Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0766-0007
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2007-05-23T04:00Z

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF           

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

March 28, 2006

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT:	Crop Grouping – Part II:  Analysis of the USDA IR-4 Petition
to Amend the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (13) and
Commodity Definitions [40 CFR ( 180.1 (h)] Related to Crop Group 13
Berry.  MRID #  .

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch  

Health Effects Division (7509C)  

THRU:	William Donovan and Michael Doherty, Chairpersons

HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council (ChemSAC)

Health Effects Division (7509C)  

TO:		Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) 

		Registration Division (7505C)

cc: 		IR-4 Project, Hong Chen, Jerry Baron, Bob Holm, Van Starner 

REQUEST:

Dr Hong Chen, Crop Grouping Coordinator and Dr. Van Starner, Crop Group
13 Workgroup Chairperson, have submitted a petition (May 16, 2005) on
behalf of the USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4) to amend
the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (13) Crop Group 13, Berry
Group, and the Commodity Definitions 40 CFR (180.1 (h) for blackberries
and caneberries.

The above mentioned Berry crop group petition requested the following
four amendments be made to the existing Berry Crop Group 13 and one
amendment to update the commodity definitions for blackberry and
caneberry:

	1. Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) from
“Crop Group 13. Berries Group”, to “Crop Group 13. Berries and
small fruits group”.

	2. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) that
consists of following 8 commodity entries:

1). Blackberries, (Rubus eubatus) (including bingleberry, black satin
berry, boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these)

2). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

3). Currant, (Ribes spp.).

4). Elderberry (Sambucus spp.)

5). Gooseberry, (Ribes spp.)

6). Huckleberry, (Gaylussacia spp.)

7). Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey)

8). Raspberry, black and red (Rubus occidentalis L., Rubus strigosus
Michx., Rubus idaeus L.)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 45 commodity
entries:

1).  Amur River grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr (Vitaceae)

2).  Aronia berry, Aronia spp. (Rosaceae)

3).  Bayberry, Myrica spp. (Myricaceae)

4).  Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Ericaceae)

5).  Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)

6).  Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) 

7).  Blueberry, Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae)

8).  Blueberry, Lowbush, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericaceae)

9).  Buffalo Currant, Ribes aureum Pursh. (Grossulariaceae)

10). Buffaloberry, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.(Eleagnaceae)

11). Che, Cudrania tricuspidata Bur. ex Lavallee (Moraceae)

12). Chilean guava, Myrtus ugni Mol. (Myrtaceae)

13). Chinese Egg Gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn (Actinidiaceae)

14). Chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae)

15). Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae)

16). Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae)

17). Currant, Black, Ribes nigrum L. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)],
and Currant, Red, Ribes rubrum L. (syn: R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme)
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

18). Elderberry, Sambucus spp. (Caprifoliaceae)

19). European Barberry, Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)   

20). Gooseberry, Ribes spp. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

21). Grape, Vitis spp. (Vitaceae)

22). Highbush cranberry, Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum Aiton
(Caprifoliaceae)

23). Honeysuckle, Lonicera caerula L. var. emphyllocalyx Nakai
(Caprifoliaceae)

24). Huckleberry, Gaylussacia spp. (Ericaceae) 

25). Jostaberry, Ribes x nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer.
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

26). Juneberry (including Saskatoon Berry), Amelanchier spp. (Rosaceae)

27). Kiwifruit, fuzzy, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R.
Ferguson (Actinidaceae)

28). Kiwifruit, hardy, Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq
(Actinidaceae)

29). Lingonberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae)

30). Maypop, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae)

31). Mountain Pepper Berries, Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C.
Sm.(Winteraceae)

32). Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae)

33). Muntries, Kunzea pomifera F. Muell. (Myrtaceae)

34). Native Currant, Acrotriche depressa R. Br. (Epacridaceae)

35). Partridgeberry, Mitchella repens L. (Rubiaceae)

36). Phalsa, Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Tiliaceae)

37). Pincherry, Prunus pensylvanica L. f. (Rosaceae)

38). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

39). Riberry, Syzygium luehmannii (Myrtaceae)

40). Salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh (Ericaceae)

41)  Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
(Schisandraceae)

42). Sea Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Eleagnaceae)

43). Serviceberry, Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae)

44). Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, (Rosaceae)

45). Wild raspberry, Rubus muelleri Lefevre ex P.J. Mull (Rosaceae) 

3. Revise Caneberry subgroup 13A and Bushberry subgroup 13B by adding
additional commodities in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13), and add six new
subgroups 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13G, and 13H following the 13A and 13B. 
The revised and added subgroups are:

Subgroup 13A: Caneberry subgroup 13A (representative commodity: any one
Blackberry or any one Raspberry)

1). Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Andean Blackberry,
Arctic blackberry, Bingleberry, Black satin berry, Boysenberry,
Brombeere, California blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry,
Cheyene backberry, Common blackberry, Coryberry, Darrowberry, Dewberry,
Dirksen thornless berry, Evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry,
Lavacaberry, Loganberry, Lowberry, Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry,
Marionberry, Moras, Mures deronce, Nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, Tayberry,
Youngberry, Zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).

2). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Bababerry, Black
raspberry, Blackcap, Caneberry, Framboise, Frambueso, Himbeere,
Keriberry, Mayberry, Red raspberry, Thimbleberry, Tulameen, Yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these) 

3). Wild raspberry

Subgroup 13B: Bushberry subgroup 13B (representative commodity:
Blueberry, highbush)

  1). Aronia berry

  2). Blueberry, highbush, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these

  3). Blueberry, Lowbush

  4). Buffalo Currant

  5). Chilean guava)

  6). Currant, black and Currant, Red

  7). Elderberry

  8). European Barberry

  9). Gooseberry

10). Highbush cranberry

11). Honeysuckle

12). Huckleberry

13). Jostaberry

14). Juneberry

15). Lingonberry

16) Native Currant

17). Salal

      18). Sea Buckthorn

Subgroup 13C: Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C (representative
commodities: Elderberry or Mulberry)

  1). Bayberry

  2). Buffaloberry

  3). Che

  4). Chokecherry

  5). Elderberry

  6). Juneberry

  7). Mountain Pepper Berries

  8). Mulberry

  9). Phalsa

10). Pincherry

11). Riberry

12). Serviceberry

Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D (representative
commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

5). Kiwifruit, hardy

6). Maypop

7). Schisandra berry

Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape
(representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

 

Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit
(representative commodity Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Subgroup 13G: Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G (representative commodity:
Strawberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

9). Strawberry

Subgroup 13H, Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except strawberry
(representative commodity: Cranberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

“4. Revise the representative crops for Crop Group 13 in 40 CFR 180.41
(c) (13): Revise representative crops from “Any one blackberry or any
one raspberry; and blueberry”, to “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; lowbush blueberry; elderberry or
mulberry; grape; fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.

5. Revise crop definition for Blackberries in 40 CFR 180.1 (h) from: 

Rubus eubatus (including bingleberries, black satin berries,
boysenberries, Cherokee blackberries, Chesterberries, Cheyene
backberries, coryberries, darrowberries, dewberries, Dirksen thornless
berries, Himalayaberries, hullberries, Lavacaberries, lowberries,
Lucretiaberries, mammoth blackberries, marionberries, nectarberries,
olallieberries, Oregon evergreen berries, phenomenalberries,
rangeberries, ravenberries, rossberries, Shawnee blackberries, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these).

To: 

Blackberry in 40 CFR 180.1 (h) = Rubus spp. (including Andean
blackberry, Arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry,
boysenberry, brombeere, California blackberry, Cherokee blackberry,
chesterberry, Cheyene backberry, common blackberry, coryberry,
darrowberry, dewberry, dirksen thornless berry, evergreen blackberry,
Himalayaberry, hullberry, lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry,
lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry, marionberry, mora, mures deronce,
nectarberry, Northern dewberry, olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry,
phenomenalberry, rangeberry, ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry,
Southern dewberry, tayberry, youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or
hybrids of these).

Each of these proposals will be reviewed in the following analysis: 

BACKGROUND:

	The Berry Crop Group 13 proposal was initiated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop
Grouping Symposium in Arlington, VA, October 2002.  It was further
discussed and developed within the Crop Group 13 Workgroup of the
International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee.  This workgroup,
Chaired by IR-4 Coordinator Dr. Van Starner and Co-Chaired by Craig
Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, and John Wise,
consists of 170 U.S. crop or regulatory experts from agriculture
commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project,
USDA, FDA, EPA, and international crop or regulatory experts
representing over 30 countries.  The Workgroup concluded that the
current Crop Group 13 Berry Group which includes only eight commodities
should be expanded to include forty five proposed new orphan commodities
to meet growers’ needs for crop protection and to facilitate
import/export tolerances. The Workgroup has discussed and validated each
of the current and proposed commodities, group, and subgroups. A
Bibliography is attached to the updated commodity monographs as
supporting data to provide references.  Information on berries and small
fruits production regions/countries are provided in Table 8, and major
berries and small fruits production data in the U.S. and other
regions/countries in 2004 are provided in Table 9.

The current Crop Group 13, Berries Group, includes eight berries
commodities in four botanical families, Rosaceae, Ericaceae,
Grossulariaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.  This group was revised from the
original crop group 13 in 1983 regulation, Small Fruits and Berries
Group that included 14 commodities and represented by five commodities,
blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry, cranberry, grape, and
strawberry.  Before the 1995 revision, only one tolerance was
established on this group based on the 1983 regulation.  The large
number of representative commodities was cited as the main reason for
the low number of tolerances established in 1983 (see Table 1 for Crop
Group 13 regulations published in 1983 and 1995, and proposed for 2006).

