Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0798-0009
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2010-11-10T05:00Z

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460

							     

	PC Code: 125701

DP Barcode: D374783, D374788, D374790

D374791, D374792, D374796

	Date: June 9, 2010

MEMORANDUM	

SUBJECT:		Revised Section 3 Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk
Assessment of Flurprimidol Proposed for New Uses on Turf grasses and
Ornamentals.

TO:			Tony Kish, Product Manager

			Bryant Crowe, Risk Manager Reviewer

Registration Division (7505P) 	

		

FROM:		Stephen Carey, Biologist

			James K. Wolf, Ph.D., Environmental Scientist 

			Environmental Risk Branch III		

				

THROUGH:		James A. Hetrick, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

			Pamela Hurley, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Dana Spatz, Branch Chief

			Environmental Risk Branch III

			Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

This Section 3 ecological risk assessment was conducted for the proposed
labeled uses for outdoor and residential use in right-of-ways,
industrial, golf resorts, and athletic fields, commercial, municipal and
residential turf using the active ingredient, flurprimidol, as a plant
growth regulator to control growth of turf grasses, ornamentals, and a
variety of bedding, flowering, bulb crop, perennial, and woody landscape
plants.  

This risk assessment was revised to update the terrestrial exposure
analysis for banded application to ground surfaces. In the previous
assessment, the inputs for banded applications modeled in T-REX
reflected agricultural practices where a band application is made
between rows of an acre field rather than around the perimeter of an
area or building; thus, the revised RQs for “banded” applications
occurring on the edge of a site are adjusted using broadcast
applications with the understanding that the entire acre will not be
completely treated when “banded” applications are applied as little
as six inches wide on the edge/perimeter of an area.

                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
    TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846328"  I. 	Executive
Summary	  PAGEREF _Toc263846328 \h  4  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846329"  A.	Nature of the Chemical Stressor	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846329 \h  4  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846330"  B.	Potential Risk to Non-target
Organisms	  PAGEREF _Toc263846330 \h  4  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846331"  C.	Conclusions – Exposure
Characterization	  PAGEREF _Toc263846331 \h  5  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846332"  D.	Conclusions – Ecological Effects
Characterization	  PAGEREF _Toc263846332 \h  6  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846333"  E.	Listed Species	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846333 \h  6  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846334"  II.	Problem Formulation	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846334 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846335"  A.	Stressor Source and Distribution	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846335 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846336"  1.    Nature of Stressor	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846336 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846337"  2.    Mode of Action	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846337 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846338"  3.    Overview of Pesticide Usage	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846338 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846339"  B.	 Receptors	  PAGEREF _Toc263846339 \h
 11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846340"  1.	Aquatic Effects	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846340 \h  11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846341"  2.	Terrestrial Effects	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846341 \h  11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846342"  3.	Ecosystem at Risk	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846342 \h  11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846343"  C.	 Assessment Endpoints	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846343 \h  12  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846344"  D.	Conceptual Model	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846344 \h  14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846345"  1.	Risk Hypotheses	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846345 \h  14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846346"  2.	Conceptual Model Diagram	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846346 \h  14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846347"  E.	Analysis Plan	  PAGEREF _Toc263846347
\h  16  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846348"  1.    Identification of Data Gaps	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846348 \h  17  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846349"  2.    Measures of Exposure	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846349 \h  18  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846350"  3.	Measures of Effect	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846350 \h  19  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846351"  4.  Integration of Exposure and Effects	
 PAGEREF _Toc263846351 \h  19  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846352"  III.	ANALYSIS	  PAGEREF _Toc263846352 \h
 20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846353"  A.	 Use Characterization	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846353 \h  20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846354"  B.        Exposure Characterization	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846354 \h  20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846355"  1.	Environmental Fate and Transport
Characterization	  PAGEREF _Toc263846355 \h  20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846356"  2. 	Measures of Aquatic Exposure	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846356 \h  24  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846357"  3.     Aquatic Exposure Monitoring and
Field Data	  PAGEREF _Toc263846357 \h  28  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846358"  4. 	Measures of Terrestrial Exposure	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846358 \h  28  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846359"  IV.   Ecological Effects
Characterization	  PAGEREF _Toc263846359 \h  34  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846360"  A. 	Aquatic Effects Characterization	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846360 \h  34  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846361"  B. 	Terrestrial Effects Characterization
  PAGEREF _Toc263846361 \h  35  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846362"  V. 	RISK CHARACTERIZATION	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846362 \h  36  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846363"  A.  	Risks to Aquatic Organisms and
Plants	  PAGEREF _Toc263846363 \h  36  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846364"  1.	Freshwater Fish / Invertebrates	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846364 \h  37  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846365"  2.	Estuarine/Marine Fish and
Invertebrates	  PAGEREF _Toc263846365 \h  37  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846366"  3.	Aquatic Plants	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846366 \h  37  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846367"  B.	Risks to Terrestrial Animals	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846367 \h  39  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846368"  1.	Birds and Mammals	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846368 \h  39  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846369"  2.	Terrestrial-phase Amphibians and
Reptiles	  PAGEREF _Toc263846369 \h  46  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846370"  3.	Beneficial Insects	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846370 \h  46  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846371"  4. 	Soil-dwelling Invertebrates
(Earthworm)	  PAGEREF _Toc263846371 \h  46  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846372"  C.	Terrestrial Plants	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846372 \h  46  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846373"  1. 	Non-Listed and Listed Terrestrial
Plants	  PAGEREF _Toc263846373 \h  47  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846374"  VI.	RISK DESCRIPTION	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846374 \h  48  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846375"  A. 	Risks to Non-target Aquatic Animals
and Plants	  PAGEREF _Toc263846375 \h  48  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846376"  1.	Aquatic Organisms	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846376 \h  49  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846377"  2.	Aquatic-phase Amphibians	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846377 \h  49  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846378"  3.	Aquatic Plants	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846378 \h  49  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846379"  B.	Risks to Non-target Terrestrial
Animals and Plants	  PAGEREF _Toc263846379 \h  49  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846380"  1.	Birds	  PAGEREF _Toc263846380 \h  50 

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846381"  2.	Terrestrial-phase Amphibians and
Reptiles	  PAGEREF _Toc263846381 \h  51  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846382"  3.	Mammals	  PAGEREF _Toc263846382 \h 
52  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846383"  4.	Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846383 \h  57  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846384"  5.	Beneficial Insects	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846384 \h  57  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846385"  6.	Terrestrial Plants	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846385 \h  57  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846386"  C.  	Review of Incident Data	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846386 \h  57  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846387"  D.   	Endocrine Disruptor Screening
Program	  PAGEREF _Toc263846387 \h  58  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846388"  E.  	Federally Threatened and Endangered
(Listed) Species Concerns	  PAGEREF _Toc263846388 \h  58  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846389"  1. 	Action Area	  PAGEREF _Toc263846389
\h  59  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846390"  2. 	Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk
  PAGEREF _Toc263846390 \h  59  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846391"  3. 	Indirect Effects Analysis	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846391 \h  60  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846392"  4.	Critical Habitat	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846392 \h  60  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846393"  5.      Direct Effect Co-occurrence
Analysis	  PAGEREF _Toc263846393 \h  61  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846394"  6.	Indirect Effect Co-occurrence
Analysis	  PAGEREF _Toc263846394 \h  62  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846395"  VII.	Description of Assumptions,
Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths, and Data Gaps	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846395 \h  63  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846396"  A.	Use Pattern	  PAGEREF _Toc263846396
\h  63  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846397"  B.	Environmental Fate and Transport	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846397 \h  64  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846398"  C.	Aquatic Exposure Estimates	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846398 \h  64  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846399"  D.	Terrestrial Exposure Estimates	 
PAGEREF _Toc263846399 \h  64  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846400"  E.	Ecological Effects	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846400 \h  65  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846401"  APPENDIX A:  GENEEC EECs	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846401 \h  69  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846402"  APPENDIX B.  PRZM /EXAMS EEC and Output	
 PAGEREF _Toc263846402 \h  72  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846403"  APPENDIX C: T-REX EECs	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846403 \h  90  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846404"  APPENDIX D:  Terrestrial Chronic
Exposure Estimates for Granular Applications of Flurprimidol (Earthworm
Fugacity Model)	  PAGEREF _Toc263846404 \h  106  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846405"  APPENDIX E: TERRPLANT EECs	  PAGEREF
_Toc263846405 \h  111  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263846406"  APPENDIX F:  LOCATES - Direct Effect
Co-occurrence Analysis	  PAGEREF _Toc263846406 \h  116  

 

I. 	Executive Summary

	A.	Nature of the Chemical Stressor

Flurprimidol
(RS)-2-methyl-1-pyrimidin-5-yl-1-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)propan-1-o1,
a plant growth regulator, was developed to reduce internode elongation
of plants through the inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis. Reduced
plant growth improves the management and quality of perennial cool and
warm seasons turf grasses on golf courses, athletic fields, commercial,
municipal, and residential turf and perennial landscape and container
grown ornamental plants. 

There are five active products for flurprimidol considered in this
assessment: Reg. No. 67690-15, Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator; Reg.
No. 67690-46, SP5075 Turf Growth Regulator; Reg. No. 67690-19, Turf
Fertilizer – Contains Cutless 0.5%;  Reg. No. 67690-44, Turf
Fertilizer – Contains Cutless 0.17% and Reg. No. 67690-13, Cutless
0.33G Landscape Growth Regulator. These products are labeled for
terrestrial outdoor and residential sites as a non-crop use. The
products are applied via ground boom-type and backpacker sprayers, and
granular spreaders. 

Potential Risk to Non-target Organisms

Based on all available data, including the submission of new studies,
potential chronic risk from the proposed new uses of flurprimidol on
turf grasses and ornamentals is expected for birds and mammals. Acute
risks to mammals are presumed. The potential for risks to aquatic
non-vascular plants is minimal; however, risks to aquatic vascular and
terrestrial plants are expected since flurprimidol is a plant growth
regulator. Minimal acute and chronic risks to aquatic organisms and
minimal acute risk to birds are presumed.   

Table I-1 presents the Risk Quotients (RQs) and use patterns used to
determine the potential risks to terrestrial and aquatic organisms and
plants exposed to flurprimidol. 

Table I-1. Summary of Risk Quotient Calculation for Flurprimidol
Exposures to Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms and Plants.*

	Flurprimidol RQs and Use Patterns

Species	Broadcast Spray	Banded Spray	Broadcast Granular	Banded Granular

Aquatic Organisms and Plants

Fish	All Acute RQs: <0.01

Chronic RQs: <0.1 – 0.13

Invertebrates	All Acute RQs: <0.01

All Chronic RQs: <0.1

Aquatic Non-Vascular Plants	All Non-Listed Plant RQs: 0.14 – 0.16

All Listed Plant RQs: 0.42 – 0.49

Aquatic Vascular Plants	Non-Listed Plant RQs: 0.18 – 0.48

Listed Plant RQs: 1.76 – 4.59	Non-Listed Plant RQs: 0.34 – 0.88

Listed Plant RQs: 4.65 – 8.42

Terrestrial Animals and Plants

Birds	Acute RQs: NC

Chronic RQs: <0.1–1.6	Acute RQs: NC	Acute RQs: NC

Chronic RQs:

<0.1	Acute RQs: NC

Mammals	Acute RQs:

<0.1-0.3

Chronic RQs:

<0.1-30	Acute RQs:

0.01 – 0.31	Acute RQs:

0.06 – 1.3

Chronic RQs:

<0.1	Acute RQs:

0.03 – 0.67

Terrestrial Monocots	Non-Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 – 2.7

Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 – 10	Non-Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 - 11

Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 - 40

Terrestrial Dicots	Non-Listed Plant RQs: 0.24 - 32

Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 - 125	Non-Listed Plant RQs: 0.57 - 87

Listed Plant RQs: <0.1 - 341

* Bold entries indicate LOC exceedance

NC – RQs not calculated since toxicity was greater than the highest
doses tested; potential risk is presumed minimal

Conclusions – Exposure Characterization

Based on all acceptable and supplemental data, the major routes of
dissipation for flurprimidol are expected to be leaching and runoff,
plant uptake because the compound is a systemic plant growth regulator,
and photolysis in aqueous systems. Flurprimidol is stable to hydrolysis
and resistant to degradation in both aerobic and anaerobic terrestrial
environments and is assumed to be similarly persistent in both aerobic
and anaerobic aquatic environments. Flurprimidol is highly mobile in
soil, is of moderate solubility in sterile water, has a low potential
for bioaccumulation based on its bioconcentration factors (BCF) and
rapid depuration, and is not expected to volatilize. 

Given this profile, the main routes of exposure from use of flurprimidol
are expected to be runoff and spray drift and direct ingestion of
assessed feed items and granules. Given the low Kd of this plant growth
regulator, transport with and accumulation in sediment are not expected
to be significant routes of exposure. Typically, EFED evaluates the
potential for aquatic exposure to pesticides through an assessment of
available surface water and groundwater monitoring data and modeling.
For flurprimidol, no monitoring data were available for use in this
assessment; therefore, potential exposure to flurprimidol in water was
evaluated through modeling. For this assessment, EFED relied on Tier I
and II modeling using GENEEC2 and PRZM/EXAMS, respectively, for aquatic
exposure concentrations (Appendices A and B). Terrestrial residues were
predicted using T-REX version 1.3.1 (Appendix C) and earthworm fugacity
model (Appendix D). TerrPLANT version 1.2.2 (Appendix E) was modeled for
terrestrial plants. 

Conclusions – Ecological Effects Characterization

Laboratory toxicity data suggest that flurprimidol is slightly toxic on
an acute basis to freshwater animals, with fish and invertebrate LC50s
ranging from 12-18 mg a.i./L. There are no acute toxicity data available
to characterize acute effects to their estuarine/marine counterparts;
however, based on data for freshwater animals, flurprimidol is assumed
to be, at most,slightly toxic to estuarine/marine organisms. Chronic
toxicity data indicate reductions in fry survival, length, and weight of
freshwater fish and reductions in days of first brood, young per adult,
and adult length of invertebrates, with fish and invertebrate NOAECs
ranging from 0.939 to 2.95 mg a.i./L. Toxicity data for aquatic vascular
and non-vascular plants identified EC50s of less than 1 mg a.i./L.

Acute oral and subacute dietary toxicity tests suggest that flurprimidol
is practically nontoxic to birds. Flurprimidol is slightly toxic to
mammals on an acute oral basis, with an LD50 of 709 mg a.i./kg-bw.
Chronic toxicity data with birds indicate reductions in egg production,
embryo survival, and hatchability as low as 309 mg a.i./kg-diet. A
two-generation chronic mammalian (rat) toxicity study demonstrated
decreased mating, fertility, and fetal survival (stillbirths) in both
generations at flurprimidol levels of 1000 mg a.i./kg-diet (equivalent
to 74 mg a.i./kg-bw/day) and a reproductive NOAEL of 100 mg a.i./kg-diet
(equivalent to 7.3 mg a.i./kg-bw/day).

	E.	Listed Species

The listed species exposed through direct effects or indirect effects
resulting from the proposed use of flurprimidol where turf grass and
ornamentals are grown and conclusions are presented in Table I-2. As a
result, this ecological risk assessment for use of flurprimidol on turf
grasses and ornamentals indicates direct effects LOC exceedances for
birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and terrestrial
and aquatic vascular plants. Therefore, there is a potential for
indirect effects to listed animal and plant taxa that depend on those
taxa directly at risk when exposed to flurprimidol as pollinators or
seed dispersers, mammal or reptile burrows for habitat, feeding, or
cover requirements, and for survival, growth, or reproduction.

Table I-2.  Potential Listed Species Risks Associated with Direct or
Indirect Effects Due to Outdoor and Residential Uses with Flurprimidol

Listed Taxon	Direct Effects from Acute Exposures	Direct Effects from
Chronic Exposures	Indirect Effects

Aquatic

Aquatic non-vascular plants	No	N/A	Yes

Aquatic vascular plants	Yes	N/A	Yes

Freshwater invertebrates	No	No	Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates	No	No	No

Freshwater fish	No	No	Yes

Marine/estuarine fish	No	No	No

Aquatic-phase amphibians	No	No	Yes

Terrestrial

Semi-aquatic plants – monocots	Yes	N/A	Yes

Semi-aquatic plants – dicots	Yes	N/A	Yes

Terrestrial plants – monocots	Yes	N/A	Yes

Terrestrial plants – dicots	Yes	N/A	Yes

Insects	No	N/A	Yes

Birds	No	Yes	Yes

Terrestrial-phase amphibians	No	Yes	Yes

Reptiles	No	Yes	Yes

Mammals	Yes	Yes	Yes

N/A - indicates that this exposure route is not assessed.

II.	Problem Formulation

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for
the ecological risk assessment being conducted for the proposed use of
flurprimidol as a plant growth regulator on turf grasses and
ornamentals. The problem formulation for flurprimidol articulates the
purpose and objectives of the risk assessment, evaluates the nature of
the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing the data and
characterizing the risk (USEPA, 1998).  

A.	Stressor Source and Distribution tc \l2 "B.	Stressor Source and
Distribution 

                        1.        Nature of Stressor

This ecological risk assessment addresses the potential ecological risks
associated with the proposed new uses of flurprimidol, a plant growth
regulator, on turf grasses and ornamental plants grown nationwide. Given
that turf grasses and ornamentals are grown across the country and there
are currently no geographic restrictions on the proposed label, the
potential market for this product is large. As a policy, when conducting
an ecological risk assessment for new uses, EFED assumes that the
stressor has the potential to be applied anywhere the turf grasses and
ornamentals are grown and does not consider predicted sales, market
trends, etc.

A summary of selected physical, chemical, and environmental fate
properties of flurprimidol is presented in Table II-1. Overall, the
dominant dissipation mechanism for flurprimidol is expected to be via
leaching due to its mobile nature, plant uptake because the compound is
a plant growth regulator that is taken up by the plant and by photolysis
in aqueous systems. Flurprimidol is stable to hydrolysis and resistant
to degradation in both aerobic and anaerobic terrestrial systems. Field
dissipation data suggest that much more rapid dissipation was found that
might be expected from the laboratory studies; however, the registrant
postulates that this could be due to a number of factors not tracked in
the study including plant uptake and volatilization. Consequently, given
that when applied to bareground sites, flurprimidol was very persistent
and because of the low volatility of this compound, it appears that
plant uptake may be the dominant route of removal from the field. 

The chemical structure of flurprimidol is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.   Flurprimidol Structure

Selected chemical and physical properties of flurprimidol are summarized
below in Table II-1.

Table II-1. Summary of Chemical and Physical Properties of Flurprimidol

Common Name:

Flurprimidol

Empirical Formula:

C15H15F3N2O2.

Chemical Name:

  (IUPAC)

(RS)-2-methyl-1-pyrimidin-5-yl-1-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol)

 

  (CAS)

Chemical Abstracts #:

α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol

56425-91-3

PC Code

125701

Chemical Class:

Pyrimidinyl carbinol

Molecular Weight:

312.3 g/mol

Water Solubility (20( C):

130 mg/L

Vapor Pressure (25( C):

3.64 x 10-7 mmHg 

Octanol/water Partition Coefficient: (Kow)

933

Environmental Fate Properties

Hydrolysis T1/2:

Stable at pHs 5, 7, and 9 

Aqueous Photolysis T1/2:

1.4 days

Soil Photolysis T1/2:

No data

Aerobic Soil Metabolism T1/2:

482 days

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism T1/2:

No data

Soil Sorption Coefficient Koc:

268 to 535 mL/gOC

                                            Kd:

0.12 to 4.9 mL/g

It should be noted that the carbon in the 1-position in the propane
moiety (the carbinol C) is a chiral molecule.  However, EFED has no
records of the discussion of the stereo chemistry of the molecule or
possible differences in environmental fate properties or ecotoxicity
between isomers. Based upon the Confidential Statement of the
Formula’s silence on the chirality questions, EFED is assuming the
technical flurprimidol is a racemic mixture, with two isomers being of
equal activity

		2.        Mode of Action

Flurprimidol is a turf growth regulator, which reduces leaf blade length
and stem internode elongation in turf grass. It also is a systemic
landscape growth regulator which suppresses terminal growth in
established woody ornamental and perennial ground covers. Growth
regulation results from suppression of gibberellic acid biosynthesis.

3.  Overview of Pesticide Usage

Flurprimidol is a plant growth regulator for use on turf grass in golf
courses; on a variety of bedding, flowering, perennial, and woody
landscape plants in nurseries, greenhouses, and shadehouses; and on
trees and plants in forest, industrial, and rights-of-way areas. Uses
include golf course turf, forest trees, ornamentals, and a variety of
bedding, flowering, bulb crop, perennial, and woody landscape plants.
The proposed product labels are adding athletic fields, commercial,
municipal and residential turf to the current registration, including
edging/banding applications for landscape beds, sidewalks, perimeter of
lawns, curbs, parking lots, driveways, posts, mailboxes, building
structures, gravestones, fences, and other similar areas. 

Application information for current registered uses and proposed new
uses for flurprimidol is summarized in Table II-2. Flurprimidol is
formulated as a wettable powder (10% - 50% active ingredient),
soluble/solid concentrate (99.3% a.i.), liquid (0.38% - 13.26% a.i.),
liquid – ready to use (48.1% a.i.), granule (0.17% - 0.5% a.i.), and
as well as impregnated (93.6% a.i.) on granular fertilizer producing
granular formulation products. Application equipment includes spreader,
backpack sprayer, low-pressure hand wand, ground boom sprayer, injection
equipment, by hand, drencher, drip irrigation, tank-type sprayer or
sprinkler irrigation. Application is via foliar treatment, spot
treatment, chemigation, tree injection or implant treatment, drench,
edging treatment, or band treatment.  Single application rates for
treatment range from 0.26 to 3.0 pounds active ingredient/acre (lbs
a.i./A) and seasonal application rates are up to 3.008 lbs a.i./A.
Chemigation is not allowed in the States of New York and California. 

The current registered uses and proposed new uses for flurprimidol are
presented in Table II-2. 

Table II-2.  Current Registered Use and Proposed New Use Patterns for
Flurprimidol

Uses	Product 	Application Method	Maximum

Single rate

(lb ai/A)	Maximum yearly rate

(lb ai/A)	Minimum# of Intervals	# of Applications

per Season

Proposed New Uses

Turfgrasses	SP5075 Turf Grow Regulator1,7  	Broadcast (Spray)	0.26	3.0	2
weeks	11

Edge/Band (Spray)	0.69	3.0	8 weeks	4

Turfgrasses and Ornamentals	Turf Fertilizer Cutless2,7 	Broadcast
(Granular)	0.75	3.0	3 weeks	4

Ornamentals 

(Granular)	1.0	3.0	2 months	3

Spot Treatment (Granular)	3.0	3.0	3 weeks	1

Turfgrasses	Cutless 50W Turf Plant Regulator3,7	Turf Grass

(Spray)	0.75	3.0	2 weeks	4

Edge/Band

(Spray)	1.5	3.0	8 weeks	2

Turfgrasses and Ornamentals	Cutless 0.33G Plant Growth Regulator4,7
Broadcast

(Granular)	0.75	3.0	3 weeks	4

Broadcast

(Granular)	1.0	3.0	3 weeks	3

Edge/Band

(Granular)	1.5	3.0	8 weeks	2

Ornamentals

(Granular)	1.5	3.0	2 months	2

Turfgrasses	Turf Fertilizer Cutless5,7	Broadcast

(Granular)	1.0	3.0	3 weeks	3

Edge/Band

(Granular)	1.5	3.0	8 weeks	2

Ornamentals

(Granular)	1.5	3.0	8 weeks	2

Current Registered Uses

Woody Ornamentals	TopFlor Ornamental Plant Growth

 Regulator6	Drench, Chemigation, and Spray

	0.3626	1.08	5 days	3

Bulb Crops,

Bedding Plants,

Flowering & Foliage Potted Plants, and Bedding Plant Plugs

	0.145	0.435	5 days	3

1 67690-46 SP5075, Turf Grow Regulator/EC (13.26 % ai); density = 1.10
lb ai/gallon; 0.00859 lb ai/fl. oz.

2 67690-19, Turf Fertilizer Cutless 0.5%/G (0.5 % ai); density = 0.005
lb ai/lb of product

3 67690-15, Cutless 50W Turf Plant Regulator (50 % ai); density = 0.5 lb
ai/lb of product

4 67690-13, Cutless 0.33G Plant Growth Reg/G (0.33 % ai); density =
0.0033 lb ai/lb of product

5 67690-44, Turf Fertilizer Cutless/G (0.17 % ai); density = 0.017 lb
ai/lb of product

6 67690-20, Topflor Ornamental Plant Growth Regulator (0.38 % ai);
density = 15 g ai/gallon of product

7 67690-16 Cutless Technical

		B.		Receptors 

Assessment endpoints are explicit expressions of the actual
environmental value that is to be protected. Assessment endpoint
selection is based on valued entities or ecological receptors, the
ecosystems potentially at risk, pesticide migration pathways, and routes
by which ecological receptors may be exposed to the stressor. Endpoints
for baseline ecological risk assessments typically include survivorship
and sublethal parameters for aquatic and terrestrial species that may be
exposed to a given stressor. Although assessment endpoints typically
focus on individual toxicity of surrogate species, depending on the
magnitude of an effect it may be possible to make risk predictions
regarding indirect effects on species in higher or lower trophic levels.

				1.	Aquatic Effects

The toxicity of flurprimidol to aquatic organisms and plants is assessed
using acute and chronic laboratory studies submitted by the registrant
to the Agency. With the recent submission of aquatic toxicity data with
duckweed, fish early-life-stage study with fathead minnow, and
life-cycle study with daphnids, the aquatic toxicity profile is updated
(Table IV-1). In addition, freshwater fish acts as a surrogate for
aquatic-phase amphibian when data are not available on amphibians. 

				2.	Terrestrial Effects

The effect of flurprimidol to terrestrial organisms and plants is
assessed from acute, subacute and chronic studies submitted by the
registrant to the Agency. With the recent submission of terrestrial
toxicity data on avian reproduction, seedling emergence, and vegetative
vigor, the terrestrial toxicity profile is updated (Table IV-2). Also,
birds act as surrogates for reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians
when data on those species are not available.

				3.	Ecosystem at Risk

The terrestrial ecosystem typically at risk includes the treated area
and areas adjacent to treated area that might receive spray drift,
runoff, or wind-erosion of soil particles. Aquatic ecosystems typically
at risk include water bodies receiving runoff and/or drift from treated
sites. Because flurprimidol has the potential to be used anywhere there
are turfgrass and ornamentals, the ecosystems potentially at risk are
national in scope. 

		C.		Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the
actual environmental value that is to be protected.” Defining an
assessment endpoint involves two steps: 1) identifying the valued
attributes of the environment that are considered to be at risk; and 2)
operationally defining the assessment endpoint in terms of an ecological
entity (i.e., a community of fish and aquatic invertebrates) and its
attributes (i.e., survival and reproduction). Therefore, selection of
the assessment endpoints is based on valued entities (i.e., ecological
receptors), the migration pathways of pesticides, and the routes by
which ecological receptors are exposed to pesticide-related
contamination. The selection of clearly defined assessment endpoints is
important because they provide direction and boundaries in the risk
assessment for addressing risk management issues of concern. 

A summary of the assessment and measurement endpoints selected to
characterize potential ecological risks associated with exposure to
flurprimidol are summarized in Table II-3. The ecological relevance of
selecting these assessment endpoints is as follows: 1) complete exposure
pathways exist for these receptors, 2) the receptors may be potentially
sensitive to pesticides in affected media and in residues on plants,
seeds, and insects, and 3) the receptors could potentially inhabit areas
where pesticides are applied or areas where runoff and/or drift may
impact the sites.

This ecological risk assessment considers maximum application rates on
vulnerable soils, maximum number of applications (as well as single
applications), and minimum intervals between applications for
representative uses to estimate exposure concentrations. Exposure
scenarios are developed to evaluate potential risks to non-target
wildlife and plant from flurprimidol treatments on turfgrasses and
ornamentals. Six exposure scenarios were estimated for the proposed new
uses of flurprimidol: four broadcast spray application at 0.75 lb a.i./A
with a 2 week reapplication interval, twelve applications at 0.26 lb
a.i./A with a 2 week intervals, five banded (6 inch bandwidth) spray
application at 0.69 lb a.i./A, four broadcast application of granules at
0.75 lb a.i./A, one broadcast application of granules at 3.0 lb a.i./A,
and two banded (6 inches) application of granules at 1.5 lb a.i./A.

This assessment is not intended to represent a site or time-specific
analysis. Instead, this assessment is intended to represent high-end
exposures at a national level. Likewise, the most sensitive toxicity
endpoints are used from surrogate test species to estimate
treatment-related direct effects on acute mortality and chronic
reproductive, growth and survival assessment endpoints. Toxicity tests
are intended to determine effects of pesticide exposure on birds,
mammals, fish, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and plants. These
tests include short-term acute, subacute, and reproduction studies and
are typically arranged in a hierarchical or tiered system that
progresses from basic laboratory tests to applied field studies. The
toxicity studies are used to evaluate the potential of a pesticide to
cause adverse effects, to determine whether further testing is required,
and to determine the need for precautionary label statements to minimize
the potential adverse effects to non-target animals and plants (40 CFR
§158.202, 2002).

In order to protect threatened and endangered species, all assessment
endpoints are measured at the individual level. Measuring endpoints at
the individual level also provides insight about risks at higher levels
of biological organization (e.g. population and communities). For
example, pesticide effects on individual survivorship have important
implications for both population growth increase and habitat carrying
capacity.

Table II-3.  Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Ecological
Effects*

Assessment Endpoint	Surrogate Species and Measures of Ecological Effect1
Measures of Exposure

Birds2	Survival	-Bobwhite quail acute oral LD50 

-Bobwhite quail and mallard duck subacute dietary LC50	Maximum residues
on food items (foliar) 

LD50/sqft (granular ingestion)

	Reproduction and growth	Bobwhite quail and mallard duck reproduction
NOAEC

	Mammals	Reproduction and growth	Laboratory rat reproduction 

NOAEC and NOAEL

Survival	Laboratory rat acute oral LD50

	Freshwater fish3	Survival	Rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish acute LC50
	Peak EEC4

	Reproduction and growth	Freshwater fish reproduction NOAEC	60-day
average EEC4

Freshwater

invertebrates	Survival	Water flea acute EC50 	Peak EEC4

	Reproduction and growth	Water flea reproduction NOAEC 	21-day average
EEC4

Estuarine/marine fish	Survival	Sheepshead minnow acute LC50 

(study not required at this time)	Peak EEC4

Estuarine/marine invertebrates	Survival	Eastern oyster acute EC50 and
mysid acute LC50 (study not required at this time)	Peak EEC4

Terrestrial plants5	Survival and growth	Monocot and dicot seedling
emergence and vegetative vigor EC25 and NOAEC values 	Estimates of
runoff and spray drift to non-target areas

Insects	Survival (not quantitatively assessed)	Honeybee acute contact
LD50 	Maximum application rate

Soil-dwelling invertebrates	Survival 	Earthworm acute LC50	Soil EEC

Aquatic plants and algae	Survival and growth	Algal (green algae) and
vascular plant (duckweed) EC50 and NOAEC values for growth rate and
biomass measurements 	Peak EEC4

1 If species listed in this table represent most commonly encountered
species from submitted studies, risk assessment guidance indicates most
sensitive species tested within taxonomic group are to be used for
baseline risk assessments.

2 Birds represent surrogates for amphibians (terrestrial phase) and
reptiles.

3 Freshwater fish may be surrogates for amphibians (aquatic phase).

4 Based on GENEEC2 and PRZM/EXAMS estimates of aquatic EECs.

5 Four species of two families of monocots - one is corn, six species of
at least four dicot families, of which one is soybeans.  

* LD50 = Lethal dose to 50% of the test population; NOAEC = No observed
adverse effect concentration; LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect
concentration; LC50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test
population; EC50/EC25 = Effect concentration to 50%/25% of the test
population.

	D.	Conceptual Model

		1.	Risk Hypotheses

Risk hypotheses are specific assumptions about potential adverse effects
(i.e., changes in assessment endpoints) and may be based on theory and
logic, empirical data, mathematical models, or probability models
(USEPA, 1998). For this assessment, the risk is stressor-linked, where
the stressor is the release of flutriafol to the environment. The
following risk hypothesis is presumed for this baseline assessment.

The use of flurprimidol as a plant growth regulator for terrestrial and
residential outdoor uses will result in exposure to terrestrial and
aquatic animals and plants. Based on the persistence and mobility of
flurprimidol, the mode of action, the application methods, and food-web
of the target terrestrial ecosystems, flurprimidol has the potential to
cause reduced survival, and reproductive and growth impairments for both
terrestrial and aquatic animals and plant species. 

2.	Conceptual Model Diagram

The conceptual model is used to depict the potential routes of exposure
from flurprimidol when used as a plant growth regulator on turfgrasses
and ornamentals in terrestrial and residential outdoor settings. All
potential routes of exposure are considered and presented in the
conceptual model (Figures 2 and 3 for terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, respectively).  The conceptual model generically depicts the
potential source of flurprimidol, release mechanisms, abiotic receiving
media, biological receptor types, and effects endpoints of potential
concern.

In order for a chemical to pose an ecological risk, it must reach
ecological receptors in biologically significant concentrations.  An
exposure pathway is the means by which a contaminant moves in the
environment from a source to an ecological receptor.  For an ecological
exposure pathway to be complete, it must have a source, an environmental
transport medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a
feasible route of exposure.  The assessment of ecological exposure
pathways, therefore, includes an examination of the source and potential
migration pathways for constituents, and the determination of potential
exposure routes (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact).

Potential exposure pathways by which flurprimidol may inadvertently
affect non-target plant and animal populations in aquatic areas are
drift (from spray application) and runoff/leaching of contaminated water
from treated areas to untreated areas.  In terrestrial areas, the
exposure routes are drift (from spray application), runoff events
(off-site movement of contaminated water), leaching, wind erosion of
contaminated soil particles, and direct ingestion of granules, aquatic
animals, and earthworms. There may be exposure to non-target terrestrial
plants adjacent to treated areas via drift and runoff from transitional
sites or wetlands that may be dry during certain periods, or via
wind-blown treated soil particles from those pathways for aquatic
species.  Exposure through aquatic media will mainly be to the parent
compound since flurprimidol is persistent in the environment.  

 	

 

	E.	Analysis Plan

In order to address the risk hypothesis, the potential for adverse
effects on non-target aquatic and terrestrial animals and plants is
estimated.  In the following sections, the use, environmental fate, and
ecological effects of flurprimidol are characterized and integrated to
assess the risks.  This is accomplished using risk indices (ratio of
exposure concentration to effects concentration) approach.  Although
risk is often defined as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse
ecological effects, the risk quotient- and LD50 per square foot-based
approaches do not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or
magnitude of an adverse effect.  Such estimates may be possible through
a more refined, probabilistic assessment; however, they are beyond the
scope of this baseline assessment. This analysis provides the basis for
estimating and describing risks, identifying uncertainties in the risk
hypothesis, and recommendations for new data collection if needed to
fill the data gaps.

This assessment only considers the potential effects of the exposure as
a result of the currently proposed uses.  The Agency does not routinely
include an evaluation of mixtures of active ingredients, either those
mixtures of multiple active ingredients in product formulations or those
in the applicator’s tank. In the case of the product formulations of
active ingredients (that is, a registered product containing more than
one active ingredient), each active ingredient is subject to an
individual risk assessment for regulatory decision regarding the active
ingredient on a particular use site. If effects data are available for a
formulated product containing the active ingredient, they may be used
qualitatively or quantitatively in accordance with the Agency’s
Overview Document and the Services’ Evaluation Memorandum (USEPA 2004;
USFWS/NMFS 2004).  

For this baseline ecological risk assessment, estimated environmental
concentrations (EECs) for aquatic and terrestrial systems were
calculated using exposure scenarios for turfgrasses and ornamental use
according to label information. EECs were calculated using T-REX
(version 1.4.1) and GENEEC2 (version 2.0) (USEPA, 2001) and linked PRZM
(Suarez, 2006) and EXAMS (Burns, 2004) models. Baseline terrestrial and
aquatic concentrations represent values for a representative use grown
in a generic location which have been chosen to represent all uses.
EECs, and the resulting risk quotients from the TerrPlant model (version
1.2.2) for terrestrial plants growing in dry and semi-aquatic
environments, are generated by using the seedling emergence and
vegetative vigor toxicity information at the maximum proposed
application rate. In addition, because flurprimidol has a low potential
to bioaccumulate as demonstrated by its relatively low Kow and low BCF
factors in bluegill sunfish, the KABAM model is excluded from the
assessment since minimum exposure is expected for piscivorous birds and
mammals from ingesting bioconcentrated aquatic organisms with
flurprimidol residues. 

Also, EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic risk to
terrestrial animals from ingesting granules. In order to estimate
chronic risks for terrestrial animals, the estimate of flurprimidol
concentrations accumulated in the tissues of earthworms was used to
assess the chronic exposure estimates for terrestrial animals. Then, the
earthworm residues (mg/kg-soil) are compared to terrestrial animal NOAEC
values (mg a.i./kg) to estimate the potential for chronic risk to birds
or mammals associated with direct ingestion of earthworms. This analysis
assumes that 100% of the diet that birds and mammals consume is
comprised of terrestrial soil invertebrates. However, it is unclear
whether other routes of granular flurprimidol exposure (i.e., direct
consumption of granules, ingestion of granules that adhere to soil
invertebrates, partitioning of dissolved flurprimidol to on-site sources
of wildlife drinking water, dermal exposure of granules released to
surrounding soil, and on-site puddles) or combined routes of exposure
would result in chronic risk concerns for birds.

1.         Identification of Data Gaps  tc \l3 "1.         Preliminary
Identification of Data Gaps and Methods 

The environmental fate and ecological toxicity databases for
flurprimidol are essentially complete. With the recent submission of new
studies, the available data are generally sufficient for risk assessment
purposes of the parent compound. 

There are no toxicity studies with estuarine/marine organisms available;
however, it was agreed that the studies are not requested at this time
by the Agency due to minimal risk to their freshwater counterparts.
Also, there are no acute toxicity data for passerine birds; however, the
Agency is not requiring the studies at this time because both acute oral
studies with bobwhite quail and mallard duck did not observe any
mortality or sublethal effects; thus, it s likely for passerine birds to
have similar results with the quail and duck. 

