Document ID: FAA-2007-27654-0022
Agency: faa
Document Type: Rule
Title: Activation of Ice Protection
Posted Date: 2009-08-03T04:00Z

[Federal Register: August 3, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 147)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 38328-38340]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr03au09-5]                         

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 25

[Docket No.: FAA-2007-27654; Amendment No. 25-129]
RIN 2120-AI90

 
Activation of Ice Protection

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Federal Aviation Administration amends the airworthiness 
standards applicable to transport category airplanes certificated for 
flight in icing conditions. The rule requires a means to ensure timely 
activation of the airframe ice protection system. This rule is the 
result of information gathered from a review of icing accidents and 
incidents, and will improve the level of safety for new airplane 
designs for operations in icing conditions.

DATES: This amendment becomes effective September 2, 2009.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For technical questions concerning 
this final rule contact Kathi Ishimaru, FAA, Propulsion and Mechanical 
Systems Branch, ANM-112, Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft 
Certification Service, 1601 Lind Ave., SW., Renton, Washington 98057-
3356; telephone (425) 227-2674; fax: (425) 227-1320, e-mail: 
kathi.ishimaru@faa.gov. For legal questions concerning this final rule 
contact Douglas Anderson, FAA, Office of Regional Counsel, Federal 
Aviation Administration, 1601 Lind Ave., SW., Renton, Washington 98057-
3356; telephone (425) 227-2166; fax: (425) 227-1007, e-mail: 
Douglas.Anderson@faa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Authority for This Rulemaking

    The FAA's authority to issue rules on aviation safety is found in 
Title 49 of the United States Code. Subtitle I, Section 106 describes 
the authority of the FAA Administrator. Subtitle VII, Aviation 
Programs, describes in more detail the scope of the agency's authority.
    This rulemaking is promulgated under the authority described in 
Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701, ``General 
requirements.'' Under that section, the FAA is charged with promoting 
safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing minimum 
standards required in the interest of safety for the design and 
performance of aircraft. This regulation is within the scope of that 
authority because it prescribes new safety standards for the design of 
transport category airplanes.

I. Background

    On October 31, 1994, an accident involving an Avions de Transport 
Regional ATR 72 series airplane occurred in icing conditions.\1\ This 
prompted the FAA to initiate a review of aircraft inflight icing safety 
and determine changes that could be made to increase the level of 
safety. In May 1996, the FAA sponsored the International Conference on 
Aircraft Inflight Icing where icing specialists recommended 
improvements to increase the level of safety of aircraft operating in 
icing conditions. The FAA reviewed the conference recommendations and 
developed a comprehensive multi-year icing plan. The FAA Inflight 
Aircraft Icing Plan (Icing Plan), dated April 1997,\2\ described 
various activities the FAA was contemplating to improve safety when 
operating in icing conditions. In accordance with the Icing Plan, the 
FAA tasked the Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC),\3\ 
through its Ice Protection Harmonization Working Group, to consider the 
need for ice detectors or other acceptable means to warn flightcrews of 
ice accretion on critical surfaces requiring crew action. This rule

[[Page 38329]]

is based on ARAC's recommendations to the FAA.
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    \1\ This accident and an Empressa Brasilia accident resulted in 
NTSB recommendations nos. A-96-56 and A-98-91. This final rule 
partially addresses these safety recommendations.
    \2\ FAA Inflight Aircraft Icing Plan, dated April 1997, 
available in the Docket.
    \3\ Published in the Federal Register, December 8, 1997 (62 FR 
64621).
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A. Summary of the NPRM

    The notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM), Notice No. 07-07, 
published in the Federal Register on April 26, 2007 (72 FR 20924), is 
the basis for this amendment. The comment period closed July 25, 2007. 
In the NPRM, we proposed to revise the airworthiness standards for type 
certification of transport category airplanes to add requirements to 
ensure the timely activation of an airframe ice protection system 
(IPS). We also proposed to add requirements to reduce the flightcrew 
workload associated with operation of an airframe IPS that is manually 
cycled, and to ensure the Airplane Flight Manual includes IPS 
procedures for operation.

B. Summary of the Final Rule

    The FAA is adopting this final rule because accidents and incidents 
occurred where the flightcrew did not operate the airframe IPS in a 
timely manner and because of concerns over the flightcrew workload 
required to operate an airframe IPS that the flightcrew must manually 
cycle when they observe ice accretions. The final rule addresses these 
concerns by ensuring that flightcrews are provided with a clear means 
to know when to activate the airframe IPS. The final rule reduces the 
workload associated with monitoring ice accretions by requiring a 
system that operates continuously, a system that automatically cycles 
the IPS, or an alert to the flighcrew each time the IPS must be cycled.
    This final rule adopts the proposed rule with minor changes and 
adds minor conforming changes to rules that were added by the final 
rule entitled ``Airplane Performance and Handling Qualities in Icing 
Conditions (72 FR 44656, August 8, 2007) (Amendment 25-121).\4\ 
Amendment 25-121 added specific requirements for airplane performance 
and handling qualities for flight in icing conditions. Sections 
25.143(j) and 25.207(h), at Amendment 25-121, define requirements that 
apply if activating the IPS depends on the pilot seeing a specified ice 
accretion on a reference surface (not just the first sign of ice 
accretion).
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    \4\ See Docket No. FAA-2005-22840 for complete details.
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    Section 25.1419(e) of this final rule requires one of three methods 
of detecting icing and activating the airframe IPS.\5\ Activation based 
on the pilot seeing a specified ice accretion on a reference surface 
(not just the first sign of ice accretion) is not one of the three 
methods allowed under this rulemaking, so any requirements associated 
with this method are no longer relevant. Therefore, minor conforming 
changes have been made to Sec. Sec.  25.143(j) and 25.207(h) to remove 
the references to, and requirements associated with, activating the IPS 
in response to the pilot seeing a specified ice accretion on a 
reference surface. Additional minor changes have been made to Sec.  
25.207(h) to improve readability, including moving a portion of 
existing Sec.  25.207(h)(2)(ii) to a new Sec.  25.207(i). The text of 
part 25, appendix C, part II(e) has been revised to include a reference 
to the new Sec.  25.207(i).
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    \5\ The three methods are: (1) Primary ice detection system, (2) 
visual cues of the first sign of ice accretion combined with an 
advisory ice detector, and (3) specifying conditions conducive to 
airframe icing.
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    In addition, minor changes have been made to Sec.  25.207(b) to 
improve clarity and to correct an error introduced by Amendment 25-121. 
Section 25.207(b), as amended by Amendment 25-121, states, ``Except for 
the stall warning prescribed in paragraph (h)(2)(ii) of this section, 
the stall warning for flight in icing conditions prescribed in 
paragraph (e) of this section must be provided by the same means as the 
stall warning for flight in non-icing conditions.'' However, the stall 
warning prescribed by Sec.  25.207(h)(2)(ii) is an exception only to 
the Sec.  25.207(b) requirement that stall warning in icing conditions 
be provided by the same means as for non-icing conditions. It is not an 
exception to, nor is it associated with, the stall warning margin 
prescribed by Sec.  25.207(e). The reference to Sec.  25.207(e) is 
incorrect and potentially confusing. Therefore, it is removed by this 
final rule.
    Because of the reformatting of Sec.  25.207(h), as discussed above, 
the previous Sec.  25.207(h)(2)(ii) is now Sec.  25.207(h)(3)(ii). The 
reference to this paragraph in Sec.  25.207(b) is changed accordingly. 
Other minor wording changes have been made to improve clarity. We 
consider all of these changes to Sec.  25.207(b) to be technical 
clarifications that do not change the intent of this paragraph or 
impose an additional burden on applicants.
    Below is a more detailed discussion of the rule as it relates to 
the comments we received on the NPRM. Appendix 1 defines terms used in 
this preamble.

