Document ID: EPA-HQ-OLEM-2017-0463-0096
Agency: epa
Document Type: Rule
Title: Increasing Recycling: Adding Aerosol Cans to the Universal Waste Regulations
Posted Date: 2019-12-09T05:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 236 (Monday, December 9, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 67202-67220]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-25674]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 260, 261, 264, 265, 268, 270, and 273

[EPA-HQ-OLEM-2017-0463; FRL-10002-49-OLEM]
RIN 2050-AG92

Increasing Recycling: Adding Aerosol Cans to the Universal Waste 
Regulations

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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[[Page 67203]]

SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) is 
adding hazardous waste aerosol cans to the universal waste program 
under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 
regulations. This change will benefit the wide variety of 
establishments generating and managing hazardous waste aerosol cans, 
including the retail sector, by providing a clear, protective system 
for managing discarded aerosol cans. The streamlined universal waste 
regulations are expected to ease regulatory burdens on retail stores 
and others that discard hazardous waste aerosol cans; promote the 
collection and recycling of these cans; and encourage the development 
of municipal and commercial programs to reduce the quantity of these 
wastes going to municipal solid waste landfills or combustors.

DATES: This final rule is effective on February 7, 2020.

ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a docket for this action under 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463. All documents in the docket are 
listed on the http://www.regulations.gov website. Although listed in 
the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or 
other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain 
other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the 
internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. 
Publicly available docket materials are available electronically 
through http://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Laura Stanley, Office of Land and 
Emergency Management (5304P), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 
Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: 703-
308-7285; email address: [email protected],gov, or Tracy Atagi, Office 
of Land and Emergency Management (5304P), Environmental Protection 
Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone 
number: 703-308-8672; email address: atagi.tracy@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    This final rule will affect persons who generate, transport, treat, 
recycle, or dispose of hazardous waste aerosol cans, herein referred to 
as aerosol cans, unless those persons are households or very small 
quantity generators (VSQGs). Entities potentially affected by this 
action include over 25,000 industrial facilities in 20 different 
industries (at the 2-digit North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) code level). An estimated 7,483 of these facilities are 
large quantity generators (LQG). Most of these industries have 
relatively few entities that are potentially affected. The two top 
economic sectors (at the 2-digit NAICS code level) with the largest 
percentage of potentially affected entities are the retail trade 
industry (NAICS code 44-45), representing 69% of the affected LQG 
universe, and manufacturing (NAICS code 31-33), representing 17% of the 
affected LQG universe. Potentially affected categories and entities 
include, but are not necessarily limited to:

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                                                                              Total affected
         2 Digit NAICS code                 Primary NAICS description         large quantity     Generated tons
                                                                                generators
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44-45...............................  Retail Trade........................              5,194                303
31-33...............................  Manufacturing.......................              1,238              7,771
48-49...............................  Transportation and Warehousing......                168              1,033
62..................................  Health Care and Social Assistance...                184                 13
81..................................  Other Services (except Public                       169                  4
                                       Administration).
92..................................  Public Administration...............                113                190
61..................................  Educational Services................                116                 32
54..................................  Professional, Scientific, and                        89                 16
                                       Technical Services.
42..................................  Wholesale Trade.....................                 75                511
22..................................  Utilities...........................                 40                 14
56..................................  Administrative and Support and Waste                 51              1,906
                                       Management and Remediation Services.
                                      All Other NAICS Codes...............                 46                 49
                                                                           -------------------------------------
    Total...........................  ....................................              7,483             11,843
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    This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a 
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this 
action. Other entities not listed in the table could also be regulated. 
To determine whether your entity is regulated by this action, you 
should carefully examine the applicability criteria found in section V 
of this action. If you have questions regarding the applicability of 
this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed in the 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.

B. What action is the agency taking?

    The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is adding hazardous waste 
aerosol cans to the list of universal wastes regulated under the RCRA 
regulations. This revision will benefit the wide variety of 
establishments generating and managing aerosol cans, including the 
retail sector, by providing a clear, practical system for handling 
discarded aerosol cans.

C. What is the agency's authority for taking this action?

    These regulations are promulgated under the authority of sections 
2002(a), 3001, 3002, 3004, and 3006 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as 
amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and as 
amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA), 42 U.S.C. 
6922, 6923, 6924, 6925, 6930, and 6937.

D. What are the incremental costs and benefits of this action?

    This final action is estimated to result in an annual cost savings 
of $5.3 million to $47.8 million. Information on the estimated economic 
impacts of this action is presented in section VIII of this document, 
as well as in the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) available in the 
docket for this final action. In addition to cost savings, EPA's 
analysis shows qualitative benefits to adding aerosol cans to the 
universal waste program, including improved implementation of and 
compliance with the hazardous waste program and increased recovery and 
recycling of aerosol cans.

II. List of Acronyms

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

[[Page 67204]]

DOT Department of Transportation
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
E.O. Executive Order
FR Federal Register
LQG Large Quantity Generator
LQHUW Large Quantity Handler of Universal Waste
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NODA Notice of Data Availability
OMB Office of Management and Budget
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SQG Small Quantity Generator
SQHUW Small Quantity Handler of Universal Waste
TSDF Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility
VSQG Very Small Quantity Generator

III. Background

A. Summary of Proposal

    On March 16, 2018, EPA published the proposal to add aerosol cans 
to the Federal universal waste program (83 FR 11654). EPA's proposal 
recognized that inclusion of this common waste stream as universal 
waste could better ensure that aerosol cans are managed appropriately 
at the end of their lives, remove these wastes from the municipal waste 
stream, potentially encourage recycling, and reduce unnecessary burden 
for generators.
    In its proposal, EPA analyzed the factors for inclusion of a waste 
stream in the universal waste program and took public comment on its 
conclusions. In addition, EPA defined what materials would qualify as 
aerosol cans for the purposes of management as universal waste. EPA 
proposed management standards for handlers of these materials and took 
public comment on the proposed standards.
    In addition to the universal waste management standards that apply 
to all universal waste handlers, such as labeling and marking, 
accumulation time limits, employee training, responses to releases, 
export requirements, and, for large quantity handlers of universal 
waste, notification and tracking, EPA proposed specific standards that 
relate to the puncturing and draining of aerosol cans.
    EPA proposed that puncturing and draining of aerosol cans be 
conducted by a commercial device specifically designed to safely 
puncture aerosol cans and effectively contain the residual contents as 
well as any emissions from the puncturing and draining activities. In 
addition, EPA proposed that handlers establish written procedures for 
safely puncturing and draining universal waste aerosol cans and ensure 
that employees operating the device be trained in the proper 
procedures. EPA proposed that puncturing of aerosol cans be done in a 
manner designed to prevent fires and releases and that any residuals 
from puncturing cans be transferred to a tank or container, at which 
point the handler must make a hazardous waste determination on the 
residuals, as required in 40 CFR 262.11. The proposal also included 
that written procedures be in place in the event of a spill or release, 
that a spill clean-up kit be provided, and that any spills or leaks be 
cleaned up promptly.
    In addition to these proposed standards, EPA analyzed the existing 
state universal waste programs that include aerosol cans and requested 
comment on including further limitations on puncturing and draining of 
cans that might contain materials that pose an incompatibility hazard 
with other materials or establishing further limits on which types of 
handlers are allowed to puncture and drain aerosol cans within the 
universal waste program.
    EPA has analyzed all the comments received in response to its 
proposed rule and responds to those comments in this final rule or in 
the Response to Comment document available in the docket for this 
rulemaking.

B. Description of Aerosol Cans

    Aerosol cans are widely used for dispensing a broad range of 
products including paints, solvents, pesticides, food and personal care 
products, and many others. The Household and Commercial Products 
Association estimates that 3.75 billion aerosol cans were filled in the 
United States in 2016 for use by commercial and industrial facilities 
as well as by households.\1\
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    \1\ Household and Commercial Products Association, Aerosol 
Products Survey Shows Strong, Stable Industry, May 2017. https://www.thehcpa.org/aerosol-products-survey-shows-strong-stable-industry/ retrieved October 21, 2019.
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    A typical aerosol can consists of several components, including 
(but not limited to) the following: (1) The can or container storing 
both propellant and the product; (2) an actuator or button at the top 
of the can that is pressed to deliver the product; (3) a valve, which 
controls delivery or flow of the product; (4) the propellant (a 
compressed gas or liquefied gas), which provides the pressure in the 
container to expel or release the product when the actuator is pressed 
to open the valve; (5) the product itself; and (6) a dip tube, which is 
connected to the valve to bring the product up through the can to be 
released when the actuator is pressed.\2\
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    \2\ National Aerosol Association, History of the Aerosol, http://www.nationalaerosol.com/history-of-the-aerosol/, retrieved December 
11, 2017.
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    The can itself is typically a small steel or aluminum container, 
designed to be hand-held, which is sealed with its contents under 
pressure. The can's design is intended to prevent unwanted releases of 
the contents to the environment under normal handling and storage 
conditions. However, when aerosol cans are mismanaged, particularly 
when exposed to excessive heat, the resulting increase in internal 
pressure can reach a point beyond the design strength of the can, 
thereby causing it to burst and release its contents. At the point of 
bursting, the contents of the can have been heated to a temperature and 
pressure far above ambient environmental conditions, causing the 
contents to rapidly vaporize and be forcefully released. If the 
propellant or product is ignitable, the contents of the can may readily 
catch fire as they are released and exposed to atmospheric oxygen, 
creating a rapidly burning vapor ``fireball.'' In addition, the bottom 
of the can may detach as a result of a manufacturing defect or an 
external force, potentially causing the upper part of the can to become 
a projectile.
    Aerosol cans frequently contain flammable propellants such as 
propane or butane which can cause the aerosol can to demonstrate the 
hazardous characteristic for ignitability (40 CFR 261.21).\3\ In 
addition, the aerosol can may also be a hazardous waste for other 
reasons when discarded. More specifically, an aerosol can may contain 
materials that exhibit hazardous characteristics per 40 CFR part 261, 
subpart C. Similarly, a discarded aerosol can may also be a P- or U-
listed hazardous waste if it contains a commercial chemical product 
found at 40 CFR 261.33(e) or (f).
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    \3\ University of Vermont, Paint and Aerosol Safety, http://www.uvm.edu/safety/art/paint-aerosol-safety, retrieved December 11, 
2017.
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C. Current Federal Regulation of Aerosol Cans

1. Regulation of Aerosol Cans Under RCRA
    Any person who generates a solid waste, as defined in 40 CFR 261.2, 
must determine whether the solid waste qualifies as hazardous waste. 
The waste may be hazardous either because it is listed as a hazardous 
waste in subpart D of 40 CFR part 261 or because it exhibits one or 
more of the characteristics of hazardous waste, as provided in subpart 
C of 40 CFR part 261. As discussed above, aerosol cans are frequently 
hazardous due to the ignitability characteristic and in some cases may 
also contain listed waste or

[[Page 67205]]

exhibit other hazardous waste characteristics.\4\
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    \4\ Aerosol cans that have not been discarded are not solid or 
hazardous wastes.
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    Until this rulemaking goes into effect, many, but not all, 
generators of aerosol cans identified or listed as a hazardous waste 
have been subject to the full RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste 
management requirements, including all applicable requirements of 40 
CFR parts 260 through 268. Depending on their activities, some 
generators have only to meet the requirements of part 262, including 
on-site management, pre-transport, and manifesting. Under 40 CFR 
262.14, VSQGs, defined as facilities that generate less than or equal 
to 100 kilograms of hazardous waste in a calendar month, are not 
subject to the RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste management standards, 
provided they send their waste to a municipal solid waste landfill or 
non-municipal nonhazardous waste facility approved by the state for the 
management of VSQG wastes and meet other conditions. In addition, 
households that generate waste aerosol cans are exempt from the Federal 
hazardous waste management requirements under the household hazardous 
waste exemption in 40 CFR 261.4(b)(1).\5\
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    \5\ Under 40 CFR 261.4(b)(1), ``household waste'' means any 
material (including garbage, trash and sanitary wastes in septic 
tanks) derived from households (including single and multiple 
residences, hotels and motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew 
quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds and day-use recreation areas).
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    Facilities that treat, store, and/or dispose of hazardous waste 
aerosol cans are subject to the requirements of 40 CFR part 264 (for 
permitted facilities) or the requirements of 40 CFR part 265 (for 
interim status facilities). However, when hazardous waste aerosol cans 
are recycled, the recycling process itself is not subject to 
regulation, except as indicated in 40 CFR 261.6(d). EPA has interpreted 
the current hazardous waste regulations to mean that puncturing and 
draining an aerosol can, if performed for the purpose of recycling 
(e.g., for scrap metal recycling), is considered part of the recycling 
process and is exempt from RCRA permitting requirements under 40 CFR 
261.6(c).\6\ However, until this rulemaking goes into effect, 
facilities receiving hazardous waste aerosol cans from off site would 
require a RCRA permit for storage prior to the recycling activity and 
the recycling process would be subject to subparts AA and BB of 40 CFR 
part 264 or 265, or subject to part 267.
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    \6\ EPA first explained this interpretation in 1993. See U.S. 
EPA 1993 Regulatory Status of Used Residential And Commercial/
Industrial Aerosol Cans, Memo from Jeff Denit, Acting Director, 
Office of Solid Waste to John DiFazio, Chemical Specialties 
Manufacturers Association, October 7, 1993. RO# 11780.
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2. Regulation Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide 
Act