Based on public comments this crop group was revised to “Berries Group
13” in 1995 regulation which excluded grape, strawberry and cranberry.
 At that time, grape, strawberry, and cranberry were excluded because
either processing studies were necessary or the grower groups requested
to be omitted from the crop group.  Two representative commodities were
selected for this reduced group, any one raspberry or any one
blackberry, and blueberry.  Also two subgroups were established, the
Caneberry Subgroup 13A and the Bushberry subgroup 13B.  This revision
resulted in three crop group tolerances, 23 subgroup tolerances with 13
on the caneberry subgroup 13A and 10 on the bushberry subgroup 13B. 

Without a doubt, the current Crop Group 13 has been successful in
establishing tolerances, yet the overwhelmingly higher number of
tolerances established on subgroups indicated that the subgroups is an
excellent way to pursue tolerances for related crops within a crop
group.  With this in mind other berries and small fruits such as grape,
strawberry and cranberry should be included in the crop group and
receive maximum benefit of crop protection by being members of the crop
groups and subgroups.  

As mentioned previously the current Berries Group was revised from the
1983 crop group with fewer commodities.  Since 1983 there has been an
explosion of ethnic berry and small fruit crops.  These “orphan
crops” grown commercially, cultivated in small scales, or harvested
wild, are sold and consumed in the U.S. or other regions or countries. 
Many of these are of economic importance, or have great potential to be
grown in larger scales in the future due to their nutritional content,
or the increased market demand driven by the growing ethnic populations.
 Being excluded from the crop groups, tolerances requested for these
commodities would have to be established based on separate residue
studies.  Without a doubt the inclusion of these commodities in crop
groups/subgroups will benefit growers, consumers, save time and tax
payer’s money on residue studies, save government Agencies time in
review residue data, and facilitate the establishment of import
tolerances. Acreages of these berries, however is limited by pest
problems and a lack of pesticides available to the grower to control the
pests and help them develop integrated pest management systems (IPM).  

Another important aspect is the harmonization with the Codex crop
classification.  The Codex Classification of foods and animal feeds for
Berries and Small Fruits Group is proposing three subgroups:
Caneberries, Bushberries, and Other Small fruits.  Note that the Codex
crop group does not have representative commodities.  The IR-4/EPA Crop
Grouping Working Group and the International Crop Grouping Consulting
Committee are making every effort to collaborate with the revision of
the Codex crop classification (see Table 17 for berries and small fruits
crop groups established by Codex and proposed by this petition). 

Table 1. EPA Crop Group Comparison:  1983 EPA Crop Group 13 (Small
Fruits and Berries Group) and 1995 EPA Crop Group 13 (Berries Group)  

Regulation	1983 Regulation	1995 Regulation	2006 Proposed Regulation

Name of the Crop Group	Small Fruits and Berries Group	Berries Group
Berry and Small Fruit Group

Representative Crops	5 (Blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry,
cranberry, grape and strawberry)	2 (Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry, and blueberry)	6 (Any one blackberry or any one raspberry;
blueberry, highbush; elderberry or mulberry; grape and fuzzy kiwifruit;
and strawberry 

Subgroups	None	2 (Caneberry subgroup and Bushberry subgroup)	8
(Caneberry subgroup; Bushberry subgroup; Large shrub/tree berry
subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing subgroup, except kiwifruit;
Lowgrowing berry subgroup; Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except strawberry

Commodities included	15 (Blackberry; blueberry; boysenberry; cranberry;
currant; dewberry; elderberry; gooseberry; grape; huckleberry;
loganberry; olallie berry; raspberry, black and red; strawberry;
youngberry)	8 [Blackberry (including bingleberry, boysenberry, dewberry,
lowberry, marionberry, olallieberry, youngberry); blueberry; currant;
elderberry; gooseberry; huckleberry; eloganberry; raspberry, black and
red]	45 (Amur River grape; aronia berry; bayberry; bearberry; bilberry;
blackberry; blueberry; blueberry, lowbush; buffalo currant;
buffaloberry; che; chilean guava; chinese egg gooseberry; chokecherry;
cloudberry; cranberry; currant, black; currant, red; elderberry;
european barberry; gooseberry; grape; highbush cranberry; honeysuckle;
huckleberry; jostaberry; juneberry; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kiwifruit, hardy;
lingonberry; maypop; mountain pepper berries; mulberry; muntries; native
currant; partridgeberry phalsa; pincherry; raspberry; riberry; salal;
schisandra berry; sea buckthorn; serviceberry; strawberry; wild
raspberry) 

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Each of the five proposals and recommendations will be discussed below,
followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology, database
development, and harmonization with Codex.  The EPA would like to
commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its
members, leader, and the Workgroup Chairperson.

Proposal 1:

	“Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) from
“Crop Group 13. Berries Group” to “Crop Group 13. Berries and
small fruits group”.

Recommendation for Proposal 1:

I recommend that ChemSAC concur to change the name of the current Crop
Group 13: Berries Group [40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (3)]” to “Crop Group
13: Berry and small fruit group.  By establishing the Crop group name as
Berry and small fruit group there will be no confusion or conflict with
the older 1983 nomenclature for Crop group 13 called  Small fruits and
berries group.  The singular commodity names are used throughout the
crop grouping proposal to conform to the updated EPA Food and Feed
Commodity Vocabulary (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed" 
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed ).  We have been setting
tolerances on the Crop group 13 as “Berry Crop Group” instead as
“Berries Crop Group 13”since the Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary
was developed.  

Proposal 2:

	Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) that consists
of following 8 commodity entries:

1). Blackberries, (Rubus eubatus) (including bingleberry, black satin
berry, boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these)

2). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

3). Currant, (Ribes spp.).

4). Elderberry (Sambucus spp.)

5). Gooseberry, (Ribes spp.)

6). Huckleberry, (Gaylussacia spp.)

7). Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey)

8). Raspberry, black and red (Rubus occidentalis L., Rubus strigosus
Michx., Rubus idaeus L.)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 45 commodity
entries:

  1).  Amur River grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr (Vitaceae)

  2).  Aronia berry, Aronia spp. (Rosaceae)

  3).  Bayberry, Myrica spp. (Myricaceae)

  4).  Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Ericaceae)

  5).  Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)

  6).  Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) 

  7).  Blueberry, Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae)

  8).  Blueberry, Lowbush, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericaceae)

  9).  Buffalo Currant, Ribes aureum Pursh. (Grossulariaceae)

10). Buffaloberry, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.(Eleagnaceae)

11). Che, Cudrania tricuspidata Bur. ex Lavallee (Moraceae)

12). Chilean guava, Myrtus ugni Mol. (Myrtaceae)

13). Chinese Egg Gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn Actinidiaceae)

14). Chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae)

15). Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae)

16). Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae)

17). Currant, Black, Ribes nigrum L. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)],
and Currant, Red, Ribes rubrum L. (syn: R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme)
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

18). Elderberry, Sambucus spp. (Caprifoliaceae)

19). European Barberry, Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)   

20). Gooseberry, Ribes spp. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

21). Grape, Vitis spp. (Vitaceae)

22). Highbush cranberry, Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum Aiton
(Caprifoliaceae)

23). Honeysuckle, Lonicera caerula L. var. emphyllocalyx Nakai
(Caprifoliaceae)

24). Huckleberry, Gaylussacia spp. (Ericaceae) 

25). Jostaberry, Ribes x nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer.
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

26). Juneberry (including Saskatoon Berry), Amelanchier spp. (Rosaceae)

27). Kiwifruit, fuzzy, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R.
Ferguson (Actinidaceae)

28). Kiwifruit, hardy, Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq
(Actinidaceae)

29). Lingonberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae)

30). Maypop, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae)

31). Mountain Pepper Berries, Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C.
Sm.(Winteraceae)

32). Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae)

33). Muntries, Kunzea pomifera F. Muell. (Myrtaceae)

34). Native Currant, Acrotriche depressa R. Br. (Epacridaceae)

35). Partridgeberry, Mitchella repens L. (Rubiaceae)

36). Phalsa, Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Tiliaceae)

37). Pincherry, Prunus pensylvanica L. f. (Rosaceae)

38). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

39). Riberry, Syzygium luehmannii (Myrtaceae)

40). Salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh (Ericaceae)

41)  Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
(Schisandraceae)

42). Sea Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Eleagnaceae)

43). Serviceberry, Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae)

44). Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, (Rosaceae)

45). Wild raspberry, Rubus muelleri Lefevre ex P.J. Mull (Rosaceae) 

Recommendation for Proposal 2:

Based on similarities in cultural practices, edible food portions,
residue levels, geographical locations, similar pest problems, and lack
of animal feed items and for international harmonization purposes, I
recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish an expanded Crop Group 13
Berry and small fruit Group.  The representative commodities for this
expanded crop group will become “any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape; fuzzy
kiwifruit; and strawberry”.  Cultivars and hybrids between members of
this Crop group are also included as members of this group.  Cranberry
is the representative commodity for the Crop subgroup 13 H, but is not
required to obtain a crop group tolerance because it is covered by
strawberry in Crop subgroup 13G. The only exception to adding all 45
members to the Berry and small fruit crop group is to delete Chinese egg
gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn) from the crop group and the
proposed crop subgroups.  At this time, the author feels that the input
of the ICGCC indicates that Chinese egg gooseberry has limited potential
for increased cultivation and lacks potential for commercial development
as a specialty crop.  While some of the other added orphan crops are
also considered very minor, such as amur river grape, honeysuckle,
muntries, pincherry and the sea buckthorn, we feel they fit well in this
group because they are grown in other countries and demand from
immigrants to have native crops grown in the U.S. indicate greater
potential development as a specialty crop.  The scientific names for all
of the berry and small fruits were reviewed and verified by Dr. John H.
Wiersema, Botanist, USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, and
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).  