II. Summary of Comments

    The FAA received 14 comments concerning the following general areas 
of the proposal:
     Acceptable methods to determine if the airframe IPS must 
be activated.
     Automatic cycling of the airframe IPS.
    Four of the commenters, the Airline Pilots Association (ALPA), 
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), BAE Systems Regional 
Aircraft, and The Boeing Company (Boeing), expressed support for the 
rule. ALPA supported the rule without recommendations to revise the 
rule. Twelve commenters suggested specific improvements or 
clarifications. They were the NTSB, BAE Systems Regional Aircraft, 
Boeing, the Air Crash Victims Families Group, Bombardier Aerospace, 
Marinvent Corporation, the Regional Airline Association, Swan 
International Sensors, Transport Canada, and three individuals. 
Ameriflight LLC (Ameriflight) opposed certain provisions of the rule. 
Summaries of the comments and our responses (including explanations of 
any changes to the final rule in response to the comments) are provided 
below.\6\
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    \6\ The full text of each commenter's submission is available in 
the Docket.
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A. Ice Detection, Activation of Airframe IPS, and Automatic Cycling of 
Airframe IPS

    In the NPRM, we proposed one of the following three methods for ice 
detection and activation of the airframe IPS to ensure timely 
activation of the airframe IPS (proposed Sec.  25.1419(e)):
     A primary ice detection system that automatically 
activates or alerts the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS;
     Visual cues for recognition of the first sign of ice 
accretion combined with an advisory ice detection system that alerts 
the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS; or
     Identification of conditions conducive to airframe icing 
for use by the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS when those 
conditions exist.
    In addition, proposed Sec.  25.1419(g) would require an airframe 
IPS that operates cyclically (for example, deicing boots) to 
automatically cycle after the initial activation, or installation of an 
ice detection system to alert the flightcrew each time the deicing 
boots must be activated.
    The following comments were received on these proposals.
1. Oppose Installation of an Ice Detection System
    Ameriflight opposed the installation of an ice detection system 
because properly trained flightcrews can easily detect ice accretion by 
means such as ice forming in the corners of the

[[Page 38330]]

windshield or on windshield wiper arms. An individual commenter 
believed nothing, including an ice detector, can replace pilots looking 
out the window to gather information on icing.
    Ameriflight also suggested that it would be difficult or impossible 
to design a sufficiently reliable ice detection system that would be 
economically feasible and a practicable substitute for flightcrew 
training and vigilance. The individual commenter opposed installation 
of an ice detection system because of his experience on a military 
airplane that was equipped with an unreliable icing warning light.
    The FAA agrees that flightcrew training and vigilance are extremely 
important to ensure the safe operation of aircraft in icing conditions. 
However, visual observation of ice accretion alone, as suggested by 
Ameriflight and the individual commenter, is not sufficient to ensure 
timely operation of the airframe IPS. The flightcrew's observation of 
ice accretions can be difficult during times of high workload, 
nighttime operations, or when clear ice has accumulated. In addition, 
there have been icing accidents and incidents where the flightcrew was 
either completely unaware of ice accretion on the airframe, or was 
aware of ice accretion but judged that it was not significant enough to 
warrant operation of the airframe IPS. Therefore, reliance on only 
flightcrew visual observation of ice accretion alone is not adequate 
and must be supplemented with an advisory ice detection system to 
provide an acceptable level of safety.
    The FAA acknowledges that it is not a simple task to design and 
certificate an ice detection system. However, ice detection systems 
exist today that meet the reliability requirements of part 25. Section 
25.1309 ensures the degree of reliability of an airframe IPS is 
commensurate with the hazard level associated with the failure of the 
airframe IPS.
    In response to the contention that an ice detector would not be 
economically feasible, the FAA notes that on recent part 25 airplane 
certifications manufacturers sought and received approval for 
installation of ice detectors without an FAA requirement for such a 
system. Therefore, the FAA infers that these manufacturers consider the 
installation of ice detectors economically feasible.
2. Reliability of Advisory Ice Detection System
    Transport Canada suggested that the reliability level of the 
advisory ice detection system should be on the order of 1 x 10\-5\ 
failure per flight hour. Transport Canada indicated the classification 
assigned to the unannunciated loss of an advisory ice detection system 
would appear to depend upon the advisory ice detection system design, 
the IPS design, and the airplane on which it is installed. Therefore, 
it is Transport Canada's position that specific cases may need to 
consider the unannunciated loss of the advisory ice detection system as 
a major failure. The natural tendency of flightcrews to become 
accustomed to using the advisory ice detection system may increase the 
need to make flightcrews aware of failure of the advisory ice detection 
system. The flightcrews may need to take extra precautions when they 
have detected a possible failure of the advisory ice detection system.
    The FAA infers that Transport Canada would like the proposed rule 
changed to include a minimum reliability requirement for the advisory 
ice detection system. The FAA finds it is unnecessary to revise this 
rule to include a minimum reliability requirement for the advisory ice 
detection system because Sec.  25.1309 requires the determination of 
the hazard level associated with failure of any airplane system which 
then drives the required degree of reliability of that system. 
Additionally it would not be appropriate to pick a specific minimum 
reliability requirement for the advisory ice detection system because, 
as pointed out by the commenter, the hazard level associated with the 
unannunciated loss of the advisory ice detection system may depend upon 
the advisory ice detection system design, the airframe IPS design, and 
the airplane on which it is installed. However, the FAA may consider 
including guidance on advisory ice detection system reliability in the 
associated advisory circular.
3. Do Not Activate Pneumatic Deicing Boots at First Sign of Ice 
Accretion
    Ameriflight did not support activation of pneumatic deicing boots 
at the first sign of ice accretion, noting that these boots work better 
and continue to shed ice more effectively for a longer period if 
airfoil leading-edge ice is allowed to build to a sufficient thickness 
before cycling the boots. The commenter stated that when the boots are 
operated at the first indication of ice, the ice is only partially 
shed. The ice remaining on the boot provides a rough surface on which 
additional ice accumulates more readily than on a smooth boot surface, 
shortening the duration of the boots' ability to clean the wing 
effectively.\7\ Thus, the commenter believed that activating the boots 
at the first sign of ice was actually contrary to safety and 
Ameriflight's long experience with this system.
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    \7\ The commenter noted that this is particularly true of older 
boots that have been on the wing for several seasons and which--
although completely airworthy--have leading edges which have become 
somewhat roughened by the impacts of ice crystals, snow, hail, etc., 
and provide a better ``tooth'' to which structural ice can adhere.
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    The FAA has issued airworthiness directives requiring activation of 
pneumatic deicing boots early and often. The airworthiness directives 
and this rule address icing accidents and incidents where the 
flightcrew was either completely unaware of ice accretion on the 
airframe, or was aware of ice accretion but judged that it was not 
significant enough to warrant operation of the airframe IPS.
    The commenter raised concerns over residual ice, which is ice 
remaining (not shed) after a complete boot cycle. The FAA participated 
in high and low speed icing wind tunnel tests that contradict the 
commenter's position that boots work better, and continue to shed ice 
effectively, for a longer period if airfoil leading ice is allowed to 
build before cycling the boots.
    The higher speed icing wind tunnel tests (>=180 KCAS) showed that 
ice was shed after each boot activation and that after 2 or 3 cycles 
there was no discernible difference between ice accretions from early 
versus delayed activation of the boots. The residual ice that remained 
on the boot after cycling at the first sign of ice accretion was always 
smaller than the amount of ice that was present on the boot during the 
time that it took for \1/4\-inch of ice to form.
    The lower speed icing wind tunnel tests (<=144 KCAS) showed large 
amounts of residual ice which the boots had difficulty shedding, 
regardless of the activation method employed. Immediate activation of 
an automatic system did not degrade ice shedding performance. Cycling 
early and often resulted in shedding sooner than waiting for a 
specified ice accretion thickness. For example, simulating an automatic 
one minute system activated at first sign of icing at 14 [deg]F, 108 
KCAS, resulted in a ``good shed'' at the 15th cycle at 15 minutes. 
Waiting for a \1/4\ inch accretion before cycling resulted in a ``good 
shed'' at the 12th cycle at 20 minutes. The residual ice after ``good 
sheds'' was similar regardless of the boot activation method. Based on 
the results of these tests, we do not agree with Ameriflight's position 
about the

