Document ID: OSHA-H005C-2006-0870-1337
Agency: osha
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2015-08-07T04:00Z

HSDB Summary Beryllium Sulphate

The following information was generated from the 

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system

(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on January 27, 2009.

Query: Records containing  the word disease  

Singular and plural forms were searched.The chemical name beryllium was

identified.

The following terms were added from ChemIDplus:

glucinum

glucinium

CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7

4

NAME: BERYLLIUM SULFATE

HSN: 347

RN: 13510-49-1

NOTE:

      This record contains information specific to the title compound.
For

      general information on the toxicity and environmental fate of
beryllium

      ion and beryllium compounds, refer to the BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
record; for

      information on the metal itself, to the BERYLLIUM, ELEMENTAL
record.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      Chronic beryllium disease is the pulmonary and systemic
granulomatous

      disease caused by exposure to beryllium by inhalation. In most
cases, the

      duration of exposure is several months to years. The interval
between

      initial exposure and the clinical manifestations of disease
varies. Some

      patients become symptomatic while actively working; others, as
late as 25

      years after their last exposure. The average latency period is 10
to 15

      years. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic
beryllium

      disease. Other symptoms are cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest
pain, and

      arthralgias. Physical findings may be entirely normal or may
include

      bibasilar crackles, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions,
hepatosplenomegaly, and

      clubbing. Signs of pulmonary hypertension may be present in
severe,

      long-standing disease. Parotid gland enlargement was reported in
one

      patient with chronic beryllium disease. /Beryllium and compounds/
[Rom,

      W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed.
Boston, MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The role of T-cells in patients with chronic beryllium disease was

      examined. The cohort consisted of eight patients, seven males,
mean age 44

      yr, with chronic beryllium disease who had a history of exposure
to

      airborne beryllium. The comparisons consisted of five healthy
individuals,

      three males, mean age 30 yr, with no history of beryllium
exposure. The

      subjects underwent bronchoalveolar lavage to obtain mononuclear
cells.

      Mononuclear cells were also obtained from the peripheral blood by

      venipuncture. The T-lymphocytes were isolated and cultured with 0
to 100

      ug/mL beryllium sulfate in the presence of autologous blood
mononuclear

      phagocytes and anti-class-I and anti-class-II antibodies. The
extent of

      T-cell proliferation induced by beryllium sulfate exposure was
determined

      by measuring uptake of tritium labeled thymidine. The lung T-cell

      subpopulation that proliferated in response to beryllium was
determined by

      flow cytometry. Similar experiments were performed with beryllium
specific

      T-cell lines and clones derived from the lungs of the patients.
The

      antigen specificity of the T-cell lines and clones was evaluated
by

      incubating them with beryllium sulfate, tetanus toxoid,
streptokinase,

      zirconyl chloride, nickel sulfate, and lithium sulfate. The extent
of

      T-cell proliferation was determined as before. T-cells from the
patients

      proliferated in a dose dependent manner after exposure to
beryllium

      sulfate. The proliferating cells were almost entirely CD4+
T-cells. The

      extent of T-cell proliferation was significantly greater in cells
obtained

      from the patients' lungs than from the peripheral blood. T-cells
from the

      lungs and blood of the comparisons showed no proliferative
response.

      Anti-class-II antibodies, but not anti-class-I antibodies,
significantly

      inhibited beryllium induced proliferation. Lines and clones
derived from

      T-cells of the patients proliferated in response to beryllium
treatment in

      a dose dependent manner. [Saltini C et al; New Eng J Med 320 (17):

      1103-1109 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICAL  SURVEILLANCE:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to
cancer

      hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that
may ensure

      the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may
preclude

      them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular
when

      exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be
taken

      concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

      

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sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation
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Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview,
***

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

LIFE SUPPORT: 

   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures

       have been instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: 

  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the

         naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered

         potentially harmful, particularly when inhaled. Soluble

         beryllium compounds produce both acute and chronic

         toxicity.

     B)  Insoluble forms (Be alloys, intermetallics, BeO, ores)

         induce effects only after prolonged exposure. Chronic

         beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only

         about 1 in 20 of the most heavily exposed worker groups

         has ever been affected.

     C)  Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1

         year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane

         irritation and occasionally of acute pneumonitis.

     D)  Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting

         the standards of the Massachusetts General study group,

         the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the

         first 2:

      1.  Epidemiologic evidence of exposure

      2.  Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or

          urine.

      3.  Consistent lower respiratory tract disease

      4.  Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial

          process

      5.  Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or

          diminished CO diffusion

      6.  Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph

          node tissue

     E)  The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other

         types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoid,

         must be ruled out.

   0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE

     A)  Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder;

         only about 1 to 20 of the most heavily exposed worker

         groups is affected. Diagnosis requires history of

         exposure, compatible histologic findings, and

         quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms

         are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory

         disease, particularly sarcoid, must be ruled out.

  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS

  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR

   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Chest pain related to dyspnea is a common presenting

         symptom. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and right sided heart

         failure may occur in advanced chronic illness.

  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY

   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Irritation, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary

         edema.

     B)  CHRONIC - Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, and fibronodular

         x-ray changes are commonly seen. Subclinical diminution

         of pulmonary function occurs.

  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC

   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Fatigue, headache, and seizures may occur.

  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL

   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste may be noted.

  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC

   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Skin irritation, contact dermatitis

     B)  CHRONIC - Granulomas, and skin ulcers indicate imbedded

         metal.

  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL

   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Arthralgia has been reported.

  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

    A)  No data were available on embryotoxicity or

        teratogenicity of beryllium or beryllium compounds.

    B)  One case indicates that a woman with a body burden of

        beryllium may pass beryllium to the fetus. Risk to the

        infant for developing delayed toxicity is unknown. There

        may be evidence to suggest that pregnancy may increase

        susceptibility to the toxicity of beryllium.

  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY

   0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY

     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (IARC,

         2004):

      1)  IARC Classification

       a)  Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 1

        1)  The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The

            exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

            carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when

            there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

            humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be

            placed in this category when evidence of

            carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient

            but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

            in experimental animals and strong evidence in

            exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through

            a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

   0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW

     A)  Whether beryllium compounds are carcinogenic in humans

         remains controversial.

  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY

    A)  It is believed that beryllium interacts with DNA and

        causes gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and sister

        chromatic exchange in cultured somatic cells (Sharma et

        al, 2000).

LABORATORY: 

   A)  Specific assays for beryllium in lung and granuloma

       tissue are available. Peripheral lymphocyte or

       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell transformation tests

       are useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

   B)  Chest x-ray may be abnormal, but CT-scan is more

       sensitive.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 

  0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE

    A)  Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut

        and usually presents no hazard if ingested.

    B)  Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is

        recommended.

    C)  DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to

        240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL

        in a child).

  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE

    A)  INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for

        respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing

        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,

        bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist

        ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled

        beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.

    B)  Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is

        required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.

    C)  Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct for controlling

        dyspnea and delaying the onset of right heart failure

        and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE

    A)  OVERVIEW

     1)  Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

RANGE OF TOXICITY: 

   A)  TLV - 0.002 mg/m(3).

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      ... APPLICATION OF /0.05-0.1 MOLAR BERYLLIUM SULFATE SOLN/ ... TO
RABBIT

      CORNEAS FROM WHICH EPITHELIUM HAD BEEN REMOVED BY SCRAPING CAUSED
COMPLETE

      PERMANENT CORNEAL OPACIFICATION, OFTEN WITH EXTENSIVE NECROSIS
&amp;

      PERFORATION. (SCRAPED BUT UNEXPOSED CONTROL EYES HEALED RAPIDLY
&amp;

      COMPLETELY.) [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed.
Springfield, IL:

      Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... EXPOSURES OF ANIMALS TO DUST OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... PARTICLE
SIZE 4

      U @ CONCN OF 88 MG/CU M AIR FOR 6 HR/DAY ... CONJUNCTIVITIS IN
GUINEA PIGS

      &amp; DOGS, &amp; IN MANY ANIMALS ... CORNEAL ULCERATION &amp;

      VASCULARIZATION. IN SOME ANIMALS EXPOSED IN THIS MANNER FOR 11
DAYS, MILD

      UVEITIS WITH PURULENT EXUDATES IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER ... [Grant,
W.M.

      Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

      Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... INJECTION OF AQ SOLN BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... INTO CORNEA OF
RABBITS HAS

      CAUSED DIFFUSE CLOUDING WITHIN AN HR ... PROGRESSING TO LEUKOMA
&amp;

      PERMANENT SCARRING. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed.

      Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 145]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ACUTE - IV INJECTION AQ SOLN BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... IN LIVER
NECROSIS OF

      PARENCHYMA IS WIDESPREAD &amp; PROGRESSIVE ... SIGNIFICANT FALL IN

      POTASSIUM LEVEL. IN SPLEEN ... RED &amp; WHITE CELLS SUFFER SEVERE
DAMAGE

      WITH DESTRUCTION. IN BONE MARROW ... HYPEREMIA, SMALL HEMORRHAGES
&amp;

      FOCAL CELL DESTRUCTION ... NECROSIS ... [Browning, E. Toxicity of

      Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
1969., p.

      72]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... INDUCTION OF MALIGNANT PULMONARY NEOPLASMS /OCCURRED/ IN RATS
EXPOSED

      TO AEROSOL OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE FOR ... UP TO 6 MO &amp;
THEREAFTER

      OBSERVED WITHOUT TREATMENT FOR ... UP TO 18 MO. (SCHEPERS ET AL,
1957)

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 20

      (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... 75 MALE &amp; 75 FEMALE RATS /EXPOSED/ CONTINUOUSLY TO
INHALATION OF

      BERYLLIUM SULFATE AEROSOL ... 34 UG/CU M ... METAPLASTIC CHANGES
OF

      ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM ... @ 20, 24, 28 &amp; 32 WK. THEREAFTER ...

      ANAPLASTIC /CHANGES/ ... /AFTER 40 WK/ ... ALVEOLAR
ADENOCARCINOMAS ... IN

      ALL ... RATS KILLED AFTER 56 WK ... [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V1 20 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... EXPOSED ... 10 MONKEYS INTERMITTENTLY ... TO ... BERYLLIUM
SULFATE

      AEROSOL @ ... 35 UG/CU M. DURING FIRST 8 YR ... 2 OF THOSE EXPOSED
...

      DEVELOPED PULMONARY CANCERS. IN ONE ... TUMOR HAD METASTASIZED TO
LIVER

      &amp; OTHER ABDOMINAL ORGANS. CANCERS ... PREDOMINANTLY
ANAPLASTIC, BUT

      WITH BOTH ADENOMATOUS &amp; EPIDERMOID ... (VORWALD ET AL, 1966)
[IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 21 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      GUINEA PIGS WERE SENSITIZED TO BERYLLIUM BY 12 BIWEEKLY
INTRADERMAL

      INJECTIONS OF 10 UG BERYLLIUM SULFATE, AND REACTED WITH CLASSICAL
DELAYED

      HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MAX SUBTOXIC SKIN TEST DOSES OF BERYLLIUM
SULFATE (5

      UG). [MARX JR ET AL; J IMMUNOL 111 (2): 590 (1973)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      ... GUINEA PIGS INTRADERMALLY INJECTED WITH BERYLLIUM SULFATE HAD
/ON

      INHALATION/ REDUCED PULMONARY TISSUE REACTIONS OF PNEUMONITIS,
FIBROTIC

      NODULES, &amp; ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA, WHEREAS ORALLY
DOSED

      ANIMALS SHOWED NO SUCH DIFFERENCE. ... ASSOCIATION EXISTS BETWEEN
IMMUNE

      STATUS OF HOST AND ITS VULNERABILITY TO BE INHALATION. [Clayton,
G. D. and

      F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume

      2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons,
1981-1982., p.

      1547]**PEER REVIEWED**

      RABBIT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES WERE EXPOSED IN CULTURE MEDIUM TO
BERYLLIUM

      SULFATE. HYDROLASES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE MEDIUM BUT NOT
IN

      MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION OF CELLS EXPOSED TO DUSTS. BERYLLIUM
SULFATE WAS

      HIGHLY CYTOTOXIC FOR ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN VITRO. [KANG K-Y ET
AL; ARCH

      ENVIRON HEALTH 34 (3): 133 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE TO HENS FOR A YR
DECREASED

      FEED INTAKE PROBABLY AS RESULT OF BITTER TASTE AND/OR BERYLLIUM

      ACCUMULATION IN THE BRAIN. BERYLLIUM DECREASED THE NUMBER OF EGGS
LAID BY

      THE HENS. [HATJIPANAGIOTOU A ET AL; ARCH GEFLUEGELKD 43 (3): 93

      (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Forty male Fischer 344 rats and 40 male BALB/c mice were exposed
to an

      aerosol of beryllium sulfate (13 ug/l as beryllium) for an hour or
to

      sulfuric acid mist (pH 2) and were sacrificed over a period of 21
days.

      Lung cell kinetics were evaluated using tritiated thymidine as a
labeling

      index (LI), defined as the percentage of cells labeled with
tritiated

      thymidine. In rats, there was a significant increase (p  <  0.01)
in

      labeling index as early as day 2 after exposure with a maximum
response at

      day 8. The proliferative response involved type II alveolar
epithelial

      cells, interstitial cells, and capillary cells. Three weeks
following

      exposure, the interstitial response was resolved. The overall
labeling

      index in mice was considerably lower than that of rats. A
significant

      increase in labeling index (p  <  0.01) was observed in mice by
day 3

      following exposure with a peak at day 5. The proliferative
response was

      primarily found in alveolar macrophages, interstitial, and
endothelial

      cells. [Sendelbach LE et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85: 248-56

      (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM ... SULFATE ... CAUSES ACUTE IRRITATION OF SKIN, EYES
&amp; RESP

      TRACT WHEN ... ANIMALS ARE EXPOSED TO /ITS/ DUSTS ... [Grant, W.M.

      Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

      Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      EXPTL INJECTION OF AQ SOLN ... /IN/ UNSPECIFIED CONCN INTO CORNEA
OF

      RABBITS HAS CAUSED DIFFUSE CLOUDING WITHIN AN HR, SUBSEQUENTLY
PROGRESSING

      TO LEUKOMA &amp; PERMANENT SCARRING. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of
the Eye.