    Hazardous waste aerosol cans that contain pesticides are also 
subject to the requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), including compliance with the instructions on 
the label. In general, the statement on aerosol pesticide product FIFRA 
labels prohibits the puncturing of the cans. However, in April 2004, 
EPA issued a determination that puncturing aerosol pesticide containers 
in the process of recycling aerosol cans is consistent with the 
purposes of FIFRA. The purpose of the label prohibiting puncturing of 
pesticide-containing aerosol cans is to protect the ordinary users of 
pesticides from the hazards of pressurized containers. The hazards 
associated with recycling aerosol pesticide containers are adequately, 
and more appropriately, addressed under Federal, state and local laws 
concerning solid and hazardous wastes and occupational safety and 
health. Such puncturing is therefore lawful pursuant to FIFRA section 
2(ee)(6) provided that the following conditions are met:
     The puncturing of the container is performed by a person 
who, as a general part of his or her profession, performs recycling 
and/or disposal activities;
     The puncturing is conducted using a device specifically 
designed to safely puncture aerosol cans and effectively contain the 
residual contents and any emissions thereof; and
     The puncturing, waste collection, and disposal, are 
conducted in compliance with all applicable Federal, state, and local 
waste (solid and hazardous waste) and occupational safety and health 
laws and regulations.\7\
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    \7\ 2004 U.S. EPA Puncturing of Aerosol Pesticide Products Under 
FIFRA for the Purpose of Recycling, Letter from Lois Rossi and 
William Diamond, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic 
Substances, U.S. EPA, to John A. Wildie, Randolph Air Force Base, 
April 30, 2004, Docket ID# EPA-HQ-OLEM-2017-0463-0007.
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D. Retail Strategy and Aerosol Cans

    The retail sector as a whole handles a very large number of diverse 
products, which change over time and may, in many instances, become 
regulated as hazardous waste under RCRA when discarded. As a result, 
retailers are required to make hazardous waste determinations for a 
variety of products being discarded at stores located across the 
country.
    In 2014, EPA published a Notice of Data Availability (NODA) for the 
Retail Sector as part of the Agency's continuing efforts to better 
understand concerns from all stakeholders regarding RCRA's 
applicability to the retail sector, as well as to obtain information 
and feedback on issues affecting the retail sector (79 FR 8926, 
February 14, 2014). In the NODA, EPA requested comment on a series of 
topics related to retail operations, waste management practices, and 
management of materials that may become hazardous waste when discarded. 
This specifically included requests for information regarding aerosol 
cans (e.g., quantity generated, classification, and management options, 
including handling them as universal waste), since aerosol cans 
comprise a large percentage of the retail sector's hazardous waste 
stream. Approximately 35% of NODA commenters specifically suggested 
that discarded aerosol cans be managed as universal waste.
    In response to comments on the Retail Sector NODA, the Agency 
published the Strategy for Addressing the Retail Sector under RCRA's 
Regulatory Framework, which lays out a cohesive plan to address the 
unique challenges faced by the retail sector in complying with RCRA 
regulations while reducing burden and protecting human health and the 
environment.\8\ One of the action items under the Retail Strategy is to 
explore adding hazardous waste aerosol cans to the Universal Waste 
Rule. This final rule, which adds aerosol cans to the Federal universal 
waste program, completes EPA's commitment in the Retail Strategy to 
explore this option. Further, with this action, EPA has completed all 
commitments made in the Retail Strategy.
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    \8\ EPA 2016. Strategy for Addressing the Retail Sector under 
RCRA's Regulatory Framework. September 12, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/strategy-addressing-retail-sector-under-resource-conservation-and-recovery-acts, retrieved on January 24, 
2018.
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E. Universal Waste Rule

    In 1995, EPA promulgated the Universal Waste Rule (60 FR 25492, May 
11, 1995) to establish a streamlined hazardous waste management system 
for widely generated hazardous wastes as a way to encourage 
environmentally sound collection and proper management of the wastes 
within the system. Hazardous waste batteries, certain hazardous waste 
pesticides, mercury-containing equipment, and hazardous waste lamps are 
already included on the Federal list of universal wastes. The universal 
waste regulations in 40 CFR part 273 are a set of alternative hazardous 
waste management standards that operate in lieu of regulation under 40 
CFR parts

[[Page 67206]]

260 through 272 for specified hazardous wastes.
    Handlers and transporters who generate or manage items designated 
as a universal waste are subject to the management standards under 40 
CFR part 273, rather than the full RCRA Subtitle C regulations. 
Handlers include both facilities that generate universal waste and 
facilities that receive universal waste from other universal waste 
handlers, accumulate the universal waste, and then send the universal 
waste to another handler, a destination facility, or a foreign 
destination. Handlers do not include facilities that treat, dispose of, 
or recycle universal waste except as provided in the universal waste 
regulations. The regulations distinguish between ``large quantity 
handlers of universal waste'' (those who handle more than 5,000 
kilograms of total universal waste at one time) and ``small quantity 
handlers of universal waste'' (those who handle 5,000 kilograms or less 
of universal waste at one time). The 5,000-kilogram accumulation limit 
applies to the quantity of all universal wastes accumulated. The 
streamlined standards include requirements for storage, labeling and 
marking, preparing the waste for shipment off site, employee training, 
response to releases, and, in the case of large quantity handlers, 
notification and tracking of universal waste shipments. Transporters of 
universal waste are also subject to less stringent requirements than 
the full Subtitle C hazardous waste transportation regulations.
    Under the Universal Waste Rule, destination facilities are those 
facilities that treat, store, dispose, or recycle universal wastes. 
Universal waste destination facilities are subject to all currently 
applicable requirements for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and 
disposal facilities (TSDFs) and must receive a RCRA permit for such 
activities. Destination facilities that recycle universal waste and 
that do not store that universal waste prior to recycling in accordance 
with 40 CFR 261.6(c)(2) may be exempt from permitting under the Federal 
regulations (see 40 CFR 273.60(b)). Finally, states implementing the 
universal waste program are authorized to add wastes that are not 
Federal universal wastes to their lists of universal wastes. Therefore, 
in some states, aerosol cans are already regulated as a universal 
waste.

F. State Universal Waste Programs That Include Aerosol Cans

    Five states--California, Colorado, New Mexico, Ohio, and Utah--
already have universal waste aerosol can programs in place, and 
Minnesota plans to propose to add aerosol cans to their universal waste 
regulations in 2019.\9\ The universal waste programs in all these 
states include streamlined management standards similar to 40 CFR part 
273 for small and large quantity handlers of universal waste and a one-
year accumulation time limit for the aerosol cans. In addition, the 
five current state universal waste programs set standards for 
puncturing and draining of aerosol cans by universal waste handlers.
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    \9\ See supporting document number 0004 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463). See also Minnesota Pollution 
Control Agency 2016, Public Rulemaking Docket, https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/mm-rule1-00.pdf, retrieved 
August 21, 2019.
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    The aerosol can universal waste programs in California, Colorado, 
New Mexico, Ohio, and Utah allow for puncturing and draining of aerosol 
cans by universal waste handlers, as long as specific management 
standards and waste characterization requirements are met. In addition, 
California does not allow off-site commercial processors \10\ to 
puncture and drain aerosol cans without a permit and requires those 
handlers that do puncture and drain cans to submit a notification. 
Guidance in effect in Minnesota at the time of publication of this 
final rule also allows handlers to puncture and drain their aerosol 
cans.
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    \10\ According to California's guidance for their regulations, a 
``commercial processor'' is any person that processes aerosol cans 
in exchange for compensation. Some examples include individuals from 
another generator's site, registered hazardous waste transporters, 
operators of hazardous waste treatment, storage and/or disposal 
facilities, and operators of transportable treatment units.
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IV. Rationale for Including Aerosol Cans in the Universal Waste Rule

A. Factors for Inclusion in the Universal Waste Rule

    EPA is adding aerosol cans to the list of universal wastes because 
this waste meets the factors found at 40 CFR 273.81 that describe 
hazardous waste appropriate for management under the streamlined 
universal waste system. Adding aerosol cans to the Universal Waste Rule 
simplifies handling and disposal of the wastes for generators, while 
ensuring that universal waste aerosol cans are sent to the appropriate 
destination facilities, where they will be managed as a hazardous waste 
with all applicable Subtitle C requirements to ensure protection of 
human health and the environment. Management as universal waste under 
the final requirements is also expected to facilitate environmentally 
sound recycling of the metal used to make the cans.
    The universal waste regulations include eight factors to consider 
in evaluating whether a waste is appropriate for including in the 
regulations as a universal waste. These factors, codified at 40 CFR 
273.81, are to be used to determine whether regulating a particular 
hazardous waste under the streamlined standards would improve overall 
management of the waste, and, therefore, whether the waste is a good 
candidate to be a universal waste. As the Agency noted in the preamble 
to the final Universal Waste Rule (60 FR 25513), not every factor must 
be met for a waste to be appropriately regulated under the universal 
waste system. However, consideration of the weight of evidence should 
result in a conclusion that regulating a particular hazardous waste 
under 40 CFR part 273 will improve waste management.
    EPA has examined information on aerosol cans, including information 
submitted in the public comments on the proposed rule and the public 
comments on the 2014 Retail NODA using the criteria in 40 CFR 
273.81.\11\ In light of its evaluation of this information, the Agency 
has determined that on balance, hazardous waste aerosol cans meet the 
factors in 40 CFR 273.81 warranting inclusion on the Federal list of 
universal wastes for management under part 273. EPA received numerous 
comments on the proposed rule agreeing that aerosol cans are 
appropriate for inclusion in the Universal Waste Rule. EPA believes 
that adding aerosol cans to the list of universal wastes will make 
collection and transportation of this waste to an appropriate facility 
easier, and therefore will help facilitate recycling and reduce the 
amount of aerosol cans disposed of in municipal landfills. A summary of 
how the criteria in 40 CFR 273.81 apply to aerosol cans is described 
below.
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    \11\ Public comments on the 2014 Retail NODA can be found in 
docket number EPA-HQ-RCRA-2012-0426.
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1. The Waste, as Generated by a Wide Variety of Generators, Should Be a 
Listed or Characteristic Hazardous Waste (40 CFR 273.81)(a))
    As discussed in section III, aerosol cans frequently demonstrate 
the hazardous characteristic for ignitability (40 CFR 261.21) due to 
the nature of the propellant used. In addition, the contents 
(propellant or product) may also exhibit another hazardous 
characteristic per 40 CFR part 261, subpart C, and may also be a P- or 
U-

