tumour</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36492.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">formation in female rats given high doses of the substance, and a decrease in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36507.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">body weight along with other signs of toxicity in rats and dogs fed high doses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36523.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(FAO/WHO, 1989). In 1989, JECFA could not establish an ADI, because the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36538.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">rat carcinogenicity study was inadequate for determining a no-effect level for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36554.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ipronidazole.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:36569.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Ronidazole has been found to have mutagenic potential in various bacterial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36584.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">assays (Hite</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.55pt;top:36584.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.70pt;top:36584.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1976; FAO/WHO, 1989). The results of several</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.10pt;top:36584.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VIVO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36600.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tests were variable, with both positive and negative results (Hite</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:406.75pt;top:36599.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.70pt;top:36600.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1976;</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36615.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">FAO/WHO, 1989). However, a range of metabolites gave negative results in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36630.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the Ames’ test (FAO/WHO, 1989). Ronidazole has been found to increase</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36646.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the incidence of benign mammary tumours in rats and lung adenomas and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36661.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carcinomas in mice (FAO/WHO, 1989). A temporary ADI was established at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36676.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the 34th JECFA meeting (FAO/WHO, 1989), but this was not extended at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36692.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the 42nd JECFA meeting, since requested additional data were not made</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36707.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">available (FAO/WHO, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:36722.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Metronidazole has been shown to cause DNA strand breaks in human</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36738.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lymphocytes in both</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.15pt;top:36738.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:220.15pt;top:36738.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:242.15pt;top:36738.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VIVO½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:280.30pt;top:36738.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">studies (Reitz</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:351.20pt;top:36738.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.35pt;top:36738.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991b; Reitz</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:456.70pt;top:36738.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36753.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:84.20pt;top:36753.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991a; Elizondo</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.00pt;top:36753.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:205.15pt;top:36753.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996). Similar genotoxic effects have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36769.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">demonstrated in lymphocytes from metronidazole-treated sheep (Ostrosky-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36784.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Wegman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.45pt;top:36784.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:146.60pt;top:36784.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). The study in sheep also showed that increased</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36799.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">susceptibility to the genotoxicity of metronidazole may be associated with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36815.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">individual variations in pharmacokinetics. In earlier publications it has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36830.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sometimes been stated that there was no evidence of any genotoxic effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36845.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">metronidazole in mammalian cells (Olsen and Hebjorn, 1982), but this has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36861.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">now been disproven in the more recent studies. This may be explained by the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36876.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fact that most tests for mutagenicity demonstrate lesions due to a defective</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36891.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">DNA repair, while DNA single strand-breaks partly demonstrate DNA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36907.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">damage before DNA repair (Reitz</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.50pt;top:36907.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.45pt;top:36907.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1991a). Therefore, detection of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36922.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">DNA single strand-breaks can be a more sensitive indicator. Such studies on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:36937.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the other 5-nitroimidazoles have not been found, but there is no evidence that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:37048.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37084.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:37084.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:37084.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">185</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37134.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">they would be any different in this aspect, as they all share the reactive 5-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37150.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitro group.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37189.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">7.7.4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:37189.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Summary comments on nitroimidazoles</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37220.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The strong indications of genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of 5-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37236.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitroimidazoles, combined with the lack of appropriate studies needed to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37251.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fully evaluate the risk, have been regarded as enough motive for a ban on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37266.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">their therapeutic use in animals within the EU. Withdrawal times are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37282.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supposed to ensure that no residues will be present in meat. However, when</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37297.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the risk cannot be fully evaluated, neither ADI nor Maximum Residue Limits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37312.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(MRL) can be established. Consequently it is not been possible to determine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37328.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">withdrawal times necessary to mitigate the risk for the 5-nitroimidazoles.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37343.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">When 5-nitroimidazoles are used as feed additives, the potential hazards to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37358.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">human health are not restricted to the consumers. Farmers and feedmill</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37374.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">workers will be exposed on a regular basis to these substances. Considering</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37389.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the strong indications of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the 5-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:37405.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitroimidazoles, this must be regarded as totally unacceptable.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:37890.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:37926.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:37926.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:37926.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">186</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38000.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">References</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38028.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NGEL¹3¹7EINBERG¹:'¹0OLISHUK¹/¹0LAVNIK¹)¹AND¹"ARTOV¹)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:378.55pt;top:38028.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1985. A connection</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:38041.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">between a dietary coccidiostat and skin tears in female broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.10pt;top:38041.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:38054.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:138.60pt;top:38054.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:153.35pt;top:38055.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">294-296.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38080.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!TEF¹-¹2AMADAN¹!¹9OUSSEF¹3!(¹AND¹!BO¹%L
3OOUD¹+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:362.85pt;top:38081.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Kinetic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38094.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue distribution of salinomycin in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38107.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:143.40pt;top:38107.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESERACH½IN½6ETERINARY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:288.25pt;top:38107.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:303.00pt;top:38107.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">179-183.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38133.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!TEF¹-¹3HALABY¹!!¹+NAFAGY¹!¹AND¹!BO
.ORAGE¹-!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.15pt;top:38133.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Fetotoxicity of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38146.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">some anticoccidial drugs in chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.45pt;top:38146.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$EUTSCHE½4IER¤RTZLICHE½7OCHENSCHRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38159.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:114.00pt;top:38159.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">296-298.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38185.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ABA¹%¹9AUDA¹4¹&UKATA¹4¹AND¹!RAKAWA¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:301.65pt;top:38185.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Effect of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.40pt;top:38185.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%IMERIA½TENELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38198.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">infection on the caecal population of lincomycin-resistans</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:355.55pt;top:38198.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38212.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">introduced into chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:213.60pt;top:38211.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESEARCH½IN½6ETERINARY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:358.45pt;top:38211.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.20pt;top:38212.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">219-221.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38237.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"AIRD¹'*¹#ALDOW¹',¹0EEK¹)3¹'RANT¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:292.20pt;top:38238.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Monensin toxicity in a flock of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38251.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ostriches.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.25pt;top:38251.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:231.85pt;top:38251.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:252.10pt;top:38251.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">624-626.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38277.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ECK¹"%¹AND¹(ARRIES¹7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.75pt;top:38277.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1979. The diagnosis of monensin toxicosis: A report on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38290.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">outbreaks in horses, cattle and chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:279.95pt;top:38290.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½½!NNUAL½MEETING½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38303.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!SSOCIATION½OF½6ETERINARY½,ABORATORY½$IAGNOSIS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.85pt;top:38303.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 269-282.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38329.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EHR¹+0¹,UKERS¹(¹AND¹%RHORN¹)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.80pt;top:38329.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Anticoccidia Vertraeglichkeit des</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38342.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Wassergefluegels.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:182.75pt;top:38342.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$EUTSCHE½'EFLUEGELWIRTSCHAFT½UND½3CHWEINEPRODUKTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:38342.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:446.85pt;top:38342.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">511-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38355.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">513.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38381.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ENNO¹9¹%NDO¹+¹3HIRAGAMI¹.¹AND¹-ITSOUKA¹4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:319.55pt;top:38382.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Susceptibility of faecal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38395.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">anaerobic bacteria from pigs and chicken to five polyether antibiotics for growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38408.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">promotion.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.70pt;top:38408.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*APANESE½*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:332.75pt;top:38407.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.50pt;top:38408.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">783-790.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38434.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"RAUNIUS¹77</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.70pt;top:38434.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. [Poisoning of poultry by ionophore anticoccidials].</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.80pt;top:38434.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4IJDSCHRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38447.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">VOOR½$IERGENEESKUNDE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:204.60pt;top:38447.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.90pt;top:38447.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">933-938.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38473.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"RECCIA¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.90pt;top:38473.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1980. Chemical properties and reaction mechanisms of nitroimidazoles.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.55pt;top:38473.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38486.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PROCEEDINGS½OF½.ITROIMIDAZOLES½½
½#HEMISTRY½0HARMACOLOGY½AND½#LINICAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38499.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLICATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:156.45pt;top:38499.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Plenum Press, New York. pp. 35-48.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38525.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ATHERMAN¹$2¹3ZABO¹*¹"ATSON¹$"¹#ANTOR¹!(¹4UCKER¹2%¹AND¹-ITCHELL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38538.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:120.60pt;top:38538.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Metabolism of narasin in chickens and Japanese quail.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:397.55pt;top:38538.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38551.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:114.00pt;top:38552.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">120-125.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38577.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HALMERS¹'!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.50pt;top:38578.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Monensin toxicity in dogs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:298.90pt;top:38577.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ANADIAN½6ETERINARY½*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:435.35pt;top:38577.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.15pt;top:38578.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">459.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:38604.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HAPMAN¹($</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.10pt;top:38604.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in fowl.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:363.70pt;top:38604.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ARASITOLOGY½4ODAY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:38617.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:108.45pt;top:38617.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">159-161.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:38732.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:38768.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:38768.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:38768.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">187</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:38818.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HIRASE¹.+¹'REENE¹,7¹,UNT¹$+¹"AKER¹*&¹AND¹+NUTSON¹2%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:459.95pt;top:38818.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Serum</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:38831.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and ruminal fluid characteristics of beef cows grazing oat pastures and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:38845.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">supplemented with or without lasalocid.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:330.35pt;top:38844.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NIMAL½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:453.00pt;top:38844.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:467.75pt;top:38845.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1746-1754.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:38871.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HRISTENSEN¹+$¹:IMMERMANN¹.'¹7YATT¹#,¹AND¹'OODMAN¹4.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:462.10pt;top:38871.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:38884.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Dietary and environmental factors affecting skin strength in broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:38897.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.60pt;top:38897.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.35pt;top:38897.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">224-235.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:38923.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#IAMPOLINI¹&¹,I¹91¹#RESTI¹-¹#ALZONI¹',¹AND¹3PERANZA¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.85pt;top:38923.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:38936.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Disorganization of dictyosomes by monensin treatment of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.20pt;top:38936.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN
VITRO½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:445.30pt;top:38936.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">germinated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:38949.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pollen of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:192.70pt;top:38949.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ALUS½DOMESTICA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:270.85pt;top:38949.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Borkh.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:303.85pt;top:38949.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!CTA½"OTANICA½.EERLANDICA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:429.85pt;top:38949.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:444.60pt;top:38949.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">349-355.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:38975.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LARE¹2!¹3TROUT¹2'¹4AYLOR¹2,¹#OLLIND¹7-¹AND¹"RILES¹7%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:455.65pt;top:38975.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1985. Major</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:38988.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">histocompatibility (B) complex effects on acquired immunity to caecal coccidiosis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39001.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)MMUNOGENETICS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:228.25pt;top:39001.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.00pt;top:39002.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">593-599.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:39028.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONFER¹!7¹2EAVIS¹$5¹AND¹0ANCIERA¹2*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.55pt;top:39028.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Light and electron microscopic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39041.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle of sheep with experimental monensin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39054.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">toxicosis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.25pt;top:39054.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.40pt;top:39054.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:311.15pt;top:39054.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">590-602.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39080.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$AVIS¹#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.55pt;top:39080.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Narasin toxicity in turkeys.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:320.80pt;top:39080.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:408.40pt;top:39080.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:428.65pt;top:39080.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">627.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39106.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$AVISON¹+,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:186.95pt;top:39106.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Monensin absorption and metabolism in calves and chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39119.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!GRICULTURAL½AND½&OOD½#HEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:352.80pt;top:39119.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.55pt;top:39120.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1273-1277.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39145.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$E¹-EO¹-¹6ANELLE¹0¹"ERNADINI¹%¹,AGET¹-¹-ALDONADO¹*¹*ENTZER¹/¹#ROZET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39158.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-0¹AND¹$UMENIL¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.70pt;top:39159.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Evaluation of the mutagenic and genotoxic activities</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39172.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">of 48 nitroimidazoles and related imidazole derivatives by the Ames test and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39185.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOS chromotest.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:227.75pt;top:39185.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NVIRONMENTAL½AND½-OLECULAR½-UTAGENESIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.15pt;top:39185.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:440.90pt;top:39185.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">167-181.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39211.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ONOHO¹!,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.95pt;top:39211.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Biochemical studies on the fate of monensin in animals and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39224.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:211.45pt;top:39224.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NIMAL½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:334.10pt;top:39224.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:348.85pt;top:39224.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1528-1539.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39250.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$OWLING¹,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.00pt;top:39250.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Ionophore toxicity in chickens: a review of pathology and diagnosis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39263.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:229.85pt;top:39263.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:244.60pt;top:39264.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">355-368.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39289.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$UTTA¹'.¹$EVRIESE¹,!¹AND¹6AN¹!SSCHE¹0&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:351.60pt;top:39290.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Susceptibility of clostridia</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39303.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from farm animals to 21 antimicrobial agents including some used for growth</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39316.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">promotion.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.75pt;top:39316.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NTIMICROBIAL½#HEMOTHERAPY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:385.25pt;top:39316.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:400.00pt;top:39316.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">347-356.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39342.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$YKSTRA¹$$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:186.85pt;top:39342.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Relationship of anaerobic bacteria to coccidiosis in the chicken.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39355.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ISSERTATION½!BSTRACTS½)NTERNATIONAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:316.60pt;top:39355.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">¹"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:341.55pt;top:39355.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39381.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%DWARDS¹$)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:187.70pt;top:39381.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1977. The action of metronidazole in DNA.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.30pt;top:39381.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NTIMICROBIAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39394.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HEMOTHERAPY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:220.85pt;top:39394.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:230.05pt;top:39395.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">43-48.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.95pt;top:39420.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%KSTR¶M¹,
'¹3LANINA¹0¹AND¹$AHLSTR¶M
+ING¹,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.40pt;top:39421.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Tissue residues of clopidol</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39434.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(3,4-dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinol) in chickens in relation to withdrawal times.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:39447.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&OOD½!DDITIVES½AND½#ONTAMINANTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:307.25pt;top:39447.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:316.45pt;top:39447.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">17-22.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:39574.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:39610.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:39610.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39610.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">188</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39660.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%LIZONDO¹'¹'ONSEBATT¹-%¹3ALAZAR¹!-¹,ARES¹)¹3ANTIAGO¹0¹(ERRERA¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39673.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ONG¹%¹AND¹/STROSKY
7EGMAN¹0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:268.15pt;top:39673.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Genotoxic effects of metronidazole.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39686.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UTATION½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:189.35pt;top:39686.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.60pt;top:39687.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">75-80.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39713.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%LWINGER¹+¹%NGSTR¶M¹"¹"ERNDTSON¹%¹&OSSUM¹/¹AND¹7ALDENSTEDT¹,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.55pt;top:39713.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1996.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39726.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Effect of growth promoters and coccidiostats on performance and growth of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39739.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.75pt;top:39739.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in the caeca of broilers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.35pt;top:39739.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½88½7ORLDS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39752.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.70pt;top:39752.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2-5 September, New Delhi. p. 219.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39778.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%LWINGER¹+¹%NGSTR¶M¹"¹&OSSUM¹/¹(ASSAN¹3¹AND¹4EGL¶F¹"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:381.35pt;top:39778.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Effect of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39791.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">coccidiostats on necrotic enteritis and performance in broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:415.55pt;top:39791.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3WEDISH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39804.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!GRIULTURAL½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.15pt;top:39804.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.95pt;top:39804.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">39-44.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39830.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%LWINGER¹+¹3CHNEITZ¹#¹"ERNDTSON¹%¹&OSSUM¹/¹4EGL¶F¹"¹AND¹%NGSR¶M¹"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:455.15pt;top:39830.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39843.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1992. Factors affecting the incidence of necrotic enteritis, caecal carriage of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39856.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:211.50pt;top:39856.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and bird performance in broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:397.40pt;top:39856.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!CTA½6ETERINARIA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39869.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CANDINAVICA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.35pt;top:39869.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.15pt;top:39869.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">361-370.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39895.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&AHIM¹-¹AND¹0RESSMAN¹"#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.35pt;top:39895.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1981. Cardiovascular effect and pharmacokinetics of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39909.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">carboxylic ionophore monensin in dogs and rabbits.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.30pt;top:39908.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,IFE½3CIENCES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:395.00pt;top:39908.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.80pt;top:39909.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1959-1966.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39935.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.75pt;top:39935.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. 34th report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39948.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Additives.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:147.70pt;top:39948.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ECHNICAL½REPORT½SERIES½.O½½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.70pt;top:39948.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20-32.  WHO, Geneva.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:39974.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.70pt;top:39974.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Monographs prepared by the 34th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:39987.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Expert Committee on Food Additives. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40000.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and foods.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:148.05pt;top:40000.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/½&OOD½AND½NUTRITION½PAPER½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:290.50pt;top:40000.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">41/2 pp. 106.  WHO, Rome.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:40026.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.70pt;top:40026.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Forty-second report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40039.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Food Additives. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:415.50pt;top:40039.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40052.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ECHNICAL½2EPORT½3ERIES½.O½½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.85pt;top:40052.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pp. 19-21.  WHO, Geneva.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:40078.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&OWLER¹.'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:137.35pt;top:40078.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1995.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.95pt;top:40078.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTICOCCIDIAL½COMPENDIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:291.55pt;top:40078.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Janssen Pharmaceutica Animal Health.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:40104.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&RIGG¹-¹"ROZ¹*¹AND¹7EBER¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:229.50pt;top:40104.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Compatibility studies of ionophore</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40117.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">anticoccidials with various antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in broiler chicks.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40130.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RCHIV½FUR½'EFLUGELKUNDE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:217.30pt;top:40130.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:226.50pt;top:40130.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">213-220.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:40156.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'ALITZER¹3*¹+RUCKENBERG¹3-¹AND¹+IDD¹*2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:300.35pt;top:40157.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1986. Pathologic changes associated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40170.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">with experimental lasalocid and monensin toxicosis in cattle.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:372.00pt;top:40169.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MERICAN½*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40183.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:196.05pt;top:40183.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.80pt;top:40183.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2624-2626.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:40209.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'ALITZER¹3*¹AND¹7¹/&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.80pt;top:40209.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. A literature review on the toxicity of lasalocid, a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40222.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether antibiotic.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:191.25pt;top:40222.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½AND½(UMAN½4OXICOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.60pt;top:40222.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.35pt;top:40222.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">322-326.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:40248.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'LOVER¹'*¹AND¹7OBESER¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.35pt;top:40248.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Monensin toxicity in a captive white-tailed deer.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40261.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½:OO½!NIMAL½-EDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.20pt;top:40261.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.95pt;top:40262.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">13-16.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:40287.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'RANOT¹)¹"ARTOV¹)¹0LAVNIK¹)¹7AX¹%¹(URWITZ¹3¹AND¹0INES¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:392.85pt;top:40288.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Increased</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40301.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">skin tearing in broilers and reduced collagen synthesis in skin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:371.75pt;top:40300.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½IN½VIVO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:407.15pt;top:40301.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.85pt;top:40300.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:461.00pt;top:40301.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:40314.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">response to the coccidiostats halofuginone.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:292.40pt;top:40314.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.80pt;top:40314.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:382.55pt;top:40314.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1559-1563.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:40416.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40452.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:40452.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:40452.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">189</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40502.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ALVORSON¹$!¹6AN¹$IJK¹#¹AND¹"ROWN¹0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:333.45pt;top:40502.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. Ionophore toxicity in turkey</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40516.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">breeders.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:193.30pt;top:40516.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:266.70pt;top:40515.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.50pt;top:40516.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">634-639.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40542.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ANRAHAN¹,!¹#ORRIER¹$%¹AND¹.AOH¹3!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.10pt;top:40542.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1981. Monensin toxicosis in broiler</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40555.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.35pt;top:40555.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:295.50pt;top:40555.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:310.30pt;top:40555.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">665-671.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40581.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ITE¹-¹3KEGGS¹(¹.OVEROSKE¹*¹AND¹0ECK¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.95pt;top:40581.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1976. Mutagenic evaluation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40594.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ronidazole.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.40pt;top:40594.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UTATION½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:292.50pt;top:40594.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:307.25pt;top:40594.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">289-304.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40620.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(OBSON
