Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2003-0079-0016
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-11-18T05:00Z

Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Bacteria,
Escherichia
coli
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
48
hr
Threshold
of
inhibited
glucose
use;

measured
by
pH
change
in
media
80
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1959a
Bacteria,
Pseudomonas
putida
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
81.1
16
hr
EC3
(
cell
numbers)
30
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1976,
1977a,

1979,
1980a
Protozoan,
Entosiphon
sulcatum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
81.9
72
hr
EC5
(
cell
numbers)
110
­
Bringmann
1978;

Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1979,
1980a,

Protozoan,

Microrega
heterostoma
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
214
28
hr
Threshold
of
decreased
feeding
rate
50
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1959b
Protozoan,
Chilomonas
paramecium
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
48
hr
Growth
threshold
3,200
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1980b,
1981
Protozoan,

Uronema
parduezi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
20
hr
Growth
threshold
140
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1980b,
1981
Protozoa,

mixed
species
­
­
­
7
days
Reduced
rate
of
colonization
167
­
Cairns
et
al.
1980
Protozoa,

mixed
species
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
­
15
days
Reduced
rate
of
colonization
100
­
Buikema
et
al.
1983
Green
alga,
Cladophora
glomerata
Dosed
stream
Copper
sulfate
226­
310
10
mo
Decreased
abundance
from
21%
down
to
0%
120
­
Weber
and
McFarland
1981
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
­
Copper
sulfate
76
72
hr
Deflagellation
6.7
­
Garvey
et
al.
1991
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
­
Copper
sulfate
76
72
hr
Deflagellation
6.7
­
Garvey
et
al.
1991
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
­
Copper
sulfate
76
72
hr
Deflagellation
16.3
­
Garvey
et
al.
1991
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
­
Copper
sulfate
76
72
hr
Deflagellation
25.4
­
Garvey
et
al.
1991
Green
alga,

Chlorella
sp.
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
­
28
hr
Inhibited
photosynthesis
6.3
­
Gachter
et
al.
1973
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
­
29.4
72
hr
IC50
(
cell
division
rate)
16
­
Stauber
and
Florence
1989
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
­
14.9
72
hr
IC50
(
cell
division
rate)
24
­
Stauber
and
Florence
1989
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
82
4
hr
Disturbed
photosystem
II
25
­
Vavilin
et
al.
1995
Green
alga,

Eudorina
californica
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
19.1
­
Decrease
in
cell
density
5,000
­
Young
and
Lisk
1972
Green
alga
(
flagellate
cells),

Haematococcus
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
2
24
hr
Inhibited
growth
during
96
hr
recovery
period
50
­
Pearlmutter
and
Buchheim
1983
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
214
96
hr
Threshold
of
effect
on
cell
numbers
150
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1959b
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
60
72
hr
EC3
(
cell
numbers)
1,100
­
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1980a
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.8
24
hr
EC50
(
photosynthesis)
100
­
Starodub
et
al.
1987
C1­
1
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.8
24
hr
NOEC
(
growth)
50
­
Starodub
et
al.
1987
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.8
24
hr
NOEC
(
growth)
50
­
Starodub
et
al.
1987
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.8
24
hr
NOEC
(
growth)
>
200
­
Starodub
et
al.
1987
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
14.9
7
days
Growth
reduction
50
­
Bartlett
et
al.
1974
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
29.3
72
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
19
­
Vasseur
et
al.
1988
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
24.2
72
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
41
­
Vasseur
et
al.
1988
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
24.2
72
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
28
­
Vasseur
et
al.
1988
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
14.9
72
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
60
­
Vasseur
et
al.
1988
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
24.2
72
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
28.5
­
Benhra
et
al.
1997
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
15
24
hr
EC50
(
cell
density)
21
­
Chen
et
al.
1997
Diatom,
Cocconeis
placentula
Dosed
stream
Copper
sulfate
226­
310
10
mo
Decreased
abundance
from
21%
down
to
<
1%
120
­
Weber
and
McFarland
1981
Phytoplankton,

mixed
species
S,
U
­
­
124
hr
Averaged
39%
reduction
in
primary
production
10
­
Cote
1983
Macrophyte,

Elodea
canadensis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
EC50
(
photosynthesis)
150
­
Brown
and
Rattigan
1979
Microcosm
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
200
32
wk
LOEC
(
primary
production)
9.3
­
Hedtke
1984
Microcosm
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
200
32
wk
NOEC
(
primary
production)
4
­
Hedtke
1984
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
76.7
96
hr
Significant
drop
in
no.
of
taxa
and
no.

of
individuals
15
­
Clements
et
al.
1988
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
58.5
10
days
Significant
drop
in
no.
of
individuals
2.5
­
Clements
et
al.
1989
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
151
10
days
58%
drop
in
no.
of
individuals
13.5
­
Clements
et
al.
1989
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
68
10
days
Significant
drop
in
species
richness
and
no.
of
individuals
11.3
­
Clements
et
al.
1990
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
80
10
days
Significant
drop
in
species
richness
and
no.
of
individuals
10.7
­
Clements
et
al.
1990
Microcosm
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
102
5
wk
14­
28%
drop
in
phytoplankton
species
richness
20
­
Winner
and
Owen
1991b
Microcosm
F,
M,
T
­
160
28
days
LOEC
(
species
richness)
19.9
­
Pratt
and
Rosenberger
1993
C1­
2
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Dosed
stream
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
56
1
yr
Shifts
in
periphyton
species
abundance
5.208
­
Leland
and
Carter
1984
Dosed
stream
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
56
1
yr
Reduced
algal
production
5.208
­
Leland
and
Carter
1985
Sponge,
Ephydatia
fluviatilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
200
10
days
Reduced
growth
by
33%
6
­
Francis
and
Harrison
1988
Sponge,
Ephydatia
fluviatilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
200
10
days
Reduced
growth
by
100%
19
­
Francis
and
Harrison
1988
Rotifer,
Philodina
acuticornis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
1,300
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rotifer,
Philodina
acuticornis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
100
C)
1,200
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rotifer,
Philodina
acuticornis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
1,130
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rotifer,
Philodina
acuticornis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
200
C)
1,000
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rotifer,
Philodina
acuticornis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
250
C)
950
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rotifer,
Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
39.8
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
200
­
Couillard
et
al.
1989
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
2
hr
LOEC
(
swimming
activity)
12.5
­
Charoy
et
al.
1995
Rotifer,
Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
76
­
Ferrando
et
al.
1992
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
5
hr
EC50
(
filtration
rate)
34
­
Ferrando
et
al.
1993a
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
6
days
LOEC
(
reproduction
decreased
26%)
5
­
Janssen
et
al.
1993
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
5
hr
LOEC
(
reduced
swimming
speed)
12
­
Janssen
et
al.
1993
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
85
3
days
LOEC
(
reproduction
decreased
27%)
5
­
Janssen
et
al.
1994
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
85
3
days
LOEC
(
reproduction
decreased
29%)
5
­
Janssen
et
al.
1994
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
85
8
days
LOEC
(
reproduction
decreased
47%)
5
­
Janssen
et
al.
1994
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
170
35
min
LOEC
(
food
ingestion
rate)
100
­
Juchelka
and
Snell
1994
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
63.2
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
9.4
­
Porta
and
Ronco
1993
Rotifer
(
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
90
2
days
LOEC
(
reproduction
decreased
100%)
30
­
Snell
and
Moffat
1992
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
26
­
Snell
et
al.
1991b
C1­
3
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
100
C)
18
­
Snell
1991;

Snell
et
al.
1991b
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
150
C)
31
­
Snell
1991;

Snell
et
al.
1991b
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
200
C)
31
­
Snell
1991;

Snell
et
al.
1991b
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
250
C)
26
­
Snell
1991;

Snell
et
al.
1991b
Rotifer
(<
2
hr),

Brachionus
calyciflorus
S,
U
­
85
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
300
C)
25
­
Snell
1991;

Snell
et
al.
1991b
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
rubens
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
24
hr
LC50
19
­
Snell
and
Persoone
1989b
Rotifer,
Keratella
cochlearis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
24
hr
LC50
101
­
Borgman
and
Ralph
1984
Worm,
Aeolosoma
headleyi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
2,600
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Worm,
Aeolosoma
headleyi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
100
C)
2,300
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Worm,
Aeolosoma
headleyi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
2,000
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Worm,
Aeolosoma
headleyi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
200
C)
1,650
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Worm,
Aeolosoma
headleyi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
1,000
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Worm
(
adult),

Lumbriculus
variegatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
LC50
150
Bailey
and
Liu,
1980
Worm
(
7
mg),

Lumbriculus
variegatis
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
45
10
days
LC50
35
­
West
et
al.
1993
Tubificid
worm,

Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
LC50
102
Wurtz
and
Bridges
1961
Tubificid
worm,

Tubifex
tubifex
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
245
LC50
158
Khangarot
1991
Snail
(
11­
27
mm),

Campeloma
decisum
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
45
6
wk
LOEC
(
mortality)
14.8
­
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Snail,
Gyraulus
circumstriatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
LC50
108
Wurtz
and
Bridges
1961
Snail,
Goniobasis
livescens
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
154
48
hr
LC50
860
­
Cairns
et
al.
1976
Snail,
Goniobasis
livescens
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
154
96
hr
LC50
­
390
Paulson
et
al.
1983
Snail,
Nitrocris
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
3,000
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Snail,
Nitrocris
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
100
C)
2,400
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
C1­
4
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Snail,
Nitrocris
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
1,000
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Snail,
Nitrocris
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
200
C)
300
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Snail,
Nitrocris
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
(
250
C)
210
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Snail,
Lymnaea
emarginata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
154
48
hr
LC50
300
­
Cairns
et
al.
1976
Snail
(
adult),

Juga
plicifera
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
30
days
LC50
6
­
Nebeker
et
al.
1986b
Snail
(
adult),
Lithoglyphus
virens
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
30
days
LC50
4
­
Nebeker
et
al.
1986b
Snail,
Physa
heterostropha
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
LC50
69
Wurtz
and
Bridges
1961
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Actinonaias
pectorosa
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
140
24
hr
132
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Actinonaias
pectorosa
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
150
24
hr
93
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Actinonaias
pectorosa
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
67
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Actinonaias
pectorosa
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
140
24
hr
42
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Actinonaias
pectorosa
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
170
48
hr
51
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
1­
2
d),

Anodonta
grandis
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
70
24
hr
LC50
44
­
Jacobson
et
al.
1993
Freshwater
mussel
(
1­
2
d),

Anodonta
imbecilis
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
39
48
hr
LC50
171
­
Keller
and
Zam
1991
Freshwater
mussel
(
1­
2
d),

Anodonta
imbecilis
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
90
48
hr
LC50
388
­
Keller
and
Zam
1991
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Lampsilis
fasciola
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
48
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Lampsilis
fasciola
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
160
24
hr
26
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Lampsilis
fasciola
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
75
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
C1­
5
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Lampsilis
fasciola
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
48
hr
40
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
185
24
hr
69
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
185
24
hr
40
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
185
24
hr
37
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
160
24
hr
41
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
150
24
hr
81
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Medionidus
conradicus
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
48
hr
16
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Pygranodon
grandis
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
>
160
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Pygranodon
grandis
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
347
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),
Pygranodon
grandis
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
50
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
1­
2
d),

Villosa
iris
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
190
24
hr
LC50
83
­
Jacobson
et
al.
1993
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
190
24
hr
80
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
190
24
hr
73
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
185
24
hr
65
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
C1­
6
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
185
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
24
hr
75
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
160
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
160
24
hr
36
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
155
24
hr
39
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
155
24
hr
37
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
150
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
150
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
55
24
hr
55
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
55
24
hr
38
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
50
24
hr
71
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
160
24
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
48
hr
66
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Freshwater
mussel
(
released
glochidia),

Villosa
iris
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
150
48
hr
46
Jacobson
et
al.
1997
Zebra
mussel
(
1.6­
2.0
cm),

Dreissena
polymorpha
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
268
9
wk
EC50
+
F106(
filtration
rate)
43
­
Kraak
et
al.
1992
C1­
7
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Zebra
mussel
(
1.6­
2.0
cm),

Dreissena
polymorpha
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
268
10
wk
NOEC
(
filtration
rate)
13
­
Kraak
et
al.
1993
Asiatic
clam
(
1.0­
2.1
cm),

Coprbicula
fluminea
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
64
96
hr
(
24hr
LC50
also
reported)
LC50
40
­
Rodgers
et
al.
1980
Asiatic
clam
(
1.0­
2.1
cm),

Coprbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
64
96
hr
(
24
hr
LC50
also
reported)
LC50
490
­
Rodgers
et
al.
1980
Asiatic
clam
(
juvenile),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
78
30
days
43.3%
mortality
14.48
­
Belanger
et
al.
1990
Asiatic
clam
(
juvenile),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
78
30
days
Stopped
shell
growth
8.75
­
Belanger
et
al.
1990
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
78
30
days
13.3%
mortality
14.48
­
Belanger
et
al.
1990
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
71
30
days
25%
mortality
16.88
­
Belanger
et
al.
1990
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
78
30
days
Inhibited
shell
growth
8.75
­
Belanger
et
al.
1990
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
­
15­
16
days
LC50
­
­
Belanger
et
al.
1991
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
fluminea
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
­
19
days
LC100
­
­
Belanger
et
al.
1991
Asiatic
clam
(
veliger
larva),

Corbicula
manilensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
24
hr
34%
mortality
10
­
Harrison
et
al.
1981,
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
juvenile),

Corbicula
manilensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
24
hr
LC50
100
­
Harrison
et
al.
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
veliger),

Corbicula
manilensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
24
hr
LC50
28
­
Harrison
et
al.
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
trochophore),

Corbicula
manilensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
8
hr
LC100
7.7
­
Harrison
et
al.
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
manilensis
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
7
days
LC50
3,638
­
Harrison
et
al.
1981,
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
adult),

Corbicula
manilensis
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
42
days
LC50
12
­
Harrison
et
al.
1981,
1984
Asiatic
clam
(
4.3
g
adult),

Corbicula
manilensis
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
30
days
LC50
11
­
Harrison
et
al.
1984
Cladoceran,

Bosmina
longirostrus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
33.8
EC50
1.6
Koivisto
et
al.
1992
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
ambigua
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
72
hr
LC50
86.5
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
ambigua
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
Life
span
(
ca.
5
wk)
Chronic
limits
(
inst.
rate
of
population
growth)
50
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
188
EC50
36.6
Bright
1995
C1­
8
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
204
EC50
19.1
Bright
1995
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
428
EC50
36.4
Bright
1995
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
410
EC50
11.7
Bright
1995
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
494
EC50
12.3
Bright
1995
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
440
EC50
12
Bright
1995
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
U
Copper
chloride
90
1
hr
NOEC
(
ingestion)
30
­
Juchelka
and
Snell
1994
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
6­
10
48
hr
LC50
­
2.72
Suedel
et
al.
1996
Cladoceran
(<
12
hr),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
D
­
113.6
48
hr
LC50
­
52
Belanger
and
Cherry
1990
Cladoceran
(<
12
hr),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
D
­
113.6
48
hr
LC50
­
76
Belanger
and
Cherry
1990
Cladoceran
(<
12
hr),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
D
­
113.6
48
hr
LC50
­
91
Belanger
and
Cherry
1990
Cladoceran
(<
48
h),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
280
­
300
48
hr
LC50
9.5
­
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
48
h),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
280
­
300
48
hr
LC50
28
­
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
48
h),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
280
­
300
48
hr
LC50
200
­
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Ceriodaphnia
dubia
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
nitrate
100
48
hr
LC50
66
60.72
Spehar
and
Fiandt
1986
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
R,
U
Copper
nitrate
111
10
days
LC50
53
­
Cowgill
and
Milazzo
1991a
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
R,
U
Copper
nitrate
111
10
days
NOEC
(
reproduction)
96
­
Cowgill
and
Milazzo
1991a
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
­
LOEC
(
reproduction)
44
­
Zuiderveen
and
Birge
1997
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
­
LOEC
(
reproduction)
40
­
Zuiderveen
and
Birge
1997
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
R,
M,
T
­
20
­
IC50
(
reproduction)
5
­
Jop
et
al.
1995
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Ceriodaphnia
reticulata
S,
U
Copper
chloride
240
EC50
23
Elnabarawy
et
al.
1986
Cladoceran,