[[Page 67207]]

listed hazardous waste found at 40 CFR 261.33(e) or (f).
2. The Waste, or Category of Waste, Should Not Be Exclusive to a 
Particular Industry or Group of Industries, But Generated by a Wide 
Variety of Establishments (40 CFR 273.81(b))
    EPA has documented in the RIA for this final rule that large and 
small quantity generators managing hazardous waste aerosol cans can be 
found in 20 different industries (at the 2-digit NAICS code level). 
Thus, aerosol cans are commonly generated by a wide variety of types of 
establishments, including retail and commercial businesses, office 
complexes, very small quantity generators, small businesses, government 
organizations, as well as large industrial facilities.
3. The Waste Should Be Generated by a Large Number of Generators and 
Frequently Generated in Relatively Small Quantities (40 CFR 273.81(c))
    As documented in the RIA, more than 25,000 large and small quantity 
generators manage hazardous waste aerosol cans. Quantities generated 
vary depending on the type of generator and the situations associated 
with generation. For example, a retail store may determine that large 
quantities of aerosol cans that can no longer be sold or donated must 
be discarded as hazardous waste. On the other hand, entities that use 
aerosol cans in their day-to-day operations may generate small 
quantities of partially-used hazardous waste aerosol cans on a sporadic 
basis. Data from the RIA demonstrate that in 2017, LQGs generated an 
average of 1.6 tons per year each (approximately 3,600 cans).
4. Systems to Be Used for Collecting the Waste (Including Packaging, 
Marking, and Labeling Practices) Would Ensure Close Stewardship of the 
Waste (40 CFR 273.81(d))
    The baseline universal waste requirements of notification, 
labeling, training, and response to releases found in 40 CFR part 273, 
subparts B and C, and the final specific requirements for management of 
aerosol cans in 40 CFR 273.13 and 40 CFR 273.33, discussed in section 
V, are designed to ensure close stewardship of the hazardous waste 
aerosol cans.
5. Risks Posed by the Waste During Accumulation and Transport Should Be 
Relatively Low Compared to the Risks Posed by Other Hazardous Waste, 
and Specific Management Standards Would Be Protective of Human Health 
and the Environment During Accumulation and Transport (40 CFR 
273.81(e))
    Aerosol cans are designed to contain the products they hold during 
periods of storage and transportation as they move from the 
manufacturer to the retailer, and ultimately to the final customer. 
Because of their design, hazardous waste aerosol cans present a 
relatively low risk compared to other types of hazardous waste that are 
not contained as-generated under normal management conditions and the 
risk posed by intact waste aerosol cans during storage and transport is 
similar to the risk posed by intact product aerosol cans. Retail and 
other entities that generate waste aerosol cans are accustomed to 
safely handling aerosol can products. In addition, the ignitability 
risk posed during accumulation and transport is addressed by standards 
set by local fire codes, the Office of Safety and Health 
Administration, and the Department of Transportation (DOT).\12\ These 
standards include requirements for outer packaging, can design, and 
general pressure conditions.
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    \12\ For example, DOT--49 CFR 173.306 for Shipping of Limited 
Quantities, Aerosol Cans and 49 CFR 173.115 for Flammable Gas, 
OSHA--29 CFR 1910.106(d)(6), Flammable Liquids, 2015 NFPA--Chapter 
30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and Chapter 30B, Code 
for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products.
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    Finally, the Agency has determined that the requirements of the 
universal waste program are effective in mitigating risks posed by 
hazardous waste aerosol cans. Specifically, the requirements for 
handlers to accumulate aerosol cans in a container that is structurally 
sound and compatible with the contents of the aerosol cans will ensure 
safe management and transport. In addition, the universal waste program 
requires proper training for employees when handling universal waste, 
responding to releases, and shipment in accordance with DOT 
regulations. These requirements will make the risks posed during 
accumulation and transport low. Additionally, the final specific 
requirements for management of aerosol cans that are punctured and 
drained at the handler, described in section V, address the 
ignitability risk and are designed to help prevent releases. Thus, the 
specific aerosol can universal waste management standards address the 
risks posed by hazardous waste aerosol cans.
6. Regulation of the Waste Under 40 CFR Part 273 Will Increase the 
Likelihood That the Waste Will Be Diverted From Non-Hazardous Waste 
Management Systems (e.g., the Municipal Solid Waste Stream) to 
Recycling, Treatment, or Disposal in Compliance With Subtitle C of RCRA 
(40 CFR 273.81(f))
    Managing hazardous waste aerosol cans under the universal waste 
program is expected to increase the number of these items collected and 
to increase the number of aerosol cans being diverted from the non-
hazardous waste stream into the hazardous waste stream because it would 
allow generators, especially those that generate this waste 
sporadically, to send it to a central consolidation point. Under the 
Universal Waste Rule, a handler of universal waste can send the 
universal waste to another handler, where it can be consolidated into a 
larger shipment for transport to a destination facility. Therefore, 
under the final rule it will be more economical to send hazardous waste 
aerosol cans for recycling for recovery of metal values. The final rule 
will advance the RCRA goal of increased resource conservation and 
increase proper disposal of hazardous waste, making it less likely that 
aerosol cans will be sent for improper disposal in municipal landfills 
or municipal incinerators. In addition, because the streamlined 
structure of the universal waste regulations makes aerosol can 
collection programs more economical, hazardous waste aerosol cans that 
might otherwise be sent to a municipal landfill under a VSQG or 
household hazardous waste exemption will be more easily collected and 
consolidated for hazardous waste disposal. This waste will be diverted 
from the municipal solid waste stream to universal waste management.
7. Regulation of the Waste Under 40 CFR Part 273 Will Improve the 
Implementation of and Compliance With the Hazardous Waste Regulatory 
Program (40 CFR 273.81(g))
    The structure and requirements of the Universal Waste Rule are well 
suited to the circumstances of handlers of hazardous waste aerosol cans 
and their inclusion in the universal waste program will improve 
compliance with the hazardous waste regulations. In particular, 
handlers of hazardous waste aerosol cans who are infrequent generators 
of hazardous waste and who might otherwise be unfamiliar with the more 
complex Subtitle C management structure, but who generate hazardous 
waste aerosol cans, will be able to more

[[Page 67208]]

easily send this waste for proper management. Therefore, adding aerosol 
cans to the list of universal wastes would offer a protective hazardous 
waste management system that is likely to be more accessible, 
particularly for the retail sector, which can face unique compliance 
challenges as compared to manufacturing and other ``traditional'' RCRA-
regulated sectors.\13\
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    \13\ EPA 2016. Strategy for Addressing the Retail Sector under 
RCRA's Regulatory Framework. September 12, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/strategy-addressing-retail-sector-under-resource-conservation-and-recovery-acts, retrieved on January 24, 
2018.
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8. Additional Factor (40 CFR 273.81(h)): States' Experience Under 
Existing State Universal Waste Programs Indicates That Regulation Under 
40 CFR Part 273 Will Improve Management of Aerosol Cans
    The factors included in 40 CFR 273.81 are designed to determine 
whether regulating a particular hazardous waste under the streamlined 
standards for universal waste would improve the overall management of 
the waste; 40 CFR 273.81(h) includes other factors as may be 
appropriate. Under 40 CFR 273.81(h), EPA considered states' experience 
of already managing aerosol cans under state universal waste programs. 
As discussed in section III, five states have added aerosol cans to 
their universal waste programs, and those states' experiences with 
management of aerosol cans under their respective universal waste 
programs provides a useful source of information to inform EPA's 
judgment on whether to add aerosol cans to the national universal waste 
program.
    Information supplied to EPA from officials in those five states 
indicates that their programs improve the implementation of the 
hazardous waste program. Specifically, waste management officials from 
the four states whose programs were operating at the time of the 
proposed rule have represented to EPA that these programs have been 
operating well and achieving their objective of facilitating safe 
management of hazardous waste aerosol cans.\14\ In particular, State 
officials from both California and Colorado stated to EPA that their 
respective aerosol can universal waste programs have been in effect 
since 2002 and they have not identified any problems with enforcing 
compliance with the standards. Accordingly, this information weighs in 
favor of concluding that management of aerosol cans under the Federal 
universal waste regulations is likely to be successful.
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    \14\ See supporting document number 0004 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
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B. Expected Changes in Management of Aerosol Cans

    EPA expects that under this final rule, the number of aerosol cans 
that are diverted from municipal solid waste landfills and incinerators 
to recycling or disposal in Subtitle C facilities will increase. Small 
and large quantity generators are already required to manage their 
hazardous waste aerosol cans under RCRA Subtitle C. Following 
implementation of this rule, some of these generators will likely begin 
managing their aerosol cans as a universal waste, either to save money 
or to improve implementation of their existing waste management 
program. One of the streamlined provisions of the Universal Waste Rule 
allows consolidation of aerosol cans at central locations, which makes 
it easier for smaller generators to arrange for hazardous waste 
recycling or disposal of these materials when they are generated. 
Because the streamlined structure of the universal waste standards 
makes aerosol can collection programs more economical, hazardous waste 
aerosol cans that might otherwise be sent to a municipal landfill under 
a VSQG or household hazardous waste exemption would be more easily 
collected and consolidated for hazardous waste disposal by those who 
are interested in managing it this way. EPA intends to encourage 
individual households and VSQGs to participate in such programs.
    In summary, EPA believes that management of hazardous waste aerosol 
cans will best be implemented through a universal waste approach where 
handlers are operating within a simple, streamlined management system. 
The universal waste program addresses the environmental concerns 
surrounding the management of such wastes, while at the same time 
putting into place a structure that will allow for and encourage 
increased collection of aerosol cans for recycling.

V. Discussion of Final Rule

A. Waste Covered by Final Rule

1. Definition of Aerosol Can
a. Discussion of Proposed Rule
    EPA proposed that an ``aerosol can'' be defined as an ``intact 
container in which gas under pressure is used to aerate and dispense 
any material through a valve in the form of a spray or foam.'' This 
definition is the same as the definition of aerosol can in the 
California, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah universal waste programs, 
with the exception of a twenty-four ounce size limit in Utah's 
definition of aerosol can. EPA proposed to adopt this definition of 
aerosol can to be consistent with the existing state programs.
    This proposed definition was intended be limited to sealed 
containers whose intended use is to dispense a material by means of a 
propellant or compressed gas. Aerosol cans are designed to contain 
those materials until they are intended for release and to present 
minimal risk during normal storage and transport. Other types of 
containers, including compressed gas canisters and propane cylinders, 
present a greater risk than aerosol cans and would not be included. EPA 
also requested comment on limiting the definition of aerosol cans to 
those under twenty-four ounces, consistent with Utah's aerosol can 
universal waste program.
b. Summary of Comments
    Several commenters recommended that EPA model the definition of 
aerosol can after language used in the DOT regulations in 49 CFR 171.8 
and U.N. Model Regulations. An aerosol is defined in 49 CFR 171.8 as an 
article consisting of any non-refillable receptacle containing a gas 
compressed, liquefied, or dissolved under pressure, the sole purpose of 
which is to expel a liquid, paste, or powder and fitted with a self-
closing release device allowing the contents to be ejected by the gas. 
Commenters noted that, in addition to harmonizing the RCRA regulations 
with DOT requirements, this language would be more inclusive, making it 
clear that aerosol cans containing products that are not dispensed as a 
spray or foam, such as aerosol cans that dispense product in the form 
of paste or powder, may be managed as universal waste. In addition, 
this definition would address the risk of gas cylinders if managed as 
universal waste, since those cylinders would not be considered ``non-
refillable receptacles'' with a ``self-closing release device'' and 
therefore not eligible to be managed as universal waste under the 
alternative wording.
    Most commenters supported EPA's proposal to exclude compressed gas 
cylinders from the definition of universal waste aerosol can, noting 
that such devices pose a higher risk than aerosol cans pose. Two 
industry commenters requested that compressed gas cylinders be included 
as universal waste, with one commenter asserting that ``as long as 
facilities have procedures in place to safely