                       	2.         Measures of Exposure

 tc \l3 "2.         Measures to Evaluate Risk Hypotheses and Conceptual
Model 

Aquatic Animals and Plants 

Tier I and Tier II models were used to estimate flurprimidol
concentrations in aquatic environment. 

The Tier I simulation model GENEEC2 (Version 2.0; USEPA, 2001) is used
to generate estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) of the active
ingredient that are not expected to be exceeded 90% of the time in
surface water bodies adjacent to application sites.  The predicted peak,
21-day, and 60-day concentrations are used to estimate acute and chronic
risks to aquatic animals inhabiting shallow-water aquatic communities
that receive runoff during rainfall events and/or drift of the active
ingredient from adjacent use sites.  

GENEEC2 assumes application of the active ingredient to a 10-hectare
agricultural field, planted solely in a generic crop, that drains into
an adjacent 1-hectare water body, 2 meters deep (20,000 m3 volume) with
no outlet.  This generic agricultural scenario is representative of
flutriafol use on apples and soybeans, and is likely to result in
conservative estimates of exposure.  GENEEC2 considers adsorption of the
active ingredient to soil or sediment, direct deposition of spray drift
into the water body, and degradation of the pesticide in soil before
runoff and within the water body.  It is a single event model, meaning
that it assumes one single large rainfall/runoff event from a standard
size field to a standard size ecological pond.

The Tier II models were also used to predict aquatic EECs for aquatic
plant exposure assessment.  The Tier II models used are the Pesticide
Root Zone Model (PRZM; Suarez, 2006) coupled with the Exposure Analysis
Model System (EXAMS; Burns, 2004).  These models are parameterized using
relevant reviewed registrant-submitted environmental fate data.

PRZM (v3.12.2) and EXAMS (v2.98.4.6) are screening simulation models
coupled with the input shell PE5.pl (Aug 2007) to generate daily
exposures and 1-in-10 year EECs of flurprimidol that may occur in
surface water bodies adjacent to application sites receiving
flurprimidol through runoff and spray drift.  PRZM simulates pesticide
application, movement and transformation on an agricultural field and
the resultant pesticide loadings to a receiving water body via runoff,
erosion and spray drift. EXAMS simulates the fate of the pesticide and
resulting concentrations in the water body. The standard scenario used
for ecological pesticide assessments assumes application to a 10-hectare
agricultural field that drains into an adjacent 1-hectare water body,
2-meters deep (20,000 m3 volume) with no outlet.  PRZM/EXAMS was used to
estimate screening-level exposure of aquatic organisms to flurprimidol. 
The measure of exposure for aquatic species is the 1-in-10 year return
peak or rolling mean concentration. The 1-in-10 year peak is used for
estimating acute exposures of direct effects to aquatic plants.

Terrestrial Animals and Plants

The potential exposure pathways for terrestrial plants and animals
include deposition from spray applications, runoff/leaching from treated
areas, spray drift, and wind erosion of soil particles resulting in
residues on non-target species as well as residues on food items and
granules for non-target species.  As part of the terrestrial assessment,
EFED used the models T-REX (ver. 1.3.1.; USEPA, 2001), earthworm
fugacity model, and TerrPlant (ver. 1.2.2; USEPA, 2006) to estimate
exposure concentrations of flutriafol to non-target birds, mammals and
plants. 

T-REX assumes application of the active ingredient to a one-acre
agricultural field that settles on food items of avian and mammalian
species (short and tall grass, broadleaf forage, large and small
insects, fruits, pods, and seeds) and granules with flurprimidol
residues within the field. The earthworm fugacity model assumes
concentrations of flurprimidol in earthworm tissues. TerrPlant assumes
application of the active ingredient to a one-acre agricultural field
that drifts and/or is subject to runoff off site to adjacent fields of
non-target plants. 

 

For soil-dwelling invertebrates, soil EECs are estimated by converting
the application rate of lb/A to mg/kg soil, using a soil density of 1.3
g/cm3.

3.	Measures of Effect

Measures of effect are obtained from a suite of registrant-submitted
guideline studies which were conducted with a limited number of
surrogate species (Tables II-4 and II-3).  The test species are not
intended to be representative of the most sensitive species but rather
were selected based on their ability to thrive under laboratory
conditions.    SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Toxicity testing reported in this
risk assessment utilizes surrogate species to represent all freshwater
fish (2000+) and bird (680+) species in the U.S.  

The acute measures of effect used in this baseline assessment are the
median lethal dose (LD50), median lethal concentration (LC50) or the
median effect concentration (EC50). These are measures of acute toxicity
which result in 50% of the respective effect in tested organisms.  The
endpoints for chronic measures of effect are the No Observed Adverse
Effects Concentration (NOAEC) and the No Observed Adverse Effects Level
(NOAEL). The measurement endpoints used for risk characterization were
derived from studies which underwent review and were classified as
“acceptable” (conducted under guideline conditions and considered to
be scientifically sound) or “supplemental” (conditions deviated from
guidelines but the results are scientifically sound).  

		4.  Integration of Exposure and Effects

Available exposure and toxicity data are compared in order to evaluate
the risks of adverse ecological effects on non-target species.  For this
baseline assessment, the risk indices (RQ and LD50/ft2) are used to
compare exposure and toxicity values.  The risk indices involve dividing
EECs by acute and chronic toxicity values.  The resulting RQs and
LD50/ft2s are then compared to the Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs)
(USEPA, 2004).  These criteria are used to indicate if applications of
flurprimidol, as directed on the label, have the potential to cause
adverse effects to non-target organisms. Although risk is often defined
as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse effects, the risk
quotient-based approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of
likelihood and/or magnitude of an adverse effect, but rather provides a
“yes” or “no” answer depending upon whether or not LOCs are
exceeded.  

LOCs currently address the following risk presumption categories: (1)
acute risk – when a risk index is greater than the LOC of 0.5 to
animals, (2) acute restricted use – when a risk index is greater than
the LOC of 0.2 and 0.1 for terrestrial and aquatic animals,
respectively, (3) acute endangered species – when a risk index is
greater than the LOC of 0.1 and 0.05 for terrestrial and aquatic
animals, respectively, (4) chronic risk – when a risk index is greater
than the LOC of 1.0 to animals, and (5) non-listed and listed plant risk
-  when a risk index is greater than the LOC of 1.0 to plants.

III.	ANALYSIS

	A.	Use Characterization

This risk assessment focuses exclusively on the use patterns of
flurprimidol as a plant growth regulator on turfgrasses and ornamentals.
Use patterns tabulated in Table III-1 below serve as the basis for
selecting the appropriate application rates and methods used as part of
the input parameters needed to obtain EECs with simulation models.

Table III-1. Flurprimidol Application Information

Formulation	Method of Application 	Maximum Application Rate

lb a.i./A	Maximum Number of Applications

(Interval)	Maximum Seasonal Use Rate lb a.i./A

Broadcast Foliar Spray 	Ground	0.26	12 applications

(14-day interval)	3.08

Broadcast Foliar Spray 	Ground	0.75	4 applications

(14-day interval)	3.08

Banded Foliar Spray	Ground	0.69	5 applications

(56-day interval)	3.08

Broadcast Granular	Ground	 0.75	4 applications

(21-day interval)	3.08

Banded Granular	Ground	1.5	2 applications

(56-day interval)	3.08

Broadcast Granular	Ground	3.0	1 application 	3.08 

B.     	 Exposure Characterization

Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

Overall, the dominant dissipation mechanism for flurprimidol is expected
to be via leaching due to its mobile nature, plant uptake because the
compound is a plant growth regulator that is taken up by the plant, and
by photolysis in aqueous systems.  Flurprimidol is stable to hydrolysis
and resistant to degradation in both aerobic and anaerobic terrestrial
systems.  Field dissipation data for cropped turf plots suggest that
much more rapid dissipation was found that might be expected from the
laboratory studies; however, the registrant postulates that this could
be due to a number of factors not tracked in the study including plant
uptake and volatilization.  Field dissipation data on bareground sites
yields much longer dissipation times comparable to laboratory estimates
which suggest that the presence of plant material is influencing the
dissipation in the field. No data was available to suggest how available
flurprimidol is in plant residues and how flurprimidol residues in this
compartment might influence overall exposures.  Finally, flurprimidol is
not expected to be volatile, has a moderate solubility in water, and a
low potential to bioaccumulate as demonstrated by its relatively low Kow
and low BCF factors in bluegill sunfish.  

In an acceptable hydrolysis study (MRID 00117921), flurprimidol was
studied in three solutions buffered at pH5, pH7, and pH9 at a test
concentration of 1 ppm.  The solutions were incubated in the dark at
25oC and sampled for 31 days.  Flurprimidol was stable to hydrolysis
under all three test conditions.

An initial aqueous photolysis study (MRIDs 00142917; 40401006) was
submitted for flurprimidol.  However, these studies were rejected due to
concerns about the nature of the artificial light source, the inability
to control volatilization, and poor recoveries.  The registrant
responded to these concerns (MRID 40858503) however, the additional data
did not change the conclusions and the study was deemed unacceptable. 
In response, the registrant submitted a new aqueous photolysis study
(MRID 00117922) which provided supplemental data.  The study was
classified as supplemental because a material balance was not provided,
degradates were not identified, the artificial light source was not
compared to natural light, and the test solutions were not buffered. 
However, the study did provide supplemental data which indicates that
flurprimidol applied at 1 ppm to an unbuffered aqueous solution at pH of
7.1 degraded rapidly with a half life of 3 to 4 hours.  Subsequently,
the registrant submitted a new study (MRID 41228001) in which the
aqueous photolysis half life of flurprimidol was found to be 1.4 days in
a pH solution of 7 at 25oC and sampled for 5 days.  Material balance
ranged from 97% to 102% and there were six photodegradates detected. 
Two of the degradation products achieved totals of greater than 10% of
the applied but were not identified.

In an acceptable aerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 00117918),
flurprimidol was studied in sandy loam, silt loam, and clay loam
incubated at 75% of 0.33 bar at 20-25oC and sampled for 26 weeks. 
Regression analysis suggests a half life of 68.8 weeks; however, this
value is suspect because it is extrapolated beyond the end of the study.
 Analysis revealed that over 30 degradation products were formed but
none of these by-products exceeded 2% of applied. At 26 weeks post
treatment, degradates totaled 12.6-19.4% of applied radioactivity in
soil, and 3.4-4.4% were unextractable.

In an anaerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 40858504), flurprimidol was
found to be extremely stable under anaerobic soil conditions. 
Flurprimidol was studied at 3 ppm in sandy loam, silt loam, and clay
loam soils that were incubated for 8 weeks under flooded anaerobic
conditions in the dark following 4 weeks of aerobic conditioning.  In
the three soils, flurprimidol comprised 91% to 93% of the recovered
radioactivity immediately prior to the establishment of anaerobic
conditions.  Flurprimidol also accounted for roughly 90% of the
radioactivity present after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of anaerobic conditions
and is therefore considered stable to anaerobic metabolism.  Material
balances ranged from 93% to 103% prior to establishing anaerobic
conditions.

Transformation Products

Because of the resistance of flurprimidol to degradation by hydrolysis
and soil metabolism, information on transformation products of
flurprimidol is limited. In an aqueous photolysis study (MRID 41228001),
flurprimidol degraded readily with a half-life of 1.4 days. Six
photodegradates were detected, with two of the photoproducts formed at
greater than 10% of the applied radioactivity; the photoproducts were
simple rearrangements where the pyrimidine ring being substituted either
ortho or meta onto the phenoxy ring.

In an acceptable adsorption/desorption study (MRID 00142919),
flurprimidol was studied using both batch equilibrium and aged leaching
column methods.  In the batch equilibrium portion of the study,
flurprimidol was applied at 0.20 to 25 µg/ml in two sand soils, three
sandy loam soils, one clay loam soil, and two loam soils.  Freundlich Kd
values ranged from 0.12 to 4.9 while Koc values ranged fro 140 to 535
with corresponding 1/N values of 0.737 to 0.904.  At 0.2 to 800 µg/ml,
flurprimidol was mobile with Freundlich Kd values of 2.56 in a sandy
loam soil and 9.35 mL/g in a loam soil with corresponding Koc values of
369 and 404 mL/goc.  Flurprimidol was also studied in both aged and
unaged leaching columns.  The aged leaching column study was not
considered acceptable because the incubation period of 7 days was not
considered sufficient.  In the unaged study, between 0.74% and 1.04% of
applied flurprimidol was found in the leachate.  An additional
supplemental study (MRID 00117919) was submitted which provided data on
the potential adsorption/desorption of flurprimidol.  Flurprimidol
applied at 0.0142 to 1.68 g/ml was studied in a single sandy loam soil
and found to have a Freundlich Kd of 1.7 mL/g.  Finally, an additional
supplemental aged leaching study (MRID 00117920) was submitted which
indicated that flurprimidol residues in soil aged for 30 days on sandy
loam indicated 7.3% of radioactivity was present in leachate.  The study
was classified as supplemental because degradates were not analyzed for
in this study.

In an acceptable terrestrial field dissipation study (MRID 40184403)
flurprimidol dissipation was studied on turf covered sites in Florida,
Tennessee, and Indiana.  Flurprimidol was applied at between 0.75 and
1.5 lbs a.i./acre and degraded from the upper 6 inches (soil, thatch,
and grass) with half lives between 5 and 23 days.  Flurprimidol was not
detected in the 6 to 12 inch or 12 to 18 inch depths and was below the
detection limit (0.01 ppm) in the control plots.  Flurprimidol did not
degrade during transport with recoveries between 102% and 116% of the
fortified amount.  Flurprimidol was stable to storage for 3 months with
greater than 96% remaining in frozen samples, however did degrade to 77%
after 9 months.  Reportedly, all field samples were analyzed within two
months of collection.  The registrants suggest that the rapid
dissipation of flurprimidol from the sites was due to a combination of
factors including uptake, metabolism, photolysis, microbial degradation
and possibly volatilization.

In a supplemental soil dissipation study (MRID 40401007), flurprimidol
was applied to a bareground sites in Indiana and Mississippi at 1.75 lbs
a.i./acre.  At the Indiana site, flurprimidol dissipated with a half
life of approximately 9 months in the 0 to 3 inch depth with a
calculated (regression analysis) half life of 80.6 weeks was calculated
although this value is suspect because it exceeds the duration of the
study (which was terminated at 37 weeks due to destruction of the site).
 At the Mississippi site, flurprimidol dissipated with an approximate
half life of 4 to 9 months.  The purpose of the study was to determine
if flurprimidol was likely to leach and the data suggest that the
compound has a moderate potential to leach when applied to bare soil. 
The results of this study, viewed in conjunction with the results of the
previous field dissipation study (MRID 40401007) suggest that the
presence of plants in the field will drive the removal of flurprimidol
from soil.  However, what is not clear from the results of these studies
is how much flurprimidol remains in the plant and what effect incomplete
plant coverage might have on dissipation in the field.

In an acceptable bioconcentration factor study (MRID 40401001)
flurprimidol was found to 19.3x in edible tissues, 52.3x in nonedible
tissues, and 6.2x in whole fish.   Specifically, juvenile bluegill
sunfish were exposed to flurprimidol at 0.425 ppm for 28 days under
flow-through conditions.  Maximum mean residue levels were 8.2 ppm in
edible tissues, 22.4 ppm in nonedible tissues, and 14.9 ppm in the whole
fish.  After 28 days of exposure, flurprimidol comprised 52% and 55% of
total radioactivity in the edible and nonedible tissues respectively. 
Two major degradates identified were approximately 20% of applied. 
Several minor degradates were also detected.  Water concentrations
ranged from 0.410 ppm to 0.455 ppm.  After 16 days of depuration,
flurprimidol residues were 0.05 ppm in edible tissues, 0.15 ppm in
nonedible tissues, and 0.09 ppm in the whole fish

Summary of Environmental Chemistry and Fate Properties of Flurprimidol 
tc "Table 7  Summary of Environmental Chemistry and Fate Properties of
Flurprimidol " \f D  

Parameter	Value	Reference/Comments

Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters

Vapor pressure (25 (C)	3.64 x 10-7 mm Hg	00162772 

log KOW	2.96	40401001

Persistence

Hydrolysis t1/2

pH 5

pH 7

pH 9	pH 5 - stable

pH 7 - stable

pH 9 - stable	00117921

Photolysis t1/2 in water	1.4 days	00142917, 40401006, 40858503,
41228001, 00117922

Photolysis t1/2 on soil	No data

	Soil metabolism aerobic t1/2 24–25 (C	482 days	00117918

Soil metabolism anaerobic t1/2	stable	40858504

Aquatic metabolism aerobic t1/2	No data

	Aquatic metabolism anaerobic t1/2	No data

	Mobility/Adsorption-Desorption

Batch equilibrium – unaged	Soil Textural Classification	Kd	Koc
00142919, 00117919, 00117920

	sand	3.09	535

sandy loam	1.86	268

loam	3.11	283

clay loam	4.77	266

loam	4.9	212

sandy loam	0.89	140

sand	0.12	208

sandy loam	3.46	333

	Laboratory volatility	NA	NA

Field Dissipation

Terrestrial field dissipation	5 to 23 days–cropped

80 weeks–bare soil	40184403

40401007

Aquatic field dissipation	NA	NA

Bioaccumulation

Accumulation in fish, maximum BCF	19.3x - edible tissues

52.3x - nonedible tissues

6.2x - whole fish	40401001

	2. 	Measures of Aquatic Exposure

Aquatic exposure modeling follows a tiered approach in order to
efficiently allocate resources to assessment efforts of varying
complexities.  Tier I aquatic exposure modeling aims to provide an
upper-bound (or high-end) Estimated Environmental Concentration (EEC) by
modeling a site that is highly vulnerable to runoff or leaching.
Consequently, if these conservative EECs yield risk quotients that fall
below the Agency’s Level of Concern (LOC) for aquatic organisms,
actual risk to aquatic organisms may be unlikely.  If a Tier I EEC
yields a risk quotient higher than an LOC, the assessment must be
refined to be more reflective of actual use site conditions.

			a.	GENEEC2 Exposure Modeling

Tier I aquatic exposure modeling relies on GENEEC2 (Generic Estimated
Environmental Concentration) (USEPA, 2001), a screening model that is
non-specific to crop and use-site.  The model estimates upper-bound
pesticide exposure in surface water using basic chemical properties,
proposed application rates and methods, adsorption of the pesticide to
soil or sediment, direct deposition of spray drift into the water body,
and degradation of the pesticide in soil before runoff and within the
water body.  The GENEEC2 model estimates upper-bound pesticide surface
water concentrations in a generic farm pond scenario by incorporating
the following conservative assumptions:

Input values for application rate and number of applications are the
labeled maxima.  

The entire watershed is cropped and treated with the pesticide, and the
10-hectare watershed area is high relative to the 20,000-liter volume of
the water body.  

There is no buffer between the pond and the treated field.  

Runoff is a 6-inch rainfall event over a 24-hour period. 

The geographic location of use is representative of high-end potential
for pesticide runoff and is not necessarily representative of runoff
conditions for the labeled use.

EFED has developed a tiered approach for modeling aquatic exposures. 
This tiered system is designed to minimize the amount of analysis which
is required to evaluate any given chemical. Each of the tiers is
designed to screen out pesticides by requiring higher, more complex
levels of investigation only for those that have not passed the previous
tier. Each tier screens out a percentage of pesticides from having to
undergo a more rigorous pre-registration review. ‘Passing’ a given
assessment tier indicates that there is a low possibility of risk to the
aquatic environment. ‘Failing’ an assessment tier, however, does not
mean the chemical is likely to cause environmental problems, but that
the assessment should continue on to the next higher assessment tier.
The end result of this tiered modeling system will ideally be as
thorough an analysis as is necessary for each pesticide and will focus
greatest resources and efforts toward areas of greatest potential
ecological threat. OPP does not take significant regulatory action based
upon the results of screening models.

For flurprimidol, EFED has conducted a Tier I screening level modeling
effort (Appendix A).  In doing so, EFED has relied on the GENeric
Estimated Exposure Concentration model version 2 (GENEEC2) to estimate
flurprimidol concentrations in surface water.  GENEEC2 was designed to
mimic a much more sophisticated PRZM/EXAMS simulation but requires far
fewer inputs and much less time and effort to use. The model uses a
candidate chemical's basic use and application information, its
soil/water partition data and its degradation rate values to estimate
high level exposure values in the same EFED “standard” agricultural
field/farm pond scenario as used with PRZM/EXAMS simulations. The
program is generic in that it does not consider differences in climate,
soils, topography or crop in estimating potential pesticide exposure.

GENEEC2 is also simpler in its treatment of hydrology. The linked PRZM
and EXAMS models simulate the impact of daily weather on the treated
agricultural field over a period of thirty-six years. During this time,
pesticide is washed-off of the field into the water-body by twenty to
forty rainfall/runoff events per year. Each new addition of pesticide to
the water-body adds to the pesticide which has arrived earlier either
through previous runoff events or through spray-drift and begins
degradation on the day it reaches the water. GENEEC2, one the other
hand, is a single event model. It assumes one single large
rainfall/runoff event occurs and removes a large quantity of pesticide
from the field to the water all at one time. Longer-term, multiple-day
average concentration values are calculated based on the peak day value
and subsequent values considering degradation processes.

Exposure concentrations of flurprimidol in aquatic ecosystem assessments
were estimated using the Tier I GENEEC2 model.   Model input parameters
were selected according to standard input guidance and are tabulated in
Table III-2.

Table III-2.  GENEEC2 Input Parameters for Flurprimidol for Aquatic
Ecological Exposure Assessment

Model Parameter	Value	Comments1	Source

Application Information	- See Table III-1

Product Labels

Spray Drift by Scenario	ground - 1%; granular – 0%	Default Assumption

	Aerobic Soil Metabolism (t ½)	1444 days1	3 x a single aerobic soil
metabolism half life of 482 days	MRID 00117918

Aerobic Aquatic Degradation (t ½)	Stable1	no data

	Aqueous Photolysis (t ½)	1.4 days	single value	MRID 00142917,
40401006, 40858503, 41228001, 00117922

Hydrolysis 	pH 7 - stable

MRID 00117921

Kd	2.78 mL/g	average Kd	MRID 00142919, 00117919, 00117920

Water Solubility	130 mg/L

Product Chemistry

1 USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the
Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1.

			b.	GENEEC2 Modeling Results

Aquatic EECs generated from GENEEC2 for the labeled uses of flurprimidol
on terrestrial outdoor and residential sites are listed in Table III-3.
These results represent peak and 4-, 21-, 60-, and 90-day average
estimates of surface water concentrations in the standard farm pond for
use as acute and chronic exposure endpoints. The results for the maximum
exposure scenarios, appropriate for use in calculating baseline risk
quotients, are presented in bold; other values are provided for
characterization purposes. Model output files for these estimates are in
Appendix A.

Table III-3.  Estimated Aquatic Exposures of Flurprimidol in Surface
Water Estimated Using GENEEC2  tc "Table 8.  Estimated Aquatic Exposures
of Flurprimidol in Surface Water Estimated Using GENEEC2 " \f D  

Crop	Rate 

(lbs a.i./A)	No. of Apps.	Minimum Interval (days)	Peak

(µg a.i./L)	21-Day Average

(µg a.i./L)	60-Day Average

(µg a.i./L)

Turfgrasses and Ornamentals	0.26a -Spray	12	14	127.64	123.73	116.56

	0.69b -Spray	5	56	138.32	134.08	126.31

	0.75 -Spray	4	14	126.97	123.08	115.96

	0.75 –Granular	4	21	116.99	113.34	106.71

	1.5- Granular	2	56	117.19	113.53	106.89

	3.0 –Granular	1	N/A	118.76	115.06	108.33

a Twelve applications at 0.26 lb a.i./A exceeds the annual label limit
of 3.08 lb a.i./A per year.

b Five applications at 0.69 lb a.i./A exceeds the annual label limit of
3.08 lb a.i./A per year.

		

c.	PRZM/EXAMS Exposure Modeling

Tier II PRZM/EXAMS modeling was conducted to address aquatic exposure
issues for aquatic vascular plants. Input parameters for PRZM/EXAMS
modeling are shown in Table III-4. These results represent the 1 in 10
year peak and 4-, 21-, 60-, and 90-day average estimates of surface
water concentrations in the standard farm pond for use as acute and
chronic exposure endpoints.

Table III-4. Summary of Flurprimidol Environmental Fate Data Used for
the Aquatic Ecological Effects Assessment Inputs for Tier II PRZM/EXAMS
Modeling

Fate Property	Input Value	Comments	MRID (or source)

Molecular Weight	312.3 g/mol

Product Chemistry

Aqueous Solubility	 130 mg/L

Product Chemistry

Aqueous Photolysis Half-Life	1.4 days

00142917, 40401006, 40858503, 41228001, 00117922

Vapor pressure (25 (C)	3.64 x 10-7 mm Hg

00162772

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-Life	1444 days	3 x a single aerobic soil
metabolism half life of 482 days1	00117918

Hydrolysis Half-Life	Stable

00117921

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-Life	Stable	No data	USEPA, 20091

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	Stable	No data	USEPA, 2009

Kd	2.78 mL/g	Average Kd1	00142919, 00117919, 00117920

1 USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the
Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1.

			

d.	PRZM/EXAMS Modeling Results

Aquatic EECs generated from PRZM/EXAMS for the labeled uses of
flurprimidol on terrestrial outdoor and residential sites are listed in
Table III-5. PRZM/EXAMS models provide a 1-in-10 year peak and 4-, 21-,
60-, and 90-day average estimates of surface water concentrations in the
standard farm pond for use as acute and chronic exposure endpoints.
However, because RQs for aquatic plants are based on the aquatic plant
toxicity and peak EECs, only the peak EECs are tabulated in Table III-5.
Model output files for these estimates are in Appendix B.

Table III-5.  Scenario, Date of First Application, Application Rate,
Number of Applications, Reapplication Interval, Formulations, and Peak
EECs Considered in Limit PRZM/EXAMS Modeling.

Scenario –

State Use Site	Date of 1st application

(month-day)	Application Rate 

(lb ai/ac)	No. of Applications	Reapplication Interval	Formulation1
(CAM)2	Peak EEC

(µg a.i./L)

FL Nursery	08-08	3.00	1	n/a	Granular (1)	74.94

MI Nursery	03-08	3.00	1	n/a	Granular (1)	29.19

MI Nursery	03-08	1.50	2	60	Granular (1)	41.40

NJ Nursery	03-07	0.75	4	21	Ground Spray (2)	40.83

NJ Nursery	05-20	0.75	4	21	Ground Spray (2)	58.13

NJ Nursery	05-08	0.75	4	21	Ground Spray (2)	58.47

PA turf	05-07	0.75	4	21	Ground Spray (2)	24.43

PA turf	06-05	0.26	12	14	Ground Spray (2)	18.19

PA turf	05-05	0.26	12	14	Ground Spray (2)	15.70

1 For granular formulations: spray drift was assumed to be 0% and
application efficiency was assumed to be 100%; for ground spray drift
was assumed to be 1% and application efficiency was assumed to be 99%
(USEPA, 2009)

2 CAM is Chemical application method and is an input parameter in the
PRZM model.

3.          Aquatic Exposure Monitoring and Field Data  tc "4.         
Aquatic Exposure Monitoring and Field Data " \l 3 

For flurprimidol, no monitoring data were available for use in this
aquatic exposure assessment.  Therefore, potential exposure of
non-target organisms to flurprimidol in surface water was evaluated
through modeling. 

		4. 	Measures of Terrestrial Exposure

Terrestrial wildlife exposure estimates are typically calculated for
birds and mammals, emphasizing a dietary exposure route for uptake of
pesticide active ingredients.  These exposures are considered as
surrogates for terrestrial-phase amphibians as well as reptiles.  For
exposure to terrestrial wildlife, such as birds and small mammals,
pesticide residues on food items or ground surfaces are estimated, based
on the assumption that animals are exposed to a single pesticide residue
in a given exposure scenario.  

For flurprimidol spray applications applied to foliar surfaces,
estimation of pesticide concentrations in wildlife food items (mg ai/kg
diet) focuses on quantifying possible dietary ingestion of residues on
vegetative matter and insects. For granular and liquid formulations
applied to ground surfaces, estimation of pesticide concentrations on
the ground (mg ai/sq ft) focuses on quantifying possible dietary
ingestion of residues on the ground. 

a.	Birds and Mammals

No field residue data or field study information is available for
flurprimidol; therefore, the residue estimates were based on a nomogram
that relates food item residues to pesticide application rate.  The
residue EECs were generated from a spreadsheet-based model (T-REX
version 1.4.1; USEPA, 2001) that calculates the decay of a chemical
applied to foliar surfaces for single or multiple applications, and is
based on the methods of Hoerger and Kenaga (1972) as modified by
Fletcher et al. (1994).  EECs were calculated using a foliar dissipation
default half-life of 35 days (Willis and McDowell, 1987). Uncertainties
in the terrestrial EECs are primarily associated with a lack of data on
interception and subsequent dissipation from foliar surfaces. T-REX does
not differentiate between backpack sprayer, spot treatment, and ground
boom applications, the method of application is not considered; thus,
these methods are not evaluated.  

Acute exposures from granular and liquid formulations applied to ground
surfaces are estimated using the LD50/sq ft analysis in T-REX.
Estimation of pesticide concentrations (mg ai/ft2) for granules and
liquid focuses on quantifying possible dietary ingestion of residues on
ground surfaces. The equation used to calculate mg a.i./ft2 EECs is
presented below for broadcast granular and liquid applications to ground
surfaces. Acute exposure from “banded” applications is uncertain
since T-REX does not have the capability to assess risk to terrestrial
animals from “banded” applications that are applied around the
perimeter/edge of lawns, sidewalks, parking lots, and building
structures; thus, EECs for “banded” applications will be calculated
using the same equation below assuming that a “banded” application
is equivalent to a broadcast application. However, this assumption leads
to an overestimation of the EECs since the entire acre will not be
completely treated when “banded” applications are applied solely on
the edge of an area. 

  

Broadcast granular/liquid applications to ground surfaces:  mg a.i./ft2
= (application rate x % a.i. x 453,590 mg/lb)/43,560 ft2/acre

To provide potential maximum exposures to non-target birds and mammals
based on proposed label uses of flurprimidol on turfgrasses and
ornamentals, residue EECs were calculated using six pesticide exposure
scenarios: four broadcast spray application at 0.75 lb a.i./A with
2-week reapplication intervals, twelve broadcast applications at 0.26 lb
a.i./A with 2-week intervals, five broadcast spray application at 0.69
lb a.i./A with 8-week intervals, four broadcast application of granules
at 0.75 lb a.i./A with 3-week intervals, one broadcast application of
granules at 3.0 lb a.i./A, and two broadcast application of granules at
1.5 lb a.i./A with 8-week intervals.

The active ingredient EECs on terrestrial food items and granules may be
compared directly with dietary toxicity data or converted to an oral
dose.  The residue concentration is converted to daily oral dose based
on the fraction of body weight consumed daily as estimated through
allometric relationships. The risk assessment for flurprimidol uses
upper bound predicted residues as the measure of exposure; however, mean
EECs are also presented for characterization purposes. 

Tables III-6, III-7, and III-8 provide dietary- and dose-based EECs for
broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces, Table III-9 provides
intermediate EECs for “banded” spray applications to ground
surfaces, Table III-10 provides intermediate EECs for broadcast granular
applications to ground surfaces, and Table III-11 provides intermediate
EECs for “banded” granular applications to ground surfaces.

Table III-6.   Terrestrial Dietary-Based EECs (Bird and Mammal)
Following Flurprimidol Broadcast Spray Application to Foliar Surfaces.

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Food Items	Upper Bound EEC1

(mg ai/kg)	Mean EEC2

(mg ai/kg)

Turf grass / Ornamentals 	4 applications at 

0.75 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	498.15

228.32

280.21

31.13	176.43

74.72

93.4

14.53

	12 applications at 

0.26 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	248.45

113.84

139.75

15.53	87.99

37.27

46.58

7.25

1 Used to determine the potential risk to non-target wildlife and the
need to consider regulatory action.

2 Used to further evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects
to non-target species.

Table III-7.   Terrestrial Dose-Based EECs (Birds) Following
Flurprimidol Broadcast Spray Application to Foliar Surfaces.

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Food items	Avian Classes and Body Weights

	small	mid	large

	20 g	100 g	1000 g

Upper Bound EEC (mg ai/kg)1

Turf grass / Ornamentals	4 applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with 2 week
intervals	Short Grass	567.34	323.52	144.84

Tall Grass	260.03	148.28	66.39

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	319.13	181.98	81.48

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	35.46	20.22	9.05

	12 applications at 

0.26 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass	282.96	161.36	72.24

Tall Grass	129.69	73.95	33.11

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	159.16	90.76	40.64

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	17.68	10.08	4.52

Mean EEC (mg ai/kg)2

Turf grass / Ornamentals	4 applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with 2 week
intervals	Short Grass	200.93	114.58	51.30

Tall Grass	85.10	48.53	21.73

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	106.38	60.66	27.16

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	16.55	9.44	4.22

	12 applications at 

0.26 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass	100.21	57.15	25.59

Tall Grass	42.44	24.20	10.84

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	53.05	30.25	13.55

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	8.25	4.71	2.11

1 Used to determine the potential risk to non-target wildlife and the
need to consider regulatory action.

2 Used to further evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects
to non-target species.

Table III-8.   Terrestrial Dose-Based EECs (Mammals) Following
Flurprimidol Broadcast Spray Application to Foliar Surfaces.

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Food items	Mammal Classes and Body Weights

	Herbivores / Insectivores	Granivores

	small	mid	large	small	mid	large

	15 g	35 g	1000 g	15 g	35 g	1000 g

Upper bound EEC (mg ai/kg)1

Turf grass / Ornamentals	4 applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with 2 week
intervals	Short Grass	474.94	328.25	76.11	 	 	 

Tall Grass	217.68	150.45	34.88	 	 	 

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	267.16	184.64	42.81	 	 	 

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	29.68	20.52	4.76	6.60	4.56	1.06

	12 applications at 

0.26 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass	236.88	163.71	37.96	 	 
 

Tall Grass	108.57	75.04	17.40	 	 	 

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	133.24	92.09	21.35	 	 	 

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	14.80	10.23	2.37	3.29	2.27	0.53

Mean EEC (mg ai/kg)2

Turf grass / Ornamentals	4 applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with 2 week
intervals	Short Grass	168.21	116.26	26.95	 	 	 

Tall Grass	71.24	49.24	11.42	 	 	 

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	89.05	61.55	14.27	 	 	 

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	13.85	9.57	2.22	3.08	2.13	0.49

	12 applications at 

0.26 lb ai/A with 2 week intervals	Short Grass	83.89	57.98	13.44	 	 
 

Tall Grass	35.53	24.56	5.69	 	 	 

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants	44.41	30.70	7.12	 	 	 

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	6.91	4.77	1.11	1.54	1.06	0.25

1 Used to determine the potential risk to non-target wildlife and the
need to consider regulatory action.

2 Used to further evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects
to non-target species.

Table III-9. Terrestrial EECs (mg ai/ft2) Following Flurprimidol
“Banded” Spray Applications to Ground Surfaces1,2

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Intermediate Calculations	EEC

Turf grass and Ornamentals	One (broadcast) spray application at 0.69 lb
ai/A 	# rows acre-1:	N/A

row length (ft):	N/A

lb ai/1000 ft row:	N/A

bandwidth (ft):	N/A

mg ai/ft2 (EEC):	7.18

1 T-REX does not have the capability to calculate EECs based on
“banded” applications in a residential setting; therefore, EECs are
based on broadcast applications.

2 Accounts only for a single application, not multiple applications

Table III-10. Terrestrial EECs (mg ai/ft2) Following Flurprimidol
Broadcast Granular Applications to Ground Surfaces

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Intermediate Calculations	EEC

Turf grass and Ornamentals	One broadcast application of granules at 0.75
lb ai/A 	# rows acre-1:	N/A

row length (ft):	N/A

lb ai/1000 ft row:	N/A

bandwidth (ft):	N/A

mg ai/ft2 (EEC):	7.81

	One broadcast application of granules at 3.0 lb ai/A 	# rows acre-1:
N/A

row length (ft):	N/A

lb ai/1000 ft row:	N/A

bandwidth (ft):	N/A

mg ai/ft2 (EEC):	31.24

Table III-11. Terrestrial EECs (mg ai/ft2) Following Flurprimidol
“Banded” Granular Applications to Ground Surfaces1, 2

Uses	# of App. x App. Rate	Intermediate Calculations	EEC

Turf grass and Ornamentals	One (broadcast) application of granules at
1.5 lb ai/A	# rows acre-1:	N/A

row length (ft):	N/A

lb ai/1000 ft row:	N/A

bandwidth (ft):	N/A

mg ai/ft2 (EEC):	15.62

1 T-REX does not have the capability to calculate EECs based on
“banded” applications in a residential setting; therefore, EECs are
based on broadcast applications.

2 Accounts only for a single application, not multiple applications

Chronic exposures from flurprimidol granules are estimated using the
earthworm fugacity model. Estimation of pesticide concentrations in
earthworms (mg/kg-earthworm) focuses on quantifying possible dietary
ingestion of residues bioaccumulated in earthworms (Table III-12). Then,
the bioconcentrated earthworms (mg/kg-earthworm) are compared to
terrestrial animal NOAEC values (mg a.i./kg) to estimate the potential
for chronic risk to birds or mammals associated with direct ingestion of
earthworms. Equation used to calculate the concentration of
flurprimidiol in the tissues of earthworm is presented below. More
information on the equation can be found in Appendix D. Table III-12
presents the highest exposure scenario of the proposed use scenarios.

C earthworm = [(Csoil)(Zearthworm/Zsoil)]+[(Csoil
water)(Zearthworm/Zwater)]

 

Table III-12. Dose-based and Dietary-based EECs for Insectivorous Birds
and Mammals on Soil Invertebrate Consumption

Application Rate	Body Weight (g)	Daily fresh food intake (kg/day) a
Earthworm EECb 

(mg/kg-earthworm)

3.0 lb a.i./A	Avian, Dose-based

	20	0.02	0.04

	100	0.07	0.02

	1000	0.3	0.01

	 Avian, Dietary-based

	All	0.035

	Mammal, Dose-based

	15	0.01	0.03

	35	0.02	0.02

	1000	0.2	0.005

a Food Intake = (0.648 x BW0.651 / 1-W) / (BW assessed); BW = body mass
of bird or mammals in grams, W = % water in food. 

b Dose-based Earthworm EECs = Food Intake x  Dietary-based Earthworm EEC
/ BW

b.	Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates

Soil EECs for soil-dwelling invertebrates are estimated by converting
the application rate of lb/A to mg/kg soil, using a soil density of 1.3
g/cm3. The highest exposure scenario of all proposed use scenarios is
presented in Table III-13.

