Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0033-0133
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-04-14T04:00Z

TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
No.

12.
INTAKE
OF
GRAIN
PRODUCTS
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1
12.1.
INTAKE
STUDIES
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1
12.1.1.
U.
S.
Department
of
Agriculture
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey
and
Continuing
Survey
of
Food
Intake
by
Individuals
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1
12.1.2.
Key
Grain
Products
Intake
Studies
Based
on
the
CSFII
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2
12.1.3.
Relevant
Grain
Products
Intake
Studies
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2
12.1.4.
Key
Grain
Products
Serving
Size
Study
Based
on
the
USDA
NFCS
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4
12.2.
CONVERSION
BETWEEN
AS
CONSUMED
AND
DRY
WEIGHT
INTAKE
RATES
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4
12.4.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
12
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5
APPENDIX
12A
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12A­
1
LIST
OF
TABLES
Table
12­
1.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Total
Grains
Including
Mixtures
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
a
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12­
6
Table
12­
2.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Breads
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
7
a
Table
12­
3.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Sweets
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
8
a
Table
12­
4.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Snacks
Containing
Grain
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
9
a
Table
12­
5.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Breakfast
Foods
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
10
a
Table
12­
6.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Pasta
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
11
Table
12­
7.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Cooked
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
12
Table
12­
8.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Rice
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
13
Table
12­
9.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Ready­
to­
Eat
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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.
12­
14
a
Table
12­
10.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Baby
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
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12­
15
Table
12­
12.
Mean
Per
Capita
Intake
Rates
for
Grains
Based
on
All
Sex/
Age/
Demographic
Subgroups
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12­
16
Table
12­
13
­
Mean
Grain
Intake
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
a
for
1977­
1978
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12­
17
Table
12­
14
­
Mean
Grain
Intakes
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
a
for
1987­
1988
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12­
17
Table
12­
15
­
Mean
Grain
Intakes
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
a
for
1994
and
1995
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12­
18
Table
12­
16.
Mean
and
Standard
Error
for
the
Daily
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Grains,
by
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
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12­
18
Table
12­
17.
Mean
and
Standard
Error
for
the
Daily
Intake
of
Grains,
by
Region
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
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12­
19
Table
12­
18.
Consumption
of
Grains
(
g
dry
weight/
day)
for
Different
Age
Groups
and
Estimated
Lifetime
Average
Daily
Food
Intakes
for
a
U.
S.
Citizen(
averaged
across
sex)
Cal
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12­
19
Table
12­
19.
Per
Capita
Consumption
of
Flour
and
Cereal
Products
in
1991
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12­
20
a
Table
12­
20.
Quantity
(
as
consumed)
of
Grain
Products
Consumed
Per
Eating
Occasion
and
the
Percentage
of
Individuals
Using
These
Foods
in
3
Days
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12­
20
Table
12­
22.
Summary
of
Grain
Intake
Studies
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12­
22
Table
12­
23.
Summary
of
Recommended
Values
for
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Grain
Products
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12­
22
Table
12­
24.
Confidence
in
Grain
Products
Intake
Recommendation
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12­
23
Table
12A­
1.
Food
Codes
and
Definitions
Used
in
the
Analysis
of
the
1989­
91
USDA
CSFII
Grains
Data
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12­
3
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
1
12.
INTAKE
OF
GRAIN
PRODUCTS
12.1.
INTAKE
STUDIES
Consumption
of
grain
products
is
a
potential
pathway
of
exposure
to
toxic
chemicals.
These
food
sources
can
become
contaminated
by
absorption
or
deposition
of
ambient
air
pollutants
onto
the
plants,
contact
The
NFCS
and
CSFII
are
the
basis
of
much
of
the
with
chemicals
dissolved
in
rainfall
or
irrigation
waters,
or
data
on
grain
intake
presented
in
this
section.
Data
from
the
absorption
of
chemicals
through
plant
roots
from
soil
and
1977­
78
NFCS
are
presented
because
the
data
have
been
ground
water.
The
addition
of
pesticides,
soil
additives,
and
published
by
USDA
in
various
reports
and
reanalyzed
by
fertilizers
may
also
result
in
contamination
of
grain
various
EPA
offices
according
to
the
food
items/
groups
products.
commonly
used
to
assess
exposure.
Published
one­
day
data
The
U.
S.
Department
of
Agriculture's
(
USDA)
from
the
1987­
88
NFCS
and
1994
and
1994
CSFII
are
also
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey
(
NFCS)
and
presented.
Recently,
EPA
conducted
an
analysis
of
USDA's
Continuing
Survey
of
Food
Intakes
by
Individuals
(
CSFII)
1989­
91
CSFII.
These
data
were
the
most
recent
food
are
the
primary
sources
of
information
on
intake
rates
of
survey
data
available
to
the
public
at
the
time
that
EPA
grain
products
in
the
United
States.
Data
from
the
NFCS
analyzed
the
data
for
this
Handbook.
The
results
of
EPA's
have
been
used
in
various
studies
to
generate
consumer­
analyses
are
presented
here.
Detailed
descriptions
of
the
only
and
per
capita
intake
rates
for
both
individual
grain
NFCS
and
CSFII
data
are
presented
in
Volume
II,
Chapter
products
and
total
grains.
CSFII
1989­
91
survey
data
have
9
­
Intake
of
Fruits
and
Vegetables.
been
analyzed
by
EPA
to
generate
per
capita
intake
rates
for
Individual
average
daily
intake
rates
calculated
from
various
food
items
and
food
groups.
As
described
in
NFCS
and
CSFII
data
are
based
on
averages
of
reported
Volume
II,
Chapter
9
­
Intake
of
Fruits
and
Vegetables,
individual
intakes
over
one
day
or
three
consecutive
days.
consumer­
only
intake
is
defined
as
the
quantity
of
grain
Such
short
term
data
are
suitable
for
estimating
average
products
consumed
by
individuals
who
ate
these
food
items
daily
intake
rates
representative
of
both
short­
term
and
during
the
survey
period.
Per
capita
intake
rates
are
long­
term
consumption.
However,
the
distribution
of
generated
by
averaging
consumer­
only
intakes
over
the
average
daily
intake
rates
generated
using
short
term
data
entire
population
of
users
and
non­
users.
In
general,
per
(
e.
g.,
3­
day)
do
not
necessarily
reflect
the
long­
term
capita
intake
rates
are
appropriate
for
use
in
exposure
distribution
of
average
daily
intake
rates.
The
distributions
assessments
for
which
average
dose
estimates
for
the
generated
from
short
term
and
long
term
data
will
differ
to
general
population
are
of
interest
because
they
represent
the
extent
that
each
individual's
intake
varies
from
day
to
both
individuals
who
ate
the
foods
during
the
survey
period
day;
the
distributions
will
be
similar
to
the
extent
that
and
individuals
who
may
eat
the
food
items
at
some
time,
individuals'
intakes
are
constant
from
day
to
day.
but
did
not
consume
them
during
the
survey
period.
Day­
to­
day
variation
in
intake
among
individuals
will
This
Chapter
provides
intake
data
for
individual
be
great
for
food
item/
groups
that
are
highly
seasonal
and
grain
products
and
total
grains.
Recommendations
are
for
items/
groups
that
are
eaten
year
around,
but
that
are
not
based
on
average
and
upper­
percentile
intake
among
the
typically
eaten
every
day.
For
these
foods,
the
intake
general
population
of
the
U.
S.
Available
data
have
been
distribution
generated
from
short
term
data
will
not
be
a
classified
as
being
either
a
key
or
a
relevant
study
based
on
good
reflection
of
the
long
term
distribution.
On
the
other
the
considerations
discussed
in
Volume
I,
Section
1.3.1
of
hand,
for
broad
categories
of
foods
(
e.
g.,
total
grains)
which
the
Introduction.
Recommendations
are
based
on
data
from
are
eaten
on
a
daily
basis
throughout
the
year
with
minimal
the
1989­
91
CSFII
survey,
which
was
considered
the
only
seasonality,
the
short
term
distribution
may
be
a
reasonable
key
intake
study
for
grain
products.
Other
relevant
studies
approximation
of
the
true
long
term
distribution,
although
are
also
presented
to
provide
the
reader
with
added
it
will
show
somewhat
more
variability.
In
this
Chapter,
perspective
on
this
topic.
It
should
be
noted
that
most
of
the
distributions
are
shown
for
the
various
grain
categories.
key
and
relevant
studies
presented
in
this
Chapter
are
based
Because
of
the
increased
variability
of
the
short­
term
on
data
from
USDA's
NFCS
and
CSFII.
The
USDA
NFCS
distribution,
the
short­
term
upper
percentiles
shown
will
and
CSFII
are
described
below.
overestimate
somewhat
the
corresponding
percentiles
of
the
12.1.1.
U.
S.
Department
of
Agriculture
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey
and
Continuing
Survey
of
Food
Intake
by
Individuals
long­
term
distribution.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
2
August
1997
12.1.2.
Key
Grain
Products
Intake
Studies
Based
on
the
CSFII
U.
S.
EPA
Analysis
of
1989­
91
USDA
CSFII
Data
­
EPA
conducted
an
analysis
of
USDA's
1989­
91
CSFII
data
set.
The
general
methodology
used
in
analyzing
the
data
is
presented
in
Volume
II,
Chapter
9
­
Intake
of
Fruits
and
Vegetables
of
this
Handbook.
Intake
rates
were
generated
for
the
following
grain
products:
total
grains,
breads,
sweets,
snacks,
breakfast
foods,
pasta,
cooked
cereals,
rice,
ready­
to­
eat
cereals,
and
baby
cereals.
Appendix
12A
provides
the
food
codes
and
descriptions
used
in
this
grain
analysis.
The
data
for
total
grains
have
been
corrected
to
account
for
mixtures
as
described
in
Volume
II,
Chapter
9
­
Intake
of
Fruits
and
Vegetables
and
Appendix
9A
using
an
assumed
grain
content
of
31
percent
for
grain
mixtures
and
13
percent
for
meat
mixtures.
Per
capita
intake
rates
for
total
grains
are
presented
in
Tables
12­
1.
Table
12­
2
through
12­
10
present
per
capita
intake
data
for
individual
grain
products.
The
results
are
presented
in
units
of
g/
kgday
Thus,
use
of
these
data
in
calculating
potential
dose
does
not
require
the
body
weight
factor
to
be
included
in
the
denominator
of
the
average
daily
dose
(
ADD)
equation.
It
should
be
noted
that
converting
these
intake
rates
into
units
of
g/
day
by
multiplying
by
a
single
average
body
weight
is
inappropriate,
because
individual
intake
rates
were
indexed
to
the
reported
body
weights
of
the
survey
respondents.
However,
if
there
is
a
need
to
compare
the
intake
data
presented
here
to
intake
data
in
units
of
g/
day,
a
body
weight
less
than
70
kg
(
i.
e.,
approximately
60
kg;
calculated
based
on
the
number
of
respondents
in
each
age
category
and
the
average
body
weights
for
these
age
groups,
as
presented
in
Volume
I,
Chapter
7)
should
be
used
because
the
total
survey
population
included
children
as
well
as
adults.
The
advantages
of
using
the
1989­
91
CSFII
data
set
are
that
the
data
are
expected
to
be
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population
and
that
it
includes
data
on
a
wide
variety
of
food
types.
The
data
set
was
the
most
recent
of
a
series
12.1.3.
Relevant
Grain
Products
Intake
Studies
of
publicly
available
USDA
data
sets
(
i.
e.,
NFCS
1977­
78;
The
U.
S.
EPA's
Dietary
Risk
Evaluation
System
NFCS
1987­
88;
CSFII
1989­
91)
at
the
time
the
analysis
was
conducted
for
this
Handbook,
and
should
reflect
recent
eating
patterns
in
the
United
States.
The
data
set
includes
three
years
of
intake
data
combined.
However,
the
1989­
91
CSFII
data
are
based
on
a
three
day
survey
period.
Shortterm
dietary
data
may
not
accurately
reflect
long­
term
eating
patterns.
This
is
particularly
true
for
the
tails
of
the
distribution
of
food
intake.
In
addition,
the
adjustment
for
including
mixtures
adds
uncertainty
to
the
intake
rate
distributions.
The
calculation
for
including
mixtures
assumes
that
intake
of
any
mixture
includes
grains
in
the
proportions
specified
in
Appendix
Table
9A­
1.
This
assumption
yields
valid
estimates
of
per
capita
consumption,
but
results
in
overestimates
of
the
proportion
of
the
population
consuming
total
grains;
thus,
the
quantities
reported
in
Table
12­
1
should
be
interpreted
as
upper
bounds
on
the
proportion
of
the
population
consuming
grain
products.
The
data
presented
in
this
handbook
for
the
USDA
1989­
91
CSFII
is
not
the
most
up­
to­
date
information
on
food
intake.
USDA
has
recently
made
available
the
data
from
its
1994
and
1995
CSFII.
Over
5,500
people
nationwide
participated
in
both
of
these
surveys
providing
recalled
food
intake
informatin
for
2
separate
days.
Although
the
2­
day
data
analysis
has
not
been
conducted,
USDA
published
the
results
for
the
respondents'
intakes
on
the
first
day
surveyed
(
USDA,
1996a;
1996b).
USDA
1996
survey
data
will
be
made
available
later
in
1997.
As
soon
as
1996
data
are
available,
EPA
will
take
steps
to
get
the
3­
year
data
(
1994,
1995,
and
1996)
analyzed
and
the
food
ingestion
factors
updated.
Meanwhile,
Table
12­
11
presents
a
comparison
of
the
mean
daily
intakes
per
individual
in
a
day
for
grains
from
the
USDA
survey
data
from
years
1977­
78,
1987­
88,
1989­
91,
1994,
and
1995.
This
table
shows
that
food
consumption
patterns
have
changed
for
grains
and
grain
mixtures
when
comparing
1977
and
1995
data.
When
comparing
data
from
1977
and
1995,
consumption
of
grains
mixtures
and
grain
increased
by
106
percent
and
41
percent,
respectively.
However,
consumption
of
grains
has
remained
fairly
constant
when
comparing
values
from
1989­
91
with
the
most
recent
data
from
1994
and
1995.
Grain
mixtures
and
grains
increase
20
percent
and
11
percent,
respectively
from
1989
to
1995.
The
1989­
91
CSFII
data
are
probably
adequate
for
assessing
ingestion
exposure
for
current
populations,
but
these
data
should
be
used
with
caution.

