Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2010-1018-0007
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2012-04-20T04:00Z

\s \* MERGEFORMATUNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                            WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460
                                                                               
                                                  OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND
                                                                                                        	 POLLUTION PREVENTION
MEMORANDUM

Date:			25-October-2011

            Subject:		Quizalofop-P-ethyl.  Revised Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessment to Support Section 3 Registration for use on Corn, Rapeseed and Sorghum.
            				
PC Codes:  128709,128711
DP Barcode: D395387  
Decision No.: 441518
Registration No.:352-341
Petition No.: 
Regulatory Action: Amended Section 3
Risk Assessment Type: Dietary Exposure
Case No.: 
TXR No.: NA
CAS Nos.: 76578-14-8, 100646-51-3
MRID No.:NA 
40 CFR:180.441

REVIEWER:	Seyed Tadayon, Chemist
      Risk Assessment Branch V
      Health Effects Division (7509P)

THROUGH:	Donna Davis, Chemist
      Meheret Negussie, Chemist
      Dietary Exposure Science Advisory Council (DESAC)
      Health Effects Division (7509P)

TO:		Ideliz Negrón-Encarnación, PhD, Risk Assessor
      Risk Assessment Branch V
      Health Effects Division (7509P)

Executive Summary
            
            This is a revision of the original Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessment to Support Section 3
            Registration for use on Corn, Rapeseed and Sorghum (S. Tadayon, August 24, 2011, Dp 393220). 
            This assessment has been revised to address the change in tolerance value (rapeseed subgroup 20 A,
            Except  flaxseed) from 1.00 ppm to 1.5 ppm.

Chronic dietary exposure and risk assessment was conducted using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM-FCID(TM), Version 2.03) which uses food consumption data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) from 1994-1996 and 1998.  Acute dietary assessment was not conducted since there were no appropriate endpoints/doses selected for acute dietary risk assessment. The analyses were performed as part of a registration action; to support a Section 3 Registration on corn, rapeseed and sorghum. Quizalofop-p-ethyl was classified as "not likely" to be a human carcinogen, therefore no cancer assessment was performed. 

The chronic analysis incorporated tolerance level residues for all commodities, and 100 percent crop treated (%CT) was assumed.  DEEM(TM) (ver 7.78) default processing factors were assumed when applicable.  The analyses also included the PRZM-EXAMs modeled chronic surface water point estimate generated based on the sorghum application scenario. The chronic exposure estimates are  29 % cPAD and are therefore below HED's level of concern (children 1-2 years old were the most highly exposed population).

I.	Introduction

Dietary risk assessment incorporates both exposure and toxicity of a given pesticide.  For chronic assessments, the risk is expressed as a percentage of a maximum acceptable dose.  This is the PAD, which HED has concluded will result in no unreasonable adverse health effects.  The PAD is the RfD divided by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Safety Factor.  Dietary risk is expressed as a percentage of the PAD.  HED is concerned when estimated dietary risk exceeds 100% of the PAD.  References which discuss the chronic risk assessment in more detail are available on the EPA/pesticides web site:  "Available Information on Assessing Exposure from Pesticides, A User's Guide," 6/21/2000, web link:  http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2000 /July/Day-12/6061.pdf; or see SOP 99.6 (8/20/99).

The most recent dietary exposure assessment for quizalofop-ethyl was performed to support section 3 registration for use on barley, wheat, sunflower and flax. [Christina Swartz, D31475, 31/7/2006].

II.	Residue Information

Established and Proposed Tolerances:

Presently, quizalofop ethyl is registered for uses on canola, crambe, cotton, dry beans, dry and
succulent peas, lentils, mint, snap beans, soybean, sugar beets, barley, flax, sunflower and wheat.