Ceriodubia
reticulata
S,
U
­
43­
45
EC50
17
Mount
and
Norberg
1984
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
­
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
100
C)
61
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherben
1978
C1­
9
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
­
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
150
C)
70
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherben
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
­
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
200
C)
21
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherben
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
­
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
300
C)
9.3
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherben
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
16
hr
EC
50
(
mobility)
38
­
Anderson
1944
Cladoceran
(<
8
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
64
hr
Immobilization
threshold
12.7
­
Anderson
1948
Cladoceran
(
1
mm),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
100
24
hr
EC
50
(
mobility)
50
­
Bellavere
and
Gorbi
1981
Cladoceran
(
1
mm),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
200
24
hr
EC
50
(
mobility)
70
­
Bellavere
and
Gorbi
1981
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
­
100
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
254
­
Borgmann
and
Ralph
1983
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
­
100
49
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
1,239
­
Borgmann
and
Ralph
1983
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
50
C)
90
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
100
C)
70
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
150
C)
40
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
250
C)
7
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran
(
4
days),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
EC50
(
filtration
rate)
59
­
Ferrando
and
Andreu
1993
Cladoceran
(
24­
48
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
380
­
Ferrando
et
al.
1992
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
50
EC50
7
Oikari
et
al.
1992
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
45
­
Oikari
et
al.
1992
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
Life
span
(
ca.
18
wk)
Chronic
limits
(
inst.
rate
of
population
growth)
70
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
72­
80
48
hr
LC50
­
11.3
Suedel
et
al.
1996
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
I
­
180
­
LC50
55.3
­
Borgmann
and
Charlton
1984
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
I
Copper
sulfate
100
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
46.0
­
Meador
1991
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
I
Copper
sulfate
100
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
57.2
­
Meador
1991
C1­
10
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
I
Copper
sulfate
100
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
67.8
­
Meador
1991
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
100
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
52.8
­
Winner
1984b
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
100
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
56.3
­
Winner
1984b
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
85
96
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
130
­
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
Cladoceran
(
24
hr),

Daphnia
magna
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
18
­
Kazlauskiene
et
al.
1994
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
parvula
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
72
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
parvula
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
57
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
parvula
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
Life
span
(
ca.
10
wk)
Chronic
limits
(
inst.
rate
of
population
growth)
50
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
EC50
10
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
­
45
EC50
53
Mount
and
Norberg
1984
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
chloride
240
EC50
31
Elnabarawy
et
al.
1986
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
33.8
EC50
3.6
Koivisto
et
al.
1992
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
chloride
80­
90
EC50
18
Roux
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
chloride
80­
90
EC50
24
Roux
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
24
hrs),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
chloride
80­
90
EC50
22
Roux
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
86
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
72
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
54
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
145
Life
span
(
ca.
7
wk)
Chronic
limits
(
inst.
rate
of
population
growth)
50
­
Winner
and
Farrell
1976
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
70
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
60
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
20
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
56
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
C1­
11
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Daphnia
pulex
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
200
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
37.5
­
Lilius
et
al.
1995
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
106
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
29
­
Ingersoll
and
Winner
1982
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
106
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
20
­
Ingersoll
and
Winner
1982
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
106
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility)
25
­
Ingersoll
and
Winner
1982
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
85
21
days
Reduced
fecundity
3
­
Roux
et
al.
1993
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
106
70
days
Significantly
shortened
life
span;

reduced
brood
size
20
­
Ingersoll
and
Winner
1982
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
31
48
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
14
mg/
L)
55.4
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
29
49
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
13
mg/
L)
55.3
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
28
50
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
13
mg/
L)
53.3
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
28
50
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
28
mg/
L)
97.2
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
100
51
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
34
mg/
L)
199
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
86
52
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
34
mg/
L)
627
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
84
53
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
32
mg/
L)
165
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
16
54
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
12
mg/
L)
35.5
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
151
55
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
13
mg/
L)
78.8
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
96
56
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
28
mg/
L)
113
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
26
57
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
25
mg/
L)
76.4
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
84
58
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
13
mg/
L)
84.7
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
92
59
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
21
mg/
L)
184
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
­
106
60
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
34
mg/
L)
240
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulicaria
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
106
48
hr
LC50
240
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus
serrulatus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
8
24
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
11
mg/
L)
12
­
Giesy
et
al.
1983
C1­
12
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus
serrulatus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
16
25
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
12.4
mg/
L)
7.2
­
Giesy
et
al.
1983
Cladoceran,
Simocephalus
serrulatus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
16
26
hr
EC50
(
mobility;
TOC=
15.6
mg/
L)
24.5
­
Giesy
et
al.
1983
Cladoceran
(<
24
hr),

Simocephalus
vetulus
S,
U
­
45
57
Mount
and
Norberg
1984
Cladoceran
(
life
cycle),

Bosmina
longirostris
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
13
days
LOEC
(
intrinsic
rate
of
population
increase)
18
­
Koivisto
and
Ketola
1995
Copepods
(
mixed
sp),

Primarily
Acanthocyclops
vernalis
and
Diacyclops
thomasi
R,
M,
I
Copper
chloride
­
1
wk
EC20
(
growth)
42
­
Borgmann
and
Ralph
1984
Copepod
(
adults
and
copepodids
V),
Tropocyclops
prasinus
mexicanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
10
29
Lalande
and
Pinel­
Alloul
1986
Copepod
(
adults
and
copepodids
V),
Tropocyclops
prasinus
mexicanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
10
96
hr
LC50
247
­
Lalande
and
Pinel­
Alloul
1986
Amphipod
(
0.4
cm),

Crangonyx
pseudogracilis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
45­
55
1290
Martin
and
Holdich
1986
Amphipod
(
4
mm),

Crangonyx
psuedogracilis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
50
48
hr
LC50
2,440
­
Martin
and
Holdich
1986
Amphipod,
Gammarus
fasciatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
206
48
hr
LC50
210
­
Judy
1979
Amphipod,
Gammarus
lacustris
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
1,500
­
Nebeker
and
Gaufin
1964
Amphipod
(
2­
3
wk),

Hyallela
azteca
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
6­
10
­
LC50
65.6
­
Suedel
et
al.
1996
Amphipod
(
0­
1
wk),

Hyallela
azteca
R,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
130
10
wk
Significant
mortality
25.4
­
Borgmann
et
al.
1993
Amphipod
(
7­
14
days),

Hyallela
azteca
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
46
10
days
LC50
31
­
West
et
al.
1993
Crayfish
(
intermoult
adult,

19.6
g),
Cambarus
robustus
S,
M,
D
­
10­
12
96
hr
LC50
­
830
Taylor
et
al.
1995
Crayfish
(
1.9­
3.2
cm),

Orconectes
limosus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
LC50
600
­
Boutet
and
Chaisemartin
1973
Crayfish
(
3.0­
3.5
cm),

Orconectes
rusticus
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
100­
125
3,000
Hubschman
1967
Crayfish
(
embryo),

Orconectes
rusticus
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
113
2
wk
52%
mortality
of
newly
hatched
young
250
­
Hubschman
1967
C1­
13
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Crayfish
(
3.14
mg
dry
wt.),

Orconectes
rusticus
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
113
2
wk
23%
reduction
in
growth
15
­
Hubschman
1967
Crayfish
(
30­
40
mm),

Orconectes
sp.
­
113
48
hr
LC50
2,370
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
Crayfish,
Procambarus
clarkii
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
1358
hr
LC50
657
­
Rice
and
Harrison
1983
Mayfly
(
6th­
8th
instar),

Stenonema
sp.
S,
M,
T
­
110
48
hr
LC50
453
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
Mayfly,
Cloeon
dipterium
­
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
LC50
(
100
C)
193
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherban
1978
Mayfly,
Cloeon
dipterium
­
­
­
72
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
95.2
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherban
1978
Mayfly,
Cloeon
dipterium
­
­
­
72
hr
LC50
(
250
C)
53
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherban
1978
Mayfly,
Cloeon
dipterium
­
­
­
72
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
4.8
­
Braginskij
and
Shcherban
1978
Mayfly,
Ephemerella
grandis
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
50
14
days
LC50
180­
200
­
Nehring
1976
Mayfly,
Ephemerella
subvaria
S,
M
Copper
sulfate
44
48
hr
LC50
320
­
Warnick
and
Bell
1969
Mayfly
(
6th­
8th
instar),

Isonychia
bicolor
S,
M,
T
­
110
48
hr
LC50
223
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
Stonefly,
Pteronarcys
californica
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
50
14
days
LC50
12,000
­
Nehring
1976
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche
betteni
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
44
14
days
LC50
32,000
­
Warnick
and
Bell
1969
Midge
(
2nd
instar),

Chironomus
riparius
S,
M,
T
­
110
48
hr
LC50
1,170
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
Midge
(
1st
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
42.7
16.7
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge
(
1st
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
109.6
36.5
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge
(
1st
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
172.3
98.2
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge
(
4th
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
42.7
211
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge
(
4th
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
109.6
977
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge
(
4th
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
172.3
1184
Gauss
et
al.
1985
Midge,
Chironomus
tentans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
25
327
Khangarot
and
Ray
1989
Midge
(
2nd
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
8
96
hr
LC50
630
­
Suedel
et
al.
1996
C1­
14
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Midge
(
4th
instar),

Chironomus
tentans
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36
20
days
LC50
77.5
­
Nebeker
et
al.
1984b
Midge
(
embryo),