Table III-13. Soil EECs (mg ai/kg-soil) Following Flurprimidol Granular
Applications

Uses	Application Rate 	Soil Density 	EECs (mg/kg-soil)

Turf grass and Ornamentals	3.0 lb ai/A	1.3 g/cm3	8.57

c.	Terrestrial Plants

TerrPlant (USEPA, 2006), a Tier I model, predicts EECs for terrestrial
plants located in dry and semi-aquatic areas adjacent to the treated
field. The active ingredient EECs are based on the application rate,
soil incorporation, runoff fraction, drift fraction and solubility of
the pesticide in water and drift characteristics, which depend on ground
and aerial applications.  The amount of flurprimidol that runs off is a
proportion of the application rate and is assumed to be 5% based on
flurprimidol solubility of 130 mg ai/L in water. Drift from ground and
granular applications are assumed to be 1% and 0%, respectively, of the
application rate. TerrPlant does not differentiate between banded or
broadcast applications; thus, the only method of application considered
in this model is ground unincorporated application.

For a standard scenario on an agricultural field when applications are
occurring on land, EFED’s runoff scenario for terrestrial plants
inhabiting dry areas adjacent to a field is characterized as “sheet
runoff” (one treated acre to an adjacent acre: a 1:1 ratio) and
inhabiting semi-aquatic or wetland areas adjacent to a field is
characterized as “channelized runoff” (10 treated acre to a distant
low-lying acre: a 10:1 ratio). Details of the TerrPlant model and EECs
are presented in Table III-14 and in Appendix E. 

TABLE III-14.   EECs from Spray or Granules for Terrestrial Plants
Located Adjacent to Flurprimidol Treated Sites. 

Application Rate	Application Method4	Concentration (lbs ai/A)

Total Loading to Areas Adjacent to Treated Areas1	Total Loading to
Semi-Aquatic Areas Adjacent to Treated Areas2	Drift to Adjacent Areas3

0.75 lb ai/A	Spray	0.045	0.3825	0.0075

	Granules	0.0375	0.375	None

0.26 lb ai/A	Spray	0.0156	0.1326	0.0026

1.5 lb ai/A	Granules	0.075	0.75	None

3.0 lb ai/A	Granules	0.15	1.5	None

1 EEC = Sheet Runoff + Drift (1% for ground; 0% for granules)

2 EEC = Channelized Runoff + Drift (1% for ground; 0% for granules)

3 EEC for ground (appl. rate x 1% drift); for granules (appl. rate x 0%
drift)

4 EEC for Unincorporated Ground Spray Application

IV.   Ecological Effects Characterization

	

With the submission of new ecological toxicity data on avian
reproduction, seedling emergence, vegetative vigor, aquatic vascular
plant, freshwater fish early life-stage, and freshwater invertebrate
life cycle, the ecological effects profile for flurprimidol has been
updated. A more robust discussion of acute toxicity to aquatic and
terrestrial animals can be found in the previous risk assessment
(D292874, D310484, D315363, and D315836). The key toxicity endpoints
used in this assessment are summarized in Tables IV-1 and IV-2 below.

A. 	Aquatic Effects Characterization

Table IV-1 presents the most sensitive toxicity endpoints used to
estimate risk to aquatic receptors from exposure to flurprimidol.



Table IV-1.  Flurprimidol Toxicity Profile for Aquatic Animals and
Plants

Taxon	Exposure Duration	Most Sensitive Species Tested	Toxicity Value
Toxicity Category	MRID /

Classification 

Freshwater Fish	Acute	Bluegill Sunfish

Lepomis macrochirus	LC50 = 17.2 mg ai/L	Slightly toxic	00117925

(acceptable)

	Chronic	Fathead minnow

Pimephales promelas	NOAEC = 0.939 mg ai/L

LOAEC = 1.75 mg ai/L

Reductions in fry survival, length, and weight.	Not applicable	47459602

(acceptable)

Estuarine/ Marine Fish	Acute	Not required at this time

Freshwater Invertebrates	Acute	Water Flea

Daphnia magna	EC50 = 11.8 mg ai/L	Slightly toxic	00117927

(acceptable)

	Chronic	Water Flea

Daphnia magna	NOAEC = 2.95 mg ai/L

LOAEC = 5.70 mg ai/L

Reductions of young per adult and adult length, as well as significant
difference in day of first brood when compared to control	Not applicable
47459601

(acceptable)

Estuarine/ Marine Invertebrates	Acute	Not required at this time

Vascular plant	Acute	Duckweed

Lemna gibba	EC50 = 8.5 µg ai/L

NOAEC = 0.89 µg ai/L

Reduction in # of fronds	Not applicable	47472101

(supplemental)

Non-vascular plant	Acute	Green algae

Selenastrum capricornutum	EC50 = 0.84 mg ai/L

NOAEC = 0.28 mg ai/L

Reduced biomass	Not applicable	40401011

(acceptable)

	

	B. 	Terrestrial Effects Characterization

Table IV-2 presents the most sensitive toxicity endpoints used to
estimate risk to terrestrial receptors from terrestrial exposures of
flurprimidol.  

Table IV-2.  Flurprimidol Toxicity Profile for Terrestrial Animals and
Plants

Taxon	Exposure Duration	Most Sensitive Species Tested	Toxicity Value
Toxicity Category	MRID

Reference

Mammals	Acute	Rat

Rattus norvegicus	LD50 = 709 mg ai/kg bw	Slightly toxic	00117932

(acceptable)

	Chronic	Rat

Rattus norvegicus	NOAEL = 100 mg ai/kg diet

(7.3 mg ai/kg-bw/day)

LOAEL = 1000 mg ai/kg diet

Decreased mating, fertility, and fetal survival (stillbirths) in both
generations and increased incidence of persistent vaginal estrous and no
corpora lutea.	Not applicable	00162770

Non-passerine

Birds	Acute Oral	Bobwhite quail

Colinus virginianus	LD50 >2000 mg ai/kg bw	Practically nontoxic	00117928

(acceptable)

	Acute Dietary	Bobwhite quail

Colinus virginianus	LC50 >4310 mg ai/kg diet	Practically nontoxic
00117929

(supplemental)

	Chronic	Mallard duck

Anas platyrhynchos	NOAEC = 309 mg ai/kg diet

LOAEC = 642 mg ai/kg diet

Reductions in egg production, embryo survival, and hatchability	Not
applicable	47459603

(acceptable)

Passerine Bird	Acute	No data	No data	Not determined	No data

Beneficial Insects	Acute	Honey Bee

Apis mellifera	LD50 >100 µg a.i./bee	Relatively nontoxic1	40401004

(acceptable)

Terrestrial Invertebrates	Acute	Earthworm

Lumbricus terrestris	LD50 >100 mg ai/kg	Practically nontoxic	00117931

(supplemental)

Terrestrial Plants -Seedling Emergence	Survival and growth	Ryegrass
(monocot)

Lolium perenne	EC25 = 0.14 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.038 lb ai/A

Reduced shoot length 	N/A	47459606

(acceptable)

Cucumber (dicot)

Cucumis sativa	EC25 = 0.012 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.0044 lb ai/A

Reduced shoot length

Terrestrial Plants -Vegetative Vigor

Ryegrass (monocot)

Lolium perenne	EC25 = 0.42 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.11 lb ai/A

Reduced shoot length	N/A	47459607

(acceptable)

Lettuce (dicot)

Lactuca sativa	EC25 = 0.011 lb ai/A

NOAEC = 0.046 lb ai/A

Reduced shoot length

1   HYPERLINK "http://bees.ucr.edu/tox.html" 
http://bees.ucr.edu/tox.html  

V. 	RISK CHARACTERIZATION

To evaluate the potential risk to non-target organisms from the proposed
use of flurprimidol, risk quotients (RQs) or LD50/ft2 are calculated
from the ratio of estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) to
ecotoxicity values.  RQs and LD50/ft2 are then compared to the
Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs) used by OPP to indicate potential
risk to non-target organisms. LOCs are the Agency’s interpretive
policy and are used to analyze potential risk to non-target or listed
organisms and the need to consider regulatory action. These criteria are
used to indicate when a pesticide’s use as directed on the label has
the potential to cause adverse effects on non-target or listed
organisms. In the following risk characterization, when appropriate, the
RQs for applications to foliar surfaces are calculated first then the
LD50/ft2s for applications to ground surfaces are calculated afterwards.

A.  	Risks to Aquatic Organisms and Plants

For this baseline risk assessment with aquatic organisms and plants,
acute and chronic RQs (Table V-1) are derived based on ecological
toxicity data for the active ingredient and then compared to the EECs
generated from GENEEC2. The peak EEC is used to calculate the acute RQs
and the 21-day and 60-day average concentrations (EECs) are used to
calculate chronic RQs for invertebrates and fish, respectively. Details
of the acute and chronic GENEEC2 EEC calculations for aquatic animals
and plants are provided in Section III.2.  The potential risks to
aquatic animals and plants are described further in the Risk Description
section.

Freshwater Fish / Invertebrates

Minimal acute and chronic risks are expected for freshwater fish and
invertebrates because no acute or chronic LOCs are exceeded (Table V-2)
when flurprimidol is applied at the highest exposure among of a suite of
use scenarios. Therefore, EFED expects minimal risk from maximum
applications at other use scenarios, because aquatic EECs resulting from
maximum applications to those scenarios are lower than the highest
exposure scenario of five applications at 0.69 lb ai/A with a 56-day
reapplication interval.

Table V-2. Risk Quotients for Freshwater Animals for Proposed
Flurprimidol Use as Plant Growth Regulator   1, 2

Use	 # of App. x App. Rate x Interval	Freshwater Fish 3

(LC50 = 17.2 mg a.i./L ; NOAEC = 0.939 mg a.i./L) 	Freshwater
Invertebrate 4

(EC50 = 11.8 mg a.i./L ; NOAEC = 2.95 mg a.i./L)

Acute	Chronic	Acute	Chronic

Turf grass / Ornamentals	5 apps x 0.69 lb ai/A x 8 wks intervals (spray)
<0.01	0.13	<0.01	0.04

1 LOC exceedances are bolded (Endangered Species LOC = 0.05; Acute
Restricted LOC = 0.1; Acute Risk = 0.5 and Chronic LOC = 1). 

2 Tier I EECs from Table III-3.

3 Freshwater fish acute RQ = Peak EEC ÷ LC50; chronic RQ = 60-day EEC
÷ NOAEC

4 Freshwater invertebrate acute RQ = Peak EEC ÷ EC50; chronic RQ =
21-day EEC ÷ NOAEC

			2.	Estuarine/Marine Fish and Invertebrates

RQs are not calculated for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates
because there are no toxicity data available. However, data on
estuarine/marine organisms are not needed at this time as it is unlikely
that they would be sufficiently more sensitive than their freshwater
counterparts such that Agency levels of concern would be exceeded.

			3.	Aquatic Plants

				I.	Tier I EECs

Based on all exposure scenarios and peak GENEEC EECs, risks are expected
for aquatic vascular plants because the non-listed and listed plants
LOCs are exceeded (Table V-3) for vascular plants when flurprimidol is
applied at the maximum application rates listed on the product label. 

Of all exposure scenarios and GENEEC EECs, minimal risk is assumed for
aquatic non-vascular plants from maximum application rates listed on the
product label.

Table V-3. Risk Quotients for Aquatic Plants for Proposed Flurprimidol
Uses as Plant Growth Regulator  1,2

Use	# of App. x App. Rate x Interval	Vascular Aquatic Plant 3

(EC50 = 0.085 mg ai/L;

NOAEC = 0.0089 mg ai/L)	Non-Vascular Aquatic Plant 4

(EC50 = 0.84 mg ai/L;

NOAEC = 0.28 mg ai/L)

Non-Listed	Listed	Non-Listed	Listed

Turf grass / Ornamentals	5 apps x 0.69 lb ai/A x 8 wks intervals (spray)
1.6	16	0.16	0.49

	12 apps. x 0.26 lb ai/A x 2 wks intervals (spray)	1.5	14	0.15	0.46

	4 apps x 0.75 lb ai/A x 2 wks intervals (spray)	1.5	14	0.15	0.46

	2 apps x 1.5 lb ai/A x 8 wks intervals (spray)	1.5	14	0.15	0.46

	1 app x 3.0 lb ai/A (granule)	1.4	13	0.14	0.42

	2 apps x 1.5 lb ai/A x 8 wks intervals (granule)	1.4	13	0.14	0.42

	4 apps x 0.75 lb ai/A x 3 wks intervals (granule)	1.4	13	0.14	0.42

1 LOC exceedances are bolded (Non-listed Plant LOC >1; Listed Plant LOC
> 1). 

2 Tier I EECs from Table III-3.

3 Non-listed vascular RQ = Peak EEC ÷ EC50; listed vascular RQ = Peak
EEC ÷ NOAEC

4 Non-listed non-vascular RQ = Peak EEC ÷ EC50; listed non-vascular RQ
= Peak EEC ÷ NOAEC

				II.	Tier II EECs

Since the Tier I EECs for aquatic vascular plants yield risk quotients
higher than Agency’s LOC, the assessment must be refined to be more
reflective of actual use site conditions. Based on selected exposure
scenarios and peak PRZM/EXAMS EECs, risks are expected because the
listed plant LOC is still exceeded (Table V-4) for vascular plants when
flurprimidol is applied at the maximum application rates listed on the
product labels.

Table V-4. Risk Quotients for Aquatic Plants for Proposed Flurprimidol
Uses as Plant Growth Regulator  1,2

Use	Scenarios	App. Rate / No. of Apps. / Intervals	Application Method
Peak EECs

(µg a.i./L)	Vascular Aquatic Plant 3

(EC50 = 0.085 mg ai/L;

NOAEC = 0.0089 mg ai/L)

	Non-Listed	Listed

Turf grass / Ornamentals	FL Nursery	3 / 1 / 0	granular	74.94	0.88	8.42

	MI Nursery	3 / 1 / 0	granular	29.19	0.34	3.28

	MI Nursery	1.5 / 2 / 60	granular	41.40	0.49	4.65

	NJ Nursery	0.75 / 4 / 21	ground spray	40.83	0.48	4.59

	NJ Nursery	0.75 / 4 / 21	ground spray	58.13	0.68	6.53

	NJ Nursery	0.75 / 4 / 21	ground spray	58.47	0.69	6.57

	PA turf	0.75 / 4 / 21	ground spray	24.43	0.29	2.74

	PA turf	0.26 / 12 / 14	ground spray	18.19	0.21	2.04

	PA turf	0.26 / 12 / 14	ground spray	15.70	0.18	1.76

1 LOC exceedances are bolded (Non-listed Plant LOC >1; Listed Plant LOC
> 1). 

2 Tier II EECs from Table III-5.

3 Non-listed vascular RQ = Peak EEC ÷ EC50; listed vascular RQ = Peak
EEC ÷ NOAEC

4 Non-listed non-vascular RQ = Peak EEC ÷ EC50; listed non-vascular RQ
= Peak EEC ÷ NOAEC

		B.	Risks to Terrestrial Animals 

For this baseline assessment with terrestrial animals, acute and chronic
risk indices for applications to foliar surfaces are derived based on
ecological toxicity data for the active ingredient (ai), and then
compared to the EECs generated from the T-REX model.  Acute and chronic
RQs are calculated by comparing the acute and chronic toxicity values of
the AI to T-REX EECs generated based on spray applications to foliar
surfaces, while acute LD50/ft2s are calculated by comparing the acute
toxicity values of the AI to T-REX EECs generated based on application
to ground surfaces. With no methodology available for assessing chronic
risk to birds and mammals from granular consumption, chronic LD50/ft2s
are calculated by comparing the chronic toxicity values of the AI to the
highest EEC of flurprimidol in earthworm tissue. Terrestrial EECs
(dose-based, dietary-based, or mg ai/ft2) were derived for the use of
flurprimidol based on the six exposure scenarios developed for this
baseline assessment. The potential risks to terrestrial animals are
described further in the Risk Description section. 

	1.	Birds and Mammals

In this subsection, two types of risk quotients for broadcast spray
applications to foliar surfaces (e.g., short grass, broadleaves, and
seeds) are calculated to evaluate the risks to birds and mammals based
on the estimated dietary residue concentrations determined from the
Kenaga nomogram: (1) dietary-based RQs; and (2) dose-based RQs. RQ
calculations (Table V-5) are based on an adjusted LD50 and exposure
value (mg ai/kg-bw or mg ai/kg-diet). These RQs are not equivalent.
Dietary risk quotients are calculated by directly comparing the
concentration of a pesticide administered (or estimated to be
administered) to experimental animals in the diet in a toxicity study to
the concentration estimated to be on selected food items.  These risk
quotients do not account for the fact that smaller-sized animals need to
consume more food relative to their body weight than larger animals or
those differential amounts of food are consumed depending on the water
content and nutritive value of the food.  The dose-based risk quotients
do account for these factors.  The dose-based RQs incorporate the
ingestion rate-adjusted exposure from the various food items to the
different weight classes of birds and mammals and the weight
class-scaled toxicity endpoints. 

However, for spray and granular applications to ground surfaces, T-REX
only allows LD50/ft2s “dose-based RQs” calculations to evaluate only
the acute risk to birds and mammals; thus, the “dietary-based RQs”
and chronic risk were not calculated and excluded from the assessment
for spray application and granular products. The LD50/ft2 method modeled
by T-REX is used to estimate the magnitude by which the LD50 is exceeded
for a bird or mammal occupying one square foot of the treated area
subjected to all routes of exposure. The LD50/ft2 method does not
capture feeding behaviors of the animals that would increase exposure,
such as incidental granule ingestion with soil, as birds may consume
soil at a rate of 2 to 14% of daily diet (USEPA, 1993), active
consumption of granules due to their resemblance to grain seeds, or
efforts to collect grit to assist in food breakdown. Since the granules
are not incorporated in the ground, EFED assume that 100% of the
granules applied will remain uncovered on the surface, available for
consumption by terrestrial animals. LD50/ft2 calculations (Table V-6)
are based on an adjusted LD50 and exposure value (mg ai/ft2).
Terrestrial animals may be exposed to granular pesticides ingesting
granules when foraging for food or grit.  Other routes also may expose
them, such as by walking on exposed granules or direct ingestion of
earthworm. The numbers of lethal doses (LD50s) that are available within
one square foot immediately after application (LD50s/ft2) is used as the
risk index for spray application and granular products applied to ground
surfaces. LD50s/ft2s are calculated by comparing the mg a.i./ft2 to
three separate weight class of birds: 1000 g (e.g., waterfowl), 100 g
(e.g., upland gamebird), and 20 g (e.g., songbird) and three separate
weight class of mammals: 1000 g, 35 g, and 15g. 

Table V-5.  Formulas used to calculate dose- and dietary-based risk
quotients for spray applications to foliar surfaces.  

Duration	Dose or Dietary RQ	Surrogate Organism	Equation

Acute	Dose-based	Birds and mammals	Acute Daily Exposure (mg/kg-bw) /
adjusted LD50 (mg/kg-bw)

	Dietary-based	Birds only	Kenaga EEC (mg/kg-food item)  / LC50
(mg/kg-diet)

Chronic	Dose-based	Mammals only	EEC (mg/kg-bw) / Adjusted NOAEL
(mg/kg-bw)

	Dietary-based	Birds and mammals	EEC (mg/kg-food item) / NOAEC
(mg/kg-diet)

Table V-6.  Formula used to calculate dose-based LD50/ft2s for
applications to ground surfaces.  

Duration	Dose or Dietary RQ	Surrogate Organism	Equation

Acute only	Dose-based only	Birds and mammals	EEC (mg/ft2) / adjusted
LD50 (mg/kg-bw)

Before the risk indices are calculated for birds and mammals, the EECs
and toxicity values are adjusted based on food intake and body weight
differences so that they are comparable for a given weight class of
animal.  The size classes assessed for birds are small (20-gram), medium
(100-gram), and large (1000-gram), while the size classes assessed for
mammals are small (15-gram), medium (35-gram), and large (1000-gram).
However, extrapolation from one size class to another needs to consider
differences in the scaling of toxicity for differences in body weight. 
For birds, only acute values (LD50s) are adjusted because dose-based
risk quotients are not calculated for the chronic risk estimation, while
only chronic values are adjusted for mammals because dietary-based risk
quotients are not calculated for the acute risk estimation. 

For birds, the bobwhite quail LD50 of >2000 mg/kg-bw is adjusted for
birds of various sizes based on the following formula, recommended by
Mineau et al. 1996:

   			Adj. LD50 = LD50 (AW/TW) (a-1)

where adj. LD50 is the median 50% lethal dose for the species being
assessed, LD50 is the median lethal dose in the test organism, AW is the
body weight of the assessed organism, TW is the body weight for the test
organism, and a is the slope of the regression line for estimating the
assessed species LD50 from the test species LD50 (EFED default value of
1.15).  Adjusted LD50s are calculated for small (20-gram), medium
(100-gram), and large (1000-gram) birds.  The test organism is a
bobwhite quail with an average body weight of 0.178 kg (178 grams). For
mammals using similar methodology to that employed for birds, the rat
LD50 and NOAEL of 709 mg/kg-bw and 7.3 mg/kg/day/bw, respectively, are
adjusted for mammals of various sizes based on the following formula: 

Adj. LD50 or NOAEL = LD50 or NOAEL (TW/AW)0.25 

LD50, TW, and AW were previously defined.  Adjusted LD50s and NOAELs are
calculated for small (15-gram), medium (35-gram), and large (1000-gram)
mammals.  The test organism is a rat with a reference body weight of 350
grams.  

The resulting adjusted LD50s and NOAEL are in Table V-7 below. 

Table V-7.  Adjusted LD50s for Birds and Mammals Based on an LD50 of
>2000 mg/kg-bw and 709 mg/kg-bw, respectively, and Adjusted NOAEL for
Mammals Based on an NOAEL of 7.3 mg/kg/day/bw.

Species	Class	Body Weight	Adjusted LD50	Adjusted NOAEC

Avian	Small	20	>1441	Not adjusted

	Mid	100	>1534	Not adjusted

	Large	1000	>2591	Not adjusted

Mammal	Small	15	1558	16

	Mid	35	1261	13

	Large	100	545	5.6

a.	Potential Risks to Birds via Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar
Surfaces

				

Acute RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

Available acute toxicity data for birds suggest that flurprimidol is
practically non-toxic to birds on acute oral and dietary bases. Study
results indicate that the acute toxicity thresholds are greater than the
highest concentrations tested (acute LD50 >2000 mg ai/kg-bw and subacute
dietary LC50 >4310 mg ai/kg-diet). Since definitive acute toxicity
thresholds were not established, acute avian RQs (dose- and
dietary-based) were not estimated, and the potential risk and
uncertainties to birds (surrogate for reptiles and terrestrial-phase
amphibians) from spray applications to foliar surfaces are described
qualitatively in the Risk Description section. 

Chronic RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

Available reproductive toxicity data for birds indicated that
flurprimidol caused significant reductions of egg production, embryo
survival, and hatchability as low as 642 mg ai/kg-diet, establishing the
no-effect concentration at 309 mg ai/kg-diet. Assuming the maximum
exposure scenario for broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces at
0.75 lb ai/A applied four times with 2-week reapplication intervals, as
well as the maximum predicted EECs; with an NOAEC of 309 mg ai/kg-diet,
the chronic RQ is 1.6, which does exceed the LOC of 1.0 for birds
consuming short grass only (Table V-8). However, assuming the lower
scenario for broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces at 0.26 lb
ai/A applied twelve times with a 2-week reapplication interval, the
highest RQ is 0.8 which does not exceed the chronic LOC for any of the
assessed feed items.

The exceedance indicates avian species that consume short grass may be
at risk for adverse effects to growth and reproduction from chronic
exposure to flurprimidol as a result of broadcast spray application to
foliar surfaces and will be discussed in the Risk Description section. 

Table V-8 presents the chronic RQ calculations for birds exposed to
flurprimidol via broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces.

Table V-8.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary-Based Risk
Quotients for Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces 

Scenario	NOAEC (mg ai/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

4 apps at 0.75 lb ai/A with 2-week intervals	309	498	1.6*	228	0.7	280
0.9	31	0.1

12 apps at 0.26 lb ai/A with 2-week intervals

248	0.8	114	0.4	140	0.5	16	0.05

*Bolded entry indicates exceedance of the Chronic Risk and Endangered
Species LOC (LOC >1)

b.	Potential Risks to Birds via Banded Spray Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Acute LD50/ft2 – Banded Spray Applications to Ground Surfaces

Available acute toxicity data for birds suggest that flurprimidol is
practically non-toxic to birds on acute oral basis. Study results
indicate that the acute toxicity thresholds are greater than the highest
concentrations tested (acute LD50s >2000 mg ai/kg-bw). Since definitive
acute toxicity thresholds were not established, acute avian LD50/ft2s
were not estimated, and the potential risk and uncertainties to birds
(surrogate for reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians) from banded
spray applications to ground surfaces are described qualitatively in the
Risk Description section. 

c.	Potential Risks to Mammals via Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar
Surfaces

Acute RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

To evaluate acute risk to mammals, dose-based RQs are calculated using
the rat LD50 of 709 mg ai/kg-bw from the acute oral study with rats.
Assuming the highest exposure scenario for broadcast sprays to foliar
surfaces (application rate at 0.75 lb ai/A applied three times with
2-week reapplication intervals), as well as the maximum predicted EECs
for spray applications; the acute restricted use LOC of 0.2 and the
endangered species LOC of 0.1 are exceeded for 15g and 35g mammals
consuming short grass and the endangered species LOC is exceeded for 15g
and 35g mammals consuming short grass, tall grass, and broadleaf plants
and is also exceeded for 1000 g mammals consuming short grass. However,
for the lower exposure scenario (12 applications of 0.26 lb ai/A with
2-week intervals), the endangered species LOC is narrowly exceeded for
15g and 35g mammals foraging on short grass. These exceedances indicate
that herbivorous and insectivorous mammals of all weight classes may be
at risk for adverse effects to survival from acute exposure to
flurprimidol as a result of spray applications to foliar surfaces and
will be discussed in the Risk Description section.

Dietary-based RQs are not estimated for mammals since acute dietary
mammalian toxicity studies are not available.

Table V-9 presents the acute RQ calculations for mammals exposed to
flurprimidol via broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces.

Table V-9. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients
for Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces 

Scenario	Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

LD50	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

 4 apps x 0.75 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval	15	1558.26	474.94	0.30**
217.68	0.14*	267.16	0.17*	29.68	0.02	6.60	0.00

	35	1260.80	328.25	0.26**	150.45	0.12*	184.64	0.15*	20.52	0.02	4.56	0.00

	1000	545.33	76.11	0.14*	34.88	0.06	42.81	0.08	4.76	0.01	1.06	0.00

12 apps x 0.26 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval	15	1558.26	236.88	0.15*
108.57	0.07	133.24	0.09	14.80	0.01	3.29	0.00

	35	1260.80	163.71	0.13*	75.04	0.06	92.09	0.07	10.23	0.01	2.27	0.00

	1000	545.33	37.96	0.07	17.40	0.03	21.35	0.04	2.37	0.00	0.53	0.00

Bold entries indicate LOC exceedance (***exceeds the acute risk,
restricted use, and endangered species LOCs; **exceeds the restricted
use and endangered species LOCs; and *exceeds the endangered species
LOC)

Chronic RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

To evaluate the chronic risk to mammals, dose-based and dietary-based
RQs for broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces are calculated
using the rat NOAEL of 7.3 mg ai/kg bw/day and NOAEC of 100 mg
ai/kg-diet, respectively, from the two-generation study. Assuming
maximum and minimum residue levels of the spray application scenarios,
the dose-based RQs greatly exceed the chronic LOC of 1 for mammals. The
chronic LOC is exceeded for herbivorous and insectivorous mammals of all
weight classes consuming all grass, broadleaf plants, and small insects
and exceeded for 15g and 35g mammals consuming fruits and large insects
with maximum residues. Granivorous mammals were not affected when
foraging on the assessed feed items with maximum and minimum
flurprimidol residues. 

The dietary-based RQs also exceeded the chronic LOC for mammal consuming
all the assessed feed items except fruits/large insects. 

These exceedances indicate that mammals may be at risk for adverse
effects to reproduction and growth from acute and chronic exposure to
flurprimidol as a result of broadcast spray applications to foliar
surfaces and will be discussed in the Risk Description section.

Tables V-10 and V-11 present the chronic RQ calculations for mammals
exposed to flurprimidol via broadcast spray applications to foliar
surfaces.

Table V-10.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk
Quotients for Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

Scenario	Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted NOAEL	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

 4 apps x 0.75 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval	15	16.04	474.94	29.60	217.68
13.57	267.16	16.65	29.68	1.85	6.60	0.41

	35	12.98	328.25	25.29	150.45	11.59	184.64	14.22	20.52	1.58	4.56	0.35

	1000	5.61	76.11	13.55	34.88	6.21	42.81	7.62	4.76	0.85	1.06	0.19

12 apps x 0.26 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval	15	16.04	236.88	14.76	108.57
6.77	133.24	8.30	14.80	0.92	3.29	0.21

	35	12.98	163.71	12.61	75.04	5.78	92.09	7.09	10.23	0.79	2.27	0.18

	1000	5.61	37.96	6.76	17.40	3.10	21.35	3.80	2.37	0.42	0.53	0.09

*Bolded entries indicate exceedance of the Chronic Risk and Endangered
Species LOC (LOC >1)

Table V-11.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients for Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces

Scenario	NOAEC (mg ai/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

4 apps x 0.75 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval	100	498.15	4.98	228.32	2.28
280.21	2.80	31.13	0.31

12 apps x 0.26 lb ai/A with 2-wks interval

248.45	2.48	113.87	1.14	139.75	1.40	15.53	0.16

1 Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

*Bolded entries indicate exceedance of the Chronic Risk and Endangered
Species LOC (LOC >1)

c.	Potential Risks to Mammals via Banded Spray Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Acute LD50/ft2- Banded Spray Applications to Ground Surfaces

To evaluate acute risk to mammals, LD50/ft2s are calculated using the
rat LD50 of 709 mg ai/kg-bw from the acute oral study with rats.
Assuming the exposure scenario for “banded” sprays to ground
surfaces at 0.69 lb ai/A (Table V-12) as well as the maximum predicted
EECs; the acute restricted use LOC of 0.2 and the endangered species LOC
of 0.1 are exceeded for 15 g and 35 g mammals inhabiting those areas
exposed to flurprimidol residues. These exceedances indicate that small-
and medium-sized mammals may be at risk for adverse effects to survival
from acute exposure to flurprimidol as a result of “banded” spray
applications to ground surfaces and will be discussed in the Risk
Description section.

Table V-12.  Mammal LD50 per Square Foot for “Banded” Spray
Applications to Ground Surfaces

Scenario	Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted LD50	Broadcast1

	mg/sq. ft	LD50/sq. ft

0.69 lb ai/A	15	1558	7.18	0.31**

	35	1261

0.16*

	1000	545

0.01

Bold entries indicate LOC exceedance (***exceeds the acute risk,
restricted use, and endangered species LOCs; **exceeds the restricted
use and endangered species LOCs; and *exceeds the endangered species
LOC)

1 T-REX does not have the capability to calculate EECs (mg/sq ft) based
on “banded” applications occurring on the edge of a site; therefore,
EECs are based on broadcast applications.

d.	Potential Risks to Birds via Broadcast and Banded Granular
Applications to Ground Surfaces

Acute LD50/ft2- Broadcast and Banded Granular Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Since definitive acute toxicity thresholds were not established, acute
avian LD50/ft2 was not estimated, and the potential risk and
uncertainties to birds (surrogate for reptiles and terrestrial-phase
amphibians) from broadcast and banded granular applications to ground
surfaces are described qualitatively in the Risk Description section.

e.	Potential Risks to Mammals via Broadcast and Banded Granular
Applications to Ground Surfaces

Acute LD50/ft2- Broadcast and Banded Granular Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Based on the available terrestrial ecotoxicity information and the
predicted direct ingestion exposures (from the T-REX model); the acute
LD50s/ft2s for all exposure scenarios (Tables V-13 and V-14) exceed the
acute LOCs for 15 g and 35 g mammals. These exceedances indicate that
small- and medium-sized mammals may be at risk for adverse effects to
survival from acute exposure to flurprimidol as a result of granular
applications to ground surfaces and will be discussed further in the
Risk Description section.

Table V-13.  Mammalian LD50 per Square Foot for Direct Ingestion of
Broadcast Granular Applications on Ground Surfaces

Scenario	Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted LD50	Broadcast

	mg/sq. ft 	LD50/sq. ft

0.75 lb ai/A 	15	1558.26	7.81	0.33**

	35	1260.80

0.18*

	1000	545.33

0.01

3.0 lb ai/A	15	1558.26	31.24	1.34***

	35	1260.80

0.71***

	1000	545.33

0.06

Bold entries indicate LOC exceedance (***exceeds the acute risk,
restricted use, and endangered species LOCs; **exceeds the restricted
use and endangered species LOCs; and *exceeds the endangered species
LOC)

Table V-14.  Mammalian LD50 per Square Foot for Direct Ingestion of
“Banded” Granular Applications on Ground Surfaces

Scenario	Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted LD50	Broadcast1

	mg/sq. ft 	LD50/sq. ft

1.5 lb ai/A 	15	1558.26	15.62	0.67***

	35	1260.80

0.35**

	1000	545.33

0.03

Bold entries indicate LOC exceedance (***exceeds the acute risk,
restricted use, and endangered species LOCs; **exceeds the acute
restricted use and endangered species LOCs)

1 T-REX does not have the capability to calculate EECs (mg/sq ft) based
on “banded” applications occurring on the edge of a site; therefore,
EECs are based on broadcast applications.

			2.	Terrestrial-phase Amphibians and Reptiles

EFED currently uses surrogate data (birds) for terrestrial amphibians
and reptiles. Risks to terrestrial amphibians and reptiles from spray
and granular applications to both foliar and ground surfaces are
qualitatively discussed in the Risk Description section.

		3.	Beneficial Insects

EFED does not quantify risk to terrestrial non-target insects; however,
available toxicity data indicate flurprimidol is practically non-toxic
to honeybees (LD50 >100 µg ai/L).  Potential risks to beneficial
insects from spray and granular applications are qualitatively discussed
in the Risk Description section.

		4. 	Soil-dwelling Invertebrates (Earthworm)

Available acute toxicity data for earthworm suggest that flurprimidol is
practically non-toxic to soil-dwelling invertebrates on acute basis.
Study results indicate that the acute toxicity threshold is greater than
the highest concentrations tested (acute LD50 >100 mg ai/kg). Since
definitive acute toxicity threshold was not established, the acute RQ
was not estimated, and the potential risk to soil-dwelling invertebrates
from spray and granular applications are described qualitatively in the
Risk Description section. 

	C.	Terrestrial Plants

For this baseline assessment with terrestrial plants, RQs are derived
based on ecological toxicity data for the formulation end-use product,
CUTLESS 50W containing 54.89% of the active ingredient, and then
compared to the EECs generated from the TerrPLANT model. RQs are
calculated by comparing the toxicity values of the AI in the end-use
product to TerrPLANT EECs generated based on spray and granular
applications. Terrestrial EECs were derived for the use of flurprimidol
based on the four scenarios developed for this baseline assessment.
TerrPLANT does not have the capacity of generating EECs from banded
applications and the risks to plants from banded applications will be
evaluated based on broadcast applications. The potential risks to
terrestrial plants are described further in the Risk Description
section.

		1. 	Non-Listed and Listed Terrestrial Plants

Terrestrial plant toxicity studies with monocots and dicots indicate
that seedling emergence and vegetative vigor are impacted by exposure to
flurprimidol. For the proposed new uses of flurprimidol and the maximum
EECs of the use scenarios, the non-listed and listed plant LOCs were all
exceeded for dicots inhabiting dry and semi-aquatic areas adjacent to
treated areas as a result of runoff from broadcast spray and granular
applications. In addition, the listed plant LOC was exceeded for dicots
inhabiting areas adjacent to treated areas as a result of spray drift
from one broadcast spray application at 0.75 lb ai/A (Table V-15).  

For monocots, the LOCs were not exceeded for all use scenarios as a
result of spray drift; however, for some of the use scenarios especially
for those that inhabit in semi-aquatic areas, the non-listed and listed
LOCs were all exceeded as a result of runoff. 

The results indicate that monocots and dicots inhabiting terrestrial and
semi-aquatic areas would be at risk for adverse effects to growth and
development when exposed to flurprimidol as a result of the spray and
granular application of flurprimidol to the proposed new uses.

Table V-15.  Terrestrial Plant Risk Quotient Summary for Flurprimidol
1,2,3

Scenario	Non-listed RQs	Listed RQs

	Terrestrial

Adjacent area	Semi-aquatic Adjacent area	Drift	Terrestrial

Adjacent area	Semi-aquatic Adjacent area	Drift

Broadcast Spray (1 application at 0.26 lb ai/A)

Ground 

Monocot	0.11	0.95	<0.1	0.41	3.49	<0.1

Dicot	1.3	11.05	0.24	3.55	30.14	0.57

Broadcast Spray (1 application at 0.75 lb ai/A)

Ground 

Monocot	0.32	2.73	<0.1	1.18	10.07	0.2

Dicot	3.75	31.88	0.68	10.23	86.93	1.63

Broadcast Granular Application (1 application at 0.75 lb ai/A)

Ground 

Monocot	0.27	2.68	<0.1	0.99	9.87	<0.1

Dicot	3.13	31.25	<0.1	8.52	85.23	<0.1

Broadcast Granular Application (1 application at 3.0 lb ai/A)

Ground 

Monocot	1.07	10.71	<0.1	3.95	39.47	<0.1

Dicot	12.5	125	<0.1	34.09	340.91	<0.1

1Detailed calculations for RQs and TerrPlant Ver. 1.2.2 input and output
are provided in Appendix E.

2 Non-listed toxicity thresholds (EC25) were 0.14 lb ai/A, 0.012 lb
ai/A, 0.42 lb ai/A, and 0.011lb ai/A for seedling emergence monocot,
seedling emergence dicot, vegetative vigor monocot, and vegetative vigor
dicot, respectively. 