[[Page 38331]]

effectiveness of pneumatic deicing boots.
4. Oppose Automatic Activation and Cycling of Airframe IPS
    Ameriflight also opposed any system that would automatically 
activate ice protection equipment or automatically cycle pneumatic 
deicing boots. Ameriflight suggested automatic activation of deicing 
boots during low speed operation, takeoff, or in the landing flare 
could cause handling quality problems on some aircraft. The commenter 
stated that although such automatic operation could be inhibited by 
airspeed, landing gear position, or other sensors, these in turn add 
increments of complexity and potential unreliability that tend to 
offset the automatic systems' safety value.
    The FAA agrees that automatic activation of the deicing boots 
during some phases of flight (for example, landing flare) could result 
in handling quality problems on some airplanes. As Ameriflight pointed 
out, inhibiting automatic activation during these phases of flight to 
prevent any handling quality problems adds complexity to the system and 
could potentially increase the chances for the system not to activate 
when it is needed. However, the FAA finds that the increase in safety 
afforded by automatic activation of the airframe IPS outweighs the 
concerns expressed by Ameriflight and that compliance with other 
regulations would mitigate those concerns.
    Section 25.143(a) requires airplanes to be safely controllable and 
maneuverable during takeoff, climb, level flight, descent, and landing. 
Section 25.143(b) states that it must be possible to make a smooth 
transition from one flight condition to another without exceptional 
piloting skill, alertness, or strength under any probable operating 
condition. If the airplane cannot operate safely with the airframe IPS 
activated during a particular phase of flight, automatic activation of 
the airframe IPS would need to be inhibited during that phase of 
flight.
    Any potential effect on the reliability of the system to activate 
would be assessed in accordance with Sec.  25.1309, which requires that 
systems must be designed to perform their intended function under any 
foreseeable operating condition. Section 25.1309 also establishes the 
minimum allowable system reliability, which is based on the hazard that 
would result from failure of the system. Therefore, the increase in 
safety afforded by automatic activation of the airframe IPS would not 
be offset by the increase in complexity and potential effect on 
reliability if automatic activation must be inhibited in certain flight 
phases.
    Ameriflight commented that IPS other than deicing boots should be 
controlled by active involvement of the flightcrew, rather than 
automatically. IPS operation at inopportune times could actually 
decrease safety, for example by causing (i) preexisting ice 
accumulations to be shed into engine inlets, (ii) undesired drawdown of 
engine bleed air, or (iii) an excess electrical load. Systems could be 
designed with sensors to protect against such inopportune operation, 
but only at the price of additional complexity and unreliability. 
Ameriflight opposed any system that would automatically activate ice 
protection equipment or automatically recycle pneumatic deicing boots 
because automatic systems may fail, and the flightcrew might be unaware 
the IPS is not operating. ``Automatic'' systems add complexity, testing 
requirements, and systems interfaces, and often result in decreased 
overall reliability and tend to remove the flightcrew from the 
operational loop.
    The final rule does not require automatic activation of airframe 
IPS, but does allow it if a primary ice detection system is installed. 
If an applicant chooses to certificate a system to activate the 
airframe IPS automatically, compliance with part 25 regulations ensure 
the airplane can operate safely any time the airframe IPS is operated. 
Issues raised by the commenter such as ice shedding, bleed air, and 
electrical power are considered during airplane certification. As 
previously mentioned, any system that would be necessary to inhibit 
automatic activation would be required to comply with Sec.  25.1309, 
which ensures system reliability commensurate with the hazard 
associated with the failure of that system. As indicated by the 
commenter, an automatic system may fail. However, Sec.  25.1309 
requires assessing the hazard associated with the failure and providing 
appropriate warnings commensurate with the hazard. Compliance with part 
25 ensures the safe operation of the airplane if the airframe IPS is 
automatically activated regardless of whether the airframe IPS is a 
thermal anti-ice system or a deicing boot system.
5. Necessity for Visual Cues in Combination With an Advisory Ice 
Detector
    Bombardier noted the requirement for an advisory system, in 
combination with visual cues for recognition of ice accretion, implies 
that visual cues are necessary because of ice detector failure and not 
ice detector performance. The fact that no visual cues are necessary 
for a primary ice detection system (dual ice detectors) seems to 
indicate an intent to focus on ice detection failure. Therefore, the 
commenter believed that it would be appropriate to address how primary 
ice detectors should be certified knowing these potential limitations.
    The FAA reviewed our airworthiness directives that require 
operating deicing boots at the first sign of ice accretion. We 
determined that this means of IPS operation should be improved because 
such observations can be difficult during times of high workload, 
nighttime operations, or when clear ice has accumulated. Therefore, to 
mitigate the effects of human sensory limitations and inadequate 
attention due to workload, the final rule requires visual cues of ice 
accretions in combination with an advisory ice detector. The 
combination of visual cues and advisory ice detectors is intended to 
address the potential limitations of human beings, not of the ice 
detectors, as suggested by the commenter. Limitations of primary ice 
detectors, as well as advisory ice detectors, are addressed during 
certification through the requirements of Sec. Sec.  25.1301 and 
25.1309. These regulations require that equipment function properly 
when installed, perform its intended functions under any foreseeable 
operation condition, and ensure system reliability commensurate with 
the hazard associated with a failure of that system.
6. Require Automatic Activation of Airframe IPS
    An individual commenter requested that Sec.  25.1419(e) be revised 
to allow only automatic activation of airframe IPS in appendix C icing 
conditions, and to require IPS status displays. The commenter suggested 
that all other proposed options to ensure timely activation of the 
airframe IPS be deleted. The commenter believed that visual cues are 
not adequate, there is no correlation between the ice formed on the 
airframe and the thickness of the ice formed on the ice detector, and 
automatic activation would minimize hazards by making flightcrews aware 
of icing conditions early.
    The FAA disagrees and maintains that the proposed standard that 
allows several means to ensure timely activation of the airframe ice 
protection equipment is acceptable. Icing accidents and incidents do 
not support the suggested revision. The FAA acknowledges that automatic 
activation of airframe IPS based on icing conditions will likely result 
in earlier activation and minimize the effects of icing compared to 
waiting until ice accretions have formed on the airframe.

[[Page 38332]]

However, later activation is acceptable, provided an applicant 
substantiates the airplane can operate safely with the ice accretion 
present at the time the airframe IPS is activated and becomes 
effective. Consequently, if the airframe IPS is activated based on an 
ice detector, it is the ice accretion present on the airframe that is 
important, not the correlation between the ice shape on the ice 
detector and the airframe. The commenter pointed out icing accidents 
and incidents where the flightcrew was unaware of ice accretions and 
concluded that visual cues are inadequate. The FAA concurs that visual 
cues alone are not adequate, but visual cues in addition to an advisory 
ice detection system would provide an acceptable level of safety and 
mitigate the effects of human sensory limitations and inadequate 
attention due to workload.
7. Remove Option To Activate Airframe IPS Based on Temperature and 
Visible Moisture
    Proposed Sec.  25.1419(e)(3) would allow activation of the airframe 
IPS based on conditions conducive to airframe icing as defined by 
appropriate static or total air temperature and visible moisture. Three 
commenters, Transport Canada, Swan International Sensors, and an 
individual commenter did not consider proposed Sec.  25.1419(e)(3) an 
acceptable alternative to requiring an ice detection system. Transport 
Canada noted that it is common to base temperature indication on a 
single sensor, which may not have the required reliability and failure 
monitoring. Moreover, the display of temperature may not be conspicuous 
particularly on electronic flight instrument systems. In addition, it 
may not be easy to see visible moisture at night. The commenter 
requested that if paragraph (e)(3) is retained, it should be limited to 
airplanes that are at a lower risk of icing related incidents and 
accidents. The individual commenter stated that training flightcrews to 
recognize conditions conducive to icing is not an adequate solution 
because such training and documentation have existed for some time, yet 
icing related accidents still occurred.
    The FAA concludes that Sec.  25.1419(e)(3) should be retained as 
proposed because activation of the airframe IPS using visible moisture 
and temperature is based on the methodology currently being used safely 
for activating engine IPS. Flightcrews are trained to recognize 
conditions conducive to icing (that is, visible moisture and 
temperature) and have used this method safely for the operation of 
engine IPS. While there may be some challenges to observing visible 
moisture at night, the challenge is no different than for engine IPS 
activation. The FAA expects that activation of the airframe IPS using 
the same type of cues will result in timely activation just as it has 
for engines.
    Furthermore, the accident and incident history does not support the 
commenter's position that training flightcrews to recognize conditions 
conducive to icing has not been successful. For airplanes with an 
airframe IPS that is activated based on visible moisture and 
temperature, the FAA is unaware of accidents or incidents attributed to 
the flightcrew not activating the airframe IPS.
    Regarding the concern over the reliability of the current equipment 
used to detect temperature, the equipment must meet the requirements of 
Sec.  25.1309. This could result in the need to install different 
temperature sensing equipment than what is used on aircraft today.
8. Allow Temperature and Visible Moisture in Combination With an 
Advisory Ice Detection System
    Transport Canada recommended the FAA include temperature and 
visible moisture in combination with an advisory ice detection system 
as an acceptable configuration under the proposed rule.
    The FAA determines there is no need to revise the rule to 
explicitly provide the suggested option. The regulations provide 
minimum requirements and an applicant has the option of exceeding these 
requirements. Therefore, even though the suggested option is not 
identified in the proposed rule, it would be acceptable for an 
applicant to comply with proposed Sec.  25.1419(e)(3) and voluntarily 
go beyond that requirement and install an advisory ice detection 
system.
9. Need Definition of Environmental Conditions Conducive to Icing
    The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) commented that 
industry could not realistically be expected to implement Sec.  
25.1419(e)(3) until the FAA provides a more specific definition of 
``environmental conditions conducive to icing.'' Swan International 
Sensors stated that the flightcrew would be required to interpret icing 
conditions because they are not defined adequately by paragraph (e)(3).
    The FAA concludes that the proposed rule adequately defined 
environmental conditions conducive to icing and does not require 
interpretation by the flightcrew. The rule requires the manufacturer to 
identify conditions conducive to airframe icing as defined by an 
appropriate static or total air temperature and visible moisture for 
use by the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS. The proposed rule 
defined the environmental conditions as a static or total air 
temperature and visible moisture. Advisory circular (AC) 25-1419-2, 
Compliance with the Ice Protection Requirements of Sec. Sec.  
25.1419(e), (f), (g), will provide guidance on determining the 
temperature cue. Therefore, we made no changes to proposed Sec.  
25.1419(e)(3) in this final rule.
10. Require Aircraft Be Equipped With All Three Proposed Methods of 
Airframe Ice Detection
    The proposed Sec.  25.1419(e) would require one of three ice 
detection and activation methods. The Air Crash Victims Families Group 
and an individual commenter requested that the final rule require all 
three ice detection and activation methods identified in proposed Sec.  
25.1419(e). The commenters also requested that the FAA require 
automatic ice detection systems to warn pilots of icing and to activate 
IPS automatically. The commenters referenced the Circuit City airplane 
accident in Pueblo, Colorado, on February 16, 2005, where the NTSB 
found the probable cause to be the flightcrew's failure to monitor and 
maintain airspeed and comply with procedures for ice boot activation on 
approach.\8\ In addition, the NTSB found that distractions impeded the 
flightcrew's ability to monitor and maintain airspeed and manage the 
deicing system.
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    \8\ The commenter noted that the Cessna Citation 560 was 
equipped with deice boots that do not cycle automatically, which 
require pilots to continually monitor accumulation and reactivate 
the deice boots each time.
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    The FAA finds that icing accidents and incidents do not support the 
commenters' suggestion to require all three proposed methods to ensure 
timely activation of the airframe IPS or require a system to activate 
the airframe IPS automatically. The three proposed methods would 
independently ensure timely activation of the airframe IPS. The FAA is 
unaware of any icing accidents or incidents attributed to untimely 
activation of the airframe IPS on an airplane that had equipment 
compliant with this rule. The flightcrew of the Circuit City airplane 
relied on visual observation of ice accretions for determining if the 
airframe IPS should be activated and cycled manually. There was not a 
detector to tell the flightcrew to cycle the airframe IPS. This rule 
requires an advisory ice detection

