Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0202-0017
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2002-08-14T04:00Z

PC
Code:
009001
DP
Code:
D282004
MEMORANDUM
DATE:
April
25,
2002
SUBJECT:
Estimated
Concentrations
of
Lindane
in
Surface
Water
Used
as
a
Source
of
Drinking
Water
From
Use
and
Disposal
of
Shampoo
and
Lotion
Into
Household
Wastewater
TO:
Betty
Shackleford,
Branch
Chief
M.
Howard,
Team
Leader
Reregistration
Branch
III
Special
Review
and
Reregistration
Division
(7508C)

FROM:
Faruque
A.
Khan,
Ph.
D.,
Environmental
Scientist
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
(7507C)

THROUGH:
Mah
T.
Shamim,
Ph.
D.,
Chief
Jean
Holmes,
DMV,
MPH,
RAPL
Environmental
Risk
Branch
V
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
(7507C)

Exposure
Conclusions
This
memo
presents
the
screening
estimated
concentrations
of
lindane
in
surface
water
used
as
a
source
of
drinking
water
from
consumer
use
for
both
lice
and
scabies
treatments.
Surface
water
concentrations
were
based
on
the
estimated
annual
production
volume
directed
to
this
market
and
released
into
household
wastewater
from
products
containing
lindane
at
a
maximum
concentration
of
1
percent.
Exposures
are
further
based
on
the
effects
of
treatment
in
a
Publically
Owned
Treatment
Works
(POTW)
with
a
minimum
of
secondary
treatment
using
either
trickling
filter
or
activated
sludge
bioreactors.
Both
daily
per
capita
release
into
the
waste
stream
and
the
daily
per
capita
wastewater
volume
release
are
used
in
estimating
time­
averaged
surface
water
concentrations.
Estimated
surface
water
concentrations
are,
acute
4.
41E­
04
µg
L
­
based
on
a
high­
end
stream
dilution
factor
(i.
e.,
upper
10
th
percentile)
and
chronic
3.
4E­
05
µg
L
­
based
on
the
median
stream
dilution
factor
(i.
e.,
50
th
percentile),
Table
1.
Table
1.
Recommended
Lindane
Surface
Water
Drinking
Water
Concentrations
from
Household
Releases.

Exposure
Estimated
Drinking
Water
Concentrations
(µg
L
­1
)

Acute
4.
41E­
04
Cancer
Chronic
3.
40E­
05
Note:
µg
L
­1
=
ppb
Approach
to
Exposure
Assessment
The
EFED
does
not
possess
a
method
nor
has
it
traditionally
conducted
exposure
assessments
for
the
released
of
pesticides
to
domestic
wastewater
from
consumer
uses.
Therefore,
EFED
obtained
and
relied
on
the
Office
of
Pollution
Prevention
and
Toxics'(
OPPT)
consumer
exposure
model,
Exposure
and
Fate
Assessment
Screening
Tool
(E­
FAST)
(Versar,
1999)
to
estimate
Lindane
concentrations
in
surface
water.
Specifically,
EFED
used
the
program's
submodel
designed
for
releases
to
domestic
wastewater
treatment,
often
referred
to
as
Down­
the­
Drain
Releases.
The
method
assumes
that
in
a
given
year
the
entire
production
volume
is
parceled
out
on
a
daily
basis
to
the
U.
S.
population
and
converted
to
a
mass
release
per
capita;
daily
per
capita
release
of
lindane
to
a
wastewater
treatment
facility
(gm/
person/
day).
This
mass
is
then
diluted
into
the
average
daily
volume
of
wastewater
released
per
person
daily
to
arrive
at
an
estimated
concentration
of
lindane
in
wastewater
prior
to
entering
a
treatment
facility.
Lindane
concentration
in
untreated
wastewater
is
then
reduced
by
the
fraction
removed
during
wastewater
treatment
processes
before
release
into
a
river
or
stream.

Estimating
lindane
removal
from
wastewater
treatment
is
accomplished
through
the
use
of
basic
physical­
chemical
properties
estimated
to
structure
activity
relationships
(SAR)
and
a
POTWsimulation
model.
OPPT's
Estimation
Program
Interface
(EPI)
(SRC,
2000)
which
contains
as
part
of
its
subroutines
a
POTW
simulation
model
was
used
for
this
purpose.

After
estimating
removal
in
wastewater
treatment
the
remaining
pesticide
is
discharged
and
instantaneously
diluted
into
surface
water
where
no
further
removal
occurs.
Stream
dilution,
referred
to
as
Stream
Dilution
Factor,
is
equal
to
the
volume
of
receiving
stream
flow
under
specific
flow
conditions
divided
by
the
volume
of
wastewater
released
from
the
POTW.
The
resulting
concentration
is
then
used
for
estimating
drinking
water
concentrations
in
the
human
health
risk
assessment.