(
DRES)
­
USEPA,
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
(
OPP)
­
EPA
OPP's
DRES
contains
per
capita
intake
rate
data
for
various
grain
products
for
22
subgroups
(
age,
regional,
and
seasonal)
of
the
population.
As
described
in
Volume
II,
Chapter
9
­
Intake
of
Fruits
and
Vegetables,
intake
data
in
DRES
were
generated
by
determining
the
composition
of
1977/
78
NFCS
food
items
and
disaggregating
complex
food
dishes
into
their
component
raw
agricultural
commodities
(
RACs)
(
White
et
al.,
1983).
The
DRES
per
capita,
as
consumed
intake
rates
for
all
age/
sex/
demographic
groups
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
3
combined
are
presented
in
Table
12­
12.
These
data
are
USDA
1977­
78
NFCS
to
estimate
daily
food
intake.
ORP
based
on
both
consumers
and
non­
consumers
of
these
food
uses
food
consumption
data
to
assess
human
intake
of
items.
Data
for
specific
subgroups
of
the
population
are
not
radionuclides
in
foods
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1984a;
1984b).
The
presented
in
this
section,
but
are
available
through
OPP
via
1977­
78
NFCS
data
have
been
reorganized
by
ORP,
and
direct
request.
The
data
in
Table
12­
12
may
be
useful
for
food
items
have
been
classified
according
to
the
estimating
the
risks
of
exposure
associated
with
the
characteristics
of
radionuclide
transport.
The
mean
dietary
consumption
of
the
various
grain
products
presented.
It
per
capita
intake
of
grain
products,
grouped
by
age,
for
the
should
be
noted
that
these
data
are
indexed
to
the
reported
U.
S.
population
are
presented
in
Table
12­
16.
The
mean
body
weights
of
the
survey
respondents
and
are
expressed
daily
intake
rates
of
grain
products
for
the
U.
S.
population
in
units
of
grams
of
food
consumed
per
kg
body
weight
per
grouped
by
regions
are
presented
in
Table
12­
17.
Because
day.
Consequently,
use
of
these
data
in
calculating
potential
this
study
was
based
on
the
USDA
NFCS,
the
limitations
dose
does
not
require
the
body
weight
factor
in
the
and
advantages
associated
with
the
USDA­
NFCS
data
also
denominator
of
the
average
daily
dose
(
ADD)
equation.
It
apply
to
this
data
set.
Also,
consumption
patterns
may
have
should
also
be
noted
that
conversion
of
these
intake
rates
changed
since
the
data
were
collected
in
1977­
78.
into
units
of
g/
day
by
multiplying
by
a
single
average
body
weight
is
not
appropriate
because
the
DRES
data
base
did
not
rely
on
a
single
body
weight
for
all
individuals.
Instead,
DRES
used
the
body
weights
reported
by
each
individual
surveyed
to
estimate
consumption
in
units
of
g/
kg­
day.
The
advantages
of
using
these
data
are
that
complex
food
dishes
have
been
disaggregated
to
provide
intake
rates
for
a
variety
of
grains.
These
data
are
also
based
on
the
individual
body
weights
of
the
respondents.
Therefore,
the
use
of
these
data
in
calculating
exposure
to
toxic
chemicals
may
provide
more
representative
estimates
of
potential
dose
per
unit
body
weight.
However,
because
the
data
are
based
on
NFCS
short­
term
dietary
recall,
the
same
limitations
discussed
previously
for
other
NFCS
data
sets
also
apply
here.
In
addition,
consumption
patterns
may
have
changed
since
the
data
were
collected
in
1977­
78.
OPP
is
in
the
process
of
translating
consumption
information
from
the
USDA
CSFII
1989­
91
survey
to
be
used
in
DRES.
Food
and
Nutrient
Intakes
of
Individuals
in
One
are
per
capita
intake
rates
tabulated
as
grams
dry
Day
in
the
U.
S.,
USDA
(
1980,
1992;
1996a;
1996b)
­
USDA
calculated
mean
per
capita
intake
rates
for
total
and
individual
grain
products
using
NFCS
data
from
1977­
78
and
1987­
88
(
USDA
1980;
1992)
and
CSFII
data
from
1994
and
1995
(
USDA,
1996a;
1996b).
The
mean
per
capita
intake
rates
for
grain
products
are
presented
in
Tables
12­
13
and
12­
14
for
the
two
NFCS
survey
years,
respectively.
Table
12­
15
presents
similar
data
from
the
1994
and
1995
CSFII
for
grain
products.
The
advantages
of
using
these
data
are
that
they
provide
mean
intake
estimates
for
various
grain
products.
The
consumption
estimates
are
based
on
short­
term
(
i.
e.,
1­
day)
dietary
data
which
may
not
reflect
long­
term
consumption.
USDA
(
1993)
­
Food
Consumption,
Prices,
and
U.
S.
EPA
­
Office
of
Radiation
Programs
­
The
U.
S.
Expenditures,
1970­
92
­
The
USDA's
Economic
Research
EPA
Office
of
Radiation
Programs
(
ORP)
has
also
used
the
Service
(
ERS)
calculates
the
amount
of
food
available
for
U.
S.
EPA
­
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
­
The
U.
S.
EPA
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
(
OST)
within
the
Office
of
Water
(
formerly
the
Office
of
Water
Regulations
and
Standards)
used
data
from
the
FDA
revision
of
the
Total
Diet
Study
Food
Lists
and
Diets
(
Pennington,
1983)
to
calculate
food
intake
rates.
OST
uses
these
consumption
data
in
its
risk
assessment
model
for
land
application
of
municipal
sludge.
The
FDA
data
used
are
based
on
the
combined
results
of
the
USDA
1977­
78
NFCS
and
the
second
National
Health
and
Nutrition
Examination
Survey
(
NHANES
II),
1976­
80
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1989).
Because
food
items
are
listed
as
prepared
complex
foods
in
the
FDA
Total
Diet
Study,
each
item
was
broken
down
into
its
component
parts
so
that
the
amount
of
raw
commodities
consumed
could
be
determined.
Table
12­
18
presents
intake
rates
for
grain
products
for
various
age
groups.
Estimated
lifetime
ingestion
rates
derived
by
U.
S.
EPA
(
1989)
are
also
presented
in
Table
12­
18.
Note
that
these
weight/
day.
Therefore,
these
rates
differ
from
those
in
the
previous
tables
because
USDA
(
1980;
1992)
and
U.
S.
EPA
(
1984a,
1984b)
report
intake
rates
on
an
as
consumed
basis.
The
EPA­
OST
analysis
provides
intake
rates
for
additional
food
categories
and
estimates
of
lifetime
average
daily
intake
on
a
per
capita
basis.
In
contrast
to
the
other
analyses
of
USDA
NFCS
data,
this
study
reports
the
data
in
terms
of
dry
weight
intake
rates.
Thus,
conversion
is
not
required
when
contaminants
are
provided
on
a
dry
weight
basis.
These
data,
however,
may
not
reflect
current
consumption
patterns
because
they
are
based
on
1977­
78
data.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
4
August
1997
IR
=
IR
*
[(
100­
W)/
100]
(
Eqn.
12­
1)
dw
ac
IR
=
IR
/[(
100­
W)/
100]
(
Eqn.
12­
2)
ac
dw
where:
IR
=
dry
weight
intake
rate;
dw
IR
=
as
consumed
intake
rate;
and
ac
W
=
percent
water
content.
human
consumption
in
the
United
States
annually.
Supply
The
advantages
of
using
these
data
are
that
they
were
and
utilization
balance
sheets
are
generated.
These
are
derived
from
the
USDA
NFCS
and
are
representative
of
the
based
on
the
flow
of
food
items
from
production
to
end
U.
S.
population.
This
data
set
provides
distributions
of
uses.
Total
available
supply
is
estimated
as
the
sum
of
serving
sizes
for
a
number
of
commonly
eaten
grain
production
(
i.
e.,
some
products
are
measured
at
the
farm
products,
but
the
list
of
foods
is
limited
and
does
not
level
or
during
processing),
starting
inventories,
and
account
for
grain
products
included
in
complex
food
dishes.
imports
(
USDA,
1993).
The
availability
of
food
for
human
Also,
these
data
are
based
on
short­
term
dietary
recall
and
use
commonly
termed
as
"
food
disappearance"
is
may
not
accurately
reflect
long­
term
consumption
patterns.
determined
by
subtracting
exported
foods,
products
used
in
Although
these
data
are
based
on
the
1977­
78
NFCS,
industries,
farm
inputs
(
seed
and
feed)
and
end­
of­
the
year
serving
size
data
have
been
collected,
but
not
published,
for
inventories
from
the
total
available
supply
(
USDA,
1993).
the
more
recent
USDA
surveys.
USDA
(
1993)
calculates
the
per
capita
food
consumption
by
dividing
the
total
food
disappearance
by
the
total
U.
S.
population.
USDA
(
1993)
estimated
per
capita
consumption
As
noted
previously,
intake
rates
may
be
reported
in
data
for
grain
products
from
1970­
1992
(
1992
data
are
terms
of
units
as
consumed
or
units
of
dry
weight.
It
is
preliminary).
In
this
section,
the
1991
values,
which
are
the
essential
that
exposure
assessors
be
aware
of
this
difference
most
recent
final
data,
are
presented.
Table
12­
19
presents
so
that
they
may
ensure
consistency
between
the
units
used
per
capita
consumption
in
1991
for
grains.
for
intake
rates
and
those
used
for
concentration
data
(
i.
e.,
One
of
the
limitations
of
this
study
is
that
if
the
unit
of
food
consumption
is
grams
dry
weight/
day,
disappearance
data
do
not
account
for
losses
from
the
food
then
the
unit
for
the
amount
of
pollutant
in
the
food
should
supply
from
waste,
spoilage,
or
foods
fed
to
pets.
Thus,
be
grams
dry
weight).
If
necessary,
as
consumed
intake
intake
rates
based
on
these
data
may
overestimate
daily
rates
may
be
converted
to
dry
weight
intake
rates
using
the
consumption
because
they
are
based
on
the
total
quantity
of
moisture
content
percentages
of
grain
products
presented
in
marketable
commodity
utilized.
Therefore,
these
data
may
Table
12­
21
and
the
following
equation:
be
useful
for
estimating
bounding
exposure
estimates.
It
should
also
be
noted
that
per
capita
estimates
based
on
food
disappearance
are
not
a
direct
measure
of
actual
consumption
or
quantity
ingested,
instead
the
data
are
used
as
indicators
of
changes
in
usage
over
time
(
USDA,
1993).
An
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
it
provides
per
capita
Dry
weight"
intake
rates
may
be
converted
to
"
as
consumed"
consumption
rates
for
grains
which
are
representative
of
rates
by
using:
long­
term
intake
because
disappearance
data
are
generated
annually.
Daily
per
capita
intake
rates
are
generated
by
dividing
annual
consumption
by
365
days/
year.