[[Page 38333]]

system in addition to visual observation of the first sign of ice 
accretion as a means to determine the airframe IPS must be activated. 
In addition, the rule addresses flightcrew workload by requiring deice 
boots to automatically cycle or by equipping the airplane with an ice 
detection system to alert the flightcrew each time the airframe IPS 
must be cycled. For these reasons, the suggested revisions are not 
being adopted.
11. Require Manual Back-Up to Automatic Activation of Airframe IPS
    Proposed Sec.  25.1419(g) addressed the flightcrew workload 
associated with an airframe IPS that operates cyclically and that 
requires continuous monitoring of ice accretions to determine when to 
activate the IPS. Proposed paragraph (g)(2) requires that these systems 
automatically cycle the airframe IPS to eliminate the need to 
continuously monitor ice accretions. An individual commenter requested 
that proposed paragraph (g) be revised to require manual system 
activation as a back-up to automatic activation. Compliance with Sec.  
25.1309, which requires an assessment of the hazard associated with the 
failure of a system, will determine whether a manual system is required 
as a back-up to an automatic activation system. Therefore, the FAA 
finds it is unnecessary to require a back-up manual system as suggested 
by the commenter.
12. Allow an Aerodynamic Performance Monitoring System
    Marinvent and the Regional Airline Association requested revising 
the proposed rule to include an aerodynamic performance monitoring 
(APM) system as an alternative to ice detection systems.\9\ The 
commenters believed APMs have several advantages over ice detectors, 
but that they do not inherently detect ice. Therefore, the proposed 
rule text did not directly address APMs because they are not strictly 
``ice detection systems.'' The commenters understood that applicants 
may propose the APM as an alternative means of compliance by 
demonstrating an equivalent level of safety. However, the commenters 
thought the process of obtaining an equivalent level of safety finding 
would discourage the use of this alternative and believed there was a 
fundamental conceptual difference between the ice detection and 
aerodynamic monitoring, making it difficult for the applicant and the 
regulator to establish common ground to demonstrate an equivalent level 
of safety. The commenters contended the existing proposed rule text 
would effectively exclude the APM systems as a viable alternative means 
of compliance with the regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Aerodynamic performance monitoring systems directly measure 
the degradation of airfoil performance caused by the roughness and 
profile changes induced by the contamination of the airfoil.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Regional Airline Association added that at least one of their 
associate members currently provides an APM system as an option in 
their aircraft (Aerospatiale model ATR 72) for their airline members.
    The FAA concludes that, at this time, APMs are not sufficiently 
mature to use as a method to ensure timely activation of the airframe 
IPS. Further, contrary to the commenters' beliefs, the equivalent level 
of safety process is commonly used in certification programs and would 
not discourage the use of alternatives such as an APM.
    In response to the Regional Airline Association's comment that an 
APM is currently offered as an option on the Aerospatiale ATR 72 
aircraft, the FAA is aware that Aerospatiale has certificated an 
aircraft performance monitor, not an aerodynamic performance monitor. 
The aircraft performance monitor system used on the ATR 72 is intended 
to provide the flightcrew with information that could help them manage 
a severe icing encounter. The ATR 72's aircraft performance monitor 
system is not intended, nor certificated, to provide the flightcrew 
with information to ensure the airframe IPS is activated in a timely 
manner.

B. Airframe Ice Protection System Operation

    Proposed Sec.  25.1419(f) would allow an applicant to substantiate 
that the airframe IPS need not be operated during specific phases of 
flight. An individual commenter requested that Sec.  25.1419(f) be 
revised to allow airplane operations with the IPS inactive if the 
airplane can be operated safely with the ice accretions associated with 
probable failures. The commenter also requested that Sec.  25.1419(f) 
be revised to require that safe operation be demonstrated by flight 
test, icing tunnel tests, or other means.
    The FAA finds the suggestion to consider only the ice accretions 
associated with probable failures unacceptable. Compliance with Sec.  
25.1309 determines the failures that must be considered, and this rule 
should not predetermine that only probable failures need be considered. 
Regarding the suggestion to specify the acceptable means of showing 
compliance, the FAA finds it is not necessary because Sec.  25.1419(a) 
and (b) already specify the means that can be used to substantiate that 
an airplane can operate safely in icing conditions. For these reasons, 
the FAA did not adopt the suggested changes to Sec.  25.1419(f).

C. Airplane Flight Manual Requirements

    Proposed section Sec.  25.1419(h) would require that procedures for 
operation of the IPS be established and documented in the Airplane 
Flight Manual (AFM).
    BAE Systems Regional Aircraft requested the word ``airframe'' be 
added to Sec.  25.1419(h). The FAA finds that adding the word 
``airframe'' to Sec.  25.1419(h) is not necessary because the 
procedures for operation of both engine and airframe IPS must be in the 
AFM. Traditionally, manufacturers provide adequate information in the 
AFM regarding the operation of the engine IPS, but information for an 
airframe IPS is sometimes lacking or is not consistent with the methods 
of operation used during certification. Proposed paragraph (h) is 
included to ensure future AFMs also include information for the 
operation of airframe IPS.
    Another commenter requested that Sec.  25.1419(h) be deleted 
because the requirement is already covered by the existing regulation 
in the section titled ``Airplane Flight Manual.''
    The FAA finds that the sections relating to the AFM in part 25, 
Subpart G (Sec. Sec.  25.1581-25.1587) do not explicitly address IPS 
operations. Therefore, the Subpart G regulations must be supplemented 
with the proposed Sec.  25.1419(h) to ensure that procedures for 
operating the IPS are included in the AFM and are consistent with the 
requirements of Sec.  25.1419. For these reasons, the suggested 
revision is not being adopted in this final rule.
    Boeing requested that proposed Sec.  25.1419(g)(1) be changed to 
require that the IPS must operate continuously only while the aircraft 
remains in icing conditions. The proposed rule would require operating 
the anti-icing system continuously throughout a potentially long flight 
after exiting icing conditions. Such continued operation while not in 
icing conditions is not necessary and wastes fuel. Boeing suggested 
that the proposed rule be revised to specify when an IPS that operated 
continuously can be deactivated.
    Based on Boeing's comment, it appears the intent of Sec.  
25.1419(g) may be unclear. Proposed Sec.  25.1419(g) provided three 
options to minimize the flightcrew workload associated with airframe 
IPS operation. One option (Sec.  25.1419(g)(1)) is an airframe IPS that 
operates continuously. Section 25.1419(g)(1) has been revised to 
clarify