Tolerances are established under 40 CFR §180.441(a)(1) for the combined residues of quizalofop ethyl and quizalofop, all expressed as quizalofop ethyl in/on agricultural commodities except as listed in Section (a)(3), under §180.441(a)(2) for the combined residues of quizalofop ethyl, quizalofop, and quizalofop methyl, all expressed as quizalofop ethyl, for egg, fat, meat, meat byproducts, milk and milk fat, and under §180.441(a)(3) for the combined residues of quizalofop-P ethyl ester, quizalofop-P, and the S-enantiomers of the ester and the acid, expressed as quizalofop-P ethyl ester, for sugar beet, barley, wheat sunflower seed, canola, cotton, lentil, vegetable  subgroups 6 and 7A, peppermint and spearmint.  Other tolerances include a time-limited tolerance under §180.441(a)(4) which expired 6/14/1999 and a tolerance with regional registration under §180.441(a)(4)(c) on pineapple.

The following proposed tolerances have been included in the dietary exposure analyses, in addition to those already established under 40 CFR §180.441.

            Rapeseed, subgroup 20A, except flax, seed	1.5	 ppm
            Sorghum, grain	0.20 ppm
				Corn, grain						     0.02 ppm	

The inputs used were (i) tolerance level residues for all commodities, (ii) 100 percent crop treated (%CT) and (iii) DEEM(TM) ver. 7.78) default processing factors., 

III .Drinking Water Residues used in the Chronic Risk Assessment:

A drinking water exposure memo was generated for existing and proposed uses of quizalofop [S. Wente, 07/19/2011, D384661].  A Tier II drinking water assessment of surface water was performed based on Index Reservoir settings, using the linked PRZM-EXAMs models.  The sorghum application scenario was used to predict an estimated drinking water concentration (EDWC) of 2.006 ppb for chronic exposure.  For ground water sources, the SCIGROW model was used to predict an EDWC of 1.29 ppb for chronic exposure. Since the surface water concentration was the highest, the chronic dietary risk assessment was conducted assuming a residue of 0.002 ppm for all water sources (direct and indirect).

IV. Program and Consumption Information

Chronic dietary exposure assessments were conducted using DEEM-FCID(TM) (ver. 2.03), which incorporates consumption data from USDA's CSFII 1994-1996 and 1998.  The 1994-96, 98 data are based on the reported consumption of more than 20,000 individuals over two non-consecutive survey days.  Foods "as consumed" (e.g., apple pie) are linked to EPA-defined food commodities (e.g. apples, peeled fruit - cooked; fresh or N/S; baked; or wheat flour - cooked; fresh or N/S, baked) using publicly available recipe translation files developed jointly by USDA/ARS and EPA.  For chronic exposure assessment, consumption data are averaged for the entire U.S. population and within population subgroups.  Based on analysis of the 1994-96, 98 CSFII consumption data, which took into account dietary patterns and survey respondents, HED concluded that it is most appropriate to report risk for the following population subgroups: the general U.S. population, all infants (<1 year old), children 1-2, children 3-5, children 6-12, youth 13-19, adults 20-49, females 13-49, and adults 50+ years old.

For chronic dietary exposure assessment, an estimate of the residue level in each food or food-form (e.g., orange or orange juice) on the food commodity residue list is multiplied by the average daily consumption estimate for that food/food form to produce a residue intake estimate. The resulting residue intake estimate for each food/food form is summed with the residue intake estimates for all other food/food forms on the commodity residue list to arrive at the total average estimated exposure.  Exposure is expressed in mg/kg body weight/day and as a percent of the cPAD.  This procedure is performed for each population subgroup.

V. Toxicological Information

There are no appropriate endpoints/doses selected for acute dietary risk assessment since there were no effects observed in oral toxicity studies that could be attributed to a single dose exposure.  The chronic reference dose (cRfD) is established based on a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats, in which liver effects and anemia were observed at the LOAEL.  The FQPA factor was reduced to 1X, and there are no toxicity data gaps; therefore, the combined uncertainty factor (UF) of 100X for quizalofop-P-ethyl is based solely on inter- and intra-species differences.  A summary of the toxicological doses and endpoints selected for dietary exposure assessment is provided in Table 1.