&ROHOCK¹!¹AND¹*OHNSON¹(!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:308.10pt;top:40621.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983. Coccidiostat residues in poultry excreta.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40634.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½THE½3CIENCE½OF½&OOD½AND½!GRICULTURE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.10pt;top:40634.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.90pt;top:40634.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">37-44.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40660.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ORROX¹.%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:183.05pt;top:40660.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Salinomycin poisoning in turkeys.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:370.30pt;top:40660.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:457.90pt;top:40660.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:478.15pt;top:40660.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">52.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40686.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(ORTON
3MITH¹#¹AND¹,ONG¹0,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.50pt;top:40686.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1963. Coccidia and coccidiosis in the domestic fowl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40699.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and turkey.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.50pt;top:40699.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:218.25pt;top:40699.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">B. Dawes (ed.),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:290.00pt;top:40699.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!DVANCES½IN½0ARASITOLOGY½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.50pt;top:40699.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Vol. 1. Academic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40712.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Press, London. pp. 68-104.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40738.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(OWELL¹*¹(ANSSON¹*¹/NDERKA¹$¹AND¹(ARRIES¹7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:382.75pt;top:40738.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. Monensin toxicity in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40751.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:194.35pt;top:40751.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:267.80pt;top:40751.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:282.55pt;top:40751.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1050-1053.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40777.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*ACOB¹4!¹!LVARO¹2&¹#HAPIN¹,2¹'REEN¹-,¹-ERIWETHER¹(4¹/LSON¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40790.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6AN¹)DERSTINE¹!!¹AND¹7OLF¹&*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.10pt;top:40791.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. Tissue residues of arprinocid in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40804.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">chickens. 1. Depletion of residues in tissues of chickens fed carbon-14-labelled</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40817.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">arprinocid.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.30pt;top:40817.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!GRICULTURAL½AND½&OOD½#HEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:403.85pt;top:40816.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.65pt;top:40817.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">248-253.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40843.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*EFFERS¹4+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:181.15pt;top:40843.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1989. Anticoccidial drug resistance: a review with emphasis on the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40856.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">polyether ionophores.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.45pt;top:40856.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH½)NTERNATIONAL½#OCCIDIOSIS½#ONFERENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40869.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OCCIDIA½AND½INTESTINAL½COCCIDIOMORPHS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.35pt;top:40869.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">INRA, 17-20 October, Tours.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40895.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OHNSON¹,7¹AND¹%DGAR¹3!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:268.30pt;top:40895.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1986. Ea-B and Ea-C cellular antigen genes in Leghorn</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40908.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">lines resistant and susceptible to acute cecal coccidiosis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:402.55pt;top:40908.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:477.95pt;top:40908.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:492.70pt;top:40908.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">241-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40921.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">252.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40947.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*ONES¹*%¹3OLIS¹*¹(UGHES¹",¹#ASTALDO¹$*¹AND¹4OLER¹*%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.35pt;top:40947.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Reproduction</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:40961.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">responses of broiler-breeders to anticoccidial agents.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:386.15pt;top:40960.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:461.50pt;top:40960.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:476.25pt;top:40961.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">27-36.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:40986.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+ABELL¹'¹3AINI¹2+¹3OMANI¹0¹AND¹0RESSMAN¹"#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.40pt;top:40987.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1979. Effects of the carboxylic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41000.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore monensin on regional blood flow in normal and in ischaemic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41013.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">myocardium in normal and anesthetized dogs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:356.25pt;top:41012.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½0HARMACOLOGY½AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41026.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%XPERIMENTAL½4HERAPEUTICS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.95pt;top:41025.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.25pt;top:41026.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">231-237.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:41052.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+AMPHUES¹*¹-EYER¹(¹,IEBLER¹%-¹AND¹*OHANNSEN¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:398.35pt;top:41052.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Tierernährung fur</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41065.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">tierärzte - aktuelle fälle klinische störungen bei pferden nach aufnahme ionophore-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41078.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">haltigen mischfutters.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.85pt;top:41078.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$EUTSCHE½4IER¤RZTLICHE½7OCHENSCHRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:422.25pt;top:41078.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:437.00pt;top:41078.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">537-539.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:41104.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+AN¹#!¹VAN¹,EEUWEN¹7¹AND¹VAN¹'END¹7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:344.50pt;top:41104.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Residuen van amprolium in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41117.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">eieren na toediening van amprolium/ethopabaat aan leghennen en opfokleghennen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41130.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4IJDSCHRIFT½VOOR½$IERGENEESKUNDE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:304.65pt;top:41130.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.95pt;top:41130.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">76-82.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:41156.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+ARSAI¹&¹AND¹0APP¹,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:232.55pt;top:41157.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Gehäuft auftretende narazin-vergiftung bei hunden.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:41170.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4IER¤RZTLICHE½5MSCHAU</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:257.50pt;top:41170.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:272.25pt;top:41170.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3116-324.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:41258.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:41294.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:41294.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41294.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">190</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41357.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+ONDO¹&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.95pt;top:41357.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:151.05pt;top:41357.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:186.80pt;top:41357.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">lecithinase activity and sensitivity to 22 antimicrobial agents of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41370.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:208.75pt;top:41370.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">isolated from necrotic enteritis of broiler chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41383.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESEARCH½IN½6ETERINARY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:244.05pt;top:41383.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.80pt;top:41384.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">337-340.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41409.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+YRIAKIS¹3#¹3ARRIS¹,¹+RITAS¹3+¹3AOULIDIS¹,¹4SINAS¹!#¹AND¹4SILOYIANNIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41422.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.30pt;top:41423.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. The effect of salinomycin on the control of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.50pt;top:41423.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41436.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">type A infection in growing pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.50pt;top:41436.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½-EDICINE½SERIES½"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:434.95pt;top:41436.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:449.75pt;top:41436.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">355-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41449.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">359.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41475.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ANGSTON¹6#¹'ALEY¹&¹,OVELL¹2¹AND¹"UCK¹7"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.80pt;top:41475.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1985. Toxicity and therapeutics</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41488.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">of monensin: a review.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:203.15pt;top:41488.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½-EDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.60pt;top:41488.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:298.30pt;top:41488.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">75-84.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41514.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,EVY¹*6¹AND¹)NESI¹'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:181.55pt;top:41514.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1974. Positive inotrophic effect on isolated human atrial muscle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41528.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">produced by the ionophore X-537A.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:262.30pt;top:41527.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½#LINICAL½0HARMACOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.00pt;top:41527.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:434.75pt;top:41528.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">32-34.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41554.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ILLEHOJ¹(3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.65pt;top:41554.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1986.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:166.80pt;top:41554.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.55pt;top:41554.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">assessment of T-cell proliferation response to stage specific</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41567.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">parasite antigens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:178.90pt;top:41567.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½)MMUNOLOGY½AND½)MMUNOPATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:392.25pt;top:41567.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:407.00pt;top:41567.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">321-330.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41593.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ILLEHOJ¹(3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.65pt;top:41593.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1988. Influence of inoculation dose, inoculation schedule, chicken age and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41606.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">host genetics on disease susceptibility and development of resistance to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.30pt;top:41606.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%IMERIA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41619.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">TENELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:132.20pt;top:41619.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">infection.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.20pt;top:41619.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.65pt;top:41619.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.40pt;top:41619.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">437-444.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41645.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ILLEHOJ¹(3¹2UFF¹-$¹"ACON¹,$¹,AMONT¹3*¹AND¹*EFFERS¹4+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:399.80pt;top:41646.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Genetic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41658.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">control of immunity to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.15pt;top:41658.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%IMERIA½TENELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.30pt;top:41658.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Interaction of MHC genes and non-MHC</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41671.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">linked genes influences levels of disease susceptibility in chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:398.60pt;top:41671.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41684.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)MMUNOLOGY½AND½)MMUNOPATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:262.40pt;top:41684.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.15pt;top:41685.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">135-148.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41711.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,INDSAY¹$3¹AND¹"LAGBURN¹",</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:227.95pt;top:41711.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1995. Antiprotozoan drugs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.45pt;top:41711.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:376.15pt;top:41711.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">H.R. Adams (ed.),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41724.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½0HARMACOLOGY½AND½4HERAPEUTICS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:300.80pt;top:41724.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7th ed.,    Iowa State University Press,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41737.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Ames.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41763.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ONG¹0,¹ED	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.05pt;top:41763.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1990.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.70pt;top:41763.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OCCIDIOSIS½OF½MAN½AND½DOMESTIC½ANIMALS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:361.75pt;top:41763.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">. CRC Press, Boca</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41776.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41802.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ONG¹0,¹AND¹2EID¹7-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.45pt;top:41802.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. A guide for the diagnosis of coccidiosis in chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41815.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Report 204. August 1982. University of Georgia, Georgia.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41841.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,OYD
%VANS¹,0-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.80pt;top:41841.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1991.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:199.40pt;top:41841.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4RENDS½IN½6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH½AND½$EVELOPMENT½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41854.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTICOCCIDIALS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.95pt;top:41854.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PJB Publications LTD.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41880.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,YNCH¹-*¹&RAME¹'-¹%RICSSON¹*&¹)LLYES¹%&¹AND¹.OWAKOWSKI¹-!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:433.50pt;top:41880.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1992.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41893.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Semduramicin in the chicken. Tissue depletion studies,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.90pt;top:41893.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8ENOBIOTICS½AND½&OOD½
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41906.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PRODUCING½!NIMALS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.40pt;top:41906.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Vol. capter 5. American Chemical Society.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41932.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ACPHERSON¹)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:142.40pt;top:41932.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1978. Coccidiosis in broilers and turkeys.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:337.50pt;top:41932.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.25pt;top:41932.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">P.L. Long, K.N. Boorman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41945.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and B.M. Freeman (eds.),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:215.10pt;top:41945.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½#OCCIDIOSIS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.90pt;top:41945.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">British Poultry Science Ltd,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41958.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Edinburgh. pp. 465-494.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:41984.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ANCUSO¹'¹3TAFFA¹-¹%RRANI¹!¹"ERDONDINI¹2-¹AND¹&ABBRI¹0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:396.55pt;top:41984.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:41998.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Occupational dermatitis in animal feed mill workers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.60pt;top:41997.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONTACT½DERMATITIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.90pt;top:41997.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.70pt;top:41998.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">37-41.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:42100.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42136.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:42136.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:42136.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">191</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42186.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ANNING¹*'¹(ARGIS¹"-¹(INTON¹!¹*R¹#ORRIER¹$%¹$E,OACH¹*2¹AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42199.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#REGER¹#2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.20pt;top:42199.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Effect of selected antibiotics and anticoccidials on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:469.20pt;top:42199.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42212.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ENTERITIDIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.10pt;top:42212.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">cecal colonization and organ invasion in Leghorn chicks.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:453.10pt;top:42212.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42225.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.00pt;top:42226.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">256-261.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42251.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-C$OUGALD¹,2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:203.40pt;top:42252.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1991. Histomoniasis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:308.00pt;top:42252.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:323.70pt;top:42252.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">B.W. Calnek (ed.),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.90pt;top:42252.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ISEASES½OF½0OULTRY½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:503.15pt;top:42252.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">9th</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42265.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ed.,    Wolfe Publishing Ltd. pp. 804-812.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42291.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-C$OUGALD¹,2¹&ULLER¹,¹AND¹3OLIS¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.80pt;top:42291.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1986. Drug-sensitivity of 99 isolates of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42304.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">coccidia from broiler farms.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.05pt;top:42304.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.50pt;top:42304.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.25pt;top:42304.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">690-694.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42330.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-EINGASSNER¹*'¹3CHMOOK¹&0¹#ZOK¹2¹AND¹(¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.50pt;top:42330.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Enhancement of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42343.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">anticoccidial activity of polyether antibiotics in chickens by tiamulin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:460.05pt;top:42343.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42356.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:189.60pt;top:42356.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:204.35pt;top:42356.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">308-313.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42382.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ILLER¹$*3¹/#ONNOR¹**¹AND¹2OBERTS¹.,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.40pt;top:42383.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1986. Tiamulin/salinomycin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42396.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">interactions in pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.10pt;top:42396.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:327.70pt;top:42396.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:348.00pt;top:42396.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">73-75.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42422.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ILLER¹$3*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.90pt;top:42422.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1990. Drug compatibilities.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:314.75pt;top:42422.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0IG½6ETERINARY½*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.00pt;top:42422.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:437.75pt;top:42422.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">9-23.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42448.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UYLLE¹%¹6ANDENHENDE¹#¹/YAERT¹7¹4HOONEN¹(¹AND¹6LAEMINCK</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:453.80pt;top:42448.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1981. Delayed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42461.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">monensin sodium toxicity in horses.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.80pt;top:42461.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%QUINE½6ETERINARY½*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:437.00pt;top:42461.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.80pt;top:42461.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">107-108.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42487.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.AGARAJA¹4'¹!VERY¹4"¹'ALITZER¹3*¹AND¹(ARMON¹$,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:42488.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1985. Effect of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42500.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophore antibiotics on experimentally induced lactic acidosis in cattle.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:474.00pt;top:42500.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MERICAN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42513.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:295.65pt;top:42513.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:310.40pt;top:42514.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2444-2452.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42540.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.AGARAJA¹4'¹AND¹4AYLOR¹-"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.05pt;top:42540.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1987. Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42553.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">to antimicrobial feed additives.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:290.75pt;top:42553.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLIED½AND½%NVIRONMENTAL½-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:481.65pt;top:42553.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:496.40pt;top:42553.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1620-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42566.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1625.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42592.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ATION¹0.¹#ROWE¹30¹AND¹7.¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:305.25pt;top:42592.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. Clinical signs and pathology of accidental</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42605.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">monensin poisoning in sheep.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.25pt;top:42605.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ANADIAN½6ETERINARY½*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.70pt;top:42605.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:435.45pt;top:42605.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">323-326.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42631.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.,.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:145.05pt;top:42632.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Guidelines on ATCvet classification, 2nd edition.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:400.90pt;top:42631.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:403.65pt;top:42632.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">36.  Nordic Council on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42645.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Medicines in association with WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42657.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Methodology in Oslo, Uppsala.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42683.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.OVILLA¹-.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.15pt;top:42684.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42697.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">ionophores.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:204.95pt;top:42697.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½AND½(UMAN½4OXICOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:364.30pt;top:42697.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.05pt;top:42697.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">66-70.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42723.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">/LSEN¹02¹AND¹(EBJORN¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:256.80pt;top:42723.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1982. Safety of metronidazole?</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:403.65pt;top:42723.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RCH½0HARM½#HEMI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42736.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.00pt;top:42736.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">499-507.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42762.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">/STROSKY
7EGMAN¹0¹,ARES¹!SSEF¹)¹3ANTIAGO¹0¹%LIZONDO¹'¹AND¹-ONTERO¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:505.80pt;top:42762.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42775.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1994. Metronidazole</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:245.15pt;top:42775.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">HPRT½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:266.40pt;top:42775.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">mutation induction in sheep and the relationship with its</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42789.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">elimination rate.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.60pt;top:42788.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-UTATION½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.70pt;top:42788.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.00pt;top:42789.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">253-259.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:42814.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0EETERS¹*%¹$ERIJCKE¹*¹6ERLINDEN¹-¹AND¹7YFFELS¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:387.80pt;top:42815.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Sensitivity of avian</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42827.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%IMERIA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:188.60pt;top:42828.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">spp. to seven chemical and five ionophore anticoccidials in five Belgian</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:42841.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">integrated broiler operations.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.35pt;top:42841.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.80pt;top:42841.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:369.55pt;top:42841.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">483-493.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:42942.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:42978.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:42978.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:42978.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">192</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43028.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ERELMAN¹"¹0IRAK¹-¹AND¹3MITH¹"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:250.30pt;top:43028.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Effects of the accidental feeding of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43042.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">lasalocid sodium to broiler breeder chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:300.55pt;top:43042.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:388.15pt;top:43041.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:408.45pt;top:43042.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">271-273.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43068.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ERL¹3¹3CHLOSBERG¹!¹(OIDA¹'¹$AVIDSON¹-¹9AKOBSON¹"¹AND¹/RGAD¹5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:436.75pt;top:43068.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43081.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cardiac failure in beef cattle fed dried poultry litter.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:332.15pt;top:43081.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:419.75pt;top:43081.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:440.00pt;top:43081.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">35-36.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43107.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0INION¹*,¹"ILGILI¹3&¹%CKMAN¹-+¹AND¹(ESS¹*"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:328.05pt;top:43107.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. The effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43120.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">halofuginone and salinomycin, alone and in combination, on live performance and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43133.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">skin characteristics of broilers.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.15pt;top:43133.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:313.55pt;top:43133.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:328.30pt;top:43133.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">391-397.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43159.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0RESCOTT¹*&¹AND¹"AGGOT¹*$¹EDS	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:242.50pt;top:43160.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:275.60pt;top:43159.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIMICROBIAL½THERAPY½IN½VETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43172.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MEDICINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:43173.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2nd ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames. pp. 612.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43198.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1UARLES¹#,¹-ATHIS¹'&¹-C$OUGALD¹,2¹AND¹#ONWAY¹$0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:374.75pt;top:43199.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1992. Efficacy of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43212.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">semduramicin, salinomycin and monensin against</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:322.15pt;top:43211.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%IMERIA½SPP</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:375.95pt;top:43212.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">. in broiler chickens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43225.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in floor pens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:160.80pt;top:43224.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½8)8½7ORLDS½0ULTRY½#ONGRESS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.90pt;top:43225.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Amsterdam. pp. 590-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43238.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">593.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43263.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ADA¹6¹2YCHLY¹)¹AND¹6ORISEK¹+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.45pt;top:43264.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Susceptibility of chicken intestinal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:43277.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">lactobacilli to coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.70pt;top:43277.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!CTA½6ETERINARIA½"RNO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:330.25pt;top:43277.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.00pt;top:43277.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">9-12.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43303.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EITZ¹-¹2UMPF¹-¹AND¹+NITZA¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.00pt;top:43303.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991a. DNA single strand-breaks in lymphocytes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:43316.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">after metronidazole therapy.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:226.90pt;top:43316.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RZNEIMITTEL
&ORSCHUNG</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.25pt;top:43316.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.05pt;top:43316.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">155-156.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43342.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EITZ¹-¹2UMPF¹-¹AND¹+NITZA¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.00pt;top:43342.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991b. Metronidazole induces DNA strand-breaks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:43355.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in cultures of human lymphocytes and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.25pt;top:43369.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">lymphocytes.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:160.90pt;top:43368.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!RZNEIMITTEL
&ORSCHUNG</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:272.25pt;top:43368.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.05pt;top:43369.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">65-69.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43395.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2UFF¹-$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.05pt;top:43395.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1989. Interaction of avian coccidiosis with other diseases: a review.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.70pt;top:43395.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43408.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PROCEEDINGS½OF½½#OCCIDIA½AND½INTESTINAL½COCCIDIOMORPHS½TH½)NTERNATIONAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43421.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OCCIDIOSIS½#ONFERENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.45pt;top:43421.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">17-20 October, Tours.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43447.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3AFRAN¹.¹!IZENBERG¹)¹AND¹"ARK¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.80pt;top:43447.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Paralytic syndrome attributed to lasalocid</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43460.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">residues in a commercial ration fed to dogs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:295.40pt;top:43460.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LINICAL½2EPORTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.90pt;top:43460.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.20pt;top:43460.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1273-1275.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43486.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3AINSBURY¹$7"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:159.00pt;top:43486.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. Disinfection and coccidiosis control.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.45pt;top:43486.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½)NTERNATIONAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43499.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:134.85pt;top:43499.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43528.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ANDERCOCK¹$!¹AND¹-ITCHELL¹-!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:245.15pt;top:43528.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. The possible roles of Na</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:386.65pt;top:43525.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:395.60pt;top:43528.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and Ca</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.60pt;top:43525.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2+</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43541.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">overload in the mechanism of monensin-induced myotoxicity in isolated avian</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43555.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:102.95pt;top:43554.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'ALLUS½DOMESTICUS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.40pt;top:43555.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">) skeletal muscle.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:264.20pt;top:43554.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½0HYSIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.55pt;top:43554.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:387.80pt;top:43555.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">41.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:43580.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CHELLING¹'4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:140.85pt;top:43581.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Monensin mode of action in the rumen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:351.35pt;top:43581.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!NIMAL½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:43594.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.95pt;top:43594.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1518-1527.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:43784.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:43820.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.20pt;top:43820.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.05pt;top:43820.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">193</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:43870.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CHLOSBERG¹!¹(ARMELIN¹!¹0ERL¹3¹0ANO¹'¹$AVIDSON¹-¹/RGAD¹5¹+ALI¹5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43883.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6AN¹(AM¹-¹(OIDA¹'¹9AKOBSON¹"¹!VIDAR¹9¹)SRAELI¹"