      3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p.
145]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Although the seeds germinated with decreasing concentrations of
beryllium

      chloride and beryllium sulfate (10-3 to 10-7 M dissolved in water)
the

      percentage of germinating seeds was lower than in the control ...
Contents

      of chlorophyll a and b in Be2+ treated seedlings were lower than
in the

      control, especially chlorophyll a. [Langhans D; Angew Bot 58
(3-4):

      295-300 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Male F-344/CRL rats were exposed to an inhalation chamber
concentration of

      either 3.3 ug Be/l (particle mass median aerodynamic diameter
(MMAD)= 1.95

      um) or 7.0 ug Be/l (MMAD= 2.0 um) and male BALB/CBD mice were
exposed to

      7.2 ug Be/l (MMAD= 1.85 um) at pH 2. Controls were exposed to
aerosols of

      sulfuric acid (pH 2). Exposure time for all animals was 1 hr.
Groups of

      3-4 animals were lavaged on selected days up to 21 days
postexposure. The

      lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of rats exposed
to 3.3

      ug/l was values significantly higher from controls at day 1, (p  <
 0.05),

      with a maximum difference peaked at day 8, (p  <  0.005), and
returned to

      control levels by day 21. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also

      significantly increased by day 1 (p  <  0.01), peaked at day 5 (p 
< 

      0.005), and decreased by day 21, but remained significantly
elevated. Rats

      exposed to 7.0 ug Be/l had similar enzyme patterns. In lung lavage
of mice

      exposed to 7.2 ug Be/l, the lactate dehydrogenase activity was

      significantly elevated by day 3 (p  <  0.01), and peaked at day 5
(p  < 

      0.01). /Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate/ [Sendelbach LE, Witschi
HP;

      Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 90 (2): 322-9 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      16 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed daily by
inhalation 'for a

      long period of time' to beryllium sulfate aerosol at a
concentration of 35

      ug/cu m. Primary anaplastic pulmonary tumors with adenomatous and

      epidermoid patterns were observed in three monkeys between six
months and

      eight years after the beginning of exposure. [IARC. Monographs on
the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 79 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Five groups of 40 female and 40 male SENCAR mice, seven to nine
weeks old,

      received a single intraperitoneal injection of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0,
5.0, or

      10.0 ug/mouse beryllium sulfate (purity unspecified) in saline.
One week

      after treatment, each animal received dermal applications of 2 ug

      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) twice a week for 26
weeks. A

      positive control group received 50.5 ug/mouse benzo(a)pyrene
followed by

      the TPA treatment. About 95% of the animals survived the
treatment.

      Beryllium sulfate did not induce a significant number of mouse
skin

      papillomas. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V58

      84 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      When beryllium (as lactate or sulfate) was given intravenously to
rats or

      rabbits at a dose of 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg be, death invariably
followed

      within four days; the primary cause of death was liver damage and
ensuing

      hypoglycemia. In rabbits, but not in rats, convulsions were
observed

      before death. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V58

      89 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Intratracheal instillation of beryllium sulfate after immunization
with a

      subcutaneous injection of beryllium sulfate fortified with
ovalbumin and

      Freund's adjuvant resulted in granulomatous pulmonary disease in
Fischer

      344 rats within six weeks, accompanied by accumulation of both T
and B

      lymphocytes in the lung tissue. [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 90 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Intravenous administration of beryllium sulfate at 30 umol/kg bw
to rats

      decreased the stimulation of thymidine incorporation into liver
DNA after

      partial hepatectomy; the decrease was accompanied by decreased
activities

      of thymidine kinase, thymidylate kinase, thymidylate synthetase,

      deoxycytidylate deaminase and DNA polymerase. No effect was
observed on

      the incorporation of (14)C-orotic acid into RNA, the activity of
RNA

      polymerase, incorporation of (14)C-leucine into histones or
acetylation of

      histones. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
91

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Addition of beryllium sulfate at 1-5 umol/l (3)H-thymidine
incorporation

      into splenic lymphocyte DNA by two to three fold. This weak
mitogenic

      effect was limited to B lymphocytes. Beryllium sulfate, brought
into

      solution as a sulfosalicylic acid complex, inhibited the growth of
mouse

      fibroblasts in culture at concentrations higher than 10(-5) mol/l.
[IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 91 (1993)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      In the only report of exposure in vivo, beryllium sulfate given by
gavage

      at 50 and 80% of the four day maximal tolerated dose did not
induce

      micronuclei in the bone marrow of mice. A marked depression of
bone marrow

      erythropoiesis was observed, suggesting a toxic effect to the
marrow.

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 94

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Factors affecting the hepatotoxicities of beryllium, cadmium,
ricin, and

      modeccin were studied in-vitro. Liver cells isolated from male
Wistar rats

      were fractionated into parenchymal and non parenchymal cells. The

      fractions were incubated with beryllium-7 labeled beryllium
sulfate or

      beryllium phosphate. The uptake of radioactivity by the
parenchymal or non

      parenchymal fractions was measured. Hepatic parenchymal or non
parenchymal

      fractions were incubated with cadmium-109 labeled cadmium chloride
or

      cadmium complexes with cysteine, penicillamine,
2,3-dimercaptopropanol, or

      dithiothreitol and assayed for uptake of radioactivity. Male
Wistar rats

      were injected intravenously with radiolabeled beryllium sulfate,
beryllium

      phosphate, or cadmium chloride. One hour after dosing, the animals
were

      killed, the livers were removed, fractionated into parenchymal and
non

      parenchymal fractions, and assayed for uptake of radioactivity.
Ricin,

      modeccin, ricin plus D-mannose, or ricin plus D-galactose were
incubated

      with hepatic parenchymal or non parenchymal cells. The uptake of
ricin and

      modeccin was determined. In-vivo, beryllium sulfate and cadmium
chloride

      were removed primarily by parenchymal cells. Beryllium phosphate
was

      removed primarily by non parenchymal cells. In-vitro, parenchymal
cells

      preferentially accumulated beryllium sulfate. Beryllium phosphate

      preferentially accumulated in non parenchymal cells. Complexation
of

      cadmium with cysteine and penicillamine reduced cadmium uptake in
both

      cell types. Complexation with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and
dithiothreitol

      (which formed colloidal complexes) enhanced cadmium uptake in both
cell

      fractions. Ricin alone was taken up primarily by non parenchymal
cells.

      D-mannose inhibited uptake and D-galactose enhanced uptake.
Modeccin was

      taken up by both cell types essentially in equal amounts. The
authors

      conclude that hepatotoxic substances from colloidal or particulate
species

      are taken up primarily by non parenchymal cells which suffer the
major

      toxic insult. Soluble toxins more readily enter parenchymal cells.

      [Skilleter D et al; Xenobiotica 15 (8-9): 687-693 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Beryllium compounds, in particular beryllium phosphate, cause an
RES

      blockade in vivo, although the mechanism of this effect in liver
Kupffer

      cells has not been fully investigated. Cytotoxicity of particulate
and

      soluble beryllium compounds to rat liver Kupffer cells in vitro
was

      demonstrated when the cells accumulated   < 1 nmol beryllium/106
cells. In

      primary culture at 37 deg C beryllium phosphate and beryllium
sulfate (150

      uM) caused cell damage within 10 hr as measured by detachment of
cell

      monolayer and release of (51)Cr into the medium from cells
prelabeled with

      the radioisotope. Endocytosis of the test substrates,
(125)I-labeled

      polyvinylpyrrolidone, colloidal 189Au and opsonized (IgG-coated)
sheep red

      blood cells, was unaffected by the presence of beryllium in the
incubation

      medium or by preincubation of cells with beryllium compounds. RES
blockade

      observed in the whole animal was probably due to a cytotoxic
action of

      beryllium rather than an effect on endocytosis per se.sis per se.