[[Page 38334]]

that the airframe IPS must be designed to operate continuously, not to 
require continuous operation of an airframe IPS. We also clarified that 
procedures for operation of the IPS as specified in Sec.  25.1419(h) 
include both activation and deactivation procedures. In addition, we 
revised Sec.  25.1419(g)(1) to say that the IPS must be designed to 
operate continuously.
    For future certification programs (as with past certification 
programs), it is incumbent upon the manufacturer to propose and 
substantiate when it is acceptable to deactivate the IPS. The only 
difference from past certifications will be that the activation 
requirements of Sec.  25.1419(e) must be considered.

D. Other Comments

1. Clarify the Rule Is Applicable to Airframe IPS
    BAE Systems Regional Aircraft requested that Sec.  25.1419(f) and 
(g) be modified to indicate the ``airframe'' IPS are being referenced.
    The FAA agrees that Sec. Sec.  25.1419(f) and (g) should be 
clarified by adding the word ``airframe.'' Therefore, in Sec.  
25.1419(f), we revised the introductory language to reference the 
airframe IPS (``Unless the applicant shows that the airframe ice 
protection system * * *). In Sec.  25.1419(g), we made a similar 
revision to the introductory language (``After the initial activation 
of the airframe ice protection system * * *).
2. Expand Rule To Include Certain Existing Airplanes and Prohibitions 
With IPS Inoperable
    The NTSB requested a revision to address its perceived ongoing 
disconnect between the industry's guidance on deicing boot activation 
and what the FAA has learned and research has shown regarding ice 
bridging and deice boot effectiveness. The NTSB noted the Cessna 208 
Caravan AFM instructs crews to wait for \1/4\ to \3/4\ inch of ice to 
accrete before activating the pneumatic deicing boots.
    The FAA finds that for the new part 25 airplane and for existing 
part 25 airplanes that are modified in the future with significant 
airframe IPS design changes, this rule precludes the potential for 
perpetuating the belief that flightcrews should wait for a specific 
amount of ice to accumulate before activating the deicing boots. The 
final rule requires activation of the airframe IPS based on ice 
detectors or icing conditions and requires procedures for operating the 
IPS in the AFM. Therefore, for new part 25 airplanes, the industry 
guidance in the AFM will reflect the FAA regulatory requirements for 
activation of the IPS which does not allow activation of deicing boots 
based on the flightcrew determining that a specified thickness of ice 
has accumulated.
    The NTSB, Air Crash Victims Families Group, and one other commenter 
requested the proposed rule be expanded to include existing airplanes 
equipped with pneumatic deicing boots and reference the NTSB safety 
recommendations A-98-91, A-98-100, A-07-14, and A-07-16 (which 
recommend icing related actions the FAA should take for existing 
airplanes).
    We disagree. The NPRM did not address this issue, and revising this 
final rule to include retrofit requirements for existing airplanes 
would delay its issuance, which is not in the interest of safety. 
However, the FAA may consider additional rulemaking to address 
activation of the IPS on part 121 airplanes at a later date.
    The NTSB also believed the proposed rule should prohibit crews from 
operating the airplane when certain functions of the IPS are 
inoperable, and should prohibit flight into known icing conditions if 
certain functions of the IPS are inoperable.
    The FAA maintains that if certain equipment is inoperable, 
transport category airplanes should be prohibited from flight in 
forecasted icing conditions in addition to prohibiting flight in known 
icing conditions (as suggested by the NTSB). However, we do not concur 
with incorporating such a requirement into a certification rule. The 
FAA utilizes the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) to evaluate 
whether an airplane may be operated with a particular piece of 
equipment inoperative. Each airplane is unique and the MMEL is the best 
way to determine the impact of an inoperable piece of equipment.
3. Revise Rule To Encourage Specific Airfoil Designs
    The Regional Airline Association noted that several aircraft types 
over many years have been operated safely without any incidents or 
accidents attributed to icing. The commenter requested the proposed 
rule be rewritten to encourage airfoil design as the best means to 
address safety concerns due to operations in icing conditions.
    Although the FAA does not write regulations to ``encourage'' 
specific airfoil designs, we do establish the performance and handling 
requirements an airplane must meet to substantiate that the airplane 
can operate safely in icing conditions. These safety requirements (to a 
certain extent) drive the design of the airfoil. However, it is the 
responsibility of the airframe manufacturer to design an airplane that 
meets the Federal Aviation Regulations icing regulations.

E. Economic Analysis

    An individual commenter stated that the Goodrich Corporation cost 
estimates identified in the NPRM appear to be realistic, but the non-
recurring costs could be reduced by a system that uses a detector that 
is different than the assumed ice detector. The commenter suggested 
using a ``universal'' sensor or detector that is independent of the 
airplane type and installation location; like a pressure sensor, a 
temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, or a system that consists of 
sensors that are universal.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The commenter estimated the non-recurring costs could be: 
Architecture/integration $7,500, qualification testing $10,000, 
system certification $50,000, and installation design $5,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter provided cost estimates that are less than the ice 
detector certification estimates used in our economic assessment. 
However, even with the more costly estimates, the FAA concluded the 
economic impact of the rulemaking is minimal. Since decreasing the cost 
estimates would not affect this conclusion, the FAA has determined it 
is not necessary to revise the costs in our economic assessment.
    The FAA requested comments from U.S. manufacturers on their plans 
to produce a new part 25 certificated aircraft with deicing systems 
that operate cyclically and the associated certification costs. 
Bombardier and Transport Canada referenced this FAA request, but did 
not provide any data. Bombardier believes the FAA's economic analysis, 
which noted the trend of part 25 manufacturers to install thermal anti-
ice protection systems in newly certificated part 25 airplanes, implied 
that the FAA considered ``cyclical'' deicing systems to be 
anachronistic. Bombardier indicated that technology in development may 
reintroduce cyclical deicing systems. Transport Canada indicated that 
if cyclical deicing systems are being considered for the future, then 
the FAA trend noted in the NPRM would not be correct.
    While technology development may result in the reintroduction of 
cyclical deicing systems in the future, the FAA is unaware of any 
actual plans to produce a new part 25 certificated aircraft with 
deicing systems that operate cyclically and the associated 
certification costs. Without such information, we believe the economic 
assessment stating that the trend for

[[Page 38335]]

new part 25 aircraft certifications is toward thermal anti-ice ice 
protection systems is accurate.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)) requires 
that the FAA consider the impact of paperwork and other information 
collection burdens imposed on the public. We have determined that there 
is no current or new requirement for information collection associated 
with this amendment.

International Compatibility

    In keeping with U.S. obligations under the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation, it is FAA policy to comply with 
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and 
Recommended Practices to the maximum extent practicable. The FAA has 
determined that there are no ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices 
that correspond to these regulations.