!¹AND¹"OGIN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43896.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:160.30pt;top:43896.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Cardiomyopathy in cattle induced by residues of the coccidiostat</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43909.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">maduramicin in poultry litter given as feedstuff.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:365.10pt;top:43909.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43922.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OMMUNICATIONS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:230.60pt;top:43922.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:245.35pt;top:43923.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">45-58.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:43948.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3EMAN¹$(¹#ATHERMAN¹$2¹-ATSUI¹4¹(AYEK¹-'¹"ATSON¹$"¹#ANTOR¹!(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43961.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4UCKER¹2%¹-UNTIFERING¹2"¹7ESTENDORF¹-,¹AND¹-ITCHELL¹'%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:480.10pt;top:43962.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43975.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Metabolism of decoquinate in chickens and Japanese quail.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:415.55pt;top:43974.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:43988.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.95pt;top:43988.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">670-675.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44014.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3HANE¹3-¹'YUIMAH¹*%¹(ARRINGTON¹+3¹AND¹3NIDER¹4'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.75pt;top:44014.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1985. Etiology and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44027.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:302.00pt;top:44027.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH½#OMMUNICATIONS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:476.50pt;top:44027.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:485.70pt;top:44027.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">269-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44040.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">287.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44066.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3HIER¹74¹AND¹$UBOURDIEU¹$*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.25pt;top:44066.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Sodium- and calcium-dependent steps in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44079.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">mechanism of neonatal rat cardiac myocyte killing by ionophores: I. The sodium-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44093.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">carrying ionophore, monensin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:288.45pt;top:44092.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4OXICOLOGY½AND½!PPLIED½0HARMACOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:467.50pt;top:44092.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:487.75pt;top:44093.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">38-46.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44118.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3PERANZA¹!¹AND¹#ALZONI¹',</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:268.40pt;top:44119.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Inhibition of pollen-tube growth and protein</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44132.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">secretion by the monovalent ionophore monensin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:373.75pt;top:44131.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3EXUAL½0LANT½2EPRODUCTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44145.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:159.45pt;top:44145.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">232-238.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44171.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3TIPKOVITS¹,¹+OBULEJ¹4¹AND¹*UH¡SC¹3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:314.35pt;top:44171.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1987.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:347.50pt;top:44171.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:383.25pt;top:44171.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">testing of the anti-mycoplasma</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44184.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">effect of some anticoccidial drugs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:305.75pt;top:44184.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.75pt;top:44184.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:436.55pt;top:44184.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">65-70.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44210.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ZANCER¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:173.00pt;top:44210.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. [Toxicity of ionophore-polyether antibiotics. A literature review].</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44223.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ANSK½6ETERINAERTIDSSKRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:273.10pt;top:44223.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.85pt;top:44224.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1308-1316.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44249.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4HAVEESRI¹*¹"OUCNEAU¹'¹AND¹6ERSTRAETE¹7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:343.75pt;top:44250.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. Effect of monensin on UASB-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44263.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reactor performance.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:245.10pt;top:44263.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NVIRONMENTAL½4ECHNOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:370.75pt;top:44263.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:385.50pt;top:44263.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">491-496.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44289.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5MEMURA¹4¹.AKAMURA¹(¹'ORYO¹-¹AND¹)TAKURA¹#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:388.65pt;top:44289.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Histopathology of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44302.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">monensin-tiamulin myopathy in broiler chicks.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.20pt;top:44302.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!VIAN½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:439.75pt;top:44302.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:454.55pt;top:44302.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">459-468.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44328.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7AKELIN¹$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:178.05pt;top:44329.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Genetic control of susceptibility and resistance to parasite infection.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44342.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!DVANCES½IN½0ARASITOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:269.50pt;top:44341.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.25pt;top:44342.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">219-308.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44368.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ALDENSTEDT¹,¹%LWINGER¹+¹,UNDEN¹!¹4HEBO¹0¹AND¹5GGLA¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.90pt;top:44368.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44381.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Paracox© on performance of broilers raised with or without antibiotic in an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44394.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Eimeria-free environment (report).  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44407.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Uppsala.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44433.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6AN¹&LEET¹*&¹!MSTUTZ¹(%¹7EIRICH¹7%¹2EBAR¹!(¹AND¹&ERRANS¹6*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:484.40pt;top:44433.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1983.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44446.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Acute monensin toxicosis in swine: effect of graded doses of monensin and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44459.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">protection of swine by pretreatment with selenium-vitamin E.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.25pt;top:44459.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MERICAN½*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44472.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:247.05pt;top:44472.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.80pt;top:44472.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1460-1468.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:44498.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ANG¹##</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.95pt;top:44498.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1975. Studies of the mitochondria from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:356.85pt;top:44498.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½%IMERIA½TENELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:431.00pt;top:44498.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and inhibition of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44511.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.55pt;top:44511.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"IOCHEMICA½ET½"IOPHYSICA½!CTA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:44524.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.45pt;top:44524.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">210-219.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:44626.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:44662.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7. Coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:44662.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44662.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">194</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44712.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ARMAN¹02¹4HOMAS¹2,¹#ORKE¹#4¹AND¹%4¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:332.25pt;top:44712.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1977. Recovery and reactions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44725.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">of amprolium from poultry manure added to soil.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.95pt;top:44725.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3OIL½"IOLOGY½AND½"IOCHEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44738.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:108.45pt;top:44739.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">267-270.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44765.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ATANABE¹+¹7ATANABE¹*¹+URAMITZU¹3¹AND¹-AUYAMA¹("</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:374.50pt;top:44765.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1981. Comparison of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44778.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">the activity of ionophores with other antibacterial agents against anaerobes.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44791.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIMICROBIAL½!GENTS½AND½#HEMOTHERAPY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:286.30pt;top:44791.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:301.05pt;top:44791.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">519-525.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44817.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ATKINS¹+,¹3HRYOCK¹42¹$EARTH¹2.¹AND¹3AIF¹9-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.80pt;top:44817.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:378.95pt;top:44817.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44830.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">antimicrobial susceptibility of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:234.95pt;top:44830.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LOSTRIDIUM½PERFRINGENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:344.50pt;top:44830.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">from commercial turkey and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44843.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">broiler chicken origin.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:200.60pt;top:44843.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:316.65pt;top:44843.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.40pt;top:44843.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">195-200.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44869.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!33¹6%4¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:131.50pt;top:44869.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1997.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:159.10pt;top:44869.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3WEDISH½LIST½OF½LICENCED½VETERINARY½DRUGS	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:351.90pt;top:44869.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Läkemedelinformation AB</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44882.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(Drug information service of pharmaceutical companies in Sweden), Stockholm.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44908.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7HEELER¹3*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.55pt;top:44909.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Feline neuropathy associated with contaminated food (letter).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44922.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:186.80pt;top:44922.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.10pt;top:44922.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">323.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44948.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7IENERNUSZ¹#*¹AND¹4EETER¹2'</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:233.25pt;top:44948.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Nicarbazin effects on broiler thermobalance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:44961.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">during high ambient temperature stress.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.20pt;top:44961.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0OULTRY½3CIENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:352.55pt;top:44961.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:367.30pt;top:44961.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">577-580.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:44987.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ILSON¹*3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.80pt;top:44987.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. Toxic myopathy in a dog associated with the presence of monensin in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:45001.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">dry food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:142.40pt;top:45000.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ANADIAN½6ETERINARY½*OURNAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:278.85pt;top:45000.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.65pt;top:45001.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">30-31.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:45468.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45504.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:500.50pt;top:45504.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">195</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45555.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">8</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:45555.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">Assessment of the usage of antimicrobial feed</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:45577.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">additives</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45671.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.1</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.60pt;top:45671.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Introduction</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45702.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As mentioned earlier, the authorisation of feed additives is regulated under</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45717.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Council Directive 70/524/EEC. In article 3a of the latest amendment (Concil</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45733.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Directive 96/51/EC) important conditions that must be fulfilled are listed. An</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45748.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">assessment of the use of antimicrobial feed additives must consequently</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45763.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">include an appraisal of its fulfilment of this article. Such an assessment has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45779.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been made pre-approval of the products concerned and the conditions have,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45794.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">according to available evidence at that time, been deemed to be met.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45809.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">However, as society and animal production change over time and new</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45825.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">scientific and technical knowledge is available, it is natural that the result of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45840.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">re-assessment can be different.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45867.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$IRECTIVEY%%#YASYAMENDEDYINY%#Y!RTICLEYA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45882.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#OMMUNITY½AUTHORISATION½OF½AN½ADDITIVE½SHALL½BE½GIVEN½ONLY½IF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:120pt;top:45880pt;width:405pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45907.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A	 WHEN½USED½IN½ANIMAL½NUTRITION½IT½HAS½ONE½OF½THE½EFFECTS½REFERRED½TO½IN½!RTICLE½½A	 </FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:492.35pt;top:45912.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45933.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">B	 TAKING½INTO½ACCOUNT½THE½CONDITIONS½OF½USE½IT½</FONT></FONT><u><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DOES½NOT½ADVERSELY½AFFECT½HUMAN½OR½ANIMAL</FONT></FONT></u></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:45946.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">HEALTH½OR½THE½ENVIRONMENT</FONT></u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½NOR½HARM½THE½CONSUMER½BY½ALTERING½THE½CHARACTERISTICS½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:45959.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">LIVESTOCK½PRODUCTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:45985.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">C	 ITS½PRESENCE½CAN½BE½MONITORED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:45998.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">
½AS½AN½ADDITIVE½PER½SE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:46011.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">
½IN½PREMIXTURES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:46024.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">
½IN½FEEDINGSTUFFS½OR½WHERE½APPROPRIATE½IN½FEED½MATERIALS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:46050.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">D	 AT½THE½LEVEL½PERMITTED</FONT></FONT><FONT COLOR="000000"><u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½TREATMENT½OR½PREVENTION½OF½ANIMAL½DISEASE½IS½EXCLUDED</FONT></u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½THIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:46063.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">CONDITION½DOES½NOT½APPLY½TO½ADDITIVES½BELONGING½TO½THE½GROUP½OF½COCCIDIOSTATS½AND½OTHER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:46076.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MEDICINAL½SUBSTANCES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:46102.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">E	 </FONT></FONT><FONT COLOR="000000"><u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">FOR½SERIOUS½REASONS</FONT></u><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½CONCERNING½HUMAN½OR½ANIMAL½HEALTH½ITS½</FONT></FONT><u><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">USE½MUST½NOT½BE½RESTRICTED½TO</FONT></FONT></u></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:46115.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><u><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">MEDICAL½OR½VETERINARY½PURPOSES</FONT></FONT></u></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:120pt;top:46141pt;width:405pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:46147.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.15pt;top:46142.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½ARTICLE½½OF½THIS½DIRECTIVE½FAVOURABLE½EFFECTS½OF½ADDITIVES½ARE½SPECIFIED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:46168.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the following, topics with relevance for the phrases underlined will be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:46183.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">discussed. That methods appropriate for the control of the presence of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:46198.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances in feedingstuffs are available has been taken for granted.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:46310.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:46346.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:46346.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46346.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">196</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46396.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Absence of adverse effects has been interpreted as safety. As there is no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46412.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">such thing as a zero risk, safety is understood as a risk below the acceptable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46427.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">level. The administration of AFA and coccidiostats is typically over a long</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46442.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">period and large groups of animals are involved. The assessment of possible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46458.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risks concerning AFA and coccidiostats must therefore be made with utmost</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46473.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">care.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46489.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Issues of safety are usually dealt with by the tools provided in risk analysis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46504.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The question of whether the use of AFA substances should be restricted to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46519.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">medical or veterinary purposes is linked to the issue of safety, but is rather to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46535.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">be considered as a form of risk management.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46550.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The question of prophylactic or therapeutic effects of AFA is related to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46565.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">regulatory issues, not to safety.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46581.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Below, an assessment of the use of antimicrobial feed additives, based on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46596.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the background provided in chapters 3-7 and annexes A to G is presented.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46611.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The substances included are, of course, very different. Notwithstanding, to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46627.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">facilitate the discussion on important general issues, a horizontal approach</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46642.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been chosen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46682.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.2</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.60pt;top:46682.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Some comments on risk analysis</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46713.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Risk analysis is the science which addresses risk assessments and decisions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46728.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">regarding risks. These processes are part of everyday life, but in complex</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46744.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">situations where demands for consistency, flexibility and transparency are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46759.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">constantly increasing, a formal approach to risk analysis and decision-making</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46774.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is warranted.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46790.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Health risk analysis relies heavily on epidemiology and statistics as well as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46805.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other sciences, but is not identical to these disciplines. Risk analysis involves</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46820.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">predictions or projections into the future based on the historical past and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46836.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">careful analysis of recent events. Predictive science is never perfect, and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46851.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">when a prediction is not upheld, the data on which the judgement was based</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46867.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">must be re-examined, and the model reviewed. A careful evaluation of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46882.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prediction, and adjustments in the model, may help in producing more</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46897.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">precise predictions in the future.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:46913.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nomenclature in risk analysis is in a state of confusion, partly because it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46928.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a new and rapidly developing field, and partly because it involves many</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46943.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">scientific disciplines which may use the same words in different ways. There</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46959.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is not yet unanimity with regard to the general field of risk analysis, but</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46974.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">attempts have been made to define some terms that are commonly used in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:46990.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risk studies (Ahl</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:156.55pt;top:46989.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.75pt;top:46990.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993). According to these definitions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:388.90pt;top:46989.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">RISK¹ANALYSIS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:460.95pt;top:46990.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:47005.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the process which includes risk assessment, risk management and risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:47021.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">communication.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:157.75pt;top:47020.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2ISK¹ASSESSMENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.80pt;top:47021.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is the process of identifying a hazard and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:47036.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">evaluating the risk of a specific hazard, in absolute or relative terms,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:47052.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">including estimates of uncertainty.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.05pt;top:47051.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2ISK¹MANAGEMENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:355.75pt;top:47052.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is the pragmatic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:47152.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:47188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:47188.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">197</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47238.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">decision-making process concerned with selecting and implementing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47254.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">procedures to mitigate the risk and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:304.65pt;top:47254.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">RISK¹COMMUNICATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:418.15pt;top:47254.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is an open, two-way</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47269.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exchange of information and opinions about risk, leading to better</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47285.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">understanding and better risk management decisions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:47300.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(AZARDS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:183.30pt;top:47300.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are events or elements which represent potential harm, i.e. what</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47316.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">might go wrong and how this might happen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.55pt;top:47316.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2ISK</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:382.95pt;top:47316.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consists of two</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47331.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">components; the likelihood and magnitude (of the consequences) of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47347.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">occurrence of an adverse event (i.e. a measure of the probability of harm),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47362.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and the impact (biological, economical end environmental) of the adverse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47378.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:163.15pt;top:47377.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3AFETY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.05pt;top:47378.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is the degree to which risks are judged acceptable and is, thus,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47393.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a subjective measure of the acceptability of risk.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:47408.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">There are several specific models of the various steps included in risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47424.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">analysis. Most risk assessment models begin with hazard identification, i.e.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47439.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">identifying the risk agents and the conditions under which they potentially</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47454.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">produce adverse consequences. This is followed by describing and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47470.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quantifying the potential of a risk source to release the risk agents (e.g. dose-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47485.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">response relationships), the exposure of human and animal populations to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47500.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risk agents, and the economic and health consequences associated with the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47516.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure to the risk agents. Finally an estimation of the risk, integrating the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47531.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">previous steps, is made, providing a quantitative measure of the likelihood,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47547.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">timing, nature and magnitude of adverse consequences.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:47562.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has been proposed that risk assessment and risk management should be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47577.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">separated as far as possible, to reduce conflict of interest between the two</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47593.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">processes (FAO/WHO, 1997). Interactions between risk assessors and risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47608.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">managers are essential for practical application and evaluation procedures,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47623.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but it should be recognised that risk assessment and risk management are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47639.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">separate entities in risk analysis, and must be so in order to avoid confusing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47654.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the issues.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:47669.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Another important thing to take into account in risk management is the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47685.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">uncertainty in the risk assessment output. The apparent precision of a point</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47700.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">estimate gives the misleading impression that the value presented is the one</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47715.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and only answer, although it has been derived from evaluating many possible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47731.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">outcomes and represents only an estimate of one potential outcome among</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47746.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">many (Miller</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:190.20pt;top:47746.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.35pt;top:47746.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1993). In view of this, it is of importance that the risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47762.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">assessment is transparent. The risk estimate should, whenever possible,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47777.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">include a numerical expression of uncertainty. A highly uncertain risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47792.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">estimate may require a more cautious risk management decision.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:47808.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Risk analytic procedures are not fully objective and quantitative, both</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47823.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">because they often have to be based on uncertain assumptions, and because</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47838.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">elements of social and moral choice almost always intervene. The assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47854.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of risk is a process that occurs in time and is subject to change simply</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47869.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">because of historic and statistical processes (Albanese, 1992). For example,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:47884.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the entire statistical distribution concerning adverse health outcomes can</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:47994.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:48030.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:48030.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48030.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">198</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48080.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">change following a change in detection technologic procedures or, simply,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48096.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">through the accumulation of data and theory. Unless all risk has been linked</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48111.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to a measurable cause with high accuracy, its assessment will have to change</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48126.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">with time. The further into the future risks and benefits are projected, the less</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48142.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">certain are the predictions. However, long term views are often necessary. In</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48157.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">short, risk assessment tries to answer the following questions:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:48178.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:141.80pt;top:48178.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">7HAT½CAN½GO½WRONG</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:48194.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:141.80pt;top:48194.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(OW½LIKELY½IS½THIS½TO½HAPPEN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:48209.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:141.80pt;top:48209.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">7HAT½WOULD½THE½CONSEQUENCES½BE½IF½THINGS½WENT½WRONG</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:48240.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">If available information is reliable and sufficient enough to at least suggest</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48255.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the answers to these questions, one can go on to the processes of risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48271.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">management and risk communication.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:48286.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The discussion on financial benefits from AFA belongs in the process of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48301.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risk management, when trying to determine the reasonable cost for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48317.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">eliminating or diminishing the risk presented in the risk assessment. Risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48332.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">communication applied to this issue would include communicating the risks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48348.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to the public so as not to jeopardise consumer confidence in animal products.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48387.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.3</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.60pt;top:48387.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Safety for animals and humans</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48418.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The possible adverse effects (hazards) associated with usage of AFA for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48434.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals and/or humans can be divided into those related to the antibacterial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48449.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects of the substances (microbiological aspects) and those related to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48464.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chemical nature of the substance (toxicological aspects). In table 8.I, possible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48480.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hazards, outcomes and the groups affected by the outcomes have been listed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48495.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">These possible hazards are reflected in the information required for approval</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48510.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">according to the guidelines provided (Commission Directive 94/40/EC).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:48526.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Microbiological risks, specifically those related to bacterial resistance, are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48541.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">more difficult to assess at pre-approval level. Development of resistance in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48557.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacterial populations requires two factors to be present; the antibacterial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48572.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substance and a corresponding resistance determinant. If resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48587.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">determinants are not present in the microflora of experimental groups used,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48603.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">most likely no development of resistance will be observed. In such a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48618.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">situation, the experiments do not necessarily provide a basis for accurate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48633.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">projections into the future. Once resistance determinants have gained entry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48649.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">into the microbiota of the animal species in question, the outcome might be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48664.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">different. Unfortunately, the application of post-approval risk assessment to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48679.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the issue of the microbiological aspects of AFA is frustrated partly by the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48695.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lack of valid data, partly by the complex interactions of the factors involved.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:48710.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Pre-approval risk assessment of hazards related to chemical aspects of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48725.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances is well established. It is based on results from a variety of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:48741.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxicological studies in cell cultures, laboratory animals and target species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:48836.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:48872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:48872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">199</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48922.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">For residues, the establishment of an acceptable daily intake reflects the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48938.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">acceptable risk level and if risk mitigation is needed, withdrawal times is the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48953.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">management mostly used.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48980.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.I. Possible hazards of the usage of AFA and their outcomes for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:48996.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals or humans</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49017.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½)½4¤NKBARA½FAROR½MED½BRUK½AV½!&4½OCH½DESSAS½KONSEKVENSER½F¶R</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49032.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">DJUR½ELLER½M¤NNISKOR</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49048.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(AZARD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49048.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-AIN¹OUTCOME</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.85pt;top:49048.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!PPLICABLE¹TO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:117pt;top:49047pt;width:119pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49047pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49047pt;width:118pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:356pt;top:49047pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:357pt;top:49047pt;width:161pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.80pt;top:49062.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(UMANS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49062.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ARGET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49075.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SPECIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49062.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ON