      [Skilleter DN, Price RJ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59 (2): 279-286

      (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Guinea pigs were sensitized to beryllium sulfate according to
the

      maximized Magnusson and Kligman test, and challenged with
beryllium alloys

      and metallic copper, beryllium and aluminum samples. Results
showed a

      delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction in 30 to 60% of
pre-sensitized

      guinea pigs challenged with copper-beryllium alloys and
aluminum-beryllium

      alloy. An inflammatory follicular reaction was induced by copper
in both

      controls and pre-sensitized guinea pigs. [Zissu D et al; Cont Derm
34 (3):

      196-200 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Induction of immunopathological changes in the lungs by soluble
and

      particulate beryllium compounds was studied in mice. BALB/c mice,
C57BL/6

      mice, or A/J mice were preimmunized with 5 ug beryllium as
beryllium

      sulfate suspended in saline, complete Freund's adjuvant, 1% bovine
serum

      albumin, or 50% syngeneic mouse serum. One wk later they were
admin 5 ug

      beryllium sulfate in serum intratracheally. Bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL)

      was performed periodically 1 to 20 wk after dosing. Lung fluid
cellularity

      was studied by flow cytometric analysis. Expression of surface
cell

      markers was examined using T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage specific

      antibodies. Selected mice were killed after each BAL and the lungs
were

      removed and examined for histopathological changes. ... In BALB/c
mice and

      C57BL/6 mice, beryllium sulfate induced only an inflammatory
reaction that

      resolved after 2 mo. In A/J mice, beryllium sulfate induced
significant

      incr in lavage fluid lymphocyte counts at 2, 4, and 8 wk.
Significant incr

      in immature monocytes and macrophages also occurred. The
macrophage

      activation antigens Mac-1, Mac-2, and Mac-3 were significantly
elevated

      within 2 wk. Mac-2 and Mac-3 returned to the control values after
4 wk,

      but Mac-1 remained elevated. Approx 33% of the lymphocytes
expressed the

      gamma/delta T-lymphocyte receptor 2 wk after beryllium sulfate.
After 4 wk

      the lymphocytes were mostly Thy1+ and L3T4+ and expressed the
alpha/beta

      T-lymphocyte receptor. Perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes
and

      microgranulomas developed in the lungs of all preimmunized
beryllium

      sulfate treated animals. Fibrotic changes were observed after 2 to
4 mo.

      [Huang H et al; Lab Invest 76 (1): 138-146 (1992)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      ... Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to groups fed with
demineralized

      water containing 100 ppm of lead acetate, cadmium chloride, zinc
sulfate,

      manganese chloride, copper chloride, mercury nitrate, or beryllium

      sulfate. After 15, 30 or 90 days of treatment, the livers of the
animals

      were removed for determination of glutathione-S-transferase
activity. On

      day 15 the GSH-S-epoxide-transferase activity was decreased. After
a

      further 15 days the inhibition was less pronounced. On day 90 of
the

      continuous heavy metal salt treatment the activity of

      GSH-S-epoxide-transferase had returned to almost normal levels in
most

      cases. Under identical supplementations of the drinking water with
heavy

      metal salts the GSH-S-aryltransferase activity was inhibited on
day 30

      more than on day 15 and less on day 90 than on day 30. ... The
concn of

      the metals determined in the liver after intake of the metal salts
were

      much lower compared to the metal concn of the in-vitro experiments

      calculated for liver tissue on the basis of the liver protein used
in the

      reaction mixture. [Freundt KJ, Ibrahim HA; Bull Environ Contam
Toxicol 46

      (4): 618-624 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were admin 100 ppm lead
acetate,

      cadmium chloride, manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, cuprous
chloride,

      mercuric nitrate, or beryllium sulfate in their drinking water for
13 wk.

      They were fed a standard lab diet. Body weight and feed and water

      consumption were monitored. Manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, and

      beryllium sulfate incr body weight gain relative to controls. The
incr

      were not statistically significant except during wk 2 of manganese

      chloride dosing. Body weight gains were decr by the other metal
cmpd. The

      decr were statistically significant only during wk 5, 7, 8, 11,
12, and 13

      of cadmium treatment, wk 11 through 13 of copper dosing, and wk 1
through

      13 of mercury treatment. The changes in body weight induced by the
metals

      could be correlated with changes in feed consumption, but not
water

      consumption. [Freundt KJ, Ibrahim HA; Polish J Occup Med 3 (2):
227-232

      (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Fischer 344-rats were exposed in a nose only inhalation
arrangement to an

      aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 1 hr to study the chronic
toxicity of

      this cmpd. The rats were observed for 1 yr following this single
exposure.

      Significant elevations of lactate-dehydrogenase activity were
noted for as

      long this 1 yr period of time following exposure. Histopathologic
findings

      indicated progressive lesions developed over the time period.
Small

      pneumonitis lesions were noted 3 wk after exposure which incr in
size and

      severity over the ensuing months, and involving the entire
subpleural

      regions. Alveolitis continued to be significant at all time points

      examined, manifested by a heteromorphic population of macrophages.

      Neutrophils and cellular debris continued to be found even at 1 yr
post

      exposure, but this was less prominent than has been reported in
other

      studies. The incr in lavage enzymes and presence of alveolitis
indicated a

      continuing process of ongoing cellular injury. Total lung
hydroxyproline

      values remained unchanged over the 1 yr time course. An incr was
noted in

      alkaline-phosphatase and type-II hyperplasia which may represent
incr

      alkaline-phosphatase assoc with type-II pneumocyte proliferation
rather

      than with type-II cell destruction. Definitive granulomata did not
result

      from this single exposure. [Sendelbach LE et al; Am Rev Resp Dis
139 (4):

      1003-1009 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      This study attempted to determine whether factors which influence
the

      solubility of beryllium and nickel also influence their toxicity.
Both

      Chinese hamster ovary cells and rat lung epithelial cells were
used in

      these studies. Chinese hamster ovary cells were more resistant to
cell

      killing by beryllium sulfate than lung epithelial cells. Beryllium
sulfate

      proved more toxic than either of the beryllium metal particle
sizes used.

      Beryllium (II) was less toxic in LEC than beryllium (V) because
smaller

      particles would have greater solubility. The cell cycle had but
little

      influence on the toxicity of beryllium sulfate or beryllium metal,

      suggesting there is no single stage of the cell cycle when cells
are more

      sensitive to killing from beryllium. ... The data in general
indicated

      that factors influencing toxicity incl chemical composition and
altered

      solubility. Solubility incr the biological availability of metal
ions.

      [Brooks AL et al; Ann Rep Inhal Toxicol Res Inst, Report No.
LMF-120:

      371-373 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The mitogenic response of mouse lymphocytes to beryllium sulfate
was

      studied in vitro. Cultured splenocytes and thymocytes from

      (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1 mice were incubated with 0 to 0.01 molar
beryllium

      sulfate, magnesium sulfate or aluminum sulfate for 72 hours.
Mitogenicity

      was evaluated by measuring uptake of 125-iodouracildeoxyriboside
by the

      cultures in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide or

      concanavalin-A. Beryllium sulfate, but neither of the other
sulfates,

      caused a significant incr in uptake of 125-iodouracildeoxyriboside
in

      splenocytes but not thymocytes. Similar experiments were conducted
in

      which the B-cell population of mouse splenocytes was depleted by
passing

      the cells over a nylon wool column. The mitogenic response to
beryllium

      sulfate was eliminated and the response to lipopolysaccharide was
sharply

      reduced. The response to concanavalin-A was not affected. The
uptake of

      125-iodouracildeoxyriboside by splenocytes from nude mice (a
T-cell

      deficient strain) was measured in the presence of beryllium
sulfate, and a

      3 fold incr in uptake was observed. (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1-mouse
splenocytes

      were also incubated with beryllium sulfate for 5 days, and uptake
of

      125-iodouracildeoxyriboside was measured after 2, 3, 4, and 5
days. The

      max response to beryllium sulfate occurred after 2 days, whereas
the max

      uptake induced by lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin-A occurred
after 3

      days. [Newmann LS, Campbell PA; Internat Arch Allergy Appl Immunol
84 (3):