12.1.4.
Key
Grain
Products
Serving
Size
Study
Based
on
the
USDA
NFCS
Pao
et
al.
(
1982)
­
Foods
Commonly
Eaten
by
Individuals
­
Using
data
gathered
in
the
1977­
78
USDA
NFCS,
Pao
et
al.
(
1982)
calculated
percentiles
for
the
quantities
of
grain
products
consumed
per
eating
occasion
by
members
of
the
U.
S.
population.
The
data
were
collected
during
NFCS
home
interviews
of
37,874
respondents,
who
were
asked
to
recall
food
intake
for
the
day
preceding
the
interview,
and
record
food
intake
the
day
of
the
interview
and
the
day
after
the
interview.
Quantities
consumed
per
eating
occasion,
are
presented
in
Table
12­
20.
12.2.
CONVERSION
BETWEEN
AS
CONSUMED
AND
DRY
WEIGHT
INTAKE
RATES
12.3.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The
1989­
91
CSFII
data
described
in
this
section
were
used
in
selecting
recommended
grain,
product
intake
rates
for
the
general
population
and
various
subgroups
of
the
United
States
population.
The
general
design
of
both
key
and
relevant
studies
are
summarized
in
Table
12­
22
The
recommended
values
for
intake
of
grain
products
are
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
5
summarized
in
Table
12­
23
and
the
confidence
ratings
for
USDA.
(
1980)
Food
and
nutrient
intakes
of
individuals
the
recommended
values
for
grain
intake
rates
are
presented
in
one
day
in
the
United
States,
Spring
1977.
U.
S.
in
Table
12­
24.
Per
capita
intake
rates
for
specific
grain
Department
of
Agriculture.
Nationwide
Food
items,
on
a
g/
kg­
day
basis,
may
be
obtained
from
Tables
Consumption
Survey
1977­
1978.
Preliminary
Report
12­
2
through
12­
10.
Percentiles
of
the
intake
rate
No.
2.
distribution
in
the
general
population
for
total
grains,
are
USDA.
(
1992)
Food
and
nutrient
intakes
by
individuals
presented
in
Table
12­
1.
From
these
tables,
the
mean
and
in
the
United
States,
1
day,
1987­
88.
U.
S.
95th
percentile
intake
rates
for
grains
are
4.1
g/
kg­
day
and
Department
of
Agriculture,
Human
Nutrition
10.8
g/
kg­
day,
respectively.
It
is
important
to
note
that
the
Information
Service.
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
data
presented
in
Tables
12­
1
through
12­
10
are
based
on
Survey
1987­
88,
NFCS
Rpt.
No.
87­
I­
1.
data
collected
over
a
3­
day
period
and
may
not
necessarily
USDA.
(
1993)
Food
consumption
prices
and
reflect
the
long­
term
distribution
of
average
daily
intake
expenditures
(
1970­
1992)
U.
S.
Department
of
rates.
However,
for
the
broad
categories
of
foods
(
i.
e.,
total
Agriculture,
Economic
Research
Service.
Statistical
grains,
breads),
because
they
may
be
eaten
on
a
daily
basis
Bulletin,
No.
867.
throughout
the
year
with
minimal
seasonality,
the
short­
term
USDA.
(
1996a)
Data
tables:
results
from
USDA's
1994
distribution
may
be
a
reasonable
approximation
of
the
long­
Continuing
Survey
of
Food
Intakes
by
Individuals
and
term
distribution,
although
it
will
display
somewhat
1994
Diet
and
Health
Knowledge
Survey.
U.
S.
increased
variability.
This
implies
that
the
upper
Department
of
Agriculture,
Agricultural
Research
percentiles
shown
will
tend
to
overestimate
the
Service,
Riverdale,
MD.
corresponding
percentiles
of
the
true
long­
term
distribution.
USDA.
(
1996b)
Data
tables:
results
from
USDA's
1995
It
should
be
noted
that
because
these
recommendations
are
Continuing
Survey
of
Food
Intakes
by
Individuals
and
based
on
1989­
91
CSFII
data,
they
may
not
reflect
the
most
1995
Diet
and
Health
Knowledge
Survey.
U.
S.
recent
changes
in
consumption
patterns.
However,
as
Department
of
Agriculture,
Agricultural
Research
indicated
in
Table
12­
11,
intake
has
remained
fairly
Service,
Riverdale,
MD.
constant
between
1989­
19
and
1995.
Thus,
the
1989­
91
U.
S.
EPA.
(
1984a)
An
estimation
of
the
daily
average
CSFII
data
are
believed
to
be
appropriate
for
assessing
food
intake
by
age
and
sex
for
use
in
assessing
the
ingestion
exposure
for
current
populations.
radionuclide
intake
of
individuals
in
the
general
12.4.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
12
Pao,
E.
M.;
Fleming,
K.
H.;
Guenther,
P.
M.;
Mickle,
S.
J.
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey.
Washington,
(
1982)
Foods
commonly
eaten
by
individuals:
DC:
Office
of
Radiation
Programs.
amount
per
day
and
per
eating
occasion.
U.
S.
EPA­
520/
1­
84­
015.
Department
of
Agriculture.
Home
Economics
Report
U.
S.
EPA.
(
1989)
Development
of
risk
assessment
No.
44.
methodologies
for
land
application
and
distribution
Pennington,
J.
A.
T.
(
1983)
Revision
of
the
total
diet
and
marketing
of
municipal
sludge.
Washington,
DC:
study
food
list
and
diets.
J.
Am.
Diet.
Assoc.
Office
of
Science
and
Technology.
EPA
600/­
89/
001.
82:
166­
173.
White,
S.
B.;
Peterson,
B.;
Clayton,
C.
A.;
Duncan,
D.
P.
population.
EPA­
520/
1­
84­
021.
U.
S.
EPA.
(
1984b)
An
estimation
of
the
daily
food
intake
based
on
data
from
the
1977­
1978
USDA
(
1983)
Interim
Report
Number
1:
The
construction
of
a
raw
agricultural
commodity
consumption
data
base.
Prepared
by
Research
Triangle
Institute
for
EPA
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
6
August
1997
Table
12­
1.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Total
Grains
Including
Mixtures
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
97.5%
4.061
0.033
0
0.74
1.16
1.90
3.06
4.96
8.04
10.77
18.53
42.98
Age
(
years)