TARGET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49075.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SPECIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:356pt;top:49061pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:405pt;top:49061pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:406pt;top:49061pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:447pt;top:49061pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:448pt;top:49061pt;width:70pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49089.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGICAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:117pt;top:49088pt;width:119pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49088pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49088pt;width:118pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:356pt;top:49088pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:357pt;top:49088pt;width:47pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:405pt;top:49088pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:406pt;top:49088pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:447pt;top:49088pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:448pt;top:49088pt;width:70pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49102.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Increased resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49102.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">impairment of therapy</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.80pt;top:49102.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49102.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49102.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49115.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Suppression of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49128.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49115.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">disease not detected</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.80pt;top:49115.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(no)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.30pt;top:49113.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49115.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49115.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(no)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Increased colonisation</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49154.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">with enteric pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">increase of food-borne</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49154.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">infections</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.80pt;top:49141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(no)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49141.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(no)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49166.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HEMICAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49180.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Organ ”toxicity”</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:240.30pt;top:49180.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">organ malfunction</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:359.80pt;top:49180.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:408.40pt;top:49180.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:450.90pt;top:49180.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(no)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49193.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Residues in animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49205.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">products</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49193.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">toxic reactions, allergic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49205.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reactions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.80pt;top:49193.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.40pt;top:49193.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49193.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49218.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Repeated exposure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.35pt;top:49218.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">allergic reactions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.85pt;top:49218.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">yes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:409.45pt;top:49218.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.90pt;top:49218.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49231pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:49231pt;width:118pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:356pt;top:49231pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:357pt;top:49231pt;width:47pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:405pt;top:49231pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:406pt;top:49231pt;width:41pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:447pt;top:49231pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:448pt;top:49231pt;width:70pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49231.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.15pt;top:49232.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Parenthesis denotes that there may be special circumstances where this hazard is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49245.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">applicable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:49274.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the following, the elements of a risk assessment based on available data</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49289.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">on AFA with special emphasis on microbiological aspects are outlined. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49304.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">existing background information has been covered in chapters 4-7 and in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49320.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">annexes A-F.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49359.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.3.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.40pt;top:49359.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Increased resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49390.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Exposure of bacteria to AFA substances selects for resistance to these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49405.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances, and sometimes also for resistance against other antimicrobial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49421.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances (see Chapter 4). The proportion of the microbiota resistant to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49436.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substance will increase. Bacterial resistance is not in itself a problem but</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49451.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">associated loss of therapeutic efficiency of the antibacterial substance or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49467.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">group of substances is. Hence, the impact will be dependent on whether the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49482.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">use of a specific additive contributes to resistance in potential pathogens to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49498.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibacterials used in therapy of infections caused by these bacteria. If this is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49513.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the case in target animals, the consequences are direct. Transmission of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49528.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance genes between microbes of the target animal and those of other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49544.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals or humans can and does occur. The probability of such transfer and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:49559.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the impact of subsequent indirect effects needs to be evaluated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:49678.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:49714.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:49714.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:49714.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">200</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:167.50pt;top:49845.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">ENVIRO NMENT:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:167.50pt;top:49856.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">stable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:167.50pt;top:49868.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">litter</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:167.50pt;top:49879.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">utensils</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:167.50pt;top:49805.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">AB</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.80pt;top:49791.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">PI</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.60pt;top:49791.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">GS</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.10pt;top:49947.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">W ILDLIFE</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.10pt;top:49959.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">WATER</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.10pt;top:49970.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">SOIL</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.10pt;top:49981.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">PLANTS incl. CROPS</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.80pt;top:50109.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">HUM ANS</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:173.15pt;top:50118.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.35pt;top:50115.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">B</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.55pt;top:50151.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">ENVIRO NMENT:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.55pt;top:50163.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">utensils</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.55pt;top:50174.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">hygiene facilities</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.55pt;top:50185.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">fittings</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:49957.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">handling</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:49968.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">slaughtering</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:49979.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">processing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:49991.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">packing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:50002.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">preparation</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:50023.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">utensils</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:50035.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">equipment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.70pt;top:50046.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">fittings</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.45pt;top:49928.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.49pt">FOOD</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:299pt;top:49852pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:309.45pt;top:49867.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.25pt;top:49878.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">water</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:317.90pt;top:49889.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">pasture</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.80pt;top:49819.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">m anure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:363.30pt;top:49831.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">effluents</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:354.80pt;top:50075.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">water</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:388.90pt;top:50118.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">sew age</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:252.70pt;top:49938.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">waste-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:252.70pt;top:49949.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">water</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49985.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">water</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:49997.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">vegetables</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:50008.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">spices</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:50019.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">game</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.35pt;top:49900.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">offals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.00pt;top:49943.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.58pt">AB</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50274.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Figure 8.I. Some routes by which resistance genes can spread among animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50290.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and human microbiota</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50311.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">&IGUR½)½.¥GRA½V¤GAR½VIA½VILKA½RESISTENSGENER½KAN½SPRIDAS½BLAND½DJUR
½OCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50326.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">M¤NNISKOMIKROBER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:50363.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">There are numerous routes by which resistance genes can spread among</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50379.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animal and human microbiota. Figure 8.I presents a schematic view of some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50394.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of these routes. Modern society is, of course, not so simple. Animals, animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50409.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">feed, animal products and animal waste are transported between regions,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:50425.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">people travel all over the world and our daily food originates from various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<span style="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;position:absolute;left:0.00pt;top:49678.00pt;z-index:-1;"><img style="width:595pt;height:842pt;" src="outputfile157647897.htm_files\outputfile157647897_background59.png"></span>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:50520.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:50556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:50556.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">201</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50606.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">regions. To illustrate the latter a menu was retrieved from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50622.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">h</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt"><a href="http://www.ica.se/skafferiet/index.htm (as per week 29, 1997), including 5">ttp://www.ica.se/skafferiet/index.htm (as per week 29, 1997), including 5</a></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50637.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">simple one-course evening meals with one fruit for dessert. Assuming the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50652.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ingredients were chosen on a best-price basis in the two leading Swedish</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50668.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">supermarket chains, the basket contained food from 11-15 different</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50683.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">countries. The survey was done in summer, when the proportion of nationally</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50699.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">produced vegetables is comparatively high.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:50714.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In order to assess the degree to which the animal usage of AFA contributes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50729.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to the increased resistance in human bacteria, an estimate of the frequency of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50745.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer between animal and human bacteria and its subsequent effects is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50760.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">needed. When risks are diffuse and pertinent data cannot be obtained, risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50775.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">analysis usually employs assumptions to estimate the magnitude of the risk.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50814.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Probability of transmission of resistance genes</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50842.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">To further illustrate one of the dissemination routes in figure 8.I, the path</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50857.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from animal to consumer via the food-chain was examined. The scenario</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">discusses the acquisition of gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.45pt;top:50872.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:311.75pt;top:50872.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A, coding for resistance against</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50888.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibiotic X, through consumption of animal product Y. The following</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50903.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">assumptions were made on basis of data available for glycopeptides,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:50919.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">glycopeptide resistance, enterococci and broiler meat :</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:50949.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:50950.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the consumption of antibiotic X is low, 100 defined daily doses (DDD)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:50965.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">per 10 000 inhabitants and year (based on total human glycopeptide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:50981.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumption in Sweden 1995)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:50996.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:50997.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the consumption of product Y is high, occurring 50 days per year and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51012.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">individual (corresponding to a consumption of 12.5 kg chicken per</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51028.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">capita and year)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51042.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51044.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the prevalence of gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:270.60pt;top:51044.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.85pt;top:51044.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A in/on product Y is 50% (estimated from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51059.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Kruse, 1995)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51074.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51075.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">one meal of product Y weighs 250 g</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51090.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51092.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">product Y contains 1000 colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria/g</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51107.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carrying gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.00pt;top:51107.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:241.30pt;top:51107.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A (estimated from Kruse, 1995)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51122.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51123.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the transfer rate of gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.85pt;top:51123.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.10pt;top:51123.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A from animal to human bacteria is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51139.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">10 /donor.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:163.15pt;top:51137.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">-6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51169.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Further, as the optimal conditions of transfer are unknown, the model was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:51185.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">restricted by the assumption that:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:51215.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51216.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transmission will only occur if the individual has a contact with product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:51232.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Y while being treated with antibiotic X.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:51362.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:51398.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:51398.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51398.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">202</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:51448.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The probability (P) of an individual having contact with product Y</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51464.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">contaminated with bacteria carrying the gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:307.30pt;top:51464.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:324.55pt;top:51464.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A while being treated with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51479.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibiotic X, at least once in 365 days, can be expressed as:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:51510.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">P = 1- (1-p)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:143.25pt;top:51508.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">365</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51537.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">it is further assumed that:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:51567.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">p = k * d</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51598.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">where;  k is the probability of having contact with product Y on any</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:51613.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">randomly selected day</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:51629.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">d is the probability of being treated with antibiotic X on any</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:51644.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">randomly selected day</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51687.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.IIa. Probability of having contact with product Y containing gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51702.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
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<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51723.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½))A½3ANNOLIKHET½F¶R½KONTAKT½MED½PRODUKT½9½INNEH¥LLANDE½GENEN½XXX!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
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<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51770.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESULT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:51769pt;width:244pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:311pt;top:51769pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:312pt;top:51769pt;width:20pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:332pt;top:51769pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:333pt;top:51769pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:51769pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:51769pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51784.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIBIOTIC¹8¹CONSUMPTION¹HUMANS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:51783pt;width:244pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:311pt;top:51783pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:312pt;top:51783pt;width:20pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:332pt;top:51783pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:333pt;top:51783pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:51783pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:51783pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51797.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Defined daily doses (DDD) per 10000 individuals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51810.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and year</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51797.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51823.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONSUMPTION¹OF¹ANIMAL¹PRODUCT¹9</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51836.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Consumption of product, days/year</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51836.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51849.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Prevalence of gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:157.65pt;top:51848.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:172.40pt;top:51849.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A in/on product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51849.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51862.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Consumption of product with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:204.10pt;top:51861.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:218.85pt;top:51862.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:226.75pt;top:51861.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:232.30pt;top:51862.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">days/year</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.70pt;top:51862.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.5*50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51862.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">25</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51875.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">/CCURRENCE¹AND¹TRANSFER¹OF¹</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.65pt;top:51875.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.20pt;top:51875.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51888.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">CFU with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:117.45pt;top:51887.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:132.20pt;top:51888.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A/g of product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51888.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.70pt;top:51886.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51901.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">No.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:89.85pt;top:51900.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:104.60pt;top:51901.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A in 250g</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51901.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2.5*10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:452.00pt;top:51899.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51913.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Transfer rate of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:142.75pt;top:51913.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:157.55pt;top:51913.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A/donor bacterium</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51913.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.70pt;top:51912.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">-6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51926.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Total transfers per 250g</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.70pt;top:51926.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">250*10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:369.80pt;top:51925.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51926.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.25</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51939.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ROBABILITIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51952.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of treatment any selected day</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.40pt;top:51952.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">d</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.65pt;top:51952.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100/(10000*365)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51952.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.00003</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51965.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of having contact with product with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:283.75pt;top:51965.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:298.55pt;top:51965.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51978.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">any selected day</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.45pt;top:51965.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">k</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.70pt;top:51965.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">25/365</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51965.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.07</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:51991.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of having contact and being treated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.40pt;top:51991.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">p</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.65pt;top:51991.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">p=k*d</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:51991.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.000002</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:52004.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of having at least one contact with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:52017.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">product containing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:156.90pt;top:52017.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.70pt;top:52017.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A while being treated during</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:52030.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">one year (365 days)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:315.45pt;top:52004.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">P</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.70pt;top:52004.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">P=1-(1-p)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.00pt;top:52003.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">365</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:52004.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.0007</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:52043.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of successful transfer of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:231.95pt;top:52043.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:246.70pt;top:52043.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A when</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:52056.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">contact and treated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:336.70pt;top:52043.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">P*0.25</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:421.65pt;top:52043.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.0002</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:52081pt;width:244pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:311pt;top:52081pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:312pt;top:52081pt;width:20pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:332pt;top:52081pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:333pt;top:52081pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:52081pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:418pt;top:52081pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:52204.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52240.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:52240.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:52240.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">203</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:52290.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">With the assumed values P = 0.0007, i.e. 7 individuals in 10 000 will have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52306.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at least one contact with product Y while being treated with antibiotic X. As</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52321.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the number of successful transfers from the bacteria in one portion of product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52336.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Y will be 0.25, a successful transfer of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.30pt;top:52336.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.55pt;top:52336.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A will be expected to occur in ¼</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52352.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of the contacts, i.e. in 2 out of 10 000 individuals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:52367.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the impact of each assumed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52383.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">variable on the outcome of the calculations (see table 8.IIb).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52410.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.IIb. Sensitivity analysis of estimate of probability of transfer of gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52425.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">xxxA expressed as number of individuals colonised bytransconjugant per 10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52441.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">000 individuals and year</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52462.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½))B½3ENSITIVITETSANALYS½AV½SKATTNING½AV½SANNOLIKHETEN½F¶R½¶VERF¶RING</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52477.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AV½GENEN½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.55pt;top:52477.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">xxx</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:191.00pt;top:52477.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">!½UTTRYCKT½SOM½ANTAL½INDIVIDER½SOM½KOLONISERAS½AV</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52493.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">TRANSKONJUGANTEN½PER½½½INDIVIDER½OCH½¥R</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52509.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!SSUMPTIONS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:237pt;top:52522pt;width:137pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52509.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESULTS¹FOR¹ASSUMPTIONS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:379pt;top:52522pt;width:130pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:52507pt;width:116pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52507pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52507pt;width:140pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:52507pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:377pt;top:52507pt;width:134pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NITIAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:285.00pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,OW</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(IGH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.65pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NITIAL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,OW</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52523.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(IGH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52537.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Consumption of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52550.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">antibiotic X</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52537.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.95pt;top:52537.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52537.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52537.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52537.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52537.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">166</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:52536pt;width:116pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52536pt;width:45pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:281pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:281pt;top:52536pt;width:45pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:327pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:328pt;top:52536pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:377pt;top:52536pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:421pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:422pt;top:52536pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:466pt;top:52536pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:467pt;top:52536pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52563.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Consumption of product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52576.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Y, days/year</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52563.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.95pt;top:52563.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">20</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52563.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">90</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52563.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52563.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52563.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Prevalence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.15pt;top:52589.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:199.90pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52602.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in/on Y</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52589.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.95pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52589.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52615.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">No. of bacteria with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52627.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.65pt;top:52628.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">A, CFU per g of Y</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52615.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.95pt;top:52615.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52615.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52615.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52615.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.002</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52615.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">171</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52641.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Transfer rate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:238.90pt;top:52640.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.95pt;top:52645.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">