      223-227 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Beryllium sulfate was injected intratracheally into F344 rats

      previously immunized to beryllium sulfate. This results in
well-formed,

      sarcoid-like lung granulomata at 6 wk post treatment with
beryllium

      sulfate. There was a conspicuous presence at 4 wk post treatment
of

      numerous, perivascularly located Langhans' giant cells which
preceded the

      development of well-formed granulomas at 6 wk. Rats were
sacrificed at 4,

      6, 8, and 12 wk after intratracheal injection. At the time of
sacrifice

      bronchoalveolar lavage was performed; B and T ... lymphocyte
populations

      were quantitated and compared to lymphocyte populations obtained
from lung

      tissue. Both B and T cells were significantly elevated in lung
tissue post

      treatment with beryllium sulfate. At 4 wk when granulomata were
just

      developing, a W3/25+ to OX8+ ratio of 20:1 in lavage and 2:1 in
lung

      tissue was seen. At 6 wk when granulomata were well-formed there
was a

      predominance of W3/25+ cells in lavage but not in lung tissue. At
8 and 12

      wk, when the granulomata were regressing, lavage fluid still
contained a

      W3/25+ predominance in contrast to lung tissue which contained a

      predominance of OX8+ cells. [Votto JJ et al; Sarcoidosis 4 (1):
71-6

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The beryllium and zirconium salts, beryllium sulfate and zirconium

      disulfate, each exerted a concn-dependent stimulation of mouse
spleen cell

      proliferation as measured by an incr in (3H)thymidine
incorporation into

      lymphocyte DNA, although the maximal response induced by zirconium

      disulfate (4-5 fold at 100-200 uM) was greater than that by
beryllium

      sulfate (2-3 fold at 1-5 uM). Preincubation of splenocytes with
low concn

      of beryllium sulfate (  < 1 uM) or a broad range of zirconium
disulfate

      concn (2-100 uM) was also found to assist subsequent lectin-
(concanavalin

      A) mediated lymphocyte proliferation. The results indicate that at
defined

      concn beryllium and zirconium salts can both act as lymphocyte
mitogens

      and augment the functional responsiveness of immune cells, which
may help

      explain the characteristic induction of delayed hypersensitivity
and

      production of immunological granulomas by these metals in vivo.
[Price RJ,

      Skilleter DN; Toxicol Lett 30 (1): 89-96 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      An in vitro study of the toxicity of beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) and

      beryllium oxide (BeO) toward pulmonary alveolar macrophages from
beagle

      dogs was reported. Two end points were quantified, cell viability

      (trypan-blue exclusion) and Fo receptor dependent phagocytosis
(uptake of

      antibody coated sheep erythrocytes). Two types of BeO were used,
calcined

      at either 500 deg C or 1000 deg C, in addition to BeSO4. Cell
viability

      was established after 20 hours of incubation of 10(6) cells with
10(-2) to

      10(-8) molar (M) beryllium compound, and phagocytosis was measured
after 1

      hour further incubation with antibody covered sheep erythrocytes.
BeSO4

      was the most toxic to the cells, followed by BeO calcined at 500
deg C.

      Effective concentrations which reduced viability by 50% were
0.000094M,

      and 0.0057M for BeSO4, BeO calcined at 500 deg C, and BeO calcined
at 1000

      deg C, respectively. [Finch GL et al; Inhalation Toxicol Research

      Institute Annual Report: The Cytotoxicity of Beryllium Cmpd to
Cultured

      Canine Alveolar Macrophages p.286-90 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

      LD50 Rat (female) 0.51 mg/Be/kg, intravenously injected [Vacher J,
Stoner

      HB; Biochem Pharmacol 17: 93 (1968) as cited in USEPA; Ambient
Water

      Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.C-8 (1980) EPA
440/5-80-024]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      TLM (MEDIAN TOLERANCE VALUE) SALAMANDER LARVAE (AMBYSTOMA SPECIES)

      AVERAGED 24.85 &amp; 5.65 MG BE/L RESPECTIVELY IN HARD &amp; SOFT
WATER.

      [SLONIM AR, RAY EE; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 13 (3): 307
(1975)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      LOWEST LD50 FOR 6 SPECIES OF FISH WAS 25.4 MG/L FOR BERYLLIUM
SULFATE.

      [CARDWELL RD ET AL; US ENVIRON PROT AGENCY, OFF RES DEV, (REP)
EPA, p.117

      (1976) EPA 600/3-76-008]**PEER REVIEWED**

      TLM FOR GUPPIES 20.3 MG/L/96 HR IN HARD WATER, 0.19 MG/L/96 HR IN
SOFT

      WATER. TOXICITY WAS AGE DEPENDENT. [SLONIM AR; J WATER POLLUT
CONTROL FED

      45 (10): 2110-2239 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS:

      Beryllium sulfate was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human
Passage

      23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 90 minutes to concentrations of
1X10E-7,

      1X10E-6, 1X10E-5, 1X10E-4, and 1X10E-3 M test compound in the
presence of

      1 microCi/ml of 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/ml), followed by exposure to
only

      3H-thymidine for 3 hours. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis
(UDS) in

      hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of
incorporation of

      labeled thymidine into DNA, using a scintillation counter; results
were

      expressed per unit of DNA. The rate of UDS in treated cell
cultures ranged

      from 0.77-1.12 times that of the negative control, indicating that
the

      test compound was negative for UDS in human fibroblasts under the

      conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with
4-nitroquinoline

      oxide (1X10E-5 M) produced the expected high increase in UDS
(64.19 times

      that of solvent control).[SRI International; Potential Prescreens
for

      Chemical Carcinogens: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis Task 2 (Final
Report),

      (1976), EPA Document No. 40-7640400, Fiche No.
OTS0522506]**UNREVIEWED**

METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

      RATS WERE EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY TO AN ATMOSPHERE OF 34 UG OF BE PER
CU M IN

      THE FORM OF AN AEROSOL OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE. A RATE OF
ACCUMULATION OF BE

      IN LUNGS THAT DECR WITH LENGTH OF EXPOSURE. BERYLLIUM LEFT LUNGS
VIA BLOOD

      STREAM FOLLOWING SOLN IN LUNG FLUID OR VIA LYMPH VESSELS. THE
LATTER ROUTE

      WAS MORE EFFICIENT IN MALES THAN IN FEMALES. [IARC. Monographs on
the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 24 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      ULTIMATE SITE OF ACCUMULATION OF BERYLLIUM IS SKELETON ...
ABSORPTION BY

      RATS OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ADMIN IN DRINKING WATER ... MAJORITY OF

      BERYLLIUM ... PPT WITHIN GUT LUMEN AS PHOSPHATE AND ... LOST IN
FECES. AT

      FIRST LOW CONCN OF BERYLLIUM ... IN URINE ... DECR TO MERE TRACE.
...

      ACCUMULATED IN BONES ... /LESS/ IN LIVER. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 24 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      DURING INHALATION EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE, BERYLLIUM CONCN
IN LUNG

      OF RATS BUILT UP TO AN EQUILIBRIUM IN ABOUT 36 WK &amp; REMAINED
AT A

      PLATEAU ... CLEARANCE OF INHALED BERYLLIUM FROM LUNG ... WAS
MULTIPHASIC,

      EACH PHASE CORRESPONDING TO A LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION. [Friberg, L.,
G.R.

      Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New
York:

      Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 333]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PULMONARY BERYLLIUM CONTENT WAS APPROXIMATELY HALVED DURING 1ST
TWO WK

      POST /BERYLLIUM SULFATE- RAT INHALATION/ EXPOSURE; THEREAFTER
CLEARANCE

      RATE DIMINISHED RAPIDLY &amp; A RESIDUUM OF INHALED BERYLLIUM ...
PERHAPS

      IN ENCAPSULATED FORM, REMAINED IN LUNG FOR YEARS. [Friberg, L.,
Nordberg,

      G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology
of

      Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V.,

      1986., p. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... AFTER IV INJECTION OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... CLEARANCE CURVES
INDICATED

      BIPHASIC REMOVAL, THE 2ND PHASE SHOWING INVERSE RELATION OF THE
RATE TO

      THE DOSE. AT HIGHER CONCN, THE BERYLLIUM ION FORMED PHOSPHATE
AGGREGATES,

      WHICH WERE REMOVED TO THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM. [Friberg,
L.,

      Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the

      Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier
Science

      Publishers B.V., 1986., p. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

      FROM THE FEW EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXAMINED, IT APPEARS THAT THE
ORDER OF

      /ACCUMULATION/ FOR THE HIGHLY WATER SOLUBLE /BERYLLIUM/ SULFATE IS
LUNG,

      PULMONARY LYMPH NODES, LIVER, BONE, &amp; KIDNEY, WHEREAS THE
ORDER FOR

      THE HIGHLY INSOLUBLE ORE IS LUNG, BONE, LIVER, AND KIDNEY.
BERYLLIUM DOES

      NOT LOCALIZE IN THE LUNG BUT IS TRANSPORTED TO ALL TISSUES OF THE
BODY

      /FOLLOWING INGESTION/. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.).
Patty's

      Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology.
3rd ed.