Proposal 3:

	“Revise the Caneberry subgroup 13A and Bushberry subgroup 13B by
adding 36 additional commodities to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13), and add six
new subgroups as Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C, Small fruit vine
climbing subgroup 13D, Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except
grape, Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except fuzzy kiwifruit,
Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G, and Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except
strawberry.” 

Recommendation for Proposal 3 Berry Crop Subgroups 13A and 13B:

	I am recommending that ChemSAC concur to revise the current crop
subgroups 13A and 13B by adding applicable orphan commodities as well as
establishing six new subgroups as follows and a discussion of each
subgroup will follow:

Subgroup 13A: Caneberry subgroup 13A (representative commodity: any one
Blackberry or any one Raspberry)

1). Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Andean Blackberry,
arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry,
brombeere, California blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry,
Cheyene backberry, common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry,
Dirksen thornless berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry,
lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry, Lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry,
marionberry, moras, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry,
ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry,
youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these with other
Rubus species).

2). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Bababerry, Black
raspberry, Blackcap, Caneberry, Framboise, Frambueso, Himbeere,
Keriberry, Mayberry, Red raspberry, Thimbleberry, Tulameen, Yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these with other Rubus
species) 

3). Wild raspberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Caneberry subgroup 13A:

	I recommend this subgroup be revised from the current Caneberry
Subgroup 13A to add a number of blackberry and raspberry cultivars and
hybrids.  Loganberry is now listed under blackberry rather than as a
separate commodity entry in the current crop group because it is a
hybrid between a blackberry and a raspberry.  Caneberry should be
removed from the list of raspberries and “cultivars and/or hybrids of
these with other Rubus” should be changed to cultivars and/or hybrids
of these, and the list of commodities will be modified to add purple
raspberry.  Commodities in this subgroup are all Rubus species and will
contain all of the cultivars and hybrids that have occurred within
either blackberries and/or raspberries.  Considering the similarities of
these commodities in plant biology such as their fruit structure and
cultural practices, they are likely to encounter similar pest problems,
and hence have similar needs for pest control products with similar use
patterns.  The representative commodity from the current subgroup 13A,
“any one blackberry or any one raspberry,” is still applicable to
this expanded subgroup and they will remain the representative
commodity.

Proposed Subgroup 13B: Bushberry subgroup 13B (representative commodity:
Blueberry, highbush)

  1). Aronia berry

  2). Blueberry, highbush, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these

  3). Blueberry, Lowbush

  4). Buffalo Currant

  5). Chilean guava)

  6). Currant, black and Currant, Red

  7). Elderberry

  8). European Barberry

  9). Gooseberry

10). Highbush cranberry

11). Honeysuckle

12). Huckleberry

13). Jostaberry

14). Juneberry

15). Lingonberry

16) Native Currant

17). Salal

      18). Sea Buckthorn

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Bushberry subgroup 13B:

I recommend this subgroup be revised from the current Bushberry Subgroup
13B to increase the total number of commodities from six to eighteen. 
This subgroup is similar to subgroup 13A, this group of bushberries
shares similarities in plant biology and cultural practices.  They are
likely to encounter similar pest problems, hence have similar needs for
pest control products with similar use patterns.  Previously, ChemSAC
(Schneider, 2001) approved the addition of Juneberry, lingonberry and
salal to this subgroup.  The representative commodity remains the
“Blueberry, highbush”.

Proposed Subgroup 13C: Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C
(representative commodity: Elderberry or Mulberry):

  1). Bayberry

  2). Buffaloberry

  3). Che

  4). Chokecherry

  5). Elderberry

  6). Juneberry

  7). Mountain Pepper Berries

  8). Mulberry

  9). Phalsa

10). Pincherry

11). Riberry

12). Serviceberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C
(representative commodity: Elderberry or Mulberry).

I recommend that this subgroup be added to Crop group 13.  This subgroup
includes 12 large shrubs and trees that range from 10 feet to up to 40
feet in height and produce berries or berry-like fruits.  The twelve
commodities proposed for this subgroup are from eight different
botanical families; however the similarities in plant and fruit sizes
could give this group of commodities similar use patterns for the
pesticide residue field studies.  The representative commodity selected
is either elderberry or mulberry.  Since the mulberry has a fruit
surface structure formed as a cluster of drupelets, it has a potential
to generate higher residues and it would be a good representative crop
for the regions and countries that have large mulberry productions.  In
the United States elderberry is a more appropriate representative crop
than mulberry since it has a larger commercial production.

Proposed Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

5). Kiwifruit, hardy

6). Maypop

7). Schisandra berry

	And

Proposed Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except
grape (representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

	And 

Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except
kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit); Small fruit
vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape (representative commodity:
Fuzzy kiwifruit); and Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

	I recommend that ChemSAC approve these three new crop subgroups: Small
fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D with the representative commodities:
Grape and fuzzy kiwifruit); the Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E,
except grape with the representative commodity: fuzzy kiwifruit; and the
Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit with the
representative commodity being grape.  These three subgroups are created
for small fruit vine climbing commodities which are usually maintained
on a trellis support production system.  The seven commodities in the
Subgroup 13D are three Actinidia spp. i.e. kiwifruit and Chinese egg
gooseberry, two Vitis spp. i.e. grape and amur river grape, one
Passiflora spp., maypop, and one Schisandra spp., schisandra berry.  All
of these plants are perennial vines climbing on trellis or adjacent
upright plants.  I deleted Chinese egg gooseberry as a member of the
crop group and subgroups because of comments from the ICGCC that it is
very bitter and lacks potential as a developed crop in the future.  I
also placed hardy kiwifruit in Crop subgroup 13F because it is similar
to grape the representative commodity and to distinguish the kiwifruits 
we will call the standard kiwi with the fuzzy skin the fuzzy kiwifruit
and the hardy kiwifruit resembles grapes with its smooth skin.  Grape
and fuzzy kiwifruit are selected as representative commodities for Crop
subgroup 13D based on grape’s large commercial production and high
consumption and fuzzy kiwifruit’s potential higher residues.  Table 13
shows tolerances established on grape and kiwifruit in six compounds,
two had higher tolerances on kiwifruit, one on grape, and same
tolerances in three cases.  Commercial fuzzy kiwifruit production in the
United States is limited to California at the present time, with the
research development and growing market demands for its nutritional
values kiwifruit has a potential to spread out to other states,
especially the small grape-sized hardy kiwi.  Subgroups 13E with fuzzy
kiwifruit and 13F with grape as representative commodities are developed
for tolerances to be established as an option to subgroup 13D which has
both grape and kiwifruit as representative commodities.  Reflecting
these changes from the proposals, the revised proposed subgroups for
13D, 13E, and 13H are listed below:

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Grape

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

	And

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E,
except grape (representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

3). Kiwifruit, hardy

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

	And 

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F,
except kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Grape

3). Kiwifruit, hardy

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Proposed Subgroup 13G: Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G (representative
commodity: Strawberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

9). Strawberry

	And 

Proposed Subgroup 13H, Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except strawberry
(representative commodity: Cranberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G
representative commodity strawberry and Lowgrowing berry subgroup,
except strawberry subgroup 13H representative commodity Cranberry:

	I recommend that ChemSAC approve these two new crop subgroups:
Lowgrowing berry subgroup and 1the Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except
strawberry.  These two subgroups are created for nine lowgrowing berry
commodities that are either short shrubs or herbaceous perennial less
than two feet in height.  Most of these berries are from botanical
families of Ericaceae and Rosaceae and have similar sized fruits (1/2 to
1/3 inches in length), except for the strawberry which is larger in
size.  Strawberry is selected as representative commodity for this
subgroup (13G) of nine commodities based on its potential higher
residues with its seeds placed on its edible skin, higher per capita
consumption, cultural practices, and larger commercial production and
geographical locations.  A comparison of thirteen tolerances established
for strawberry and cranberry showed seven to be the same and six higher
in strawberry than cranberry and only one (clopyralid) was higher in
cranberry than in strawberry.  Cranberry is selected as representative
commodity for subgroup 13H and strawberry is excluded from this
subgroup.  Cranberry has a relatively large commercial production and
higher per capita production in this subgroup making it a good
representative commodity and has higher consumption then the other
commodities in this subgroup (see Table 14 for a comparison of
tolerances established on Blueberry, Currant, Cranberry, Gooseberry and
Strawberry). 

Proposal 4:

	“Revise representative crops for Crop Group 13 in 40 CFR 180.41 (c)
(13): Revise representative crops from “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; and blueberry”, to “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; lowbush blueberry; elderberry or
mulberry; grape; fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.

Recommendation for Proposal 4:

	Based in the proposal above for the new crop subgroups, I recommend
ChemSAC approve to change the representative commodities for the amended
Berry and small fruit crop group to the following: “Any one blackberry
or any one raspberry; highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape;
fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.  Cranberry is not required to obtain
a crop group tolerance but it is a representative commodity for Crop
subgroup 13H.  Cranberry is covered by strawberry, which is the
representative commodity for Crop subgroup 13G.  Lowbush blueberry is
not needed as a representative commodity since it will be a member of
two subgroups and it is covered by the representative commodity
strawberry for Crop subgroup 13 G and cranberry for Crop ubgroup13 H.