Exposure
Assessment
and
Results
Estimating
Household
Wastewater
Releases
Production
volume
of
Lindane
marketed
as
consumer
use
was
based
on
unpublished
marketing
data
from
the
U.
S.
Food
and
Drug
Administration.
Data
were
masked,
redacted,
to
preserve
the
unintended
release
of
potentially
sensitive
information.
Estimates
were
based
on
concentrations
of
lindane
in
head
lice
and
scabies
treatment
products,
not
to
exceed
1%
of
formulation.
Based
on
available
information,
this
concentration
equates
to
approximately
10
mg
lindane
per
ml
of
product.
Available,
but
sensitive,
marketing
data
indicated
that
approximately
1914.6
Kg
of
lindane
was
marketed
to
consumers
for
use
in
head
lice
and
scabies
treatment
in
the
U.
S.
during
1999­
2000.
This
estimate
was
used
in
assessing
potential
exposures
from
this
use
pattern.
The
U.
S.
population
is
set
at
2.727
x
10
8
(Versar,
1999).
Using
the
formula
below,
the
estimated
daily
per
capita
household
wastewater
release
of
lindane
is
1.92E­
05
gm/
person/
day.

Equation.
1.
0
H
PdVol
Pop
x
x
R
=
1000grams
1Kg
1Year
365Days
Where:
HR
=
Daily
per
capita
release
of
the
chemical
to
a
wastewater
treatment
facility
(grams/
person/
day)
PdVol
=
Production
volume
(1914.6
Kg/
year)
Pop
=
U.
S.
Population
(The
U.
S.
Census
Bureau
(1999)
estimates
the
total
U.
S.
population
to
be
2.
727
x
10
8
persons)

Estimated
Surface
Water
Concentrations
The
estimated
time­
averaged
surface
water
concentration
of
Lindane
that
may
result
from
household
release
to
wastewater
treatment
can
be
estimated
by
the
following
equation:

Equation.
2.
0
C
H
x
Q
x
WWTxCFI
SDF
SM
R
H
M
=
 
1
1
()

Equation.
3.
0
C
H
x
Q
x
WWTxCFI
SDF
SH
R
H
L
=
 
1
1
()

Where:
CSM
=
Median
time­
averaged
surface
water
concentration
µg/
L
CSH
=
High­
end
time­
average
surface
water
concentration
µg/
L
HR
=
Daily
per
capita
release
of
chemical
(i.
e.
pre­
treatment
release)
QH
=
Daily
per
capita
wastewater
volume
released
(364
L/
person/
day)
(U.
S.
EPA,
1990;
Versar,
1992)
WWT
=
Fraction
of
chemical
removed
during
wastewater
treatment
(36.98%)
SDFM
=50
th
percentile
stream
dilution
factor
for
streams
to
which
wastewater
facilities
discharge
(980.69)
(Versar,
1992)
SDFL
=10
th
percentile
stream
dilution
factor
for
streams
to
which
wastewater
facilities
discharge
(75.
44)
(Versar,
1992)
CFI
=
Conversion
factor
(1x10
6
µg/
gram)
Each
of
the
above
factors
and
assumptions
are
discussed
below.

Daily
pretreated
release,
HR
,
is
discussed
above.
Household
wastewate
volume,
QH,
was
obtained
from
the
1990
NEEDS
database
of
data
on
wastewater
flow.
The
statistics
used
were
derived
from
a
subset
of
the
NEEDS
database
for
POTWs
with
domestic
flow
and
a
reported
population
served.
The
subset
was
further
restricted
by
deleting
all
facilities
that
had
wastewater
flow
greater
than
facility
total
flow
and
records
that
were
above
the
95
th
percentile,
assumed
to
be
outliers,
of
885
liters
per
capita
per
day.
Wastewater
flow
statistics
were
provided
by
flow
category
for
all
records
selected.
The
household
wastewater
flow
of
364
liters/
person/
day
was
the
50th
percentile.

Fraction
of
chemical
removed,
WWT,
is
discussed
above.
A
copy
of
the
EPA
SAR
assessment
can
be
found
in
Appendix
A.
The
stream
dilution
factor,
SDFM
and
SDFL
is
equal
to
the
volume
of
the
receiving
stream
or
river
under
mean
flow
conditions
divided
by
the
volume
of
wastewater
released
from
the
treatment
facility.
SDF
were
calculated
for
all
active
wastewater
treatment
facilities
reported
in
the
U.
S.
EPA
STORET
Industrial
Facility
Database
(IFD)
using
the
stream
dilution
factor
program
(Versar,
1999).
For
this
purpose,
facilities
with
SDFs
of
1.
0
and
less
are
deleted
because
wastewater
flow
dominates
stream
flow
and
is
unlikely
to
be
a
local
source
of
drinking
water.
Therefore
the
statistical
distribution
of
SDFs
is
based
on
POTWs
with
SDFs
greater
than
1.
0
(9,
085
total
facilities).
Mean
SDFs
for
the
10
th
and
50
th
percentile
treatment
facility
are
recommended
for
use
in
acute
and
chronic
risk
assessments.