<
01
80.4%
7.049
0.361
0
0
0
1.46
6.05
10.18
16.75
19.50
27.61
37.41
1­
2
95.8%
10.567
0.285
0
2.86
4.34
6.55
9.59
14.06
18.92
21.57
28.22
42.98
3­
5
97.5%
9.492
0.201
0
3.13
4.35
6.09
8.91
11.88
15.13
19.14
23.87
33.08
6­
11
97.7%
6.422
0.117
0
2.14
2.88
4.07
5.70
7.82
10.26
12.85
21.40
31.93
12­
19
98.2%
3.764
0.065
0
1.15
1.52
2.16
3.31
4.81
6.46
8.03
10.92
19.30
20­
39
98.4%
3.095
0.035
0
0.70
1.08
1.75
2.73
4.00
5.47
6.55
9.57
25.71
40­
69
98.3%
2.792
0.031
0
0.69
0.98
1.59
2.47
3.54
4.96
6.09
8.40
20.34
70
+
98.7%
3.263
0.066
0.38
0.89
1.24
1.86
2.72
4.04
5.81
7.63
10.47
21.45
Season
Fall
97.9%
4.282
0.066
0
0.84
1.24
2.07
3.19
5.19
8.54
11.88
19.10
37.77
Spring
97.0%
3.983
0.071
0
0.70
1.10
1.79
2.95
4.73
7.78
10.52
23.87
31.93
Summer
97.5%
3.948
0.062
0
0.74
1.13
1.82
2.99
4.96
7.98
10.16
15.34
30.13
Winter
97.6%
4.031
0.063
0
0.70
1.17
1.95
3.17
4.99
8.00
10.48
16.86
42.98
Urbanization
Central
City
97.6%
4.159
0.061
0
0.75
1.13
1.91
3.06
5.07
8.71
11.61
17.69
37.77
Nonmetropolitan
96.9%
4.013
0.067
0
0.60
1.11
1.85
3.12
4.93
7.81
10.08
21.05
31.93
Suburban
97.8%
4.02
0.049
0
0.80
1.18
1.90
3.04
4.91
7.79
10.63
18.53
42.98
Race
Asian
94.0%
6.479
0.402
0
0
1.46
3.02
5.44
9.07
14.13
14.63
20.65
23.78
Black
96.9%
4.372
0.103
0
0.55
0.94
1.81
3.05
5.69
9.47
12.47
18.96
40.07
Native
American
87.7%
3.98
0.276
0
0
0.61
1.63
3.67
5.81
6.90
9.00
20.43
21.84
Other/
NA
97.1%
4.561
0.208
0
0
1.21
2.26
3.56
5.36
8.87
11.72
22.07
30.51
White
97.9%
3.962
0.035
0
0.79
1.18
1.90
3.03
4.80
7.79
10.20
18.07
42.98
Region
Midwest
97.3%
4.016
0.07
0
0.79
1.17
1.90
2.92
4.69
7.80
11.04
20.36
31.93
Northeast
97.6%
4.255
0.079
0
0.78
1.26
2.02
3.19
5.37
8.44
11.61
17.73
42.98
South
97.9%
3.943
0.052
0
0.71
1.10
1.83
3.06
4.89
8.13
10.20
16.42
40.07
West
97.2%
4.116
0.072
0
0.69
1.13
1.92
3.13
5.03
7.98
10.90
19.50
25.89
Includes
breads;
sweets
such
as
cakes,
pie,
and
pastries;
snack
and
breakfast
foods
made
with
grains;
pasta;
cooked
ready­
to­
eat,
and
baby
cereals,
rice
and
grain
mixtures.

a
Note:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
7
Table
12­
2.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Breads
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
91.6%
1.133
0.010
0
0
0.19
0.48
0.90
1.50
2.31
3.04
4.67
12.99
Age
(
years)

<
01
50.9%
1.072
0.102
0
0
0
0
0.34
1.65
3.29
4.06
6.09
12.99
1­
2
88.9%
2.611
0.089
0
0
0.44
1.17
2.39
3.86
4.68
5.42
8.23
10.29
3­
5
91.9%
2.217
0.063
0
0
0.44
1.19
2.03
3.04
4.01
5.14
6.95
12.35
6­
11
93.4%
1.668
0.037
0
0
0.40
0.88
1.44
2.18
3.16
3.98
5.95
9.17
12­
19
91.8%
1.068
0.025
0
0
0.21
0.45
0.91
1.46
2.15
2.78
3.43
7.44
20­
39
92.9%
0.936
0.012
0
0
0.18
0.43
0.81
1.27
1.81
2.27
3.41
7.04
40­
69
93.7%
0.915
0.011
0
0
0.20
0.46
0.81
1.25
1.77
2.08
2.83
11.16
70
+
95.1%
0.976
0.021
0
0.15
0.29
0.56
0.87
1.31
1.76
2.15
2.76
11.81
Season
Fall
91.3%
1.181
0.020
0
0
0.17
0.50
0.94
1.57
2.45
3.16
5.27
11.81
Spring
91.4%
1.095
0.018
0
0
0.18
0.48
0.89
1.45
2.18
2.91
4.54
12.35
Summer
92.4%
1.126
0.018
0
0
0.21
0.48
0.90
1.51
2.24
2.98
4.43
9.17
Winter
91.2%
1.129
0.019
0
0
0.19
0.47
0.89
1.50
2.37
3.07
4.66
12.99
Urbanization
Central
City
91.2%
1.127
0.017
0
0
0.18
0.49
0.91
1.50
2.33
2.98
4.50
11.81
Nonmetropolitan
91.7%
1.184
0.020
0
0
0.18
0.48
0.93
1.54
2.51
3.24
4.97
12.99
Suburban
91.8%
1.113
0.014
0
0
0.19
0.49
0.89
1.49
2.20
2.89
4.68
12.35
Race
Asian
78.5%
0.981
0.078
0
0
0
0.34
0.86
1.51
2.57
2.61
3.34
3.34
Black
88.8%
1.159
0.030
0
0
0.11
0.37
0.84
1.55
2.59
3.29
5.58
8.94
Native
American
81.3%
1.336
0.133
0
0
0.13
0.41
0.72
1.80
2.91
4.13
9.09
11.71
Other/
NA
89.1%
1.333
0.067
0
0
0
0.62
1.11
1.70
2.66
3.79
6.16
9.98
White
92.5%
1.121
0.010
0
0
0.20
0.51
0.91
1.48
2.23
2.95
4.51
12.99
Region
Midwest
91.2%
1.109
0.018
0
0
0.20
0.50
0.90
1.49
2.22
2.91
4.43
7.97
Northeast
91.1%
1.104
0.021
0
0
0.18
0.51
0.90
1.48
2.26
2.83
4.50
9.98
South
91.8%
1.155
0.017
0
0
0.18
0.46
0.92
1.54
2.41
3.13
4.89
12.99
West
92.1%
1.153
0.022
0
0
0.19
0.49
0.91
1.48
2.35
3.12
5.14
12.35
Includes
breads,
rolls,
muffins,
bagels,
biscuits,
cornbread,
and
tortillas.

a
Note:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
8
August
1997
Table
12­
3.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Sweets
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
50.2%
0.508
0.011
0
0
0
0
0.13
0.71
1.50
2.12
3.96
13.39
Age
(
years)