Proposal 5:

“Revise Commodity definitions under 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) for
Blackberries from: Rubus eubatus (including bingleberries, black satin
berries, boysenberries, Cherokee blackberries, Chesterberries, Cheyenne
blackberries, coryberries, darrowberries, dewberries, Dirksen thornless
berries, Himalayaberries, hullberries, Lavacaberries, lowberries,
Lucretiaberries, mammoth blackberries, marionberries, nectarberries,
olallieberries, Oregon evergreen berries, phenomenalberries,
rangeberries, ravenberries, rossberries, Shawnee blackberries, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these).”

To:

“Blackberry Rubus spp. (including Andean blackberry, Arctic
blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, brombeere,
California blackberry, Cherokee blackberry, chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, dirksen
thornless berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry,
lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry, lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry,
marionberry, mora, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry,
ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry,
youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).”

Recommendation for Proposal 5:

I recommend that ChemSAC approve the revision to the 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h)
commodity definition for Blackberries to add additional cultivars and
hybrids and to change the commodity names from plural to singular to
conform to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary rules for
commodity terminology.  Note the subgenus Rubus eubatus is no longer
used by the USDA plant taxonomists, and they recommend the use of the
term Rubus spp. which we incorporated into the commodity definition.

Additional Recommendations:

 6. I recommend the commodity definition in 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) for
Caneberries from “Caneberries …......  Rubus spp. (including
blackberries; Rubus caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus
(loganberry); Rubus occidentalis, idaeus, and strigosus (red and black
raspberries); and varieties and/or hybrids of these” be amended to:

“Caneberry .................  Rubus spp. (including blackberry; Rubus
caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus (loganberry); Rubus idaeus (red
and black raspberries); and varieties and/or hybrids of these).

	This amendment will correct the scientific names to the caneberry
commodity definition and update the commodity terminology to conform to
the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary rules for commodity
terminology.

 7. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition [40 CFR ( 180.1
(h)] for raspberry as follows:

“Raspberry……………  Rubus spp. (including bababerry, black
raspberry, blackcap, caneberry, framboise, frambueso, himbeere,
keriberry, mayberry, red raspberry, thimbleberry, tulameen, yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).”  

	This commodity definition for raspberry will further clarify the
cultivars of rapberry covered in the Caneberry subgroup.  

 8. Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 -  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification
of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20,
1999, and HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for
Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the
Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop
Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect
the revisions in the Berry and small fruit crop group 13.

 9. Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the Berry and small
fruit crop group 13 and the eight subgroups are discussed under the
“Tolerance expression guidance section of this analysis.

10. New lookup and preferred EPA terms are listed in the EPA Food and
Feed Commodity Vocabulary section of this report and these terms should
be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website. 

ANALYSIS OF THE USDA IR-4 PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE BERRY CROP GROUP 13:

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES: 

	The current Crop Group 13, Berries Group, includes eight berries
commodities in four botanical families, Rosaceae, Ericaceae,
Grossulariaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.  This group was revised from the
original crop group 13 in 1983 regulation, Small Fruits and Berries
Group that included 14 commodities and represented by five commodities,
blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry, cranberry, grape, and
strawberry.  The berries and small fruits has become cultivated in only
the last two to 400 years with the exception of grapes which have been
cultivated 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.  Plant breeders have found that
many members of the berry and small fruit group such as the blackberries
and raspberries can readily cross and bear fertile hybrids.  The berries
and small fruits are a good source of the flavonoid ellagic acid that is
being researched as a cancer inhibiting drug.  The finding that the
berries are very high in flavonoids that are a rich source of
antioxidants has greatly increased the interest in the development of
berry varieties and research into new berries crops for human nutrition
and medical research (Elstein, 2005).  The most recent successful
introduced crop from New Zealand to the U.S. is the kiwifruit. 

The 45 commodities in the proposed crop group are herbaceous annual,
biennial or perennial cool season plants cultivated as annual crops. 
There are many berries considered to be “orphan crops” grown
commercially or individually, and sold and consumed in the U.S. or other
regions or countries that ae not yet in a crop group.  This petition
proposes “Berry and Small Fruit Group 13” with 45 berries and small
fruits commodity entries, including the original 8 commodity entries in
the current “Berries group”.  These commodities are from the
following 16 botanical families: Actinidiaceae, Berberidaceae,
Caprifoliaceae, Eleagnaceae, Epacridaceae, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae,
Moraceae, Myricaceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae,
Schisandraceae; Tiliaceae, Vitaceae, and Winteraceae.  Brambles are
another general term sometimes used in defining any species belonging to
the Rubus genus.  These are raspberries, blackberries, and several
hybrids of these two such as tayberry.  Many Rubus species related to
blackberry and raspberry are not listed as individual entries; instead
they are listed under “Blackberries” and “Raspberries”.  Current
commodity definitions for caneberries (Rubus spp.) cover both
blackberries and raspberries.  The predominant plant families in this
crop group are the Rosaceae and the Ericacae.  Members of the Rosaceae
family include strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry.  Plant species in
this family are classified by their flower type and their plant growth
habit.  In the Rosaceae family, the Rubus genera have two significant
subgenera that have attained commercial importance.  Raspberries are in
Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus and blackberries are in the subgenus Rubus
previously called Eubatus.  There are many hybrids between raspberry and
blackberry such as loganberry, boysenberry, and ollalieberry. 
Caneberries is the general term for Rubus spp., which are commonly
called raspberries and blackberries.  The most commonly used criteria to
separate the raspberry and blackberry is their mature fruit.  When
picked, raspberries leave the receptacle behind resulting in a cup-or
thimble- shaped fruit.  On the other hand, blackberries retain the
receptacle within the fruit and it becomes part of the edible fruit, and
the fruit are not cup-shaped.  Rubus is one of the most diverse genera
of angiosperms (flowering) in the world, consisting of 12 subgenera some
with hundreds of species.  The geographic distribution ranges from the
Arctic Circle (Arctic blackberry) to the tropics (Mysore raspberry), on
every continent except Antarctica. 

	Fruits of the Ericacae or Heath family not only have well known
ornamental members such as Rhododendrons and azaleas, but also have
thirteen genera that contain species with fleshy berries.  These berries
contain many seeds and have a outer waxy cuticle Vaccinium is the most
important member of this family and its growth varies from trailing
vines to trees with the being shrubs.  There are over 450 species of
evergreen and deciduous shrubs found in this group.  Included in this
genus are the blueberry, cranberry, bilberry, and lingonberry.  Highbush
blueberry production is in thirty-six states and six Canadian provinces.
 (See map in Appendix I, Figure 6).  Another important berry fruit crop
family is the Vitaceae which contains all the types of grapes used for
fresh fruit, wine, juice and raisins.

	Berries in a generic sense are pulpy, usually edible fruits of rounded
shape and small size that are derived from ovarian tissue.  Botanically,
a berry is a simple fruit, derived from ovarian floral tissue, in which
the fruit wall or pericarp has a uniformly pulpy or fleshy consistency. 
The fruit of a grape is a berry borne in clusters and consisting of
several berries.  There is a large variation in plant biology and
cultural practices among this group of commodities, but they are more
similar in fruit characteristics and cultural practice management.  The
most efficient way for this group of berries and small fruits to receive
food use clearances in the future is to utilize subgroups in conducting
residue studies.  The berries and small fruits are all perennial crops
and are usually woody, and some such as strawberries can be managed as
an annual or perennial production crop.  For the purpose of pesticide
residue research and maximum benefit of the tolerance establishment, the
proposed eight subgroups were classified based on the overall
consideration of the botanical characteristics, cultural practice
similarities, and pest problems.  Although some commodities in the
proposed crop group are not currently in commercial production in the
U.S., they may enter U.S. markets as imported products or as introduced
as new or alternative cash crops to the U.S. farmers in the near future.
 

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BERRIES AND SMALL FRUITS

	Understanding how the berries and small fruits grow and develop is a
key part of developing a pest control strategy for optimum berries and
small fruits yield and quality and a helpful reference for analysis of
residue field trials by EPA scientists.  Some of the recognized growth
stages for highbush blueberry, cranberry, grape, currant, and
strawberries are discussed in Tables below. 

	The developmental stages for the highbush blueberry (adapted from
Abbott and Gaugh, 1987) are shown in Table 2, the cranberry (adapted
from Galetta and Himelrick, 1990) in Table 3, grape (adapted from Meier,
2001) in Table 4, currant (adapted from Meier, 2001) in Table 5,
raspberry (adapted from Scottish Crop Research Institute, 2001) in Table
6, and strawberries (adapted from Meier, 2001) in Table7. 

Table 2.—Growth stages of highbush blueberry by month (adapted from
Abbott and Gaugh, 1987). 

Plant Developmental Stage	Timing Date (dates can vary depending on
climatic conditions such as temperature and rainfall)

Leaf bud swell includes early green tip	April 6 – 21

First bloom 	April 22- May 17

Fruit set includes early pink stage	May 18 – June 5

Immature green, late green tip and shoot expansion stages	June 6 –
June 20

Blue/blue-pink stage  includes early and late pink stage	June 21 –
July 5

Harvest > 75% blue color stage	July 6 – August 22

Flower bud formation for next years crop	July 19 – October 20

Dormant	October 20 –March 31

Table 3.  Growth stages of the Cranberry by Month (adapted from Galetta
and Himelrick, 1990). 