[[Page 67209]]

depressurize these devices, potential risks can be mitigated.'' \15\
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    \15\ See comment number 0088 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
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    Finally, most commenters (including industry, most states, and 
local government) supported EPA's proposal to not set a specific size 
limit on aerosol cans. One state association and a few individual 
states did support limiting the size of aerosol cans to twenty-four 
ounces.
c. Final Rule Provisions
    EPA is finalizing a definition of ``aerosol can'' that is 
consistent with language in the DOT regulations.\16\ In the final rule, 
aerosol can is defined as a non-refillable receptacle containing a gas 
compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, the sole purpose of 
which is to expel a liquid, paste, or powder and fitted with a self-
closing release device allowing the contents to be ejected by the gas. 
Using language from the DOT regulation will help ensure consistency 
across Federal regulatory programs, avoid unnecessarily narrowing the 
scope of the rule to aerosol cans that aerate their product, and will 
not inadvertently include compressed gas cylinders in the definition of 
aerosol can. Because compressed gas cylinders, unlike aerosol cans, 
require special procedures to safely depressurize, it would not be 
appropriate to include them in the final rule. Finally, because the DOT 
language is more inclusive than the proposed language, it better 
matches the intent of the proposal to apply to all types of aerosol 
cans, including cans that dispense product in the form of paste or 
powder, and would not require states that have already added aerosol 
cans to their universal waste program to change their regulations.
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    \16\ The DOT definition is also similar to the definition used 
in U.N. Model regulations. EPA chose the DOT version in order to 
promote consistency between the U.S. Federal regulatory programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Applicability
a. Discussion of Proposed Rule
    The proposed rule excluded from the universal waste requirements 
those cans that are not yet a waste under 40 CFR part 261 and those 
cans that are not hazardous waste. In addition, at proposed 40 CFR 
273.6(b)(1)-(3), the proposal specifically excluded aerosol cans that 
have been emptied of their contents (both propellant and product). 
Aerosol cans that fall under these categories would not be subject to 
hazardous waste requirements or universal waste requirements.
    Finally, the proposed rule also proposed to exclude aerosol cans 
that show evidence of leakage, spillage, or damage that could cause 
leakage under reasonably foreseeable conditions. This proposed rule 
language would mean that hazardous waste aerosol cans that are not 
intact would continue to be subject to the full hazardous waste 
standards.
b. Summary of Comments
    Several commenters requested that EPA allow leaking and damaged 
aerosol cans to be managed as universal waste. Commenters point out 
that the rules for other types of universal wastes (lamps, pesticides, 
batteries, mercury-containing equipment) allow damaged or leaking items 
to be managed as universal waste as long as they are in an appropriate 
container (e.g., overpacked with absorbents). Commenters were concerned 
that determining whether an aerosol can shows ``evidence of leakage, 
spillage, or damage that could cause leakage under reasonably 
foreseeable conditions'' is a subjective standard that would be 
confusing to implement. Commenters noted that Colorado allows damaged 
aerosol cans to be managed as universal waste as long as they are 
managed in a separate individual container and that Ohio allows damaged 
aerosol cans to be managed as universal waste as long as they are 
overpacked with absorbents or immediately punctured to remove the 
contents of the can.
c. Final Rule Provisions
    EPA is finalizing as proposed the language in 40 CFR 273.6(b)(1)-
(3). These provisions designate aerosol cans that are not subject to 
hazardous waste requirements because they are either not solid waste, 
not hazardous waste, or they met the definition of empty container in 
40 CFR 261.7.
    However, EPA is not finalizing the proposed language in 40 CFR 
273.6(b)(4), which would have barred leaking or damaged aerosol cans 
from being managed as universal waste, instead leaving such cans 
subject to 40 CFR part 262 hazardous waste requirements. Rather, EPA is 
requiring that universal waste aerosol cans that show evidence of 
leakage must be packaged in a separate closed container or overpacked 
with absorbents, or immediately punctured and drained in accordance 
with the aerosol can universal waste requirements. (See 40 CFR 
273.13(e)(2) and 40 CFR 273.33(e)(2)).
    EPA agrees with those commenters who indicated that such an 
approach is more consistent with how other universal wastes are 
regulated and how the states that currently regulate aerosol cans as 
universal waste operate their programs. In addition, setting specific 
protective management standards for leaking aerosol cans under the 
universal waste regulations would ensure the risk from these cans is 
addressed and that they are ultimately sent to appropriate destination 
facilities per 40 CFR 273.18 and 40 CFR 273.38 instead of potentially 
being diverted to municipal waste streams as VSQG waste per the 
requirements in 40 CFR 262.14. Such an approach is also consistent with 
DOT requirement that aerosols that are damaged, defective, or leaking 
to the point where they do not meet applicable design standards be 
transported in special aerosol salvage drums. See 49 CFR 173.306(k)(2).
3. Comments and Responses Related to ``Emptied'' Aerosol Cans
a. Comment: Empty Aerosol Cans Should be Allowed To Be Managed as 
Universal Waste
    Summary of Comments. Several commenters requested that EPA clarify 
that handlers should be able to continue to manage their punctured and 
drained aerosol cans as a universal waste and send them to another 
handler or destination facility. The proposed Sec.  273.6(b)(3) 
designated aerosol cans that meet the standard for empty containers 
under Sec.  261.7 of the chapter as being excluded from universal waste 
requirements, and the proposed definition for aerosol cans included the 
requirement that they be ``intact,'' implying that punctured aerosol 
cans would not meet the definition. Commenters stated that including 
empty aerosol cans would provide a clear decision process for 
generators to include all aerosol cans--empty, full, or partially 
full--for proper handling and disposal as universal waste. However, 
commenters noted it would not be necessary to require empty aerosol 
cans to be managed under the universal waste regulations because 
generators may still want to manage empty aerosol cans as scrap metal 
for recycling.
    EPA Response. EPA agrees that while aerosol cans that meet the 
standard for empty containers found at 40 CFR 261.7 should not be 
required to meet the universal waste requirements, they also should not 
be barred from being managed as universal waste if a handler chooses to 
do so. Residues in empty containers that meet the requirements of 40 
CFR 261.7 are not subject to RCRA hazardous waste requirements. 
However, a handler is nevertheless allowed under the regulation to 
manage

[[Page 67210]]

aerosol cans that meet the empty container standards as universal waste 
if they would prefer to do so. Likewise, non-hazardous aerosol cans may 
be managed as universal waste, although they are not required to be 
managed as such. EPA notes that the final definition of aerosol can is 
based on the DOT definition and no longer specifies that the cans must 
be ``intact,'' thus removing a potential source of confusion.
b. Comment: Additional Guidance Needed on How To Determine if an 
Aerosol Can Meets the Empty Container Standard
    Summary of Comments. Several commenters suggested that EPA provide 
additional guidance on how to determine if an aerosol can meets the 
empty container standard found at 40 CFR 261.7. One commenter suggested 
that EPA adopt guidance used by the State of Minnesota which recognizes 
an aerosol can as ``empty'' when (1) the container contains no 
compressed ignitable gas propellant or product; (2) all liquid product 
that can be dispensed through the valve has been; and (3) less than 3% 
of the product capacity of the container remains. Minnesota's guidance 
also recognizes that documenting that an aerosol can meets this 
standard can be impractical and therefore provides that aerosol cans 
may be assumed empty when both of the following criteria are satisfied: 
(1) No liquid is felt or heard when the can is shaken by hand; and (2) 
no gas or liquid is released when the spray/discharge valve is 
activated and the container is rotated through all directions, and the 
valve is not observably or known to be clogged.\17\ Another commenter 
suggested that EPA add a provision to 40 CFR 261.7 stating that an 
aerosol can is empty when it has been punctured and drained. The 
commenter stated that this provision should apply to cans that hold 
characteristic or listed wastes.\18\
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    \17\ See comment number 0086 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \18\ See comment number 0085 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
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    EPA Response. Under 40 CFR 261.7(b),\19\ a container that has held 
non-acute hazardous waste is ``empty'' if (1) all wastes have been 
removed that can be removed using the practices commonly employed to 
remove materials from that type of container, e.g., pouring, pumping, 
and aspirating (applicable in all cases), and (2) no more than 2.5 
centimeters (one inch) of residue remains on the bottom of the 
container or inner liner, or (3) no more than 3 percent by weight of 
the total capacity of the container remains in the container or inner 
liner if the container is less than or equal to 119 gallons in size. In 
addition, a container that has held a hazardous waste that is a 
compressed gas is empty when the pressure in the container approaches 
atmospheric pressure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ EPA did not request comment on or otherwise reopen the 
empty container provisions of 40 CFR 261.7 and comments requesting 
changes to the empty container regulations are outside the scope of 
this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the case of a container that has held an acute hazardous waste 
listed in 40 CFR 261.31 or 261.33(e), the container is considered empty 
when it has been triple rinsed or has been cleaned by another method 
that has been shown in scientific literature, or by tests conducted by 
the generator to achieve equivalent removal, per 40 CFR 261.7(b)(3). 
EPA also considers a container that has held an acute hazardous that is 
a compressed gas to meet the definition of empty when it approaches 
atmospheric pressure, as defined in 40 CFR 261.7(b)(2).\20\ EPA is not 
aware of a chemical commonly found in aerosol cans that would be listed 
as an acute hazardous waste, but if such an aerosol can product does 
exist, it would have to meet the 40 CFR 261.7(b)(2) or (3) standard to 
be considered ``empty'' under the regulations. The commenter request 
for a revision to 40 CFR 261.7 that would allow aerosol cans that have 
held acutely hazardous waste to be disposed of without meeting the 
current standard in 40 CFR 261.7(b)(3) when punctured and drained is 
being beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ EPA first explained this interpretation in 2017. See U.S. 
EPA 2017 RCRA Regulatory Status of Permeation Device, Memo from 
Barnes Johnson, Director, Office of Resource Conservation and 
Recovery to Alex Chaharom, GeNO LLC, February 9, 2017. RO# 14887
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, in the case of aerosol cans being recycled, rather than 
disposed of, aerosol cans that have been punctured and drained prior to 
recycling are considered exempt scrap metal under 40 CFR 
261.6(a)(3)(ii), and therefore all such punctured cans would be exempt 
from hazardous waste requirements when recycled.
c. Comment: EPA Should Clarify That an Aerosol Can Does Not Need To Be 
``Empty'' To Be Exempt Scrap Metal
    Summary of Comments. One commenter noted that EPA said in the 
proposed rule that aerosol containers that meet the definition of empty 
in 40 CFR 261.7 are not subject to hazardous waste regulation and may 
be recycled as scrap metal. They found this statement misleading 
because it implies that the aerosol can must be RCRA empty, per 40 CFR 
261.7, to be classified as exempt scrap metal. The commenter stated 
that an aerosol container does not need to be completely empty or 
triple rinsed (if it held a P-listed waste) to be classified and 
recycled as scrap metal. However, it is a good management practice to 
remove as much of the waste from the aerosol can as possible.
    EPA Response. Under 40 CFR 261.1, ``scrap metal'' is defined as 
bits and pieces of metal parts (e.g., bars, turnings, rods, sheets, 
wire) or metal pieces that may be combined together with bolts or 
soldering (e.g., radiators, scrap automobiles, railroad box cars), 
which when worn or superfluous can be recycled. Under 40 CFR 
261.6(a)(3)(ii), exempt scrap metal is not subject to regulation under 
parts 262 through 268, part 270, or part 124, and is not subject to the 
notification requirements of section 3010 of RCRA.
    However, an aerosol can that still contains hazardous liquid and/or 
hazardous compressed gas would not meet the definition of scrap metal 
and would not be eligible for the scrap metal exemption. As EPA has 
clearly stated, materials containing significant amounts of liquid 
cannot be eligible to be exempt scrap metal.\21\ Thus while EPA agrees 
that aerosol cans do not need to be triple rinsed prior to being 
recycled as scrap metal, they do need to have their contents removed to 
be considered scrap metal.
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    \21\ EPA 1985 Definition of Solid Waste Final Rule, 50 FR 614 at 
624-625, January 4, 1985.
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d. Comment: Universal Waste Handlers Should Not Be Required To Make a 
Hazardous Waste Determination on the Emptied Cans
    Summary of Comments. One commenter noted that 40 CFR 
273.13(e)(3)(v) and 273.33(e)(3)(v) of the proposed rule require that 
the universal waste handler ``Conduct a hazardous waste determination 
on the emptied aerosol can and its contents per 40 CFR 262.11.'' While 
the commenter agreed on the need for a hazardous waste determination to 
be made on the contents, they stated that requiring it for the emptied 
cans contradicts prior EPA guidance regarding scrap metal. The proposed 
rule only allows for puncturing of cans on the condition that the empty 
punctured aerosol cans be recycled. EPA has previously stated that a 
formal hazardous waste determination is not required for scrap metal 
being recycled under 40 CFR 261.6(a)(3)(ii).\22\
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    \22\ EPA 1993 Memorandum from Jeffrey D. Denit, Acting Director, 
Office of Solid Waste to Gregory L. Crawford. Regulatory Status of 
Used Residential And Commercial/Industrial Aerosol Cans, October 7, 
1993, RO#11782; EPA 1994; Memorandum from to Michael H. Shapiro, 
Director, Office of Solid Waste, to Michael C. Campbell, Regulatory 
Status of Waste Aerosol Cans, January 1, 1994, RO#11806.