</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:284.95pt;top:52641.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:52639.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">-8</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:331.05pt;top:52641.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.10pt;top:52639.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">-4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.60pt;top:52640.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:52641.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.02</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.50pt;top:52641.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">171</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:52666pt;width:116pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:235pt;top:52666pt;width:45pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:281pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:281pt;top:52666pt;width:45pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:327pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:328pt;top:52666pt;width:48pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:377pt;top:52666pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:421pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:422pt;top:52666pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:466pt;top:52666pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:467pt;top:52666pt;width:44pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:52683.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Neither the number of days/year that the product is consumed, nor the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52698.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of products with bacteria carrying the resistance gene had any</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52714.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">major influence on the results. Of much greater importance were the rate of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52729.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer of the resistance gene between different bacteria, the consumption of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52744.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the particular antibiotic and the number of resistant bacteria in the product.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52760.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The two latter factors are also those most likely to vary with time and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52775.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">geographic region.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:52790.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The antibiotic consumption in this example is assumed to be low. If the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52806.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumption is increased to 10 000 DDD per 10 000 inhabitants and year the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52821.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">final number of successful transfers will be 2 in 100 inhabitants per year,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52836.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">maintaining the original bacterial content in the product. This higher figure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52852.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for consumption is only slightly higher than the human macrolide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52867.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumption in the Nordic countries (Apoteksbolaget, 1996; DANMAP,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52882.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1997; MAF, 1997).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:52898.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The transfer rate will be dependent on the transfer mechanisms of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52913.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistance gene in question as well as on the donor-recipient combination. A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:52929.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer rate of 10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:214.65pt;top:52927.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">-6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:225.05pt;top:52929.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">can not be considered as unusually high (see Chapter 4).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:53046.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:53082.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:53082.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53082.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">204</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:53132.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">All the bacteria in one portion of product Y were assumed to be in a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53148.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">condition capable of transferring</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:243.95pt;top:53148.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">XXX</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.20pt;top:53148.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A. When the product is actually</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53163.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumed, this might not be the case.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:268.30pt;top:53163.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:386.30pt;top:53163.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53179.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reported to survive for 10 minutes at 65</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.45pt;top:53178.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">°</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:281.60pt;top:53179.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">C (Panagea and Chadwick, 1996)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53195.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">but a thorough heat treatment of the product will reduce or eliminate its</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53211.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">content of viable bacteria. When the number of bacteria in the example was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53226.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lowered to 1 colony forming unit per gram of the product, the final amount of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53241.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">successful contacts was 2 out of 10 000 000 individuals per year. On the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53257.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other hand, zoonotic food-borne illnesses with infectious doses in the range</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:53272.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of 10 -10 organisms do occur in spite of heat treatment. This shows that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:98.00pt;top:53270.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">6</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:119.60pt;top:53270.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">9</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53288.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">higher numbers of viable bacteria of animal origin do occur in food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53303.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Recontamination and lax enforcement of basic hygienic rules provide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53318.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">opportunities for microorganisms to multiply. Numerous occasions for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53334.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer are encountered before heat treatment (kitchen utensils etc.) and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53349.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">gene might survive heat treatment. The prevalence of re-contamination in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53364.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">case of resistance genes is not known. Further, the dose required for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53380.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">successful colonisation of an individual with for instance resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53395.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">enterococci is largely unknown.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:53410.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the above calculations, it was assumed that transmission will only occur</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53426.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">when the individual is consuming the relevant antibacterial. The occurrence</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53441.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of individuals colonised with, for instance, vancomycin resistant enterococci</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53457.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(VRE) without prior exposure to vancomycin indicates that this is not always</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53472.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the case (Van der Auwera</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:205.55pt;top:53472.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:234.70pt;top:53472.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996). However, experimental evidence</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53487.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from a mouse model shows that exposure to vancomycin is important in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53503.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">establishment of a long term colonisation of VRE (Whitman</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:383.85pt;top:53502.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:413.00pt;top:53503.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53518.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Therefore, the restriction seems prudent in order not to overestimate the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53533.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risks.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:53549.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">To summarise the probability of at least one transfer of a resistance gene to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53564.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">human bacteria via one type of product in the food-chain was estimated to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53579.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">occur in 2 out of 10 000 individuals each year, ranging from 2/100 to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:53595.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2/10 000 000. It is important to note that this figure does not account for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53610.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">secondary transmissions between humans.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53649.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Impact of transmission of resistance</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53676.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In the calculations above, it was assumed that the consumption of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53692.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibacterial was low. Such antibacterials are likely to be of use only in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53707.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">special situations, and most likely in hospitals (e.g. vancomycin, quinpristin-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53723.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dalfopristin). Therefore, it is probable that the individuals in the example</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53738.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">above are hospitalised when the effective contact occurs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:53753.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The likelihood of secondary spread of resistant bacteria in antibiotic dense</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53769.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">surroundings such as hospitals is high (Salyers, 1995). In the case of VRE,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:53784.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">numerous reports on spread to both patients and staff within hospital wards</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:53888.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:53924.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:53924.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:53924.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">205</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:53974.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">have been published (for a review see Woodford</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:374.35pt;top:53974.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:403.50pt;top:53974.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995). For example,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:53990.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Wade (1995) reported acquisition of VRE by 110 patients in a hospital ward</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54005.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">during a 22 month period. Five ribotypes accounted for 78% of the isolates.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54020.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Duration of admission was the only independent risk factor for acquisition of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54036.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">VRE in the study. This concurs with the findings of Garber (1989) who</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54051.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">found that not only patients treated with ampicillin, but also other patients in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54067.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the ward experienced a higher risk of infections with ampicillin resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54082.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacteria.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:54097.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Transmission of and subsequent colonisation with resistant bacteria is not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54113.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in itself a problem but disease caused by resistant bacteria is. Multiple factors</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54128.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">predispose a person to infection  with VRE, but colonisation precedes most</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54143.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infections (Edmond</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.50pt;top:54143.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.65pt;top:54143.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995). In another study on VRE epidemiology</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54159.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Montecalvo</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:188.15pt;top:54159.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:217.30pt;top:54159.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1995), the colonisation rate was 16.6 patients per 1000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54174.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">patient-hospital days. Colonisation persisted for at least 7 weeks and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54189.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sometimes for as long as 1 year. The colonisation rate was 10.6 times greater</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54205.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">than the VRE infection rate. Using the figures from the scenario above, this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54220.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">would mean that 2/1000-2/100 000 000 individuals would experience clinical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54236.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">problems due to the transmission from product Y. This does not account for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54251.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cases resulting from secondary spread.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:54266.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The control of nosocomial infections is primarily based on isolation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54282.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cases and hygienic measures. Repeated new introductions into a hospital</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54297.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">would in most cases complicate such control measures.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54336.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Consequences for health and health economics</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54363.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The adverse economic and health effects of drug resistant bacterial infections</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54379.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">can only be roughly quantified. The evaluation has to be based on the disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54394.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequences as the human carriage of resistant bacterial strains does not in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54409.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">itself constitute a direct cost. Naturally, the two issues are linked as an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54425.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">increased prevalence of carriers is linked to an increased probability of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54440.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">diseases due to infections with resistant bacteria. According to Holmberg and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54455.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">co-workers (1987) the mortality, likelihood of hospitalisation and length of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54471.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hospital stay was generally at least twice as great for patients infected with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54486.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">drug resistant strains as for those infected with drug susceptible strains of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54502.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">same bacterial species.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:54517.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In table 8.III, some of the items that can lead to costs in relation to disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54532.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">caused by resistant bacteria in humans and animals have been listed (adapted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54548.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from Salyers, 1995).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:54563.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has been argued that with adequate diagnostics, identifying correctly the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54578.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">drug susceptibility of the infectious organism, the patient would get the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54594.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">correct treatment and resistance would not be a problem. However, apart</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54609.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from extending the time span between clinical diagnosis and treatment,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:54624.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">laboratory diagnostics will also involve increased costs. Further, if a resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:54730.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:54766.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:54766.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54766.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">206</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54816.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">strain is introduced into a hospital ward it is likely to spread, thereby</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54832.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">increasing the number of patients in need of alternative drugs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54859.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.III. Negative effects of increased resistance in human and animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54874.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54896.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½)))½.EGATIVA½EFFEKTER½AV½¶KAD½RESISTENS½HOS½HUMAN
½OCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54911.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">DJURPATOGENER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54927.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(UMANS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:54927.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NIMALS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:54926pt;width:194pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:54926pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:54926pt;width:204pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:54940pt;width:194pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:54940pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:54940pt;width:204pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54954.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3HORT¹TIME¹EFFECTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.80pt;top:54954.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3HORT¹TIME¹EFFECTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54967.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Patient suffering</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:54967.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Animal suffering</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54980.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of new antibiotics</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:54980.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of new antibiotics</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:54993.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of increased laboratory testing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:54993.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of increased laboratory testing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55006.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Longer course of disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55006.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Longer course of disease</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55019.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Higher costs for medical consultations</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55019.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Higher costs for veterinary consultations</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55044.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ONG¹TERM¹EFFECTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.80pt;top:55044.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ONG¹TERM¹EFFECTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55057.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Irreversible damage to internal organs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55057.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Irreversible damage to internal organs</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55070.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Days missed from work</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.80pt;top:55070.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Production losses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55083.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Costs for alternative measures for control</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55096.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and prevention</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55083.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Costs for alternative measures for control</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55096.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and prevention</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55109.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Reduced compliance with other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55122.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">recommendations or preventive measures</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55135.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">due to loss of confidence in physicians</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55109.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Reduced compliance with other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55122.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">recommendations or preventive measures</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55135.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">due to loss of confidence in veterinarians</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55148.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Measures to protect health care workers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55161.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Shorter life span of new therapeuticals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55161.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Shorter life span of new therapeuticals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55174.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of increased monitoring</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55174.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Cost of increased monitoring</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:265.75pt;top:55187.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Loss of consumers confidence</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55200.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Disruption of patients family life</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:55225pt;width:194pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:55225pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:262pt;top:55225pt;width:204pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:55242.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The difference in cost between older drugs, such as erythromycin, and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55258.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">newer alternatives may be 6-fold (Nightingale and Quintiliani, 1997).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55273.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">However, some newer drugs are less likely to produce adverse reactions and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55288.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">might have other advantages which will reduce the final treatment cost</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:55304.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Norinder</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:122.00pt;top:55303.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:151.15pt;top:55304.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1997).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:55319.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The cost of increased resistance as a consequence of antimicrobial use at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55334.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">society level was calculated by Phelps (1989). The extra societal cost arising</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55350.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">from any use of antibiotic was assumed to be the product of the expected loss</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55365.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in therapeutic value of the antibiotic times the proportional effect of the drug</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55380.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">use on microbial resistance. For an estimated 150 million annual antibiotic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55396.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prescriptions (United States), this cost appeared to be between $0.35 billion</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55411.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and $35 billion. In the lower end of the estimate, no mortalities were</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55426.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">expected while the higher figure represents 1 death due to resistance per</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55442.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1000 infected patients with a value of a premature loss of life assigned to $1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55457.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">million. The calculations depend heavily on unknown parameters but even if</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:55473.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the assumptions are only partly true, the estimate shows that the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:55572.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55608.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:55608.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:55608.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">207</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55658.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">unrecognised cost is substantial. Critical points in the analysis are the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55674.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">proportion of infections resisting treatment, the numerical relation between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55689.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">use and development of resistance over time and the proportion of bacterial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55704.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infections by resistant bacteria leading to death. Further analysis on these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55720.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">issues is needed in order to obtain valid estimates to be used both in risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55735.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">management and in risk communication. It has been suggested that VRE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55751.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infections may lead to premature death in one per 1 000 000 inhabitants in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55766.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the EU (Baquero, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:55781.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The relative impact of resistance genes dervied from animal production on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55797.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the extra society costs discussed above will depend on the proportion of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55812.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">usage in different animal populations and in humans. In a situation where a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55827.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">drug is widely used in human medicine, the impact added by animal usage</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55843.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">will probably be low. For resistance to substances, such as quinpristin-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55858.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dalfopristin (streptogramins), that have recently been introduced more widely</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55873.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in human medicine, the situation is different. Following the usage of related</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55889.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances (virginamycin) as AFA, a pool of resistance genes is available in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55904.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals. The effective lifespan of the new drug may therefore be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55920.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substantially shortened. This is even more pronounced for substances that are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55935.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">yet under development for human therapy. Everninomycins is currently a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55950.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">promising candidate for human therapy, belonging to a class that has never</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55966.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been used in humans therapy. Everninomycins belong to the orthosomycins</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55981.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">class and are structurally closely related to the feed additive avilamycin. This</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:55996.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">emphasises substances used as AFA may be useful templates for future</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56012.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">drugs. However, cross-resistance is likely to occur.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56039.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">No studies concerning the cost of antimicrobial resistance in animals have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56054.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been found. As an example, the cost of a newer drug such as tiamulin is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56070.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">about 2-fold compared to an older drug such as tylosin. The comparison</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56085.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">refers to one tonne of medicated feed at recommended therapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56100.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">concentrations for swine. This may not be the major cost involved, as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56116.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production losses including mortality and the consequences of increased</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56131.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">withdrawal times generally outweigh the cost of therapeuticals. Obviously,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56147.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">morbidity is associated with high costs in pig production. Wallgren (1994)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56162.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reported significantly (p<0.05) better production data, in terms of higher</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56177.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">daily weight gain, lower mortality, larger litters and lower feed consumption</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56193.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">per kg weight gain from specific pathogen free (SPF) herds than from</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56208.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conventional pig herds. This was ascribed to differences in incidence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56223.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infections. Similar results have been reported by other authors (Young</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:486.55pt;top:56223.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:515.75pt;top:56223.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56239.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1959; Caldwell</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:201.45pt;top:56238.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:230.60pt;top:56239.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1961; Jorgensen, 1987).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:56254.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Losses due to swine dysentery in Australia have been estimated to about</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56269.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">2.5 % of the annual gross national pig production (Hampson, 1991). This</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56285.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">figure includes costs for medication, i.e. it assumes that there are available</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56300.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapeutic drugs. In the future this may not be the case. Resistance to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:56315.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tiamulin, as well as to tylosin, in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.15pt;top:56315.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3½HYODYSENTERIAE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.60pt;top:56315.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, or banning of the use of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:56414.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:56450.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:56450.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56450.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">208</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56500.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pleuromutilin drugs in veterinary therapy, could quickly change the prospect.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56516.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It has already been suggested that the use of quinolones in animal husbandry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56531.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">should be reassessed (Jacob-Reitsma</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.95pt;top:56531.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:291.10pt;top:56531.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1994). It is not to be expected</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56546.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that innovations in the field of antimicrobial therapy will primarily be made</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56562.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">available as veterinary drugs, or that the use of such new substances would</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56577.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">necessarily be economically feasible in food producing animals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56616.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.3.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.40pt;top:56616.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Suppression of pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56648.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Some reports indicate that the use of AFA may suppress the excretion of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56663.