Table1.  Quizalofop-P-ethyl Toxicological Endpoints for Dietary Analysis
                                   Exposure
                                   Scenario
                         Dose Used in Risk Assessment,
                                      UF
               FQPA SF and Level of Concern for Risk Assessment
                        Study and Toxicological Effects
Acute Dietary
[all populations]
An acute dietary endpoint was not selected based on the absence of an appropriate endpoint attributed to a single dose.
Chronic Dietary
[all populations]
NOAEL= 0.9 mg/kg/day

UF=100
Chronic RfD= 0.009 mg/kg/day
FQPA SF = 1X
cPAD = cRfD
              FQPA SF

          = 0.009 mg/kg/day
Chronic Toxicity/ Carcinogenicity Study in Rats
LOAEL = 3.7 mg/kg/day based on increased incidence of centrilobular enlargement of the liver in both sexes and mild anemia in males. 
Cancer
Quizalofop-p-ethyl is classified as "not likely" to be a human carcinogen
[1]	UF = uncertainty factor, FQPA SF = FQPA safety factor, NOAEL = no observed adverse effect level, LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level, cPAD = chronic population adjusted dose, RfD = reference dose.

VI. Results/Discussion

The chronic dietary risk estimates are 29 % cPAD (See Table 2) and are therefore below HED's level of concern (children 1-2 years old were the most highly exposed population).

Table 2:	Summary of Chronic Dietary Exposure and Risk for Quizalofop-P-ethyl (drinking water included)
                              Population Subgroup
                               cPAD (mg/kg/day)
                                    Chronic
                                       
                                       
                                       
                             Exposure (mg/kg/day)
                                       
                                     %cPAD
General U.S. Population
                                     0.009
                                   0.001025
                                      11
All Infants (< 1 year old)
                                       
                                   0.002477
                                      28
Children 1-2 years old
                                       
                                   0.002636
                                       29*
Children 3-5 years old
                                       
                                   0.002315
                                      26
Children 6-12 years old
                                       
                                   0.001590
                                      18
Youth 13-19 years old
                                       
                                   0.000978
                                      11
Adults 20-49 years old
                                       
                                   0.000803
                                       9
Adults 50+ years old
                                       
                                   0.000685
                                       8
Females 13-49 years old
                                       
                                   0.000767
                                       9
* Children 1-2 years old were the most highly exposed population

VII. Characterization of Inputs/Outputs

The chronic analysis was based on conservative assumptions (tolerance level residues and 100 %CT) for food commodities, A modeled drinking water estimate was used is the assessment. The drinking water assessment of surface water was performed to assess drinking water exposure for quizalofop-p-ethyl in support of field corn and sorghum.   Since the drinking water estimate was generated using the site/scenario which produced the highest estimated surface water concentration, and since conservative assumptions were used for food, HED concludes that the exposure estimates provided in this document are highly conservative and is not likely to underestimate risk.

VIII. Conclusions

The chronic dietary risk estimates are 29 % cPAD and are therefore below HED's level of concern (children 1-2 years old were the most highly exposed population).

VIX. List of Attachments

Attachment 1:	DEEM-FCID chronic residue file
Attachment 2:	DEEM-FCID chronic exposure estimates