MONTH	GROWTH STAGE

Jan - March	Dormant

April	Dormant, bud swelling

May	Dormant, hook stage

June	Bud development – blossom

July	Blossom – fruit set full flower

Buds initiated for next year

August	Fruit development

Sept	Fruit maturing

Oct	Fruit matured and harvested, vines become dormant

Nov- Dec.	Dormant 

Table 4.  Selected Growth Stages of Grapes Using BBCH Identification
Codes (Meier, 2001, Schneider, 1996). 

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development 

(00 – 09)

01	Beginning of bud swelling

	09	Leaf tips extended beyond bud scales

	10	Leaf tips above bud scales, first leaves separating	Leaf development
(10 – 19)

19	First leaves fully expanded

	55	First flower buds 	Inflorescence emergence 

(51 – 59) For Concord grape in NY time is April.

59	Grape stage all flower buds separated

	60	First flowers open	Flowering (60 – 69) For Concord grape in NY
time is June 15 for full bloom. 

69	End of flowering all petals fallen	For Concord grape in NY time is
July 1 for petal fall.

71	Beginning of fruit growth	Fruit Development (71 – 79)

75	50% of fruits formed

	79	90% of fruits formed

	81	Beginning of ripening berries begin to develop variety specific
color	Maturity of fruit and seed 

(81 – 89)

87	Fruits ripe for picking

	91	Shoot growth completed	Senescence (91 – 99)

97	All leaves fallen

	99	Harvested product	For Concord grapes in NY time is Oct 1 for harvest
ranges from Sept. 25 to Oct 10.

Table 5.  Selected Growth Stages of Currants Using BBCH Identification
Codes (Meier, 2001). 

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development 

(00 – 08)

01	Beginning of bud swelling

	08	Bud burst, green shoots visible

	11	First leaf unfolded	Leaf development (11 – 19)

19	9 or more leaves unfolded

	53	Inflorescence clearly visible 	Inflorescence emerge (53 – 57)

57	Inflorescence fully developed, flowers separating

	60	First flowers detach from receptacle	Flowering (60 – 69)

65	Full flowering

	69 	End of flowering

	71	Fruit set, remains of flowers lost	Fruit Development (71 – 79)

79	Majority of berries touching

	81	Beginning of ripening berries begin to develop variety specific
color	Berry Ripening (81 – 89)

89	Berries ripe for harvest

	91	After harvest	Senescence (91 – 99)

93	Beginning of leaf fall

	99	Harvest

	

Table 6.  Selected Growth Stages of Raspberries Using BBCH
Identification Codes (adapted from Scottish Crop Research Institute,
2001). 

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Bud development (00 – 09)

07	Beginning of bud break

	09	Green leaf tips visible

	10	First leaf separating	Leaf development (10 – 16)

16	6 or more leaves unfolded

	31	Canes about 10% of final length	Cane development (31 – 39)

39	Canes about final length

	40	First leaves separating	Lateral development (40 – 49)

49	Nine or more leaves separating

	51	First flower buds visible 	Inflorescence emergence 

(51 – 59)

59	Petals (white) visible, flower buds still closed

	60	First flowers open	Flowering (60 – 69)

69	End of flowering, first fruits visible

	71	10% of fruits formed	Development of fruit (71 – 79)

75	50 % of fruit formed

	79	Majority of fruit formed

	81	First fruits about final size	Maturity of fruit (81 – 895)

83	Fruit begins coloring

	89	Full ripe fruit

	891	10 % of fruit harvested

	893	50 % of fruit harvested

	895	50 % of fruit harvested

	

Table 7.  Selected Growth Stages of Strawberries Using BBCH
Identification Codes (Meier, 2001 and Krewer and Myers, 1989). 

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development (00 – 03), February in
established plantings 

03	Main bud swelling

	10	First leaf emerging	Leaf development (10 – 19)

19	Five or more leaves unfolded

	41	Beginning of stolon growth	Development of stolons and young plants
(41 – 49)

49	Several daughter plants with roots ready for planting

	55	First set flowers 	Inflorescence emergence 

(55 – 59) March in established plantings

58	Early balloon stage

	60 	First flowers opening, majority of petals fallen	Flowering (60 –
67) Late March - April in established plantings

71	Receptacle protruding from sepal whorl	Fruit Development (71 – 73) 
Late April in established plantings

73	Seeds clearly visible on receptacle tissue

	81	Beginning of ripening most berries white in color	Maturity of fruit
(81 – 89)  May- June in established plantings

87	Main harvest

	89	Second harvest more fruits colored

	91	Beginning of axillary bud formation	Senescence (91 – 97) November

97	Old leaves dead

	

U.S./NAFTA AND WORLD PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
BERRIES AND SMALL FRUITS: 

Proposed members of the Berry and small fruit crop group find widespread
distribution throughout the world.  Strawberry is found in almost ever
country from the Arctic to the tropics, and is more widely distributed
than grapes.  Blackberry, highbush blueberry, grape, kiwifruit, and
strawberry are widely grown fruits in the world (Table 8).  All of these
commodities plus raspberry, elderberry or mulberry, and cranberry are
the new representative commodities for the new Berry and small fruit
group.  

	In the U.S berries and small fruits are widely consumed with the per
capita consumption in 2004 for the following berries reported as
blackberry at 0.08 lb, blueberry at 0.36 lb, raspberry at 0.25 lb,
strawberry at 6.9 lb and other berries at 0.03 lb.  Kiwifruit per capita
consumption was reported as 0.44 lb in 2004.  Grape per capita
consumption was 7.8 lb fresh, 0.2 lb canned, 4.3 lb as juice, and 6.6 lb
dried as raisins, and 29.9 l as wine.   (USDA ERS, 2005; Pollack and
Peres, 2005).  Frozen fruit consumption in 2004 is reported as
blackberry – 0.07 lb; blueberry – 0.28 lb, raspberry – 0.21 lb;
and strawberry – 1.73 lb.  Based on the USDA CSFII 1994 – 1996, 1998
survey, using two day individual consumption determined the berry and
small fruit consumption (g/day) was 0.20g for blackberry, 0.01g for
blackberry juice, 0.01 g for boysenberry, 0.000000002 g for dewberry,
0.058 g for raspberry, 0.00049 g for raspberry juice, 0.89 g for
blueberry, 0.000976g  for currant, 0.00037 g for dried currant,
0.00000045 g for gooseberry, 0.000579 g for huckleberry, 0.00058 g for
cranberry, 0.0048 g  for dried cranberry, 2.5 g for cranberry juice,
4.14 g for grape, 8.1 g for grape juice, 0.0088 g for grape leaves, 1.33
g for grape raisin, 8.88 g for grape wine and sherry 0.03g for
kiwifruit, 0.02 for mulberry, 3.32 g for strawberry and 1.61 g for
strawberry juice 

Table 8 provides information on berry and small fruit production in
various countries that are members of the International Crop Grouping
Consulting Committee (ICGCC), and information on major berry and small
fruit production bulb production acreages is provided in Table 9. 
Worldwide, the grape is by far the most harvested berry and small fruit.



Table 8. Berries and Small Fruits Production Regions/Countries 

(Based on FAO Statistics 2003 and information provided by the members of
the ICGCC)

n Barberry	√

√

√

	Gooseberry	√	√	√

	√

Grape	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

Table 8. (Continued)

nberry	√

√

√

	Maypop	√

	Mountain Pepper Berries

√

Mulberry	√

	√	√

√

	Muntries

√

Native Currant

√

Partridgeberry	√

√	√

Phalsa	√

	Pincherry

	√

	Raspberry	√	√	√

	√	√	√	√	√

Riberry

√

Salal	√

	Schisandra berry	√

√	√	√	√

Sea Buckthorn

√

Serviceberry	√

√

	Strawberry	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

Wild raspberry

√

The major world bulb onion producing region is Asia followed by Europe,
Africa, and then North America (Table 3).  The major green onion
producing regions are Asia followed by Central America and then Africa,
while the major garlic producing regions are Asia, Europe, South
America, Africa, and North America.