3 Listed toxicity thresholds (NOAEC) were 0.038 lb ai/A, 0.0044, 0.11,
0.0046 lb ai/A for seedling emergence monocot, seedling emergence dicot,
vegetative vigor dicot And vegetative vigor monocot, respectively.

VI.	RISK DESCRIPTION 

The risk hypothesis states that the use of flurprimidol as a plant
growth regulator has the potential to compromise survivorship,
reproduction, and/or growth of non-target aquatic and terrestrial
animals and plants, including Federally-listed endangered and threatened
species. Based on the available ecotoxicity data and predicted
environmental exposures, this ecological risk assessment supports the
presumption of acute and chronic risks to mammals foraging the assessed
feed items with flurprimidol residues and the risk from ingestion of
granules. In addition, risk is presumed for terrestrial dicots and
monocots and aquatic vascular plants inhabiting areas adjacent to the
treated areas exposed to flurprimidol as a result of runoff and spray
drift. In contrast, the presumption of acute and chronic risks to birds,
terrestrial-phase amphibians, reptiles, insects, soil-dwelling
invertebrates, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic non-vascular
plants (green algae) are not supported by the results of this baseline
risk assessment. 

	A. 	Risks to Non-target Aquatic Animals and Plants

In the conceptual model, spray drift and surface runoff/leaching to
adjacent bodies of water were predicted as the most likely sources of
exposure of flurprimidol to non-target aquatic animals and plants. Risks
to aquatic organisms and plants were assessed based on modeled estimated
environmental concentrations (EECs) and available toxicity data. Aquatic
EECs for the ecological exposure to flurprimidol were estimated using
GENEEC2 (Table III-3) and PRZM/EXAMS (Table III-5). 

		1.	Aquatic Organisms

There are no acute or chronic LOC exceedances for fish and invertebrates
based on the most conservative aquatic exposure scenario among a suite
of use scenarios assessed; thus, fish and invertebrates, including
Federally-listed endangered and threatened species, there are no
indication of adverse effects to survival, reproduction, and/or growth
for fish and invertebrates from acute and chronic exposure to
flurprimidol as a result of the labeled uses.

		2.	Aquatic-phase Amphibians

EFED currently uses surrogate data (freshwater fish) for non-target
aquatic-phase amphibians. There were no LOC exceedances for acute or
chronic risk to freshwater fish; thus, there is no indication of adverse
effects to survival, reproduction, and/or growth for aquatic-phase
amphibians from exposure to flurprimidol as a result of the labeled
uses. 

		3.	Aquatic Plants

There is only one aquatic non-vascular plant study out of four aquatic
non-vascular plant studies available for flurprimidol; the green algae
study indicates that flurprimidol affects biomass. The aquatic vascular
plant study with duckweed indicates that flurprimidol affects all
endpoints with frond density the most affected. Based on the use
scenarios assessed and the available toxicity information, the
non-listed and listed plant LOCs (LOC >1) were exceeded for duckweed
(RQs range from 1.4 to 16) but not exceeded for green algae (RQs range
from 0.14 to 0.49; Table VI-1). There is some uncertainty regarding the
potential risk specifically to aquatic vascular plants because
flurprimidol regulates plant growth without killing the plants as seen
in the toxicity studies with duckweed and green algae. Thus, it is
possible that flurprimidol is not lethal to aquatic plants. It is
uncertain of the impact on endangered and threatened aquatic vascular
plants inhabiting water bodies adjacent to treated areas when exposed to
flurprimidol as a result of spray drift and runoff. However, when those
non-target plants come into contact with flurprimidol, it is anticipated
that reduced growth or a delay in growth will be observed, but it is
uncertain how flurprimidol will affect one’s ability to survive, grow,
and reproduce.

	B.	Risks to Non-target Terrestrial Animals and Plants

In the conceptual model, ground deposition of liquid and granular
formulations, spray drift, and wind erosion of soil particles with
resulting residues on foliage and on flowers and seeds, including
granules on the ground are the most likely sources of flurprimidol
exposure to non-target terrestrial animals, including listed species. 
Risks to terrestrial animals and plants were assessed based on modeled
EECs and available toxicity data.  As part of the terrestrial
assessment, exposure concentrations of flurprimidol to non-target
terrestrial plants and animals were modeled according to the labeled
application rates for ornamentals and turfgrasses. For terrestrial birds
and mammals, estimates of upper-bound levels of flurprimidol residues on
various food items and granules, which may be contacted or consumed by
wildlife, were determined using the Fletcher nomogram followed by a
first order decline model TREX 1.4.1. Risk to soil-dwelling
invertebrates was determined by estimating the amount of flurprimidol
residues in soil. Likewise, the TerrPlant 1.2.2 model was used to
estimate exposure to non-target plants. 

		1.	Birds

a.    Potential Acute Risks from Broadcast and Banded Spray Applications
to Foliar and Ground Surfaces and Direct Ingestion of Granules

Since definitive acute oral and dietary toxicity thresholds were not
established in the submitted studies, acute avian RQs were not estimated
for birds (surrogate for reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians). 
Flurprimidol is categorized as practically non-toxic on an oral and
dietary basis to two avian species (acute LD50 >2000 mg ai/kg-bw; >4310
mg ai/kg-diet). 

Because acute avian RQs were not estimated due to non-definitive acute
toxicity thresholds, to be certain the “greater than” concentrations
were tested high enough in the acute avian studies to be protective of
non-listed and listed species, these acute values for birds were
compared with an exposure value to determine if the EEC is greater than
1/10th or ½ of the highest concentrations tested. The highest T-REX
dosed-based EEC for birds is 567 mg/kg bw for short grass consumed by a
20 g bird selected from the maximum exposure scenario following four
spray applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with a 14-day interval. A comparison
of the adjusted LD50 for 20 g birds of >1440 mg ai/kg-bw with the T-REX
dose-based EEC (567 mg/kg) indicates a 2.5-fold difference between the
highest EEC and the concentrations which produced a lethal effect on 50%
of the birds species. For that reason, there is an uncertainty for
listed bird species (the LOC for listed bird species is 0.1) because the
dose-based EEC is greater than 1/10th of the highest dose tested in the
studies. Also, a comparison of the dietary LC50 with the highest
dietary-based EEC indicates a 8.5-fold difference and because the
dietary-based EEC is greater than 1/10th of the highest dose tested, the
uncertainty for listed birds also exists on a dietary basis. None of the
dose- or dietary-based EECs was greater than half of the highest doses
tested; thus, there are no concerns for non-listed bird species (the LOC
for non-listed bird species is 0.5).

With an uncertainty for listed bird species, risk is expected to be
minimal for birds foraging any of the selected food items, earthworms,
or granules with flurprimidol residues; avian species are likely not at
risk for adverse effects to survival from acute oral or dietary
exposures to flurprimidol as a result of the labeled uses.

b. 	Potential Chronic Risks from Broadcast and Banded Spray Applications
to Foliar and Ground Surfaces.

For broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces using the maximum
(four applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with a two-week reapplication
interval) and minimum (twelve applications at 0.26 lb ai/A with a
two-week reapplication interval) exposure scenarios with upper bound
EECs and an NOAEC of 309 mg ai/kg-diet, the chronic LOC is exceeded only
when the maximum scenario is assumed. With four broadcast spray
applications at 0.75 lb ai/A, the RQ of 1.6 for birds feeding on short
grass exceeds the chronic LOC of 1. However, there are no LOC
exceedances for birds feeding on the other assessed feed items for the
maximum scenario and for birds feeding on all the assessed feed items
when the minimum exposure scenario is assumed. Although there is an
exceedance of the chronic LOC based on the maximum exposure scenario,
the potential risk for adverse effects to growth and reproduction is
based on the assumption that birds occupy the area permanently and are
feeding on short grass exclusively within the treated areas where
turfgrasses are grown. To the extent that those birds do not reside
permanently within the treated area, exposure will be less and risk is
presumably less. In addition, there are no LOC exceedances for both
scenarios when the mean EECs are assumed. 

Chronic risks to birds from banded spray applications to ground surfaces
are not estimated due to model limitations; given that banded sprays are
applied along the perimeter of lawns, landscape beds, sidewalks, curbs,
parking lots, driveways, posts, mailboxes, building structures, and
other similar areas where turfgrasses are grown rather than on an
one-acre field as T-REX assumes; exposure to birds from banded
applications will be lower than broadcast applications; thus, risk will
be presumably less but not ruled out since the LOC was exceeded for
broadcast applications.

 

c.	Potential Chronic Risks from Direct Ingestion of Granules

EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic risk to birds
from granular applications.  The following chronic exposure estimation
and risk characterization for birds considers granular routes of
exposure including direct ingestion of soil invertebrates that have
bioconcentrated pesticide residues of granules in soil; thus, EFED has
taken further steps to characterize the potential for chronic risk to
avian species exposed to flurprimidol granules. Based on the highest EEC
of flurprimidol in earthworm tissue (35 µg a.i./kg) and lowest avian
NOAEC of 309 mg a.i./kg-diet, the chronic LOC is not exceeded (Table
VI-2) and is 8800x lower than the modeled EEC for insectivorous birds
exposed to flurprimidol granules via ingestion of earthworms at the
maximum application rate of 3.0 lb a.i./A (see Appendix D). For birds,
direct consumption of granules and dose-based risk quotients for direct
consumption of earthworm are not calculated for the chronic risk
estimation, the risks are unknown. 

Table VI-2.  Dietary-based Chronic RQ for Insectivorous Birds

Application Rate	

Body Weight (g)	

Earthworm EEC

(mg/kg-earthworm)	

NOAEC

(mg a.i./kg)	

Chronic RQa

3.0 lb a.i./A	All	0.035	309	<0.1

a Chronic RQ = Earthworm EEC / NOAEC. 

		2.	Terrestrial-phase Amphibians and Reptiles

a.    	Potential Acute Risks from Broadcast and Banded Spray
Applications to Foliar and Ground Surfaces and Direct Ingestion of
Granules

EFED currently uses data on surrogate species (birds) to assess
non-target terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. Based on the
evaluation of potential acute risks to birds, potential acute risks to
reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians are also lower than the
Agency’s listed species level of concern. Thus, reptiles and
terrestrial-phase amphibians would not be at risk for adverse effects on
survival from granular or foliar consumption. However, the evaluation
also indicates there is an uncertainty for listed reptiles and
amphibians because the upper bound EECs were higher than 1/10th of the
highest doses tested in the acute oral and dietary studies with birds. 

b. 	Potential Chronic Risks from Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar
and Ground Surfaces.

Based on the evaluation of potential chronic risks to birds from foliar
sprays, potential chronic risks to reptiles and terrestrial-phase
amphibians are also higher than the Agency’s listed species level of
concern. Thus, reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians would be at
risk for adverse effects on reproduction and growth from foliar
consumption. Similar to birds, exposure to reptiles and
terrestrial-phase amphibians from banded applications to ground surfaces
will be lower than broadcast applications; thus, risk will be presumably
less but not ruled out. 

c.	Potential Chronic Risks from Direct Ingestion of Granules

Based on the evaluation of potential chronic risks to birds from
ingestion of soil invertebrates as one of the granular routes, potential
chronic risks to reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians are also
lower than the Agency’s listed species level of concern. Thus,
reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians would not be at risk for
adverse effects on reproduction and growth from indirect granule (soil
invertebrate) consumption with flurprimidol residues. However, the
chronic risk from direct granule consumption is unknown.

		3.	Mammals

a.	Potential Acute Risks from Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar
Surfaces

Acute RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces (Reg. No.
67690-15, Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator)

Based on the maximum exposure scenario (four broadcast spray
applications of 0.75 lb ai/A with a reapplication interval of 2 week)
using Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator (Reg. No. 67690-15) and maximum
predicted EECs, the acute mammalian dose-based risk quotients for
broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces exceed the acute
restricted use and endangered species LOCs for 15 g and 35 g mammals
consuming short grass and the endangered species LOC is exceeded for
1000 g mammals consuming short grass and for 15 g and 35 g mammals
consuming tall grass, broadleaves and small insects. In addition, there
is an exceedance of the endangered species LOC for 15g mammals consuming
short grass when mean predicted EECs are assumed. 

A closer look of the terrestrial assessment indicates that for 15 g
mammals feeding on short grass, the endangered species LOC is exceeded
if flurprimidol is applied at least once and for 35 g mammals feeding on
short grass, it requires two or more applications to exceed the LOC. It
requires three or more applications for potential risk to 1000 g mammals
feeding on short grass with residues of the active ingredient.

For the lower (minimum) exposure scenario (12 broadcast spray
applications of 0.26 lb ai/A with a reapplication interval of 2 week)
and maximum predicted EECs, the endangered species LOC is exceeded for
15g and 35g mammals consuming short grass. However, there are no LOC
exceedances with mean predicted EECs. 

b.	Potential Acute Risks from Banded Spray Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Acute LD50/ft2 – Banded Spray Applications to Ground Surfaces (Reg.
No. 67690-46, SP5075 Turf Growth Regulator)

Based on the maximum exposure scenario for banded spray applications to
ground surfaces using the SP5075 Turf Growth Regulator product and
intermediate EECs, the acute mammalian LD50/ft2 exceed the acute
restricted use and endangered species LOCs for 15 g mammals while the
endangered species LOC is exceeded for 35 g mammals inhabiting the
treated areas where flurprimidol is applied to the ground. The RQs
ranged from 0.01 to 0.31 for a banded spray application to ground
surface at 0.69 lb a.i./A, respectively, with small-sized mammals
affected the most when exposed.

c.	Potential Acute Risks from Direct Ingestion of Granules

Acute LD50/ft2 – Broadcast Granular Applications to Ground Surfaces
(Reg. No. 67690-19, Turf Fertilizer – Contains Cutless 0.5% and Reg.
No. 67690-13, Cutless 0.33G Landscape Growth Regulator)

Based on one broadcast application of granules at 3.0 lb a.i./A using
either the turf fertilizer (Reg. No. 67690-19) or landscape regulator
(Reg. No. 67690-13) product and intermediate EECs, the acute risk,
restricted use, and endangered species LOCs are exceeded for 15 g and 35
g mammals inhabiting the treated areas. However, for broadcast
applications of granules to ground surfaces at 0.75 lb a.i./A and 3-week
intervals, the restricted use and endangered species LOCs are exceeded
for 15 g mammals and the endangered species LOC is exceeded for 35 g
mammals. 

Acute LD50/ft2 – Banded Granular Applications to Ground Surfaces (Reg.
No. 67690-44, Turf Fertilizer – Contains Cutless 0.17% and Reg. No.
67690-13, Cutless 0.33G Landscape Growth Regulator)

Based on banded applications of granules at 1.5 lb a.i./A and 8-week
intervals using either the turf fertilizer (Reg. No. 67690-44) or
landscape regulator (Reg. No. 67690-13) product and intermediate EECs,
the RQ of 0.67 for 15 g mammals exceed the acute risk, restricted use,
and endangered species LOCs, the RQ of 0.35 for 35 g mammals exceed the
acute restricted use and endangered species LOCs, and the RQ of 0.03 for
1000 g mammals does not exceeded any of the LOCs. 

d.	Number of Granules Needed to be Consumed by a Mammal to Achieve
Toxicity Thresholds

To better characterize the risks to mammals, this baseline risk
assessment also estimates the minimum foraging area (square feet) needed
to allow for direct ingestion of sufficient mass of flurprimidol
granules to achieve a dose that exceeds the adjusted LD50 by assuming
that a mammal consumes 100%, 50% or 10% of the available granules
depending on mammal’s weight class. In order to derive a first
approximation of acute exposure and risk to granular flurprimidol for
mammals that may directly consume granules, the TREX model takes into
account that 100% of mammal’s diet is comprised of granules. 
Therefore, EFED has taken further steps to characterize the potential
for acute risk to mammalian species by evaluating how much area would
need to be foraged to achieve the amount of flurprimidol granules
necessary to trigger the Agency’s Levels of Concern (LOCs). Tables
VI-3, VI-4, and VI-5 calculate the number of granules and minimum
foraging area needed to exceed Agency’s LOCs at 0.75 lb a.i./A, 1.5 lb
a.i./A, and 3.0 lb a.i./A granular flurprimidol.

Table VI-3.  Estimates of the number of granules, and minimum area
foraged needed for a 15g, 35g, and 1000g mammal to achieve the EEC that
would trigger an exceedance of the adjusted LD50, acute risk LOC (0.5),
and endangered species risk (0.5) levels of concern (LOCs) based on an
application rate of 0.75 lb a.i./A

	Mammal Size (grams)

	15	35	1000

No. of Consumed Granules Required to Reach the Specified LOC	Adjusted
LD50	24	44	545

	Acute Risk LOC (0.5)	12	22	273

	Endangered Species LOC (0.1)	3	5	55

Area of Field to be Foraged (square feet) to Achieve the Endangered
Species LOC Based on Application Rate of 0.75 lb/A.*	Assuming a 100%
Feeding Efficiency	0.3	0.6	7

	Assuming a 50% Feeding Efficiency	0.6	1	14

	Assuming a 10% Feeding Efficiency	3.0	6	70

* Immediate EEC = 7.81 mg/square feet (excluding row spacing, bandwidth,
and # of rows input parameters)

In Table VI-3 above, it was estimated that it would take a 15g mammal to
consume 3 granules that would result in an exceedance of the endangered
species LOC.  Based on the application rate of 0.75 lb/A, this number of
granules could be gleaned from 0.3, 0.6, or 3 square feet (within the
treated band) when assuming a 100%, 50%, or 10% feeding efficiency,
respectively.  To achieve an EEC equivalent dose that would result in an
exceedance of the endangered species LOC, a 1000g mammal would have to
consume 55 granules. It was estimated that this number of granules could
be consumed in an area of 7, 14, or 70 square feet when assuming a 100%,
50%, or 10% feeding efficiency, respectively.

Table VI-4 calculates the number of granules and minimum foraging area
needed to exceed Agency’s LOCs at the minimum application rate of 1.5
lb/A granular flurprimidol.

Table VI-4.  Estimates of the number of granules, and minimum area
foraged needed for a 15g, 35g, and 1000g mammal to achieve the EEC that
would trigger an exceedance of the adjusted LD50, acute risk LOC (0.5),
and endangered species risk (0.5) levels of concern (LOCs) based on an
application rate of 1.5 lb/A

	Mammal Size (grams)

	15	35	1000

No. of Consumed Granules Required to Reach the Specified LOC	Adjusted
LD50	24	44	545

	Acute Risk LOC (0.5)	12	22	273

	Endangered Species LOC (0.1)	3	5	55

Area of Field to be Foraged (square feet) to Achieve the Endangered
Species LOC Based on Application Rate of 1.5 lb/A.*	Assuming a 100%
Feeding Efficiency	0.15	0.28	4

	Assuming a 50% Feeding Efficiency	0.3	0.57	7

	Assuming a 10% Feeding Efficiency	1.5	2.83	35

* Immediate EEC = 15.62 mg/square feet (excluding row spacing,
bandwidth, and # of rows input parameters)

In Table VI-4 above, it was estimated that it would take a 15g mammal to
consume 3 granules that would result in an exceedance of the endangered
species LOC.  Based on the application rate of 1.5 lb/A, this number of
granules could be gleaned from 0.15, 0.3, or 1.5 square feet (within the
treated band) when assuming a 100%, 50%, or 10% feeding efficiency,
respectively.  To achieve an EEC equivalent dose that would result in an
exceedance of the endangered species LOC, a 1000g mammal would have to
consume 55 granules. It was estimated that this number of granules could
be consumed in an area of 4, 7, or 35 square feet when assuming a 100%,
50%, or 10% feeding efficiency, respectively.

Table VI-5 calculates the number of granules and minimum foraging area
needed to exceed Agency’s LOCs at the minimum application rate of 3.0
lb/A granular flurprimidol.

Table VI-5.  Estimates of the number of granules, and minimum area
foraged needed for a 15g, 35g, and 1000g mammal to achieve the EEC that
would trigger an exceedance of the adjusted LD50, acute risk LOC (0.5),
and endangered species risk (0.5) levels of concern (LOCs) based on an
application rate of 3.0 lb/A

	Mammal Size (grams)

	15	35	1000

No. of Consumed Granules Required to Reach the Specified LOC	Adjusted
LD50	24	44	545

	Acute Risk LOC (0.5)	12	22	273

	Endangered Species LOC (0.1)	3	5	55

Area of Field to be Foraged (square feet) to Achieve the Endangered
Species LOC Based on Application Rate of 3.0 lb/A.*	Assuming a 100%
Feeding Efficiency	0.07	0.14	1.75

	Assuming a 50% Feeding Efficiency	0.15	0.28	3.5

	Assuming a 10% Feeding Efficiency	0.75	1.4	17.5

* Immediate EEC = 31.24 mg/square feet (excluding row spacing,
bandwidth, and # of rows input parameters)

In Table VI-5 above, it was estimated that it would take a 15g mammal to
consume 3 granules that would result in an exceedance of the endangered
species LOC.  Based on the application rate of 3.0 lb/A, this number of
granules could be gleaned from 0.07, 0.15, or 0.75 square feet (within
the treated band) when assuming a 100%, 50%, or 10% feeding efficiency,
respectively.  To achieve an EEC equivalent dose that would result in an
exceedance of the endangered species LOC, a 1000g mammal would have to
consume 55 granules. It was estimated that this number of granules could
be consumed in an area of 1.75, 3.5, or 17.5 square feet when assuming a
100%, 50%, or 10% feeding efficiency, respectively.

e. 	Potential Chronic Risks from Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar
Surfaces

Chronic RQs – Broadcast Spray Applications to Foliar Surfaces (Reg.
No. 67690-15, Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator)

Based on the maximum exposure scenario (four broadcast spray
applications of 0.75 lb ai/A with a reapplication interval of 2 week)
using Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator (Reg. No. 67690-15) and maximum
predicted EECs, the chronic mammalian dose-based risk quotients for
broadcast spray applications to foliar surfaces exceed the Chronic LOC
for mammals of all weight classes consuming all the assessed feed items
except for 1000 g mammals consuming fruits, seeds, and large insects. In
addition, there is an exceedance of the Chronic LOC for mammals of all
weight classes consuming all assessed feed items except fruits, seeds,
and large insects when mean predicted EECs are assumed. 

A closer look of the terrestrial assessment indicates that for 15 g, 35
g, and 1000 g mammals feeding on any of the assessed feed items except
fruits, seeds, and large insects, the chronic LOC is exceeded after one
application of flurprimidol.

For the lower (minimum) exposure scenario (12 broadcast spray
applications of 0.26 lb ai/A with a reapplication interval of 2 week)
and maximum predicted EECs, the Chronic LOC is exceeded for mammals of
all weight classes consuming all the assessed feed items except for
fruits, seeds, and large insects. However, the mean predicted EECs did
not remove the LOC exceedances for mammals of all weight classes
consuming short grass, tall grass, broadleaves, and small insects. 

f. 	Potential Chronic Risks from Banded Spray Applications to Ground
Surfaces

Chronic LD50/ft2 – Banded Spray Applications to Ground Surfaces (Reg.
No. 67690-46, SP5075 Turf Growth Regulator)

Chronic risks to mammals from banded spray applications to ground
surfaces are not estimated due to model limitations; given that banded
sprays are applied along the perimeter of lawns, landscape beds,
sidewalks, curbs, parking lots, driveways, posts, mailboxes, building
structures, and other similar areas where turfgrasses are grown rather
than on an one-acre field as T-REX assumes; exposure to mammals from
banded applications will be lower than broadcast applications; thus,
risk will be presumably less but not ruled out since the RQs were high
for broadcast applications.

g.	Potential Chronic Risks from Direct Ingestion of Granules

Similar to birds, EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic
risk to mammals from granular applications.  The following chronic
exposure estimation and risk characterization for mammals considers
granular routes of exposure including direct ingestion of soil
invertebrates that have bioconcentrated pesticide residues of granules
in soil; thus, EFED has taken further steps to characterize the
potential for chronic risk to mammalian species exposed to flurprimidol
granules. Based on the highest EEC of flurprimidol in earthworm tissue
(35 µg a.i./kg) and lowest mammalian NOAEC of 100 mg a.i./kg-diet, the
chronic LOC is not exceeded (Table VI-6) and is 2860x lower than the
modeled EEC for insectivorous mammals exposed to flurprimidol granules
via ingestion of earthworms at the maximum application rate of 3.0 lb
a.i./A (see Appendix D). Similar to birds, direct consumption of
granules and dose-based risk quotients for direct consumption of
earthworm are not calculated for the chronic risk estimation, the risks
are unknown. 

Table VI-6.  Dietary-based Chronic RQ for Insectivorous Mammals

Application Rate	

Body Weight (g)	

Earthworm EEC

(mg/kg-earthworm)	

NOAEC

(mg a.i./kg)	

Chronic RQa

3.0 lb a.i./A	All	0.035	100	<0.1

a Chronic RQ = Earthworm EEC / NOAEC. 

		4.	Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates

Since a definitive acute toxicity threshold was not established in the
submitted earthworm study, acute soil invertebrates RQs were not
estimated for earthworm. Flurprimidol is categorized as practically
non-toxic on an acute basis to earthworms (acute LD50 >100 mg ai/kg).
Risk is expected to be minimal for soil-dwelling invertebrates burrowing
soils with flurprimidol residues; soil-dwelling invertebrate species are
not at risk for adverse effects to survival from acute exposure to
flurprimidol as a result of the labeled uses.

		5.	Beneficial Insects	

The available terrestrial insect toxicity data, based on tests with
honeybees, suggest that flurprimidol is practically non-toxic to bees on
an acute contact basis. The LD50 value was >100 µg ai/bee. Risk to
beneficial insects in the direct treatment area exposed to the AI is
expected to be minimal; consequently, precautionary labeling for
honeybee protections is not required at this time.  

		6.	Terrestrial Plants		

Based on the use scenarios assessed and the available toxicity
information, the non-listed and listed plant LOCs (LOC >1) were exceeded
for terrestrial plants exposed to flurprimidol (Table V-16), depending
on which label is used. For instance, spray drift is not a concern for
flurprimidol except when a 0.75 lb a.i./A foliar spray is applied. The
listed plant LOC was exceeded for all use scenarios with the exception
of monocots in dry areas based on one broadcast foliar application at
0.26 lb ai/A and one broadcast application of granules at 0.75 lb ai/A.
There is some uncertainty regarding the potential risk to terrestrial
plants because flurprimidol regulates plant growth without killing the
plants as seen in the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor toxicity
studies with monocots and dicots. Thus, it is possible that flurprimidol
is not lethal to terrestrial plants. It is uncertain of the impact on
endangered and threatened plants inhabiting areas adjacent to treated
areas when exposed to flurprimidol as a result of spray drift and
runoff. However, when those plants come in contact with flurprimidol, it
is anticipated that reduced growth or a delay in growth will be
observed, but it is uncertain how flurprimidol will affect one’s
ability to survive, grow, and reproduce.

C.  	Review of Incident Data

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 A search of the EIIS (Environmental Incident
Information System) database for ecological incidents (searched on April
5, 2010) reported no adverse ecological incidents.

	D.   	Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

As required under FFDCA section 408(p), EPA has developed the Endocrine
Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) to determine whether certain
substances (including pesticide active and other ingredients) may have
an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect produced by a
“naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the
Administrator may designate.”  The EDSP employs a two-tiered approach
to making the statutorily required determinations. Tier 1 consists of a
battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a chemical
substance to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid (E, A, or
T) hormonal systems.  Chemicals that go through Tier 1 screening and are
found to have the potential to interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems
will proceed to the next stage of the EDSP where EPA will determine
which, if any, of the Tier 2 tests are necessary based on the available
data. Tier 2 testing is designed to identify any adverse endocrine
related effects caused by the substance, and establish a dose-response
relationship between the dose and the E, A, or T effect.

Between October 2009 and February 2010, EPA is issuing test orders/data
call-ins for the first group of 67 chemicals, which contains 58
pesticide active ingredients and 9 inert ingredients.  This list of
chemicals was selected based on the potential for human exposure through
pathways such as food and water, residential activity, and certain
post-application agricultural scenarios.  This list should not be
construed as a list of known or likely endocrine disruptors.

Flurprimidol is not among the group of 58 pesticide active ingredients
on the initial list to be screened under the EDSP.  Under FFDCA sec.
408(p) the Agency must screen all pesticide chemicals.  Accordingly, EPA
anticipates issuing future EDSP test orders/data call-ins for all
pesticide active ingredients. 

For further information on the status of the EDSP, the policies and
procedures, the list of 67 chemicals, the test guidelines and the Tier 1
screening battery, please visit our website:  http://www.epa.gov/endo/.

E.  	Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species Concerns

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. Section 1536(a)(2),
requires all federal agencies to ensure that any action they authorize,
fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of a listed species or result in destruction or adverse modification of
designated critical habitat. To jeopardize the continued existence of a
listed species means “to engage in an action that reasonably would be
expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood
of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by
reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of the species”
(50 CFR 402.02).

To facilitate compliance with the requirements of the Endangered Species
Act (subsection (a)(2)), the Office of Pesticide Programs has
established procedures to evaluate whether a proposed registration
action may direct or indirectly appreciably reduce the likelihood of
both the survival and recovery of a listed species (USEPA, 2004.). After
the Agency’s baseline risk assessment is conducted, if any of the
Agency’s listed species LOCs are exceeded for either direct or
indirect effects, an analysis is conducted to determine if any listed or
candidate species could be contaminated from runoff/erosion or direct
ingestion of granules. If listed or candidate species may be present in
the proposed action area, further biological assessment is undertaken.
The extent to which listed species may be at risk is considered, which
then determined the need for development of a more comprehensive
consultation package, as required by the Endangered Species Act. 

The federal action addressed herein is the proposed registration for
nationwide use of flurprimidol on turf grass and ornamentals. According
to the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) 2002 census,
the proposed uses are likely to found everywhere in the States,
especially golf courses and athletic fields. 

			1. 	Action Area

For listed species assessment purposes, the action area is considered to
be the area affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and
not merely the immediate area involved in the action.  At the initial
baseline, the risk assessment considers broadly described taxonomic
groups and so conservatively assumes that listed species within those
broad groups are co-located with the pesticide treatment area.  This
means that terrestrial plants and wildlife are assumed to be located on
or adjacent to the treated site and aquatic animals and plants are
assumed to be located in a surface water body adjacent to the treated
site.  The assessment also assumes that the listed species are located
within an assumed area that has the relatively highest potential
exposure to the pesticide, and that exposures are likely to decrease
with distance from the treatment area.    

At this time EFED cannot make a “no effect” or “may effect”
determination if the assumptions associated with the baseline action
area result in RQs that are below or above the listed species LOCs since
the Service(s) has not identified which listed species and critical
habitat are potentially implicated. Furthermore, if RQs are below the
listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group, this may indicate a
“no concern” for indirect effects upon listed species that depend
upon the taxonomic group covered by the RQ as a resource.  However, in
situations where the baseline assumptions lead to RQs in excess of the
listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group, a potential for a "may
affect" conclusion could exist and may be associated with direct effects
on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group or may extend to
indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon that taxonomic
group as a resource. In such cases, additional information on the
biology of listed species, the locations of these species, and the
locations of use sites could be considered along with available
information on the fate and transport properties of the pesticide to
determine the extent to which baseline assumptions regarding an action
area apply to a particular listed animal.  These subsequent refinement
steps could consider how this information would impact the action area
for a particular listed animal and may potentially include areas of
exposure that are downwind and downstream of the pesticide use site.

			2. 	Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

The baseline risk assessment for listed species indicates these
following taxonomic groups are potentially at risk when exposed to
flurprimidol (Table I-1).

Chronic risk to birds from foraging on short grass with flurprimidol
residues following four broadcast sprays of 0.75 lb a.i./A with a
two-week reapplication interval;

Acute and chronic risks to mammals from foraging on assessed feed items
following any of the broadcast and banded spray applications;

Acute risk to 15 g and 35 g mammals from ingestion of granules following
any of the broadcast and banded granular applications; 

Risks to seedling emergence and vegetative vigor of monocots and dicots
when exposed to flurprimidol as a result of runoff and spray drift
following any application; and

Risks to aquatic vascular plants when exposed to flurprimidol as a
result of runoff and spray drift following any application.

 

				a.	Discussion of Risk Quotients

The Agency’s LOC for endangered birds (surrogate for terrestrial-phase
amphibians and reptiles), mammals, and terrestrial and aquatic vascular
plants is exceeded for the use of flurprimidol as outlined in previous
sections. Should estimated exposure levels occur in proximity to listed
resources, the available baseline information may suggest a potential
concern for direct effects on listed species within these taxonomic
groups listed above associated with the currently supported uses of
flurprimidol. 

		3. 	Indirect Effects Analysis

Modeled exposures for the following taxonomic groups indicate LOC
exceedances for birds and mammals; consequently, there is a potential
for indirect effects to listed species dependent upon birds and mammals
for food, pollination or seed dispersal, or using burrows or cover
requirements for shelter and breeding habitat.  In addition, since birds
serve as the surrogate for terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles,
there is concern for potential indirect effects to listed species
dependent on listed terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. 

In addition, the listed plant LOC was exceeded for terrestrial and
aquatic vascular plants; there is a concern for potential indirect
effects to listed species dependent on terrestrial and/or aquatic
vascular plants for habitat, feeding, or cover requirements. 

4.	Critical Habitat

In the evaluation of pesticide effects on designated critical habitat,
consideration is given to the physical and biological features
(constituent elements) of a critical habitat identified by the U.S Fish
and Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries Services as essential to the
conservation of a listed species and which may require special
management considerations or protection.   The evaluation of impacts for
a baseline pesticide risk assessment focuses on the biological features
that are constituent elements and is accomplished using the baseline
taxonomic analysis (risk quotients, RQs) and listed species levels of
concern (LOCs) that are used to evaluate direct and indirect effects to
listed animals.

The baseline risk assessment has identified potential concerns for
indirect effects on listed species for those animals and plants
dependant upon birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
terrestrial plants, and aquatic vascular plants.  In light of the
potential for indirect effects, the next step for EPA and the Service(s)
is to identify which listed species and critical habitat are potentially
implicated.  Analytically, the identification of such species and
critical habitat can occur in either of two ways.  First, the agencies
could determine whether the action area overlaps critical habitat or the
occupied range of any listed species.  If so, EPA would examine whether
the pesticide's potential impacts on non-listed species would affect the
listed species indirectly or directly affect a constituent element of
the critical habitat.  Alternatively, the agencies could determine which
listed species depend on biological resources, or have constituent
elements that fall into, the taxa that may be directly or indirectly
impacted by the pesticide.  Then EPA would determine whether use of the
pesticide overlaps the critical habitat or the occupied range of those
listed species.  At present, the information reviewed by EPA does not
permit use of either analytical approach to make a definitive
identification of species that are potentially impacted indirectly or
critical habitats that is potentially impacted directly by the use of
the pesticide.  EPA and the Service(s) are working together to conduct
the necessary analysis.

This baseline risk assessment for critical habitat provides a listing of
potential biological features that, if they are constituent elements of
one or more critical habitats would be of potential concern.  These
correspond to the taxa identified above as being of potential concern
for indirect effects and include the following: birds, reptiles,
terrestrial-phase amphibians, mammals, aquatic vascular plants and
terrestrial plants.  This list should serve as an initial step in
problem formulation for further assessment of critical habitat impacts
outlined above, should additional work be necessary.

5.      	Direct Effect Co-occurrence Analysis

For the proposed uses of flurprimidol, LOCATES was run for all listed
birds, reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians, mammals, terrestrial
plants, and aquatic vascular plants to determine the potential for
co-occurrence of listed animal and plant species located within areas of
expected pesticide use. When baseline assessment information suggests
that a listed species occurs in counties where a pesticide is used,
there is a potential for a direct effect from flurprimidol use, should
exposure actually occur.  The taxa that reside in those areas, and the
basis for the designation, are in Table VI-7 and Appendix F. Additional
analysis of listed animal and plants locations, refinement of the action
area associated with flurprimidol regulatory decisions, and the biology
of the potentially affected species would be needed before an effects
determination can be made for any of the co-located species identified
by this assessment.

LOCATES is used to preliminarily identify areas where listed animals and
plants could be located within the counties in USA where the proposed
uses for flurprimidol are labeled. However, LOCATES does not include
county-level location information for non-crop uses, the preliminary
analysis was not performed to identify those areas. Consequently, based
on the information available at this step in the assessment process, it
is presumed that all listed bird, terrestrial-phase amphibian, reptile,
mammals, terrestrial plant, and aquatic plant species are potentially
directly affected from flurprimidol uses for where turf grasses and
ornamentals are grown. Such potential concerns are limited by the true
potential for exposures of critical resources to modeled flurprimidol
levels. LOCATES identified >1200 endangered/threatened bird,
terrestrial-phase amphibian, reptile, mammals, terrestrial plant, and
aquatic plant species located in areas where turf grasses and
ornamentals are grown. Consequently, based on the information available,
it is presumed listed species reside in areas of expected pesticide use
(Table VI-7).

Table VI-7. Number of Listed Species Located Where Turf Grass and
Ornamentals are Grown in the United States of America.

Non-crop	No. of Affected States	No. of Species

Turf grass and ornamentals	All	>1200

6.	Indirect Effect Co-occurrence Analysis

In accordance with established procedures, such findings suggest a
potential concern for indirect effects to listed animal and plant
species with both narrow (i.e., species that are obligates or have very
specific habitat or feeding requirements) and general dependencies
(i.e., cover type requirements) on plants or animals as a resource or
important habitat component. This analysis considered all animal and
plant taxonomic groups (i.e., mammal, bird, amphibian, reptile, fish,
crustacean, mollusks, arachnid, insect, dicot, monocot, ferns,
conf/cycds, and lichen) that depend on those listed animal species;
terrestrial and aquatic plants that require birds as pollinators or seed
dispersers; species that require reptile burrows for shelter or breeding
habitats; and aquatic animals and plants that require cover
requirements. Again, no county-level analysis was performed for the
non-crop uses. The animal and plant species that reside in those areas
and the basis for the designation are summarized in Table VI-8, below.
Such potential concerns are limited by the true potential for exposures
of critical animal and plant species resources to modeled flurprimidol
levels and the relationship between ‘directly affected’ listed
species and ‘indirectly affected’ listed species. Consequently,
additional analysis of listed species locations, refinement of the
action area associated with flurprimidol regulatory decisions, and the
biology of the potentially affected species would be needed before an
effects determination can be made for any of the co-located species
identified by this assessment for potential indirect effects.