Attachment 1:	DEEM-FCID chronic residue file
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency                                 Ver. 2.00
DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for QUIZALOFOP-ETHYL                   1994-98 data
Residue file: C:\Documents and Settings\stadayon\My Documents\Work in Progress\quizalofop\Revised quizo_newuse 11c.R98
                                                           Adjust. #2 NOT used
Analysis Date 10-25-2011             Residue file dated: 10-25-2011/07:15:38/8
Reference dose (RfD) = 0.009 mg/kg bw/day
Comment:Standard UFs apply (100X)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Food Crop                                       Residue       Adj.Factors      Comment
EPA Code  Grp  Food Name                          (ppm)       
                                                             #1         #2 
-------- ---- -------------------------------   ---------- ------     ------   -------
15000250 15   Barley, pearled barley             0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15000251 15   Barley, pearled barley-babyfood    0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15000260 15   Barley, flour                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15000261 15   Barley, flour-babyfood             0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15000270 15   Barley, bran                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06030300 6C   Bean, black, seed                  0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06020310 6B   Bean, broad, succulent             0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06030320 6C   Bean, broad, seed                  0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06020330 6B   Bean, cowpea, succulent            0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06030340 6C   Bean, cowpea, seed                 0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030350 6C   Bean,  great northern, seed        0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030360 6C   Bean, kidney, seed                 0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06020370 6B   Bean, lima, succulent              0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06030380 6C   Bean, lima, seed                   0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030390 6C   Bean, mung, seed                   0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030400 6C   Bean, navy, seed                   0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030410 6C   Bean, pink, seed                   0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030420 6C   Bean, pinto, seed                  0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06010430 6A   Bean, snap, succulent              0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06010431 6A   Bean, snap, succulent-babyfood     0.250000   1.000      1.000   
21000440 M    Beef, meat                         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
21000441 M    Beef, meat-babyfood                0.020000   1.000      1.000   
21000450 M    Beef, meat, dried                  0.020000   1.920      1.000   
21000460 M    Beef, meat byproducts              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000461 M    Beef, meat byproducts-babyfood     0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000470 M    Beef, fat                          0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000471 M    Beef,fat-babyfood                  0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000480 M    Beef, kidney                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000490 M    Beef, liver                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   
21000491 M    Beef, liver-babyfood               0.050000   1.000      1.000   
01010520 1A   Beet, sugar                        0.100000   1.000      1.000   
01010521 1A   Beet, sugar-babyfood               0.100000   1.000      1.000   
01010530 1A   Beet, sugar, molasses              0.200000   1.000      1.000   
01010531 1A   Beet, sugar, molasses-babyfood     0.200000   1.000      1.000   
40000930 P    Chicken, meat                      0.020000   1.000      1.000   
40000931 P    Chicken, meat-babyfood             0.020000   1.000      1.000   
40000940 P    Chicken, liver                     0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000950 P    Chicken, meat byproducts           0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000951 P    Chicken, meat byproducts-babyfoo   0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000960 P    Chicken, fat                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000961 P    Chicken, fat-babyfood              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000970 P    Chicken, skin                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
40000971 P    Chicken, skin-babyfood             0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06030980 6C   Chickpea, seed                     0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030981 6C   Chickpea, seed-babyfood            0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06030990 6C   Chickpea, flour                    0.400000   1.000      1.000   
15001200 15   Corn, field, flour                 0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001201 15   Corn, field, flour-babyfood        0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001210 15   Corn, field, meal                  0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001211 15   Corn, field, meal-babyfood         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001220 15   Corn, field, bran                  0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001230 15   Corn, field, starch                0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001231 15   Corn, field, starch-babyfood       0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001240 15   Corn, field, syrup                 0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001241 15   Corn, field, syrup-babyfood        0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001250 15   Corn, field, oil                   0.020000   1.000      1.000   
15001251 15   Corn, field, oil-babyfood          0.020000   1.000      1.000   
95001280 O    Cottonseed, oil                    0.100000   0.100      1.000   
95001281 O    Cottonseed, oil-babyfood           0.100000   1.000      1.000   
70001450 P    Egg, whole                         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
70001451 P    Egg, whole-babyfood                0.020000   1.000      1.000   
70001460 P    Egg, white                         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
70001461 P    Egg, white (solids)-babyfood       0.020000   1.000      1.000   
70001470 P    Egg, yolk                          0.020000   1.000      1.000   
70001471 P    Egg, yolk-babyfood                 0.020000   1.000      1.000   
20001630 20   Flaxseed, oil                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
23001690 M    Goat, meat                         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