Tanytarsus
dissimilis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
46.8
10
days
LC50
16.3
­
Anderson
et
al.
1980
Midge,
Unidentified
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
200
32
wk
Emergence
30
­
Hedtke
1984
Bryozoan
(
2­
3
day
ancestrula),

Lophopodella
carteri
S,
U
­
190­
220
510
Pardue
and
Wood
1980
Bryozoan
(
2­
3
day
ancestrula),

Pectinatella
magnifica
S,
U
­
190­
220
140
Pardue
and
Wood
1980
Bryozoan
(
2­
3
day
ancestrula),

Plumatella
emarginata
S,
U
­
190­
220
140
Pardue
and
Wood
1980
American
eel
(
5.5
cm
glass
eel
stage),
Anguilla
rostrata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
40­
48
96
hr
LC50
2,540
Hinton
and
Eversole
1978
American
eel
(
9.7
cm
black
eel
stage),
Anguilla
rostrata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
40­
48
96
hr
LC50
3,200
Hinton
and
Eversole
1979
American
eel,

Anguilla
rostrata
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
96
hr
LC50
6,400
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
American
eel,

Anguilla
rostrata
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
96
hr
LC50
6,000
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
Arctic
grayling
(
larva),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
67.5
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
larva),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
23.9
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
larva),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
131
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
swim­
up),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
9.6
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
0.20
g
juvenile),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
2.7
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
0.34
g
juvenile),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
2.58
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
0.81
g
juvenile),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
49.3
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Arctic
grayling
(
0.85
g
juvenile),

Thymallus
arcticus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
30
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Coho
salmon
(
larva),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
21
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Coho
salmon
(
larva),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
19.3
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Coho
salmon
(
0.41
g
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
15.1
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
C1­
15
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Coho
salmon
(
0.47
g
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
23.9
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Coho
salmon
(
0.87
g
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
31.9
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Coho
salmon
(
10
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
LC50
280
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Coho
salmon
(
9.7
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
LC50
190
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Coho
salmon
(
9.7
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
LC50
480
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Coho
salmon
(
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
R,
M,
T,
I
­
33
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
7.3
mg/
L)
164
­
Buckley
1983
Coho
salmon
(
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
R,
M,
T,
I
­
33
96
hr
LC50
286
Buckley
1983
Coho
salmon
(
6.3
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
30
days
LC50
360
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Coho
salmon
(
6.3
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
LC50
370
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Coho
salmon
(
smolts),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
91
144
hr
Decrease
in
survival
upon
transfer
to
30
ppt
seawater
20
­
Lorz
and
McPherson
1976
Coho
salmon
(
smolts
>
10
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
91
165
days
Decrease
in
downstream
migration
after
release
5
­
Lorz
and
McPherson
1976
Coho
salmon
(
7.8
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T
Copper
acetate
276
14
wk
15%
reduction
in
growth
70
­
Buckley
et
al.
1982
Coho
salmon
(
7.8
cm),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
­
­
276
7
days
LC50
220
­
Buckley
et
al.
1982
Coho
salmon
(
3­
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T
Copper
acetate
280
7
days
LC50
275
­
McCarter
and
Roch
1983
Coho
salmon
(
3­
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T
Copper
acetate
280
7
days
LC50
(
acclimated
to
copper
for
2
wk)
383
­
McCarter
and
Roch
1983
Coho
salmon
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­
24.4
61
days
NOEC
(
growth
and
survival)
22
­
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Coho
salmon,
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­
31.1
60
days
NOEC
(
growth
and
survival)
18
­
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Coho
salmon
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
kisutch
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­
31
61
days
NOEC
(
growth
and
survival)
33
­
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Rainbow
trout
(
15­
40g)

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
Copper
chloride
­­
120
hr
LA50
(
50%
mortality)
~
1.4
ug
Cu/
g
gill
­
MacRae
et
al.
1999
Sockeye
salmon
(
yeasrling),

Oncorhynchus
nerka
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
12
1­
24
hr
Drastic
increase
in
plasma
corticosteroids
64
­
Donaldson
and
Dye
1975
Sockeye
salmon
(
fry,
0.132
g,

2.95
cm),
Oncorhynchus
nerka
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36­
46
96
hr
LC50
220
­
Davis
and
Shand
1978
C1­
16
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Sockeye
salmon
(
fry,
0.132
g,

2.95
cm),
Oncorhynchus
nerka
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36­
46
96
hr
LC50
210
­
Davis
and
Shand
1978
Sockeye
salmon
(
fry,
0.132
g,

2.95
cm),
Oncorhynchus
nerka
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36­
46
96
hr
LC50
240
­
Davis
and
Shand
1978
Sockeye
salmon
(
fry,
0.132
g,

2.95
cm),
Oncorhynchus
nerka
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36­
46
96
hr
LC50
103
­
Davis
and
Shand
1978
Sockeye
salmon
(
fry,
0.132
g,

2.95
cm),
Oncorhynchus
nerka
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
36­
46
96
hr
LC50
240
­
Davis
and
Shand
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
18­
21
weeks),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
211
96
hr
LC50
58
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1990
Chinook
salmon
(
18­
21
weeks),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
211
96
hr
LC50
54
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1990
Chinook
salmon
(
18­
21
weeks),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
343
96
hr
LC50
60
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1990
Chinook
salmon
(
5.2
cm),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
­
5
days
LC50
178
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Chinook
salmon
(
eyed
embryos),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
44
26
days
93%
mortality
41.67
­
Hazel
and
Meith
1970
Chinook
salmon
(
alevin),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC50
20
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
alevin),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC10
15
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC50
19
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC10
14
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC50
30
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC10
17
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
smolt),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC50
26
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
smolt),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
23
200
hr
LC10
18
­
Chapman
1978
Chinook
salmon
(
3.9­
6.8
cm),

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
20­
22
96
hr
LC50
32
­
Finlayson
and
Verrue
1982
Cutthroat
trout
(
3­
5
mo),

Oncorhynchus
clarki
F,
M
Copper
chloride
50
20
min
avoidance
of
copper
7.708
­
Woodward
et
al.
1997
C1­
17
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
­
­
320
48
hr
LC50
500
­
Brown
1968
Rainbow
trout
(
9­
16
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
In
situ
­
21­
26
48
hr
LC50
70
­
Calamari
and
Marchetti
1975
Rainbow
trout
(
0.4
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
185
­
Bills
et
al.
1981
Rainbow
trout
(
larva),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
36
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Rainbow
trout
(
0.60
g
juvenile),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
41.3
96
hr
LC50
13.8
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1990
Rainbow
trout
(
13­
15
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
250
72
hr
LC50
580
­
Brown
et
al.
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
13­
15
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
250
72
hr
LC50
960
­
Brown
et
al.
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
3.2
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
LC50
140
­
Shaw
and
Brown
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
3.2
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
LC50
130
­
Shaw
and
Brown
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
4.0­
10.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
950
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
4.0­
10.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
430
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
4.0­
10.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
150
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
0.52­
1.55
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
Silver
Cup
diet)
23.9
­
Marking
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
0.41­
2.03
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
purified
H440)
11.3
­
Marking
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
0.0.40­
1.68
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
SD­
9
diet)
15.9
­
Marking
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
0.0.34­
1.52
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
liver
diet)
14.3
­
Marking
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
0.0.38­
1.30
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
brine
shrimp
diet)
11.3
­
Marking
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30
56
hr
LC50
100
­
Rombough
1985
Rainbow
trout
(
6.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
320
72
hr
LC50
1,100
­
Lloyd
1961
Rainbow
trout
(
6.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
17.5
7
days
LC50
44
­
Lloyd
1961
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
320
48
hr
LC50
270
­
Herbert
and
Vandyke
1964
Rainbow
trout
(
yearling),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
240
48
hr
LC50
750
­
Brown
and
Dalton
1970
C1­
18
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rainbow
trout
(
13­
15
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
250
8
days
LC50
500
­
Brown
et
al.
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
104
28
days
LC50
90
­
Birge
1978;

Birge
et
al.
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
101
28
days
EC50
(
death
or
deformity)
110
­
Birge
et
al.
1980;