Table VI-8. Listed Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk for Direct or
Indirect Effects as a Result of Flurprimidol Applications (Applications
are for Terrestrial and Residential Outdoor Uses where Turf Grass and
Ornamentals are grown Nationwide)

Listed Taxon	Direct Effects	Use of Direct Effects Concern	Indirect
Effects	Use of Indirect Effects Concern

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants	Yes	All	Yes3,4,5,6	All

Beneficial Insects	No	None	Yes3,4,5,6	All

Birds, Reptiles, Terrestrial-phase Amphibians1	Yes	All	Yes3,4,5,6	All

Mammals	Yes	All	Yes3,4,5	All

Aquatic Vascular Plants	Yes	All	Yes3,4,5	All

Freshwater Fish and Aquatic-phase Amphibians2	No	None	Yes5,6	All

Freshwater Crustaceans	No	None	Yes5,6	All

Freshwater Mollusks	No	None	Yes5,6	All

Estuarine/marine Fish 	No	None	No	None

Estuarine/marine Crustaceans	No	None	No	None

Estuarine/marine Mollusks	No	None	No	None

Aquatic Nonvascular Plants	No	None	Yes3,4,5,6	All

1     Birds are used as surrogate species for terrestrial-phase
amphibians and reptiles; therefore, potential direct and indirect
effects to endangered avian, terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptilian
species are considered equivalent.

Fish are used as a surrogate for aquatic phase amphibians; therefore,
potential direct and indirect effects to endangered fish and
aquatic-phase amphibian species are considered equivalent.

Potential indirect effects on a taxon attributable to direct effects on
birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles.

Potential indirect effects on a taxon attributable to direct effects on
mammals.

Potential indirect effects on a taxon attributable to direct effects on
terrestrial dicots and monocots.

Potential indirect effects on a taxon attributable to direct effects on
alga and diatoms.

VII.	Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths,
and Data Gaps

Limitations of available methods of assessing risk and gaps in submitted
data lead to uncertainty in risk conclusions.  In assessing risk from
flurprimidol use, major uncertainties arise from lack of tools to
estimate exposure from limited residential use patterns in urban areas
and outdoor use patterns in golf resorts, forestry, right-of-way, and
industrial areas.  Assumptions have therefore been made which are
expected to lead to conservative estimates of risk.

	A.	Use Pattern

Flurprimidol is labeled for outdoor and residential uses only and
application rates are expressed as pounds active ingredient per gallon. 
Quantifying risk, then, requires that assumptions be made about volume
applied so that rates can be determined in terms of the amount of active
ingredient applied per unit area, expressed as lbs a.i./A.  This may not
be representative of the small-scale residential and outdoor uses for
which some flurprimidol products are intended.    Additionally, the
maximum number of applications allowed is not specified, and so an upper
bound was estimated based on the length of the growing season and the
minimum application interval.  This led to an assumption of multiple
applications per year, which is likely to be greater than in typical
use.  For modeling purposes, it is assumed that flurprimidol is applied
at this rate over the entire field considered by modeling applications. 
These assumptions about use and application are conservative and
expected to lead to overestimation of risk.

	B.	Environmental Fate and Transport

The environmental fate database for parent flurprimidol is largely
complete.  The primary data gaps are in identifying degradates and
characterizing their fate.  Several major degradates have not been
identified.  Understanding of the fate properties of the major
degradates is limited due to lack of fate studies for these compounds
and deficiencies in studies of the parent compound.

	C.	Aquatic Exposure Estimates 

Aquatic exposure estimates were developed using GENEEC2, a Tier I
screening level model designed to estimate high level potential exposure
in vulnerable environments.  The model uses a chemical's label
application information, its soil/water partition data and its
degradation kinetics to estimate exposure values in a standard
agricultural field / farm pond scenario.  The program is generic in that
it does not consider differences in climate, soils, topography or crop
in estimating potential pesticide exposure.  The standard pond scenario
assumes that rainfall onto a treated, 10 hectare agricultural field
causes pesticide-laden runoff into a one hectare; 20,000 cubic meter
volume; 2.00 meter deep water-body.  The farm pond represents a well
mixed, static water body which has no flow through and so does not
account for pesticide removal through flow through or water releases.
The standard runoff scenario assumes uniform soils and agronomic
management practices across the standard 10 hectare field.

This standard pond scenario is designed to represent agricultural uses
and may not be representative of residential uses like those of
flurprimidol.  The model requires assumptions about the use pattern for
flurprimidol, as described above, which are expected to lead to
overestimates of exposure.  The model also cannot account for some
factors specific to residential uses such as banded or spot treatments. 
Default assumptions about spray drift are likely to be conservative for
the hose-end and tank-type sprayers used for application of
flurprimidol.  Residential areas include both pervious and impervious
surfaces; pesticides are usually applied to pervious surfaces with some
reaching impervious surfaces through overspray.  Tier I modeling does
not account for the different runoff characteristics of these surfaces. 
The assumption that the entire 10-ha area is treated with flurprimidol
is will outweigh any of these uncertainties.

Due to these uncertainties, estimates of risk to aquatic organisms are
likely to be overprotective, but these estimates did not result in LOC
exceedances for any risk categories for which there were toxicity data
available.  

	D.	Terrestrial Exposure Estimates 

The TREX model was used to estimates potential exposure to terrestrial
animals.  The model assumes a default half-life of 35 days for residues
on food items.  Based on the rapid photolysis observed in flurprimidol
fate studies, it is possible that this half-life is over   conservative.
 The model also assumes that birds and mammals are feeding exclusively
within areas where flurprimidol is used.  Given the small-scale nature
of the use, it is unlikely that animals will obtain all dietary items
within the treated area.  Additionally, terrestrial exposure estimates
rely on the same conservative assumptions about application rates as
discussed above.  Some underestimation of exposure is possible due to
the fact that estimates are based primarily on dietary consumption of
foliar residues and do not account for ingestion of residues by animals
in drinking water or contaminated grit, ingestion through preening
activities, or uptake through inhalation or dermal absorption by
terrestrial animals.  Along with the other conservative assumptions
used, though, estimates of terrestrial exposure are still expected to be
overprotective.

	E.	Ecological Effects

 Species Selection and Sensitivity

There are a number of areas of uncertainty in the terrestrial and the
aquatic animal risk assessments that could potentially cause an
underestimation of risk. Use of toxicity data on representative species
does not provide information on the potential variability in
susceptibility to acute and chronic exposures.  For baseline terrestrial
risk assessments, a generic bird or mammal is assumed to occupy either
the treated field or adjacent areas receiving the pesticide at a rate
commensurate with the treatment rate on the field.  The actual habitat
requirements of any particular terrestrial species are not considered,
and it is assumed that species occupy, exclusively and permanently, the
treated area being modeled.  This assumption leads to a maximum level of
exposure in the risk assessment.   

Although the baseline risk assessment relies on a selected toxicity
endpoint from the most sensitive species tested, it does not necessarily
mean that the selected toxicity endpoints reflect sensitivity of the
most sensitive species existing in a given environment.  The relative
position of the most sensitive species tested in the distribution of all
possible species is a function of the overall variability among species
to a particular chemical.  In the case of listed species, there is
uncertainty regarding the relationship of the listed species'
sensitivity and the most sensitive species tested.

Surrogates were used to predict potential risks for species with no data
(i.e., reptiles and amphibians). It was assumed that the use of
surrogate effects data is sufficiently conservative to apply to the
broad range of species within taxonomic groups. If other species are
more or less sensitive to flurprimidol than the surrogates, risks may be
under- or overestimated, respectively. In addition, since
terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles do not produce eggs in the
same manner as birds, EFED is uncertain how the observed adverse effects
in avian reproduction studies will affect reproduction in
terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles.

Age class and sensitivity of effects thresholds

Scientists generally recognize that the age of the test animal may have
a significant effect on the observed sensitivity to a toxicant.  In a
baseline assessment of acute toxicity in fish, data are collected on
juveniles weighing 0.1 to 5 grams.  For aquatic invertebrates, the
recommended acute testing is performed on immature age classes (e.g.,
first instar for daphnids, second instar for amphipods, stoneflies and
mayflies, and third instar for midges).  Similarly, acute dietary
testing with birds is also performed on juveniles, with mallard ducks
tested at 5-10 days of age and quail at 10-14 days of age.

Testing of juveniles may overestimate the toxicity of direct acting
pesticides in adults. As juvenile animals do not have fully developed
metabolic systems, they may not possess the ability to transform and
detoxify xenobiotics equivalent to the older/adult animal. The baseline
risk assessment has no current provisions for a generally applied method
that accounts for this uncertainty.  In so far as the available toxicity
data may provide ranges of sensitivity information with respect to age
class, the risk assessment uses the most sensitive life-stage
information as the conservative baseline endpoint.

VIII.		Literature Cited  

Burns, L. A.  2004.  EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System) Version
2.98.04.  Environmental Research Laboratory. (04/25/05)  U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, GA

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger.  1994.  Literature
review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain (Kenaga) nomogram, an
instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants.  Environ. Tox.
Chem. 13:1383-1391.

Hoerger, F., and E.E. Kenaga.  1972.  Pesticide residues on plants:
Correlation of representative data as a basis for estimation of their
magnitude in the environment.  In F. Coulston and F. Korte, eds.,
Environmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology,
Georg Thieme Publ, Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-28.

Suarez, L.A., 2006. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and
Nitrogen Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual
for Release 3.12.2.   EPA/600/R-05/111 September 2006, revision a.

Suarez, L.A., 2006. PRZM-3. A Model for Predicting Pesticide and
Nitrogen Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual
for Release 3.12.2.   EPA/600/R-05/111 September 2006, Revision A. 

USDA. 2002. National Agricultural Statistics Service. United States
Department of Agriculture. Available online at:
http://www.nass.usda.gov/.

USEPA. 1998.  Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.  Risk
Assessment Forum, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. 
EPA/630/R-95/002F.  April 1998. 

USEPA. 1993.  Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Volume I of II. 
EPA/600/R-93/187a. Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C.
20460.

USEPA. 2001. (Gen)eric (E)stimated (E)nvironmental (C)oncentration 
Model  (GENEEC2). Version 2.0 August 1, 2001. Environmental Fate and
Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Arlington, VA

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the
Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of
Pesticide Programs, Washington DC. 100 pp. January 23, 2004.

USEPA. 2006. User’s Guide: TerrPlant version 1.2.2. United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Fate and Effects
Division. Office of Pesticide Programs.  U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.  Washington, D.C.  December 26, 2006.  

USEPA. 2008. User’s Guide: T-REX Version 1.4.1 (Terrestrial Residue
Exposure model).  United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Washington, D.C.  December 11,
2008.  

USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the
Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1, [10/22/09].
United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide
Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Arlington

Willis, G. H., and L. L. McDowell, 1987.  Pesticide Persistence on
Foliage. 

         Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 
100:23-73.

 

APPENDIX A:  GENEEC EECs

RUN No.   5 FOR 690-46           ON   0.26 12       * INPUT VALUES * 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   .260(  3.008)  12  14       2.8  130.0   GRHIFI(  6.6)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      127.64      127.06        123.73        116.56        111.46

RUN No.   1 FOR 690-46           ON   0.69          * INPUT VALUES * 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   .690(  3.272)   5  56       2.8  130.0   GRHIFI(  6.6)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      138.32      137.69        134.08        126.31        120.78

   RUN No.   3 FOR 690-19           ON   .75           * INPUT VALUES * 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   .750(  2.955)   4  21       2.8  130.0   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      116.99      116.43        113.34        106.71        102.00

   RUN No.   8 FOR 67690-19         ON   3 1 app       * INPUT VALUES * 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

  3.000(  3.000)   1   1       2.8  130.0   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      118.76      118.19        115.06        108.33        103.54

   RUN No.  14 FOR 690-17           ON   1.5 by 3 5    * INPUT VALUES * 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.500(  2.960)   2  56       2.8  130.0   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      117.19      116.63        113.53        106.89        102.17

--------------------------------------------------------------------

   RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

    ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   .750(  2.970)   4  14       2.8  130.0   GRHIFI(  6.6)    .0    .0

   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

   1444.00        0          N/A      1.40-  173.60      .00    173.60

   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

   --------------------------------------------------------------------

      126.97      126.39        123.08        115.96        110.89

APPENDIX B.  PRZM /EXAMS EEC and Output

stored as FLn1G.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: FLnurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Tueday, 27 May 2008 at
11:22:34

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w12839.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	19.2	19.03	18.37	17.02	16.17	5.679

1962	40.84	40.52	39.38	37.28	35.5	18.07

1963	27.71	27.52	26.89	25.46	24.37	20.29

1964	34.65	34.38	33.36	31.24	29.81	19.08

1965	27.15	26.99	26.72	25.75	24.76	19.27

1966	18.39	18.29	17.88	16.98	16.32	14.1

1967	65.79	65.29	64.01	60.07	57.27	26.28

1968	53.32	52.92	51.72	48.7	46.69	35.39

1969	34.24	34.06	33.3	31.6	30.38	26.52

1970	22.17	22.06	21.57	20.59	19.8	17.23

1971	14.7	14.6	14.27	13.66	13.16	11.32

1972	15.44	15.32	14.88	14	13.4	9.437

1973	45.37	45.16	44.27	42.26	40.33	19.35

1974	77.59	76.96	74.75	70.41	67.3	36.97

1975	51.54	51.18	50.05	47.51	45.44	38.33

1976	36.28	36.12	35.16	33.22	31.8	26.66

1977	28.86	28.69	28.4	27.15	26.05	20.59

1978	19.27	19.16	18.7	17.72	17.04	14.98

1979	13.89	13.82	13.67	13.21	12.69	10.43

1980	43.53	43.27	42.4	39.59	37.62	17.46

1981	42.34	42.18	41.1	38.63	36.78	25.33

1982	26.69	26.53	25.84	24.35	23.32	19.93

1983	16.92	16.8	16.63	15.96	15.38	13.13

1984	50.84	50.41	49.95	46.86	44.47	21.07

1985	109	109	106	99.46	94.69	48.2

1986	67.86	67.44	65.7	61.93	59.25	45.62

1987	36.17	36.01	35.58	33.73	32.33	26.41

1988	75.73	75.1	73.48	68.63	65.04	34.25

1989	52.28	51.92	50.65	47.91	45.77	37.1

1990	45.53	45.27	44.44	42.07	40.38	30.13

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	109	109	106	99.46	94.69	48.2

0.0645161290322581	77.59	76.96	74.75	70.41	67.3	45.62

0.0967741935483871	75.73	75.1	73.48	68.63	65.04	38.33

0.129032258064516	67.86	67.44	65.7	61.93	59.25	37.1

0.161290322580645	65.79	65.29	64.01	60.07	57.27	36.97

0.193548387096774	53.32	52.92	51.72	48.7	46.69	35.39

0.225806451612903	52.28	51.92	50.65	47.91	45.77	34.25

0.258064516129032	51.54	51.18	50.05	47.51	45.44	30.13

0.290322580645161	50.84	50.41	49.95	46.86	44.47	26.66

0.32258064516129	45.53	45.27	44.44	42.26	40.38	26.52

0.354838709677419	45.37	45.16	44.27	42.07	40.33	26.41

0.387096774193548	43.53	43.27	42.4	39.59	37.62	26.28

0.419354838709677	42.34	42.18	41.1	38.63	36.78	25.33

0.451612903225806	40.84	40.52	39.38	37.28	35.5	21.07

0.483870967741936	36.28	36.12	35.58	33.73	32.33	20.59

0.516129032258065	36.17	36.01	35.16	33.22	31.8	20.29

0.548387096774194	34.65	34.38	33.36	31.6	30.38	19.93

0.580645161290323	34.24	34.06	33.3	31.24	29.81	19.35

0.612903225806452	28.86	28.69	28.4	27.15	26.05	19.27

0.645161290322581	27.71	27.52	26.89	25.75	24.76	19.08

0.67741935483871	27.15	26.99	26.72	25.46	24.37	18.07

0.709677419354839	26.69	26.53	25.84	24.35	23.32	17.46

0.741935483870968	22.17	22.06	21.57	20.59	19.8	17.23

0.774193548387097	19.27	19.16	18.7	17.72	17.04	14.98

0.806451612903226	19.2	19.03	18.37	17.02	16.32	14.1

0.838709677419355	18.39	18.29	17.88	16.98	16.17	13.13

0.870967741935484	16.92	16.8	16.63	15.96	15.38	11.32

0.903225806451613	15.44	15.32	14.88	14	13.4	10.43

0.935483870967742	14.7	14.6	14.27	13.66	13.16	9.437

0.967741935483871	13.89	13.82	13.67	13.21	12.69	5.679

0.1	74.943	74.334	72.702	67.96	64.461	38.207

					Average of yearly averages:	23.6202

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: FLn1G

Metfile:	w12839.dvf

PRZM scenario:	FLnurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	1	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	3.36	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.00	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.00	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	08-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as MIn1G.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: MInurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Sunday, 30 September 2007
at 23:05:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w14840.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:06

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	11.26	11.19	10.96	10.43	9.988	6.402

1962	10.69	10.68	10.47	10.09	9.801	7.558

1963	13.33	13.3	13.04	12.38	11.88	8.666

1964	13.42	13.34	13.12	12.67	12.23	9.182

1965	14.89	14.8	14.51	13.83	13.3	9.997

1966	18.9	18.79	18.38	17.82	17.2	12.46

1967	14.5	14.43	14.23	13.63	13.13	10.47

1968	13.09	13.05	12.81	12.3	11.87	9.223

1969	19.11	19.03	18.92	18.12	17.45	12.55

1970	11.4	11.37	11.27	11.02	10.86	9.149

1971	15.4	15.31	14.92	14.13	13.62	10.21

1972	18.31	18.28	18.08	17.52	16.94	12.66

1973	11.47	11.43	11.35	11.1	11.02	9.441

1974	14.27	14.19	13.88	13.5	13.08	9.9

1975	14.56	14.55	14.4	13.77	13.26	10.12

1976	28.89	28.74	28.13	26.73	25.62	17.63

1977	31.08	30.93	30.4	28.85	27.63	20.52

1978	34.9	34.77	34.44	33.5	32.37	23.96

1979	26.98	26.85	26.55	25.45	24.62	19.69

1980	16.92	16.85	16.63	16.16	15.86	13.33

1981	16.99	16.94	16.65	15.85	15.25	11.82

1982	26.64	26.59	26.27	25.52	24.65	17.72

1983	29.22	29.05	28.85	28.01	27.26	20.31

1984	25.47	25.45	25.36	24.63	23.85	18.54

1985	20.34	20.23	19.88	19.3	18.67	14.83

1986	21.66	21.53	21.04	20.32	19.67	14.93

1987	22	21.86	21.38	20.43	19.79	15.4

1988	19.04	18.92	18.68	18.07	17.37	13.67

1989	15.79	15.71	15.58	15.32	14.97	11.95

1990	27.57	27.38	26.93	25.95	25.03	17.88

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	34.9	34.77	34.44	33.5	32.37	23.96

0.0645161290322581	31.08	30.93	30.4	28.85	27.63	20.52

0.0967741935483871	29.22	29.05	28.85	28.01	27.26	20.31

0.129032258064516	28.89	28.74	28.13	26.73	25.62	19.69

0.161290322580645	27.57	27.38	26.93	25.95	25.03	18.54

0.193548387096774	26.98	26.85	26.55	25.52	24.65	17.88

0.225806451612903	26.64	26.59	26.27	25.45	24.62	17.72

0.258064516129032	25.47	25.45	25.36	24.63	23.85	17.63

0.290322580645161	22	21.86	21.38	20.43	19.79	15.4

0.32258064516129	21.66	21.53	21.04	20.32	19.67	14.93

0.354838709677419	20.34	20.23	19.88	19.3	18.67	14.83

0.387096774193548	19.11	19.03	18.92	18.12	17.45	13.67

0.419354838709677	19.04	18.92	18.68	18.07	17.37	13.33

0.451612903225806	18.9	18.79	18.38	17.82	17.2	12.66

0.483870967741936	18.31	18.28	18.08	17.52	16.94	12.55

0.516129032258065	16.99	16.94	16.65	16.16	15.86	12.46

0.548387096774194	16.92	16.85	16.63	15.85	15.25	11.95

0.580645161290323	15.79	15.71	15.58	15.32	14.97	11.82

0.612903225806452	15.4	15.31	14.92	14.13	13.62	10.47

0.645161290322581	14.89	14.8	14.51	13.83	13.3	10.21

0.67741935483871	14.56	14.55	14.4	13.77	13.26	10.12

0.709677419354839	14.5	14.43	14.23	13.63	13.13	9.997

0.741935483870968	14.27	14.19	13.88	13.5	13.08	9.9

0.774193548387097	13.42	13.34	13.12	12.67	12.23	9.441

0.806451612903226	13.33	13.3	13.04	12.38	11.88	9.223

0.838709677419355	13.09	13.05	12.81	12.3	11.87	9.182

0.870967741935484	11.47	11.43	11.35	11.1	11.02	9.149

0.903225806451613	11.4	11.37	11.27	11.02	10.86	8.666

0.935483870967742	11.26	11.19	10.96	10.43	9.988	7.558

0.967741935483871	10.69	10.68	10.47	10.09	9.801	6.402

0.1	29.187	29.019	28.778	27.882	27.096	20.248

					Average of yearly averages:	13.3389333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: MIn1G

Metfile:	w14840.dvf

PRZM scenario:	MInurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	1	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	3.36	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.00	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.00	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	08-03	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as MIn2G.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: MInurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Sunday, 30 September 2007
at 23:05:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w14840.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:06

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	13.88	13.78	13.54	12.92	12.45	7.507

1962	15.23	15.13	14.96	14.41	13.92	11.01

1963	16.21	16.12	15.92	15.35	14.87	12.02

1964	16.72	16.61	16.44	15.84	15.33	12.31

1965	26.44	26.31	25.95	24.97	24.03	17.24

1966	22.83	22.7	22.52	21.89	21.24	17.87

1967	19.32	19.25	19.13	18.46	17.88	15.27

1968	18.2	18.1	17.78	17.22	16.66	13.89

1969	20.56	20.47	20.25	19.61	19.06	15.42

1970	17.61	17.51	17.38	16.91	16.42	13.82

1971	26.16	26	25.84	24.76	23.79	17.55

1972	26.76	26.6	26.31	25.29	24.52	20.05

1973	21.29	21.19	20.81	20.11	19.49	17.07

1974	24.27	24.14	23.92	23.14	22.32	17.54

1975	23.58	23.49	23.25	22.38	21.67	17.9

1976	27.12	26.96	26.44	25.18	24.31	19.97

1977	28	27.84	27.57	26.51	25.63	21.38

1978	43.59	43.39	42.35	40.16	38.65	28.96

1979	52.83	52.54	51.35	48.74	46.73	35.06

1980	35.17	35.07	34.64	33.73	32.88	29.53

1981	32.15	32.03	31.59	30.65	29.68	24.9

1982	40.48	40.29	39.75	37.94	36.53	28.71

1983	33.11	32.95	32.49	31.15	30.61	25.85

1984	31.94	31.76	31.27	29.84	28.87	23.81

1985	26.88	26.72	26.44	25.41	24.59	21.09

1986	25.51	25.39	25.09	24.37	23.66	19.95

1987	27.87	27.76	27.31	26.08	25.16	20.2

1988	24.25	24.13	23.94	23	22.26	18.45

1989	25.55	25.4	24.83	23.89	23.15	18.58

1990	41.5	41.27	40.93	39.17	37.73	27.38

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	52.83	52.54	51.35	48.74	46.73	35.06

0.0645161290322581	43.59	43.39	42.35	40.16	38.65	29.53

0.0967741935483871	41.5	41.27	40.93	39.17	37.73	28.96

0.129032258064516	40.48	40.29	39.75	37.94	36.53	28.71

0.161290322580645	35.17	35.07	34.64	33.73	32.88	27.38

0.193548387096774	33.11	32.95	32.49	31.15	30.61	25.85

0.225806451612903	32.15	32.03	31.59	30.65	29.68	24.9

0.258064516129032	31.94	31.76	31.27	29.84	28.87	23.81

0.290322580645161	28	27.84	27.57	26.51	25.63	21.38

0.32258064516129	27.87	27.76	27.31	26.08	25.16	21.09

0.354838709677419	27.12	26.96	26.44	25.41	24.59	20.2

0.387096774193548	26.88	26.72	26.44	25.29	24.52	20.05

0.419354838709677	26.76	26.6	26.31	25.18	24.31	19.97

0.451612903225806	26.44	26.31	25.95	24.97	24.03	19.95

0.483870967741936	26.16	26	25.84	24.76	23.79	18.58

0.516129032258065	25.55	25.4	25.09	24.37	23.66	18.45

0.548387096774194	25.51	25.39	24.83	23.89	23.15	17.9

0.580645161290323	24.27	24.14	23.94	23.14	22.32	17.87

0.612903225806452	24.25	24.13	23.92	23	22.26	17.55

0.645161290322581	23.58	23.49	23.25	22.38	21.67	17.54

0.67741935483871	22.83	22.7	22.52	21.89	21.24	17.24

0.709677419354839	21.29	21.19	20.81	20.11	19.49	17.07

0.741935483870968	20.56	20.47	20.25	19.61	19.06	15.42

0.774193548387097	19.32	19.25	19.13	18.46	17.88	15.27

0.806451612903226	18.2	18.1	17.78	17.22	16.66	13.89

0.838709677419355	17.61	17.51	17.38	16.91	16.42	13.82

0.870967741935484	16.72	16.61	16.44	15.84	15.33	12.31

0.903225806451613	16.21	16.12	15.92	15.35	14.87	12.02

0.935483870967742	15.23	15.13	14.96	14.41	13.92	11.01

0.967741935483871	13.88	13.78	13.54	12.92	12.45	7.507

0.1	41.398	41.172	40.812	39.047	37.61	28.935

					Average of yearly averages:	19.6762333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: MIn2G

Metfile:	w14840.dvf

PRZM scenario:	MInurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	1	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	1.68	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1.00	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.00	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	08-03	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	60	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	1.68	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as NJn4GS37.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: NJnurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Sunday, 30 September 2007
at 23:05:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w93730.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	17.03	16.93	16.63	16.28	15.91	10.95

1962	24.4	24.26	24.08	23.39	22.68	17.24

1963	26.97	26.8	26.32	25.47	24.73	19.32

1964	32.61	32.39	31.87	31.55	30.72	23

1965	22	21.87	21.65	21.02	20.37	17.62

1966	19.02	18.95	18.65	18.22	17.62	14.24

1967	31.94	31.72	31.49	30.72	29.99	21.52

1968	38.72	38.5	37.6	36.24	35.2	27.42

1969	30.38	30.19	29.97	29.2	28.28	23.27

1970	24.66	24.54	24.13	23.3	23.22	19.33

1971	22.79	22.67	22.4	21.81	21.12	16.96

1972	22.31	22.18	21.77	21.21	20.94	16.95

1973	22.62	22.49	22.09	21.78	21.51	16.7

1974	28.26	28.1	27.74	26.92	26.07	19.84

1975	41.02	40.76	40.03	38.5	37.08	26.56

1976	33.75	33.55	33.23	32.01	31.03	25.13

1977	32.56	32.36	32.1	31.08	30.25	24.67

1978	39.15	38.93	38.05	36.03	34.76	26.96

1979	24.1	23.97	23.49	22.77	22.1	19.42

1980	25.76	25.63	25.25	24.95	24.63	19.28

1981	31.55	31.35	30.71	29.83	28.96	22.11

1982	22.61	22.48	22.18	21.55	20.94	18.01

1983	30.76	30.57	29.84	28.44	27.87	20.47

1984	41.68	41.45	40.36	38.16	37.26	29.1

1985	33.27	33.08	32.69	31.79	31	25.36

1986	44.22	43.92	43.55	42.57	41.83	30.38

1987	36.99	36.78	36.38	35.99	35.58	28.71

1988	27.35	27.22	26.87	26.45	25.93	21.62

1989	32.58	32.38	31.59	30.45	29.4	21.57

1990	30.08	29.9	29.25	27.86	26.81	21.19

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	44.22	43.92	43.55	42.57	41.83	30.38

0.0645161290322581	41.68	41.45	40.36	38.5	37.26	29.1

0.0967741935483871	41.02	40.76	40.03	38.16	37.08	28.71

0.129032258064516	39.15	38.93	38.05	36.24	35.58	27.42

0.161290322580645	38.72	38.5	37.6	36.03	35.2	26.96

0.193548387096774	36.99	36.78	36.38	35.99	34.76	26.56

0.225806451612903	33.75	33.55	33.23	32.01	31.03	25.36

0.258064516129032	33.27	33.08	32.69	31.79	31	25.13

0.290322580645161	32.61	32.39	32.1	31.55	30.72	24.67

0.32258064516129	32.58	32.38	31.87	31.08	30.25	23.27

0.354838709677419	32.56	32.36	31.59	30.72	29.99	23

0.387096774193548	31.94	31.72	31.49	30.45	29.4	22.11

0.419354838709677	31.55	31.35	30.71	29.83	28.96	21.62

0.451612903225806	30.76	30.57	29.97	29.2	28.28	21.57

0.483870967741936	30.38	30.19	29.84	28.44	27.87	21.52

0.516129032258065	30.08	29.9	29.25	27.86	26.81	21.19

0.548387096774194	28.26	28.1	27.74	26.92	26.07	20.47

0.580645161290323	27.35	27.22	26.87	26.45	25.93	19.84

0.612903225806452	26.97	26.8	26.32	25.47	24.73	19.42

0.645161290322581	25.76	25.63	25.25	24.95	24.63	19.33

0.67741935483871	24.66	24.54	24.13	23.39	23.22	19.32

0.709677419354839	24.4	24.26	24.08	23.3	22.68	19.28

0.741935483870968	24.1	23.97	23.49	22.77	22.1	18.01

0.774193548387097	22.79	22.67	22.4	21.81	21.51	17.62

0.806451612903226	22.62	22.49	22.18	21.78	21.12	17.24

0.838709677419355	22.61	22.48	22.09	21.55	20.94	16.96

0.870967741935484	22.31	22.18	21.77	21.21	20.94	16.95

0.903225806451613	22	21.87	21.65	21.02	20.37	16.7

0.935483870967742	19.02	18.95	18.65	18.22	17.62	14.24

0.967741935483871	17.03	16.93	16.63	16.28	15.91	10.95

0.1	40.833	40.577	39.832	37.968	36.93	28.581

					Average of yearly averages:	21.4966666666667

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: NJn4GS37

Metfile:	w93730.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NJnurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.84	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	7-3	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as PAturf4GS.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: PAturfSTD.txt	modified Thuday, 23 February 2006 at
18:55:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w14751.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	6.052	6.004	5.843	5.588	5.353	2.102

1962	6.896	6.853	6.679	6.328	6.164	4.79

1963	6.129	6.091	5.919	5.842	5.769	5.26

1964	6.671	6.627	6.453	6.152	5.908	5.093

1965	5.405	5.375	5.253	5.129	5.028	4.546

1966	28.73	28.52	27.66	25.84	24.69	9.883

1967	21.88	21.76	21.28	20.6	20.19	17.04

1968	21.81	21.65	20.99	19.79	19.09	13.8

1969	24.66	24.52	23.87	22.83	22.01	17.14

1970	17.96	17.96	17.95	17.94	17.74	15

1971	15.38	15.28	15.13	14.51	14.01	11.29

1972	11.51	11.46	11.24	10.93	10.76	9.09

1973	30.9	30.67	29.75	27.88	26.68	12.05

1974	22.33	22.23	21.81	20.88	20.18	17.33

1975	14.51	14.45	14.2	13.64	13.23	10.8

1976	9.176	9.122	8.899	8.46	8.178	7.286

1977	7.495	7.495	7.495	7.493	7.387	6.229

1978	5.326	5.325	5.323	5.318	5.254	4.586

1979	7.216	7.168	6.997	6.642	6.392	4.298

1980	7.109	7.064	6.888	6.611	6.023	4.937

1981	7.141	7.103	6.949	6.893	6.751	5.852

1982	5.484	5.483	5.48	5.471	5.41	4.721

1983	3.878	3.862	3.792	3.636	3.521	3.188

1984	3.633	3.611	3.522	3.391	3.309	2.848

1985	5.087	5.052	4.924	4.673	4.542	3.086

1986	7.192	7.149	6.981	6.925	6.738	4.864

1987	7.61	7.564	7.454	7.08	6.803	5.342

1988	5.893	5.86	5.726	5.71	5.637	5.161

1989	14.24	14.14	13.82	13.32	12.83	7.124

1990	10.95	10.9	10.69	10.22	9.888	8.597

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	30.9	30.67	29.75	27.88	26.68	17.33

0.0645161290322581	28.73	28.52	27.66	25.84	24.69	17.14

0.0967741935483871	24.66	24.52	23.87	22.83	22.01	17.04

0.129032258064516	22.33	22.23	21.81	20.88	20.19	15

0.161290322580645	21.88	21.76	21.28	20.6	20.18	13.8

0.193548387096774	21.81	21.65	20.99	19.79	19.09	12.05

0.225806451612903	17.96	17.96	17.95	17.94	17.74	11.29

0.258064516129032	15.38	15.28	15.13	14.51	14.01	10.8

0.290322580645161	14.51	14.45	14.2	13.64	13.23	9.883

0.32258064516129	14.24	14.14	13.82	13.32	12.83	9.09

0.354838709677419	11.51	11.46	11.24	10.93	10.76	8.597

0.387096774193548	10.95	10.9	10.69	10.22	9.888	7.286

0.419354838709677	9.176	9.122	8.899	8.46	8.178	7.124

0.451612903225806	7.61	7.564	7.495	7.493	7.387	6.229

0.483870967741936	7.495	7.495	7.454	7.08	6.803	5.852

0.516129032258065	7.216	7.168	6.997	6.925	6.751	5.342

0.548387096774194	7.192	7.149	6.981	6.893	6.738	5.26

0.580645161290323	7.141	7.103	6.949	6.642	6.392	5.161

0.612903225806452	7.109	7.064	6.888	6.611	6.164	5.093

0.645161290322581	6.896	6.853	6.679	6.328	6.023	4.937

0.67741935483871	6.671	6.627	6.453	6.152	5.908	4.864

0.709677419354839	6.129	6.091	5.919	5.842	5.769	4.79

0.741935483870968	6.052	6.004	5.843	5.71	5.637	4.721

0.774193548387097	5.893	5.86	5.726	5.588	5.41	4.586

0.806451612903226	5.484	5.483	5.48	5.471	5.353	4.546

0.838709677419355	5.405	5.375	5.323	5.318	5.254	4.298

0.870967741935484	5.326	5.325	5.253	5.129	5.028	3.188

0.903225806451613	5.087	5.052	4.924	4.673	4.542	3.086

0.935483870967742	3.878	3.862	3.792	3.636	3.521	2.848

0.967741935483871	3.633	3.611	3.522	3.391	3.309	2.102

0.1	24.427	24.291	23.664	22.635	21.828	16.836

					Average of yearly averages:	7.77776666666667

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PAturf4GS

Metfile:	w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario:	PAturfSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.84	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	5-7	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as NJn4GS52.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: NJnurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Sunday, 30 September 2007
at 23:05:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w93730.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	14.28	14.18	13.9	13.3	12.76	6.039

1962	21.36	21.23	20.88	20.28	19.66	13.6

1963	36.08	35.84	35.24	33.71	32.84	23.16

1964	32.84	32.66	32.49	31.62	31.02	24.95

1965	31.11	30.98	30.59	29.61	28.85	23.45

1966	31.6	31.41	30.72	30.32	29.83	23.91

1967	49.36	49.06	47.95	45.45	43.52	28.98

1968	42.55	42.3	41.56	40.3	39.31	33.8

1969	59.1	58.75	57.72	54.76	52.54	36.18

1970	41.73	41.52	41.04	40.7	40.18	35.68

1971	47.01	46.7	45.59	44	42.56	32.5

1972	35.31	35.11	34.87	33.93	33.08	29.16

1973	28.84	28.68	28.3	27.23	26.37	22.77

1974	29.86	29.69	28.99	27.64	26.82	21.03

1975	39.75	39.53	38.77	36.98	35.79	25.58

1976	35.41	35.18	34.68	33.27	32.41	27.32

1977	33.79	33.6	33	31.95	31.31	26.28

1978	68.43	67.96	66.6	65.48	63.37	41.09

1979	69.99	69.57	68.03	64.79	62.33	46.91

1980	47.07	46.79	46.48	46.02	45.52	41.56

1981	43.71	43.46	42.87	41.36	40.31	34.26

1982	34.11	33.91	33.54	32.67	31.93	28.08

1983	28.99	28.81	28.62	27.61	26.73	22.41

1984	30.19	30.03	29.74	28.83	28.17	22.28

1985	32.91	32.7	32.3	31	29.95	23.4

1986	27.51	27.35	27.01	26.61	26.08	21.53

1987	47.9	47.59	46.79	45.46	44.49	29.44

1988	41.6	41.34	40.78	39.07	37.62	31.06

1989	35.4	35.27	34.47	32.74	31.77	26.15

1990	39.21	38.98	38.54	37.16	35.89	28.14

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	69.99	69.57	68.03	65.48	63.37	46.91