<
01
28.1%
0.447
0.096
0
0
0
0
0
0.41
1.42
2.26
5.51
9.35
1­
2
49.6%
1.144
0.111
0
0
0
0
0.43
1.75
3.32
4.87
6.51
13.39
3­
5
59.2%
1.139
0.079
0
0
0
0
0.56
1.82
3.01
4.33
6.78
9.25
6­
11
63.7%
0.881
0.046
0
0
0
0
0.43
1.29
2.33
3.28
5.39
12.97
12­
19
54.0%
0.511
0.030
0
0
0
0
0.22
0.75
1.47
1.99
3.25
9.65
20­
39
45.0%
0.383
0.015
0
0
0
0
0
0.59
1.24
1.66
2.48
7.45
40­
69
49.1%
0.381
0.015
0
0
0
0
0.08
0.55
1.13
1.58
2.70
5.70
70
+
56.3%
0.444
0.029
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.63
1.29
1.64
2.73
6.94
Season
Fall
52.9%
0.533
0.022
0
0
0
0
0.14
0.76
1.55
2.21
3.82
13.39
Spring
48.3%
0.466
0.021
0
0
0
0
0.10
0.65
1.36
1.82
3.58
9.35
Summer
48.5%
0.527
0.025
0
0
0
0
0.06
0.70
2.35
4.54
8.73
Winter
51.2%
0.508
0.022
0
0
0
0
0.19
0.71
1.50
2.00
4.00
10.84
Urbanization
Central
City
45.3%
0.495
0.021
0
0
0
0
0.11
0.65
1.55
2.12
4.24
9.94
Nonmetropolitan
52.3%
0.593
0.025
0
0
0
0
0.25
0.82
1.58
2.34
4.52
13.39
Suburban
52.4%
0.477
0.015
0
0
0
0
0.10
0.69
1.42
2.00
3.55
9.65
Race
Asian
37.6%
0.515
0.101
0
0
0
0
0.05
0.78
1.82
2.22
2.52
4.06
Black
39.3%
0.387
0.030
0
0
0
0
0
0.46
1.20
1.71
3.51
9.67
Native
American
33.9%
0.325
0.075
0
0
0
0
0
0.33
1.47
1.48
2.44
3.78
Other/
NA
32.3%
0.283
0.088
0
0
0
0
0
0.21
0.64
1.45
3.04
9.94
White
53.2%
0.537
0.012
0
0
0
0
0.17
0.77
1.55
2.17
4.09
13.39
Region
Midwest
53.0%
0.573
0.024
0
0
0
0
0.17
0.79
1.65
2.41
4.00
12.97
Northeast
55.9%
0.587
0.027
0
0
0
0
0.22
0.83
1.63
2.21
4.60
13.39
South
47.5%
0.471
0.018
0
0
0
0
0.09
0.65
1.39
1.98
3.89
10.84
West
46.7%
0.416
0.022
0
0
0
0
0
0.55
1.25
1.91
3.33
9.65
Includes
cakes,
cookies,
pies,
pastries,
doughnuts,
breakfast
bars,
and
coffee
cakes.

a
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
9
Table
12­
4.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Snacks
Containing
Grain
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
40.3%
0.160
0.005
0
0
0
0
0
0.18
0.47
0.78
1.74
6.73
Age
(
years)

<
01
31.4%
0.321
0.064
0
0
0
0
0
0.35
1.24
1.82
4.66
5.73
1­
2
46.7%
0.398
0.040
0
0
0
0
0.10
0.65
1.30
1.61
2.03
6.73
3­
5
48.9%
0.393
0.034
0
0
0
0
0.12
0.58
1.22
1.65
2.20
4.76
6­
11
43.1%
0.269
0.023
0
0
0
0
0
0.32
0.86
1.24
2.43
4.00
12­
19
40.2%
0.170
0.016
0
0
0
0
0
0.21
0.50
0.74
1.94
3.51
20­
39
38.2%
0.123
0.007
0
0
0
0
0
0.15
0.41
0.60
1.21
4.60
40­
69
40.3%
0.104
0.006
0
0
0
0
0
0.14
0.33
0.46
1.06
2.85
70
+
40.9%
0.074
0.007
0
0
0
0
0
0.10
0.20
0.36
0.70
1.47
Season
Fall
41.6%
0.180
0.012
0
0
0
0
0
0.18
0.50
0.87
1.99
6.73
Spring
38.3%
0.136
0.009
0
0
0
0
0
0.15
0.43
0.67
1.29
3.43
Summer
37.5%
0.165
0.010
0
0
0
0
0
0.18
0.52
0.86
1.72
5.73
Winter
43.9%
0.160
0.010
0
0
0
0
0
0.19
0.44
0.76
1.77
4.60
Urbanization
Central
City
36.5%
0.158
0.010
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.46
0.81
1.81
3.70
Nonmetropolitan
39.8%
0.144
0.009
0
0
0
0
0
0.17
0.44
0.66
1.32
4.76
Suburban
43.3%
0.169
0.008
0
0
0
0
0
0.18
0.50
0.80
1.75
6.73
Race
Asian
22.1%
0.077
0.035
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0.27
0.37
1.09
1.34
Black
25.9%
0.107
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0.07
0.33
0.59
1.19
4.76
Native
American
30.4%
0.142
0.050
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.32
0.44
1.29
4.60
Other/
NA
28.3%
0.139
0.026
0
0
0
0
0
0.17
0.43
0.69
1.27
1.91
White
43.7%
0.170
0.006
0
0
0
0
0
0.19
0.49
0.81
1.80
6.73
Region
Midwest
45.2%
0.202
0.012
0
0
0
0
0
0.23
0.57
0.99
1.95
6.73
Northeast
35.8%
0.113
0.010
0
0
0
0
0
0.10
0.35
0.61
1.28
5.73
South
39.8%
0.162
0.008
0
0
0
0
0
0.19
0.46
0.80
1.63
4.76
West
39.4%
0.155
0.011
0
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.46
0.76
1.81
4.60
Includes
grain
snacks
such
as
crackers,
salty
snacks,
popcorn,
and
pretzels.

a
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
10
August
1997
Table
12­
5.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Breakfast
Foods
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)
a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
15.0%
0.144
0.012
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.46
0.95
2.46
13.61
Age
(
years)

<
01
13.2%
0.255
0.108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.57
2.08
3.82
5.72
1­
2
20.9%
0.418
0.103
0
0
0
0
0
0.37
1.54
2.50
4.62
9.92
3­
5
24.5%
0.446
0.078
0
0
0
0
0
0.56
1.63
2.33
3.92
11.90
6­
11
25.0%
0.307
0.045
0
0
0
0
0
0.31
1.12
1.69
2.82
13.61
12­
19
18.4%
0.193
0.038
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.65
1.16
3.06
5.38
20­
39
13.2%
0.086
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.31
0.61
1.53
4.41
40­
69
10.8%
0.063
0.011
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.23
0.51
0.95
2.98
70
+
12.5%
0.096
0.025
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.41
0.65
1.37
3.09
Season
Fall
15.1%
0.146
0.021
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.49
0.93
2.61
6.83
Spring
13.2%
0.120
0.023
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.34
0.71
2.32
6.23
Summer
14.8%
0.145
0.022
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.53
0.98
2.02
7.41
Winter
17.0%
0.168
0.027
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.55
1.04
2.94
13.61
Urbanization
Central
City
15.1%
0.142
0.021
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.42
0.93
2.61
7.17
Nonmetropolitan
13.3%
0.120
0.020
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.39
0.85
1.97
7.41
Suburban
15.9%
0.157
0.019
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.52
1.06
2.45
13.61
Race
Asian
10.1%
0.076
0.060
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.24
0.61
1.04
1.46
Black
11.9%
0.114
0.032
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.20
0.78
2.46
7.41
Native
American
18.7%
0.156
0.073
0
0
0
0
0
0.21
0.53
0.61
1.23
6.83
Other/
NA
13.7%
0.079
0.037
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.40
0.43
1.40
2.33
White
15.6%
0.152
0.013
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.51
0.97
2.56
13.61
Region
Midwest
14.7%
0.121
0.020
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.38
0.75
2.06
7.41
Northeast
15.2%
0.158
0.034
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.43
1.02
2.61
13.61
South
12.3%
0.130
0.019
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.42
0.92
2.33
4.59
West
19.7%
0.184
0.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.67
1.14
2.58
6.96
Includes
breakfast
foods
made
with
grains
such
as
pancakes,
waffles,
and
french
toast.

a
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
11
Table
12­
6.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Pasta
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
13.6%
0.233
0.018
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.90
1.60
3.67
24.01
Age
(
years)

<
01
7.3%
0.172
0.124
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
1.18
3.79
6.43
1­
2
14.0%
0.569
0.212
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.72
5.14
6.68
24.01
3­
5
15.3%
0.543
0.142
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.19
3.37
6.51
7.72
6­
11
15.9%
0.338
0.063
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.47
2.35
3.43
7.72
12­
19
14.3%
0.194
0.047
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.77
1.47
3.36
7.24
20­
39
15.2%
0.232
0.027
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.96
1.57
2.83
7.17
40­
69
12.5%
0.172
0.028
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.62
1.32
2.67
10.20
70
+
9.9%
0.083
0.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.03
0.76
1.57
2.62
Season
Fall
14.0%
0.239
0.038
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
1.72
3.77
24.01
Spring
13.9%
0.250
0.036
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.96
1.65
3.28
9.47
Summer
13.6%
0.251
0.039
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.97
1.72
3.80
11.12
Winter
12.9%
0.193
0.034
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.68
1.33
3.22
8.73
Urbanization
Central
City
12.9%
0.197
0.034
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.65
1.34
3.43
24.01
Nonmetropolitan
11.4%
0.171
0.032
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.63
1.33
2.48
11.12
Suburban
15.4%
0.286
0.028
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.12
1.96
3.92
10.20
Race
Asian
18.8%
0.918
0.355
0
0
0
0
0
0.70
3.80
5.78
6.51
10.20
Black
6.6%
0.138
0.054
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
1.08
3.27
5.14
Other/
NA
8.6%
0.115
0.083
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
1.16
2.43
3.86
White
15.1%
0.243
0.019
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
1.65
3.46
24.01
Region
Midwest
12.8%
0.182
0.030
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.74
1.24
2.76
9.46
Northeast
21.9%
0.367
0.043
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.47
2.14
4.62
24.01
South
9.2%
0.179
0.035
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.45
1.32
3.63
11.12
West
14.7%
0.252
0.038
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.07
1.63
3.25
10.20
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
12
August
1997
Table
12­
7.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Cooked
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
17.1%
0.441
0.035
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.37
2.79
8.18
28.63
Age
(
years)