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[[Page 67211]]

    EPA response. EPA agrees with the comment and has removed the 
language in 40 CFR 273.13(e)(3)(v) and 273.33(e)(3)(v) requiring a 
waste determination to be made on the emptied aerosol can destined for 
recycling.

B. Management Requirements for Aerosol Cans

1. Requirements for Small and Large Quantity Handlers
    Under the final rule, the existing universal waste requirements 
currently applicable to small quantity handlers of universal waste 
(SQHUW) and large quantity handlers of universal waste (LQHUW) are also 
applicable to handlers of discarded aerosol cans.\23\ For both SQHUWs 
and LQHUWs, these requirements include waste management standards, 
labeling and marking, accumulation time limits, employee training, 
responses to releases, requirements related to off-site shipments, and 
export requirements. LQHUWs are subject to additional notification and 
tracking requirements. For the labeling requirement, EPA is finalizing 
in 40 CFR 273.14 and 273.34 that either each aerosol can, or a 
container in which the aerosol cans are contained, must be labeled or 
marked clearly with any of the following phrases: ``Universal Waste--
Aerosol Can(s),'' ``Waste Aerosol Can(s),'' or ``Used Aerosol Can(s).''
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    \23\ Note that EPA did not ask for comment or otherwise reopen 
the pre-existing universal waste requirements that will now also 
apply to universal waste aerosol cans. Comments on the pre-existing 
universal waste requirements are beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking.
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    In addition, EPA is finalizing that small and large quantity 
universal waste handlers must follow certain specific management 
standards while handling their universal waste aerosol cans. Under the 
final rule, all handlers must manage their universal waste aerosol cans 
in a manner designed to prevent releases to the environment. This 
management includes accumulating universal waste aerosol cans in 
containers that are structurally sound and compatible with the contents 
of the can, and show no evidence of leaks, spills, or damage that could 
cause leaks under reasonably foreseeable conditions. The accumulation 
requirements in this final rule are similar to the existing 
accumulation requirements for small and large quantity universal waste 
handlers for other types of universal waste in 40 CFR 273.13 and 273.33 
and are found in new paragraph (e) of each of these sections. Handlers 
may sort aerosol cans by type and consolidate intact aerosol cans in 
larger containers, remove actuators to reduce the risk of accidental 
release, and, under certain conditions, may puncture and drain aerosol 
cans when the emptied cans are to be recycled, as described below.
    Other than the comments on the requirements for puncturing and 
draining at small and large quantity handlers, which are described 
below, EPA received few comments on the requirements for small and 
large quantity universal waste handlers. One state association urged 
EPA to place limits on the accumulation requirements for universal 
waste handlers by requiring separation of incompatible wastes because 
of the wide array of products aerosol cans contain.\24\ EPA is 
finalizing the performance-based standard that handlers must manage 
their universal waste aerosol cans in a manner that prevents releases, 
but EPA is not requiring separation of specific types of aerosol cans 
whose contents may pose an incompatibility risk because EPA expects the 
intact aerosol cans will ensure the contents of these cans will not mix 
and therefore will not pose incompatibility risks. In addition, EPA is 
requiring that universal waste aerosol cans that show evidence of 
leakage must be packaged in a separate closed container or overpacked 
with absorbents, or immediately punctured and drained in accordance 
with the aerosol can universal waste requirements. (See 40 CFR 
273.13(e)(2) and 40 CFR 273.33(e)(2)), thus removing the risk of 
incompatible contents mixing during storage and transport.
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    \24\ See comment number 0073 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A waste management industry commenter suggested EPA require that 
handlers accumulate universal waste aerosol cans in strong outer 
packaging that will not be allowed to build pressure, that the contents 
of the aerosol cans are compatible, and that protective caps are in 
place or valve stems are removed to prevent the accidental release of 
the contents of the aerosol cans during storage and handling.\25\ EPA 
is finalizing, as proposed, the performance-based standards that 
require the aerosol cans to be accumulated in containers that are 
structurally sound and compatible with the contents of the cans. EPA is 
not requiring handlers to remove the actuators to reduce the risk of 
accidental release but is allowing handlers to do so prior to 
accumulation if they choose.
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    \25\ See comment number 0063 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A state commenter suggested that EPA include more specific safety 
measures to address the risk of cans bursting when exposed to excessive 
heat during accumulation, regardless of whether the handler punctures 
and drains the universal waste aerosol cans.\26\ In order to address 
this risk, EPA added language to 40 CFR 273.13(e)(1) and 40 CFR 
273.33(e)(1) to require the universal waste aerosol cans be accumulated 
in a container that is protected from sources of heat. Sources of heat 
include, but are not limited to, open flames; lighting; smoking; 
cutting and welding; hot surfaces; frictional heat; static, electrical, 
and mechanical sparks; and heat-producing chemical reactions.\27\ For 
example, handlers should not allow smoking or open flames near 
containers accumulating universal waste aerosol cans. It is the 
responsibility of the operator to ensure that the containers 
accumulating universal waste aerosol cans are protected from sources of 
heat.
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    \26\ See comment number 0085 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \27\ This list is derived from OSHA's definition of ``sources of 
ignition'' in 29 CFR 1910.106(h)(7)(i)(a).
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2. Requirements on Puncturing and Draining at Small and Large Quantity 
Handlers
a. Summary of Proposal
    EPA proposed specific management standards for the puncturing and 
draining of aerosol cans at universal waste handlers, similar to the 
requirements being implemented in states that added aerosol cans to 
their list of universal waste. EPA proposed that puncturing and 
draining activities be conducted by a device specifically designed to 
safely puncture aerosol cans and effectively contain the residual 
contents and any emissions thereof.
    EPA proposed that handlers must establish a written procedure 
detailing how to safely puncture and drain universal waste aerosol cans 
(including operation and maintenance of the unit; segregation of 
incompatible wastes; and proper waste management practices to prevent 
fires or releases), maintain a copy of the manufacturer's specification 
and instruction on site, and ensure that employees operating the 
devices are trained in the proper procedures.
    EPA also proposed that the actual puncturing of the cans should be 
done in a manner designed to prevent fires and to prevent the release 
of the aerosol can contents to the environment so as to minimize human 
exposure. This included, but was not limited to,

[[Page 67212]]

locating the equipment on a solid, flat surface in a well-ventilated 
area.
    In addition, EPA proposed that the contents from the cans should be 
immediately transferred from the waste aerosol cans or puncturing 
device (if applicable), to a container or tank and that the contents 
are subject to a hazardous waste determination under 40 CFR 262.11. If 
the contents are hazardous waste, the handler becomes the hazardous 
waste generator of the hazardous aerosol can contents and must manage 
those wastes in accordance with applicable RCRA regulations.
    The proposed rule also required that a written procedure be in 
place in the event of a spill or release and a spill clean-up kit must 
be provided. All spills or leaks of the contents must be cleaned up 
promptly.
    EPA requested comment on establishing further limitations on the 
puncturing and draining of aerosol cans that may contain wastes 
incompatible with the puncturing and draining equipment or the contents 
of other cans being drained. EPA also requested comment on limiting 
puncturing and draining to handlers that are not commercial processors 
(i.e., a person that processes aerosol cans received from other 
entities in exchange for compensation). Such a limitation would be 
consistent with California's universal waste program. Handlers that are 
off-site commercial processors could still accept aerosol cans and 
process the cans by sorting and consolidating them but would be unable 
to puncture and drain the cans. Under this option, off-site commercial 
processors that would like to puncture and drain aerosol cans would 
have to first meet the requirements for a universal waste destination 
facility (e.g., obtaining a permit for the storage of the hazardous 
waste aerosol cans prior to recycling).
b. Summary of Comments
    The most frequent comment EPA received on puncturing and draining 
was on limiting handlers from puncturing and draining aerosol cans 
received from off-site handlers. For example, waste management industry 
commenters and some state commenters requested that EPA not allow off-
site handlers to puncture and drain aerosol cans collected from other 
handlers unless they first meet the requirements for a universal waste 
destination facility.\28\ On the other hand, an industry commenter and 
a state commenter requested that EPA not limit which handlers can 
puncture and drain aerosol cans.\29\ Multiple industry commenters 
requested that, at a minimum, if EPA limits off-site handlers from 
puncturing and draining, EPA still allow off-site handlers to puncture 
and drain aerosol cans collected from other handlers in the same 
company or handlers that are related entities.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ See comment numbers 0063, 0074, 0085, and 0091 in the 
docket for this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \29\ See comment numbers 0029 and 0080 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \30\ See comment numbers 0077, 0087, and 0093 in the docket for 
this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA also received numerous comments on the specific management 
standards for the puncturing and draining of aerosol cans at universal 
waste handlers. EPA received broad comments from industry commenters 
supporting the proposed standards for the puncturing and draining of 
aerosol cans as sufficient and arguing that further limitations are not 
necessary.\31\ EPA also received specific suggestions from industry 
commenters on the management standards. For example, one commenter 
recommended that EPA should not place additional limitations on 
puncturing and draining designed to address potential incompatibility 
concerns because they are not necessary.\32\ On the other hand, one 
state requested that EPA prohibit handlers from puncturing and draining 
aerosol cans with possible incompatibility with the puncturing and 
draining equipment or the contents of other cans being drained.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See comment numbers 0075 and 0083 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \32\ See comment number 0087 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \33\ See comment number 0077 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    State associations commented that EPA should require puncturing and 
draining to be conducted in a commercially-manufactured device and not 
allow handlers to use ``homemade'' devices.\34\ A commenter from the 
waste management industry argued that there is no basis for requiring 
puncturing and draining to be conducted in a commercial device and 
pointed out that many companies have designed and operated their own 
equipment for such purposes based on their engineering expertise.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See comment numbers 0073 and 0085 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \35\ See comment number 0074 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also asked for the requirement that puncturing and 
draining activities be conducted in a device designed to effectively 
contain the residual contents and emissions to be clarified.\36\ 
Specifically, commenters requested EPA clarify what ``effectively 
contain'' means in relation to emissions and what constitutes 
breakthrough.\37\ A state association commenter wrote that the only way 
to ensure the puncturing and draining activities are containing 
emissions it to implement an air monitoring program or to ensure the 
devices are equipped with ``end of life'' filters that show when 
breakthrough is occurring.\38\ An industry commenter wrote that a 
requirement that allows for no breakthrough is not practical, but that 
handlers can maximize collection of emissions by following manufacturer 
instructions.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ See comment numbers 0073 and 0085 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \37\ See comment numbers 0001, 0073, and 0085 in the docket for 
this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \38\ See comment number 0073 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \39\ See comment number 0001 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA also received comments from state associations urging EPA to 
require handlers that puncture and drain to establish and follow a 
written procedure detailing how to safely puncture aerosol cans rather 
than only require handlers to establish a written procedure as 
proposed.\40\ Commenters also pointed out that it is common practice to 
operate puncturing and draining devices on spill catchment pallets to 
aid in capturing accidental leaks or spills and asked EPA to allow this 
under the final rule.\41\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See comment numbers 0073 and 0085 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \41\ See comment number 0064 in the docket for this rulemaking 
(EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Final Rule Provisions
    EPA expects puncturing and draining activities at universal waste 
handlers will differ from those currently performed by hazardous waste 
generators. Because handlers receive universal waste from many other 
handlers, the volume of aerosol cans punctured and drained at a 
commercial universal waste handler is likely to be much greater than at 
a typical hazardous waste generator (which can only puncture and drain 
its own hazardous waste aerosol cans). In addition, under universal 
waste regulations, handlers may store their universal waste up to a 
year, which could increase the number of cans punctured and drained at 
one time if the facility processes the cans in batches. Thus, EPA 
believes it is appropriate to include performance-