Table
2
provides
the
model
inputs
used
to
estimate
surface
water
concentrations
of
lindane
from
consumer
use.
Appendix
B
provides
model
results.

Table
2.
E­
FAST
Input
Parameters
for
Lindane
Parameters
and
Units
Lindane
Source
PC
Code
1090001
Production
volume
(Kg/
Year)
for
2000­
2001
1914.6
Unpublished
FDA
data
Removal
in
waste
water
treatment
(%)
36.98
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
oppt/
ex
posure/
docs/
episuitedl.
htm
The
theoretical
basis
and
the
program
for
estimating
environmental
releases
of
chemicals
in
household
products
and
the
referenced
equations
can
be
found
in
the
E­
FAST
manual
located
(http://
www.
epa.
gov/
opptintr/
exposure/
docs/
efast.
htm).

References
SRC,
2000.
Estimation
Program
Interface,
Version
3.
10.
Prepared
for:
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
Office
of
Pollution
Prevention
and
Toxics,
Exposure
Assessment
Branch.
William
Meyland
and
Philip
Howard,
Syracuse
Research
Corporation,
Syracuse,
NY.
Versar,
Inc.
1999.
Exposure
and
Fate
Assessment
Screening
Tool
(E­
FAST),
Beta
Version,
Documentation
Manual,
December
31,
1999.
Prepared
for:
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
Office
of
Pollution
Prevention
and
Toxics,
Exposure
Assessment
Branch.
Versar,
Inc.
Springfield
Va.
Contract
No.
68­
W­
99­
041.
Appendix
A
SMILES
:
C(
C(
C(
C(
C1CL)
CL)
CL)
CL)(
C1CL)
CL
CHEM
:
gamma­
Hexachlorocyclohexane
CAS
NUM:
000058­
89­
9
MOL
FOR:
C6
H6
CL6
MOL
WT
:
290.83
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
EPI
SUMMARY
(v3.10)
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­

Physical
Property
Inputs:
Water
Solubility
(mg/
L):
­­­­­

Vapor
Pressure
(mm
Hg)
:
­­­­­

Henry
LC
(atm­
m3/
mole)
:
­­­­­

Log
Kow
(octanol­
water):
­­­­­

Boiling
Point
(deg
C)
:
­­­­­

Melting
Point
(deg
C)
:
­­­­­

Log
Octanol­
Water
Partition
Coef
(SRC):
Log
Kow
(KOWWIN
v1.66
estimate)
=
4.26
Log
Kow
(Exper.
database
match)
=
3.72
Exper.
Ref:
Hansch,
C
et
al.
(1995)
Log
Kow
(Exper.
database
match)
=
3.80
Exper.
Ref:
Hansch,
C
et
al.
(1995)
Log
Kow
(Exper.
database
match)
=
3.78
Exper.
Ref:
Hansch,
C
et
al.
(1995)
Log
Kow
(Exper.
database
match)
=
4.14
Exper.
Ref:
Hansch,
C
et
al.
(1995)

Boiling
Pt,
Melting
Pt,
Vapor
Pressure
Estimations
(MPBPWIN
v1.40):
Boiling
Pt
(deg
C):
304.35
(Adapted
Stein
&
Brown
method)
Melting
Pt
(deg
C):
56.98
(Mean
or
Weighted
MP)
VP(
mm
Hg,
25
deg
C):
0.000506
(Modified
Grain
method)
MP
(exp
database):
112.5
deg
C
BP
(exp
database):
60
@
0.34
mm
Hg
deg
C
VP
(exp
database):
3.52E­
05
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
C
Water
Solubility
Estimate
from
Log
Kow
(WSKOW
v1.40):
Water
Solubility
at
25
deg
C
(mg/
L):
4.044
log
Kow
used:
4.14
(expkow
database)
no­
melting
pt
equation
used
Water
Sol
(Exper.
database
match)
=
7.3
mg/
L
(25
deg
C)
Exper.
Ref:
RICHARDSON,
LT
&
MILLER,
DM
(1960)
Water
Sol
(Exper.
database
match)
=
2
mg/
L
(25
deg
C)
Exper.
Ref:
WEIL,
L
ET
AL.
(1974)
Water
Sol
(Exper.
database
match)
=
0.24
mg/
L
(25
deg
C)
Exper.
Ref:
WEIL,
L
ET
AL.
(1974)
Water
Sol
(Exper.
database
match)
=
10
mg/
L
(20
deg
C)
Exper.
Ref:
SHIU,
WY
ET
AL
(1990)
Water
Sol
(Exper.
database
match)
=
8
mg/
L
(25
deg
C)
Exper.
Ref:
CHEM
INSPECT
TEST
INST
(1992)