<
01
17.9%
1.350
0.417
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.17
8.60
20.47
24.16
1­
2
23.6%
1.783
0.365
0
0
0
0
0
1.39
7.00
9.41
14.84
28.63
3­
5
21.2%
1.335
0.258
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.99
8.18
12.51
18.66
6­
11
18.1%
0.669
0.142
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.32
4.49
10.76
16.42
12­
19
11.0%
0.156
0.065
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.26
3.34
11.85
20­
39
10.5%
0.166
0.040
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.33
3.33
13.18
40­
69
18.3%
0.307
0.036
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.30
2.20
3.97
18.23
70
+
35.3%
0.782
0.079
0
0
0
0
0
1.08
2.71
3.80
7.37
10.03
Season
Fall
21.2%
0.573
0.066
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.90
3.71
9.15
28.63
Spring
15.8%
0.439
0.082
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.07
2.29
12.28
21.84
Summer
12.1%
0.288
0.069
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.55
1.98
5.37
24.16
Winter
19.1%
0.463
0.062
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.57
3.12
7.00
24.34
Urbanization
Central
City
19.3%
0.523
0.068
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.52
3.27
10.03
28.63
Nonmetropolitan
20.0%
0.483
0.066
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.52
2.72
7.41
20.94
Suburban
13.9%
0.369
0.052
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.09
2.35
7.37
24.34
Race
Black
30.3%
0.838
0.092
0
0
0
0
0
0.65
2.95
4.45
10.03
28.63
Native
American
17.5%
0.372
0.196
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.15
2.99
4.80
5.73
Other/
NA
12.6%
0.510
0.293
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.12
3.18
7.60
20.94
White
15.1%
0.382
0.039
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.11
2.32
7.38
24.34
Region
Midwest
15.5%
0.507
0.083
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.39
3.01
10.32
21.85
Northeast
13.2%
0.395
0.093
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.00
2.73
7.02
24.34
South
21.4%
0.396
0.044
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.40
2.48
5.53
28.63
West
15.2%
0.483
0.086
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.45
3.12
9.41
16.47
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
13
Table
12­
8.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Rice
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
20.0%
0.357
0.022
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.26
2.15
4.85
17.59
Age
(
years)

<
01
11.8%
0.405
0.209
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.40
2.89
7.87
15.54
1­
2
24.4%
0.811
0.192
0
0
0
0
0
0.36
3.36
4.52
9.81
17.59
3­
5
25.0%
0.736
0.127
0
0
0
0
0
0.76
2.83
3.77
6.70
14.35
6­
11
20.8%
0.504
0.090
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.71
3.33
7.86
13.39
12­
19
20.1%
0.316
0.052
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.26
1.91
3.74
9.60
20­
39
21.3%
0.341
0.037
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.20
1.90
5.02
12.69
40­
69
19.6%
0.259
0.028
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
1.64
3.35
12.00
70
+
14.9%
0.229
0.050
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.81
1.73
3.12
7.97
Season
Fall
18.8%
0.307
0.041
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
2.13
4.92
16.74
Spring
21.5%
0.395
0.046
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.34
2.47
5.05
15.54
Summer
19.3%
0.376
0.045
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.31
2.05
5.02
12.55
Winter
20.5%
0.350
0.041
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.37
2.09
4.17
17.59
Urbanization
Central
City
26.1%
0.449
0.039
0
0
0
0
0
0.18
1.51
2.51
5.54
16.74
Nonmetropolitan
15.9%
0.311
0.046
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.04
1.90
5.02
12.91
Suburban
18.3%
0.320
0.031
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.16
2.01
4.30
17.59
Race
Asian
72.5%
2.353
0.316
0
0
0
0
1.32
2.83
6.20
10.39
15.06
17.59
Black
37.2%
0.603
0.048
0
0
0
0
0
0.87
2.08
2.93
5.16
12.91
Other/
NA
37.7%
0.655
0.116
0
0
0
0
0
0.80
2.15
3.78
6.06
10.71
White
15.9%
0.281
0.023
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.94
1.79
4.30
15.54
Region
Midwest
12.3%
0.207
0.046
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.62
1.25
3.59
13.39
Northeast
20.3%
0.378
0.050
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.45
2.15
4.65
16.74
South
25.2%
0.455
0.036
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.62
2.71
5.21
15.54
West
20.4%
0.349
0.045
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.25
1.84
4.52
17.59
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
14
August
1997
Table
12­
9.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Ready­
to­
Eat
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

a
Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
45.6%
0.306
0.007
0
0
0
0
0
0.42
0.92
1.37
2.61
7.12
Age
(
years)

<
01
38.9%
0.431
0.059
0
0
0
0
0
0.64
1.55
1.94
3.40
4.40
1­
2
70.7%
0.954
0.057
0
0
0
0
0.74
1.46
2.28
2.89
4.77
6.47
3­
5
77.3%
1.026
0.044
0
0
0
0.31
0.83
1.48
2.35
2.99
3.67
5.65
6­
11
69.0%
0.631
0.025
0
0
0
0
0.45
0.92
1.55
1.97
3.12
7.12
12­
19
50.8%
0.317
0.019
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.48
0.90
1.14
2.61
4.06
20­
39
34.3%
0.174
0.010
0
0
0
0
0
0.23
0.61
0.88
1.51
5.11
40­
69
37.1%
0.166
0.008
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0.55
0.74
1.32
3.36
70
+
52.4%
0.222
0.013
0
0
0
0
0.08
0.36
0.64
0.83
1.55
2.71
Season
Fall
45.2%
0.293
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0.40
0.94
1.42
2.38
7.12
Spring
45.6%
0.320
0.015
0
0
0
0
0
0.44
0.95
1.42
2.69
5.88
Summer
46.6%
0.330
0.016
0
0
0
0
0
0.45
0.99
1.42
2.82
5.65
Winter
44.8%
0.280
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0.39
0.81
1.22
2.61
6.47
Urbanization
Central
City
46.6%
0.319
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0.43
0.94
1.42
2.86
5.11
Nonmetropolitan
43.6%
0.283
0.014
0
0
0
0
0
0.38
0.85
1.33
2.52
7.12
Suburban
46.0%
0.307
0.011
0
0
0
0
0
0.44
0.93
1.36
2.46
6.47
Race
Asian
33.6%
0.218
0.065
0
0
0
0
0
0.24
0.81
1.28
2.79
3.12
Black
41.1%
0.269
0.018
0
0
0
0
0
0.40
0.82
1.16
2.50
4.46
Native
American
38.6%
0.298
0.078
0
0
0
0
0
0.32
0.76
1.23
3.26
4.40
Other/
NA
42.9%
0.340
0.050
0
0
0
0
0
0.43
1.12
1.59
2.69
4.18
White
46.7%
0.311
0.008
0
0
0
0
0
0.42
0.94
1.39
2.61
7.12
Region
Midwest
48.7%
0.328
0.015
0
0
0
0
0
0.47
0.98
1.37
2.55
7.12
Northeast
46.9%
0.286
0.017
0
0
0
0
0
0.38
0.89
1.33
2.70
6.47
South
41.4%
0.284
0.012
0
0
0
0
0
0.40
0.81
1.26
2.34
5.88
West
47.7%
0.336
0.016
0
0
0
0
0
0.46
1.05
1.47
2.84
5.11
Incluldes
dry
ready­
to­
eat
corn,
rice,
wheat,
and
bran
cereals
in
the
form
of
flakes,
puffs,
etc.

a
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
15
Table
12­
10.
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Baby
Cereals
(
g/
kg­
day
as
consumed)

Population
Group
Percent
Consuming
MEAN
SE
P1
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
P100
Total
1.1%
0.037
0.051
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.57
Age
(
years)
a
<
01
28.5%
1.205
0.280
0
0
0
0
0
0.64
4.59
6.94
16.99
22.57
Season
Fall
1.1%
0.036
0.075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.69
14.94
Spring
1.1%
0.059
0.138
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.13
16.99
Summer
1.0%
0.017
0.068
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.03
Winter
1.0%
0.035
0.107
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.57
Urbanization
Central
City
1.3%
0.048
0.088
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.05
22.57
Nonmetropolitan
0.9%
0.011
0.040
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.41
Suburban
1.0%
0.042
0.093
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.99
Race
Asian
0.7%
0.017
0.137
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.10
1.10
Black
2.1%
0.092
0.151
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.59
22.57
Native
American
1.2%
0.010
0.088
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.63
Other/
NA
3.1%
0.050
0.133
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.94
13.42
White
0.8%
0.029
0.059
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.99
Region
Midwest
1.1%
0.020
0.050
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.50
Northeast
1.0%
0.084
0.208
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.25
16.99
South
1.0%
0.016
0.060
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.57
West
1.1%
0.046
0.101
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.18
10.18
Data
presented
only
for
children
less
than
1
year
of
age.
Available
data
for
other
age
groups
was
based
on
a
very
small
number
of
observations
a
NOTE:
SE
=
Standard
error
P
=
Percentile
of
the
distribution
Source:
Based
on
EPA's
analysis
of
the
1989­
91
CSFII.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
16
August
1997
Table
12­
11.
Mean
Daily
Intakes
of
Grains
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
for
USDA
1977­
78,
87­
88,
89­
91,
94,
and
95
Surveys
Food
Product
(
g/
day)
(
g/
day)
(
g/
day)
(
g/
day)
(
g/
day)
77­
78
Data
87­
88
Data
89­
91
Data
94
Data
95
Data
Grains
215
237
273
300
303
Grains
Mixtures
52
72
89
112
107
Source:
USDA,
1980;
1992;
1996a;
1996b.