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3ERPULINA½HYODYSENTERIAE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:203.00pt;top:56663.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, thereby lowering the sensitivity of diagnostic tests</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56678.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Ronne and Jensen, 1992; Fellström</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:257.60pt;top:56678.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">½ET½AL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:286.75pt;top:56678.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">, 1996). If methods for control of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56694.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">swine dysentery by improved bacteriological diagnostics were to become</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56709.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">available, removal of at least certain AFA before testing would be advisable.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:56724.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Theoretically, AFA with effects on gram-negative bacteria, such as the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56740.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quinoxalines and possibly flavomycin, would be expected to suppress the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56755.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">shedding of for example salmonella as long as resistance has not developed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56771.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">This could be looked on as an advantage as the burden of zoonotic pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56786.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">originating from animals in the final product would be lower. On the other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56801.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hand, when control programs are instituted, the increased number of false</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56817.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">negatives could, depending on diagnostic methods used, frustrate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56832.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">identification of infected animals or herds. This would influence the cost of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56847.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">such programmes.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56886.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.3.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.45pt;top:56886.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Favouring of enteric pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56918.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">All food-borne infections pose a considerable threat to human health and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56933.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">economy of individuals, families and nations (quoted from WHO, 1996). The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56949.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">major causes of food borne infections in EU are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:322.75pt;top:56948.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">3ALMONELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.30pt;top:56949.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56964.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#AMPYLOBACTER½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:154.05pt;top:56964.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infections. Eggs, broiler meat, meat and meat products and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56979.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">raw sprouts are the main sources for salmonellosis within the EU. Verotoxin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:56995.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">producing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.70pt;top:56994.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%COLI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:160.50pt;top:56995.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">have lately emerged as serious new enteric pathogens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57010.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Other zoonotic food borne pathogens of interest are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:341.85pt;top:57010.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">,ISTERIA½MONOCYTOGENES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57025.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:92.85pt;top:57025.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">9ERSINIA½ENTEROCOLITICA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:57041.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The use of some AFA is likely to enhance colonisation and shedding of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57056.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">zoonotic enteric pathogens. Relevant literature on this subject has only been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57071.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">found for salmonella (for a critical appraisal of published studies see 4.8).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:57087.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most studies have been focused on prevalence of shedding of salmonellae</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57102.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">over time, as an indicator of the likelihood of the individual animal shedding</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57117.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">salmonella at the time of slaughter (for a review see Gustafson, 1983). The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:57133.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">results of these studies are conflicting. However, a dose-dependent response</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:57256.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57292.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:57292.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:57292.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">209</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57342.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for salmonella shedding of chickens fed avoparcin has been established by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57358.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Barrow (1989). For other AFA, no dose-response studies have been found.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:57373.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The sample sizes in most of these studies examined are rather small.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57388.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Studies designed to detect small differences in this aspect inevitably involve</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57404.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">large group sizes. In table 8.IV, sample sizes needed in order to detect small</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57419.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">differences with a 95% confidence level (type I error of 0.05) and an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57435.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">allowance for a type II error of 0.2 have been calculated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57462.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.IV. Sample sizes needed to detect differences in prevalence between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57477.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">groups of animals at various levels of prevalence in the control group</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57498.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½)6½!NTAL½PROV½SOM½KR¤VS½F¶R½ATT½UPPT¤CKA½SKILLNADER½I½PREVALENS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57514.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">MELLAN½GRUPPER½AV½DJUR½VID½OLIKA½PREVALENS½I½KONTROLLGRUPPEN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57530.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$IFFERENCE¹TO¹DETECT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57530.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3AMPLE¹SIZE¹REQUIRED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57543.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">WHEN¹THE¹PREVALENCE¹IN¹THE¹CONTROL¹GROUP¹IS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:57529pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:220pt;top:57529pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:221pt;top:57529pt;width:305pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57557.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.90pt;top:57557.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:427.90pt;top:57557.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:220pt;top:57555pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:322pt;top:57555pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:323pt;top:57555pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:424pt;top:57555pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:425pt;top:57555pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57570.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57570.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">30 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.90pt;top:57570.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">39 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:427.90pt;top:57570.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">29 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:57569pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:220pt;top:57569pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:221pt;top:57569pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:322pt;top:57569pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:323pt;top:57569pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:424pt;top:57569pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:425pt;top:57569pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57583.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57583.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1 300</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.90pt;top:57583.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1 600</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:427.90pt;top:57583.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1 100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57596.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.90pt;top:57596.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">300</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:325.90pt;top:57596.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">400</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:427.90pt;top:57596.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">300</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:57609pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:220pt;top:57609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:221pt;top:57609pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:322pt;top:57609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:323pt;top:57609pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:424pt;top:57609pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:425pt;top:57609pt;width:101pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:57625.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Obviously, studies of this size may be impractical. Not only would the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57641.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">group sizes be very large, but all animals in each group must be sampled. For</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57656.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">smaller studies information on the smallest difference that could have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57671.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">detected (detection level) should be included. Alternatively, the allowances</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57687.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for type I and type II errors could be reversed (see 4.8).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:57702.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">An equally important but less studied issue, related to consumer exposure,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57718.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is whether the use of AFA affects the likelihood of a flock becoming infected</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57733.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">at all when the animals are exposed to low doses of organisms. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57748.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">epidemiologic unit of interest in this case would be the flock, not the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57764.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">individual animals. A reduction of the number of salmonellae needed in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57779.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">order to establish colonisation following avoparcin exposure has been shown</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57794.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(Smith and Tucker, 1980). Such a reduction would increase the risk of flocks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57810.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">getting infected in natural settings.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:57825.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In countries where investments are being made in control programs for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57840.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">salmonellosis, any effect in terms of increased likelihood of colonisation of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57856.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals will negatively affect the benefit/cost ratio of the programs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:57871.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The prevalence of shedding by individual animals may not be the best way</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57886.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to examine the impact of AFA on consumer exposure to salmonella.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57902.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Intensive rearing of broilers, where thousands of birds are kept together is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57917.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conducive to the spread of salmonellae and other zoonotic pathogens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57933.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Transfer of salmonella between birds occurs during transport and between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57948.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">carcasses and parts during processing. Inoculation of tracer bacteria into</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57963.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chicken carcasses has shown that a high degree of spread of these bacteria to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57979.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other carcasses occurs during slaughter (Stewart, 1965, cit. by Bryan and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:57994.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Doyle, 1995). Under such conditions, a few infected birds can easily spread</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:58098.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:58134.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:58134.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58134.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">210</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58184.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pathogens to many animals or animal products. Thus, even a low prevalence</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58200.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">within a flock at the time of slaughter will result in most of the carcasses</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58215.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">becoming contaminated unless rigorous hygienic control measures are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58230.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">applied. In pigs, contamination during slaughtering is easier to avoid.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:58246.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">No studies on the effects of AFA on prevalence in the final product has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58261.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">been found. To examine the effects of an increased prevalence of salmonella</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58277.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in animal products, the resulting increase in cases of salmonellosis in humans</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58292.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">has been calculated (table 8.V). The calculation was made as:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58319.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">additional cases = increased prevalence in product * P(i) * N</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58347.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">where; P(i)= the probability of getting infected if contact with contaminated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:106.30pt;top:58362.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:106.30pt;top:58389.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">N= population size, 100 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:58432.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It was assumed that all members of the population were exposed to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58447.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">product on a yearly basis. On basis of data from Canada, Todd and Harwig</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58463.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(1996) calculated the ratio of humans diseased from/exposed to salmonella</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58478.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">contaminated poultry products to 1/80 or approximately 1%. P(i) was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58494.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therefore assumed to be 1%.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:58509.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The cost for one reported case of salmonellosis was calculated by Engvall</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58524.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and co-workers (1994) for Sweden to approximately 14 000 SEK. This figure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58540.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">does not include costs due to premature deaths. The estimated average for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58555.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">both reported and non-reported cases was approximately 8 000 SEK. If the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58570.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">use of AFA increases the prevalence of enteric pathogens in the final product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58586.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">by 5% and the likelihood of getting diseased if exposed is 1%, this will result</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58601.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in 50 additional cases per 100 000 inhabitants at a society cost of 400 000</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58616.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">SEK.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58644.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.V. Effect of increased prevalence of salmonella on risk of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58659.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">contracting salmonellosis through contact with animal products</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58680.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½6½%FFEKTEN½AV½¶KAD½F¶REKOMST½AV½SALMONELLA½F¶R½RISKEN½ATT½INSJUKNA½I</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58696.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">SALMONELLOS½EFTER½KONTAKT½MED½DJURPRODUKTER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58712.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NCREASED¹PREVALENCE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58725.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN¹PRODUCT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.15pt;top:58712.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!DDITIONAL¹CASES¹PER¹¹¹INHABITANTS¹AT¹0I	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.10pt;top:58712.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:58711pt;width:138pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:205pt;top:58711pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:206pt;top:58711pt;width:247pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.15pt;top:58738.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.20pt;top:58738.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.30pt;top:58738.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:205pt;top:58737pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:290pt;top:58737pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:291pt;top:58737pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:58737pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:58737pt;width:77pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58752.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.15pt;top:58752.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.20pt;top:58752.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.30pt;top:58752.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:67pt;top:58751pt;width:138pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:205pt;top:58751pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:206pt;top:58751pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:290pt;top:58751pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:291pt;top:58751pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:58751pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:58751pt;width:77pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58765.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.15pt;top:58765.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.20pt;top:58765.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.30pt;top:58765.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">250</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:209.15pt;top:58778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:294.20pt;top:58778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:379.30pt;top:58778.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">500</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:205pt;top:58790pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:206pt;top:58790pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:290pt;top:58790pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:291pt;top:58790pt;width:84pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:375pt;top:58790pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:376pt;top:58790pt;width:77pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58790.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:76.15pt;top:58792.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Probability of getting infected if contact with infected product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:58809.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:76.15pt;top:58804.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ANNOLIKHET½ATT½BLI½INFEKTERAD½OM½MAN½HAR½KONTAKT½MED½PRODUKTEN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:58940.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:58976.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:58976.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:58976.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">211</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59026.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The example above illustrates that even a seemingly marginal increase of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59042.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the prevalence of enteric pathogens in animal products can have a significant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59057.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">impact on human health.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59072.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A further quantification of the risk cannot be performed as hitherto</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59088.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">published studies on the possible effects of AFA on enteric pathogens have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59103.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not addressed the issue of consumer exposure (see also 4.8).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59142.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.3.4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.40pt;top:59142.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Toxicological aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59185.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Target species</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59213.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most AFA are not absorbed from the gut and/or are given at comparatively</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59228.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">low dosages. Toxic reactions in the target species would therefore normally</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59243.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not be expected. Exceptions are the quinoxalines (see chapter 5),</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59259.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">halofuginone, nicarbacin and the ionophores (see chapter 7).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59274.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The quinoxalines cause adrenal damage in pigs leading to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59289.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">hypoaldosteronism at doses and exposure times well within the range of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59305.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">those permitted for growth promotion. This has been clearly documented in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59320.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">experimental settings but no field reports have been found. Symptoms of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59336.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intoxication may be overlooked as they typically consist of dry faeces and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59351.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">increased thirst.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59366.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Halofuginone interferes with collagen synthesis resulting in loss of skin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59382.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tensile strength. This leads to skin scratches and sores in live birds and skin</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59397.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tears during slaughter and processing, leading to reduced carcass quality.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59412.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Unpublished Swedish observations when this product was used in the middle</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59428.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of the 80s are consistent with these findings. Due to problems with carcass</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59443.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">quality that were put in connection with the use of halofuginone, the product</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59458.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">was abandoned by the industry (Engström, B. personal communication</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:357.95pt;top:59456.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59474.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1997)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59489.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nicarbacin interferes with the thermoregulatory balance at high ambient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59504.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">temperatures. The effect is dose dependent. In regions where climatological</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59520.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">conditions are such that critical temperatures are seldom reached, this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59535.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">problem is not likely to occur.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:59551.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The ionophores have a narrow safety margin, often in the range of 2-3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59566.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">times the recommended dose. Toxic effects are directed mainly against</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59581.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">skeletal muscle and/or cardiac muscle. Numerous reports on intoxication of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59597.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">poultry due to accidental overdose with ionophores have been published. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59612.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of this condition may be underestimated due to diagnostic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59627.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">difficulties.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:121pt;top:59695pt;width:143pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:59699.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.48pt">2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.60pt;top:59701.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9.96pt">Björn Engström, Department of Poultry, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) Sweden</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:59782.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:59818.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:59818.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59818.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">212</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:59868.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Exposure of non-target species, e.g. by accidental intake, may have serious</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59884.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequences but is not likely to present a substantial risk under good</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59899.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">manufacturing practices.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59938.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Residues</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59966.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As mentioned above, most AFA are not absorbed from the gut and/or are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59981.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">given at comparatively low dosages. Residues at levels potentially harmful</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:59996.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for the consumer would therefore normally not be expected. Exceptions to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60012.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">this are the quinoxalines and the nitroimidazoles.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:60027.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Quinoxalines and their metabolites are mutagenic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:342.70pt;top:60027.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:383.70pt;top:60027.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60042.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">potentially genotoxic (FAO/WHO, 1995). Genotoxic substances cause</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60058.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">chromosomal aberrations in eukaryotic cells. Due to the additive effects of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60073.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">such aberrations, even a very low dose may pose a risk. Acceptable daily</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60088.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">intakes (ADI) have not been set.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:60104.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Nitroimidazoles have shown mutagenic and genotoxic potential in several</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60119.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">tests and their carcinogenic potential cannot be ruled out. Neither JECFA,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60134.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not CVMP could establish an ADI.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:60150.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Low, or very low concentrations of AFA residues in food might elicit</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60165.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">allergic reactions in sensitised individuals. Such low concentrations might be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60181.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">present in or on animal products due to absorption from the gut or to faecal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60196.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">contamination. The population at risk for such allergic reaction is likely to be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60211.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">very small and the cause of the reaction would be difficult to determine. No</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60227.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reports of food related allergy implicating AFA approved in EU have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60242.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">found.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60281.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Occupational hazards</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60308.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Several AFA (macrolides, quinoxalines, bacitracin) are potent antigens and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60324.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">occupational exposure on a daily basis can lead to sensibilisation.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60339.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Occupational contact dermatitis and/or asthma seem to be rather frequent as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60354.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">judged by reports in the literature. Allergic reactions have also been reported</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60370.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">for amprolium, meticlorpindol, robenidine and halofuginone. Airborne</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60385.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antigen or direct contact is thought to be the main cause for these reactions.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60400.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As the handling of feed and litter inevitably involves formation of airborne</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60416.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">particles, the exposure of the population at risk must be regarded as high.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60431.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Usage of special galenic formulations of premixes may reduce the exposure.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:60447.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As for the remaining AFA and coccidiostats, no reports on allergic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60462.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reactions have been found. However, the causal diagnosis of such reactions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60477.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">can be extremely difficult. At least in Sweden, there is no report system for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60493.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">side-effects in humans caused by substances used in animals. Thus, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:60508.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">absence of reports does not exclude the possibility of such hazards.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:60624.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60660.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:60660.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:60660.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">213</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:60710.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Concerning the potential genotoxicity of nitroimidazoles and quinoxalines,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60726.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">not only the safety for the consumer should be considered. When these</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60741.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substances are used on the farm, humans are exposed to low doses on a daily</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60756.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">basis. The exposure by inhalation or other routes during the handling of feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60772.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and manure is not known. The possibility of additive effects has to be borne</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60787.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in mind, as farmers are often exposed not only to these but to many,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60803.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">potentially offensive chemicals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60842.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.4</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.60pt;top:60842.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Safety for the environment</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60873.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA are typically administered over a long period. Large groups of animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60889.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are involved and many additives are poorly absorbed and therefore excreted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60904.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to a considerable extent. The effects will depend on the length of time that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60919.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the substance in question persists in the environment. Persistence may lead to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60935.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">increase in concentrations over time, due to bioaccumulation.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:60950.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In order to assess the exposure in various environmental compartments, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60966.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fate of the AFA in the ecosystem has to be known. A model for antibiotic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60981.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">release from feedlots was presented by Addison (1984) in which</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:60996.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">volatilisation, degradation, diffusion, adsorption to sediment, losses to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61012.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ground water and streams etc. is calculated. This model clearly illustrates the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61027.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">complexity of the matter.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:61042.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.VI shows some hazards for the environment related to AFA usage</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61058.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that can be envisaged.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61085.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.VI. Potential hazards and consequences of AFA usage for the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61100.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61122.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½6)½0OTENTIELLA½FAROR½OCH½KONSEKVENSER½F¶R½MILJ¶N½ORSAKADE½AV½!&4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61137.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ANV¤NDNING</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61153.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(AZARDS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61153.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ONSEQUENCES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61153.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,IKELIHOOD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:61152pt;width:141pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61152pt;width:158pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:419pt;top:61152pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:420pt;top:61152pt;width:98pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61167.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Toxic effect on terrestrial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61180.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">fauna</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61167.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">loss of diversity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61180.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reduced soil fertility</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61193.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reduced decomposition</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61167.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">low</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:61165pt;width:141pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61165pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61165pt;width:158pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:419pt;top:61165pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:420pt;top:61165pt;width:98pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61206.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Toxic effect on aquatic fauna</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61206.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">loss of diversity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61219.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reduction of fish numbers</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61206.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">low</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61232.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Toxic effect on plants</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61232.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">loss of diversity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61244.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reduction of crops</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61232.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">low</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61257.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Toxic effect on microflora</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61257.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">loss of diversity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61270.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">reduced soil fertility</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61257.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">high but transient</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61283.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Co-transfer of genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61283.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">increased virulence of plant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:263.60pt;top:61296.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pathogens</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:423.10pt;top:61283.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">unknown</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:118pt;top:61309pt;width:141pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61309pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:260pt;top:61309pt;width:158pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:419pt;top:61309pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:420pt;top:61309pt;width:98pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:61326.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Most AFA are likely to be degraded by soil microbes, as they are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61341.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibiotics, produced by microorganisms. According to available literature,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61356.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">most antibiotic substances appear to have a half life in soil of about 2-3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:61372.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">weeks at 20°C, while lower temperatures generally cause a slower</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:61466.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:61502.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:61502.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61502.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">214</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61552.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradation. As light and temperature are important variables regarding</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61568.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degradation times, separate risk assessments may be necessary for different</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61583.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">geographic areas. Synthetic substances such as quinoxalines are more likely</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61598.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to persist in the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:61614.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Concentrations in manure would be expected to be too low for any toxic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61629.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects on either terrestrial or aquatic fauna, provided that no</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61645.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bioaccumulation occurs. If the slurry concentration of the substance is 50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61660.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ppm, the concentration in soil would be roughly 1 ppm with an application of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61675.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">manure of 25 tonnes/hectare and a ploughing depth of 10 cm (table 8.VII).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61691.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">This is in most situations unlikely to have an effect on eukaryotic cells.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61706.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">However, as the minimum inhibitory concentration for naturally susceptible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61721.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">soil microbes is in the same magnitude, a temporary disruption of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61737.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">microflora would be expected. This effect has been demonstrated as a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61752.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transient reduction in nitrification when a low concentration of tylosin was</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61767.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">added to soil (Bewick, 1978).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61795.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Table 8.VII. Predicted environmental concentration (ppm) in soil at</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61810.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">various concentrations of AFA in slurry</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.65pt;top:61808.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61831.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4ABELL½6))½5PPSKATTADE½!&4½KONCENTRATIONER½I½JORD½PPM	½EFTER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61847.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">G¶DSLING½MED½G¶DSEL½MED½OLIKA½!&4