0.0645161290322581	68.43	67.96	66.6	64.79	62.33	41.56

0.0967741935483871	59.1	58.75	57.72	54.76	52.54	41.09

0.129032258064516	49.36	49.06	47.95	46.02	45.52	36.18

0.161290322580645	47.9	47.59	46.79	45.46	44.49	35.68

0.193548387096774	47.07	46.79	46.48	45.45	43.52	34.26

0.225806451612903	47.01	46.7	45.59	44	42.56	33.8

0.258064516129032	43.71	43.46	42.87	41.36	40.31	32.5

0.290322580645161	42.55	42.3	41.56	40.7	40.18	31.06

0.32258064516129	41.73	41.52	41.04	40.3	39.31	29.44

0.354838709677419	41.6	41.34	40.78	39.07	37.62	29.16

0.387096774193548	39.75	39.53	38.77	37.16	35.89	28.98

0.419354838709677	39.21	38.98	38.54	36.98	35.79	28.14

0.451612903225806	36.08	35.84	35.24	33.93	33.08	28.08

0.483870967741936	35.41	35.27	34.87	33.71	32.84	27.32

0.516129032258065	35.4	35.18	34.68	33.27	32.41	26.28

0.548387096774194	35.31	35.11	34.47	32.74	31.93	26.15

0.580645161290323	34.11	33.91	33.54	32.67	31.77	25.58

0.612903225806452	33.79	33.6	33	31.95	31.31	24.95

0.645161290322581	32.91	32.7	32.49	31.62	31.02	23.91

0.67741935483871	32.84	32.66	32.3	31	29.95	23.45

0.709677419354839	31.6	31.41	30.72	30.32	29.83	23.4

0.741935483870968	31.11	30.98	30.59	29.61	28.85	23.16

0.774193548387097	30.19	30.03	29.74	28.83	28.17	22.77

0.806451612903226	29.86	29.69	28.99	27.64	26.82	22.41

0.838709677419355	28.99	28.81	28.62	27.61	26.73	22.28

0.870967741935484	28.84	28.68	28.3	27.23	26.37	21.53

0.903225806451613	27.51	27.35	27.01	26.61	26.08	21.03

0.935483870967742	21.36	21.23	20.88	20.28	19.66	13.6

0.967741935483871	14.28	14.18	13.9	13.3	12.76	6.039

0.1	58.126	57.781	56.743	53.886	51.838	40.599

					Average of yearly averages:	27.6899666666667

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: NJn4GS52

Metfile:	w93730.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NJnurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.84	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	20-5	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as NJn4GS85.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: NJnurserySTD_V2.txt	modified Sunday, 30 September 2007
at 23:05:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w93730.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:14

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	21.35	21.2	20.57	20.04	19.52	5.854

1962	41.66	41.42	40.69	39.85	39.44	22.6

1963	43.79	43.55	42.83	42.71	42.34	34.45

1964	41.13	40.89	39.9	37.85	36.68	32.4

1965	33.18	33.17	33.16	32.57	31.6	27.2

1966	58.96	58.54	56.87	53.65	52.12	31.06

1967	47.94	47.68	46.61	45.11	44.24	37.92

1968	39.04	38.81	37.88	37.56	37.1	33.18

1969	34.71	34.49	33.7	33.2	32.16	28.07

1970	34.15	33.96	33.55	32.51	31.48	26.43

1971	69.9	69.51	68.1	65.51	63.31	37.09

1972	59.19	58.89	57.66	55.33	54.04	47.21

1973	51.27	51	49.89	47.54	45.96	39.3

1974	45.64	45.33	44.38	42.66	40.7	32.78

1975	38.84	38.62	37.92	36.56	35.66	31.07

1976	52.73	52.41	51.21	48.66	47.42	33.27

1977	47.54	47.39	46.69	45.43	43.98	39.06

1978	40.24	40.24	40.23	40.21	39.69	34.14

1979	31.52	31.4	30.78	30.07	29.58	25.94

1980	30.61	30.41	30.21	29.77	29.29	25.02

1981	28.46	28.3	28.25	27.75	26.93	23.77

1982	24.75	24.63	24.3	23.9	23.43	20.8

1983	28.98	28.81	28.16	27.5	27.13	20.55

1984	26.94	26.78	26.12	25.57	25.34	22.18

1985	26.13	25.96	25.71	25.15	25.04	20.99

1986	30.14	29.97	29.4	28.84	27.27	20.26

1987	31.41	31.2	30.45	29.12	28.79	24.68

1988	31.6	31.41	30.99	30.47	29.41	23.79

1989	54.03	53.67	52.34	50.72	49.92	30.52

1990	48.02	47.76	46.69	44.42	42.81	36.08

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	69.9	69.51	68.1	65.51	63.31	47.21

0.0645161290322581	59.19	58.89	57.66	55.33	54.04	39.3

0.0967741935483871	58.96	58.54	56.87	53.65	52.12	39.06

0.129032258064516	54.03	53.67	52.34	50.72	49.92	37.92

0.161290322580645	52.73	52.41	51.21	48.66	47.42	37.09

0.193548387096774	51.27	51	49.89	47.54	45.96	36.08

0.225806451612903	48.02	47.76	46.69	45.43	44.24	34.45

0.258064516129032	47.94	47.68	46.69	45.11	43.98	34.14

0.290322580645161	47.54	47.39	46.61	44.42	42.81	33.27

0.32258064516129	45.64	45.33	44.38	42.71	42.34	33.18

0.354838709677419	43.79	43.55	42.83	42.66	40.7	32.78

0.387096774193548	41.66	41.42	40.69	40.21	39.69	32.4

0.419354838709677	41.13	40.89	40.23	39.85	39.44	31.07

0.451612903225806	40.24	40.24	39.9	37.85	37.1	31.06

0.483870967741936	39.04	38.81	37.92	37.56	36.68	30.52

0.516129032258065	38.84	38.62	37.88	36.56	35.66	28.07

0.548387096774194	34.71	34.49	33.7	33.2	32.16	27.2

0.580645161290323	34.15	33.96	33.55	32.57	31.6	26.43

0.612903225806452	33.18	33.17	33.16	32.51	31.48	25.94

0.645161290322581	31.6	31.41	30.99	30.47	29.58	25.02

0.67741935483871	31.52	31.4	30.78	30.07	29.41	24.68

0.709677419354839	31.41	31.2	30.45	29.77	29.29	23.79

0.741935483870968	30.61	30.41	30.21	29.12	28.79	23.77

0.774193548387097	30.14	29.97	29.4	28.84	27.27	22.6

0.806451612903226	28.98	28.81	28.25	27.75	27.13	22.18

0.838709677419355	28.46	28.3	28.16	27.5	26.93	20.99

0.870967741935484	26.94	26.78	26.12	25.57	25.34	20.8

0.903225806451613	26.13	25.96	25.71	25.15	25.04	20.55

0.935483870967742	24.75	24.63	24.3	23.9	23.43	20.26

0.967741935483871	21.35	21.2	20.57	20.04	19.52	5.854

0.1	58.467	58.053	56.417	53.357	51.9	38.946

					Average of yearly averages:	28.9221333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: NJn4GS85

Metfile:	w93730.dvf

PRZM scenario:	NJnurserySTD_V2.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.84	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	05-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	21	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.84	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as PAtur28h5.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: PAturfSTD.txt	modified Thuday, 23 February 2006 at
18:55:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w14751.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	7.805	7.747	7.55	7.199	6.916	2.853

1962	6.862	6.822	6.688	6.378	6.227	5.621

1963	5.944	5.944	5.944	5.943	5.87	5.278

1964	5.641	5.606	5.542	5.384	5.206	4.82

1965	4.84	4.811	4.694	4.488	4.436	4.178

1966	18.17	18.03	17.6	16.56	15.86	7.207

1967	14.14	14.06	13.75	13.32	13.06	11.8

1968	15.87	15.76	15.35	14.58	14.09	10.46

1969	13.07	13	12.85	12.64	12.27	11.09

1970	10	10	9.998	9.987	9.875	8.701

1971	9.675	9.613	9.447	9.139	8.852	7.09

1972	12.98	12.91	12.68	12.21	11.98	8.918

1973	19.39	19.26	18.81	17.85	17.2	10.63

1974	14.68	14.61	14.35	13.75	13.3	11.9

1975	10.32	10.28	10.1	9.7	9.404	8.816

1976	9.359	9.306	9.097	8.644	8.411	7.324

1977	8.091	8.091	8.089	8.085	7.969	6.736

1978	6.778	6.74	6.652	6.515	6.42	5.669

1979	7.741	7.702	7.592	7.352	7.108	5.536

1980	7.506	7.462	7.284	7.004	6.532	5.795

1981	6.779	6.778	6.773	6.654	6.463	5.861

1982	7.216	7.176	7.056	6.867	6.756	5.682

1983	5.262	5.239	5.144	4.931	4.775	4.487

1984	5.05	5.022	4.988	4.953	4.918	4.218

1985	6.201	6.16	6.054	5.778	5.626	4.268

1986	6.124	6.092	6.017	5.923	5.805	5.142

1987	7.608	7.565	7.515	7.276	7.07	5.562

1988	6.233	6.198	6.117	6.099	6.022	5.579

1989	8.679	8.629	8.532	8.324	8.168	6.017

1990	7.3	7.267	7.126	6.94	6.902	6.474

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	19.39	19.26	18.81	17.85	17.2	11.9

0.0645161290322581	18.17	18.03	17.6	16.56	15.86	11.8

0.0967741935483871	15.87	15.76	15.35	14.58	14.09	11.09

0.129032258064516	14.68	14.61	14.35	13.75	13.3	10.63

0.161290322580645	14.14	14.06	13.75	13.32	13.06	10.46

0.193548387096774	13.07	13	12.85	12.64	12.27	8.918

0.225806451612903	12.98	12.91	12.68	12.21	11.98	8.816

0.258064516129032	10.32	10.28	10.1	9.987	9.875	8.701

0.290322580645161	10	10	9.998	9.7	9.404	7.324

0.32258064516129	9.675	9.613	9.447	9.139	8.852	7.207

0.354838709677419	9.359	9.306	9.097	8.644	8.411	7.09

0.387096774193548	8.679	8.629	8.532	8.324	8.168	6.736

0.419354838709677	8.091	8.091	8.089	8.085	7.969	6.474

0.451612903225806	7.805	7.747	7.592	7.352	7.108	6.017

0.483870967741936	7.741	7.702	7.55	7.276	7.07	5.861

0.516129032258065	7.608	7.565	7.515	7.199	6.916	5.795

0.548387096774194	7.506	7.462	7.284	7.004	6.902	5.682

0.580645161290323	7.3	7.267	7.126	6.94	6.756	5.669

0.612903225806452	7.216	7.176	7.056	6.867	6.532	5.621

0.645161290322581	6.862	6.822	6.773	6.654	6.463	5.579

0.67741935483871	6.779	6.778	6.688	6.515	6.42	5.562

0.709677419354839	6.778	6.74	6.652	6.378	6.227	5.536

0.741935483870968	6.233	6.198	6.117	6.099	6.022	5.278

0.774193548387097	6.201	6.16	6.054	5.943	5.87	5.142

0.806451612903226	6.124	6.092	6.017	5.923	5.805	4.82

0.838709677419355	5.944	5.944	5.944	5.778	5.626	4.487

0.870967741935484	5.641	5.606	5.542	5.384	5.206	4.268

0.903225806451613	5.262	5.239	5.144	4.953	4.918	4.218

0.935483870967742	5.05	5.022	4.988	4.931	4.775	4.178

0.967741935483871	4.84	4.811	4.694	4.488	4.436	2.853

0.1	15.751	15.645	15.25	14.497	14.011	11.044

					Average of yearly averages:	6.7904

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PAtur28h5

Metfile:	w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario:	PAturfSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.291	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	5-5	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 4	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 4	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 5	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 5	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 6	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 6	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 7	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 7	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 8	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 8	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 9	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 9	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 10	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 10	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 11	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 11	apprate	0.160	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

stored as PAtur28h6.out

Chemical: Flurprimidol

PRZM environment: PAturfSTD.txt	modified Thuday, 23 February 2006 at
18:55:08

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
06:14:08

Metfile: w14751.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	5.422	5.383	5.281	5.123	5.023	2.183

1962	5.968	5.932	5.85	5.794	5.708	4.53

1963	5.718	5.688	5.565	5.558	5.486	4.974

1964	5.594	5.561	5.484	5.38	5.314	4.955

1965	4.83	4.811	4.809	4.805	4.746	4.38

1966	17.98	17.85	17.4	16.47	15.85	7.245

1967	14.34	14.27	13.95	13.51	13.24	11.62

1968	10.42	10.35	10.14	9.846	9.739	8.843

1969	10.43	10.37	10.26	9.895	9.66	8.324

1970	8.345	8.344	8.343	8.338	8.242	7.385

1971	8.704	8.648	8.507	8.281	8.111	6.536

1972	20.39	20.26	19.79	18.86	18.3	11.98

1973	23.11	22.96	22.41	21.49	20.88	14.96

1974	18.21	18.13	17.8	17.06	16.5	14.35

1975	18.01	17.91	17.51	16.84	16.34	11.77

1976	18.1	17.99	17.63	16.82	16.19	12.96

1977	15.82	15.82	15.81	15.78	15.55	12.46

1978	10.1	10.1	10.09	10.09	9.963	8.973

1979	9.145	9.099	8.99	8.809	8.567	7.221

1980	9.383	9.324	9.121	8.811	7.913	6.577

1981	8.543	8.54	8.528	8.369	8.124	7.139

1982	6.298	6.298	6.295	6.286	6.215	5.598

1983	5.037	5.014	4.921	4.713	4.561	3.988

1984	3.891	3.891	3.891	3.829	3.725	3.57

1985	6.421	6.376	6.271	6.117	6.016	3.902

1986	7.552	7.508	7.413	7.233	7.1	5.859

1987	7.615	7.568	7.481	7.327	7.289	6.214

1988	6.716	6.716	6.715	6.711	6.624	5.952

1989	8.089	8.04	7.922	7.744	7.731	5.574

1990	7.636	7.589	7.454	7.271	6.862	6.062

Sorted results

Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.032258064516129	23.11	22.96	22.41	21.49	20.88	14.96

0.0645161290322581	20.39	20.26	19.79	18.86	18.3	14.35

0.0967741935483871	18.21	18.13	17.8	17.06	16.5	12.96

0.129032258064516	18.1	17.99	17.63	16.84	16.34	12.46

0.161290322580645	18.01	17.91	17.51	16.82	16.19	11.98

0.193548387096774	17.98	17.85	17.4	16.47	15.85	11.77

0.225806451612903	15.82	15.82	15.81	15.78	15.55	11.62

0.258064516129032	14.34	14.27	13.95	13.51	13.24	8.973

0.290322580645161	10.43	10.37	10.26	10.09	9.963	8.843

0.32258064516129	10.42	10.35	10.14	9.895	9.739	8.324

0.354838709677419	10.1	10.1	10.09	9.846	9.66	7.385

0.387096774193548	9.383	9.324	9.121	8.811	8.567	7.245

0.419354838709677	9.145	9.099	8.99	8.809	8.242	7.221

0.451612903225806	8.704	8.648	8.528	8.369	8.124	7.139

0.483870967741936	8.543	8.54	8.507	8.338	8.111	6.577

0.516129032258065	8.345	8.344	8.343	8.281	7.913	6.536

0.548387096774194	8.089	8.04	7.922	7.744	7.731	6.214

0.580645161290323	7.636	7.589	7.481	7.327	7.289	6.062

0.612903225806452	7.615	7.568	7.454	7.271	7.1	5.952

0.645161290322581	7.552	7.508	7.413	7.233	6.862	5.859

0.67741935483871	6.716	6.716	6.715	6.711	6.624	5.598

0.709677419354839	6.421	6.376	6.295	6.286	6.215	5.574

0.741935483870968	6.298	6.298	6.271	6.117	6.016	4.974

0.774193548387097	5.968	5.932	5.85	5.794	5.708	4.955

0.806451612903226	5.718	5.688	5.565	5.558	5.486	4.53

0.838709677419355	5.594	5.561	5.484	5.38	5.314	4.38

0.870967741935484	5.422	5.383	5.281	5.123	5.023	3.988

0.903225806451613	5.037	5.014	4.921	4.805	4.746	3.902

0.935483870967742	4.83	4.811	4.809	4.713	4.561	3.57

0.967741935483871	3.891	3.891	3.891	3.829	3.725	2.183

0.1	18.199	18.116	17.783	17.038	16.484	12.91

					Average of yearly averages:	7.53613333333333

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PAtur28h6

Metfile:	w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario:	PAturfSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments

Molecular weight	mwt	312.3	g/mol

Henry's Law Const.	henry	3.97e-09	atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure	vapr	3.64e-07	torr

Solubility	sol	130	mg/L

Kd	Kd	2.78	mg/L

Koc	Koc		mg/L

Photolysis half-life	kdp	1.4	days	Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	0	days	Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	0	days	Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	1444	days	Halfife

Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life

Method:	CAM	2	integer	See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	0	cm

Application Rate:	TAPP	0.291	kg/ha

Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	0.99	fraction

Spray Drift	DRFT	0.01	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	5-6	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 2	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 3	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 3	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 4	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 4	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 5	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 5	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 6	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 6	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 7	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 7	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 8	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 8	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 9	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 9	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 10	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 10	apprate	0.291	kg/ha

Interval 11	interval	14	days	Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 11	apprate	0.160	kg/ha

Record 17:	FILTRA	

	IPSCND	1

	UPTKF	

Record 18:	PLVKRT	

	PLDKRT	

	FEXTRC	0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)

APPENDIX C: T-REX EECs 

RESULTS– Upper Bound EECs and RQs for 4 Applications at 0.75 lb ai/A
with a 14-day Interval

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Use:	Turf Grass / Ornamentals

Formulation:	Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator

Application Rate:	0.75 lbs ai/A

Half-life:	35 days

Application Interval:	14 days

Maximum # Apps./Year:	4 applications

Length of Simulation:	1 year

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	>2000

	Bobwhite quail	LC50 (mg/kg-diet)	>4310

	Mallard duck 	NOAEL(mg/kg-bw)	0.00

	Mallard duck 	NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	309

 

Mammals

LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	709

LC50 (mg/kg-diet)	0.00

NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)	7.3

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	100

Dietary-Based EECs 

Food Items	Upper Bound EEC

(mg ai/kg)	Mean EEC

(mg ai/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	498.15

228.32

280.21

31.13	176.43

74.72

93.4

14.5

AVIAN EECs and ADJUSTED LD50s

Avian Class	Body Weight (g)	Ingestion (Fdry)

(g bw/day)	Ingestion (Fwet)

(g/day)	% body wgt

consumed	FI

58	291	29	2.91E-01

Avian Body   

Weight (g)	Adjusted LD50

(mg/kg-bw)

20	>1440.86

100	>1834.29

1000	>2591

Dose-based EECs  (mg/kg-bw)

Food items	Avian Classes and Body Weights

	small	mid	large

	20 g	100 g	1000 g

Upper Bound EEC (mg/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	567.34	323.52	144.84

	260.03	148.28	66.39

	319.13	181.98	81.48

	35.46	20.22	9.05

Mean EEC (mg/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	200.93	114.58	51.30

	85.10	48.53	21.73

	106.38	60.66	27.16

	16.55	9.44	4.22

MAMMALIAN EECs and ADJUSTED LD50s

Mammalian

Class	Body

Weight	Ingestion (Fdry)

(g bwt/day)	Ingestion  (Fwet)

(g/day)	% body wgt

consumed	FI

(kg-diet/day)

 Herbivores/

insectivores	15	3	14	95	1.43E-02

	35	5	23	66	2.31E-02

	1000	31	153	15	1.53E-01

 Granivores	15	3	3	21	3.18E-03

	35	5	5	15	5.13E-03

	1000	31	34	3	3.40E-02

Mammalian

Class	Body   

Weight	Adjusted

LD50	Adjusted

NOAEL

Herbivores/

insectivores	15	1558.26	16.04

	35	1260.80	12.98

	1000	545.33	5.61

 Granivores	15	1558.26	16.04

	35	1260.80	12.98

	1000	545.33	5.61

Dose-based EECs   

(mg/kg-bw)	Mammalian Classes and Body Weight

	Herbivores and Insectivores	Granivores

	15 g	35 g	1000 g	15 g	35 g	1000 g

Upper Bound EECs (mg ai/kg)

Short Grass 	474.94	328.25	76.11	 	 	 

Tall Grass 	217.68	150.45	34.88	 	 	 

Broadleaf plants and small insects	267.16	184.64	42.81	 	 	 

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects	29.68	20.52	4.76	6.60	4.56	1.06

Mean EECs (mg ai/kg)

Short Grass 	168.21	116.26	26.95	 	 	 

Tall Grass 	71.24	49.24	11.42	 	 	 

Broadleaf plants and small insects	89.05	61.55	14.27	 	 	 

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects	13.85	9.57	2.22	3.08	2.13	0.49

Table C1. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

20	>1440.86	567.34	N/A	260.03	N/A	319.13	N/A	35.46	N/A

100	>1834.29	323.52	N/A	148.28	N/A	181.98	N/A	20.22	N/A

1000	>2591.00	144.84	N/A	66.39	N/A	81.48	N/A	9.05	N/A

-Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

-N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated 

Table C2.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients (4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

LC50	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

>4310	498.15	N/A	228.32	N/A	280.21	N/A	31.13	N/A

-Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

-Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

-N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated

Table C3.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

309	498.15	1.61	228.32	0.74	280.21	0.91	31.13	0.10

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Bold values indicate LOC exceedances

Table C4. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

 (4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	1558.26	474.94	0.30	217.68	0.14	267.16	0.17	29.68	0.02	6.60	0.00

35	1260.80	328.25	0.26	150.45	0.12	184.64	0.15	20.52	0.02	4.56	0.00

1000	545.33	76.11	0.14	34.88	0.06	42.81	0.08	4.76	0.01	1.06	0.00

Table C5.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients  (4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

100	498.15	4.98	228.32	2.28	280.21	2.80	31.13	0.31

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C6.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk
Quotients

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted NOAEL	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	16.04	474.94	29.60	217.68	13.57	267.16	16.65	29.68	1.85	6.60	0.41

35	12.98	328.25	25.29	150.45	11.59	184.64	14.22	20.52	1.58	4.56	0.35

1000	5.61	76.11	13.55	34.88	6.21	42.81	7.62	4.76	0.85	1.06	0.19

Bold values indicate LOC exceedances

Mean EECs and RQs for 4 Applications at 0.75 lb ai/A with a 14-day
Interval

Table C7.  Mean Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

 (4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

 LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

20	>1440.86	200.93	N/A	85.10	N/A	106.38	N/A	16.55	N/A

100	>1834.29	114.58	N/A	48.53	N/A	60.66	N/A	9.44	N/A

1000	>2591.00	51.30	N/A	21.73	N/A	27.16	N/A	4.22	N/A

N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated

Table C8.  Mean Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients 

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

LC50	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

>4310	176.43	N/A	74.72	N/A	93.40	N/A	14.53	N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C9.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients 

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

309	176.43	0.571	74.72	0.242	93.40	0.302	14.53	0.047

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

Table C10. Mean Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients  

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

 LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	1558.26	168.21	0.108	71.24	0.046	89.05	0.057	13.85	0.009	3.08	0.00

35	1260.80	116.26	0.092	49.24	0.039	61.55	0.049	9.57	0.008	2.13	0.00

1000	545.33	26.95	0.049	11.42	0.021	14.27	0.026	2.22	0.004	0.49	0.00

Table C11.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

100	176.43	1.764	74.72	0.747	93.40	0.934	14.53	0.145

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C12.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients  

(4 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted NOAEL	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	16.04	168.21	10.484	71.24	4.440	89.05	5.550	13.85	0.863	3.08	0.19

35	12.98	116.26	8.956	49.24	3.793	61.55	4.741	9.57	0.738	2.13	0.16

1000	5.61	26.95	4.801	11.42	2.033	14.27	2.541	2.22	0.395	0.49	0.09

RESULTS– Upper Bound EECs and RQs for 12 Applications at 0.26 lb ai/A
with a 14-day Interval

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Chemical Name:	Flurprimidol

Use:	Turf Grass / Ornamentals

Formulation:	Cutless 50W Turf Growth Regulator

Application Rate:	0.26 lbs ai/A

Half-life:	35 days

Application Interval:	14 days

Maximum # Apps./Year:	12 applications

Length of Simulation:	1 year

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	>2000

	Bobwhite quail	LC50 (mg/kg-diet)	>4310

	Mallard duck 	NOAEL(mg/kg-bw)	0.00

	Mallard duck 	NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	309

 

Mammals

LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	709

LC50 (mg/kg-diet)	0.00

NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)	7.3

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	100

Dietary-Based EECs 

Food Items	Upper Bound EEC

(mg ai/kg)	Mean EEC

(mg ai/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	248.45

113.87

139.75

15.53	87.99

37.27

46.58

7.25

AVIAN EECs and ADJUSTED LD50s

Avian Class	Body Weight (g)	Ingestion (Fdry)

(g bw/day)	Ingestion (Fwet)

(g/day)	% body wgt

consumed	FI

58	291	29	2.91E-01

Avian Body   

Weight (g)	Adjusted LD50

(mg/kg-bw)

20	>1440.86

100	>1834.29

1000	>2591

Dose-based EECs  (mg/kg-bw)

Food items	Avian Classes and Body Weights

	small	mid	large

	20 g	100 g	1000 g

Upper Bound EEC (mg/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	282.96	161.36	72.24

	129.69	73.95	33.11

	159.16	90.76	40.64

	17.68	10.08	4.52

Mean EEC (mg/kg)

Short Grass

Tall Grass

Sm. Insects, Broadleaf Plants

Lg. Insects, Fruits, Pods	100.21	57.15	25.59

	42.44	24.20	10.84

	53.05	30.25	13.55

	8.25	4.71	2.11

MAMMALIAN EECs and ADJUSTED LD50s

Mammalian

Class	Body

Weight	Ingestion (Fdry)

(g bwt/day)	Ingestion  (Fwet)

(g/day)	% body wgt

consumed	FI

(kg-diet/day)

 Herbivores/

insectivores	15	3	14	95	1.43E-02

	35	5	23	66	2.31E-02

	1000	31	153	15	1.53E-01

 Granivores	15	3	3	21	3.18E-03

	35	5	5	15	5.13E-03

	1000	31	34	3	3.40E-02

Mammalian

Class	Body   

Weight	Adjusted

LD50	Adjusted

NOAEL

Herbivores/

insectivores	15	1558.26	16.04

	35	1260.80	12.98

	1000	545.33	5.61

 Granivores	15	1558.26	16.04

	35	1260.80	12.98

	1000	545.33	5.61

Dose-based EECs   

(mg/kg-bw)	Mammalian Classes and Body Weight

	Herbivores and Insectivores	Granivores

	15 g	35 g	1000 g	15 g	35 g	1000 g

Upper Bound EECs (mg ai/kg)

Short Grass 	236.88	163.71	37.96	 	 	 

Tall Grass 	108.57	75.04	17.40	 	 	 

Broadleaf plants and small insects	133.24	92.09	21.35	 	 	 

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects	14.80	10.23	2.37	3.29	2.27	0.53

Mean EECs (mg ai/kg)

Short Grass 	83.89	57.98	13.44	 	 	 

Tall Grass 	35.53	24.56	5.69	 	 	 

Broadleaf plants and small insects	44.41	30.70	7.12	 	 	 

Fruits/pods/seeds/large insects	6.91	4.77	1.11	1.54	1.06	0.25

Table C13. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

20	>1440.86	282.96	N/A	129.69	N/A	159.16	N/A	17.68	N/A

100	>1834.29	161.36	N/A	73.95	N/A	90.76	N/A	10.08	N/A

1000	>2591.00	72.24	N/A	33.11	N/A	40.64	N/A	4.52	N/A

-Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

-N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated 

Table C14.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients (12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

LC50	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

>4310	248.45	N/A	113.87	N/A	139.75	N/A	15.53	N/A

-Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

-Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

-N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated

Table C15.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

309	248.45	0.80	113.87	0.37	139.75	0.45	15.53	0.05

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Bold values indicate LOC exceedances

Table C16. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	1558.26	236.88	0.15	108.57	0.07	133.24	0.09	14.80	0.01	3.29	0.00

35	1260.80	163.71	0.13	75.04	0.06	92.09	0.07	10.23	0.01	2.27	0.00

1000	545.33	37.96	0.07	17.40	0.03	21.35	0.04	2.37	0.00	0.53	0.00

Table C17.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk
Quotients  (12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

100	248.45	2.48	113.87	1.14	139.75	1.40	15.53	0.16

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C18.  Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk
Quotients

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted NOAEL	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	16.04	236.88	14.76	108.57	6.77	133.24	8.30	14.80	0.92	3.29	0.21

35	12.98	163.71	12.61	75.04	5.78	92.09	7.09	10.23	0.79	2.27	0.18

1000	5.61	37.96	6.76	17.40	3.10	21.35	3.80	2.37	0.42	0.53	0.09

Bold values indicate LOC exceedances

Mean EECs and RQs for 12 Applications at 0.26 lb ai/A with a 14-day
Interval

Table C19.  Mean Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

 LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

20	>1440.86	100.21	N/A	42.44	N/A	53.05	N/A	8.25	N/A

100	>1834.29	57.15	N/A	24.20	N/A	30.25	N/A	4.71	N/A

1000	>2591.00	25.59	N/A	10.84	N/A	13.55	N/A	2.11	N/A

N/A – Acute toxicity threshold was greater than the highest dose
tested; risk is expected to be minimal; thus, RQs were not calculated

Table C20.  Mean Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients 

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

LC50	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

>4310	87.99	N/A	37.27	N/A	46.58	N/A	7.25	N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C21.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients 

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

309	87.99	0.285	37.27	0.121	46.58	0.151	7.25	0.023

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Bold value indicates LOC exceedance

Table C22. Mean Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients  

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted

 LD50	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	1558.26	83.89	0.054	35.53	0.023	44.41	0.029	6.91	0.004	1.54	0.00

35	1260.80	57.98	0.046	24.56	0.019	30.70	0.024	4.77	0.004	1.06	0.00

1000	545.33	13.44	0.025	5.69	0.010	7.12	0.013	1.11	0.002	0.25	0.00

Table C23.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	EECs and RQs

	Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

100	87.99	0.880	37.27	0.373	46.58	0.466	7.25	0.072

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table C24.  Mean Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients  

(12 Applications @ 0.26 lb ai/A with 14 Day Intervals)

Size Class

(grams)	Adjusted NOAEL	EECs and RQs

Short Grass	Tall Grass	Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects	Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects	Granivores

EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ	EEC	RQ

15	16.04	83.89	5.229	35.53	2.215	44.41	2.768	6.91	0.431	1.54	0.10

35	12.98	57.98	4.467	24.56	1.892	30.70	2.365	4.77	0.368	1.06	0.08

1000	5.61	13.44	2.394	5.69	1.014	7.12	1.268	1.11	0.197	0.25	0.04

RESULTS– Intermediate EECs and LD50/SQ FT for 1 Banded Spray
Application at 0.69 lb ai/A 

INPUTS – LD50/SQ FT Calculations 

Application Rate:	0.69	lbs / acre	 

% A.I.:	100.00%	 	 

Avian LD50 (20g):	>1440.86	mg/kg bw

(100g)	>1834.29	 	 

(1000g)	>2591.00	 	 

Mammalian LD50 (15g):	1558.26	mg/kg bw

(35g)	1260.80	 	 

(1000g)	545.33	 	 

Row Spacing:	0	inches	 

Bandwidth:	0	inches	 

Unincorporation:	100%	 	 

Broadcast applications

 	 	 	 

Liquid

Intermediate Calculations

                                    mg ai/ft2:	7.18

 	 	 	 

LD50 ft-2	 	 	 

 	wgt class (grams)	 	 

Avian	20	N/A	 

 	100	N/A	 

 	1000	N/A	 

Mammal	15	0.31	 

 	35	0.16	 

 	1000	0.01	 

RESULTS– Intermediate EECs and LD50/SQ FT for 1 Application of
Granules at 0.75 lb a.i./A

INPUTS – LD50/SQ FT Calculations 

Application Rate:	0.75	lbs/ acre	 

% A.I.:	100.00%	 	 

Avian LD50 (20g):	>1440.86	mg/kg bw

(100g)	>1834.29	 	 

(1000g)	>2591.00	 	 

Mammalian LD50 (15g):	1558.26	mg/kg bw

(35g)	1260.80	 	 

(1000g)	545.33	 	 

Row Spacing:	0	inches	 

Bandwidth:	0	inches	 

Unincorporation:	100%	 	 

Broadcast applications

 	 	 	 

Granular

Intermediate Calculations

mg ai/ft2:	7.81

 	 	 	 

LD50 ft-2	 	 	 

 	wgt class (grams)	 	 

Avian	20	N/A	 

 	100	N/A	 

 	1000	N/A	 

Mammal	15	0.33	 

 	35	0.18	 

 	1000	0.01	 

RESULTS– Intermediate EECs and LD50/SQ FT for 1 Application of
Granules at 3.0 lb a.i./A

INPUTS – LD50/SQ FT Calculations 

Application Rate:	3.0	lbs / acre	 

% A.I.:	100.00%	 	 

Avian LD50 (20g):	>1440.86	mg/kg bw

(100g)	>1834.29	 	 

(1000g)	>2591.00	 	 

Mammalian LD50 (15g):	1558.26	mg/kg bw

(35g)	1260.80	 	 

(1000g)	545.33	 	 

Row Spacing:	0	inches	 

Bandwidth:	0	inches	 

Unincorporation:	100%	 	 

Broadcast applications

 	 	 	 

Granular

Intermediate Calculations

mg ai/ft2:	31.24

 	 	 	 

LD50 ft-2	 	 	 

 	wgt class (grams)	 	 

Avian	20	N/A	 

 	100	N/A	 

 	1000	N/A	 

Mammal	15	1.34	 

 	35	0.71	 

 	1000	0.06	 

RESULTS– Intermediate EECs and LD50/SQ FT for 1 Banded Application of
Granules at 1.5 lb a.i./A

INPUTS – LD50/SQ FT Calculations 

Application Rate:	1.5	lbs / acre	 

% A.I.:	100.00%	 	 

Avian LD50 (20g):	>1440.86	mg/kg bw

(100g)	>1834.29	 	 

(1000g)	>2591.00	 	 

Mammalian LD50 (15g):	1558.26	mg/kg bw

(35g)	1260.80	 	 

(1000g)	545.33	 	 

Row Spacing:	0	inches	 

Bandwidth:	0	inches	 

Unincorporation:	100%	 	 

Broadcast applications

 	 	 	 

Granular

Intermediate Calculations

mg ai/ft2:	15.62

 	 	 	 

LD50 ft-2	 	 	 

 	wgt class (grams)	 	 

Avian	20	N/A	 

 	100	N/A	 

 	1000	N/A	 

Mammal	15	0.67	 

 	35	0.35	 

 	1000	0.03	 

APPENDIX D:  Terrestrial Chronic Exposure Estimates for Granular
Applications of Flurprimidol (Earthworm Fugacity Model)

Flurprimidol exposure to terrestrial wildlife from non-granular
applications is evaluated by estimating pesticide residues on food items
including grasses, plants, insects, fruits, pods, and seeds.  For
granular applications, terrestrial EECs and acute risks were derived
based on an estimation of loadings of pesticide per unit area (ft2). 
EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic risk to
terrestrial animals from granular applications.  The following chronic
exposure estimation and risk characterization for terrestrial animals
considers granular routes of exposure including direct ingestion of soil
invertebrates that have bioconcentrated pesticide residues of granules
in soil.

Direct Ingestion of Soil Invertebrates

An estimation of flurprimidol concentrations potentially accumulated in
the tissues of earthworms was required to complete the exposure
estimates for insectivorous birds and mammals.  This estimation of
earthworm concentration was calculated using a fugacity-based
(equilibrium partitioning) approach based on the work of Trapp and
McFarlane (1995) and Mackay and Paterson (1981).  Earthworms dwelling
within the soil are exposed to contaminants in both soil pore water and
via the ingestion of soil (Belfroid et al. 1994).  The concentration of
flurprimidol in earthworms was calculated as a combination of uptake
from soil pore water and gastrointestinal absorption from ingested soil:

C earthworm = [(Csoil)(Zearthworm/Zsoil)]+[(Csoil
water)(Zearthworm/Zwater)]

where:	

Csoil is the concentration of chemical in bulk soil (note: a chemical
concentration averaged over a 15-cm soil depth was used to reflect a
concentration across the earthworm occupied area of soil)

)(ρearthworm)/H

Zsoil is the fugacity capacity of chemical in soil = (Kd)(ρsoil)/H

Zwater is the fugacity capacity of chemical in water = 1/H

Csoil water is the concentration of chemical in soil water = Csoil/Kbw

Kbw  is the bulk soil-to-water partitioning coefficient = 

(ρsoil)(Kd)+θ +(ε-θ)(Kaw)

Kaw is the air-to-water partitioning coefficient = H/RT

H = Henry’s Constant specific to flurprimidol (1.17E-4)

R = universal gas constant, 8.31 Joules-m3/mol-oK

T = temperature oK, assumed to be 298 oK

Kd = soil partitioning coefficient for flurprimidol (2.8)

ρsoil = bulk density of soil, assumed to be 1.3 g/cm3

θ = volumetric fraction of the soil, assumed to be 0.30

ε = volumetric total porosity of the soil, assumed to 0.50

lipid = fraction of lipid in organism 0.01 (Cobb et al., 1995)

Kow = the octonal to water partitioning coefficient for flurprimidol
(2.96)

ρeartworm = the density of the organism, assumed to be 1 g/cm3         
 

  

Table D.1 summarizes the estimated immediate post-treatment soil
concentrations of flurprimidol, assuming 15 cm (3-inch) averaging depth,
a soil density of 1.3 g/cm3, and granular application rates of
flurprimidol at 3.0 lb ai/A.

Table D.1 - Estimated Soil Concentrations for Flurprimidol

(Immediately Post-treatment)

Application Rate 

(lb ai/A)	

Soil Concentration 

(mg/kg-soil) ca 15 cm

3.0	0.00718

 				

Table D.2 summarizes the model inputs and exposure estimates (i.e.,
earthworm concentrations in ppm) for insectivorous birds and mammals,
based on granular flurprimidol application rate of 3.0 lb ai/A.

Table D.2 - Model Input Parameters and Dietary Exposure Estimates 

for Avian and Mammalian Receptors

(for Soil Concentrations Immediately Post-treatment)

Parameter	

3.0 lb ai/A

Cs (mg/kg @ 15 cm depth)	0.00718

Earthworm
Concent慲楴湯⠠杭欯⥧⠠敃牡桴潷浲ܩ⸰㌰ㄵ܇䬍⁤⠠浣
⼳⥧㈇㠮܇

ρsoil (g/cm3)	1.3

ρearthworm (g/cm3)	1

θ (unitless)	0.3

ε (unitless)	0.5

Kaw (H/RT)	4.7E-08

Kbw ((ρsoil(Kd)+θ+(ε-θ)(Kaw))	3.94

	

Chronic Risk Characterization for Terrestrial Wildlife

Chronic risks for birds and mammals that consume terrestrial
invertebrates as the majority of their diet were estimated based on
comparison of the concentration of flurprimidol in earthworm tissue
(Cearthworm) with chronic toxicity values for birds and mammals.  Given
that earthworms are likely to be present in the top 6 inches of soil, a
15-cm soil depth was used to reflect a concentration across the
earthworm occupied area of soil to derive the Cearthworm.  It is
important to note that this estimation of risk assumes that 100% of the
diet is comprised of terrestrial soil invertebrates. 