[[Page 67213]]

based management standards to address the risk of puncturing and 
draining aerosol cans at universal waste handlers.
    Despite the differences between recycling of aerosol cans at 
hazardous waste generators versus recycling of aerosol cans at 
universal waste handlers, under the final rule, EPA is not limiting 
off-site handlers from puncturing and draining aerosol cans collected 
from other handlers. Based on an observed lack of damage cases from 
puncturing and draining aerosol cans in the manner described in this 
rule, it appears that risks posed by universal waste handlers 
puncturing and draining aerosol cans collected from other handlers is 
relatively low. EPA has determined that the final management standards 
for the puncturing and draining of aerosol cans at universal waste 
handlers at 40 CFR 273.13(e)(4) and 40 CFR 273.33(e)(4) adequately 
address the low risks. Additionally, the five of the six states that 
have added aerosol cans to their list of universal wastes allow off-
site handlers to puncture and drain aerosol cans collected from other 
handlers, and EPA is not aware of any damage cases resulting 
specifically from the puncturing and draining under universal waste in 
these states.\42\ In particular, State officials from Colorado stated 
to EPA that their respective aerosol can universal waste programs have 
been in effect for over 15 years, and they have not identified any 
damage cases associated with puncturing and draining.\43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ See supporting document number 0004 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \43\ See docket for this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As mentioned, EPA is finalizing management standards for the 
puncturing and draining of aerosol cans at universal waste handlers to 
increase protections. Under the final rule, puncturing and draining 
activities must be conducted by a device specifically designed to 
safely puncture aerosol cans and effectively contain the residual 
contents and any emissions thereof. EPA is not finalizing that the 
puncturing and draining activities must be conducted in a commercial 
device or a commercially-manufactured device and is instead finalizing 
a performance-based standard. In response to comments, EPA is not 
limiting universal waste handlers that have designed their own 
equipment for puncturing and draining and operated it safely from 
continuing to use that equipment. If a universal waste handler uses 
specifically custom designed or retrofitted equipment to ensure that 
the device safely punctures aerosol cans, it should ensure the 
equipment is designed or retrofitted according to accepted engineering 
practices based on established codes, standards, published technical 
reports, or similar peer reviewed documents. Although EPA received 
comments from the waste management industry arguing that their members 
have safely designed and operated their own equipment for puncturing 
and draining aerosol cans, EPA expects most universal waste handlers 
will choose to purchase commercial devices designed to puncture aerosol 
cans. Puncturing and draining systems for aerosol cans are available 
from multiple commercial vendors. These devices generally consist of an 
enclosed puncturing device that punctures an aerosol can, allowing the 
contents to be drained into an attached container. In many cases, these 
containers are 55-gallon drums with a filter made of carbon or similar 
materials to capture any gases that may escape the 55-gallon drum 
during the puncturing and draining process.
    Manufacturers of aerosol can puncturing and draining devices 
include instructions for their use.\44\ These instructions include 
operating devices in a well-ventilated area that is free from sparks 
and ignition sources in order to prevent fires, use of personal 
protective equipment such as safety goggles, and segregating 
incompatible products from being drained into the same container. 
Operators of puncturing and draining devices are also instructed to 
ensure that the container remains closed, that it does not become 
overfilled, and that the container or tank storing the contents of the 
drained aerosol cans is also kept in a well-ventilated area free from 
sparks or ignition sources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See supporting document 0003 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA received multiple comments arguing that the requirement that 
puncturing and draining activities be conducted in a device designed to 
effectively contain the residual contents and emissions needs to be 
clarified.\45\ Specifically, commenters requested EPA clarify what 
``effectively contain'' means in relation to emissions.\46\ The 
performance of aerosol can puncturing and draining devices will vary by 
manufacturer and it remains the responsibility of the operator to 
ensure breakthrough is not occurring. Although commenters pointed out 
that handlers could ensure devices are equipped with ``end of life'' 
filters that show when breakthrough is occurring, it is impractical to 
impose this requirement on all universal waste handlers who use 
puncturing and draining equipment because the manufacturer's guidance 
with respect to containing emissions varies across the industry.\47\ 
For example, some manufacturers recommend limiting the number of cans 
drained per filter while other manufacturers recommend weighing the 
filter before and during use.\48\ Given the variability in the market, 
it is impractical for EPA to determine a single, appropriate standard 
for ensuring breakthrough is not occurring. Rather, EPA is finalizing 
as proposed the performance-based standard that universal waste 
handlers must use a device designed to safely puncture aerosol cans and 
effectively contain the residual contents and any emissions thereof. 
Universal waste handlers can minimize the potential for breakthrough by 
maintaining the puncturing and draining device and replacing air 
filters according to the manufacturer's specifications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See comment numbers 0073 and 0085 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \46\ See comment numbers 0001, 0073, and 0085 in the docket for 
this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \47\ See supporting document 0003 in the docket for this 
rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
    \48\ See comment number 0005 and supporting document 0003 in the 
docket for this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because handlers are responsible for ensuring that the puncturing 
device is properly draining the contents of the aerosol cans into the 
drum, EPA is finalizing that handlers must establish and follow a 
written procedure to ensure that handlers take the necessary 
precautions to protect human health and the environment while 
puncturing and draining universal waste aerosol cans. At a minimum, EPA 
is requiring that the written procedure address the operation and 
maintenance of the unit, including its proper assembly; segregation of 
incompatible wastes; and proper waste management practices (e.g., 
ensuring that ignitable wastes are stored away from heat or open 
flames). In order to increase protections, EPA is clarifying in the 
final rule that handlers must follow the written procedure. 
Additionally, EPA is finalizing that handlers must maintain a copy of 
the manufacturers' instructions on site and ensure employees operating 
the device are trained in the proper procedures.
    Although some states have issued guidelines for recommending 
against puncturing and draining certain types of aerosol cans, there is 
limited publicly

[[Page 67214]]

available data on the subset of aerosol cans that pose an 
incompatibility risk. Additionally, since new products enter the market 
and products are constantly changing, it is not practical to codify a 
finite list of aerosol cans that pose an incompatibility risk. 
Therefore, EPA is not providing a list of certain types of aerosol cans 
that might pose incompatibility issues with puncturing devices or the 
contents of other aerosol cans that are drained. However, it remains 
the responsibility of the operator to ensure that the puncturing device 
does not puncture aerosol cans that are incompatible with its materials 
or the contents of other aerosol cans that are being drained. Because 
aerosol cans are consumer products, aerosol cans have labels that 
identify the products contained within, including any hazardous posed 
by the contents which can assist handlers in ensuring they have 
addressed incompatibility issues. As mentioned above, EPA is requiring 
handlers to establish and follow a written procedure that addresses the 
operation of the unit, including the segregation of incompatible 
wastes. The operator can look to state guidance and manufacturer's 
guidance for information. For example, manufacturers make information 
available regarding potential incompatibilities between aerosol can 
propellants and puncturing devices container rubber seals or 
gaskets.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See Compilation of Manufacturer's Guidance on Devices for 
Puncturing and Draining Aerosol Cans, December 2017, in the docket 
for this rulemaking (EPA-HQ-RCRA-2017-0463).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is also finalizing that the actual puncturing of the cans be 
done in a manner designed to prevent fires and to prevent the release 
of the aerosol can contents to the environment so as to minimize human 
exposure. This manner includes, but is not limited to, locating the 
equipment on a solid, flat surface in a well-ventilated area. 
Commenters pointed out that it is common practice to operate puncturing 
and draining devices on spill catchment pallets to aid in capturing 
accidental leaks or spills, which is allowed under the final rule if 
the spill catchment pallet is located on a solid, flat surface.
    In addition, EPA is finalizing that the handler must immediately 
transfer the contents from the waste aerosol can, or the puncturing 
device (if applicable), to a container or tank and conduct a hazardous 
waste determination of the contents under 40 CFR 262.11. The handler 
becomes the generator of any hazardous aerosol can contents and must 
manage those wastes in accordance with applicable RCRA regulations.
    The final rule also requires that a written procedure be in place 
in the event of a spill or leak and a spill clean-up kit should be 
provided. All spills or leaks of the contents of the aerosol cans 
should be cleaned up promptly.
    Finally, EPA notes that all puncturing, waste collection, and 
disposal must be conducted in compliance with all applicable Federal, 
state and local waste (solid and hazardous waste) and occupational 
safety and health laws and regulations.
3. Requirements for Transporters
    This final rule will not change any of the existing requirements 
applicable to universal waste transporters. Under 40 CFR 273.9, the 
definition of a universal waste transporter is a person engaged in the 
off-site transportation of universal waste by air, rail, highway, or 
water. Persons meeting the definition of universal waste transporter 
include those persons who transport universal waste from one universal 
waste handler to another, to a processor, to a destination facility, or 
to a foreign destination. These persons are subject to the universal 
waste transporter requirements of part 273, subpart D. EPA notes that 
this final rule also will not affect the applicability of shipping 
requirements under the hazardous waste materials regulations of DOT. 
Transporters continue to be subject to these requirements, if 
applicable (e.g., 49 CFR 173.306 for shipping of limited quantities of 
aerosol cans, or 49 CFR 173.115(l), which sets limits in the definition 
of ``aerosol'' for the purpose of shipping flammable gas).
4. Requirements for Destination Facilities
    This final rule will not change any of the existing requirements 
applicable to universal waste destination facilities (subpart E of part 
273). Under 40 CFR 273.9, the definition of a destination facility is a 
facility that treats, disposes of, or recycles a particular category of 
universal waste (except certain activities specified in the regulations 
at Sec. Sec.  273.13(a) and (c) and 273.33(a) and (c)).
5. Effect of This Rule on Household Wastes and Very Small Quantity 
Generators
    Adding hazardous waste aerosol cans to the Federal definition of 
universal wastes would not impose any requirements on households or 
VSQGs for managing these cans. Household waste continues to be exempt 
from RCRA Subtitle C regulations under 40 CFR 261.4(b)(1). However, 
under the Universal Waste Rule provisions, VSQGs may choose to manage 
their hazardous waste aerosol cans in accordance with either the VSQG 
regulations under 40 CFR 262.14 or as a universal waste under part 273 
(40 CFR 273.8(a)(2)). It should be noted, however, that 40 CFR 273.8(b) 
will continue to apply. Under this provision, if household or VSQG 
wastes are mixed with universal waste subject to the requirements of 40 
CFR part 273 (i.e., universal waste that is not generated by households 
or VSQGs), the commingled waste must be handled as universal waste in 
accordance with part 273. Under this final rule, handlers of universal 
waste who accumulate 5,000 kilograms or more of this commingled aerosol 
can waste at any time will be considered large quantity handlers of 
universal waste and must meet the requirements of that category of 
universal waste handler.
    Hazardous waste aerosol cans that are managed as a universal waste 
under 40 CFR part 273 will not be required to be included in a 
facility's determination of hazardous waste generator status (40 CFR 
262.13(c)(6)). Therefore, a generator that manages such cans under the 
requirements for universal waste and does not generate any other 
hazardous waste will not be subject to other Subtitle C hazardous waste 
management regulations, such as the hazardous waste generator 
regulations in part 262. A universal waste handler that meets the 
definition of a small quantity generator or large quantity generator in 
40 CFR 260.10 for its other hazardous waste will be subject to the 
hazardous waste generator regulations in part 262.
6. Applicability of Land Disposal Restriction Requirements
    This final rule does not change the applicability of land disposal 
restriction (LDR) requirements to universal waste. Under the existing 
regulations (40 CFR 268.1(f)), universal waste handlers and 
transporters are exempt from the LDR requirements regarding testing, 
tracking, and recordkeeping in 40 CFR 268.7, and the storage 
prohibition in 40 CFR 268.50. EPA is amending 40 CFR 268.1(f) to add 
aerosol can universal waste for consistency. This final rule also does 
not change the regulatory status of destination facilities; they remain 
subject to the full LDR requirements.