KONCENTRATIONER</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:344.85pt;top:61847.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8.52pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61863.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!&!¹IN¹SLURRY¹PPM	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61863.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0REDICTED¹ENVIRONMENTAL¹CONCENTRATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61876.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PPM	¹AT¹PLOUGH¹DEPTH¹OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:69pt;top:61862pt;width:114pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61862pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61862pt;width:218pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61889.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">¹CM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61889.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">¹CM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61888pt;width:110pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:294pt;top:61888pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:295pt;top:61888pt;width:108pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61903.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61903.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.03</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61903.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.02</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:69pt;top:61902pt;width:114pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61902pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61902pt;width:109pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:294pt;top:61902pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:295pt;top:61902pt;width:108pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61916.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61916.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61916.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61929.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">25</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61929.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.8</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61929.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61942.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">50</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61942.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1.7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61942.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0.8</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61955.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">75</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61955.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2.5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61955.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61968.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">100</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.85pt;top:61968.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:296.00pt;top:61968.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1.7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:184pt;top:61980pt;width:109pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;font-size:0;left:294pt;top:61980pt;width: 1pt;height: 1pt;background-color:#000000;"></SPAN><SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61980.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:74.35pt;top:61982.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Application of 25 tonnes slurry  per ha, soil density 1.5g/cm</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:340.30pt;top:61980.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt">3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:61999.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:74.35pt;top:61994.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½!PPLIKATION½AV½½TON½FLYTG¶DSEL½PER½HA½JORDDENSITET½GCM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:346.65pt;top:61999.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 6.96pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:62023.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As discussed in chapter 4 and 6, the environment will also serve as a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62038.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reservoir for resistance genes and bacteria carrying these genes. Resistance in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62054.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">itself is not a problem for the environment, as the consequence of resistance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62069.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is impairment of therapy. If the resistance genes are located on DNA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62084.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">segments harbouring virulence genes, transfer between microorganisms</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62100.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">present in soil or water could theoretically lead to an increase in virulence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62115.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">plant or wildlife pathogens. This could ultimately increase the prevalence or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62131.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">severity of diseases. No information is available on the occurrence of such</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62146.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">events.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:62161.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Accurate risk-assessment of environmental effects of AFA is hampered by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62177.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the circumstance that the most extensive data bearing on the effects of AFA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62192.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">are those gathered by commercial organisations when seeking regulatory</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:62207.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">approval, and that these data are dealt with confidentially between the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:62308.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62344.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:62344.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:62344.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">215</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62394.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">organisations and the regulatory agencies. It would be in the public interest,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62410.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and would help to strengthen confidence in regulatory decisions, if these data</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62425.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">were made publicly available under arrangements that protect the legitimate</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62440.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">commercial interests of the companies concerned.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62480.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.5</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.60pt;top:62480.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">Prophylactic effects of AFA</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62511.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Many authors have discussed increased animal health problems due to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62527.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">infectious diseases when antibacterial feed additives are withheld (e.g.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62542.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">McOrist, 1997; Viaene, 1997). This poses questions as to what degree</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62557.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibacterials at their permitted dosages for growth promotion also have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62573.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapeutic and/or prophylactic effects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:62588.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Permitted AFA dosages are usually around 20 ppm (range 1-100 ppm)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62603.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">which for most substances is substantially lower than therapeutic doses, but</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62619.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">there is an overlap between dosages permitted for growth promotion and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62634.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">recommended doses for prophylaxis and therapy. Even at a ”low” dosage</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62650.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">they will have antimicrobial effects in the intestine, since minimum</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62665.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">inhibitory concentrations for normally sensitive bacteria are around 1-5 ppm</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62680.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">(see 3.2 and 4.2)</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:62696.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The Swedish experience from banning antibacterial growth promoters in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62711.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">1986 was the emergence of clinical problems and disturbances of the health</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62726.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">status of piglets and broilers which initially created an increased demand for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62742.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">medicated feed with antibiotics at therapeutic dosages. By changing feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62757.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">composition, improvements in hygiene, changing rearing strategies etc. this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62772.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is now largely corrected for (Wierup, 1996).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:62788.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Important animal diseases for which preventive effects of AFA at the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62803.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dosages given for performance enhancement have been described include</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62818.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">necrotic enteritis in poultry, swine dysentery, bacterial enteritis and porcine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62834.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">proliferative enteritis (see chapter 3.2). Several antibacterial feed additives</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62849.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">also have indications as therapeutic drugs for these animal diseases.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:62865.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">According to the available literature there are no indications that the basic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62880.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">mode of action of AFA is different from that of antibacterials when used for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62895.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevention or therapy. The growth promoting effect can be ascribed to a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62911.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">reduction of pathogen load and the animal’s response to this. This</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62926.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prophylactic effect is applicable whether the manifestastion of the pathogen</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62941.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is clinical or subclinical.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:62957.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Documentation on prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects of AFA is not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62972.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">included in the application for approval and such effects are therefore not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:62987.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">evaluated in the approval process.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:63150.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:63186.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:63186.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63186.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">216</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63237.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">8.6</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.60pt;top:63237.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 15.96pt">The risks and the benefits</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63280.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.6.1</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:63280.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">The benefits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63311.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The major beneficial effect of AFA is their prophylactic and therapeutic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63326.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">effects in relation to some bacterial diseases. However, according to article 7</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63342.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in directive 70/524/EEC such properties are only allowed for coccidiostats</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63357.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and other medicinal substances. It is questionable whether this lack of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63372.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">coherence between regulations and the actual situation caters for consumer</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63388.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">confidence built on transparency.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:63403.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Usage of AFA improves feed utilisation and growth rate. This will</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63418.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">generate an economic profit and, depending on its distribution, producers,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63434.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumers or others may benefit. Other sequels to AFA usage are reductions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63449.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in manure and nitrogen output. This may be seen as beneficial from an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63465.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environmental point of view. However, all these positive effects can also be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63480.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">achieved by other means.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63519.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.6.2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.50pt;top:63519.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Indirect long-term losses and animal welfare aspects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63550.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA have been used for over 4 decades and this has undoubtedly contributed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63566.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to the development of the current systems for animal production.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:63581.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Use of AFA caters for high stocking rates which from an economic point</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63596.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of view is favourable but from a disease point of view raises serious</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63612.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">questions about disease control. Examples of situations where animal density</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63627.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">create problems are the control of outbreaks of epizootic diseases (e.g. swine</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63642.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fever), zoonotic diseases (e.g. salmonella) and production diseases (e.g.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63658.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">swine dysentery). Only certain diseases in the latter group are prevented by</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63673.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA usage. These high density production systems have also been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63689.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">questioned from the point of view of animal ethics and animal welfare.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63704.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Neither animal welfare nor animal health are created through administration</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63719.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">of antibacterials. A sound approach from an animal welfare point of view is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63735.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to rear animals employing management strategies and animal care of high</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63750.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">standard. A modern Animal Welfare Act is also an Animal Health Act.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:63765.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AFA are considered to be part of a production model in which productivity</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63781.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">is over-emphasised. Clearly, a development towards more health-orientated</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63796.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production systems is needed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:63811.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Agriculture must, as all other sectors, aim towards a sustainable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63827.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">development. This means the development of production systems that meet</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63842.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the need of the present without compromising the ability of future</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63857.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">generations to meet their own needs. In essence, sustainable development is a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:63873.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:63992.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64028.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:64028.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:64028.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">217</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64078.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64094.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64109.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">meet human needs and aspirations.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:64124.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In view of the above, it is questionable whether continued reliance on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64140.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">usage of AFA favours a sustainable development of animal production</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64155.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">systems. Non-usage of AFA in a region or a country would contribute to an</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64171.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">innovative and dynamic climate for finding measures to raise healthy animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64186.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">in the absence of AFA without compromising the efficiency of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64201.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:64232.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The future of the Common Agricultural Politics was addressed by Mr.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64247.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Jacques Santer, President of the European Commission, in a speech to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64263.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">European Parliament on February 18, 1997. He made the following</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64278.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">statement:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;position:absolute;left:124.30pt;top:64312.10pt;z-index:2;"><IMG WIDTH=19 HEIGHT=12 style="width:4pt;height:2pt;" SRC="outputfile157647897.htm_files\outputfile157647897_p0.png"></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:129.10pt;top:64309.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4HE½STARTING½POINT½FOR½THE½REFORM½WILL½BE½THE½IDEA½THAT½THERE½MUST½BE½A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64324.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">GREATER½FOCUS½IN½%UROPEAN½AGRICULTURE½ON½QUALITY½PROTECTION½OF½THE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64339.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">ENVIRONMENT½ANIMAL½WELFARE½A½RETURN½TO½MORE½NATURAL½PRODUCTION½METHODS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64355.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">AND½A½SIMPLIFICATION½OF½#OMMUNITY½LAW</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;position:absolute;left:329.40pt;top:64358.15pt;z-index:2;"><IMG WIDTH=19 HEIGHT=12 style="width:4pt;height:2pt;" SRC="outputfile157647897.htm_files\outputfile157647897_p0.png"></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64394.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.6.3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:64394.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">The risks</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64425.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The main hazard associated with use of AFA is increased resistance of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64441.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">commensals and pathogens. The consequence of this might be impairment of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64456.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapy in both animals and man. Transmission of resistance genes between</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64471.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animal and man can and does occur. The risk for loss of effectiveness of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64487.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therapeutical drugs has been estimated to be far from negligible. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64502.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">estimate is uncertain due to the complexity of the problem and to lack of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64517.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">pertinent data. Consequently, the magnitude of the risk can presently not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64533.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">fully established. In order to reduce some of the uncertainties, the following</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64548.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">information needs to be on hand:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64575.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">%XPOSURE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64590.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64592.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure of animals to AFA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64607.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64608.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure of animals to therapeutic antimicrobials</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64623.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64624.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">exposure of man to therapeutic antimicrobials</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64639.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64640.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of relevant resistance genes in animals</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64655.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64657.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of relevant resistance genes in animal products</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64671.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64673.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of relevant resistance genes in the environment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64688.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64689.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">prevalence of relevant resistance genes in man</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:64704.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64705.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">dose response relationship between antimicrobial use and prevalence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:64721.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">resistant genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:64834.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:64870.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:64870.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:64870.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">218</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:64926.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">4RANSMISSIONEPIDEMIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:64941.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:64943.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">identification of relevant resistance genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:64957.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:64959.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">identification of transfer mechanisms of relevant resistance genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:64974.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:64975.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer rates of relevant resistance genes between animal and human</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:64990.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bacteria in realistic settings</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65005.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65007.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer rates of relevant resistance genes between animal and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65022.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environmental bacteria in realistic settings</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65037.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65038.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transfer rates of relevant resistance genes between human and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65053.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">environmental bacteria in realistic settings</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65068.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65070.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">persistence of relevant resistant genes in human or animal hosts in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65085.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">absence and presence of a selective pressure</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65106.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">#ONSEQUENCES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65121.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65123.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">incidence of co-transfer of resistance and other relevant genes</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65137.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65139.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">probability of acquiring an infection caused by a bacterium carrying the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65154.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">relevant resistance gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65169.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65170.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">probability of the infection above requiring therapy with the relevant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:85.05pt;top:65186.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">substance</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65216.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Needless to say the above information is required for each resistance gene</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65232.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">and for each antimicrobial substance. The minimum time required to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65247.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">undertake this research would be 5-10 years. Whenever the conditions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65263.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">change or new information or techniques become available parts of the above</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65278.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">given studies will have to be repeated and the risk assessment updated.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:65293.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The economic benefits of AFA in livestock production in EU has been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65309.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">estimated to 2 billion ECU annually. In view of this it is surprising that the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65324.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">data necessary for a risk assessment of the most controversial hazard are still</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65339.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lacking as information on the level of risk is essential for the consumer. A</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65355.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">search through scientific databases shows that the number of publications</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65370.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">available on performance enhancing effects of AFA is more than 10-fold the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65385.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">sum of publications on microbiological effects. At the present stage it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65401.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">impossible to fully quantify the risk.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:65416.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Risk-assessment of environmental effects of AFA is hampered by the fact</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65431.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that the information necessary is not publicly accessible. Based on available</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65447.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">information, the usage of most AFA does not appear to be associated with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65462.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">major risk for the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:65478.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Other hazards that can be identified for some AFA and medicinal feed</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65493.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">additives (MFA) are toxic effects. Halofuginone and the quinoxalines have</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65508.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">toxic effects on the respective target species. In addition, many AFA and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65524.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">MFA are potent allergens and thereby present an occupational hazard and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65539.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">possibly a consumer hazard. The risk for the latter is assumed to be very</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65554.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">small.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:65570.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Quinoxalines and nitroimidazoles are potentially genotoxic. The use of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:65585.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">such substances in animal production is highly questionable. The primary</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:65676.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65712.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:65712.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:65712.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">219</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65762.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risk group is persons handling the substances including feedingstuffs. The</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65778.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">nitroimidazoles have been banned as veterinary drugs for food-producing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65793.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">animals through listing in annex IV of Council Directive 2377/90/EEC. This</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65808.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">lack of coherence between regulations is also associated with a risk of losing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65824.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">public credibility.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65863.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.6.4</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:65863.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Conclusions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65894.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">It is the overall opinion of this commission that the benefits of antibacterial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65910.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">feed additives do not outweigh the risks. With regard to coccidiostats and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65925.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">other medicinal substances, they are specifically used to prevent disease and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65940.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">therefore they should be treated as pharmaceutical specialities, i.e. as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65956.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">medicated feed. Our opinion can be summarised as follows:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:65970.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:65972.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Antibacterial feed additives have favourable economic effects on livestock</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:65987.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production, but from a long term perspective these are questionable,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66003.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">especially regarding animal welfare and animal health. AFA can, at levels</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66018.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">permitted in feedingstuffs, be used for treatment or prevention of animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66033.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">diseases, which is in violation of Council Directive 70/524EEC.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66048.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66050.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Further, the quinoxalines and the nitroimidazoles are potentially genotoxic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66065.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">thereby posing an occupational hazard.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66080.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66081.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Halofuginone and the quinoxalines are toxic for target species. This is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66096.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">deleterious for the well being of the animals.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66111.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Symbol" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">·</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66113.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The risk for increased resistance associated with the general use of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66128.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">antibacterials as feed additives is far from negligible and the potential</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66143.