III. Regulatory Evaluation, Regulatory Flexibility Determination, 
International Trade Impact Assessment, and Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Changes to Federal regulations must undergo several economic 
analyses. First, Executive Order 12866 directs that each Federal agency 
shall propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination 
that the benefits of the intended regulation justify its costs. Second, 
the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) requires 
agencies to analyze the economic impact of regulatory changes on small 
entities. Third, the Trade Agreements Act (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits 
agencies from setting standards that create unnecessary obstacles to 
the foreign commerce of the United States. In developing U.S. 
standards, this Trade Act requires agencies to consider international 
standards and, where appropriate, that they be the basis of U.S. 
standards. Fourth, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 
104-4) requires agencies to prepare a written assessment of the costs, 
benefits, and other effects of proposed or final rules that include a 
Federal mandate likely to result in the expenditure by State, local, or 
Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more annually (adjusted for inflation with base year of 
1995). This portion of the preamble summarizes the FAA's analysis of 
the economic impacts of this final rule.
    An assessment has been conducted of the economic cost impact of the 
final rule amending Sec.  25.1419 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal 
Regulations (14 CFR) part 25, and we have determined the final rule has 
minimal costs. This final rule is the result of information gathered 
from a review of historical icing accidents and incidents. It is 
intended to improve the level of safety when part 25 airplanes are 
operated in icing conditions.
    Amendment 25-121 revised Sec.  25.207 to add requirements for 
considering the effects of icing on stall warning. At the time we 
issued Amendment 25-121, it was permissible for type certificate 
applicants to instruct pilots to wait for a specified amount of ice 
accretion to accumulate before activating the ice protection system 
(IPS). Section 25.207(h)(1), as adopted in Amendment 25-121, addressed 
this scenario by requiring flight testing with the specified amount of 
ice accretion to show the airplane could be operated safely until the 
IPS is functioning. This rule will prohibit use of this method for 
activating the IPS. Therefore, there is no longer any need to have the 
existing provision Sec.  25.207(h)(1) that provides stall warning 
margin requirements for this method, and we are removing those 
provisions from Sec.  25.207. This is a conforming change, and does not 
add any new requirements or costs. In addition, Sec.  25.207 has been 
revised to improve its readability and to correct an error introduced 
by Amendment 25-121, but none of these revisions affect the substantive 
requirements.
    This final rule requires newly certificated part 25 transport 
category airplanes certificated for flight in icing conditions to have 
one of the following methods to detect ice and activate the airframe 
IPS:
     A primary ice detection system, automatic or manual;
     The definition of visual cues for recognition of ice 
accretion on a specified surface combined with an advisory ice 
detection system that alerts the flightcrew; or
     The identification of icing conditions by an appropriate 
static or total air temperature and visible moisture cues.
    The FAA did not receive comments causing us to change our NPRM 
determination that the expected costs are minimal. Bombardier indicated 
future technology may reintroduce cyclical deicing systems. Since 1971, 
no U.S. manufacturer has certificated cyclical deicing systems. Also, 
recent part 23 Very Light Jet (VLJ) certification programs have 
automatic cyclical deicing systems. We do not anticipate manufacturers 
to certificate manually-cycled deicing systems.

A. Cost Discussion

1. Major Assumptions
    This evaluation makes the following assumptions:
     We used a $50 hourly rate for a mechanic/technician and a 
$75 hourly rate for an engineer working for an airplane manufacturer or 
modifier.
     Whenever various compliance options are available to the 
manufacturers, we chose the least costly option in our analysis.
    Other data and derived assumptions are discussed in the following 
sections on costs and benefits.
2. Estimate of Costs
    This section discusses the costs of a new requirement for transport 
category airplane manufacturers to include a method of ice detection on 
newly certificated airplanes. The cost estimate included below is not 
an estimate per manufacturer, rather an estimate per new part 25 
airplane certification.
    This final rule will require manufacturers of part 25 airplanes to 
provide the flightcrew with an effective method of ice detection. Such 
a method can provide a means, using an ice detection system (IDS), to 
alert the flightcrew of icing conditions and enable timely activation 
of the airframe IPS for the initial and any subsequent cycles.
    The requirements for ice detection and activation of the airframe 
IPS are applicable to all phases of flight, unless it can be shown that 
the airframe IPS need not be operated during specific phases of flight. 
If the airframe IPS operates in a cyclical manner, it must either 
include a system that automatically cycles the airframe IPS, or there 
must be a method that alerts the flightcrew each time the airframe ice 
protection system must be cycled. This final rule requires:
     (e)(1) A primary IDS that automatically activates or 
alerts the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS;
     (e)(2) A definition of visual cues for recognition of the 
first sign of ice accretion on a specified surface combined with an 
advisory IDS that alerts the flightcrew to activate the airframe IPS; 
or
     (e)(3) Identification of conditions conducive to airframe 
icing as defined by an appropriate static or total air temperature and 
visible moisture for use by the flightcrew to activate the airframe 
IPS.
    Any of the three ice detection methods will enable timely 
activation of the airframe IPS and satisfy the requirements of this 
final rule.

[[Page 38336]]

    The first method of ice detection is the use of a primary IDS. A 
primary IDS usually has two ice detectors. The cost of an ice detector 
used in this analysis is based on the Goodrich Corporation's average 
price of $6,000 per ice detector for a production airplane. The 
Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC) Ice Protection 
Harmonization Working Group provided us with manufacturer cost 
estimates for System Design, System Qualification, Hardware, 
Installation, and Maintenance. Assuming the primary IDS has two ice 
detectors, we estimate the average cost for a primary IDS to be about 
$485,000 per certification, $12,000 ($6,000 x 2) for the hardware and 
$2,500 for the installation, or $14,500 ($12,000 + $2,500) per 
airplane. Table 1 shows a detailed breakout of these cost estimates.
    One commenter to the NPRM, regarding Goodrich costs, stated there 
was a cheaper alternative system than the Goodrich system. The FAA 
notes a lower cost alternative is feasible.

                      Table 1--Costs for Sec.   25.1419(e)(1)--Primary Ice Detection System
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Manufacturer non-recurring costs (per aircraft group/type)                              Additional
                            2006$                                Hours     Hourly rate      cost         Cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System Design:
    System architecture/Integration.........................        3,000          $75  ...........     $225,000
    Ice detector positioning................................          300           75  ...........       22,500
    Procedures for AFM, AOM/FCOM & MMEL.....................          200           75  ...........       15,000
System Qualification/certification:
    Ice detector qualification..............................          300           75  ...........       22,500
    Ice detection system certification......................          600           75  ...........       45,000
    Flight tests............................................          400           75      100,000      130,000
Installation Design:
    Installation drawings...................................          500           50  ...........       25,000
                                                             ---------------------------------------------------
        Total...............................................        5,300  ...........  ...........      485,000
                                                                                                    ============
Costs (per airplane):
    Hardware (Primary Ice Detection System).................  ...........  ...........       12,000       12,000
    Installation............................................           50           50  ...........        2,500
    Additional weight is 5-10 kg............................  ...........  ...........  ...........            0
                                                             ---------------------------------------------------
        Total...............................................  ...........  ...........  ...........       14,500
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second method of ice detection is the use of an advisory IDS 
along with visual cues. The major difference between a primary and an 
advisory IDS is that the primary is the principal means to determine 
when the airframe IPS should be activated and has two ice detectors. In 
contrast, an advisory IDS is a backup to the flightcrew and has only 
one ice detector. The average cost for an advisory IDS is estimated to 
be $447,500 per certification, $6,000 for the hardware and $1,250 for 
the installation, or $7,250 ($6,000 + $1,250) per airplane. Table 2 
shows a detailed breakout of these costs estimates.

             Table 2--Costs for Sec.   25.1419(e)(2)--Advisory Ice Detection System and Visual Cues
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Manufacturer non-recurring costs (per aircraft group/type)                              Additional
                            2006$                                Hours     Hourly rate      cost         Cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System Design:
    System architecture/Integration.........................        2,500          $75  ...........     $187,500
    Ice detector positioning................................          200           75  ...........       15,000
    Visual cue determination/design.........................          200           75  ...........       15,000
    Procedures for AFM, AOM/FCOM & MMEL.....................          200           75  ...........       15,000
System Qualification/certification:
    Ice detection qualification.............................          300           75  ...........       22,500
    Visual cue substantiation...............................          200           75  ...........       15,000
    Ice detection system certification......................          300           75  ...........       22,500
    Flight tests............................................          400           75     $100,000      130,000
Installation Design:
    Installation drawings...................................          500           50  ...........       25,000
                                                             ---------------------------------------------------
        Total...............................................        4,800  ...........  ...........      447,500
                                                             ===================================================
Costs (per airplane):
    Hardware (Advisory Ice Detection System)................  ...........  ...........        6,000        6,000
    Installation............................................           25           50  ...........        1,250
    Additional weight is 5-10 kg............................  ...........  ...........  ...........            0
                                                             ---------------------------------------------------
        Total...............................................  ...........  ...........  ...........        7,250
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third method of ice detection is a definition of conditions 
conducive to airframe icing that will be used by the flightcrew to 
activate the airframe IPS. This definition will be included in the 
Airplane Flight Manual. There are no

[[Page 38337]]

costs imposed on the airplane manufacturers with this option. Table 3 
shows a summary of the costs for each alternative.