Birge
and
Black
1979
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
101
28
days
EC10
(
death
or
deformity)
16.5
­
Birge
et
al.
1980
Rainbow
trout
(
eyed
embryos),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
1,150
­
Kazlauskiene
et
al.
1994
Rainbow
trout
(
larva),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
430
­
Kazlauskiene
et
al.
1994
Rainbow
trout
(
16­
18
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
930
­
Kazlauskiene
et
al.
1994
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
62.9
7­
9
mo
Lesions
in
olfactory
rosettes
22
­
Saucier
et
al.
1991b
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
62.9
7­
9
mo
31%
mortality
22
­
Saucier
et
al.
1991b
Rainbow
trout
(
eyed
embryos),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
40­
48
96
hr
LC50
400
­
Giles
and
Klaverkamp
1982
Rainbow
trout
(
yearling),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
36.5
21
days
Elevated
plasma
cortisol
returned
to
normal
45
­
Munoz
et
al.
1991
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
44
96
hr
15­
20%
post­
hatch
mortality
80
­
Giles
and
Klaverkamp
1982
Rainbow
trout
(
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
62.9
7­
9
mo
Inhibited
olfactory
discrimination
22
­
Saucier
et
al.
1991a
Rainbow
trout
(
5.1­
7.6
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
U
Copper
nitrate
­
96
hr
LC50
253
­
Hale
1977
Rainbow
trout
(
11
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
U
­
100
96
hr
LC50
250
­
Goettl
et
al.
1972
Rainbow
trout
(
5
wk
post
swimup)
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
89.5
1
hr
Avoidance
10
­
Folmar
1976
Rainbow
trout
(
18.5­
26.5
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
90
2
hr
55%
depressed
olfactory
response
50
­
Hara
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
trout
(
3.2
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
I
Copper
sulfate
­
8
days
LC50
500
­
Shaw
and
Brown
1974
Rainbow
trout
(
12­
16
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
300
14
days
LC50
870
­
Calamari
and
Marchetti
1973
Rainbow
trout
(
adult),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
42
­
LC50
57
­
Chapman
1975,
Chapman
and
Stevens
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
53.5
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
365
96
hr
LC50
465
­
Lett
et
al.
1976
C1­
19
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rainbow
trout
(
53.5
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
365
15
days
Transient
decrease
in
food
consumption
100
­
Lett
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
trout
(
alevin),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24
200
hr
LC50
20
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
alevin),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24
200
hr
LC10
19
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24
200
hr
LC50
17
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24
200
hr
LC10
9
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
200
hr
LC50
15
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
200
hr
LC10
8
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
smolt),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
200
hr
LC50
21
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
smolt),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
200
hr
LC10
7
­
Chapman
1978
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
112.4
80
min
Avoidance
threshold
74
­
Black
and
Birge
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
49
15­
18
days
LC50
48
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
51
15­
18
days
LC50
46
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
57
15­
18
days
LC50
63
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
12
15­
18
days
LC50
19
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
99
15­
18
days
LC50
54
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
98
15­
18
days
LC50
78
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
12
15­
18
days
LC50
18
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(>
8
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
97
15­
18
days
LC50
96
­
Miller
and
MacKay
1980
Rainbow
trout
(
200­
250
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
320
4
mo
Altered
liver
and
blood
enzymes
and
mitochondrial
function
30
­
Arillo
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout
(
7
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
28.4
20
min
Avoidance
6.4
­
Giattina
et
al.
1982
Rainbow
trout
(
2.70
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
9.2
96
hr
LC50
4.2
­
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
2.88
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
9.2
96
hr
LC50
66
­
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
C1­
20
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rainbow
trout
(
2.88
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
9.2
168
hr
LC50
36.7
­
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
2.70
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
9.2
168
hr
LC50
3.1
­
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
2.65
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
9.2
168
hr
LC50
2.3
­
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
5
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
8,000
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
10
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
2,000
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
15
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
400
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
22
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
600
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
29
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
400
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
36
day
embryo),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
100
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
2
day
larva),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
100
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
7
day
larva),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
87.7
48
hr
LC50
100
­
Shazili
and
Pascoe
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
yearling),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
63
15
days
Olfactory
receptor
degeneration
20
­
Julliard
et
al.
1993
Rainbow
trout
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
60.9
13­
40
wk
Inhibited
olfactory
discrimination
20
­
Saucier
and
Astic
1995
Rainbow
trout
(
swimup),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
60.9
40
wk
43%
mortality
40
­
Saucier
and
Astic
1995
Rainbow
trout
(
9.0­
11.5
cm,

10.6
g),
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
284
96
hr
LC50
650
­
Svecevicius
and
Vosyliene
1996
Rainbow
trout
(
3.5
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24.2
96
hr
LC50
12.7
­
Marr
et
al.
Manuscript
Rainbow
trout
(
3.5
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24.2
96
hr
LC50
16.6
­
Marr
et
al.
Manuscript
Rainbow
trout
(
3.5
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24.2
96
hr
LC50
21.4
­
Marr
et
al.
Manuscript
Rainbow
trout
(
3.5
cm),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24.2
96
hr
LC50
34.2
­
Marr
et
al.
Manuscript
Rainbow
trout
(
10.0
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
362
144
hr
LC50
(
extruded
diet)
276
­
Dixon
and
Hilton
1981
Rainbow
trout
(
10.9
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
362
144
hr
LC50
(
steam
pelleted
diet)
350
­
Dixon
and
Hilton
1981
C1­
21
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Rainbow
trout
(
12.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
362
144
hr
LC50
(
Low
carbohydrate
diet)
408
­
Dixon
and
Hilton
1981
Rainbow
trout
(
11.6
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
362
144
hr
LC50
(
high
carbohydrate
diet)
246
­
Dixon
and
Hilton
1981
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
329
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
333
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
311
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
274
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
371
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
(
acclimated
to
30
ug/
L)
266
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
(
acclimated
to
58
ug/
L)
349
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
(
acclimated
to
94
ug/
L)
515
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
(
acclimated
to
131
ug/
L)
564
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
1.7­
3.3
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
374
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
(
acclimated
to
194
ug/
L)
708
­
Dixon
and
Sprague
1981a
Rainbow
trout
(
2.9
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
D
Copper
chloride
30.5
ca.
2
hr
Inhibited
avoidance
of
serine
6.667
­
Rehnberg
and
Schreck
1986
Rainbow
trout
(
3.2
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
30
96
hr
LC50
­
19.9
Howarth
and
Sprague
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
1.4
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
101
96
hr
LC50
­
176
Howarth
and
Sprague
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
2.2
g),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
370
96
hr
LC50
­
232
Howarth
and
Sprague
1978
Rainbow
trout
(
smolt),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
363
>
10
days
LC50
97.92
­
Fogels
and
Sprague
1977
Rainbow
trout
(
parr),

Oncorhynchus
mykiss
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­
31.0
62
days
NOEC
(
growth
and
survival)
90
­
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Atlantic
salmon
(
2­
3
yr
parr),

Salmo
salar
S,
M,
T
­
8­
10
96
hr
LC50
125
­
Wilson
1972
Atlantic
salmon
(
6.4­
11.7
cm),

Salmo
salar
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
20
7
days
LC50
48
­
Sprague
1964
Atlantic
salmon
(
7.2­
10.9
cm),

Salmo
salar
F,
M,
T
­
14
7
days
LC50
32
­
Sprague
and
Ramsay
1965
Brown
trout
(
3­
6
day
larva),

Salmo
trutta
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
4
30
days
>
90%
mortality
80
­
Reader
et
al.
1989
C1­
22
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Brown
trout
(
larva),

Salmo
trutta
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
4
30
days
>
90%
mortality
20
­
Sayer
et
al.
1989
Brown
trout
(
larva),

Salmo
trutta
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
22
30
days
<
10%
mortality
80
­
Sayer
et
al.
1989
Brown
trout
(
larva),

Salmo
trutta
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
60
days
Inhibited
growth
4.6
­
Marr
et
al.
1996
Brook
trout,

Salvelinus
fontinalis
­
­
­
24
hr
Significant
change
in
cough
rate
9
­
Drummond
et
al.
1973
Brook
trout
(
1
g),

Salvelinus
fontinalis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
4
80
hr
75%
mortality
25.4
­
Sayer
et
al.
1991
b,
c
Brook
trout
(
8
mo),

Salvelinus
fontinalis
R,
M,
T
­
20
10
days
IC50
(
growth)
187
­
Jop
et
al.
1995
Brook
trout
(
15­
20
cm),

Salvelinus
fontinalis
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
47
21
days
Altered
Blood
Hct,
RBC,
Hb,
Cl,

PGOT,
Osmolarity,
protein
38.2
­
McKim
et
al.
1970
Brook
trout
(
13­
20
cm),

Salvelinus
fontinalis
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
47
337
days
Altered
blood
PGOT
17.4
­
McKim
et
al.
1970
Goldfish
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Carassius
auratus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
36
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Goldfish
(
10.5
g),

Carassius
auratus
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
34.2
­
LC50
150
­
Hossain
et
al.
1995
Goldfish
(
embryo),

Carrassius
auratus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
7
days
EC50
(
death
or
deformity)
5,200
­
Birge
1978;