      New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ACCUM &amp; RELEASE OF BERYLLIUM BY A HEPATIC LYSOSOME FRACTION OF
RAT WAS

      EXAMINED AFTER IV ADMIN SOL BERYLLIUM SULFATE (12.5 &amp; 25
UMOL/KG). MAX

      LYSOSOMAL BERYLLIUM CONTENT IS PRODUCED WITHIN 5 HR AFTER
INJECTION,

      FOLLOWED BY GRADUAL 30-40% DECR OVER NEXT 7 DAYS. [SKILLETER DN,
PRICE RJ;

      BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 28 (24): 3595 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium phosphate and beryllium sulfate accumulated in both

      nonparenchymal and parenchymal cells of the liver after
intravenous

      administration. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic

      Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V58

      87 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

      ... ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE WAS INHIBITED IN VIVO AS WAS

      PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE OF LIVER AND OF MUSCLE. EXTENT AND DURATION OF

      INHIBITION PARALLELED DOSE ... SUGGESTING THAT THESE INHIBITORY
ACTIONS OF

      BERYLLIUM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE TOXIC ACTION OF BERYLLIUM.
[Patty, F.

      (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology.
2nd ed.

      New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1008]**PEER
REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8
micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice
were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days.
In both

      experiments, urine samples were collected daily and radioactivity

      determined. After 1 month, half the guinea pigs received 20 mg/day
of

      metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a third experiment, male
albino

      guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive beryllium via intratracheal

      injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs received a 100 mg

      metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily for 3 days. The
other half

      received a cholesterol pellet only. In all three experiments,
animals were

      sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and tissues were examined for
beryllium

      (Be) content. In the first experiment the metyrapone treated
animals had a

      higher Be content in the liver and a lower content in the
skeleton.

      Females not treated with metyrapone had significantly lower Be
content in

      the skeleton and significantly higher Be content in liver than
control

      males. Approximately 75 and 60% of the Be was excreted in the
urine in the

      first and second experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al;
Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 23 (3): 365-75 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THE FLUORIDE ION HAD A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON BERYLLIUM TOXICITY;
ALTERNATE

      EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE &amp; HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ... PRODUCED
ABOUT

      TWICE AS SEVERE EFFECTS AT ANY GIVEN BERYLLIUM CONCN AS THOSE
ATTRIBUTABLE

      TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE ALONE. [Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B.
Vouk.

      Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North
Holland,

      1979., p. 335]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats received daily ip

      injections of ferric-ammonium-citrate at 40 mg/kg bw at 1 mL/kg or
an

      equal volume of saline. Beginning on day 4, rats were
simultaneously

      exposed to an aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 2 hr/day through
nose-only

      inhalation. By day 15, mortality was 80% in the beryllium plus

      ferric-ammonium-citrate group. Exposure was then discontinued. By
day 18,

      all rats in the beryllium sulfate plus saline group had died,
while the

      cumulative mortality for the beryllium plus
ferric-ammonium-citrate group

      was only 66%. By day 19, mortality in this group had reached a max
of 76%.

      [Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP; Toxicol Letters 35 (2/3): 321-325

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats were ip injected
with 1

      mg of ionic beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or saline
once/day for

      7 days, then killed 16 hr after the final injection. Livers were
assayed

      for ferritin and metallothionein. Other rats received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days; ferritin was later assayed
in some

      animals while others received 2.2 to 25 mg/kg beryllium sulfate
doses iv,

      followed by ferric-ammonium-citrate or saline for 14 days. Median
lethal

      dose (LD50) were determined. Some animals received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days followed by 6 mg/kg
radiolabeled

      beryllium sulfate; beryllium distribution and excretion were
determined at

      48 hr. All ferritin samples regardless of the ion injected
contained large

      amt of iron and lesser amt of zinc and copper, but all injected
metal ions

      were sequestered to some degree. Cadmium, copper, and zinc induced
the

      synthesis of metallothionein. animals pretreated with

      ferric-ammonium-citrate invariably survived longer after iv
beryllium

      sulfate than did controls. When ferric-ammonium-citrate treatment
was

      continued after beryllium injection, the LD50 was incr from 3.85
mg/kg to

      8.43 mg/kg. No differences were found in beryllium concn between

      ferric-ammonium-citrate protected and control animals in liver.
Spleen and

      lungs of ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals, however,
contained about

      20% less beryllium, while kidneys and large intestine in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals contained 50 and 250%
more,

      respectively. Total urinary beryllium output was significantly
less in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals while fecal output was

      significantly elevated. However, combined beryllium excretion did
not

      differ significantly between groups. [Lindenschmidt RC et al;
Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 82 (2): 344-350 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8
micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice
were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days.
In both

      experiments, urine samples were collected daily and radioactivity

      determined. After 1 month, half the guinea pigs received 20 mg/day
of

      metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a third experiment, male
albino

      guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive beryllium via intratracheal

      injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs received a 100 mg

      metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily for 3 days. The
other half

      received a cholesterol pellet only. In all three experiments,
animals were

      sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and tissues were examined for
beryllium

      (Be) content. In the first experiment the metyrapone treated
animals had a

      higher Be content in the liver and a lower content in the
skeleton.

      Females not treated with metyrapone had significantly lower Be
content in

      the skeleton and significantly higher Be content in liver than
control

      males. Approximately 75 and 60% of the Be was excreted in the
urine in the

      first and second experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al;
Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 23 (3): 365-75 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THE FLUORIDE ION HAD A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON BERYLLIUM TOXICITY;
ALTERNATE

      EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE &amp; HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ... PRODUCED
ABOUT

      TWICE AS SEVERE EFFECTS AT ANY GIVEN BERYLLIUM CONCN AS THOSE
ATTRIBUTABLE

      TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE ALONE. [Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B.
Vouk.

      Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North
Holland,

      1979., p. 335]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats received daily ip

      injections of ferric-ammonium-citrate at 40 mg/kg bw at 1 mL/kg or
an

      equal volume of saline. Beginning on day 4, rats were
simultaneously

      exposed to an aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 2 hr/day through
nose-only

      inhalation. By day 15, mortality was 80% in the beryllium plus

      ferric-ammonium-citrate group. Exposure was then discontinued. By
day 18,

      all rats in the beryllium sulfate plus saline group had died,
while the

      cumulative mortality for the beryllium plus
ferric-ammonium-citrate group

      was only 66%. By day 19, mortality in this group had reached a max
of 76%.