Table 9. Major Berries and Small Fruits Production in 2004: 

Areas Harvested (in Hectares) (Based on FAO Statistics 2004)

Region/Country	Blueberry	Cranberry	Grape	Kiwifruit	Raspberry	Strawberry

U.S.	16,500	16,000	380,000	1,900	6,000	19,500

Australia	--	--	150,000	400	230	1,479

Canada	24,121	2,869	9,330	8	3,211	4,085

China	--	--	423,080	--	--	800

India	--	--	60,000	--	--	--

Japan	--	--	19,200	3,200	--	7,300

Korea	--	--	23,500	1,000	--	7,600

New Zealand	350	--	17,200	10,750	300	380

Africa	10	8	337,520 	4	66	6,202

C. America	200	--	41,352	--	170	5,876

N. America	40,621	18,869	389,330	1,908	9,211	23,585

S. America	--	--	476,139	7,700	--	6,135

Asia	300	300	1,876,746	5,930	300	24,981

Europe	7,200	10,500	4,385,950	30,817	68,608	135,470

World Total	48,681	29,677	7,674,237	57,509	78,885	214,118

Berry and Small Fruit Production:

Production in U.S. is based on the USDA 2004 Agricultural Statistics,
FAO Statistics, 2004, USDA 2005 Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts 2005 Summary,
and the Agricultural Census, 2002:  According to the 2002 AgCensus
berries were harvested from 206,034 A (83,415 ha) with 157,897 A (63,926
ha) being irrigated (76.6%).  In 2004, blackberries were harvested from
6,300 A (2,551 ha) with average yields 8.35 T/A, blueberries were
harvested from 44,430 A (17,998 ha) with yields of 2.6T/A, boysenberries
were harvested from 950 A (385 ha) with yields of 2.74 T/A, loganberries
in Oregon were harvested from 60 A (24 ha) with yields 1.42 T/A, black
raspberries for Oregon were harvested from 1,000 A (405 ha) with yields
of 1.10 T/A, red raspberries were harvested from 10,900 A (4413 ha) with
yields of 3.08 T/A, both red and black raspberries from California were
harvested from 3,200 A (1296 ha) with yields of 10.4 T/A, cranberries
were harvested from 39,2000 A (15,870 ha) with yields of 8.12 T/A,
grapes from 933,200 A (377,813 ha) with yields of 6.4 T/A, kiwifruit for
California from 4,500 T/A (1,822 ha) with yields 5.8 T/A, and
strawberries from 51,600 A (20,891 ha) with yields of 21.5 T/a.  Most of
the berry production (> 95 %) is processed.  A comparison of NAFTA and
EPA Crop Production Regions are listed in Tables 13A and 13B. 
Production in Canada in 2003 accounted 10,990 acres (4,448 ha) and 400
million pounds.  Maps showing the harvested acres of the major berry and
small fruit crops are found in Appendix I, Figures 1 to 8.

Specific Berry and Small Fruit Crop Producion:

Amur River grape: 

Amur River grape is distributed in East Asia including Soviet Far East,
Chine, Japan and Korea.  It is hardy to U.S. Plant hardiness zones 3 –
9.

Andean blackberry:

	Andean blackberry is closely related to the black raspberry and is
distributed in Central and South America, and from the North Andes to
Mexico is often cultivated in South America for its edible fruit.

Arctic blackberry:

	Arctic blackberry is hardy in the US to Plant hardiness zone 1. 
Formerly native to Britain in the Scottish highlands, it is distributed
in Northern North America, N. Europe and N. Asia. 

Aronia berry: 

	Aronia berry is a deciduous shrub native to eastern North America
widely used by landscapers.  Aronia was well known to natives and early
settlers, but has not been commercially cultivated in the U.S. since the
turn of the century.  However, in Denmark, Eastern Europe and Russia
(especially Siberia) the strongly colored, pungently flavored fruit is
quite popular for juice and even wine production.  Production Map: EPA
Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5.

Bayberry: 

		The bayberry is native in sandy swamps or wet woods from New Brunswick
south to Florida. M. cerifera is found as far west as Texas and Arkansas
while M. carolinensis is common in bogs in northern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Myrica rubra is a perennial evergreen tree, grown under
warm climate, such as middle or southern of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan,
China and the Philippines.  Other production regions: Japan grew 62 ha
(153 acres) yielding 42 tons in 2002).

Bearberry:

	Bearberry, also commonly known in the trade as ‘uva-ursi’ is a
native of the U.S., growing in dry sandy or rocky soil from the Middle
Atlantic States north to Labrador and westward to California and Alaska.
The trailing, lowgrowing evergreen shrub is found in cool temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and
Asia. Most of the leaf in commerce is wild-harvested.  USDA plant
hardiness Zone 2. 

Bilberry:

	Bilberry is adapted to USDA plant hardiness zones 4-9.  It is native to
North America,  Europe and Asia.  More commonly found in the
Northwestern US and western Canada.  Other commercial production
regions: Scotland  

Blackberry: 

	Under the 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) commodity definition for blackberries
several other commodities are covered by a blackberry tolerance and
these include: bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, Cherokee
blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry,
dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry,
Lavacaberry, Lowberry, Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry,
Nectarberry, Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry,
Rangeberry, Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these.  Some of the beries included under
the blackberry commodity definition that have specific production data
will also be discussed below.  Also, arctic black beery and Andean
blackberry will be added to the blackberry commodity definition (see
Recommendation to proposal 5).  

	Production in the U.S.for blackberries in 2002 was 10,210 acres (4,132
ha).  The top five 5 states are Oregon (6,431 A), California (523 A),
Texas (479 A), Washington (320 A) and Missouri (294 A).  Boysenberries
were grown on 1,097 acres including Oregon (852 A), California (226 A),
and Washington (19 A).  Loganberries reported in Oregon on 76 A and
Florida 63 A.  Led by OR and CA, Blackberry and its hybrids were
harvested 8370 A in 2002 yielding 56,000,000 lbs (28,000 T) including
4,600 A Marionberry (16,500 T), 1,200 A Evergreen (4,000 T), 1,410 A
Boysenberry (2,500 T), and 60 A for Loganberry (150 T).  EPA Crop
Production Regions for blackberries are 2, 6, 10, and 12.  See Appendix
I, Figure 2 for a map of the blackberry harvested acres.  

	Other production regions:  Include Guatemala and Costa Rica.  Australia
grows many blackberries including dewberry, boysenberry, loganberry,
lowberry, Marionberry, tayberry, and youngberry. Blackberries are also
grown in Europe and Ontario and Canada reported growing 20 A in 2005. 

Blueberry, highbush: 

	Production in U.S.: The North American Blueberry Council reported U.S.
highbush blueberry acreage at 55,000 A (22,267 ha) and total yield at
209 million pounds (3800 lbs./A) in 2003.  Top producing states are:
Michigan (18,500A), New Jersey (7,500A), Georgia (6,000A), North
Carolina (5,000A), and Oregon (3,700A).  Important highbush varieties in
US and Canada includes ‘Northern highbush-Bluecrop’, ‘Jersey’,
‘Duke’, ‘Croatan’, ‘Elliott’; ‘Southern highbush-Star’,
‘O'Neal’, ‘Sharpblue’; ‘Half-high – Northblue’,
‘Northland’; ‘Rabbiteye- Tifblue’, ‘Climax’,
‘Brightwell’.  Rabbitteye blueberry is native to South Georgia and
Alabama to northern Florida.  Rabbitteye production is estimated at
3,000 ha with over half in Georgia and the annual production is over
5,500 t.  EPA Crop Production Regions are 1, 2, 5, and 12.  See Appendix
I, Figure 3 for tame (highbush) blueberry harvested acres.  In Ontario,
Canada 600 A (243 ha) of highbush blueberry is grown, and British
Columbia, Canada grew 11,000 A in 2005.  Other countries producing
blueberries are Poland, Germany, Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Argentina,
Mexico, Japan, and China. Japan grew 423 ha (1,045 acres) yielding 981
ton in 2002.  

Blueberry, lowbush: 

	Lowbush blueberry production in U.S.:  Greater than 98 % (almost 33,000
tons) of the lowbush or wild blueberry production is in Maine.  There
are 23,000 A in Maine, and approximately 166 A in NH and 411 A in
Massachusetts.  Less than 1% of the crop is sold in the fresh market. 
See Appendix I, Figures 3 and 4 for tame (highbush) blueberry and wild
blueberry Other commercial production regions in 1995, Canada grew
14,295 acres.  Ontario, Canada grew 50 acres of lowbush blueberry.  In
2005, Australia produced 1,512 ton on 421 hectares. 

Buffalo currant:

	The plant was exported from North America to Europe as rootstock, where
it has escaped from cultivation and can be found growing in sandy soils.
It is a perennial shrub native to U.S.  It is distributed to Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Texas, north Minnesota, South Dakota, and west to the Rocky
Mountains.  

Buffaloberry:  

Native to Canada, the Buffaloberry is a large shrub or small tree which
grows up to 16 feet, and is also distributes from Montana to Alberta,
Canada and Oregon, and from California to New Mexico, Kansas and the
Dakotas.  

Che: 

	Che is native to many parts of eastern Asia from China to the Nepalese
sub-Himalayas, and it became naturalized in Japan many years ago.  In
China, the leaves of the che serve as a backup food for silkworms when
mulberry leaves are in short supply. The tree was introduced into
England and other parts of Europe around 1872, and into the U.S. around
1930. It can be grown in most parts of California and other parts of the
U.S. withstanding temperatures of -20° F. 

Chilean guava: 

	In New Zealand it is being sold and marketed as the ‘NZ Cranberry’.
 The small leathery leave plant is a native to Chile and Bolivia.  The
Chilean Guava was very popular in the 1800's in England, but only
recently has begun to regain popularity and use as a fruiting and
ornamental plant.  Other commercial production regions: Tasmania,
Australia grown approx. 30,000 plants (2,000 plants/hectare).  It can be
grown in U.S. Plant hardiness zones 8 – 10.  

Chinese Egg Gooseberry:

	Cultivated for its edible fruit in China, but there is no commercial
production reported in any country (Nagasawan, 2006).  

Chokecherry:

A tree-shrub widely distributed throughout southern Canada, many states
of the United States, and northern Mexico (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/" 
http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/ ).  Native to
North America, the chokecherry is related to domestic cherries, plums,
peaches and apricots. Three varieties are eastern variety common
chokecherry, black chokecherry that is restricted to the western portion
of North America, and western chokecherry that occurs from British
Columbia southward into northern Mexico, Texas, and California.
Chokecherry often forms mixed stands with other tall shrubs.  