                Table 3--Cost Summary--Sec.   25.1419(e)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Costs
                                    ------------------------------------
                                      Per certification    Per airplane
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   25.1419 Alternatives:
    (e)(1) Primary IDS.............             $485,000         $14,500
    (e)(2) Advisory IDS and Visual               447,500           7,250
     Cues..........................
    (e)(3) Temperature and Moisture                    0               0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The least cost alternative is to activate the airframe IPS whenever 
the airplane is operating in conditions conducive to airframe icing 
based on a specific air temperature threshold and the presence of 
visible moisture. Since there are no additional certification or 
production costs to manufacturers by complying with Sec.  25.1419(e)(3) 
through this alternative, we have determined there are no costs 
associated with compliance with Sec.  25.1419(e).
    We are aware some manufacturers may choose to install more complex 
systems ((e)(1) or (e)(2)), and want to note these more complex systems 
are acceptable alternatives to (e)(3).

Sec.  25.1419(f)

    Section 25.1419(f) describes the applicability of the final rule to 
all phases of flight, so there are no additional costs associated with 
this section.

Sec.  25.1419(g)

    After the initial operation of the airframe IPS, Sec.  25.1419(g) 
provides alternatives the manufacturer must provide to the operator for 
safe flight. These alternatives are:
     The IPS must be designed to operate continuously (Sec.  
25.1419(g)(1)), or
     The airplane must be equipped with a system that 
automatically cycles the IPS (Sec.  25.1419(g)(2)), or
     An IDS must be provided to alert the flightcrew each time 
the IPS must be cycled (Sec.  25.1419(g)(3)).
    Section 25.1419(g) applies to airplanes with either a thermal anti-
icing IPS or an IPS that operates in a cyclical manner. Thermal anti-
icing systems typically operate continuously while deicing systems 
usually operate cyclically.
    Section 25.1419(g)(1) applies primarily to a thermal anti-icing 
IPS, which typically uses heat to keep protected surfaces of the 
airplane free of ice accretions.
    No additional manufacturing costs are associated with Sec.  
25.1419(g)(1) because, once a thermal anti-IPS is activated, it is 
capable of operating continuously.
    The cost estimates for each option do not include primary and 
advisory ice detection system maintenance, which would make the costs 
for these alternatives higher. The FAA has determined that the trend 
for new part 25 aircraft certification is toward anti-ice protection 
systems so the maintenance costs associated with deicing ice protection 
systems are not considered. The cost estimates for Sec.  25.1419(g)(1) 
do not include the associated maintenance costs for anti-ice protection 
systems as operators are already incurring these costs.
    Sections 25.1419(g)(2) and (3) apply to an airframe IPS that 
operates in a cyclical manner. Past delivery history has shown that 
about 97% of U.S. manufactured part 25 airplanes delivered have thermal 
anti-icing IPS and 3% have deicing IPSs that operate in a cyclical 
manner. Cessna is the only U.S. manufacturer that currently delivers 
part 25 certificated airplanes with an IPS that operates in a cyclical 
manner. Those airplanes were certificated in September 1971.\11\ Newer 
variants of airplanes from that September 1971 type certificate and all 
newer part 25 new Cessna certifications have thermal anti-icing IPS 
that operate continuously. We believe the trend for new part 25 
aircraft certifications is toward a thermal anti-icing IPS that 
operates continuously. Because of the trend of part 25 manufacturers to 
install thermal anti-icing IPS in their newly certificated part 25 
airplanes, we believe there are no costs imposed on the airplane 
manufacturers by Sec.  25.1419(g).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Type Certification Data Sheet No. A22CE.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Bombardier indicated future technology may reintroduce cyclical 
deicing systems. No U.S. manufacturer has certificated cyclical deicing 
systems since 1971. Since recent part 23 Very Light Jet (VLJ) 
certification programs have automatic cyclical deicing systems, we do 
not anticipate airplane manufacturers to certificate manually-cycled 
deicing systems.
    We received no comments from U.S. manufacturers on their plans to 
produce a newly part 25 certificated aircraft with deicing systems that 
operate cyclically and the associated certification costs; therefore, 
we believe Sec.  25.1419(g) will add no additional costs.

Sec.  25.1419(h)

    Future Airplane Flight Manuals can be readily prepared to include 
appropriate icing procedures for future certificated air transport 
category airplanes. Thus, minimal costs are associated with Sec.  
25.1419(h).

B. Benefits

    The FAA is adopting this final rule because accidents and incidents 
occurred where the flightcrew did not operate the airframe IPS in a 
timely manner and because of concerns over the flightcrew workload 
required to operate an airframe IPS that the flightcrew must manually 
cycle. The final rule addresses these concerns by ensuring that 
flightcrews are provided with a clear means to know when to activate 
the airframe IPS and by reducing the workload associated with an 
airframe IPS that operates cyclically. The safety benefit of this final 
rule is that it will improve the level of safety of new airplane 
designs for operations in icing conditions.

C. Conclusions

    The FAA has determined that this final rule has benefits that 
justify its minimal costs. However, the Office of Management and Budget 
has determined that this final rule is a ``significant regulatory 
action,'' because it harmonizes U.S. aviation standards with those of 
other civil aviation authorities.

Regulatory Flexibility Determination

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) (RFA) 
establishes ``as a principle of regulatory issuance that agencies shall 
endeavor, consistent with the objectives of the rule and of applicable 
statutes, to fit regulatory and informational requirements to the scale

[[Page 38338]]

of the businesses, organizations, and governmental jurisdictions 
subject to regulation. To achieve this principle, agencies are required 
to solicit and consider flexible regulatory proposals and to explain 
the rationale for their actions to assure that such proposals are given 
serious consideration.'' The RFA covers a wide-range of small entities, 
including small businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and small 
governmental jurisdictions.
    Agencies must perform a review to determine whether a rule will 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. If the agency determines that it will, the agency must 
prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis as described in the RFA.
    However, if an agency determines that a rule is not expected to 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, section 605(b) of the RFA provides that the head of the 
agency may so certify and a regulatory flexibility analysis is not 
required. The certification must include a statement providing the 
factual basis for this determination, and the reasoning should be 
clear.
    As we stated in the NPRM, all United States transport category 
aircraft manufacturers exceed the Small Business Administration small-
entity criteria of 1,500 employees. We received no public comments 
disputing this determination. Therefore, as the FAA Administrator, I 
certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.

International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits Federal 
agencies from establishing any standards or engaging in related 
activities that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of 
the United States. Legitimate domestic objectives, such as safety, are 
not considered unnecessary obstacles. The statute also requires 
consideration of international standards and, where appropriate, that 
they be the basis for U.S. standards. The FAA has assessed the 
potential effect of this final rule and has no basis for believing the 
rule will impose substantially different costs on domestic and 
international entities. Thus the FAA believes the rule has a neutral 
trade impact.

Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement 
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final 
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more 
(in 1995 dollars) in any one year by State, local, and Tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector; such a mandate 
is deemed to be a ``significant regulatory action.'' The FAA currently 
uses an inflation-adjusted value of $136.1 million in lieu of $100 
million. This final rule does not contain such a mandate; therefore, 
the requirements of title II of the Act do not apply.

Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The FAA has analyzed this final rule under the principles and 
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. We determined that this 
action will not have a substantial direct effect on the States, or the 
relationship between the Federal Government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government, and, therefore, does not have federalism implications.

Regulations Affecting Intrastate Aviation in Alaska

    Section 1205 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 1996 (110 Stat. 
3213) requires the FAA, when modifying its regulations in a manner 
affecting intrastate aviation in Alaska, to consider the extent to 
which Alaska is not served by transportation modes other than aviation, 
and to establish appropriate regulatory distinctions. In the NPRM, we 
requested comments on whether the proposed rule should apply 
differently to intrastate operations in Alaska. We did not receive any 
comments, and we have determined, based on the administrative record of 
this rulemaking, that there is no need to make any regulatory 
distinctions applicable to intrastate aviation in Alaska.

Environmental Analysis

    FAA Order 1050.1E identifies FAA actions that are categorically 
excluded from preparation of an environmental assessment or 
environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy 
Act in the absence of extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has 
determined this rulemaking action qualifies for the categorical 
exclusion identified in paragraph 4(j) and involves no extraordinary 
circumstances.

Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or 
Use

    The FAA has analyzed this final rule under Executive Order 13211, 
Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). We have determined that it is not 
a ``significant energy action'' under the executive order because while 
it is a ``significant regulatory action,'' it is not likely to have a 
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of 
energy.