VI. Technical Corrections

    As part of this rulemaking, EPA is finalizing four technical 
corrections to the universal waste standards for mercury-containing 
equipment in 40

[[Page 67215]]

CFR 273.13(c)(2)(iii) and (iv) and 273.33(c)(2)(iii) and (iv). Each of 
these paragraphs contained a reference to 40 CFR 262.34, which was 
removed and reserved as part of the November 28, 2016, Hazardous Waste 
Generator Improvements Rule (81 FR 85732). EPA neglected to update 
these references as part of its corresponding changes in that rule and 
is correcting that mistake here. In all four places, EPA proposed 
revisions to make the regulations refer to 40 CFR 262.16 or 262.17, as 
applicable. As a result of a comment stating that this revision did not 
include references to other potentially applicable paragraphs of the 
hazardous waste generator regulations in part 262, EPA has revised the 
language and is finalizing language that matches references in 
Sec. Sec.  273.13(a) and 273.33(a). The final language states that 
mercury from broken ampules must be transferred to a container subject 
to all applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272.

VII. State Authority

A. Applicability of Final Rule in Authorized States

    Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified states to 
administer and enforce the RCRA hazardous waste program within the 
state. Following authorization, EPA retains enforcement authority under 
sections 3008, 3013, and 7003 of RCRA, although authorized states have 
enforcement responsibility. The standards and requirements for state 
authorization are found at 40 CFR part 271. Prior to enactment of the 
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), a state with final 
RCRA authorization administered its hazardous waste program entirely in 
lieu of EPA administering the Federal program in that state. The 
Federal requirements no longer applied in the authorized state, and EPA 
could not issue permits for any facilities in that state, since only 
the state was authorized to issue RCRA permits. When EPA promulgated 
new, more stringent Federal requirements for these pre-HSWA 
regulations, the state was obligated to enact equivalent authorities 
within specified time frames. However, the new Federal requirements did 
not take effect in an authorized state until the state adopted the 
Federal requirements as state law. In contrast, under RCRA section 
3006(g) (42 U.S.C. 6926(g)), which was added by HSWA, new requirements 
and prohibitions imposed under HSWA authority take effect in authorized 
states at the same time that they take effect in unauthorized states. 
EPA is directed by the statute to implement these requirements and 
prohibitions in authorized states, including the issuance of permits, 
until the state is granted authorization to do so. While states must 
still adopt HSWA-related provisions as state law to retain final 
authorization, EPA implements the HSWA provisions in authorized states 
until the states do so.
    Authorized states are required to modify their programs only when 
EPA enacts Federal requirements that are more stringent or broader in 
scope than existing Federal requirements. RCRA section 3009 allows the 
states to impose standards more stringent than those in the Federal 
program (see also 40 CFR 271.1). Therefore, authorized states may, but 
are not required to, adopt Federal regulations, both HSWA and non-HSWA, 
that are considered less stringent than previous Federal regulations.

B. Effect on State Authorization

    This final rule will be less stringent than the current Federal 
program. Because states are not required to adopt less stringent 
regulations, they will not have to adopt the universal waste 
regulations for aerosol cans, although EPA encourages them to do so. 
Some states have already added aerosol cans to the list of universal 
wastes, and others may do so in the future. If a state's standards for 
aerosol cans are less stringent than those in the final rule, the state 
would have to amend its regulations to make them at least equivalent to 
the Federal standards and pursue authorization.

VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive orders 
can be found at http://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This regulatory action was determined to be not significant and was 
therefore not submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for review. This regulatory action was determined to be not significant 
for purposed E.O. 12866 review. The Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) waived review.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs

    This action is considered an Executive Order 13771 deregulatory 
action. Details on the estimated cost savings of this final rule can be 
found in EPA's analysis of the costs and benefits associated with this 
action.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this final rule have been 
submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
under the PRA. The Information Collection Request (ICR) documents that 
the EPA prepared have been assigned EPA ICR number 1597.13 and ICR 
number 2513.04. You can find a copy of the ICRs in the docket for this 
rule, and they are briefly summarized here.
    Because aerosol cans managed under the final rule are not counted 
toward a facility's RCRA generator status, respondents will see a 
reduction in burden. This reduction is because the aerosol cans will 
not be subject to recordkeeping and reporting requirements as hazardous 
waste, and the respondent may no longer be subject to hazardous waste 
generator recordkeeping and reporting requirements, depending on the 
quantity of hazardous waste they generate (that is not hazardous waste 
aerosol cans or other universal wastes). The existing universal waste 
requirements currently applicable to SQHUWs and LQHUWs will also be 
applicable to handlers of aerosol can universal waste. For both SQHUWs 
and LQHUWs, these requirements include labeling and marking, employee 
training, response to releases, and export requirements. LQHUWs are 
also subject to additional notification and tracking requirements. EPA 
ICR number 1597.13 focuses on the increased burden to the universal 
waste program resulting from new facilities becoming universal waste 
handlers. EPA ICR number 2513.04 focuses on the decrease in burden 
associated with this regulation.
    Respondents/affected entities: The information collection 
requirements of the final rule affect facilities that handle aerosol 
can universal waste and vary based on facility generator and handler 
status.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: The recordkeeping and 
notification requirements are required to obtain a benefit under 40 CFR 
part 273.
    Estimated number of respondents: 970.
    Frequency of response: One-time notification for LQHUWs; annual

[[Page 67216]]

training requirements for all universal waste handlers; per-shipment 
costs for labeling (all handlers) and tracking (LQHUWs).
    Total estimated burden: EPA estimates the annual burden to 
respondents to be a net reduction in burden of approximately 62,621 
hours. Burden is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: The total estimated annual cost of this rule 
is a cost savings of approximately $2.77 million. This cost savings is 
composed of approximately $2.65 million in annualized avoided labor 
costs and $23,000 in avoided capital or operation and maintenance 
costs.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When OMB 
approves this ICR, the Agency will announce that approval in the 
Federal Register and publish a technical amendment in 40 CFR part 9 to 
display the OMB control number for the approved information collection 
activities contained in this final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. In 
making this determination, the impact of concern is any significant 
adverse economic impact on small entities. An agency may certify that a 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities if the rule relieves regulatory burden, has no 
net burden or otherwise has a positive economic effect on the small 
entities subject to the rule. As documented in the Regulatory Impact 
Analysis found in the docket for this final rule, EPA does not expect 
the rule to result in an adverse impact to a significant number of 
small entities, since the rule is expected to result in net cost 
savings for all entities affected by the rule. We have therefore 
concluded that this action will either relieve regulatory burden or 
have no net regulatory burden for all directly regulated small 
entities.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    As documented in the Regulatory Impact Analysis found in the docket 
for this rule, this action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 
million or more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    As documented in the Regulatory Impact Analysis found in the docket 
for this rule, this action does not have federalism implications. It 
will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the 
relationship between the National Government and the states, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government.

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. Because the rule is expected to result in net 
cost savings, EPA does not expect that it will result in any adverse 
impacts on tribal entities. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply 
to this action.

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is 
not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and 
because the EPA does not believe the environmental health or safety 
risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to 
children. This action's health and risk assessments are contained in 
the Regulatory Impact Analysis found in the docket for this rule.

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211, because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    This rulemaking does not involve technical standards.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    The EPA believes that this action does not have disproportionately 
high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
populations, low-income populations and/or indigenous peoples, as 
specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). The 
documentation for this decision is contained in the Regulatory Impact 
Analysis found in the docket for this rule.

L. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

    This action is subject to the CRA, and the EPA will submit a rule 
report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of 
the United States. This action is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 
U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 260

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Hazardous waste, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 261

    Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Recycling, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 264

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous waste, 
Insurance, Packaging and containers, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Security measures, Surety bonds.

40 CFR Part 265

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous waste, 
Insurance, Packaging and containers, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Security measures, Surety bonds, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 268

    Environmental protection, Hazardous waste, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 270

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Confidential business information, Hazardous materials transportation, 
Hazardous waste, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water 
pollution control, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 273

    Environmental protection, Hazardous materials transportation, 
Hazardous waste.

    Dated: November 15, 2019.
Andrew R. Wheeler,
Administrator.

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, of 
the Code of Federal Regulations, parts 260, 261, 264, 265, 268, 270, 
and 273 are amended as follows:

PART 260--HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: GENERAL

0
1. The authority citation for part 260 continues to read as follows:

[[Page 67217]]

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921-6927, 6930, 6934, 
6935, 6937, 6938, 6939, 6939g, and 6974.

Subpart B--Definitions

0
2. Section 260.10 is amended by:
0
a. Adding the definition of ``Aerosol can'' in alphabetical order;
0
b. Republishing the introductory text for the definition ``Universal 
waste'' and revising paragraphs (3) and (4) and adding paragraph (5); 
and
0
c. In the definition of ``Universal waste handler,'' revising paragraph 
(2)(i).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:

Sec.  260.10  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Aerosol can means a non-refillable receptacle containing a gas 
compressed, liquefied, or dissolved under pressure, the sole purpose of 
which is to expel a liquid, paste, or powder and fitted with a self-
closing release device allowing the contents to be ejected by the gas.
* * * * *
    Universal waste means any of the following hazardous wastes that 
are managed under the universal waste requirements of part 273 of this 
chapter:
* * * * *
    (3) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (4) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (5) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.
* * * * *
    Universal waste handler:
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) A person who treats (except under the provisions of 40 CFR 
273.13(a) or (c), or 40 CFR 273.33(a) or (c)), disposes of, or recycles 
(except under the provisions of 40 CFR 273.13(e) or 40 CFR 273.33(e)) 
universal waste; or
* * * * *

PART 261--IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

0
3. The authority citation for part 261 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921, 6922, 6924(y) and 
6938.

Subpart A--General

0
4. Section 261.9 is amended by revising paragraphs (c) and (d) and 
adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:

Sec.  261.9  Requirements for Universal Waste.

* * * * *
    (c) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (d) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (e) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.

PART 264--STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 
TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

0
5. The authority citation for part 264 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6924, 6925, and 6939g.

Subpart A--General

0
6. Section 264.1 is amended by revising paragraphs (g)(11)(iii) and 
(iv) and adding paragraph (g)(11)(v) to read as follows:

Sec.  264.1  Purpose, scope and applicability.

* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (11) * * *
    (iii) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (iv) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (v) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.
* * * * *

PART 265--INTERIM STATUS STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF 
HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

0
7. The authority citation for part 265 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6906, 6912, 6922, 6923, 6924, 6925, 
6935, 6936, 6937, and 6939g.

Subpart A--General

0
8. Section 265.1 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(14)(iii) and 
(iv) and adding paragraph (c)(14)(v) to read as follows:

Sec.  265.1  Purpose, scope, and applicability.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (14) * * *
    (iii) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (iv) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (v) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.
* * * * *

PART 268--LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS

0
9. The authority citation for part 268 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921, and 6924.

Subpart A--General

0
10. Section 268.1 is amended by revising paragraphs (f)(3) and (4) and 
adding paragraph (f)(5) to read as follows:

Sec.  268.1  Purpose, scope, and applicability.

* * * * *
    (f) * * *
    (3) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (4) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (5) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.

PART 270--EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE HAZARDOUS WASTE 
PERMIT PROGRAM

0
11. The authority citation for part 270 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912, 6924, 6925, 6927, 6939, and 
6974.

Subpart A--General Information

0
12. Section 270.1 is amended by revising the section heading and 
paragraphs (c)(2)(viii)(C) and (D) and adding paragraph (c)(2)(viii)(E) 
to read as follows:

Sec.  270.1  Purpose and scope of the regulations in this part.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (viii) * * *
    (C) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4 of 
this chapter;
    (D) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5 of this chapter; and
    (E) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6 of this chapter.
* * * * *

PART 273--STANDARDS FOR UNIVERSAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

0
13. The authority for part 273 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 6922, 6923, 6924, 6925, 6930, and 6937.

Subpart A--General

0
14. Section 273.1 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(3) and (4) and 
adding paragraph (a)(5) to read as follows:

Sec.  273.1  Scope.