Insectivorous Birds

	Chronic risks for insectivorous birds were estimated by comparing the
Cearthworm in mg/kg by the avian chronic NOAEC for flurprimidol (309
mg/kg).  Estimated earthworm residues for insectivorous avian receptors
(0.04 mg/kg) are less than the avian chronic endpoint (309 mg/kg; based
on reproductive effects) for granular flurprimidol application of 3.0 lb
ai/A.  Therefore, chronic risks to insectivorous birds associated with
ingestion of terrestrial invertebrates (i.e., earthworms) that have
bioaccumulated flurprimidol granules are not expected.  However, it is
unclear whether other routes of granular flurprimidol exposure (i.e.,
direct consumption of granules, ingestion of granules that adhere to
soil invertebrates, partitioning of dissolved flurprimidol to on-site
sources of wildlife drinking water, dermal exposure of granules released
to surrounding soil, and on-site puddles) or combined routes of exposure
would result in chronic risk concerns for terrestrial-phase amphibians.	

Insectivorous Mammals

Chronic risks for insectivorous mammals were estimated by considering
both dietary- and dose-related exposures and effects.  In the dietary
method, risks were estimated by comparing the Cearthworm by the
mammalian chronic NOAEC for flurprimidol (100 mg/kg; based on reduction
in body weight gain).  In the dose method, the residue concentration in
earthworms was converted to a daily oral dose based on the fraction of
body weight consumed as estimated through mammalian allometric
relationships. The dose was then compared to the NOAEL (7.3
mg/kg-BW/day) for mammalian receptors.

Based on the dietary method and flurprimidol granular application rates
of 3.0 lb ai/A, chronic LOCs are not exceeded for insectivorous mammals
because the respective earthworm residue concentrations (0.04 mg/kg) are
less than the NOAEC (100 mg/kg).  Earthworm residue concentrations
derived based on the dose method are first converted to a daily dose by
multiplying the dietary Cearthworm by the percentage BW consumed for the
small mammals (15g = 95% BW).  In addition, the NOAEL value (7.3
mg/kg-BW/day) is adjusted to account for the size of the mammals
according to the following equation:

Adjusted NOAEL = NOAEL (TW/AW)(0.25)

where:

TW = body weight of tested animal (350 g rat); and

AW = body weight of assessed animal (15 g).

As shown in Table D.3, estimated chronic doses for insectivorous
mammals, based on the granular application of flurprimidol (3.0 lb ai/A)
and adjusted NOAELs for small sized mammals does not exceed chronic LOC
with a RQ of <0.1.  The results of the assessment indicate that, when
growth effect risks for mammals are assessed on the basis of daily
ingested dietary dose, the accumulation of flurprimidol in terrestrial
invertebrates may represent, by itself, a biologically significant
pathway for exposure.  Dose-based RQs are likely to provide more
accurate estimates of risk to insectivorous mammals because they are
based on earthworm residues that are consumed by a mammal in a given day
and adjusted NOAEL values for three sizes of mammals, while the
dietary-based RQs use no such adjustments to account for feeding
behavior and varying size classes.

Table D.3.  Dose-based Chronic RQ for Insectivorous Mammals

Application Rate	

Body Weight (g)	

Dose-adjusted EECw

(mg/kg-BW/day)a	

Adjusted NOAEL

(mg/kg-BW/day)b	

Chronic RQc

3.0 lb ai/A	15	0.03	16.04	<0.1

a Dose-adjusted EECw = Dietary EECw (ppm) * (%BW consumed/100).

b Adjusted NOAEL = NOAEL (TW/AW)0.25.

c Chronic RQ = Dose-adjusted EECw / Adjusted NOAEL. 

e Exceeds chronic risk level of concern (RQ > 1.0).

Uncertainties

There are a number of uncertainties associated with the fugacity model
used to estimate flurprimidol concentrations in earthworm tissue and
subsequent risks to insectivorous terrestrial animals.  It may be
possible to further refine this assessment with additional information
addressing the following uncertainties:

A flurprimidol concentration averaged over a 15-cm soil depth was used
to reflect a concentration across the earthworm occupied area of soil. 
However, it is possible that earthworms may be present at deeper soil
depths, resulting in a lower concentration of flurprimidol in bulk soil
and earthworm tissue.

The fugacity-based model assumes equilibrium partitioning between bulk
soil and soil pore water.  In addition, the model assumes a fixed value
for soil density, earthworm density, temperature, pore space, organic
carbon, and the lipid content of the earthworm.  Resulting
concentrations of flurprimidol in earthworm tissue may be either under-
or over-estimated depending on the soil type, temperature, and
size/lipid content of the earthworm, at the time of exposure. This
assessment considers only one route of exposure (i.e., ingestion of
terrestrial invertebrates that have bioaccumulated flurprimidol from
granules in the soil) for insectivorous birds and mammals.  In addition,
it is assumed that 100% of the diet is comprised of terrestrial soil
invertebrates.  Given species-specific feeding habits and dietary
requirements, this assumption may overestimate risks associated with
ingestion of soil invertebrates that have accumulated flurprimidol,
especially for terrestrial-phase amphibians, which have lower metabolic
rates than birds.  Other potential routes of exposure including direct
ingestion of granules, ingestion of granules that adhere to soil
invertebrates, partitioning of dissolved flurprimidol to sources of
wildlife drinking water, and dermal exposure of granules released to
surrounding soil and puddles) or combined routes of exposure were not
considered.  

References

Belfroid, A., M. Sikkenk, W. Seinen, K.V. Gestel, J. Hermens.  1994. 
The toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworm (Eisenia
andrei) experiments in soil.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem.  13: 93-99

Mackay, D. And S. Paterson.  1981.  Calculating fugacity.  Environ. Sci.
Technol.  15: 1006-1014.

Trapp, S. And J.C McFarlane (eds.).  1995.  Plant Contamination Modeling
and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes.  Lewis Publishers.  Boca
Raton, Florida.

APPENDIX E: TERRPLANT EECs

1. Spray Application of 0.26 lbs ai/A to Turf grass / Ornamentals

Table E1. Chemical Identity.	 

Chemical Name	flurprimidol	 

PC code	125701	 

Use	Turf / Ornamental	 

Application Method	Ground	 

Application Form	liquid	  

Solubility in Water (ppm)	130 mg/L	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E2. Input parameters used to derive EECs.	 

Input Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units	 

Application Rate	A	0.26	lbs ai/A	 

Incorporation	I	1	none	 

Runoff Fraction	R	0.05	none	 

Drift Fraction	D	0.01	none	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E3. EECs for Flurprimidol.  Units in lbs ai/A.	 

Description	Equation	EEC	 

Runoff to dry areas	(A/I)*R	0.013	 

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas	(A/I)*R*10	0.13	 

Spray drift	A*D	0.0026	 

Total for dry areas	((A/I)*R)+(A*D)	0.0156	 

Total for semi-aquatic areas	((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)	0.1326	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E4. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units
are in lbs ai/A.

 	Seedling Emergence	Vegetative Vigor

Plant type	EC25	NOAEC 	EC25	NOAEC 

Monocot	0.14	0.038	0.42	0.11

Dicot	0.012	0.0044	0.011	0.0046

 	 	 	 	 

Table E5. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to
Flurprimidol through runoff and/or spray drift.*

Plant Type	Listed Status	Dry 	Semi-Aquatic	Spray Drift

Monocot	non-listed	0.11	0.95	<0.1

Monocot	listed	0.41	3.49	<0.1

Dicot	non-listed	1.30	11.05	0.24

Dicot	listed 	3.55	30.14	0.57

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to
that plant group.

INC - inconclusive

 

 	 	 

2. Spray Application of 0.75 lbs ai/A to Turf / Ornamentals

Table E6. Chemical Identity.	 

Chemical Name	flurprimidol	 

PC code	125701	 

Use	Turf / Ornamental	 

Application Method	Ground	 

Application Form	liquid	  

Solubility in Water (ppm)	130 mg/L	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E7. Input parameters used to derive EECs.	 

Input Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units	 

Application Rate	A	0.75	Lbs ai/A	 

Incorporation	I	1	none	 

Runoff Fraction	R	0.05	none	 

Drift Fraction	D	0.01	none	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E8. EECs for Flurprimidol.  Units in y.	 

Description	Equation	EEC	 

Runoff to dry areas	(A/I)*R	0.0375	 

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas	(A/I)*R*10	0.375	 

Spray drift	A*D	0.0075	 

Total for dry areas	((A/I)*R)+(A*D)	0.045	 

Total for semi-aquatic areas	((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)	0.3825	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E9. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units
are in Lbs ai/A.

 	Seedling Emergence	Vegetative Vigor

Plant type	EC25	NOAEC 	EC25	NOAEC 

Monocot	0.14	0.038	0.42	0.11

Dicot	0.012	0.0044	0.011	0.0046

 	 	 	 	 

Table E10. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to
Flurprimidol through runoff and/or spray drift.*

Plant Type	Listed Status	Dry 	Semi-Aquatic	Spray Drift

Monocot	non-listed	0.32	2.73	<0.1

Monocot	listed	1.18	10.07	0.20

Dicot	non-listed	3.75	31.88	0.68

Dicot	listed 	10.23	86.93	1.63

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to
that plant group.

INC - inconclusive

 	 	 	 	 

3.  Granular Application of 0.75 lbs ai/A to Turf / Ornamentals

Table E11. Chemical Identity.	 

Chemical Name	flurprimidol	 

PC code	125701	 

Use	Turf / Ornamental	 

Application Method	Ground	 

Application Form	Granular	  

Solubility in Water (mg/L)	130 mg/L	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E12. Input parameters used to derive EECs.	 

Input Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units	 

Application Rate	A	0.75	lbs ai/A	 

Incorporation	I	1	none	 

Runoff Fraction	R	0.05	none	 

Drift Fraction	D	0	none	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E13. EECs for Flurprimidol.  Units in lbs ai/A.	 

Description	Equation	EEC	 

Runoff to dry areas	(A/I)*R	0.0375	 

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas	(A/I)*R*10	0.375	 

Spray drift	A*D	0	 

Total for dry areas	((A/I)*R)+(A*D)	0.0375	 

Total for semi-aquatic areas	((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)	0.375	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E14. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units
are in lbs ai/A.

 	Seedling Emergence	Vegetative Vigor

Plant type	EC25	NOAEC 	EC25	NOAEC 

Monocot	0.14	0.038	0.42	0.11

Dicot	0.012	0.0044	0.011	0.0046

 	 	 	 	 

Table E15. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to
Flutriafol 125 g/l SC through runoff and/or spray drift.*

Plant Type	Listed Status	Dry 	Semi-Aquatic	Spray Drift

Monocot	non-listed	0.27	2.68	<0.1

Monocot	listed	0.99	9.87	<0.1

Dicot	non-listed	3.13	31.25	<0.1

Dicot	listed 	8.52	85.23	<0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to
that plant group.

 	 	 	 	 

4.  Granular Application of 1.5 lbs ai/A to Turf / Ornamentals

Table E16. Chemical Identity.	 

Chemical Name	flurprimidol	 

PC code	125701	 

Use	Turf / Ornamental	 

Application Method	Ground	 

Application Form	Granular	  

Solubility in Water (mg/L)	130 mg/L	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E17. Input parameters used to derive EECs.	 

Input Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units	 

Application Rate	A	1.5	lbs ai/A	 

Incorporation	I	1	none	 

Runoff Fraction	R	0.05	none	 

Drift Fraction	D	0	none	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E18. EECs for Flurprimidol.  Units in lbs ai/A.	 

Description	Equation	EEC	 

Runoff to dry areas	(A/I)*R	0.075	 

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas	(A/I)*R*10	0.75	 

Spray drift	A*D	0	 

Total for dry areas	((A/I)*R)+(A*D)	0.075	 

Total for semi-aquatic areas	((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)	0.75	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E19. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units
are in lbs ai/A.

 	Seedling Emergence	Vegetative Vigor

Plant type	EC25	NOAEC 	EC25	NOAEC 

Monocot	0.14	0.038	0.42	0.11

Dicot	0.012	0.0044	0.011	0.0046

 	 	 	 	 

Table E20. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to
Flurprimidol through runoff and/or spray drift.*

Plant Type	Listed Status	Dry 	Semi-Aquatic	Spray Drift

Monocot	non-listed	0.54	5.36	<0.1

Monocot	listed	1.97	19.74	<0.1

Dicot	non-listed	6.25	62.50	<0.1

Dicot	listed 	17.05	170.45	<0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to
that plant group.

 	 	 	 	 

5.  Granular Application of 3.0 lbs ai/A to Turf / Ornamentals

Table E21. Chemical Identity.	 

Chemical Name	flurprimidol	 

PC code	125701	 

Use	Turf / Ornamental	 

Application Method	Ground	 

Application Form	Granular	  

Solubility in Water (mg/L)	130 mg/L	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E22. Input parameters used to derive EECs.	 

Input Parameter	Symbol	Value	Units	 

Application Rate	A	3.0	lbs ai/A	 

Incorporation	I	1	none	 

Runoff Fraction	R	0.05	none	 

Drift Fraction	D	0	none	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E23. EECs for Flurprimidol.  Units in lbs ai/A.	 

Description	Equation	EEC	 

Runoff to dry areas	(A/I)*R	0.15	 

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas	(A/I)*R*10	1.5	 

Spray drift	A*D	0	 

Total for dry areas	((A/I)*R)+(A*D)	0.15	 

Total for semi-aquatic areas	((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D)	1.5	 

 	 	 	 	 

Table E24. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units
are in lbs ai/A.

 	Seedling Emergence	Vegetative Vigor

Plant type	EC25	NOAEC 	EC25	NOAEC 

Monocot	0.14	0.038	0.42	0.11

Dicot	0.012	0.0044	0.011	0.0046

 	 	 	 	 

Table E25. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to
Flurprimidol through runoff and/or spray drift.*

Plant Type	Listed Status	Dry 	Semi-Aquatic	Spray Drift

Monocot	non-listed	1.07	10.71	<0.1

Monocot	listed	3.95	39.47	<0.1

Dicot	non-listed	12.50	125.00	<0.1

Dicot	listed 	34.09	340.91	<0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to
that plant group.

 	 	 	 	 

APPENDIX F:  LOCATES - Direct Effect Co-occurrence Analysis

	Species Occurrence in Selected States and Selected Taxa

	No species were excluded

	All Medium Types Reported

	Mammal, Bird, Amphibian, Reptile, Dicot, Monocot, Ferns, Conf/cycds,
Lichen

	AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY,
LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, 

	MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, PR, RI,
SC, SD, TN, TX, 

	UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY

	Alabama	( 33) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Ambystoma cingulatum	Threatened	Freshwater,
Vernal pool,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Salamander, Red Hills	Phaeognathus hubrichti	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amphianthus, Little	Amphianthus pusillus	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	Marshallia mohrii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, Lyrate	Lesquerella lyrata	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Dalea foliosa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Leather-flower, Alabama	Clematis socialis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Leather-flower, Morefield's	Clematis morefieldii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake	Sarracenia rubra alabamensis
Endangered	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Sarracenia oreophila	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Potato-bean, Price's	Apios priceana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

	Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus	Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis
Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	americanum

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Isoetes louisianensis	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Mouse, Alabama Beach	Peromyscus polionotus ammobates	Endangered
Terrestrial, Coastal 	Yes

	(neritic)

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	Mouse, Perdido Key Beach	Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis
Endangered	Coastal (neritic)	Yes

	Monocot

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Xyris tennesseensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Trillium, Relict	Trillium reliquum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Water-plantain, Kral's	Sagittaria secundifolia	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Eastern Indigo	Drymarchon corais couperi	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Tortoise, Gopher	Gopherus polyphemus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied	Pseudemys alabamensis	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Turtle, Flattened Musk	Sternotherus depressus	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Alaska	( 5) species:	CH

	Bird

	Curlew, Eskimo	Numenius borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Eider, Spectacled	Somateria fischeri	Threatened	Saltwater, Terrestrial
Yes

	Eider, Steller's	Polysticta stelleri	Threatened	Terrestrial, Saltwater
Yes

	Ferns

	Fern, Aleutian Shield	Polystichum aleuticum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Arizona	( 38) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	Rana chiricahuensis	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Salamander, Sonora Tiger	Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi	Endangered	Vernal
pool, Freshwater,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Bird

	Bobwhite, Masked	Colinus virginianus ridgwayi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Condor, California	Gymnogyps californianus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Eagle, Bald	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	Falco femoralis septentrionalis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Strix occidentalis lucida	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Pygmy-owl, Cactus Ferruginous	Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rail, Yuma Clapper	Rallus longirostris yumanensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

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	Dicot

	Blue-star, Kearney's	Amsonia kearneyana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog	Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	arizonicus

	Cactus, Brady Pincushion	Pediocactus bradyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Cochise Pincushion	Coryphantha robbinsorum	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head	Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	nicholii

	Cactus, Peebles Navajo	Pediocactus peeblesianus 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	peeblesianus

	Cactus, Pima Pineapple	Coryphantha scheeri var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	robustispina

	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	Pediocactus 	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri

	Cliffrose, Arizona	Purshia (=cowania) subintegra	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Cycladenia, Jones	Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Fleabane, Zuni	Erigeron rhizomatus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks	Senecio franciscanus	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	Astragalus holmgreniorum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Sentry	Astragalus cremnophylax var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	cremnophylax

	Milkweed, Welsh's	Asclepias welshii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Umbel, Huachuca Water	Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Mammal

	Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed	Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae
Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Jaguar	Panthera onca	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Jaguarundi, Sinaloan	Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	tolteca

	Ocelot	Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pronghorn, Sonoran	Antilocapra americana sonoriensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Squirrel, Mount Graham Red	Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	grahamensis

	Vole, Hualapai Mexican	Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills	Spiranthes delitescens	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Sedge, Navajo	Carex specuicola	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Reptile

	Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed	Crotalus willardi obscurus
Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tortoise, Desert	Gopherus agassizii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 3 of 50

	Arkansas	( 9) species:	CH

	Bird

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Bladderpod, Missouri	Lesquerella filiformis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Geocarpon minimum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Ozark Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Subterraneous	No

	townsendii ingens

	California	( 232) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Frog, California Red-legged	Rana aurora draytonii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged	Gopherus agassizii	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Salamander, California Tiger	Ambystoma californiense	Endangered
Terrestrial, Vernal pool	No

	Salamander, Desert Slender	Batrachoseps aridus	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed	Ambystoma macrodactylum 	Endangered
Freshwater, Vernal pool,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Toad, Arroyo Southwestern	Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)	Endangered
Freshwater, Terrestrial	Yes

	Bird

	Condor, California	Gymnogyps californianus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Gnatcatcher, Coastal California	Polioptila californica californica
Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Murrelet, Marbled	Brachyramphus marmoratus 	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial, 	Yes

	marmoratus	Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Strix occidentalis caurina	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Plover, Western Snowy	Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Rail, California Clapper	Rallus longirostris obsoletus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rail, Light-footed Clapper	Rallus longirostris levipes	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rail, Yuma Clapper	Rallus longirostris yumanensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead	Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Sparrow, San Clemente Sage	Amphispiza belli clementeae	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Tern, California Least	Sterna antillarum browni	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 4 of 50

	Towhee, Inyo Brown	Pipilo crissalis eremophilus	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Vireo, Least Bell's	Vireo bellii pusillus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Conf/cycds

	Cypress, Gowen	Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Cypress, Santa Cruz	Cupressus abramsiana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin	Pseudobahia peirsonii	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Allocarya, Calistoga	Plagiobothrys strictus	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Ambrosia, San Diego	Ambrosia pumila	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Baccharis, Encinitas	Baccharis vanessae	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Barberry, Island	Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Barberry, Nevin's	Berberis nevinii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bedstraw, El Dorado	Galium californicum ssp. sierrae	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bedstraw, Island	Galium buxifolium	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted	Cordylanthus palmatus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bird's-beak, Pennell's	Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bird's-beak, salt marsh	Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. 	Endangered
Saltwater	No

	maritimus

	Bird's-beak, Soft	Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis	Endangered	Brackish,
Saltwater	No

	Bladderpod, San Bernardino 	Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mountains

	Bluecurls, Hidden Lake	Trichostema austromontanum ssp. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	compactum

	Broom, San Clemente Island	Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Buckwheat, Cushenbury	Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill)	Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	prostratum)

	Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild	Eriogonum kennedyi var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	austromontanum

	Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island	Malacothamnus clementinus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island	Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	nesioticus

	Butterweed, Layne's	Senecio layneae	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Button-celery, San Diego	Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Bakersfield	Opuntia treleasei	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ceanothus, Coyote	Ceanothus ferrisae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ceanothus, Pine Hill	Ceanothus roderickii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ceanothus, Vail Lake	Ceanothus ophiochilus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Centaury, Spring-loving	Centaurium namophilum	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Checker-mallow, Keck's	Sidalcea keckii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 5 of 50

	Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh	Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Checker-mallow, Pedate	Sidalcea pedata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clarkia, Pismo	Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Clarkia, Presidio	Clarkia franciscana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clarkia, Springville	Clarkia springvillensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Clarkia, Vine Hill	Clarkia imbricata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Fleshy Owl's	Castilleja campestris ssp. 	Threatened	Vernal pool
Yes

	Clover, Monterey	Trifolium trichocalyx	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Showy Indian	Trifolium amoenum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond	Eryngium constancei	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Crownbeard, Big-leaved	Verbesina dissita	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley	Atriplex coronata var. notatior
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Daisy, Parish's	Erigeron parishii	Threatened	Freshwater	Yes

	Dudleya, Conejo	Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Dudleya, Marcescent	Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley	Dudleya setchellii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island	Dudleya nesiotica	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains	Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia
Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Dudleya, Verity's	Dudleya verityi	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Dwarf-flax, Marin	Hesperolinon congestum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes	Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley	Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Evening-primrose, San Benito	Camissonia benitensis	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Fiddleneck, Large-flowered	Amsinckia grandiflora	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Flannelbush, Mexican	Fremontodendron mexicanum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Flannelbush, Pine Hill	Fremontodendron californicum ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	decumbens

	Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island	Thysanocarpus conchuliferus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-flowered	Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Gilia, Monterey	Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's	Pseudobahia bahiifolia	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Goldfields, Burke's	Lasthenia burkei	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Goldfields, Contra Costa	Lasthenia conjugens	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Grass, Hairy Orcutt	Orcuttia pilosa	Endangered	Vernal pool	Yes

	Grass, Sacramento Orcutt	Orcuttia viscida	Endangered	Vernal pool	Yes

	Grass, Slender Orcutt	Orcuttia tenuis	Threatened	Vernal pool	Yes

	Gumplant, Ash Meadows	Grindelia fraxino-pratensis	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 6 of 50

	Ivesia, Ash Meadows	Ivesia kingii var. eremica	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Jewelflower, California	Caulanthus californicus	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon	Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Jewelflower, Tiburon	Streptanthus niger	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Larkspur, Baker's	Delphinium bakeri	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Larkspur, San Clemente Island	Delphinium variegatum ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	kinkiense

	Larkspur, Yellow	Delphinium luteum	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Layia, Beach	Layia carnosa	Endangered	Terrestrial, Coastal 	No

	(neritic)

	Lessingia, San Francisco	Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	germanorum)

	Liveforever, Laguna Beach	Dudleya stolonifera	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island	Dudleya traskiae	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Lupine, Clover	Lupinus tidestromii	Endangered	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Lupine, Nipomo Mesa	Lupinus nipomensis	Endangered	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Malacothrix, Island	Malacothrix squalida	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island	Malacothrix indecora	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mallow, Kern	Eremalche kernensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Manzanita, Del Mar	Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	crassifolia

	Manzanita, Ione	Arctostaphylos myrtifolia	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Manzanita, Morro	Arctostaphylos morroensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Manzanita, Pallid	Arctostaphylos pallida	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Manzanita, Presidio (=Raven's)	Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island	Arctostaphylos confertiflora	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Meadowfoam, Butte County	Limnanthes floccosa ssp. 	Endangered	Vernal
pool	Yes

	Meadowfoam, Sebastopol	Limnanthes vinculans	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Braunton's	Astragalus brauntonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's	Astragalus clarianus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley	Astragalus lentiginosus var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	coachellae

	Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes	Astragalus tener var. titi	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Cushenbury	Astragalus albens	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Milk-vetch, Fish Slough	Astragalus lentiginosus var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	piscinensis

	Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain	Astragalus jaegerianus	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Milk-vetch, Pierson's	Astragalus magdalenae var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed	Astragalus tricarinatus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh	Astragalus pycnostachyus var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	lanosissimus

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 7 of 50

	Mint, Otay Mesa	Pogogyne nudiuscula	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mint, San Diego Mesa	Pogogyne abramsii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monardella, Willowy	Monardella linoides ssp. viminea	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Morning-glory, Stebbins	Calystegia stebbinsii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mountainbalm, Indian Knob	Eriodictyon altissimum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island	Cercocarpus traskiae	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mustard, Slender-petaled	Thelypodium stenopetalum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Navarretia, Few-flowered	Navarretia leucocephala ssp. 	Endangered
Vernal pool, Terrestrial	No

	pauciflora (=N. pauciflora)

	Navarretia, Many-flowered	Navarretia leucocephala ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Vernal pool	No

	plieantha

	Navarretia, Spreading	Navarretia fossalis	Threatened	Vernal pool	No

	Niterwort, Amargosa	Nitrophila mohavensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Oxytheca, Cushenbury	Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian	Castilleja cinerea	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian	Castilleja grisea	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Paintbrush, Soft-leaved	Castilleja mollis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Paintbrush, Tiburon	Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie	Thlaspi californicum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Pentachaeta, Lyon's	Pentachaeta lyonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pentachaeta, White-rayed	Pentachaeta bellidiflora	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Phacelia, Island	Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Phlox, Yreka	Phlox hirsuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Polygonum, Scott's Valley	Polygonum hickmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Potentilla, Hickman's	Potentilla hickmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pussypaws, Mariposa	Calyptridium pulchellum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, Hoffmann's	Arabis hoffmannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, McDonald's	Arabis mcdonaldiana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island	Sibara filifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Rush-rose, Island	Helianthemum greenei	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sandwort, Bear Valley	Arenaria ursina	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sandwort, Marsh	Arenaria paludicola	Endangered	Freshwater, Terrestrial
No

	Sea-blite, California	Suaeda californica	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spineflower, Ben Lomond	Chorizanthe pungens var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	hartwegiana

	Spineflower, Howell's	Chorizanthe howellii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spineflower, Monterey	Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Spineflower, Orcutt's	Chorizanthe orcuttiana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 8 of 50

	Spineflower, Robust	Chorizanthe robusta var. robusta	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Spineflower, Scotts Valley	Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Spineflower, Slender-horned	Dodecahema leptoceras	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Spineflower, Sonoma	Chorizanthe valida	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spurge, Hoover's	Chamaesyce hooveri	Threatened	Vernal pool	Yes

	Stickyseed, Baker's	Blennosperma bakeri	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Stonecrop, Lake County	Parvisedum leiocarpum	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly	Eriophyllum latilobum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Taraxacum, California	Taraxacum californicum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tarplant, Gaviota	Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Tarplant, Otay	Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Tarplant, Santa Cruz	Holocarpha macradenia	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Thistle, Chorro creek Bog	Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Thistle, Fountain	Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Thistle, La Graciosa	Cirsium loncholepis	Endangered	Coastal (neritic), 
Yes

	Freshwater, Saltwater, 

	Brackish

	Thistle, Suisun	Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum	Endangered
Brackish, Terrestrial	No

	Thornmint, San Diego	Acanthomintha ilicifolia	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Thornmint, San Mateo	Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Tuctoria, Green's	Tuctoria greenei	Endangered	Vernal pool	Yes

	Vervain, California	Verbena californica	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Wallflower, Ben Lomond	Erysimum teretifolium	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Wallflower, Contra Costa	Erysimum capitatum var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Wallflower, Menzie's	Erysimum menziesii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Watercress, Gambel's	Rorippa gambellii	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Brackish, 	No

	Freshwater

	Woodland-star, San Clemente Island	Lithophragma maximum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woolly-star, Santa Ana River	Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woolly-threads, San Joaquin	Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Yerba Santa, Lompoc	Eriodictyon capitatum	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Fox, San Joaquin Kit	Vulpes macrotis mutica	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Fox, San Miguel Island	Urocyon littoralis littoralis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Fox, Santa Catalina Island	Urocyon littoralis catalinae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Fox, Santa Cruz Island	Urocyon littoralis santacruzae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Fox, Santa Rosa Island	Urocyon littoralis santarosae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 9 of 50

	Kangaroo Rat, Fresno	Dipodomys nitratoides exilis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kangaroo Rat, Giant	Dipodomys ingens	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay	Dipodomys heermanni morroensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino 	Dipodomys merriami parvus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Merriam's

	Kangaroo Rat, Stephens'	Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	cascus)

	Kangaroo Rat, Tipton	Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mountain Beaver, Point Arena	Aplodontia rufa nigra	Endangered
Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Mouse, Pacific Pocket	Perognathus longimembris 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest	Reithrodontomys raviventris	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rabbit, Riparian Brush	Sylvilagus bachmani riparius	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn	Ovis canadensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn	Ovis canadensis californiana	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate	Sorex ornatus relictus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Vole, Amargosa	Microtus californicus scirpensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Woodrat, Riparian	Neotoma fuscipes riparia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Alopecurus, Sonoma	Alopecurus aequalis var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	sonomensis

	Amole, Cammatta Canyon	Chlorogalum purpureum var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	reductum

	Amole, Purple	Chlorogalum purpureum var. 	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	purpureum

	Bluegrass, Napa	Poa napensis	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bluegrass, San Bernardino	Poa atropurpurea	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Brodiaea, Chinese Camp	Brodiaea pallida	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Brodiaea, Thread-leaved	Brodiaea filifolia	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Grass, California Orcutt	Orcuttia californica	Endangered	Vernal pool,
Terrestrial	No

	Grass, Colusa	Neostapfia colusana	Threatened	Vernal pool	No

	Grass, Eureka Dune	Swallenia alexandrae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt	Orcuttia inaequalis	Threatened	Vernal
pool	Yes

	Grass, Solano	Tuctoria mucronata	Endangered	Vernal pool, Terrestrial
Yes

	Lily, Pitkin Marsh	Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense	Endangered
Freshwater	No

	Lily, Tiburon Mariposa	Calochortus tiburonensis	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Lily, Western	Lilium occidentale	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Onion, Munz's	Allium munzii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Piperia, Yadon's	Piperia yadonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sedge, White	Carex albida	Endangered	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 10 of 50

	Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard	Gambelia silus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed	Uma inornata	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Lizard, Island Night	Xantusia riversiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, olive ridley	Lepidochelys olivacea	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Giant Garter	Thamnophis gigas	Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial
No

	Snake, San Francisco Garter	Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia	Endangered
Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Tortoise, Desert	Gopherus agassizii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), Alameda	Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus
Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Colorado	( 17) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Strix occidentalis lucida	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Dicot

	Beardtongue, Penland	Penstemon penlandii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs	Lesquerella congesta	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	Gaura neomexicana var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	coloradensis

	Cactus, Knowlton	Pediocactus knowltonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Mesa Verde	Sclerocactus mesae-verdae	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Sclerocactus glaucus	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Mancos	Astragalus humillimus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Osterhout	Astragalus osterhoutii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen	Eutrema penlandii	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Phacelia, North Park	Phacelia formosula	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs	Physaria obcordata	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving	Eriogonum pelinophilum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping	Zapus hudsonius preblei	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Monocot

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Spiranthes diluvialis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Connecticut	( 11) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 11 of 50

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Agalinis acuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Delaware	( 10) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	Sciurus niger cinereus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Florida	( 88) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Ambystoma cingulatum	Threatened	Freshwater,
Vernal pool,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Bird

	Caracara, Audubon's Crested	Polyborus plancus audubonii	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Kite, Everglade Snail	Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 12 of 50

	Scrub-Jay, Florida	Aphelocoma coerulescens	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside	Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper	Ammodramus savannarum floridanus
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Conf/cycds

	Torreya, Florida	Torreya taxifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Aster, Florida Golden	Chrysopsis floridana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bellflower, Brooksville	Campanula robinsiae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Birds-in-a-nest, White	Macbridea alba	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Blazing Star, Scrub	Liatris ohlingerae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bonamia, Florida	Bonamia grandiflora	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Buckwheat, Scrub	Eriogonum longifolium var. 	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	gnaphalifolium

	Butterwort, Godfrey's	Pinguicula ionantha	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Cactus, Key Tree	Pilosocereus robinii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Campion, Fringed	Silene polypetala	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Fringe Tree, Pygmy	Chionanthus pygmaeus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	Ribes echinellum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Gourd, Okeechobee	Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	okeechobeensis

	Harebells, Avon Park	Crotalaria avonensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Hypericum, Highlands Scrub	Hypericum cumulicola	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Jacquemontia, Beach	Jacquemontia reclinata	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Coastal 	No

	(neritic)

	Lead-plant, Crenulate	Amorpha crenulata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lupine, Scrub	Lupinus aridorum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Meadowrue, Cooley's	Thalictrum cooleyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milkpea, Small's	Galactia smallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mint, Garrett's	Dicerandra christmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mint, Lakela's	Dicerandra immaculata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mint, Longspurred	Dicerandra cornutissima	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mint, Scrub	Dicerandra frutescens	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mustard, Carter's	Warea carteri	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pawpaw, Beautiful	Deeringothamnus pulchellus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 13 of 50

	Pawpaw, Four-petal	Asimina tetramera	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pawpaw, Rugel's	Deeringothamnus rugelii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pinkroot, Gentian	Spigelia gentianoides	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Plum, Scrub	Prunus geniculata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Polygala, Lewton's	Polygala lewtonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Polygala, Tiny	Polygala smallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Prickly-apple, Fragrant	Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rhododendron, Chapman	Rhododendron chapmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rosemary, Apalachicola	Conradina glabra	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rosemary, Etonia	Conradina etonia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rosemary, Short-leaved	Conradina brevifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sandlace	Polygonella myriophylla	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Skullcap, Florida	Scutellaria floridana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Snakeroot	Eryngium cuneifolium	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spurge, Deltoid	Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Spurge, Garber's	Chamaesyce garberi	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Spurge, Telephus	Euphorbia telephioides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Warea, Wide-leaf	Warea amplexifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Water-willow, Cooley's	Justicia cooleyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Whitlow-wort, Papery	Paronychia chartacea	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Wings, Pigeon	Clitoria fragrans	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Wireweed	Polygonella basiramia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ziziphus, Florida	Ziziphus celata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lichen

	Cladonia, Florida Perforate	Cladonia perforata	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Deer, Key	Odocoileus virginianus clavium	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach	Peromyscus polionotus phasma	Endangered
Terrestrial, Coastal 	No

	(neritic)

	Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach	Peromyscus polionotus allophrys	Endangered
Coastal (neritic), 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Mouse, Key Largo Cotton	Peromyscus gossypinus 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mouse, Perdido Key Beach	Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis	Endangered
Coastal (neritic)	Yes

	Mouse, Southeastern Beach	Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris	Threatened
Coastal (neritic), 	No

	Terrestrial

4/29/2010 12:24:48 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 14 of 50

	Mouse, St. Andrew Beach	Peromyscus polionotus 	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Coastal 	No

	(neritic)

	Panther, Florida	Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rabbit, Lower Keys Marsh	Sylvilagus palustris hefneri	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rice Rat (=Silver Rice Rat)	Oryzomys palustris natator	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Vole, Florida Salt Marsh	Microtus pennsylvanicus 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Brackish	No

	dukecampbelli

	Woodrat, Key Largo	Neotoma floridana smalli	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Beargrass, Britton's	Nolina brittoniana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Beauty, Harper's	Harperocallis flava	Endangered	Freshwater, Terrestrial
No

	Seagrass, Johnson's	Halophila johnsonii	Threatened	Coastal (neritic), 
Yes

	Saltwater

	Reptile

	Crocodile, American	Crocodylus acutus	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Skink, Blue-tailed Mole	Eumeces egregius lividus	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Skink, Sand	Neoseps reynoldsi	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh	Nerodia clarkii taeniata	Threatened
Saltwater, Terrestrial, 	No

	Brackish

	Snake, Eastern Indigo	Drymarchon corais couperi	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Georgia	( 34) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Ambystoma cingulatum	Threatened	Freshwater,
Vernal pool,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	Dendroica kirtlandii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Conf/cycds

	Torreya, Florida	Torreya taxifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amphianthus, Little	Amphianthus pusillus	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	Marshallia mohrii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 15 of 50

	Campion, Fringed	Silene polypetala	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dropwort, Canby's	Oxypolis canbyi	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Sarracenia oreophila	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rattleweed, Hairy	Baptisia arachnifera	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Skullcap, Large-flowered	Scutellaria montana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sumac, Michaux's	Rhus michauxii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

	Quillwort, Black-spored	Isoetes melanospora	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Quillwort, Mat-forming	Isoetes tegetiformans	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Subterraneous	Yes

	townsendii virginianus

	Monocot

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Xyris tennesseensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Trillium, Persistent	Trillium persistens	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Trillium, Relict	Trillium reliquum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Water-plantain, Kral's	Sagittaria secundifolia	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Eastern Indigo	Drymarchon corais couperi	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Hawaii	( 304) species:	CH

	Bird

	'Akepa, Hawaii	Loxops coccineus coccineus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	'Akepa, Maui	Loxops coccineus ochraceus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus 	Hemignathus procerus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	procerus)

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 16 of 50

	'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus munroi)	Hemignathus munroi	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Albatross, Short-tailed	Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Saltwater	No

	Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo)	Fulica americana alai	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Creeper, Hawaii	Oreomystis mana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Creeper, Molokai (Kakawahie)	Paroreomyza flammea	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio)	Paroreomyza maculata	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala)	Corvus hawaiiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa)	Anas wyvilliana	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Duck, Laysan	Anas laysanensis	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Elepaio, Oahu	Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Finch, Laysan	Telespyza cantans	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Finch, Nihoa	Telespyza ultima	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Goose, Hawaiian (Nene)	Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Hawk, Hawaiian (Io)	Buteo solitarius	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe)	Palmeria dolei	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Millerbird, Nihoa	Acrocephalus familiaris kingi	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Moorhen, Hawaiian Common	Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Nuku Pu'u	Hemignathus lucidus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	'O'o, Kauai (='A'a)	Moho braccatus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	'O'u (Honeycreeper)	Psittirostra psittacea	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Palila	Loxioides bailleui	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Parrotbill, Maui	Pseudonestor xanthophrys	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped	Pterodroma phaeopygia 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	sandwichensis