Birge
and
Black
1979
Goldfish,
Carassius
auratus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
2,700
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Goldfish,
Carassius
auratus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
2,900
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Goldfish,
Carassius
auratus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
1,510
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Common
carp
(
1.8­
2.1
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
117.5
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
Common
carp
(
5.0­
6.0
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
530
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
Common
carp
(
embryo),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
360
­
EC50
(
hatch
and
deformity)
4,775
­
Kapur
and
Yadav
1982
Common
carp
(
embryo),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
acetate
274
96
hr
LC50
140
­
Kaur
and
Dhawan
1994
Common
carp
(
larva),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
acetate
274
96
hr
LC50
4
­
Kaur
and
Dhawan
1994
Common
carp
(
fry),

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
U
Copper
acetate
274
96
hr
LC50
63
­
Kaur
and
Dhawan
1994
Common
carp,

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
­
LC50
110
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
Common
carp,

Cyprinus
carpio
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
­
LC50
800
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
C1­
23
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Common
carp
(
4.7­
6.2
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
19
96
hr
LC50
63
Khangarot
et
al.
1983
Common
carp
(
embryo
and
larva),
Cyprinus
carpio
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
50
108
hr
77%
deformed
10
­
Wani
1986
Common
carp
(
3.5
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
300
­
Alam
and
Maughan
1992
Common
carp
(
6.5
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
1,000
­
Alam
and
Maughan
1992
Common
carp
(
embryo),

Cyprinus
carpio
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
50
72
hr
Prevented
hatching
700
­
Hildebrand
and
Cushman
1978
Common
carp
(
1
mo),

Cyprinus
carpio
R,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
84.8
1
wk
Raised
critical
D.
O.
and
altered
ammonia
excretion
14.0
­
De
Boeck
et
al.
1995a
Common
carp
(
22.9
cm),

Cyprinus
carpio
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
48
hr
LC50
170
­
Harrison
and
Rice
1981
Common
carp
(
embryo
and
larva),
Cyprinus
carpio
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
100
168
hr
55%
mortality
19
­
Stouthart
et
al.
1996
Common
carp
(
embryo
and
larva),
Cyprinus
carpio
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
100
168
hr
18%
mortality;
50.8
­
Stouthart
et
al.
1996
Bonytail
(
larva),

Gila
elegans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
364
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Bonytail
(
100­
110
days),

Gila
elegans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
231
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Golden
shiner
(
11­
13
cm),

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
221
94
hr
Decreased
serum
osmolality
2,500
­
Lewis
and
Lewis
1971
Golden
shiner,

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
330
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Golden
shiner,

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
230
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Golden
shiner,

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
270
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Golden
shiner,

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
72.2
15
min
EC50
(
avoidance)
26
­
Hartwell
et
al.
1989
Striped
shiner,

Notropis
chrysocephalus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
96
hr
LC50
3,400
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Striped
shiner
(
4.7
cm)

Notropis
chrysocephalus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
4,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Striped
shiner
(
5.0
cm)

Notropis
chrysocephalus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
274
96
hr
LC50
5,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Striped
shiner,

Notropis
chrysocephalus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
8,400
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
C1­
24
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Striped
shiner,

Notropis
chrysocephalus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
16,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
208
48
hr
LC50
290
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
132
48
hr
LC50
150
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
182
48
hr
LC50
200
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
233
48
hr
LC50
180
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
282
48
hr
LC50
260
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
337
48
hr
LC50
260
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
322
48
hr
LC50
6,300
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
322
48
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
322
48
hr
LC50
25,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
203
48
hr
LC50
160
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
203
48
hr
LC50
1,100
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
203
48
hr
LC50
2,900
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
320
48
hr
LC50
6,300
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
324
48
hr
LC50
9,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
324
48
hr
LC50
4,700
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
320
48
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
48
hr
LC50
5,700
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
48
hr
LC50
10,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
48
hr
LC50
8,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
48
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
324
48
hr
LC50
9,700
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
C1­
25
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
339
48
hr
LC50
7,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
310
48
hr
LC50
12,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
310
48
hr
LC50
21,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
302
48
hr
LC50
19,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
296
48
hr
LC50
8,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
332
48
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
340
48
hr
LC50
6,300
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
296
48
hr
LC50
1,500
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
306
48
hr
LC50
750
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
308
48
hr
LC50
2,500
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
304
48
hr
LC50
1,600
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow,

Pimephales
notatus
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
315
48
hr
LC50
4,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow
(
3.9
cm),

Pimephales
notatus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
6,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluntnose
minnow
(
5.3
cm),

Pimephales
notatus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
13,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
adult),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
103­
104
96
hr
LC50
210
Birge
et
al.
1983
Fathead
minnow
(
adult),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
103­
104
96
hr
LC50
310
Birge
et
al.
1983
Fathead
minnow
(
adult),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
103­
104
96
hr
LC50
120
Birge
et
al.
1983
Fathead
minnow
(
adult),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
103­
104
96
hr
LC50
210
Birge
et
al.
1983;

Benson
and
Birge
1985
Fathead
minnow
(
adult),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
254­
271
96
hr
LC50
390
Birge
et
al.
1983;

Benson
and
Birge
1985
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
200
96
hr
LC50
430
Mount
1968
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
31
96
hr
LC50
84
Mount
and
Stephan
1969
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
25
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
C1­
26
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
23
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
23
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
22
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
360
96
hr
LC50
1760
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Fathead
minnow
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
360
96
hr
LC50
1140
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
50
Tarzwell
and
Henderson
1960
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
400
96
hr
LC50
1,400
Tarzwell
and
Henderson
1960
Fathead
minnow
(
3.2­
4.2
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M
Copper
acetate
44
96
hr
LC50
117
­
Curtis
et
al.
1979;

Curtis
and
Ward
1981
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
294
96
hr
LC50
16,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
120
96
hr
LC50
2,200
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
298
96
hr
LC50
16,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
280
96
hr
LC50
3,300
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
244
96
hr
LC50
1,600
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
212
96
hr
LC50
2,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
260
96
hr
LC50
3,500
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
224
96
hr
LC50
9,700
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
228
96
hr
LC50
5,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
150
96
hr
LC50
2,800
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
310
96
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
280
96
hr
LC50
12,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
280
96
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976;

Geckler
et
al.
1976
C1­
27
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
260
96
hr
LC50
22,200
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
308
96
hr
LC50
4,670
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
206
96
hr
LC50
920
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
262
96
hr
LC50
1,190
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
322
96
hr
LC50
2,830
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
210
96
hr
LC50
1,450
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
260
96
hr
LC50
1,580
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
252
96
hr
LC50
1,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
312
96
hr
LC50
5,330
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
276
96
hr
LC50
4,160
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
252
96
hr
LC50
10,550
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
298
96
hr
LC50
22,200
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
282
96
hr
LC50
21,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
2.0­
6.9
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
284
96
hr
LC50
23,600
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
290
96
hr
LC50
>
200
­
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
16.8
96
hr
LC50
36.0
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
19.0
96
hr
LC50
70.3
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
19.0
96
hr
LC50
85.6
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
19.0
96
hr
LC50
182.0
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h;
0.68
mg),
Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
17
96
hr
LC50
1.99
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
C1­
28
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h;
0.68
mg),
Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
20.5
96
hr
LC50
4.86
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h;
0.68
mg),
Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
16.5
96
hr
LC50
11.1
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h;
0.68
mg),
Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
17.5
96
hr
LC50
9.87
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
h;
0.68
mg),
Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
17
96
hr
LC50
15.7
­
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Fathead
minnow
(
60­
90
days),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
­
110
48
hr
LC50
284
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
Fathead
minnow
(
3
wk),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
101
48
hr
Short­
term
intolerance
of
hypoxia
(
2
mg
D.
O./
L)
186
­
Bennett
et
al.
1995
Fathead
minnow
(
2­
4
day),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
6­
10
­
LC50
12.5
­
Suedel
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
9.9
96
hr
LC50
10.7
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
7.1
96
hr
LC50
6.3
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
8.3
96
hr
LC50
12.2
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
8.9
96
hr
LC50
9.5
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
16.8
96
hr
LC50
26.8
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
12.2
96
hr
LC50
21.2
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
9.4
96
hr
LC50
19.8
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
11.4
96
hr
LC50
31.9
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
10.9
96
hr
LC50
26.1
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
12.4
96
hr
LC50
26.0
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
17.4
96
hr
LC50
169.5
­
Welsh
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
17.15
14.87
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
21.59
18.72
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
C1­
29
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
47
96
hr
LC50
123.19
106.8
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
45
96
hr
LC50
42.56
36.89
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
83.19
72.13
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
100
96
hr
LC50
(
fish
from
metal­
contaminated
pond)
360
­
Birge
et
al.
1983
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
S,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
250
96
hr
LC50
(
fish
from
metal­
contaminated
pond)
410
­
Birge
et
al.
1983
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
­
45
7
days
LC50
70
­
Norberg
and
Mount
1985
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
­
45
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
26
­
Norberg
and
Mount
1985
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
345
4
days
RNA
threshhold
effect
130
­
Parrott
and
Sprague
1993
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
5
days
LC50
480
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
5
days
LC50
440
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
5
days
EC50
(
malformation)
270
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
5
days
EC50
(
malformation)
260
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
LC50
310
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
LC50
330
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
EC50
(
malformation)
190
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
EC50
(
malformation)
170
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
LOEC
(
length)
160
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
106
7
days
LOEC
(
length)
180
­
Fort
et
al.
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
180
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
25
­
Pickering
and
Lazorchak
1995
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
218
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
38
­
Pickering
and
Lazorchak
1995
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
218
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
38
­
Pickering
and
Lazorchak
1995
Fathead
minnow
(
3­
7
days),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
74
48
hr
LC50
225
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997b
C1­
30
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
80
48
hr
LC50
35.9
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997a
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
80
48
hr
LC50
28.9
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997a
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
80
48
hr
LC50
20.7
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997a
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
80
48
hr
LC50
80.8
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997a
Fathead
minnow
(
3­
7
days),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
80
48
hr
LC50
297.1
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997b
Fathead
minnow
(
3­
7
days),