Cloudberry:

	Distributed in northern hemisphere in circumpolar, Greenland, Canada,
United States, Eurasia, Alaska, Yukon, Nunavut Islands, Continental
Nunavut, Northern Québec, and low arctic Other production regions:
Arctic and subarctic, south to Maine.  Occur in peat bogs throughout
Canada from British Columbia to Maritimes and Newfoundland, also found
in Alaska.

Cranberry:

	The cranberry is a Native American wetland fruit growing in the
northern part of the United States. In Massachusetts where cranberries
grow is called a Bog that evolved from deposits left by the glaciers
more than 10,000 years ago.  Production in U.S.: 40,685 acres (16,472
ha) in 2002.  Top five production states are: Wisconsin (17,494 acres),
Massachusetts (14,707 acres), New Jersey (3,105 acres), Oregon (2,958
acres), and Washington (2,001 acres).  Approximately 40,000 acres
(16,200 hectares) across the northern United States and Canada.  Key
production states are MA (14,100 acres), WI (17,400 acres), NJ (3,100
acres), OR (2,900 acres) and WA (1,700 acres).  Also, minimal acreage in
the states of Maine (225 acres), Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, New
Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island.  See Appendix I, Figure 5 for
cranberry production regions:  Some domestic imports from Canada and
Chile.  In 1995, Canada grew 2,869 acres (1,172 ha).  Production Map:
EPA Crop Production Region 1, 5, 12.

Currant:

	Black currant is an introduced perennial shrub distributed in Northeast
and North central states of the U.S. Red currant production in the U.S.:
Washington and California with approximately 140 A and 75% of these
acres are with three growers in Washington.  EPA Crop Production Regions
10 and 12 for black currant and Regions 10 and 11 for red currant.  Both
red and black currants are grown in Europe.  

Elderberry: 

Production in U.S. is reported to be about 500 tons.  Other commercial
production regions include Canada and Eurasia, Ontario, Canada grew 20
acres elderberries. Elderberry is produced in EPA Crop Production Region
2, 5, and 12.

European barberry:

	The European barberry is a common garden bush, native to Europe and the
British Isles, naturalized in North America.  This perennial shrub is
distributed in most states of the northern United States.  

Gooseberry:

	Production in U.S.: is mostly in Oregon, with limited production in New
York, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Washington.  EPA Crop Production
Region 12.  Other commercial production regions include New Zealand and
Ontario, Canada which grew 20 A.

Grape:

	There are three main types of grapes grown commercially in North
America, the vinifera or Old World European, the American bunch grapes
and the muscadine with their characteristics noted below:  The vinifera
are the wine grapes and the American bunch grape is the grape type of
major world production with over 5000 named cultivars.  In 2004 domestic
U.S. grape acreage was 933,200 A (377,733 ha) with yields of 7.3 T/A
that produced 6.23 million tons.  Major production states include
California (645,200 acres), Washington (34,000 acres), New York (33,000
acres), Michigan (11,800 acres) and Pennsylvania (11, 000 acres). 
Approximately, 2.0 million tons of raisins were produced in CA. 
California produces over 97 % of the table grapes in the U.S.  See
Appendix I, Figure 6 for tame grape harvested acres in the U.S.  Other
commercial production regions: Grapes are a major worldwide crop with
Italy, France, Russia, and Spain major grape producing countries.  In
1995, Canada grew 15,560 acres, Ontario, Canada grew 15,000 acres. 
Japan grew 138 ha (341 acres) yielding 214 tons Vitis coignetiae
Pulliat. in 2002, and 19,400 ha (47,937 acres) of Vitis spp. yielding
220,800 tons in 2003.  Australia produced 86,523 ton on 143,373
hectares.  EPA Crop Production Regions for grapes are Regions 1, 10, and
11.

Highbush cranberry:

	There are no production statistics for the U.S., but there is some
acreage in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and other northern states. 
Other commercial production regions: Canada and Europe.  EPA Crop
Production Region 1 is the logical production region.

Honeysuckle:

		The edible honeysuckle is a deciduous shrub native to northern Japan. 
The blue honeysuckle was first mentioned as a horticultural plant in
1894, and some 60 commercial cultivars spread widely in Northern and
Central Russia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.  Other production
regions: Japan grew 60 ha (148 acres) yielding 92 tons in 2002.

Huckleberry:

	Several species of huckleberry, mainly in Eastern North America,
produce fruits valued locally.  There are more than 40 species of U.S.
huckleberries.  The black huckleberry occurs from the Atlantic Coast
west to Wisconsin and south to Louisiana.  There are no production data
for the U.S.  Huckleberry is harvested from wild for local consumption. 
Also domesticated huckleberries are grown in Washington for commercial
production with fewer than 50 growers.  It is grown mainly in eastern
North America and northwestern U.S.  Huckleberry is produced in EPA Crop
Production Regions 1, 2, 5 and 11. 

Jostaberry:

	There is some production of Jostaberry in Eastern Washington State and
Idaho, and it is also grown in Canada.  EPA Crop Production Region 11

Juneberry:

	Some species of Amelanchier occur over most parts of the United States
and produce edible fruits, and they are now being commercially developed
on 50 to 100 acres in North Dakota (Region 5).  The Saskatoon is native
to the Canadian Prairies, the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, Alaska,
British Columbia and the northwestern and north central United States. 
Production in the U.S. includes: North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota,
Michigan, and Alaska with very minimal acreage.  Other commercial
production regions: Canada total production 1,750 ha (4,300 acres).
British Columbia estimate 20 ha (50 acres); Alberta 800 ha (2000 acres);
Saskatchewan 485 ha (1,200 acres); Manitoba 325 ha (800 acres); Quebec
estimate 20 ha (50 acres); New Brunswick 20 acres (ROTHWELL 2005a). 
Ontario, Canada grew 80 acres of Saskatoon berry (CHAPUT 2005a). Europe:
Finland 5 ha (ROTHWELL 2005a).

Kiwifruit, fuzzy and Kiwifruit, hardy:

Kiwifruits are native to Southeast Asia with more than 50 species in the
genus Actinidia and many have commercial potential.  Kiwifruit is called
Mihoutao in China. Zhonghua Mihoutao, A. chinensis was originated in
China and widely distributed in the northern, southern, western,
southern and central provinces.  China has 52 kiwifruit species,
varieties, and cultivars.  A. chinensis has three varieties, they are
the short haired A. chinensis var. chinensis that mainly grown in China,
the hard-haired A. chinensis var. hispida that mainly grown in other
regions outside China, and the thorny A. chinensis var. setosa. 
Kiwifruit was introduced to New Zealand from China in 1906 where it is
widely produced.  Fuzzy kiwi is grown commercially in New Zealand,
Italy, Japan, France, Australia, Greece, Chile, California, and Oregon. 
More hardy kiwifruit species includes A. arguta, known as the hardy kiwi
or arguta (marketed as baby kiwi in Oregon and grape kiwi in British
Columbia).  California ranks first in the U.S. production of kiwifruit,
accounting for nearly 95% of national production.  Hardy or baby kiwis
are grown further north, hardy to -25 ºF, and have a sweater taste.  It
is widely distributed in Korea, northeastern China, eastern Siberia, and
north of Japan, and has been introduced to Canada.  Japan also has hardy
kiwifruit grown on 13.1 ha (32.4 A) for a total production of 25.2 T
(NAGASAWA 2006).  Production in U.S.: California ranks first in the
national production of kiwifruit, accounting for nearly 95% of total
production. The leading production counties in California are Tulare,
Butte, Yuba, Sutter, Kings, Kern, and Fresno. The value of
California’s kiwifruit crop in 1997 was $18,119,640, with 5,000 acres
harvested and 6.6 tons per acre at a price of $518 per ton, while in
2004 more than 4,500 A of kiwifruit were harvested in CA.  There is
minor production in coastal South Carolina and Georgia.  Fuzzy kiwifruit
is produced in EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Hardy kiwifruit is
produced in EPA Crop Production Regions 11 and 12.  Hardy kiwi is grown
in Oregon on small acreage.  Other commercial production regions: Italy
ranks first followed by New Zealand, and the US ranks 7th in the world
production of kiwifruit.  World wide production is up to 170,000 acres. 
In 1995, Canada grew 40 acres of a cold hardy type.  Japan grew 2,710 ha
(6,696 acres) yielding 38,300 tons in 2003, as well as a limited amount
of silver vine called Matatabi with one ton on 1.9 ha (4.7 A) (NAGASAWA
2004f).  Australia produced 2,953 ton on 294 hectares (NORDEN 2005a). 

Lingonberry:

	The lingonberry is native throughout northern portions of North America
and Europe, and is produced on only one acre in both Maine and
Wisconsin, but they have now increased up to 174 acres in Washington
State.  They are often harvested from the wild.  Other production
regions: Northern temperate region.  Canada is a major source of fresh
fruit for the U.S. market.  EPA Crop Production Regions 1 and 5.

Loganberry:

Grown commercially in northern California and Oregon (60 A), which also
include EPA Crop Production Regions 2, 6, 10, and primarily 12.

Maypop:

	Distributed from Virginia to Missouri and south to Florida and Texas,
maypop plant is a smooth vine.  Captain John Smith of the Jamestown
settlement noted that the native Indians cultivated Maypop.  The EPA
Crop Production Regions are 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Mountain Pepper Berries:

	It is native to the moist temperate forest areas in Tasmania, Victoria,
Southern NSW and the ACT.  Related species are found in cool elevated
areas on the mainland east coast, from Victoria to Queensland.  Other
commercial production regions: In Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales
and ACT of Australia (NORDEN 2005a).