      [Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP; Toxicol Letters 35 (2/3): 321-325

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats were ip injected
with 1

      mg of ionic beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or saline
once/day for

      7 days, then killed 16 hr after the final injection. Livers were
assayed

      for ferritin and metallothionein. Other rats received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days; ferritin was later assayed
in some

      animals while others received 2.2 to 25 mg/kg beryllium sulfate
doses iv,

      followed by ferric-ammonium-citrate or saline for 14 days. Median
lethal

      dose (LD50) were determined. Some animals received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days followed by 6 mg/kg
radiolabeled

      beryllium sulfate; beryllium distribution and excretion were
determined at

      48 hr. All ferritin samples regardless of the ion injected
contained large

      amt of iron and lesser amt of zinc and copper, but all injected
metal ions

      were sequestered to some degree. Cadmium, copper, and zinc induced
the

      synthesis of metallothionein. animals pretreated with

      ferric-ammonium-citrate invariably survived longer after iv
beryllium

      sulfate than did controls. When ferric-ammonium-citrate treatment
was

      continued after beryllium injection, the LD50 was incr from 3.85
mg/kg to

      8.43 mg/kg. No differences were found in beryllium concn between

      ferric-ammonium-citrate protected and control animals in liver.
Spleen and

      lungs of ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals, however,
contained about

      20% less beryllium, while kidneys and large intestine in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals contained 50 and 250%
more,

      respectively. Total urinary beryllium output was significantly
less in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals while fecal output was

      significantly elevated. However, combined beryllium excretion did
not

      differ significantly between groups. [Lindenschmidt RC et al;
Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 82 (2): 344-350 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

      Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or
suspected to

      cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in
1990,

      directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply
reduce

      routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to
establish and

      phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission
sources

      that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium sulfate
is

      included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect.
112 (b)

      (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:

      EPA 4 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State
Toxicology and

      Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal
Drinking

      Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES:

      (AZ) ARIZONA 0.007 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water;
Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State
and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      (MN) MINNESOTA 0.08 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water;
Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State
and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:

      Be.H2-O4-S **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

      105.07 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:

      Colorless crystalline solid [Association of American Railroads.
Emergency

      Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation.
Washington,

      D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems
(BOE),

      1987., p. 90]**PEER REVIEWED**

ODOR:

      Odorless [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

      2.443 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed.

      Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-45]**PEER
REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:

      SOL IN WATER: 425 G/L @ 25 DEG C; 1 KG/L @ 100 DEG C [Clayton, G.
D. and

      F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume

      2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons,
1981-1982., p.

      1540]**PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

      DECOMPOSES 550-600 DEG C; IN HOT WATER DECOMPOSES TO BESO4 AND
4H2O.

      [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed.
Boca

      Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-45]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Density= 1.713, decomposes at 540 deg C /Tetrahydrate/ [Lewis,
R.J., Sr

      (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York,
NY: Van

      Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 141]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Crystals. Specific gravity 1.71. At about 100 deg C loses 2H2O.
Very

      soluble in water. Practically insoluble in alcohol. /Tetrahydrate/

      [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc.,

      1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

HAZARDS SUMMARY:

      The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium
sulfate

      stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by
inhalation and

      dermal contact, effects from exposure to this odorless,
crystalline solid

      substance may include skin ulceration, headache, fatigue, fever,
chest

      pain, pulmonary edema, and possibly death from heart failure. The
OSHA PEL

      and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Engineering control
of

      process equipment (eg, enclosure and local exhaust ventilation)
should be

      used to prevent inhalation and skin contact with beryllium
sulfate. In

      activities where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a

      self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Protective

      clothing also should be worn, including protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece, and close-fitting at the ankles and
wrists),

      gloves, hair covering, and overshoes. Work clothes should not be
taken

      home. Eating, smoking, and drinking in beryllium sulfate work
areas should

      be prohibited. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory
requirements

      should be consulted before transport. Containers should be
protected from

      physical damage, and stored in dry areas, away from acids,
caustics,

      chlorinated hydrocarbons, and oxidizing materials. Before
implementing

      land disposal of waste beryllium sulfate, consult with
environmental

      regulatory agencies for guidance. **PEER REVIEWED**

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Health:

      TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may
cause

      severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause
severe

      burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact
or

      inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive
and/or

      toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be
corrosive

      and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A
Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Fire or

      Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may

      decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Some are

      oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing,
etc.).

      Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers
may

      explode when heated.  /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department
of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Public

      Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an
immediate

      precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all
directions for at

      least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75
feet)

      for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep
out of low

      areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.  /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A
Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained
breathing

      apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is
specifically

      recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no
thermal

      protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides
limited

      protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill

      situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. 

      /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004

      Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders
During the

      Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident.

      Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved
in a

      fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also,
consider

      initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
/Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Fire:

      Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry
chemical,

      CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from
fire area

      if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later
disposal;

      do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads:

      Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or
monitor

      nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with
flooding

      quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw
immediately in

      case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank.

      ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Beryllium compound,
NOS/

      [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response
Guidebook. A

      Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a
Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Spill

      or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares,
sparks or

      flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or
spilled

      material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak
if you

      can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers,
basements or

      confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other

      non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET
WATER

      INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
First

      Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical
service. Give

      artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use

      mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
give

      artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with
a

      one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer

      oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing

      and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush
skin or

      eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin
contact,

      avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and
quiet.

      Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance

      may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s)

      involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Beryllium
compound,

      NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

      Acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten
lithium.

      /Beryllium &amp; compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.
U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

      Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Beryllium
&amp;

      beryllium cmpd (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards.

      DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin
contact.

      /Beryllium &amp; beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket
Guide

      to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.
Washington, D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      The following types of respirators should be selected under the
prescribed

      concentrations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where
there is

      no REL, at any detectable concentrations: Any self-contained
breathing

      apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand

      or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that
has a

      full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other
positive

      pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained
breathing

      apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure
mode.

      Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a

      high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type,

      self-contained breathing apparatus. /Beryllium &amp; beryllium
cmpd (as

      Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)

      Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing
Office,

      1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any

      possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this
is

      irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye

      protection. /Beryllium &amp; beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent
/should be

      available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.
... In

      animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ...
/should be/

      of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be
worn

      outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
8]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

      Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change
into

      uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
/Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.
U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated
should be

      removed and replaced. /Beryllium and beryllium compound (as Be)/
[NIOSH.

      NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication
No.

      97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.,
p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.
/Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.
U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be
worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even
when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage
of food

      or of food &amp; beverage containers or utensils, &amp; the
application of

      cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel
should

      remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which

      carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands,
preferably

      using dispensers of liq detergent, &amp; rinse ... thoroughly.

      Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning
the

      skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard
procedure can be

      recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided.
Safety

      pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel
should

      remove their outdoor clothes &amp; wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... clothing should be changed
daily but

      ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ...
/also,/

      workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of
distinctive

      color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of
lab.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth
&amp;

      purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.

      Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care &amp;
vapors

      evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice
should

      be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... &amp; when
new

      fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means
for

      decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic
powders can be

      handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove
boxes should

      be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be
adequate, so

      that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological
safety

      cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ...
provided

      that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air
flow at

      the face opening of the cabinet, &amp; contaminated air plenums
that are

      under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow
hoods or

      safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working
area

      towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or
fume

      cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg,
with

      fume bomb) &amp; label fixed to it, giving date of test &amp; avg
air-flow

      measured. This test should be repeated periodically &amp; after
any

      structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
9]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or
biochem

      lab also apply to microbiological &amp; cell-culture labs ...
Special

      consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method
of

      administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin
by

      topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should
be

      performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be
kept

      under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires
special

      equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other
than in

      the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be
carried

      out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is
fitted

      with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning
mixer &amp;

      hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets,
special

      protective clothing &amp;, possibly, respirators may be required.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied
to skin,

      animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms &amp; sides
&amp;

      fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given,
filter tops

      should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals
that

      received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning
facilities

      should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used,
to avoid

      moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that
cages

      are decontaminated, &amp; monitoring methods are necessary.
Situations may

      exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended,

      depending on type &amp; amt of carcinogen &amp; efficiency with
which it

      can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ...
contamination in

      lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should
be

      carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors
&amp;

      benches, &amp; ... interior of fume hoods &amp; airducts. As well
as

      regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of

      spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab
atmospheres for

      chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible,
be

      simple &amp; sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R.,
H.

      Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B.

      Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens in

      the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications
No. 33.

      Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.,
p.

      10]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious
contamination has

      occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab
personnel

      engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of

      permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance
workers

      are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be
taken to

      avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning
labs,

      procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or
dispersal of

      dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency

      particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially,
should be

      used. Sweeping, brushing &amp; use of dry dusters or mops should
be

      prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be
re-used

      ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent
to

      laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to
laundry

      personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,
E.Boyland,

      G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.
Tomatis, and

      W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory:
Problems

      of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where
carcinogens

      are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate
labels.

      Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently

      displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific
Investigator or

      other person who can advise in an emergency &amp; who can inform
others

      (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

      No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material
for

      transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in
conformance

      ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described,
packaged,

      marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or
authorized

      by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49
CFR

      171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic
principles

      for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for

      individual substances and a number of recommendations for good
practice

      are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index

      of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be

      consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to
be used

      when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International
Maritime

      Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6079

      (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt
...

      should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be
transported in

      securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves
be

      placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not
open

      when dropped &amp; will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both
bottle

      &amp; the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ...
National

      post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies &amp;
airlines

      have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These

      authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the
following

      procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a
securely

      sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be
enclosed

      in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand
chem

      attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space
between

      primary &amp; secondary container should be filled with absorbent

      material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
&amp; is

      sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container
in the

      event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then
be

      enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary
container

      &amp; the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity
of

      shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest &amp; most
secure form

      of transport &amp; notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is
not

      received when expected, carrier should be informed so that
immediate

      effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be
consulted to

      avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as

      practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that
only small

      quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens
should be

      kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof
refrigerator or

      freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears

      appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing
quantity of

      carcinogen &amp; date it was acquired ... Facilities for
dispensing ...

      should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano,

      R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.
Griesemer,

      A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens

      in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific
Publications No.

      33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1979., p.

      13]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANUP METHODS:

      Response to discharge: Issue warning poison, corrosive; Restrict
access;

      Should be removed; chemical and physical treatment. [U.S. Coast
Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p.
]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate
arrestor

      (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of
carcinogen in

      exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes
or animal

      rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can
be

      transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance
staff is

      avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags
immediately

      after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ...
The

      sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ...
should be

      placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid
should be

      secured &amp; the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles
should

      be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not
contaminated

      ... The plastic bag should also be sealed &amp; labelled. ...
Broken

      glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by
chemical

      destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical
Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:

      SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial

      (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant

      revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including

      waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance

      on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of
disposal

      that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds
&amp;

      specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been
tested on

      all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail
methods

      &amp; recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

OSHA STANDARDS:

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2
ug/cu m.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000
(7/1/98)]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling
Concentration: 5

      ug/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000

      (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak
above the

      acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift.
Concentration: 25

      ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:

      8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term
Exposure

      Limit (STEL): 0.01 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      2008 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their

      corresponding vaules and notations, comprise those for which (1) a
limit

      is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value
is

      proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal
of the

      Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the
proposals

      should be considered trial values during the period they are on
the NIC.

      These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and
will

      remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this
ratification.

      If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data
that

      changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee
may

      then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors
for

      adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that
change

      its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may
change its

      recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to
be either

      retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: beryllium and
compounds,

      as Be; Time Weighted Avg  (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m, inhalable
fraction;

      Short Term Exposure Limit  (STEL): 0.0002 mg/cu m, inhalable
fraction;

      Notations: skin; sensitization; A1: Confirmed human carcinogen;
Molecular

      Weight: 9.01, varies; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s): Sensitization,
chronic

      beryllium disease (berylliosis). /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/

      [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs
and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and

      Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 62]**QC
REVIEWED**

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:

      NIOSH recommends that beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be) be
regulated as

      a potential human carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as
Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as
Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

MAJOR USES:

      Primarily used for the production of beryllium oxide powder for
ceramics.

      [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New

      York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 152]**PEER
REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURERS:

      Brush Wellman Inc, Hq, 17876 St. Clair Ave, Cleveland, OH 44110,
(216)

      486-4200; Production site: Elmore, OH 43416 [SRI. 1996 Directory
of

      Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI

      International, 1996., p. 460]**PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:

      FROM BERYL ORE BY REACTION WITH SULFURIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**

      GMELIN'S, BERYLLIUM (8TH ED) 26, 130-141 (1930). [Budavari, S.
(ed.). The

      Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Tetrahydrate is produced commercial in a highly purified state by

      fractional crystallization from a beryllium sulfate soln obtained
by the

      reaction of beryllium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The dihydrate
is

      obtained by heating the tetrahydrate to 92 deg C; the anhydrous
salt is

      obtained by heating the dihydrate in air to 400 deg C.
[Kirk-Othmer

      Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York,
NY. John

      Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 152]**PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:

      GROTH DH; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 56 (1980). A REVIEW WITH 30
REFERENCES ON

      THE CARCINOGENICITY OF BERYLLIUM, PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO
OSTEOGENIC

      SARCOMAS &amp; LUNG NEOPLASMS.

      DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium (Update) TP-92/04
(1993)

      Leonard A, Lauwerys R; Mut Research 186 (1): 35-42 (1987). The

      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and
its cmpd

      are reviewed.

      Eisenbud M; Cleve Clin Q 51 (2): 441-7 (1984). The mutagenicity,

      carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and beryllium
compounds

      were reviewed.

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The
occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds
are

      discussed.

      MacMahon B; The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of

      beryllium in humans; J Occupat Med 36 (1): 15-24 (1994)

      A DISCUSSION ON THE LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE IN BERYLLIUM PRODUCTION
WORKERS

      IS PRESENTED.[GROTH ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 63 (1980)]

      WHO working group, Beryllium; Environment Health Criteria 106: 181
(1990).

      Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation Data
concerning

      the fate of beryllium in the environment are limited.

      USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024

      USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium (1987) EPA
600/8-84-026F

      Meyer KC; Beryllium and Lung Disease; Chest 106 (3): 942-946
(1994)

      Reeves AL, Beryllium: Toxicological Research of the Last Decade;
Journal

      of the American College of Toxicology 8 (7): 1307-13 (1989).
Research on

      beryllium toxicity conducted in the 1980s was reviewed.
Investigations on

      beryllium toxicokinetics were also discussed.

      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information
System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Toxicological
Review in

      Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the

      Substance File List as of April, 1998.

      U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services/National Toxicology

      Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of
Environmental

      Health Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational
scientific

      and public health document that identifies and discusses
substances

      (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may
pose a

      carcinogenic hazard to human health. Beryllium (7440-41-7) was
first

      listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as
reasonably

      anticipated to be a human carcinogen and then listed in the Tenth
Report

      on Carcinogens (2002) as a known human carcinogen. /Beryllium and

      Beryllium Compounds/ [ ]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

      6899 [BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS]

SYNONYMS:

      BERYLLIUM SULFATE (BESO4) **PEER REVIEWED**

      SULFURIC ACID, BERYLLIUM SALT (1:1) **PEER REVIEWED**

ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS:

      Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate ;7787-56-6

Beryllium Lactate;64059-26-3

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

      UN 1566; Beryllium compounds, NOS

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium compounds, NOS

STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER:

      49 233 30; Beryllium sulfate

      49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 347

LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624 

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997

UPDATE HISTORY:

      Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/04/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 6 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/11/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/15/1997, 48 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/28/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/23/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/12/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 11/09/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/12/1989, 60 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 02/10/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/26/1988, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/14/1984

Created 19830401 by DS