23001700 M    Goat, meat byproducts              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
23001710 M    Goat, fat                          0.050000   1.000      1.000   
23001720 M    Goat, kidney                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
23001730 M    Goat, liver                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06031820 6C   Guar, seed                         0.400000   1.000      1.000   
06031821 6C   Guar, seed-babyfood                0.400000   1.000      1.000   
24001890 M    Horse, meat                        0.020000   1.000      1.000   
06032030 6C   Lentil, seed                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
27002220 D    Milk, fat                          0.250000   1.000      1.000   
27002221 D    Milk, fat - baby food/infant for   0.250000   1.000      1.000   
27012230 D    Milk, nonfat solids                0.010000   1.000      1.000   
27012231 D    Milk, nonfat solids-baby food/in   0.010000   1.000      1.000   
27022240 D    Milk, water                        0.010000   1.000      1.000   
27022241 D    Milk, water-babyfood/infant form   0.010000   1.000      1.000   
27032251 D    Milk, sugar (lactose)-baby food/   0.010000   1.000      1.000   
06022550 6B   Pea, succulent                     0.300000   1.000      1.000   
06022551 6B   Pea, succulent-babyfood            0.300000   1.000      1.000   
06032560 6C   Pea, dry                           0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06032561 6C   Pea, dry-babyfood                  0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06012570 6A   Pea, edible podded, succulent      0.300000   1.000      1.000   
06032580 6C   Pea, pigeon, seed                  0.250000   1.000      1.000   
06022590 6B   Pea, pigeon, succulent             0.300000   1.000      1.000   
95002750 O    Peppermint                         2.000000   1.000      1.000   
95002760 O    Peppermint, oil                    2.000000   1.000      1.000   
95002790 O    Pineapple                          0.100000   1.000      1.000   
95002791 O    Pineapple-babyfood                 0.100000   1.000      1.000   
95002800 O    Pineapple, dried                   0.100000   5.000      1.000   
95002810 O    Pineapple, juice                   0.100000   1.700      1.000   
95002811 O    Pineapple, juice-babyfood          0.100000   1.700      1.000   
25002900 M    Pork, meat                         0.020000   1.000      1.000   
25002901 M    Pork, meat-babyfood                0.020000   1.000      1.000   
25002910 M    Pork, skin                         0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002920 M    Pork, meat byproducts              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002921 M    Pork, meat byproducts-babyfood     0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002930 M    Pork, fat                          0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002931 M    Pork, fat-babyfood                 0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002940 M    Pork, kidney                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
25002950 M    Pork, liver                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   
60003010 P    Poultry, other, meat               0.020000   1.000      1.000   
60003020 P    Poultry, other, liver              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
60003030 P    Poultry, other, meat byproducts    0.050000   1.000      1.000   
60003040 P    Poultry, other, fat                0.050000   1.000      1.000   
60003050 P    Poultry, other, skin               0.050000   1.000      1.000   
20003190 20   Rapeseed, oil                      1.500000   1.000      1.000   
20003191 20   Rapeseed, oil-babyfood             1.500000   1.000      1.000   
26003390 M    Sheep, meat                        0.020000   1.000      1.000   
26003391 M    Sheep, meat-babyfood               0.020000   1.000      1.000   
26003400 M    Sheep, meat byproducts             0.050000   1.000      1.000   
26003410 M    Sheep, fat                         0.050000   1.000      1.000   
26003411 M    Sheep, fat-babyfood                0.050000   1.000      1.000   
26003420 M    Sheep, kidney                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
26003430 M    Sheep, liver                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15003440 15   Sorghum, grain                     0.200000   1.000      1.000   
15003450 15   Sorghum, syrup                     0.200000   1.000      1.000   
06003470 6    Soybean, seed                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06003480 6    Soybean, flour                     0.500000   1.000      1.000   
06003481 6    Soybean, flour-babyfood            0.500000   1.000      1.000   
06003490 6    Soybean, soy milk                  0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06003491 6    Soybean, soy milk-babyfood or in   0.050000   1.000      1.000   
06003500 6    Soybean, oil                       1.000000   1.000      1.000   
06003501 6    Soybean, oil-babyfood              1.000000   1.000      1.000   
95003520 O    Spearmint                          2.000000   1.000      1.000   
95003530 O    Spearmint, oil                     2.000000   1.000      1.000   
20003640 20   Sunflower, seed                    1.900000   1.000      1.000   
20003650 20   Sunflower, oil                     1.900000   1.000      1.000   
20003651 20   Sunflower, oil-babyfood            1.900000   1.000      1.000   
50003820 P    Turkey, meat                       0.020000   1.000      1.000   
50003821 P    Turkey, meat-babyfood              0.020000   1.000      1.000   
50003830 P    Turkey, liver                      0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003831 P    Turkey, liver-babyfood             0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003840 P    Turkey, meat byproducts            0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003841 P    Turkey, meat byproducts-babyfood   0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003850 P    Turkey, fat                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003851 P    Turkey, fat-babyfood               0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003860 P    Turkey, skin                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
50003861 P    Turkey, skin-babyfood              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
86010000 O    Water, direct, all sources         0.002000   1.000      1.000   
86020000 O    Water, indirect, all sources       0.002000   1.000      1.000   
15004010 15   Wheat, grain                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15004011 15   Wheat, grain-babyfood              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15004020 15   Wheat, flour                       0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15004021 15   Wheat, flour-babyfood              0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15004030 15   Wheat, germ                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   
15004040 15   Wheat, bran                        0.050000   1.000      1.000   