Table
12­
12.
Mean
Per
Capita
Intake
Rates
for
Grains
Based
on
All
Sex/
Age/
Demographic
Subgroups
Raw
Agricultural
Commodity
(
Grams/
kg
Body
Weight­
Day)
Standard
Error
a
Average
Consumption
Oats
0.0825748
0.0026061
Rice­
rough
0.0030600
0.0004343
Rice­
milled
0.1552627
0.0083546
Rye­
rough
0.0000010
­­
Rye­
germ
0.0002735
0.0000483
Rye­
flour
0.0040285
0.0002922
Wheat­
rough
0.1406118
0.0050410
Wheat­
germ
0.0008051
0.0000789
Wheat­
bran
0.0121575
0.0004864
Wheat­
flour
1.2572489
0.0127412
Millet
0.0000216
0.0000104
Consumed
in
any
raw
or
prepared
form.
a
Source:
DRES
data
base
(
based
on
1977­
78
NFCS).
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
17
Table
12­
13.
Mean
Grain
Intake
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
for
1977­
1978
a
Group
Age
(
years)
Total
Grains
Biscuits
Goods
Cereals,
Pasta
Grain
Breads,
Rolls,
Other
Baked
Mixtures,
Mainly
b
Males
and
Females
Under
1
42
4
5
30
3
1­
2
158
27
24
44
63
3­
5
181
46
37
54
45
6­
8
206
53
56
60
38
Males
9­
11
238
67
56
51
64
12­
14
288
76
80
57
74
15­
18
303
91
77
53
82
19­
22
253
84
53
64
52
23­
34
256
82
60
40
74
35­
50
234
82
58
44
50
51­
64
229
78
57
48
46
65­
74
235
71
60
69
35
75
and
Over
196
70
50
58
19
Females
9­
11
214
58
59
44
53
12­
14
235
57
61
45
72
15­
18
196
57
43
41
55
19­
22
161
44
36
33
48
23­
34
163
49
38
32
44
35­
50
161
49
37
32
43
51­
64
155
52
40
36
27
65­
74
175
57
42
47
29
75
and
Over
178
54
44
58
22
Males
and
Females
All
Ages
204
62
49
44
49
Based
on
USDA
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey
1977­
78
data
for
one
day.
a
Includes
mixtures
containing
grain
as
the
main
ingredient.
b
Source:
USDA,
1980.

Table
12­
14.
Mean
Grain
Intakes
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
for
1987­
1988
a
Group
Total
Breads
and
French
Pastries,
Pretzels,
Cereals
and
Mostly
Age
(
years)
Grains
Rolls
Toast
Pies
Corn
Chips
Pastas
Grain
Yeast
Pancakes,
Cookies,
Popcorn,
Mixtures,
Quick
Breads,
Cakes,
Crackers,

b
Males
and
Females
5
and
Under
167
30
8
22
4
52
51
Males
74
83
6­
11
268
51
16
37
8
72
82
12­
19
304
65
28
45
10
58
83
20
and
Over
272
65
20
37
8
Females
6­
11
231
43
19
30
6
66
68
12­
19
239
45
13
29
7
52
91
20
and
Over
208
45
14
28
6
53
62
All
Individuals
237
52
16
32
7
57
72
Based
on
USDA
Nationwide
Food
Consumption
Survey
1987­
88
data
for
one
day.
a
Includes
mixtures
containing
grain
as
the
main
ingredient.
b
Source:
USDA,
1992.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
18
August
1997
Table
12­
15.
Mean
Grain
Intakes
Per
Individual
in
a
Day
by
Sex
and
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)
for
1994
and
1995
a
Group
Yeast
Breads
Pancakes,
Pastries,
Pies
Pretzels,
Corn
Cereals
and
Mixtures,
Age
(
years)
Total
Grains
and
Rolls
French
Toast
Chips
Pastas
Mostly
Grain
Quick
Breads,
Cakes,
Cookies,
Popcorn,
Crackers,

b
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
1994
1995
Males
and
213
210
26
28
11
11
22
23
8
7
58
57
89
84
Females
5
and
Under
Males
6­
11
285
341
51
45
15
21
42
46
12
18
66
97
101
115
12­
19
417
364
53
54
30
21
54
43
17
22
82
84
180
138
20
and
357
365
64
61
22
24
43
46
13
15
86
91
128
128
Over
Females
6­
11
260
286
43
46
16
21
37
51
11
14
57
54
94
100
12­
19
317
296
40
37
16
14
39
35
17
16
63
52
142
143
20
and
254
257
44
45
16
15
33
34
9
10
59
69
92
83
Over
All
Individuals
300
303
50
49
18
19
38
39
12
13
70
76
112
107
Based
on
USDA
CSFII
1994
and
1995
data
for
one
day.
a
Includes
mixtures
containing
grain
as
the
main
ingredient.
b
Source:
USDA,
1996a;
1996b.

Table
12­
16.
Mean
and
Standard
Error
for
the
Daily
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Grains,
by
Age
(
g/
day
as
consumed)

Age
(
years)
Breads
Cereals
Other
Grains
All
ages
147.3+
1.4
29.9+
1.3
22.9+
1.7
Under
1
16.2+
9.2
37.9+
8.2
1.8+
10.9
1
to
4
104.6+
4.5
38.4+
4.0
14.8+
5.4
5
to
9
154.3+
3.8
39.5+
3.4
22.7+
4.5
10
to
14
186.2+
3.6
36.4+
3.2
25.6+
4.2
15
to
19
188.5+
3.7
28.8+
3.3
27.8+
4.4
20
to
24
166.5+
4.9
20.2+
4.3
25.0+
5.8
25
to
29
170.0+
5.0
18.2+
4.4
26.6+
5.9
30
to
39
156.8+
3.9
18.8+
3.5
26.4+
4.6
40
to
59
144.4+
3.1
24.7+
2.7
23.3+
3.6
60
and
over
122.1+
3.4
42.5+
3.0
19.3+
4.0
Source:
U.
S.
EPA,
1984a
(
based
on
1977­
78
NFCS).
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
19
Table
12­
17.
Mean
and
Standard
Error
for
the
Daily
Intake
of
Grains,
by
Region
(
g/
day
as
consumed)

Region
Total
Grains
Breads
Cereals
Other
Grains
All
Regions
200.0+
3.0
147.3+
1.4
29.9+
1.3
22.9+
1.7
Northeast
203.5+
5.8
153.1+
2.8
24.6+
2.5
25.9+
3.3
North
Central
192.8+
5.6
150.9+
2.7
28.7+
2.4
13.3+
3.2
South
202.2+
4.7
143.9+
2.3
34.6+
2.0
23.7+
2.7
West
202.6+
6.9
139.5+
3.3
30.9+
3.0
32.1+
4.0
NOTE:
Northeast
=
Maine,
New
Hampshire,
Vermont,
Massachusetts,
Connecticut,
Rhode
Island,
New
York,
New
Jersey,
and
Pennsylvania.

North
Central
=
Ohio,
Illinois,
Indiana,
Wisconsin,
Michigan,
Minnesota,
Iowa,
Missouri,
North
Dakota,
South
Dakota,
Nebraska,
and
Kansas.

South
=
Maryland,
Delaware,
District
of
Columbia,
Virginia,
West
Virginia,
North
Carolina,
South
Carolina,
Georgia,
Florida,
Kentucky,
Tennessee,
Alabama,
Mississippi,
Arkansas,
Louisiana,
Texas,
and
Oklahoma.

West
=
Montana,
Idaho,
Wyoming,
Utah,
Colorado,
New
Mexico,
Arizona,
Nevada,
Washington,
Oregon,
and
California.
Source:
U.
S.
EPA,
1984b
(
based
on
1977­
78
NFCS).

Table
12­
18.
Consumption
of
Grains
(
g
dry
weight/
day)
for
Different
Age
Groups
and
Estimated
Lifetime
Average
Daily
Food
Intakes
for
a
U.
S.
Citizen
(
averaged
across
sex)
Calculated
from
the
FDA
Diet
Data
Age
(
years)
Estimated
lifetime
a
(
0­
1)
(
1­
5)
(
6­
13)
(
14­
19)
(
20­
44)
(
45­
70)

Wheat
27.60
42.23
60.80
79.36
65.86
55.13
60.30
Corn
4.00
15.35
19.28
23.21
12.83
14.82
12.01
Rice
2.22
4.58
5.24
5.89
5.78
4.21
5.03
Oats
3.73
2.65
2.27
1.89
1.32
2.00
1.85
Other
Grain
0.01
0.08
0.41
0.73
13.45
4.41
6.49
Total
Grain
37.56
64.82
87.58
110.34
90.59
76.12
84.19
The
estimated
lifetime
dietary
intakes
were
estimated
by:
a
Estimated
lifetime
=
IR(
0­
1)
+
5yrs
*
IR
(
1­
5)
+
8
yrs
*
IR
(
6­
13)
+
6
yrs
*
IR
(
14­
19)
+
25
yrs
*
IR
(
20­
44)
+
25
yrs
*
IR
(
45­
70)
70
years
where
IR
=
the
intake
rate
for
a
specific
age
group.
Source:
U.
S.
EPA,
1989
(
based
on
1977­
78
NFCS
and
NHANES
II
data).
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
20
August
1997
Table
12­
19.
Per
Capita
Consumption
of
Flour
and
Cereal
Products
in
1991a
Food
Item
(
g/
day)
Per
Capita
Consumption
a
Total
Wheat
Flour
169.8
b
Rye
Flour
0.7
Rice
20.9
c
Total
Corn
Products
27.2
d
Oat
Products
10.7
e
Barley
Products
1.1
f
Total
Flour
and
Cereal
Products
230.6
g
Original
data
were
presented
in
lbs/
yr;
data
were
converted
to
g/
day
by
multiplying
by
a
factor
of
454
g/
lb
and
dividing
by
365
days/
yr.
a
Consumption
of
most
items
at
the
processing
level.
Excludes
quantities
used
in
alcoholic
beverages
and
fuel.
Includes
white,
whole
wheat,
and
durum
flour.
b
Milled
basis.
c
Includes
corn
flour
and
meal,
hominy
and
grits,
and
corn
starch.
d
Includes
rolled
oats,
ready­
to­
eat
cereals,
oat
flour,
and
oat
bran.
e
Includes
barley
flour,
pearl
barley,
and
malt
and
malt
extract
used
in
food
processing.
f
Excludes
wheat
not
ground
into
flour,
for
example,
shredded
wheat
breakfast
cereals.
g
Source:
USDA,
1993.