Availability of Rulemaking Documents

    You can get an electronic copy of rulemaking documents using the 
Internet by--
    1. Searching the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://
www.regulations.gov);
    2. Visiting the FAA's Regulations and Policies Web page at http://
www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/; or
    3. Accessing the Government Printing Office's Web page at http://
www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html.
    You can also get a copy by sending a request to the Federal 
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence 
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by calling (202) 267-9680. Make 
sure to identify the amendment number or docket number of this 
rulemaking.
    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments 
received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78) or you may visit 
http://DocketsInfo.dot.gov.

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 
1996 requires FAA to comply with small entity requests for information 
or advice about compliance with statutes and regulations within its 
jurisdiction. If you are a small entity and you have a question 
regarding this document, you may contact your local FAA official, or 
the person listed under the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT heading at 
the beginning of the preamble. You can find out more about SBREFA on 
the Internet at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/
sbre_act/.

Appendix 1--Definition of Terms Used in This Preamble

    For the preamble of this rulemaking, the following definitions 
are applicable. These definitions of terms are for use only with 
this rulemaking's preamble:
    a. Advisory ice detection system: An advisory ice detection 
system annunciates

[[Page 38339]]

the presence of icing conditions or ice accretion. The advisory ice 
detection system provides information advising the flightcrew of the 
presence of ice accretion or icing conditions. An advisory ice 
detection system differs from a primary ice detection system in that 
it usually consists of a single ice detector without redundancies 
that provide sufficient reliability to comply with Sec.  25.1309. 
Therefore, it can only be used in conjunction with other means (most 
commonly, visual observation by the flightcrew) to determine the 
need for, or timing of, activating the anti-icing or deicing system. 
The flightcrew is responsible for monitoring the icing conditions or 
ice accretion as defined in the AFM (typically using total air 
temperature and visible moisture criteria or visible ice accretion) 
and activating the anti-icing or deicing system(s).
    b. Airframe icing: Airframe icing is ice accretions on the 
airplane, except for the propulsion system.
    c. Anti-icing: Anti-icing is the prevention of ice accretions on 
a protected surface, either:
     By evaporating the impinging water; or
     By allowing it to run back and off the protected 
surface or freeze on non-critical areas.
    d. Automatic cycling mode: An automatic cycling mode is a mode 
of operation of the airframe deicing system that provides repetitive 
cycles of the system without the need for the pilot to select each 
cycle. This is generally done with a timer, and there may be more 
than one timing mode.
    e. Deicing: Deicing is the removal or the process of removal of 
an ice accretion after it has formed on a surface.
    f. Ice Protection System: An ice protection system (IPS) is a 
system that protects certain critical aircraft parts from ice 
accretion. To be an approved system, it must satisfy the 
requirements of Sec.  25.1419.
    g. Primary ice detection system: A primary ice detection system 
is used to determine when the IPS must be activated. A primary ice 
detection system is a system with redundancies that provide 
sufficient reliability to comply with Sec.  25.1309 so the flight 
crew does not need to visually monitor the icing accretions that may 
be building on the airplane. The system annunciates the presence of 
ice accretion or icing conditions, and may also provide information 
to other aircraft systems. A primary automatic system automatically 
activates the anti-icing or deicing IPS. With a primary manual 
system, the flightcrew activates the anti-icing or deicing IPS upon 
indication from the primary ice detection system.
    h. Static air temperature: The air temperature as would be 
measured by a temperature sensor not in motion with respect to that 
air. This temperature is also referred to in other documents as 
``outside air temperature,'' ``true outside temperature,'' or 
``ambient temperature.''
    i. Total air temperature: The temperature of a parcel of air 
brought to rest relative to the aircraft resulting from adiabatic 
compression of the parcel. This temperature is also referred to in 
other documents as ``stagnation temperature.''

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 25

    Aircraft, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Safety, Transportation.

The Amendment

0
In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation Administration 
amends Part 25 of Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations as follows:

PART 25--AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS, TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES

0
1. The authority citation for part 25 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701, 44702, and 44704.

0
2. Amend Sec.  25.143 by revising paragraph (j) to read as follows:

Sec.  25.143  General.

* * * * *
    (j) For flight in icing conditions before the ice protection system 
has been activated and is performing its intended function, it must be 
demonstrated in flight with the ice accretion defined in appendix C, 
part II(e) of this part that:
    (1) The airplane is controllable in a pull-up maneuver up to 1.5 g 
load factor; and
    (2) There is no pitch control force reversal during a pushover 
maneuver down to 0.5 g load factor.

0
3. Amend Sec.  25.207 by revising paragraphs (b) and (h), and adding a 
new paragraph (i) to read as follows:

Sec.  25.207  Stall warning.

* * * * *
    (b) The warning must be furnished either through the inherent 
aerodynamic qualities of the airplane or by a device that will give 
clearly distinguishable indications under expected conditions of 
flight. However, a visual stall warning device that requires the 
attention of the crew within the cockpit is not acceptable by itself. 
If a warning device is used, it must provide a warning in each of the 
airplane configurations prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section at 
the speed prescribed in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Except 
for showing compliance with the stall warning margin prescribed in 
paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section, stall warning for flight in icing 
conditions must be provided by the same means as stall warning for 
flight in non-icing conditions.
* * * * *
    (h) For flight in icing conditions before the ice protection system 
has been activated and is performing its intended function, with the 
ice accretion defined in appendix C, part II(e) of this part, the stall 
warning margin in straight and turning flight must be sufficient to 
allow the pilot to prevent stalling without encountering any adverse 
flight characteristics when:
    (1) The speed is reduced at rates not exceeding one knot per 
second;
    (2) The pilot performs the recovery maneuver in the same way as for 
flight in non-icing conditions; and
    (3) The recovery maneuver is started no earlier than:
    (i) One second after the onset of stall warning if stall warning is 
provided by the same means as for flight in non-icing conditions; or
    (ii) Three seconds after the onset of stall warning if stall 
warning is provided by a different means than for flight in non-icing 
conditions.
    (i) In showing compliance with paragraph (h) of this section, if 
stall warning is provided by a different means in icing conditions than 
for non-icing conditions, compliance with Sec.  25.203 must be shown 
using the accretion defined in appendix C, part II(e) of this part. 
Compliance with this requirement must be shown using the demonstration 
prescribed by Sec.  25.201, except that the deceleration rates of Sec.  
25.201(c)(2) need not be demonstrated.

0
4. Amend Sec.  25.1419 by adding new paragraphs (e), (f), (g), and (h) 
to read as follows:

Sec.  25.1419  Ice protection.

* * * * *
    (e) One of the following methods of icing detection and activation 
of the airframe ice protection system must be provided:
    (1) A primary ice detection system that automatically activates or 
alerts the flightcrew to activate the airframe ice protection system;
    (2) A definition of visual cues for recognition of the first sign 
of ice accretion on a specified surface combined with an advisory ice 
detection system that alerts the flightcrew to activate the airframe 
ice protection system; or
    (3) Identification of conditions conducive to airframe icing as 
defined by an appropriate static or total air temperature and visible 
moisture for use by the flightcrew to activate the airframe ice 
protection system.
    (f) Unless the applicant shows that the airframe ice protection 
system need not be operated during specific phases of flight, the 
requirements of paragraph (e) of this section are applicable to all 
phases of flight.
    (g) After the initial activation of the airframe ice protection 
system--

[[Page 38340]]

    (1) The ice protection system must be designed to operate 
continuously;
    (2) The airplane must be equipped with a system that automatically 
cycles the ice protection system; or
    (3) An ice detection system must be provided to alert the 
flightcrew each time the ice protection system must be cycled.
    (h) Procedures for operation of the ice protection system, 
including activation and deactivation, must be established and 
documented in the Airplane Flight Manual.

0
5. Amend appendix C to part 25 by revising part II (e) to read as 
follows:

Appendix C to Part 25

* * * * *

Part II--Airframe Ice Accretions for Showing Compliance With 
Subpart B

* * * * *
    (e) The ice accretion before the ice protection system has been 
activated and is performing its intended function is the critical 
ice accretion formed on the unprotected and normally protected 
surfaces before activation and effective operation of the ice 
protection system in continuous maximum atmospheric icing 
conditions. This ice accretion only applies in showing compliance to 
Sec. Sec.  25.143(j) and 25.207(h), and 25.207(i).

    Issued in Washington, DC, on July 17, 2009.
Lynne A. Osmus,
Acting Administrator.
[FR Doc. E9-18483 Filed 7-31-09; 8:45 am]

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