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Attachment 2:	DEEM-FCID chronic exposure estimates
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency                                 Ver. 2.00
DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for QUIZALOFOP-ETHYL                 (1994-98 data)
Residue file name: C:\Documents and Settings\stadayon\My Documents\Work in Progress\quizalofop\Revised quizo_newuse 11c.R98
                                                 Adjustment factor #2 NOT used.
Analysis Date 10-25-2011/07:21:12     Residue file dated: 10-25-2011/07:15:38/8
Reference dose (RfD, Chronic) = .009 mg/kg bw/day
COMMENT 1: Standard UFs apply (100X)
===============================================================================
                    Total exposure by population subgroup
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                    Total Exposure
                                         -----------------------------------
          Population                         mg/kg             Percent of   
           Subgroup                       body wt/day             Rfd       
--------------------------------------   -------------       ---------------
U.S. Population (total)                     0.001025                11.4%

U.S. Population (spring season)             0.001030                11.4%
U.S. Population (summer season)             0.001003                11.1%
U.S. Population (autumn season)             0.001029                11.4%
U.S. Population (winter season)             0.001039                11.5%

Northeast region                            0.000986                11.0%
Midwest region                              0.001056                11.7%
Southern region                             0.001011                11.2%
Western region                              0.001049                11.7%

Hispanics                                   0.001136                12.6%
Non-hispanic whites                         0.000998                11.1%
Non-hispanic blacks                         0.001079                12.0%
Non-hisp/non-white/non-black                0.001053                11.7%

All infants (< 1 year)                      0.002477                27.5%
Nursing infants                             0.000873                 9.7%
Non-nursing infants                         0.003086                34.3%
Children 1-6  yrs                           0.002374                26.4%
Children 7-12 yrs                           0.001511                16.8%

Females 13-19 (not preg or nursing)         0.000859                 9.5%
Females 20+ (not preg or nursing)           0.000704                 7.8%
Females 13-50 yrs                           0.000834                 9.3%
Females 13+ (preg/not nursing)              0.000894                 9.9%
Females 13+ (nursing)                       0.001026                11.4%

Males 13-19 yrs                             0.001089                12.1%
Males 20+ yrs                               0.000815                 9.1%
Seniors 55+                                 0.000676                 7.5%

Children 1-2 yrs                            0.002636                29.3%
Children 3-5 yrs                            0.002315                25.7%
Children 6-12 yrs                           0.001590                17.7%
Youth 13-19 yrs                             0.000978                10.9%
Adults 20-49 yrs                            0.000803                 8.9%
Adults 50+ yrs                              0.000685                 7.6%
Females 13-49 yrs                           0.000767                 8.5%