ECOSAR
Class
Program
(ECOSAR
v0.99g):
Class(
es)
found:
Neutral
Organics
Henrys
Law
Constant
(25
deg
C)
[HENRYWIN
v3.10]:
Bond
Method
:
2.56E­
004
atm­
m3/
mole
Group
Method:
4.25E­
011
atm­
m3/
mole
Exper
Database:
5.14E­
06
atm­
m3/
mole
Henrys
LC
[VP/
WSol
estimate
using
EPI
values]:
4.788E­
005
atm­
m3/
mole
Probability
of
Rapid
Biodegradation
(BIOWIN
v4.00):
Linear
Model
:
­0.0593
Non­
Linear
Model
:
0.0000
Expert
Survey
Biodegradation
Results:
Ultimate
Survey
Model:
1.5174
(recalcitrant)
Primary
Survey
Model
:
2.8245
(weeks
)
Readily
Biodegradable
Probability
(MITI
Model):
Linear
Model
:
­0.0719
Non­
Linear
Model
:
0.0000
Atmospheric
Oxidation
(25
deg
C)
[AopWin
v1.90]:
Hydroxyl
Radicals
Reaction:
OVERALL
OH
Rate
Constant
=
0.5732
E­
12
cm3/
molecule­
sec
Half­
Life
=
18.659
Days
(12­
hr
day;
1.5E6
OH/
cm3)
Ozone
Reaction:
No
Ozone
Reaction
Estimation
Soil
Adsorption
Coefficient
(PCKOCWIN
v1.66):
Koc
:
3380
Log
Koc:
3.529
Aqueous
Base/
Acid­
Catalyzed
Hydrolysis
(25
deg
C)
[HYDROWIN
v1.67]:
Total
Kb
for
pH
>8
at
25
deg
C
:
6.174E­
012
L/
mol­
sec
Kb
Half­
Life
at
pH
8:
3.558E+
009
years
Kb
Half­
Life
at
pH
7:
3.558E+
010
years
BCF
Estimate
from
Log
Kow
(BCFWIN
v2.14):
Log
BCF
=
2.488
(BCF
=
307.5)
log
Kow
used:
4.14
(expkow
database)

Volatilization
from
Water:
Henry
LC:
5.14E­
006
atm­
m3/
mole
(Henry
experimental
database)
Half­
Life
from
Model
River:
196
hours
(8.166
days)
Half­
Life
from
Model
Lake
:
2281
hours
(95.05
days)

Removal
In
Wastewater
Treatment:
Total
removal:
36.98
percent
Total
biodegradation:
0.37
percent
Total
sludge
adsorption:
36.43
percent
Total
to
Air:
0.18
percent
Level
III
Fugacity
Model:
Mass
Amount
Half­
Life
Emissions
(percent)
(hr)
(kg/
hr)
Air
1.37
1.83e+
003
1000
Water
12.5
3.6e+
003
1000
Soil
80.6
3.6e+
003
1000
Sediment
5.53
1.44e+
004
0
Persistence
Time:
2.22e+
003
hr
Appendix
B
INITIAL
REVIEW
EXPOSURE
REPORT
INITIAL
REVIEW
EXPOSURE
REPORT
CASE
NUMBER:
Lindane
ENVIRONMENTAL
RELEASES
OF
CHEMICALS
IN
HOUSEHOLD
PRODUCTS
SCENARIO
#:
1
EXPOSED
POPULATION:

WWT
REMOVAL
(%)
HOUSEHOLD
RELEASE
DAYS
PRE­
TREATMENT
RELEASE
(g/
person/
day)
POST­
TREATMENT
RELEASE
(g/
person/
day)
BODY
WEIGHT
(kg)
BCF
(L/
kg)

36.98
365.00
1.92E­
05
1.
21E­
05
71.80
307.50
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
(kg/
yr)
CONCENTRATION
OF
CONCERN
(ug/
L)
#
DAYS
CONC
OF
CONCERN
EXCEEDED
%YEAR
CONC
OF
CONCERN
EXCEEDED
HIGH
END
SURFACE
WATER
CONCENTRATION
(ug/
L)
MEDIAN
SURFACE
WATER
CONCENTRATION
(ug/
L)

1914.60
2.00E­
02
6.
67
1.
83
4.
41E­
04
3.
40E­
05