Table
12­
20.
Quantity
(
as
consumed)
of
Grain
Products
Consumed
Per
Eating
Occasion
and
the
Percentage
of
Individuals
Using
These
Foods
in
Three
Days
Food
category
in
3
days
(
g)
Quantity
consumed
per
eating
occasion
at
specified
percentiles
(
g)
%
Indiv.
Quantity
consumed
per
using
food
eating
occasion
Consumers­
only
Average
Standard
5
25
50
75
90
95
99
Deviation
Yeast
Breads
93.7
46
26
21
25
44
50
75
100
140
Pancakes
8.3
113
85
27
54
81
146
219
282
438
Waffles
2.9
87
74
20
40
78
100
158
200
400
Tortillas
2.9
69
39
28
30
60
90
120
140
210
Cakes
and
Cupcakes
25.5
79
59
23
41
63
99
144
184
284
Cookies
30.8
32
30
7
14
26
40
60
84
144
Pies
11.9
129
60
57
97
120
150
195
236
360
Doughnuts
9.9
64
40
26
42
43
84
106
126
208
Crackers
26.2
22
21
6
12
15
24
42
57
113
Popcorn
5.6
19
22
5
9
15
18
36
45
108
Pretzels
2.2
29
28
3
12
21
36
57
85
160
Corn­
based
Salty
Snacks
5.9
33
30
9
18
21
40
60
80
156
Pasta
11.4
153
108
35
70
140
210
280
320
560
Rice
18.5
147
91
41
88
165
125
263
350
438
Cooked
Cereals
12.4
203
110
31
123
240
245
360
480
490
Ready­
to­
Eat
Cereals
43.4
36
25
8
22
29
45
60
84
120
Source:
Pao
et
al.,
1982
(
based
on
1977­
78
NFCS).
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
21
Table
12­
21.
Mean
Moisture
Content
of
Selected
Grains
Expressed
as
Percentages
of
Edible
Portions
Food
Comments
Moisture
Content
(
Percent)

Raw
Cooked
Barley
­
pearled
10.09
68.80
Corn
­
grain
­
endosperm
10.37
Corn
­
grain
­
bran
3.71
crude
Millet
8.67
71.41
Oats
8.22
Rice
­
rough
­
white
11.62
68.72
Rye
­
rough
10.95
Rye
­
flour
­
medium
9.85
Sorghum
(
including
milo)
9.20
Wheat
­
rough
­
hard
white
9.57
Wheat
­
germ
11.12
crude
Wheat
­
bran
9.89
crude
Wheat
­
flour
­
whole
grain
10.27
Source:
USDA,
1979­
1986.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
12­
22
August
1997
Table
12­
22.
Summary
of
Grain
Intake
Studies
Study
Survey
Population
Used
in
Calculating
Intake
Types
of
Data
Used
Units
Food
Items
KEY
STUDIES
EPA
Analysis
of
1989­
91
CSFII
Data
Per
capita
1989­
91
CSFII
data;

Based
on
3­
day
average
individual
intake
rates.
g/
kg­
day;
as
consumed
Distributions
of
intake
rates
for
total
grain;
individual
grain
items
RELEVANT
STUDIES
EPA's
DRES
(
White
et
al.,
1983)
Per
capita
(
i.
e.,
consumers
and
nonconsumers)
1977­
78
NFCS
3­
day
individual
intake
data
g/
kg­
day;
as
consumed
Intake
for
a
wide
variety
of
grain
products
presented;
complex
food
groups
were
disaggregated
Pao
et
al.,
1982
Consumers
only
serving
size
data
provided
1977­
78
NFCS
3­
day
individual
intake
data
g;
as
consumed
Distributions
of
serving
sizes
for
grain
products
USDA,
1980;
1992;
1996a;

1996b
Per
capita
and
consumer
only
grouped
by
age
and
sex
1977­
78
and
1987­
88
NFCS,
and
1994
and
1995
CSFII
1­
day
individual
intake
data
g/
day;
as
consumed
Total
grains
and
various
grain
products
USDA,
1993b
Per
capita
consumption
based
on
"
food
disappearance"
Based
on
food
supply
and
utilization
data
g/
day;
as
consumed
Intake
rates
of
grain
products
U.
S.
EPA/
ORP,

1984a;
1984b
Per
capita
1977­
78
NFCS
Individual
intake
data
g/
day;
as
consumed
Mean
intake
rates
for
total
grain
products,
and
individual
grain
items.

U.
S.
EPA/
OST,
1989
Estimated
lifetime
dietary
intake
Based
on
FDA
Total
Diet
Study
Food
List
which
used
1977­
78
NFCS
data,
and
NHANES
II
data
g/
day;
dry
weight
Various
food
groups;
complex
foods
disaggregated
Table
12­
23.
Summary
of
Recommended
Values
for
Per
Capita
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Mean
95th
Percentile
Multiple
Percentiles
Study
Total
Grain
Intake
4.1
g/
kg­
day
10.8
g/
kg­
day
see
Table
12­
1
EPA
Analysis
of
CSFII
1989­
91
Data
Individual
Grain
Products
see
Tables
12­
2
to
12­
10
see
Tables
12­
2
to
12­
10
see
Table
12­
2
to
12­
10
EPA
Analysis
of
CSFII
1989­
91
Data
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Chapter
12
­
Intake
of
Grain
Products
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12­
23
Table
12­
24.
Confidence
in
Grain
Products
Intake
Recommendation
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study
Elements
°
Level
of
peer
review
USDA
CSFII
survey
receives
high
level
of
peer
review.
High
EPA
analysis
of
these
data
has
been
peer
reviewed
outside
the
Agency.

°
Accessibility
CSFII
data
are
publicly
available.
High
°
Reproducibility
Enough
information
is
included
to
reproduce
results.
High
°
Focus
on
factor
of
Analysis
is
specifically
designed
to
address
food
intake.
High
interest
°
Data
pertinent
to
U.
S.
Data
focuses
on
the
U.
S.
population.
High
°
Primary
data
This
is
new
analysis
of
primary
data.
High
°
Currency
Were
the
most
current
data
publicly
available
at
the
time
High
the
analysis
was
conducted
for
this
Handbook.

°
Adequacy
of
data
Survey
is
designed
to
collect
short­
term
data.
Medium
confidence
for
collection
period
average
values;
Low
confidence
for
long
term
percentile
distribution
°
Validity
of
approach
Survey
methodology
was
adequate.
High
°
Study
size
Study
size
was
very
large
and
therefore
adequate.
High
°
Representativeness
of
the
The
population
studied
was
the
U.
S.
population.
High
population
°
Characterization
of
Survey
was
not
designed
to
capture
long
term
day­
to­
day
Medium
variability
variability.
Short
term
distributions
are
provided
for
various
age
groups,
regions,
etc.

°
Lack
of
bias
in
study
design
Response
rate
was
adequate.
Medium
(
high
rating
is
desirable)

°
Measurement
error
No
measurements
were
taken.
The
study
relied
on
survey
N/
A
data.

Other
Elements
°
Number
of
studies
1
Low
CSFII
was
the
most
recent
data
set
publicly
available
at
the
time
the
analysis
was
conducted
for
this
Handbook.
Therefore,
it
was
the
only
study
classified
as
key
study.

°
Agreement
between
researchers
Although
the
CSFII
was
the
only
study
classified
as
key
High
study,
the
results
are
in
good
agreement
with
earlier
data.

Overall
Rating
The
survey
is
representative
of
U.
S.
population.
Although
High
confidence
in
the
there
was
only
one
study
considered
key,
these
data
are
the
average;
most
recent
and
are
in
agreement
with
earlier
data.
The
Low
confidence
in
the
longapproach
used
to
analyze
the
data
was
adequate.
term
upper
percentiles
However,
due
to
the
limitations
of
the
survey
design
estimation
of
long­
term
percentile
values
(
especially
the
upper
percentiles)
is
uncertain.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Appendix
12A
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12A­
1
APPENDIX
12A
FOOD
CODES
AND
DEFINITIONS
USED
IN
THE
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
1989­
91
USDA
CSFII
GRAINS
DATA
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors
Appendix
12A
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
12A­
3
Table
12A­
1.
Food
Codes
and
Definitions
Used
in
the
Analysis
of
the
1989­
91
USDA
CSFII
Grains
Data
Food
Product
Food
Codes
and
Descriptions
Food
Product
Food
Codes
and
Descriptions
Total
Grains
51­
breads
Pasta
561­
macaroni
52­
tortillas
noodles
53­
sweets
spaghetti
54­
snacks
55­
breakfast
foods
561­
pasta
562­
cooked
cereals
and
rice
57­
ready­
to­
eat
and
baby
cereals
Also
includes
the
average
portion
of
grain
mixtures
(
i.
e.,
31
percent)
and
the
average
portion
of
meat
mixtures
(
i.
e.,
13
percent)
made
up
by
grain.

Breads
51­
breads
Cooked
Cereals
56200­
includes
grits,
oatmeal,
rolls
56201­
cornmeal
mush,
millet,
muffins
56202­
etc.
bagel
56203­
biscuits
562069­
corn
bread
56207­
52­
tortillas
56208­
56209­

Sweets
53­
cakes
Rice
56204­
includes
all
varieties
of
cookies
56205­
rice
pies
5620601
pastries
doughnuts
breakfast
bars
coffee
cakes
Snacks
54­
crackers
Ready­
to­
eat
570­
includes
all
varieties
of
salty
snacks
Cereals
571­
ready­
to­
eat
cereals
popcorn
572­
pretzels
573­
574­
575­
576­

Breakfast
Foods
55­
pancakes
Baby
Cereals
578­
baby
cereals
waffles
french
toast
Grain
Mixtures
58­
grain
mixtures
Meat
Mixtures
27­
meat
mixtures
28­