	Po'ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's	Puffinus auricularis newelli	Threatened
Terrestrial, Saltwater	No

	Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o)	Himantopus mexicanus knudseni	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Thrush, Large Kauai	Myadestes myadestinus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Thrush, Molokai (Oloma'o)	Myadestes lanaiensis rutha	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi)	Myadestes palmeri	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Dicot

	Abutilon eremitopetalum (ncn)	Abutilon eremitopetalum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Abutilon sandwicense (ncn)	Abutilon sandwicense	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Achyranthes mutica (ncn)	Achyranthes mutica	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Achyranthes splendens var. 	Achyranthes splendens var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	rotundata (ncn)	rotundata

	A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 	Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	tomentosum)	tomentosum

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 17 of 50

	A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)	Zanthoxylum hawaiiense	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum)	Nothocestrum breviflorum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum)	Nothocestrum peltatum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides var.	Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	 kaenana)	kaenana

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana)	Chamaesyce deppeana	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii)	Chamaesyce herbstii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana)	Chamaesyce kuwaleana	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii)	Chamaesyce rockii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. 	Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	skottsbe	kalaeloana

	'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana)	Euphorbia haeleeleana	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope adscendens)	Melicope adscendens	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Alani (Melicope balloui)	Melicope balloui	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope haupuensis)	Melicope haupuensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Alani (Melicope knudsenii)	Melicope knudsenii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Alani (Melicope lydgatei)	Melicope lydgatei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope mucronulata)	Melicope mucronulata	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope munroi)	Melicope munroi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Alani (Melicope ovalis)	Melicope ovalis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope pallida)	Melicope pallida	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope quadrangularis)	Melicope quadrangularis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Alani (Melicope reflexa)	Melicope reflexa	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope saint-johnii)	Melicope saint-johnii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri)	Melicope zahlbruckneri	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn)	Alsinidendron obovatum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn)	Alsinidendron trinerve	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn)	Alsinidendron viscosum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Amaranthus brownii (ncn)	Amaranthus brownii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula)	Lepidium arbuscula	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Anunu (Sicyos alba)	Sicyos alba	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae)	Isodendrion hosakae	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium)	Isodendrion laurifolium	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium)	Isodendrion longifolium	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Awikiwiki (Canavalia molokaiensis)	Canavalia molokaiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides)	Centaurium sebaeoides	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana)	Hedyotis cookiana	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Bonamia menziesii (ncn)	Bonamia menziesii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 18 of 50

	Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn)	Chamaesyce halemanui	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Cyanea undulata (ncn)	Cyanea undulata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn)	Delissea rhytidosperma	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Dubautia latifolia (ncn)	Dubautia latifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn)	Dubautia pauciflorula	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered	Geranium arboreum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Gouania hillebrandii (ncn)	Gouania hillebrandii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Gouania meyenii (ncn)	Gouania meyenii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Gouania vitifolia (ncn)	Gouania vitifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea acuminata)	Cyanea acuminata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea asarifolia)	Cyanea asarifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 	Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	copelandii)

	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 	Cyanea copelandii ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	haleakalaensis)	haleakalaensis

	Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia 	Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	crispa)

	Haha (Cyanea dunbarii)	Cyanea dunbarii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea glabra)	Cyanea glabra	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 	Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	grimesiana)

	Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 	Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	obatae)

	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 	Cyanea hamatiflora carlsonii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	carlsonii)

	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 	Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	hamatiflora)

	Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana)	Cyanea humboldtiana	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Haha (Cyanea koolauensis)	Cyanea koolauensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea longiflora)	Cyanea longiflora	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea Macrostegia var. 	Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	gibsonii)

	Haha (Cyanea mannii)	Cyanea mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi)	Cyanea mceldowneyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida)	Cyanea pinnatifida	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea platyphylla)	Cyanea platyphylla	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea procera)	Cyanea procera	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea recta)	Cyanea recta	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea remyi)	Cyanea remyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea shipmanii)	Cyanea shipmannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Haha (Cyanea stictophylla)	Cyanea stictophylla	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 19 of 50

	Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) (=Rollandia 	Cyanea st-johnii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	St-Johnii)

	Haha (Cyanea superba)	Cyanea superba	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata)	Cyrtandra crenata	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata)	Cyrtandra dentata	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii)	Cyrtandra giffardii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis)	Cyrtandra limahuliensis	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi)	Cyrtandra munroi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha)	Cyrtandra polyantha	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra subumbellata)	Cyrtandra subumbellata	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula)	Cyrtandra tintinnabula	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora)	Cyrtandra viridiflora	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn)	Haplostachys haplostachya	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus woodi)	Hibiscadelphus woodii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus distans)	Hibiscadelphus distans	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Heau (Exocarpos luteolus)	Exocarpos luteolus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Hedyotis degeneri (ncn)	Hedyotis degeneri	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Hedyotis parvula (ncn)	Hedyotis parvula	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn)	Hedyotis st.-johnii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn)	Hesperomannia arborescens	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn)	Hesperomannia arbuscula	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn)	Hesperomannia lydgatei	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Hibiscus, Clay's	Hibiscus clayi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis)	Ochrosia kilaueaensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi)	Wilkesia hobdyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae)	Labordia cyrtandrae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei)	Labordia lydgatei	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. 	Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	lanaiensis)

	Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. 	Labordia tinifolia var.
wahiawaensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	wahiawaen)

	Kamakahala (Labordia triflora)	Labordia triflora	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Kanaloa kahoolawensis (ncn)	Kanaloa kahoolawensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia)	Colubrina oppositifolia	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis)	Pteralyxia kauaiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea)	Hedyotis coriacea	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa)	Phyllostegia racemosa	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides)	Kokia drynarioides	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis)	Kokia kauaiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 20 of 50

	Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus arnottianus 	Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	ssp. immaculatus)	immaculatus

	Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae 	Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	ssp. hannerae)

	Kolea (Myrsine juddii)	Myrsine juddii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia)	Myrsine linearifolia	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. 	Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	kalealaha)

	Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei)	Bidens wiebkei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii)	Abutilon menziesii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana 	Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	var. remyi)	remyi

	Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron 	Alsinidendron lychnoides	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	lychnoides)

	Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile)	Nototrichium humile	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiensis)	Plantago hawaiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps)	Plantago princeps	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides)	Schiedea stellarioides	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Lipochaeta venosa (ncn)	Lipochaeta venosa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lobelia monostachya (ncn)	Lobelia monostachya	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lobelia niihauensis (ncn)	Lobelia niihauensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lobelia oahuensis (ncn)	Lobelia oahuensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Lysimachia filifolia (ncn)	Lysimachia filifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn)	Lysimachia lydgatei	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lysimachia maxima (ncn)	Lysimachia maxima	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus)	Alectryon macrococcus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense)	Peucedanum sandwicense	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus 	Hibiscus brackenridgei	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	brackenridgei)

	Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos)	Schiedea apokremnos	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae)	Schiedea kealiae	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides)	Cyrtandra cyaneoides	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea)	Flueggea neowawraea	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Munroidendron racemosum (ncn)	Munroidendron racemosum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae)	Dubautia herbstobatae	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. 	Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	humilis)

	Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis var. 	Viola kauaiensis var.
wahiawaensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	wahiawaensis)

	Nanu (Gardenia mannii)	Gardenia mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 21 of 50

	Na'u (Gardenia brighamii)	Gardenia brighamii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea)	Scaevola coriacea	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei)	Lipochaeta fauriei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis)	Lipochaeta kamolensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. 	Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	leptophylla)

	Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha)	Lipochaeta micrantha	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia)	Lipochaeta tenuifolia	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis)	Lipochaeta waimeaensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Neraudia angulata (ncn)	Neraudia angulata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Neraudia ovata (ncn)	Neraudia ovata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Neraudia sericea (ncn)	Neraudia sericea	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis)	Eugenia koolauensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum)	Geranium multiflorum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha (Delissea rivularis)	Delissea rivularis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha (Delissea subcordata)	Delissea subcordata	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Oha (Delissea undulata)	Delissea undulata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii koolauensis)	Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	koolauensis

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia drepanomorpha)	Clermontia drepanomorpha	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana)	Clermontia lindseyana	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 	Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	brevipes)

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 	Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	mauiensis)	mauiensis

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana)	Clermontia peleana	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia)	Clermontia pyrularia	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii)	Clermontia samuelii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa)	Sesbania tomentosa	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa)	Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	'Olulu (Brighamia insignis)	Brighamia insignis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Opuhe (Urera kaalae)	Urera kaalae	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana ssp. 	Viola chamissoniana ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	chamissoniana)	chamissoniana

	Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn)	Phyllostegia hirsuta	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn)	Phyllostegia kaalaensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn)	Phyllostegia knudsenii	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Phyllostegia mannii (ncn)	Phyllostegia mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Phyllostegia mollis (ncn)	Phyllostegia mollis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 22 of 50

	Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn)	Phyllostegia parviflora	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Phyllostegia velutina (ncn)	Phyllostegia velutina	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn)	Phyllostegia waimeae	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn)	Phyllostegia warshaueri	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn)	Phyllostegia wawrana	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Pilo (Hedyotis mannii)	Hedyotis mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa)	Portulaca sclerocarpa	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum 	Solanum sandwicense	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	sandwicense)

	Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum incompletum)	Solanum incompletum	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii)	Brighamia rockii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Remya kauaiensis (ncn)	Remya kauaiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Remya montgomeryi (ncn)	Remya montgomeryi	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Remya, Maui	Remya mauiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi)	Santalum freycinetianum var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	lanaiense

	Sanicula mariversa (ncn)	Sanicula mariversa	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Sanicula purpurea (ncn)	Sanicula purpurea	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn)	Schiedea haleakalensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea helleri (ncn)	Schiedea helleri	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea hookeri (ncn)	Schiedea hookeri	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea kaalae (ncn)	Schiedea kaalae	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn)	Schiedea kauaiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Schiedea lydgatei (ncn)	Schiedea lydgatei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea membranacea (ncn)	Schiedea membranacea	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Schiedea nuttallii (ncn)	Schiedea nuttallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea sarmentosa (ncn)	Schiedea sarmentosa	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda 	Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	(ncn)

	Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina 	Schiedea spergulina var.
spergulina	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	(ncn)

	Schiedea verticillata (ncn)	Schiedea verticillata	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea 	Schiedea adamantis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	adamantis)

	Silene alexandri (ncn)	Silene alexandri	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Silene hawaiiensis (ncn)	Silene hawaiiensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Silene lanceolata (ncn)	Silene lanceolata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Silene perlmanii (ncn)	Silene perlmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina)	Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 
Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	macrocephalum

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 23 of 50

	Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium 	Argyroxiphium kauense	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	kauense)

	Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina)	Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	sandwicense

	Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn)	Spermolepis hawaiiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn)	Stenogyne angustifolia var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	angustifolia

	Stenogyne bifida (ncn)	Stenogyne bifida	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Stenogyne campanulata (ncn)	Stenogyne campanulata	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn)	Stenogyne kanehoana	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn)	Tetramolopium arenarium	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Tetramolopium capillare (ncn)	Tetramolopium capillare	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn)	Tetramolopium filiforme	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 	Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	lepidotum (ncn)	lepidotum

	Tetramolopium remyi (ncn)	Tetramolopium remyi	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Tetramolopium rockii (ncn)	Tetramolopium rockii	Threatened	Coastal
(neritic), 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Trematolobelia singularis (ncn)	Trematolobelia singularis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis)	Caesalpinia kavaiense	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Ulihi (Phyllostegia glabra var. 	Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	lanaiensis)

	Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii)	Vicia menziesii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn)	Vigna o-wahuensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Viola helenae (ncn)	Viola helenae	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Viola lanaiensis (ncn)	Viola lanaiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Viola oahuensis (ncn)	Viola oahuensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion 	Isodendrion pyrifolium	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	pyrifolium)

	Xylosma crenatum (ncn)	Xylosma crenatum	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Ferns

	Asplenium fragile var. insulare (ncn)	Asplenium fragile var. insulare
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Diellia erecta (ncn)	Diellia erecta	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Diellia falcata (ncn)	Diellia falcata	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Diellia pallida (ncn)	Diellia pallida	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Diellia unisora (ncn)	Diellia unisora	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Diplazium molokaiense (ncn)	Diplazium molokaiense	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus 	Adenophorus periens	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	periens)

	'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa)	Marsilea villosa	Endangered	Vernal pool,
Terrestrial	Yes

	Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera)	Ctenitis squamigera	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 24 of 50

	Pteris lidgatei (ncn)	Pteris lidgatei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus 	Huperzia mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	(=Huperzia) mannii)

	Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus 	Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus) nutans
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	(=Lycopodium) nutans)

	Mammal

	Bat, Hawaiian Hoary	Lasiurus cinereus semotus	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Subterraneous	No

	Monocot

	Bluegrass, Hawaiian	Poa sandvicensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii)	Poa mannii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Gahnia Lanaiensis (ncn)	Gahnia lanaiensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Grass, Fosberg's Love	Eragrostis fosbergii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis)	Pleomele hawaiiensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone)	Ischaemum byrone	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Kamanomano (Cenchrus 	Cenchrus agrimonioides	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	agrimonioides)

	Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense)	Panicum niihauense	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis)	Pritchardia affinis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae)	Pritchardia kaalae	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia munroi)	Pritchardia munroi	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis)	Pritchardia napaliensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia remota)	Pritchardia remota	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri)	Pritchardia schattaueri	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa)	Pritchardia viscosa	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mariscus fauriei (ncn)	Mariscus fauriei	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn)	Mariscus pennatiformis	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei 	Panicum fauriei var. carteri
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	var.carteri)

	Platanthera holochila (ncn)	Platanthera holochila	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Poa siphonoglossa (ncn)	Poa siphonoglossa	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos)	Cyperus trachysanthos	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Wahane (Pritchardia aylmer-	Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	robinsonii)

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Idaho	( 7) species:	CH

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 25 of 50

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Dicot

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Silene spaldingii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's	Mirabilis macfarlanei	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Howellia, Water	Howellia aquatilis	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Mammal

	Bear, Grizzly	Ursus arctos horribilis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Caribou, Woodland	Rangifer tarandus caribou	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground	Spermophilus brunneus brunneus
Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Illinois	( 13) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Aster, Decurrent False	Boltonia decurrens	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Dalea foliosa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Lespedeza leptostachya	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Daisy, Lakeside	Hymenoxys herbacea	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Milkweed, Mead's	Asclepias meadii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Potato-bean, Price's	Apios priceana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Cirsium pitcheri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Indiana	( 10) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Trifolium stoloniferum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Goldenrod, Short's	Solidago shortii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milkweed, Mead's	Asclepias meadii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 26 of 50

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Cirsium pitcheri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta
Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Iowa	( 9) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Lespedeza leptostachya	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Milkweed, Mead's	Asclepias meadii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Aconitum noveboracense	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Ferns

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	americanum

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Kansas	( 7) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Milkweed, Mead's	Asclepias meadii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 27 of 50

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Kentucky	( 19) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	Dendroica kirtlandii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Warbler, Bachman's	Vermivora bachmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Ivory-billed	Campephilus principalis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Trifolium stoloniferum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Goldenrod, Short's	Solidago shortii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Goldenrod, White-haired	Solidago albopilosa	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Potato-bean, Price's	Apios priceana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, Large (=Braun's)	Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	ampla Rollins

	Rock-cress, Small	Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	perstellata Fernald

	Rosemary, Cumberland	Conradina verticillata	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sandwort, Cumberland	Arenaria cumberlandensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Subterraneous	Yes

	townsendii virginianus

	Louisiana	( 15) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, California Least	Sterna antillarum browni	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Geocarpon minimum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 28 of 50

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Isoetes louisianensis	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bear, Louisiana Black	Ursus americanus luteolus	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Tortoise, Gopher	Gopherus polyphemus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Turtle, Ringed Sawback	Graptemys oculifera	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Maine	( 7) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Lousewort, Furbish	Pedicularis furbishiae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Lynx, Canada	Lynx canadensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Maryland	( 14) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Dropwort, Canby's	Oxypolis canbyi	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Agalinis acuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Aeschynomene virginica	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Brackish	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	Sciurus niger cinereus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 29 of 50

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Massachusetts	( 12) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Agalinis acuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Turtle, Plymouth Red-bellied	Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Michigan	( 13) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	Dendroica kirtlandii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Dicot

	Daisy, Lakeside	Hymenoxys herbacea	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Goldenrod, Houghton's	Solidago houghtonii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monkey-flower, Michigan	Mimulus glabratus var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	michiganensis

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Cirsium pitcheri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 30 of 50

	Ferns

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	americanum

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Lynx, Canada	Lynx canadensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Iris, Dwarf Lake	Iris lacustris	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta
Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Minnesota	( 6) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Lespedeza leptostachya	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Roseroot, Leedy's	Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Lynx, Canada	Lynx canadensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Lily, Minnesota Trout	Erythronium propullans	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Mississippi	( 20) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi DPS)	Rana capito sevosa	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bird

	Crane, Mississippi Sandhill	Grus canadensis pulla	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Potato-bean, Price's	Apios priceana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

	Quillwort, Louisiana	Isoetes louisianensis	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 31 of 50

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bear, Louisiana Black	Ursus americanus luteolus	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Eastern Indigo	Drymarchon corais couperi	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Tortoise, Gopher	Gopherus polyphemus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Turtle, Ringed Sawback	Graptemys oculifera	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map	Graptemys flavimaculata	Threatened
Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Missouri	( 12) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Aster, Decurrent False	Boltonia decurrens	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Bladderpod, Missouri	Lesquerella filiformis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Trifolium stoloniferum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Geocarpon minimum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Milkweed, Mead's	Asclepias meadii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sneezeweed, Virginia	Helenium virginicum	Threatened	Vernal pool	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Montana	( 7) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 32 of 50

	Dicot

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Silene spaldingii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Howellia, Water	Howellia aquatilis	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Mammal

	Bear, Grizzly	Ursus arctos horribilis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Nebraska	( 7) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	Gaura neomexicana var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	coloradensis

	Penstemon, Blowout	Penstemon haydenii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Nevada	( 12) species:	CH

	Bird

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Rail, Yuma Clapper	Rallus longirostris yumanensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Blazing Star, Ash Meadows	Mentzelia leucophylla	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Buckwheat, Steamboat	Eriogonum ovalifolium var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	williamsiae

	Centaury, Spring-loving	Centaurium namophilum	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Gumplant, Ash Meadows	Grindelia fraxino-pratensis	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Ivesia, Ash Meadows	Ivesia kingii var. eremica	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows	Astragalus phoenix	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Niterwort, Amargosa	Nitrophila mohavensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Sunray, Ash Meadows	Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Monocot

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Spiranthes diluvialis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Tortoise, Desert	Gopherus agassizii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 33 of 50

	New Hampshire	( 4) species:	CH

	Dicot

	Milk-vetch, Jesup's	Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	New Jersey	( 13) species:	CH

	Bird

	Curlew, Eskimo	Numenius borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Aeschynomene virginica	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Brackish	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Beaked-rush, Knieskern's	Rhynchospora knieskernii	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	New Mexico	( 25) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	Rana chiricahuensis	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	Falco femoralis septentrionalis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 34 of 50

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Strix occidentalis lucida	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Cactus, Knowlton	Pediocactus knowltonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog	Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Lee Pincushion	Coryphantha sneedii var. leei	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Mesa Verde	Sclerocactus mesae-verdae	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Fleabane, Zuni	Erigeron rhizomatus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost	Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Milk-vetch, Mancos	Astragalus humillimus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pennyroyal, Todsen's	Hedeoma todsenii	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Poppy, Sacramento Prickly	Argemone pleiacantha ssp. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	pinnatisecta

	Sunflower, Pecos	Helianthus paradoxus	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Thistle, Sacramento Mountains	Cirsium vinaceum	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum	Eriogonum gypsophilum	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed	Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae
Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Mexican Long-nosed	Leptonycteris nivalis	Endangered	Subterraneous,
	No

	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Jaguar	Panthera onca	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed	Crotalus willardi obscurus
Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	New York	( 15) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Amaranthus pumilus	Threatened	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Agalinis acuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Aconitum noveboracense	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Roseroot, Leedy's	Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

4/29/2010 12:24:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 35 of 50

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	americanum

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	North Carolina	( 40) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Amaranthus pumilus	Threatened	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Avens, Spreading	Geum radiatum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bittercress, Small-anthered	Cardamine micranthera	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Blazing Star, Heller's	Liatris helleri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Bluet, Roan Mountain	Hedyotis purpurea var. montana	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Coneflower, Smooth	Echinacea laevigata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dropwort, Canby's	Oxypolis canbyi	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Goldenrod, Blue Ridge	Solidago spithamaea	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	Hexastylis naniflora	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Heather, Mountain Golden	Hudsonia montana	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Aeschynomene virginica	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Brackish	No

	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	Lysimachia asperulaefolia	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Meadowrue, Cooley's	Thalictrum cooleyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Sarracenia oreophila	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii	Endangered
Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 36 of 50

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sumac, Michaux's	Rhus michauxii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Helianthus schweinitzii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Lichen

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Gymnoderma lineare	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Subterraneous	Yes

	townsendii virginianus

	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Arrowhead, Bunched	Sagittaria fasciculata	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Irisette, White	Sisyrinchium dichotomum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sedge, Golden	Carex lutea	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	North Dakota	( 4) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Ohio	( 11) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Trifolium stoloniferum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 37 of 50

	Daisy, Lakeside	Hymenoxys herbacea	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Aconitum noveboracense	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Snake, Lake Erie Water	Nerodia sipedon insularum	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta
Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Oklahoma	( 11) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Curlew, Eskimo	Numenius borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Vireo, Black-capped	Vireo atricapilla	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Ozark Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Subterraneous	No

	townsendii ingens

	Monocot

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Oregon	( 21) species:	CH

	Bird

	Murrelet, Marbled	Brachyramphus marmoratus 	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial, 	Yes

	marmoratus	Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Strix occidentalis caurina	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Plover, Western Snowy	Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Silene spaldingii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 38 of 50

	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	Sidalcea nelsoniana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Daisy, Willamette	Erigeron decumbens var. 	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	decumbens

	Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's	Mirabilis macfarlanei	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Lomatium, Bradshaw's	Lomatium bradshawii	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Lomatium, Cook's	Lomatium cookii	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Lupine, Kincaid's	Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii)

	Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly	Limnanthes floccosa ssp. 	Endangered
Vernal pool	No

	Milk-vetch, Applegate's	Astragalus applegatei	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Popcornflower, Rough	Plagiobothrys hirtus	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

	Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular	Thelypodium howellii spectabilis
Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Wire-lettuce, Malheur	Stephanomeria malheurensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Mammal

	Deer, Columbian White-tailed	Odocoileus virginianus leucurus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Fritillary, Gentner's	Fritillaria gentneri	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lily, Western	Lilium occidentale	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Pennsylvania	( 6) species:	CH

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	Sciurus niger cinereus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Clemmys muhlenbergii	Threatened
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Puerto Rico	( 69) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Coqui, Golden	Eleutherodactylus jasperi	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	Yes

	Guajon	Eleutherodactylus cooki	Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 39 of 50

	Toad, Puerto Rican Crested	Peltophryne lemur	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Bird

	Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered	Agelaius xanthomus	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged	Buteo platypterus brunnescens
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned	Accipiter striatus venator	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Nightjar, Puerto Rico	Caprimulgus noctitherus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Parrot, Puerto Rican	Amazona vittata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain	Columba inornata wetmorei	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Roseate	Sterna dougallii dougallii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn)	Auerodendron pauciflorum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bariaco	Trichilia triacantha	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Boxwood, Vahl's	Buxus vahlii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn)	Calyptranthes thomasiana	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Capa Rosa	Callicarpa ampla	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn)	Catesbaea melanocarpa	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn)	Chamaecrista glandulosa var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	mirabilis

	Chumbo, Higo	Harrisia portoricensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Chupacallos	Pleodendron macranthum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cobana Negra	Stahlia monosperma	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Cordia bellonis (ncn)	Cordia bellonis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn)	Daphnopsis hellerana	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Erubia	Solanum drymophilum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Eugenia Woodburyana	Eugenia woodburyana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Gesneria pauciflora (ncn)	Gesneria pauciflora	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey)	Goetzea elegans	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Higuero De Sierra	Crescentia portoricensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Holly, Cook's	Ilex cookii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ilex sintenisii (ncn)	Ilex sintenisii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Leptocereus grantianus (ncn)	Leptocereus grantianus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn)	Lyonia truncata var. proctorii
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mitracarpus Maxwelliae	Mitracarpus maxwelliae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mitracarpus Polycladus	Mitracarpus polycladus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Myrcia Paganii	Myrcia paganii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia 	Ternstroemia luquillensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	luquillensis)

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 40 of 50

	Palo de Jazmin	Styrax portoricensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Palo de Nigua	Cornutia obovata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Palo de Ramon	Banara vanderbiltii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Palo de Rosa	Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Peperomia, Wheeler's	Peperomia wheeleri	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Prickly-ash, St. Thomas	Zanthoxylum thomasianum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Schoepfia arenaria (ncn)	Schoepfia arenaria	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn)	Ternstroemia subsessilis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Uvillo	Eugenia haematocarpa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Vernonia Proctorii (ncn)	Vernonia proctorii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Walnut, Nogal	Juglans jamaicensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

	Fern, Adiantum vivesii	Adiantum vivesii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens	Elaphoglossum serpens	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis	Thelypteris inabonensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Fern, Thelypteris verecunda	Thelypteris verecunda	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis	Thelypteris yaucoensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Polystichum calderonense (ncn)	Polystichum calderonense	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Tectaria Estremerana	Tectaria estremerana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tree Fern, Elfin	Cyathea dryopteroides	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Aristida chaseae (ncn)	Aristida chaseae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cranichis Ricartii	Cranichis ricartii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn)	Lepanthes eltoroensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Manaca, palma de	Calyptronoma rivalis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Pelos del Diablo	Aristida portoricensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Anole, Culebra Island Giant	Anolis roosevelti	Endangered	Terrestrial
Yes

	Boa, Mona	Epicrates monensis monensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Boa, Puerto Rican	Epicrates inornatus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Gecko, Monito	Sphaerodactylus micropithecus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Iguana, Mona Ground	Cyclura stejnegeri	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Rhode Island	( 8) species:	CH

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 41 of 50

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Gerardia, Sandplain	Agalinis acuta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	South Carolina	( 32) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Flatwoods	Ambystoma cingulatum	Threatened	Freshwater,
Vernal pool,	No

	 Terrestrial

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Warbler, Bachman's	Vermivora bachmanii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Amaranthus pumilus	Threatened	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Amphianthus, Little	Amphianthus pusillus	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Coneflower, Smooth	Echinacea laevigata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dropwort, Canby's	Oxypolis canbyi	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	Ribes echinellum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	Hexastylis naniflora	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	Lysimachia asperulaefolia	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii	Endangered
Freshwater, Terrestrial	No

	Pondberry	Lindera melissifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Helianthus schweinitzii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Ferns

	Quillwort, Black-spored	Isoetes melanospora	Endangered	Vernal pool	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 42 of 50

	Lichen

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Gymnoderma lineare	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Arrowhead, Bunched	Sagittaria fasciculata	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Irisette, White	Sisyrinchium dichotomum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Trillium, Persistent	Trillium persistens	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Trillium, Relict	Trillium reliquum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Eastern Indigo	Drymarchon corais couperi	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	South Dakota	( 5) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Platanthera praeclara	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Tennessee	( 27) species:	CH

	Bird

	Stork, Wood	Mycteria americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Aster, Ruth's Golden	Pityopsis ruthii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Avens, Spreading	Geum radiatum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, Spring Creek	Lesquerella perforata	Endangered	Floodplain	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 43 of 50

	Bluet, Roan Mountain	Hedyotis purpurea var. montana	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Clover, Leafy Prairie	Dalea foliosa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Coneflower, Tennessee Purple	Echinacea tennesseensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Goldenrod, Blue Ridge	Solidago spithamaea	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ground-plum, Guthrie's	Astragalus bibullatus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pitcher-plant, Green	Sarracenia oreophila	Endangered	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Potato-bean, Price's	Apios priceana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, Large (=Braun's)	Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. 
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	ampla Rollins

	Rock-cress, Small	Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	perstellata Fernald

	Rosemary, Cumberland	Conradina verticillata	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sandwort, Cumberland	Arenaria cumberlandensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Skullcap, Large-flowered	Scutellaria montana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferns

	Fern, American hart's-tongue	Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	americanum

	Lichen

	Lichen, Rock Gnome	Gymnoderma lineare	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	Xyris tennesseensis	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Texas	( 56) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Barton Springs	Eurycea sosorum	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Salamander, San Marcos	Eurycea nana	Threatened	Freshwater, Terrestrial
Yes

	Salamander, Texas Blind	Typhlomolge rathbuni	Endangered	Subterraneous, 
No

	Freshwater

	Toad, Houston	Bufo houstonensis	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Curlew, Eskimo	Numenius borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 44 of 50

	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	Falco femoralis septentrionalis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Strix occidentalis lucida	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater	Tympanuchus cupido attwateri
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Sterna antillarum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Vireo, Black-capped	Vireo atricapilla	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Warbler (=Wood), Golden-cheeked	Dendroica chrysoparia	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Ambrosia, South Texas	Ambrosia cheiranthifolia	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Ayenia, Texas	Ayenia limitaris	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, White	Lesquerella pallida	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, Zapata	Lesquerella thamnophila	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Cactus, Black Lace	Echinocereus reichenbachii var. 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	albertii

	Cactus, Bunched Cory	Coryphantha ramillosa	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog	Echinocereus chisoensis var. 
Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	chisoensis

	Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa	Echinomastus mariposensis	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Nellie Cory	Coryphantha minima	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Star	Astrophytum asterias	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook	Ancistrocactus tobuschii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek	Cryptantha crassipes	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas 	Hymenoxys texana	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Bitterweed)

	Dogweed, Ashy	Thymophylla tephroleuca	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Frankenia, Johnston's	Frankenia johnstonii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	Geocarpon minimum	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Manioc, Walker's	Manihot walkerae	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Oak, Hinckley	Quercus hinckleyi	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Phlox, Texas Trailing	Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Pitaya, Davis' Green	Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Poppy-mallow, Texas	Callirhoe scabriuscula	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rush-pea, Slender	Hoffmannseggia tenella	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sand-verbena, Large-fruited	Abronia macrocarpa	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Snowbells, Texas	Styrax texanus	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 45 of 50

	Sunflower, Pecos	Helianthus paradoxus	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Freshwater	No

	Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum	Eriogonum gypsophilum	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Bat, Mexican Long-nosed	Leptonycteris nivalis	Endangered	Subterraneous,
	No

	Terrestrial

	Bear, Louisiana Black	Ursus americanus luteolus	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast	Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	cacomitli

	Jaguarundi, Sinaloan	Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi 	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	tolteca

	Ocelot	Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Ladies'-tresses, Navasota	Spiranthes parksii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek	Potamogeton clystocarpus	Endangered
Freshwater	No

	Wild-rice, Texas	Zizania texana	Endangered	Freshwater	Yes

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Snake, Concho Water	Nerodia paucimaculata	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	Yes

	Utah	( 29) species:	CH

	Bird

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Empidonax traillii extimus	Endangered
Terrestrial	Yes

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Strix occidentalis lucida	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Dicot

	Bear-poppy, Dwarf	Arctomecon humilis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Bladderpod, Kodachrome	Lesquerella tumulosa	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Buttercup, Autumn	Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis)	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, San Rafael	Pediocactus despainii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	Pediocactus 	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Sclerocactus glaucus	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Winkler	Pediocactus winkleri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Cactus, Wright Fishhook	Sclerocactus wrightiae	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Cycladenia, Jones	Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Daisy, Maguire	Erigeron maguirei	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Milk-vetch, Deseret	Astragalus desereticus	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 46 of 50

	Milk-vetch, Heliotrope	Astragalus montii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	Astragalus holmgreniorum	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Milk-vetch, Shivwits	Astragalus ampullarioides	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Milkweed, Welsh's	Asclepias welshii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Phacelia, Clay	Phacelia argillacea	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Primrose, Maguire	Primula maguirei	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reed-mustard, Barneby	Schoenocrambe barnebyi	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reed-mustard, Clay	Schoenocrambe argillacea	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reed-mustard, Shrubby	Schoenocrambe suffrutescens	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), 	Lepidium barnebyanum	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Townsendia, Last Chance	Townsendia aprica	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Prairie Dog, Utah	Cynomys parvidens	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Subterraneous	No

	Monocot

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Spiranthes diluvialis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sedge, Navajo	Carex specuicola	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Reptile

	Tortoise, Desert	Gopherus agassizii	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Vermont	( 3) species:	CH

	Dicot

	Milk-vetch, Jesup's	Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Monocot

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Virginia	( 29) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Shenandoah	Plethodon shenandoah	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Bird

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	Picoides borealis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Amaranth, Seabeach	Amaranthus pumilus	Threatened	Coastal (neritic)	No

	Birch, Virginia Round-leaf	Betula uber	Threatened	Floodplain	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 47 of 50

	Bittercress, Small-anthered	Cardamine micranthera	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Chaffseed, American	Schwalbea americana	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Coneflower, Smooth	Echinacea laevigata	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	Aeschynomene virginica	Threatened	Terrestrial,
Brackish	No

	Mallow, Peter's Mountain	Iliamna corei	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	Arabis serotina	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sneezeweed, Virginia	Helenium virginicum	Threatened	Vernal pool	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Sumac, Michaux's	Rhus michauxii	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	Helianthus schweinitzii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Subterraneous	Yes

	townsendii virginianus

	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	Sciurus niger cinereus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Pink, Swamp	Helonias bullata	Threatened	Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Pogonia, Small Whorled	Isotria medeoloides	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Threatened	Saltwater	No

	Washington	( 16) species:	CH

	Bird

	Murrelet, Marbled	Brachyramphus marmoratus 	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial, 	Yes

	marmoratus	Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Strix occidentalis caurina	Threatened	Terrestrial
Yes

	Plover, Western Snowy	Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	Dicot

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Silene spaldingii	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 48 of 50

	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	Sidalcea nelsoniana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Checker-mallow, Wenatchee Mountains	Sidalcea oregana var. calva
Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Howellia, Water	Howellia aquatilis	Threatened	Freshwater	No

	Lupine, Kincaid's	Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) 	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii)

	Paintbrush, Golden	Castilleja levisecta	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Stickseed, Showy	Hackelia venusta	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bear, Grizzly	Ursus arctos horribilis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Caribou, Woodland	Rangifer tarandus caribou	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Deer, Columbian White-tailed	Odocoileus virginianus leucurus	Endangered
Terrestrial	No

	Rabbit, Pygmy	Brachylagus idahoensis	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Reptile

	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Endangered	Saltwater	No

	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Endangered	Saltwater	Yes

	West Virginia	( 10) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Salamander, Cheat Mountain	Plethodon nettingi	Threatened	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Trifolium stoloniferum	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

	Harperella	Ptilimnium nodosum	Endangered	Freshwater	No

	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	Arabis serotina	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Spiraea, Virginia	Spiraea virginiana	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Bat, Gray	Myotis grisescens	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	No

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Myotis sodalis	Endangered	Subterraneous, 	Yes

	Terrestrial

	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) 	Endangered
Terrestrial, Subterraneous	Yes

	townsendii virginianus

	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	Scirpus ancistrochaetus	Endangered
Terrestrial, Freshwater	No

	Bristle)

	Wisconsin	( 10) species:	CH

	Bird

	Crane, Whooping	Grus americana	Endangered	Terrestrial, Freshwater	Yes

	Plover, Piping	Charadrius melodus	Endangered	Terrestrial	Yes

	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	Dendroica kirtlandii	Endangered	Terrestrial
No

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 49 of 50

	Dicot

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Lespedeza leptostachya	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Locoweed, Fassett's	Oxytropis campestris var. 	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Aconitum noveboracense	Threatened	Terrestrial
No

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Cirsium pitcheri	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Mammal

	Lynx, Canada	Lynx canadensis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Monocot

	Iris, Dwarf Lake	Iris lacustris	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Platanthera leucophaea	Threatened
Terrestrial	No

	Wyoming	( 6) species:	CH

	Amphibian

	Toad, Wyoming	Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys)	Endangered	Freshwater,
Terrestrial	No

	Dicot

	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	Gaura neomexicana var. 	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	coloradensis

	Yellowhead, Desert	Yermo xanthocephalus	Threatened	Terrestrial	Yes

	Mammal

	Bear, Grizzly	Ursus arctos horribilis	Threatened	Terrestrial	No

	Ferret, Black-footed	Mustela nigripes	Endangered	Terrestrial	No

	Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping	Zapus hudsonius preblei	Threatened
Terrestrial	Yes

	No species were selected for exclusion.

	Dispersed species included in report.

4/29/2010 12:24:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 50 of 50

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OFFICE OF

CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

Figure 3. Aquatic Environmental Risk Assessment

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic
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1- Dashed line represents unlikely exposure pathways; bolded line
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2 – Spray drift and atmospheric transport is not a concern for granule
applications 

Riparian plants terrestrial exposure pathways see Figure 2

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Community change

Modification of PCEs related to                                         
                                  

   habitat

Food chain

Reduction in algae and  

   vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs     

   related to prey availability

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

  and birds           

Spray drift

Liquid and Granule Application of Flurprimidol to Turfgrasses and
Ornamentals 1,2

Attribute

Change

Figure 2. Terrestrial Environmental Risk Conceptual Model

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of terrestrial
invertebrates

1 – Dashed line represents unlikely exposure pathways; bold line
represents likely exposure pathways

2 – Spray drift and atmospheric transport is not a concern for granule
applications

Irrigation 

water

Leaching to

Groundwater

Ingestion

Wet/dry deposition

Root uptake/contact

Atmospheric transport

Dermal uptake/Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Soil

Exposure Media 

& Receptors

Terrestrial Vertebrates 

Runoff

Terrestrial plants

grasses/forbs, fruit, seeds (trees, shrubs)

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related

   to habitat

Food chain

Reduction in prey and food

Modification of PCEs 

  related to prey availability

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Terrestrial 

inverts

Terrestrial vertebrates

** Insectivorous mammals and birds

Spray drift

Direct

application

Receptors

Liquid and Granule Applications of Flurprimidol to Turfgrasses and
Ornamentals 1,2

Attribute

Change

Source

Stressor

Source

Stressor