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consequences are serious for both animal and human health. Antibacterials</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66159.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">that are not yet used as therapeuticals in human or veterinary medicine are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66174.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">valuable templates for future drugs. As emergence of resistance is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66189.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">considered to be a threat to animal and human health, all AFA should be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:136.05pt;top:66205.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">restricted to medical and veterinary purposes only.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66244.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">8.6.5</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:164.50pt;top:66244.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14.04pt">Considerations for risk management decisions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66275.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Although it is somewhat beyond the scope of this assignment, some</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66291.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">preliminary ideas relating to possible actions to mitigate the risks involved</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66306.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">have been noted for consideration.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:133.30pt;top:66321.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">As the risks involved are of uncertain magnitude, the decisions on risk</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66337.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">management are particularly difficult. The risk can obviously not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66352.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">excluded with certainty, nor can it be determined as acceptable. Scientists</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66367.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">may declare that the information is inadequate for decision making, but for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66383.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the policymakers, failure to take action is not a neutral position but represents</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66398.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">a positive decision to do nothing. In a climate of uncertainty it is preferable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:66414.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">to show caution.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:66518.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:66554.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:66554.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66554.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">220</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:66604.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">The determination of what level of risk is acceptable is established by the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66620.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">public, not by scientists. Communication on the subject of risk, in form of a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66635.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">two-way exchange of information between scientists, decision-makers and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66650.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">consumers, is essential in order to establish the level of acceptance. In</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66666.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">general, the risk acceptance tends to increase considerably if there is a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66681.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">possibility of control (i.e. choice) involved compared to a situation were one</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66697.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">can not actively avoid the risk.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:66712.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">Another important aspect on risk management is to decide on who is to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66727.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">bear the cost - the risk maker or the risk taker. In the event of an over-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66743.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">cautious decision, the risk maker may suffer a cost through reduced benefits.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66758.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">On the other hand, inadequate risk management may lead to a cost for the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66773.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">risk taker.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:82.30pt;top:66789.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">In terms of risk management, a range of measures involving various</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66804.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">degrees of intervention are available. Since AFA, like coccidiostats, are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66819.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">medical products they should be approved and used as pharmaceutical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66835.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">specialities and not as feed additives. Dual authorisations are not acceptable.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66850.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">A single system would reduce the administrative burdens. Further, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66866.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">transparency of the system would increase. It is understood that animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66881.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">production would need time to adjust to the situation, allowing for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66896.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">knowledge on appropriate changes in management and feeding practices to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66912.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">expand and to be implemented. Countries which today have restrictions in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66927.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">the use of AFA should be allowed to maintain these until the regulatory</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:66942.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">system can be fully harmonised.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:67360.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67396.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:67396.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:67396.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">221</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67470.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.96pt">References</FONT></FONT></i></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67498.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!DDISON¹*"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:185.15pt;top:67498.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1984. Antibiotics in sediments and run-off waters from feedlots.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:477.80pt;top:67498.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ESIDUE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67511.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EVIEWS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:191.95pt;top:67511.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.75pt;top:67512.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1-28.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67538.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!HL¹!3¹!CREE¹*!¹'IPSON¹03¹-C$OWELL¹2-¹-ILLER¹,¹AND¹-C%LVAINE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67550.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.10pt;top:67551.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Standardization of nomenclature for animal health risk analysis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:493.15pt;top:67551.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EVUE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67564.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CIENTIFIQUE½ET½4ECHNIQUE/FFICE½)NTERNATIONAL½DES½%PIZOOTIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.85pt;top:67564.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:440.60pt;top:67564.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1045-1053.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67590.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!LBANESE¹2!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:191.70pt;top:67590.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Risk analysis and food safety.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:359.85pt;top:67590.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!MERICAN½6ETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67603.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-EDICAL½!SSOCIATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:246.55pt;top:67603.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:266.85pt;top:67603.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">245-249.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67629.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!POTEKSBOLAGET</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:200.45pt;top:67630.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1996.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:228.10pt;top:67629.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3VENSK½,¤KEMEDELSSTATISTIK</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.60pt;top:67630.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Apoteksbolaget AB, Stockholm.  pp.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67642.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pp.141-145.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67668.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"AQUERO¹&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:177.55pt;top:67669.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1996.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:213.45pt;top:67668.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½DISCUSSION½FOLLOWING</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:322.75pt;top:67669.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Witte, W., Impact of antibiotic use in animal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67682.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">feeding on resistance of bacterial pathogens in humans.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:398.15pt;top:67681.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67694.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIBIOTIC½RESISTANCE½ORIGINS½EVOLUTION½SELECTION½AND½SPREAD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:426.45pt;top:67695.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Whiley, Chichester</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67708.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(Ciba Foundation Symposium 207), July 16-18, London. pp. 71-76.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67733.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"ARROW¹0!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.15pt;top:67734.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Further observations on the effect of feeding diets containing</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67747.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">avoparcin on the excretion of salmonellas by experimentally infected chickens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67760.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%PIDEMIOLOGY½AND½)NFECTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:278.70pt;top:67760.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:299.00pt;top:67760.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">239-252.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67786.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"EWICK¹-7-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:202.30pt;top:67786.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1978. Effect of tylosin and tylosin fermentation waste on microbial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67799.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">activity of soil.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:219.70pt;top:67799.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3OIL½"IOLOGY½AND½"IOCHEMISTRY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.20pt;top:67799.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:374.95pt;top:67799.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">403-407.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67825.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"RYAN¹&,¹AND¹$OYLE¹-0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:255.20pt;top:67825.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Health risks and consequences of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:438.55pt;top:67825.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALMONELLA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:491.10pt;top:67825.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67838.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#AMPYLOBACTER½JEJUNI</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:249.20pt;top:67839.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in raw poultry.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:317.40pt;top:67838.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½&OOD½0ROTECTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:444.35pt;top:67838.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:459.10pt;top:67839.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">326-344.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67864.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#ALDWELL¹*$¹5NDERDAHL¹.2¹AND¹9OUNG¹'!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:353.75pt;top:67865.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1961. Swine repopulation. III.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67878.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Performance of primary SPF pigs on farms.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:345.60pt;top:67878.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!MERICAN½6ETERINARY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67891.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!SSOCIATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:207.45pt;top:67891.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:227.75pt;top:67891.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">141-145.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67917.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$!.-!0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:170.85pt;top:67917.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67930.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark.No. 1.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67943.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">DANMAP, Copenhagen.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:67969.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%DMOND¹-"¹/BER¹*&¹7EINBAUM¹*,¹0FALLER¹-!¹(WANG¹4¹AND¹3ANFORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67982.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-$</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:174.10pt;top:67982.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Vancomycin-resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:306.80pt;top:67982.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:407.60pt;top:67982.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">bacteriemia: risk factors</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:67995.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">for infection.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.95pt;top:67995.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LINICAL½)NFECTIOUS½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:340.90pt;top:67995.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:355.65pt;top:67995.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1126-1133.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:68021.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NGVALL¹!¹!NDERSSON¹!¹AND¹#ERENIUS¹&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:327.10pt;top:68022.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1994. The economics of the Swedish</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:68034.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Salmonella control. A cost/benefit analysis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:346.05pt;top:68034.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½.6)7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:68047.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NTERNATIONAL½COURSE½ON½3ALMONELLA½CONTROL½IN½ANIMAL½PRODUCTION½AND½PRODUCTS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:504.80pt;top:68047.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">21-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:68060.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">27 august 1993, Malmö. p. 221.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:68086.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.75pt;top:68087.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Forty-second report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:68100.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Food Additives. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:463.80pt;top:68099.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:68112.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ECHNICAL½2EPORT½3ERIES½.O½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:297.10pt;top:68112.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pp. 19-21. WHO, Geneva.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:68202.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:68238.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:68238.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:68238.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">222</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:68301.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&!/7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.75pt;top:68301.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Risk management and food safety. Joint FAO/WHO consultation,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68314.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Rome.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:68340.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">&ELLSTR¶M¹#¹0ETTERSSON¹"¹*OHANSSON¹+
%¹,UNDEHEIM¹.¹AND¹'UNNARSSON¹!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:461.50pt;top:68341.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68354.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1996. Prevalence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:190.05pt;top:68353.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ERPULINA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:235.90pt;top:68354.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">species in relation to diarrhea and feed medication in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68367.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">pig-rearing herds in Sweden.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:229.40pt;top:68367.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!MERICAN½*OURNAL½OF½6ETERINARY½2ESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.55pt;top:68366.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:435.30pt;top:68367.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">807-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68380.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">811.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:68406.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'ARBER¹!-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:135.20pt;top:68406.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. A discrete-time model of the acquisition of antibiotic-resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68419.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">infections in hospitalized patients.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.50pt;top:68419.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">"IOMETRICS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:307.05pt;top:68419.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:321.80pt;top:68419.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">797-816.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:68445.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">'USTAFSON¹2(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:146.50pt;top:68445.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1983. Salmonella shedding and feed additives.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:363.45pt;top:68445.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS½OF½TH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68458.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NTERNATIONAL½3YMPOSIUM½ON½!NTIBIOTICS½IN½!GRICULTURE½"ENEFITS½AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68471.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ALEFITS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:138.45pt;top:68471.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Butterworths,Nottingham. pp. 369-384.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68497.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(AMPSON¹$*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:140.85pt;top:68497.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1991. New developments in research on swine dysentery and spirochaetal</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68511.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">colitis.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:131.95pt;top:68510.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0IG½.EWS½AND½)NFORMATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:254.45pt;top:68510.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:269.25pt;top:68511.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">233-235.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68536.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(OLMBERG¹3$¹3OLOMON¹3,¹AND¹"LAKE¹0!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:291.30pt;top:68537.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1987. Health and economic impacts of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68550.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">antimicrobial resistance.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:210.30pt;top:68550.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EVIEWS½OF½)NFECTIOUS½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:352.15pt;top:68550.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:361.40pt;top:68550.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1065-1078.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68576.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*ACOB
2EITSMA¹7&¹+AAN¹#!¹AND¹"OLDER¹.-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.80pt;top:68576.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1994. The induction of quinolone</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68589.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">resistance in campylobacter in broilers by quinolone treatment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:380.95pt;top:68589.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ETTERS½IN½!PPLIED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68602.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ICROBIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:165.05pt;top:68602.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.85pt;top:68602.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">228-231.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68628.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*ORGENSEN¹"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:134.45pt;top:68628.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1987. Epidemiologiska analyser af sygdomsdata fra svinavelns</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68642.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">forsøgsstationer.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:175.50pt;top:68641.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">$ANSK½6ETERINAERTIDSRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:289.15pt;top:68641.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:303.90pt;top:68642.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">209-219.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68667.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+RUSE¹(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:116.70pt;top:68668.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. The use of avoparcin as a feed additive and the occurrence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.15pt;top:68681.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">vancomycin resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:195.40pt;top:68681.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:258.40pt;top:68681.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">spp. in poultry production. 16. Norwegian</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.15pt;top:68694.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68720.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-!&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:96.05pt;top:68720.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Tylosin and spiramycin as feed additives. Influence on the efficacy of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68733.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">therapeutical macrolides.Nr. 5. pp. 29. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68746.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Helsinki.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68772.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-C/RIST¹3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.35pt;top:68772.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Use of oral antibiotics in farm livestock: facts and ethics.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:414.05pt;top:68772.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">½*OURNAL½OF</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68785.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½0HARMACOLOGY½AND½4HERAPEUTICS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:299.80pt;top:68785.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">¹3UPPL	</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:360.65pt;top:68785.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">175.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68811.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ILLER¹,¹-C%LVAINE¹-$¹-C$OWELL¹2-¹AND¹!HL¹!3</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.60pt;top:68811.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1993. Developing a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68824.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">quantitative risk assessment process.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:264.20pt;top:68824.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2EVUE½3CIENTIFIQUE½ET½4ECHNIQUE/FFICE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68837.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NTERNATIONAL½DES½%PIZOOTIES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:224.20pt;top:68837.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:227.95pt;top:68837.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1153-1164.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68863.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-ONTECALVO¹-!¹DE¹,ENCASTRE¹(¹#ARRAHER¹-¹'EDRIS¹#¹#HUNG¹-¹6AN(ORN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68876.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+¹AND¹7ORMSER¹'0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:205.15pt;top:68877.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68890.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:139.00pt;top:68889.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:237.05pt;top:68890.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:242.60pt;top:68889.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)NFECTION½#ONTROL½AND½(OSPITAL½%PIDEMIOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68902.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:113.95pt;top:68903.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">680-685.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.85pt;top:68929.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.IGHTINGALE¹#(¹AND¹1UINTILIANI¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:244.50pt;top:68929.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Cost of oral antibiotic therapy.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:68942.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0HARMACOTHERAPY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:184.50pt;top:68942.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:199.25pt;top:68942.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">302-307.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:69044.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69080.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:389.60pt;top:69080.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:506.00pt;top:69080.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">223</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69130.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.ORINDER¹!¹0AULSEN¹/¹AND¹(JORTSBERG¹#</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:332.85pt;top:69130.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. Economic analysis of treatment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69143.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">with roxithromycin in comparison with erythromycin in patients with lower</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69157.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">repiratory tract infections.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:268.55pt;top:69156.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3CANDINAVIAN½*OURNAL½OF½)NFECTIOUS½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:471.55pt;top:69156.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:486.35pt;top:69157.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">83-86.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69183.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0ANAGEA¹3¹AND¹#HADWICK¹02</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:273.35pt;top:69183.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Heat tolerance of vancomycin resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69196.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:248.25pt;top:69196.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:253.75pt;top:69196.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½#LINICAL½0ATHOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:391.90pt;top:69196.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:406.65pt;top:69196.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">687-689.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69222.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">0HELPS¹#%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.60pt;top:69222.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1989. Bug/drug resistance - sometimes less is more.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:417.35pt;top:69222.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">-EDICAL½#ARE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:484.05pt;top:69222.35pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:498.80pt;top:69222.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">194-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69235.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">203.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69261.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">2ONNE¹(¹AND¹*ENSEN¹*#%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:259.15pt;top:69261.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1992. Virginiamycin susceptibility of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:433.30pt;top:69261.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ERPULINA</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69274.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">HYODYSENTERIAE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:217.30pt;top:69275.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:222.80pt;top:69274.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½VITRO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:257.95pt;top:69275.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:276.70pt;top:69274.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IN½VIVO</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:306.60pt;top:69275.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:312.10pt;top:69274.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½2ECORD</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:399.70pt;top:69274.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:420.00pt;top:69275.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">239-240.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69300.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3ALYERS¹!!</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:188.75pt;top:69301.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1995.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.35pt;top:69300.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIBIOTIC½RESISTANCE½TRANSFER½IN½THE½MAMMALIAN½INTESTINAL½TRACT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69313.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">IMPLICATIONS½FOR½HUMAN½HEALTH½FOOD½SAFETY½AND½BIOTECHNOLOGY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:425.50pt;top:69314.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Molecular Biology</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69327.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Intelligence Unit. R. G. Landes Company, Austin. pp. 191.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69352.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">3MITH¹7(¹AND¹4UCKER¹*&</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:261.95pt;top:69353.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1980. Further observations on the effect of feeding diets</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69366.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">containing avoparcin, bacitracin and sodium arsenilate on the colonization of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69379.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">alimentary tract of poultry by salmonella organisms.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:384.45pt;top:69379.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½(YGIENE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:475.40pt;top:69379.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:490.20pt;top:69379.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">137-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69392.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">150.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69418.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">4ODD¹%#$¹AND¹(ARWIG¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:256.90pt;top:69418.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Microbiological risk analysis of food in Canada.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.25pt;top:69431.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½&OOD½0ROTECTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:277.20pt;top:69431.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SUPPLEMENT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:335.60pt;top:69431.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">10-18.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69457.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ADE¹**</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.60pt;top:69457.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. The emergence of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:287.15pt;top:69457.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:387.90pt;top:69457.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">resistant  to glycopeptides and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69471.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">other standard agents -- a preliminary report.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:350.75pt;top:69470.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½(OSPITAL½)NFECTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:485.25pt;top:69470.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69484.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SUPPL</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:179.75pt;top:69484.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">483-493.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69510.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7ALLGREN¹0</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:181.30pt;top:69510.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,  1994. The importance of diseases for daily growth of pigs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:451.15pt;top:69510.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">)N½PROCEEDINGS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69523.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">OF½86))½.ORDIC½VETERINARY½#ONGRESS½</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:318.10pt;top:69523.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Reykjavik. pp. 106-110.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69549.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6AN¹DER¹!UWERA¹0¹0ENSART¹.¹+ORTEN¹6¹-URRAY¹"¹AND¹,ECLERCQ¹2</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:468.55pt;top:69549.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69562.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Influence of oral glycopeptides on the faecal flora of human volunteers: selection of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69575.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:338.00pt;top:69575.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½)NFECTIOUS½$ISEASES</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:478.05pt;top:69575.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:498.35pt;top:69575.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1129-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69588.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1136.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69614.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7HITMAN¹-#¹0ITSAKIS¹0'¹$E*ESUS¹%¹/SBORNE¹!*¹,EVINSON¹-%¹AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69627.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OHNSON¹##</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:216.35pt;top:69627.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Gastrointestinal tract colonisation with vancomycin-resistant</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69640.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">%NTEROCOCCUS½FAECIUM</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:251.00pt;top:69640.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">in an animal model.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:341.35pt;top:69640.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">!NTIMICROBIAL½!GENTS½AND</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69653.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#HEMOTHERAPY</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:220.75pt;top:69653.75pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:235.50pt;top:69654.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">1526-1530.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69679.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69680.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Emerging foodborne diseases, fact sheet No 124.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:402.70pt;top:69680.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7(/½HOME</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69693.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">PAGE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:171.70pt;top:69693.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:175.40pt;top:69693.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">h</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"><a href="http://www.who.ch/programmes/fsf/fctemg.htm.">ttp://www.who.ch/programmes/fsf/fctemg.htm.</a></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69719.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6IAENE¹*</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:168.20pt;top:69719.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1997. The Swedish animal production system. Could it be applied across the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69732.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">European Union. University of Gent, Gent.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:121.90pt;top:69758.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7IERUP¹-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:176.85pt;top:69758.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1996. Sverige förbjöd antibiotika i tillväxtbefrämjande syfte 1986 - vad</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69771.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">hände med djurhälsan och hur löstes problemen?</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:369.20pt;top:69771.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">+UNGLIGA½3KOGS
½OCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:150.20pt;top:69784.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">,ANTBRUKSAKADEMIENS½4IDSKRIFT</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:293.25pt;top:69784.55pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:313.55pt;top:69784.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">69-78.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:69886.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:127.65pt;top:69922.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">8. Assessment</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:394.90pt;top:69922.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">SOU 1997:132</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:69922.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">224</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:69972.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">7OODFORD¹.¹*OHNSON¹!0¹-ORRISON¹$¹AND¹3PELLER¹$#%</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:366.35pt;top:69972.95pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1995. Current</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:69986.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">perspectives on glycopeptide resistance.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:279.55pt;top:69986.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">#LINICAL½-ICROBIOLOGY½2EVIEWS</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:422.95pt;top:69985.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:432.20pt;top:69986.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">585-615.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:70.90pt;top:70012.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">9OUNG¹'!¹5NDERDAHL¹,*¹3UMPTON¹,*¹0EO¹,3¹/LSEN¹'7¹+ELLY¹$"</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:70025.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">(UDMAN¹$"¹#ALDWELL¹*$¹AND¹!DAMS¹#(</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:323.35pt;top:70025.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">, 1959. Swine repopulation. I.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:70038.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">Performance within a "disease-free" experiment  station herd.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:374.60pt;top:70038.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">*OURNAL½OF½!MERICAN</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:99.20pt;top:70051.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">6ETERINARY½!SSOCIATION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:206.60pt;top:70051.15pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt"></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:226.90pt;top:70051.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Times New Roman" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 11.04pt">491-496.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:70728.00pt"> </SPAN>
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