Pimephales
promelas
R,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
72
48
hr
LC50
145.8
­
Diamond
et
al.
1997b
Fathead
minnow
(
32­
38
mm),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
244
9
mo
LOEC
(
93%
lower
fecundity)
120
­
Brungs
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
larva),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
202
­
LC50
250
­
Scudder
et
al.
1988
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
202
34
days
Reduced
growth;

increased
abnormality
61
­
Scudder
et
al.
1988
Fathead
minnow
(
embryo),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
202
34
days
LC50
123
­
Scudder
et
al.
1988
Fathead
minnow
(
24­
96
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
10.7
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
6.2
­
Welsh
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
24­
96
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
10.7
21
days
Growth
(
length)
reduced
by
8%
5.3
­
Welsh
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
24­
96
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
9.3
21
days
Incipient
lethal
level
17.2
­
Welsh
1996
Fathead
minnow
(
24­
96
hr),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
9.3
21
days
Growth
(
length)
reduced
by
17%
16.2
­
Welsh
1996
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
305
­
Erickson
et
al.
1996
a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
298.6
­
Erickson
et
al.
1996
a,
b
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
30
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
12
mg/
L)
436
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
37
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
13
mg/
L)
516
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
87
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
36
mg/
L)
1,586
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
73
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
28
mg/
L)
1,129
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
84
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
15
mg/
L)
550
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
66
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
34
mg/
L)
1,001
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
C1­
31
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
117
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
30
mg/
L)
2,050
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
­
121
96
hr
LC50
(
TOC=
30
mg/
L)
2,336
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
117
96
hr
LC50
2,050
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
121
96
hr
LC50
2,336
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Fathead
minnow
(
4.4
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
11,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(
4.2
cm),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
15,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
45
96
hr
LC50
158.8
138.1
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
45
96
hr
LC50
80.01
72.01
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
46
96
hr
LC50
20.96
18.23
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
44
96
hr
LC50
50.8
39.12
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Fathead
minnow
(<
24
hrs),

Pimephales
promelas
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
45
96
hr
LC50
65.41
45.78
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Colorado
squawfish
(
larva),

Ptychocheilus
lucius
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
363
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Colorado
squawfish
(
155­
186
days),
Ptychocheilus
lucius
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
663
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Colorado
squawfish
(
32­
40
days
posthatch),
Ptychocheilus
lucius
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144
96
hr
LC50
293
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1997
Colorado
squawfish
(
32­
40
days
posthatch),
Ptychocheilus
lucius
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144
96
hr
LC50
320
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1997
Creek
chub,

Semotilus
atromaculatus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
11,500
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Creek
chub,

Semotilus
atromaculatus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
274
96
hr
LC50
1,100
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Razorback
sucker
(
larva),

Xyrauchen
texanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
404
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Razorback
sucker
(
102­
116
days),
Xyrauchen
texanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
199
96
hr
LC50
331
Buhl
and
Hamilton
1996
Razorback
sucker
(
13­
23
days
posthatch),

Xyrauchen
texanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144
96
hr
LC50
231
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1997
C1­
32
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Razorback
sucker
(
13­
23
days
posthatch),

Xyrauchen
texanus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
144
96
hr
LC50
314
Hamilton
and
Buhl
1997
Brown
bullhead,

Ictallurus
nebulosus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
12,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Brown
bullhead
(
5.2
cm),

Ictalurus
nebulosus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
5,200
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Channel
catfish
(
13­
14
cm),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
221
94
hr
Decreased
serum
osmolality
2,500
­
Lewis
and
Lewis
1971
Channel
catfish,

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
3,700
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Channel
catfish,

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
2,600
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Channel
catfish,

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
3,100
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Channel
catfish,

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
10
days
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
6,620
­
Birge
and
Black
1979
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
16
96
hr
LC50
54
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
16
96
hr
LC50
55
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
83
96
hr
LC50
762
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
83
96
hr
LC50
700
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
161
96
hr
LC50
768
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
161
96
hr
LC50
1139
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
287
96
hr
LC50
1041
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
fingerlings),

Ictalurus
punctatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
287
96
hr
LC50
925
Straus
and
Tucker
1993
Channel
catfish
(
400­
600
g),

Ictalurus
punctatus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
­
10
wk
Significant
mortality
354
­
Perkins
et
al.
1997
Channel
catfish
(
4.1
gm),

Ictalurus
punctatus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
319
14
days
LC50
1,229
­
Richey
and
Roseboom
1978
Channel
catfish
(
5.7
gm),

Ictalurus
punctatus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
315
14
days
LC50
1,073
­
Richey
and
Roseboom
1978
Banded
killifish,

Fundulus
diaphanus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
­
860
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
Banded
killifish,

Fundulus
diaphanus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
­
840
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
C1­
33
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Flagfish
(
0.1­
0.3
g),

Jordanella
floridae
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
363
10
days
LC50
­
680
Fogels
and
Sprague
1977
Flagfish
(
0.1­
0.3
g),

Jordanella
floridae
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
363
96
hr
LC50
­
1,270
Fogels
and
Sprague
1977
Mosquitofish
(
3.8­
5.1
cm
female),
Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
27­
41
96
hr
LC50
93
Joshi
and
Rege
1980
Mosquitofish
(
3.8­
5.1
cm
female),
Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
27­
41
96
hr
LC50
200
Joshi
and
Rege
1980
Mosquitofish
(
2.5
cm
male),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
50
96
hr
LC50
3,500
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
2.5
cm
male),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
150
96
hr
LC50
5,000
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
2.5
cm
male),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
300
96
hr
LC50
6,000
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
3.5
cm
female),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
50
96
hr
LC50
2,500
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
3.5
cm
female),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
150
96
hr
LC50
2,900
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
3.5
cm
female),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
300
96
hr
LC50
5,000
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
0.8
cm
fry),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
50
96
hr
LC50
900
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
0.8
cm
fry),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
150
96
hr
LC50
1,400
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquitofish
(
0.8
cm
fry),

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
­
300
96
hr
LC50
2,000
Kallanagoudar
and
Patil
1997
Mosquito
fish,

Gambusia
affinis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
LC50
(
high
turbidity)
75,000
­
Wallen
et
al.
1957
Mosquito
fish,

Gambusia
affinis
R,
M
Copper
sulfate
45
48
hr
LC50
180
­
Chagnon
and
Guttman
1989
Guppy
(
1.5
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
230
96
hr
LC50
1,230
Khangarot
1981
Guppy
(
1.62
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
240
96
hr
LC50
764
Khangarot
et
al.
1981b
Guppy
(
1.9­
2.5
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
36
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Guppy
(
1.5
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
260
96
hr
LC50
2,500
Khangarot
et
al.
1981a
Guppy
(
0.8­
1.0
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
160
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
Guppy
(
1.2­
2.3
cm;
female),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
275
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
C1­
34
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Guppy
(
2.3­
2.8
cm;
male),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
210
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
Guppy
(
340
mg;
female),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
144­
188
96
hr
LC50
480
Deshmukh
and
Marathe
1980
Guppy
(
1.5
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
260
48
hr
LC50
2,500
­
Khangarot
et
al.
1981a
Guppy
(
1.5
cm),

Poecilia
reticulata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
181
96
hr
LC50
986
­
Khangarot
and
Ray
1987b
Guppy
(
1
mo),

Poecilia
reticulata
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
76
24
hr
LC50
1,370
­
Minicucci
1971
Guppy
(
1
mo),

Poecilia
reticulata
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
76
24
hr
LC50
930
­
Minicucci
1971
Guppy
(
1
mo),