    (a) * * *
    (3) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4;

[[Page 67218]]

    (4) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5; and
    (5) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6.
* * * * *

0
15. Section 273.3 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(2) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  273.3  Applicability--pesticides.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) Pesticides not meeting the conditions set forth in paragraph 
(a) of this section. These pesticides must be managed in compliance 
with the hazardous waste regulations in 40 CFR parts 260 through 272, 
except that aerosol cans as defined in Sec.  273.9 that contain 
pesticides may be managed as aerosol can universal waste under Sec.  
273.13(e) or Sec.  273.33(e);
* * * * *

0
16. Section 273.6 is added to read as follows:

Sec.  273.6  Applicability--Aerosol cans.

    (a) Aerosol cans covered under this part. The requirements of this 
part apply to persons managing aerosol cans, as described in Sec.  
273.9, except those listed in paragraph (b) of this section.
    (b) Aerosol cans not covered under this part. The requirements of 
this part do not apply to persons managing the following types of 
aerosol cans:
    (1) Aerosol cans that are not yet waste under part 261 of this 
chapter. Paragraph (c) of this section describes when an aerosol can 
becomes a waste;
    (2) Aerosol cans that are not hazardous waste. An aerosol can is a 
hazardous waste if the aerosol can exhibits one or more of the 
characteristics identified in part 261, subpart C, of this chapter or 
the aerosol can contains a substance that is listed in part 261, 
subpart D, of this chapter; and
    (3) Aerosol cans that meet the standard for empty containers under 
Sec.  261.7 of this chapter.
    (c) Generation of waste aerosol cans. (1) A used aerosol can 
becomes a waste on the date it is discarded.
    (2) An unused aerosol can becomes a waste on the date the handler 
decides to discard it.

0
17. Section 273.9 is amended by:
0
a. Adding the definition of ``Aerosol can'' in alphabetical order;
0
b. Revising the definitions of ``Large Quantity Handler of Universal 
Waste'' and ``Small Quantity Handler of Universal Waste'';
0
c. Revising the introductory text and paragraphs (3) and (4) and adding 
paragraph (5) to the definition of ``Universal Waste'';
0
d. In the definition of ``Pesticide'':
0
i. Redesignating paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) as paragraphs (1), (2), 
and (3), respectively;
0
ii. In newly redesignated paragraphs (1) and (2), removing the comma 
and adding a semicolon in its place; and
0
iii. In newly redesignated paragraph (3), removing ``(a) or (b) of this 
section'' and adding in its place ``(1) or (2)'' of this definition;
0
e. In the definition of ``Universal Waste Handler'':
0
i. Removing ``Waste Handler'' and adding ``waste handler'' in its 
place;
0
ii. Redesignating paragraphs (a) introductory text, (a)(1) and (2), (b) 
introductory text, and (b)(1) and (2) as paragraphs (1) introductory 
text, (1)(i) and (ii), (2) introductory text, and (2)(i) and (ii), 
respectively; and
0
iii. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (2)(i);
0
f. In the definition of ``Universal Waste Transfer Facility,'' removing 
``Waste Transfer Facility'' and adding ``waste transfer facility'' in 
its place; and
0
g. In the definition of ``Universal Waste Transporter,'' removing 
``Waste Transporter'' and adding ``waste transporter'' in its place.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  273.9  Definitions.

    Aerosol can means a non-refillable receptacle containing a gas 
compressed, liquefied, or dissolved under pressure, the sole purpose of 
which is to expel a liquid, paste, or powder and fitted with a self-
closing release device allowing the contents to be ejected by the gas.
* * * * *
    Large quantity handler of universal waste means a universal waste 
handler (as defined in this section) who accumulates 5,000 kilograms or 
more total of universal waste (batteries, pesticides, mercury-
containing equipment, lamps, or aerosol cans, calculated collectively) 
at any time. This designation as a large quantity handler of universal 
waste is retained through the end of the calendar year in which the 
5,000-kilogram limit is met or exceeded.
* * * * *
    Small quantity handler of universal waste means a universal waste 
handler (as defined in this section) who does not accumulate 5,000 
kilograms or more of universal waste (batteries, pesticides, mercury-
containing equipment, lamps, or aerosol cans, calculated collectively) 
at any time.
* * * * *
    Universal waste means any of the following hazardous wastes that 
are subject to the universal waste requirements of this part:
* * * * *
    (3) Mercury-containing equipment as described in Sec.  273.4;
    (4) Lamps as described in Sec.  273.5; and
    (5) Aerosol cans as described in Sec.  273.6.
* * * * *
    Universal waste handler:
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) A person who treats (except under the provisions of Sec.  
273.13(a) or (c), or Sec.  273.33(a) or (c)), disposes of, or recycles 
(except under the provisions of Sec.  273.13(e) or Sec.  273.33(e)) 
universal waste; or
* * * * *

Subpart B--Standards for Small Quantity Handlers of Universal Waste

0
18. Section 273.13 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and 
(iv) and adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:

Sec.  273.13  Waste management.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (iii) Ensures that a mercury clean-up system is readily available 
to immediately transfer any mercury resulting from spills or leaks from 
broken ampules from that containment device to a container that is 
subject to all applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272;
    (iv) Immediately transfers any mercury resulting from spills or 
leaks from broken ampules from the containment device to a container 
that is subject to all applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 
through 272;
* * * * *
    (e) Aerosol cans. A small quantity handler of universal waste must 
manage universal waste aerosol cans in a way that prevents releases of 
any universal waste or component of a universal waste to the 
environment, as follows:
    (1) Universal waste aerosol cans must be accumulated in a container 
that is structurally sound, compatible with the contents of the aerosol 
cans, lacks evidence of leakage, spillage, or damage that could cause 
leakage under reasonably foreseeable conditions, and is protected from 
sources of heat.
    (2) Universal waste aerosol cans that show evidence of leakage must 
be packaged in a separate closed container or overpacked with 
absorbents, or immediately punctured and drained in accordance with the 
requirements of paragraph (e)(4) of this section.

[[Page 67219]]

    (3) A small quantity handler of universal waste may conduct the 
following activities as long as each individual aerosol can is not 
breached and remains intact:
    (i) Sorting aerosol cans by type;
    (ii) Mixing intact cans in one container; and
    (iii) Removing actuators to reduce the risk of accidental release; 
and
    (4) A small quantity handler of universal waste who punctures and 
drains their aerosol cans must recycle the empty punctured aerosol cans 
and meet the following requirements while puncturing and draining 
universal waste aerosol cans:
    (i) Conduct puncturing and draining activities using a device 
specifically designed to safely puncture aerosol cans and effectively 
contain the residual contents and any emissions thereof.
    (ii) Establish and follow a written procedure detailing how to 
safely puncture and drain the universal waste aerosol can (including 
proper assembly, operation and maintenance of the unit, segregation of 
incompatible wastes, and proper waste management practices to prevent 
fires or releases); maintain a copy of the manufacturer's specification 
and instruction on site; and ensure employees operating the device are 
trained in the proper procedures.
    (iii) Ensure that puncturing of the can is done in a manner 
designed to prevent fires and to prevent the release of any component 
of universal waste to the environment. This manner includes, but is not 
limited to, locating the equipment on a solid, flat surface in a well-
ventilated area.
    (iv) Immediately transfer the contents from the waste aerosol can 
or puncturing device, if applicable, to a container or tank that meets 
the applicable requirements of 40 CFR 262.14, 262.15, 262.16, or 
262.17.
    (v) Conduct a hazardous waste determination on the contents of the 
emptied aerosol can per 40 CFR 262.11. Any hazardous waste generated as 
a result of puncturing and draining the aerosol can is subject to all 
applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272. The handler is 
considered the generator of the hazardous waste and is subject to 40 
CFR part 262.
    (vi) If the contents are determined to be nonhazardous, the handler 
may manage the waste in any way that is in compliance with applicable 
Federal, state, or local solid waste regulations.
    (vii) A written procedure must be in place in the event of a spill 
or leak and a spill clean-up kit must be provided. All spills or leaks 
of the contents of the aerosol cans must be cleaned up promptly.

0
19. Section 273.14 is amended by adding paragraph (f) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  273.14  Labeling/marking.

* * * * *
    (f) Universal waste aerosol cans (i.e., each aerosol can), or a 
container in which the aerosol cans are contained, must be labeled or 
marked clearly with any of the following phrases: ``Universal Waste--
Aerosol Can(s),'' ``Waste Aerosol Can(s),'' or ``Used Aerosol Can(s)''.

Subpart C--Standards for Large Quantity Handlers of Universal Waste

0
20 Section 273.32 is amended by revising paragraph (b)(4) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  273.32  Notification.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (4) A list of all the types of universal waste managed by the 
handler (e.g., batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment, 
lamps, and aerosol cans); and
* * * * *

0
21. Section 273.33 is amended by revising paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and 
(iv) and adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:

Sec.  273.33  Waste management.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (iii) Ensures that a mercury clean-up system is readily available 
to immediately transfer any mercury resulting from spills or leaks of 
broken ampules from that containment device to a container that is 
subject to all applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272;
    (iv) Immediately transfers any mercury resulting from spills or 
leaks from broken ampules from the containment device to a container is 
subject to all applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272;
* * * * *
    (e) Aerosol cans. A large quantity handler of universal waste must 
manage universal waste aerosol cans in a way that prevents releases of 
any universal waste or component of a universal waste to the 
environment, as follows:
    (1) Universal waste aerosol cans must be accumulated in a container 
that is structurally sound, compatible with the contents of the aerosol 
cans, lacks evidence of leakage, spillage, or damage that could cause 
leakage under reasonably foreseeable conditions, and is protected from 
sources of heat.
    (2) Universal waste aerosol cans that show evidence of leakage must 
be packaged in a separate closed container or overpacked with 
absorbents, or immediately punctured and drained in accordance with the 
requirements of paragraph (e)(4) of this section.
    (3) A large quantity handler of universal waste may conduct the 
following activities as long as each individual aerosol can is not 
breached and remains intact:
    (i) Sorting aerosol cans by type;
    (ii) Mixing intact cans in one container; and
    (iii) Removing actuators to reduce the risk of accidental release; 
and
    (4) A large quantity handler of universal waste who punctures and 
drains their aerosol cans must recycle the empty punctured aerosol cans 
and meet the following requirements while puncturing and draining 
universal waste aerosol cans:
    (i) Conduct puncturing and draining activities using a device 
specifically designed to safely puncture aerosol cans and effectively 
contain the residual contents and any emissions thereof.
    (ii) Establish and follow a written procedure detailing how to 
safely puncture and drain the universal waste aerosol can (including 
proper assembly, operation and maintenance of the unit, segregation of 
incompatible wastes, and proper waste management practices to prevent 
fires or releases); maintain a copy of the manufacturer's specification 
and instruction on site; and ensure employees operating the device are 
trained in the proper procedures.
    (iii) Ensure that puncturing of the can is done in a manner 
designed to prevent fires and to prevent the release of any component 
of universal waste to the environment. This includes, but is not 
limited to, locating the equipment on a solid, flat surface in a well 
ventilated area.
    (iv) Immediately transfer the contents from the waste aerosol can 
or puncturing device, if applicable, to a container or tank that meets 
the applicable requirements of 40 CFR 262.14, 262.15, 262.16, or Sec.  
262.17.
    (v) Conduct a hazardous waste determination on the contents of the 
emptied can per 40 CFR 262.11. Any hazardous waste generated as a 
result of puncturing and draining the aerosol can is subject to all 
applicable requirements of 40 CFR parts 260 through 272. The handler is 
considered the generator of the hazardous waste and is subject to 40 
CFR part 262.
    (vi) If the contents are determined to be nonhazardous, the handler 
may manage the waste in any way that is in compliance with applicable 
Federal, state, or local solid waste regulations.

[[Page 67220]]

    (vii) A written procedure must be in place in the event of a spill 
or release and a spill clean-up kit must be provided. All spills or 
leaks of the contents of the aerosol cans must be cleaned up promptly.

0
22. Section 273.34 is amended by adding paragraph (f) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  273.34  Labeling/marking.

* * * * *
    (f) Universal waste aerosol cans (i.e., each aerosol can), or a 
container in which the aerosol cans are contained, must be labeled or 
marked clearly with any of the following phrases: ``Universal Waste--
Aerosol Can(s)'', ``Waste Aerosol Can(s)'', or ``Used Aerosol Can(s)''.

[FR Doc. 2019-25674 Filed 12-6-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P