Poecilia
reticulata
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
76
24
hr
LC50
1,130
­
Minicucci
1971
White
perch,

Morone
americana
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
­
LC50
6,200
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
White
perch,

Morone
americana
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
­
LC50
6,400
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
Striped
bass
(
larva),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
34.6
96
hr
LC50
50
Hughes
1973
Striped
bass
(
larva),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.6
96
hr
LC50
100
Hughes
1973
Striped
bass
(
3.5­
5.1
cm),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
34.6
96
hr
LC50
50
Hughes
1973
Striped
bass
(
3.1­
5.1
cm),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
34.6
96
hr
LC50
150
Hughes
1973
Striped
bass
(
35­
80
day),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
285
96
hr
LC50
270
Palawski
et
al.
1985
Striped
bass
(
6
cm),

Morone
saxitilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35
96
hr
LC50
620
Wellborn
1969
Striped
bass,

Morone
saxitilis
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
96
hr
LC50
4,300
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
Striped
bass,

Morone
saxitilis
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
96
hr
LC50
2,700
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
Rock
bass,
Ambloplites
rupestris
F,
M,
T
­
24
96
hr
LC50
(
high
TOC)
1,432
­
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
Pumpkinseed
(
1.2
g),

Lepomis
gibbosus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
­
LC50
2,400
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
Pumpkinseed
(
1.2
g),

Lepomis
gibbosus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
­
LC50
2,700
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
Pumpkinseed,

Lepomis
gibbosus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
53
96
hr
LC50
2,400
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1971
Pumpkinseed,

Lepomis
gibbosus
S,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
55
96
hr
LC50
2,700
­
Rehwoldt
et
al.
1972
C1­
35
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
43
96
hr
LC50
770
Academy
of
Natural
Sciences
1960
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
43
96
hr
LC50
1,250
Academy
of
Natural
Sciences
1960;

Cairns
and
Scheier
1968;
Patrick
et
al.
1968
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
50
C)
2,590
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
150
C)
2,500
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
45
24
hr
LC50
(
300
C)
3,820
­
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Bluegill
(
3­
4
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
­
119
8
days
33%
reduction
in
locomotor
activity
40
­
Ellgaard
and
Guillot
1988
Bluegill
(
4.2
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
52
96
hr
LC50
254
Inglis
and
Davis
1972
Bluegill
(
4.2
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
209
96
hr
LC50
437
Inglis
and
Davis
1972
Bluegill
(
4.2
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
365
96
hr
LC50
648
Inglis
and
Davis
1972
Bluegill
(
5­
15
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35
2­
6
days
8%
increase
in
oxygen
consumption
rates
300
­
O'Hara
1971
Bluegill
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
660
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Bluegill
(
3.8­
6.3
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
360
96
hr
LC50
10,200
Pickering
and
Henderson
1966
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
96
hr
LC50
200
Tarzwell
and
Henderson
1960
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
400
96
hr
LC50
10,000
Tarzwell
and
Henderson
1960
Bluegill
(
5­
11
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
46
48
hr
LC50
3,000
­
Turnbull
et
al.
1954
Bluegill
(
5­
11
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
101.2
48
hr
LC50
7,000
­
Turnbull
et
al.
1954
Bluegill
(
0.51g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
M,
T
­
110
48
hr
LC50
4,300
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
C1­
36
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Bluegill
(
5­
9
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
45­
47
­
LC50
710
­
Trama
1954
Bluegill
(
5­
9
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
45­
47
­
LC50
770
­
Trama
1954
Bluegill
(
5­
15
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M
Copper
sulfate
35
­
LC50
2400
­
O'Hara
1971
Bluegill
(
3.5­
6.0
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
112.4
80
min
Avoidance
threshold
8,480
­
Black
and
Birge
1980
Bluegill
(
3.2­
6.7
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
21.2­
59.2
96
hr
LC50
1,100
­
Thompson
et
al.
1980
Bluegill
(
3.2­
6.7
cm),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
21.2­
59.2
96
hr
LC50
900
­
Thompson
et
al.
1980
Bluegill
(
35.6­
62.3
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
273.3
24­
96
hr
Various
behavioral
changes
34
­
Henry
and
Atchison
1986
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
157
24­
96
hr
27%
reduction
in
food
consumption
31
­
Sandheinrich
and
Atchison
1989
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
16,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluegill,
Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
17,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Bluegill
(
0.14­
0.93
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
246
14
days
LC50
­
2,500
Richey
and
Roseboom
1978
Bluegill
(
1.15­
2.42
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
237
14
days
LC50
­
3,700
Richey
and
Roseboom
1978
Bluegill
(
48.3
g),

Lepomis
macrochirus
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
40
96
hr
Biochemical
changes
2,000
­
Heath
1984
Largemouth
bass
(
embryo),

Micropterus
salmoides
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
8
days
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
6,560
­
Birge
et
al.
1978;
Birge
and
Black
1979
Largemouth
bass,

Micropterus
salmoides
F,
U
­
­
24
hr
Affected
opercular
rhythm
48
­
Morgan
1979
Rainbow
darter,

Etheostoma
caeruleum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
4,500
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
darter,

Etheostoma
caeruleum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
8,000
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
darter,

Etheostoma
caeruleum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
274
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
2,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
darter
(
4.6
cm),

Etheostoma
caeruleum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
4,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Rainbow
darter
(
4.6
cm),

Etheostoma
caeruleum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
5,300
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Fantail,
Etheostoma
flabellare
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
96
hr
Lowered
critical
thermal
maximum
43
­
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
C1­
37
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Johnny
darter,

Etheostoma
nigrum
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
170
96
hr
Lowered
critical
thermal
maximum
148
­
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Johnny
darter,

Etheostoma
nigrum
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
6,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter,

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
7,100
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter,

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
9,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter,

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
318
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
7,900
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter,

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
316
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
5,500
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter,

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
274
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
5,800
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter
(
4.4
cm),

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
314
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
7,100
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Orangethroat
darter
(
4.4
cm),

Etheostoma
spectabile
F,
M,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
303
96
hr
LC50
(
high
BOD)
9,400
­
Geckler
et
al.
1976
Mozambique
tilapia
(
8.7
cm),

Tiliapia
mossambica
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
115
96
hr
LC50
1,500
Qureshi
and
Saksema
1980
Leopard
frog
(
embryo),

Rana
pipiens
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
100
8
days
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
50
­
Birge
and
Black
1979
Wood
frog
(
larva),

Rana
sylvatica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
6.2
28
days
100%
mortality
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
Wood
frog
(
larva),

Rana
sylvatica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
12.4
28
days
Little
effect
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
Wood
frog
(
larva),

Rana
sylvatica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
6.2
28
days
Little
effect
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
Wood
frog
(
larva),

Rana
sylvatica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
12.4
28
days
Little
effect
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
Narrow­
mouthed
toad
(
embryo),

Gastrophryne
carolinensis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
7
days
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
40
­
Birge
1978;

Birge
and
Black
1979
American
toad,

Bufo
americanus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
112.4
80
min
Avoidance
threshold
100
­
Black
and
Birge
1980
Fowler's
toad
(
embryo),

Bufo
fowleri
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
7
days
LC50
40
­
Birge
and
Black
1979
Fowler's
toad
(
embryo),

Bufo
fowleri
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
7
min
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
26,960
­
Birge
and
Black
1979
Southern
gray
treefrog
(
embrsyo),

Hyla
chrysoscelis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
7
min
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
40
­
Birge
and
Black
1979
Marbled
salamander
(
embryo),

Ambysoma
opacum
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
195
8
days
EC50
(
death
and
deformity)
770
­
Birge
et
al.
1978;
Birge
and
Black
1979
Jefferson
salamander
(
larva),

Ambyostoma
jeffersonianum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
6.2
7
days
LC100
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
C1­
38
Appendix
C1.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Freshwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Jefferson
salamander
(
larva),

Ambyostoma
jeffersonianum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
12.4
28
days
LC100
15
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1995
Jefferson
salamander
(
embryo),

Ambyostoma
jeffersonianum
S,
M,
D
Copper
chloride
6.5
96
hr
LC50
328.1
­
Horne
and
Dunson
1994
Two­
lined
Salamander,

Eurycea
bislineata
S,
M,
T
­
100­
120
48
hr
LC50
1,120
­
Dobbs
et
al.
1994
a
S
=
static;
R
=
renewal;
F
=
flow­
through;
M
=
measured;
U
=
unmeasured;
T
=
total
metal
concentration
measured;
D
=
dissolved
metal
concentration;
I
=
ionic
b
Results
are
expressed
as
copper,
not
as
the
chemical
c
In
river
water
C1­
39