Mulberry:

	The species commonly grown in the Northeast and include the black
mulberries originated in Western Asia that produce the most flavorful
fruit but are only adapted to the mildest parts of New York State, and
the red mulberries originated in North America are hardier than black
mulberries from Massachusetts to Kansas.  No commercial acres yet with
some fruit consumed locally.  Other commercial production regions: Asia,
Europe, and Latin America.  

Muntries:

	Muntries are native to southern coast of Australia, with inland
extensions, from Portland in Vic. to the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo
Island in SA.  Other commercial production regions: South Australia -
Adelaide Hills, Southern Vales, and the Limestone Coast. 

Native Currant:

	The native currant is a small prickly shrub similar to raspberries that
is distributed in small pockets of South Australia and Victoria,
particularly on Kangaroo Island, Barossa Valley, Clare Valley, and
Adelaide Hills.  No reported U.S. production.  Other commercial
production regions: Wild harvest in South and Victoria, Australia
(NORDEN 2005a).

Partridgeberry:

	The partridgeberry is an evergreen perennial herb, native to North
America and East Asia Grown from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida and east Texas. In the U.S. it is grown in USDA plant
hardiness Zone 4, and is native to eastern and central U.S., and in the
EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 5, and 7.  Other production regions:
Canada

Phalsa:

The phalsa is indigenous throughout much of India and Southeast Asia. 
It is cultivated commercially mainly in the Punjab and around Bombay. 
It was introduced into the Philippines before 1914, but only a few
specimens have been planted in the New World, Puerto Rico, and Florida. 
In India, the phalsa grows well up to an elevation of 3,000 ft (914 m).

Pincherry:

The pincherry is native to Canada and found as far north as Great Slave
Lake making them very winter hardy.

Raspberry: 

There are three main types of raspberry grown commercially, red
raspberry which is the most common form of raspberry cultivated (over
75% of US production), black raspberry or blackcaps, and the purple
raspberry which is a cross between red and black types.  Black
raspberries are indigenous to North America where it is most abundant in
the East.   Today, black raspberry cultivars have the least commercial
acreage of any of the raspberry varieties.  Production in U.S. in 2003
black raspberries in Oregon are harvested 1,100 A (445 ha) yielding
2,300,000 lb; in 2003 red raspberries in Oregon were harvested on 2,000
A yielding 5,200,000 lb, and in Washington were harvested on 9,200 A
yielding 67,200,000 lb.  In 2002, red raspberry were harvested on 14,200
A yielding 114,000,000 lb, led by WA, CA and OR, and black raspberry
harvested 1,100 acres yielding 3,000,000 lb, led by OR.  Average yields
in Washington range from 6500 to 8500 lb/A.  Raspberries can grow in the
entire area of Washington State west of the Cacade Mountains.  In
California yields average 10,200 lb/A.  Red raspberries prefer cool
summers and moderate winter temperature for best production.  See
Appendix I, Figure 7 for raspberry harvested acres in the U.S. EPA Crop
Production Regions 1, 5, and 12.  Other commercial production regions
include significant imported fruit from Canada (British Columbia) and
Chile with additional commercial production in Columbia, Guatemala,
Australia, New Zealand and Russia.  In 1995, Canada grew 8,031 A and
Ontario, Canada grew 1,100 A.  Australia produced 456 ton on 216
hectares in 2004.

Riberry:

	Commercial production regions: Queensland, New South Wales & Victoria
(NORDEN 2005a). Around 3-5 tons per year from cultivation, and a smaller
amount from wild harvest (AUSTRALIA).  Riberry is native to the bush
country in Australia.

Salal:

	There is also no production data for salal; however, they are grown
from southern Alaska to southern California (EPA Regions 10 and 12). 

Schisandra berry:

	There is also no production data for schisandra berry, however, they
are adapted to Plant Hardiness zones 4 to 9 and can withstand cold
temperatures.  It is distributed throughout northern China, Manchuria,
Korea and Japan. 

Sea buckthorn:

	Sea buckthorn is one of the important natural resources of the
mountainous regions of China and Russia.  The plant grows naturally in
sandy soil at an altitude of 1,200 to 4,500 meters (4,000 to 14,000
feet) in cold climates, though it can be cultivated at lower altitudes
and into temperate zones.  It has been extensively planted across much
of northern China, and in other countries, to prevent soil erosion and
to serve as an economic resource for food and medicine products. Over
500,000 A (2000,000 ha) are planted in China.  Canada has planted sea
buckthorn, originally brought over from Siberia in the 1930s to develop
for its fruit.  

Serviceberry:

	In the U.S. it is grown in USDA plant hardiness Zone 6. Other
production regions: Mediterranean region

Strawberry:

	Production in U.S.:  In 2004, 51,000 acres were harvested yielding
2,081 million lb including 1,568,600,000 lb for fresh market and
512,500,000 lb for processing.  California produces more than 80% of the
fresh market and processed strawberries grown in the United States on
about 50% of the country's strawberry acreage.  Strawberry yields in
California are 50% higher than the national average yield.  California
produces about 20% of the world's production, and exports about 20% of
its strawberry production, accounting for 20% of the world's exported
berries.  California's primary export destinations are Canada, Japan,
and Mexico.  Florida ranks second in the U.S. strawberry production.
Other major states include Oregon, New York, North Carolina, Michigan,
Pennsylvania and Washington.  Florida produces 100% of the domestic
winter crop.  The fruit is widely planted in gardens and "Pick Your Own"
operations).  EPA Crop Production Regions for strawberries include 1, 2,
3, 5, 10, and 12.  See Appendix I, Figure 8 for harvested acres in the
U.S.  Other commercial production regions: Over 71 countries grow
strawberries.  US imports significant amounts of strawberries from
Mexico, as well as from Canada, New Zealand and Guatemala. Canada
(primarily in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes) grew 15,000 acres
strawberries including 4,000 acres in Ontario (CHAPUT 2005a).  Japan
grew 4,850 hectares (11,985 acres) yielding 167,000 ton in 2001
(NAGASAWA 2004f).  Australia produced 20,089 ton on 1,412 hectares
(NORDEN 2005a

Wild strawberry:

	Wild raspberry is distributed in tropical northern Queensland in open
forests and rain forest and is wild harvested (NORDEN 2005a).  Other
production data for other berry and small fruits will not be reported
above, but will be discussed under the cultural practice section.

Imports of Berries and Small Fruits: 

Despite the U.S. being a major producer of berries and small fruits
(Table 9) significant amounts of berries and small fruits intended for
the fresh market are imported.  Berries and small fruits are widely
imported to the U.S making them available on a year around basis.  The
amount of a commodity can vary widely from year to year based on
differences in U.S. production, weather effects, and consumer demand. 
The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) reported that in
2005 over 159,000 MT of fresh berries were exported to other countries
with Canada receiving 81%, Mexico at 8%, Japan and Cayman Islands at
3.8%, and the United Kingdom at 2.5%.  In 2001, 6.9 million pounds of
frozen blueberries were exported to Japan (51 %), Canada at 31%, and
Australia at 12% (USDA AMS, 2004).  

The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) import data also
reports that more than 3,249 MT of blackberries imported to the U.S. in
2004 with Chile accounting for 41%, China for 22%, Serbia for 18%, and
Bosnia and Colombia accounting for 7% and 6% respectively.  Imported
raspberries (15,961MT) came from Chile at 64%, Canada at 19% and Serbia
at 9%.  Imports of kiwifruit (37,166 MT/A) came from Chile at 47%, New
Zealand at 37%, and Italy at 15%.  Cranberries (72,781 MT) were imported
from Canada at 97%, Chile at 11% and Argentina at 2%. Imports of
currants (52 MT) came from Colombia at 70%, Canada at 24% and both Chile
and Ukraine at 3%.  Fresh strawberries were imported (42,808 MT/A) with
Mexico accounting for over 99%, with minor amounts from New Zealand and
Canada.  Fresh grapes were imported (474, 961 MT) from Chile at 77.1 %,
Mexico at 20.1 %, Canada at 1.0 %, and the Republic of South Africa at
0.6 % and Peru at 0.5%.  Imports of fresh wild blueberries of 7,128 MT
were all from Canada, while highbush blueberry imports were over 21,749
MT and came from Canada at 56 %, Chile at 38 % and Argentina at 5 %, and
New Zealand at 0.5 %. 

	Approximately, 59,998 MT of frozen strawberries were imported from
Mexico at 66%, Chile at 13%, Peoples Republic of China at 9%, and
Argentina at 6%.  Frozen raspberries at 22,619 MT were imported from
Chile at 52%, Canada at 14%, Serbia at 11%, and Mexico at 7%.

COMPARISON OF CULTURAL PRACTICES: 

	The berries and small fruits are temperate climatic zone crops adapted
depending upon the species to either cool or warm temperatures (Table
11).  In general, the berries and small fruits are predominately woody
perennial dicot angiosperms (flowering plants) usually propagated
vegetatively, grown on their own roots, and bear small to moderately
sized fruit on herbs, vines, shrubs or small trees that are planted
densely on fairly small acreage (average berry farm size is 11.3 acres,
AgCensus, 2002).  The soil pH ranges and yields for berries and small
fruit crops are listed in Table 12.  Modern cultural practices and newer
cultivars have diminished differences between tree and small fruit crops
with the developed of dwarf trees trellised orchards and tissue culture
propagation.  

	The cultural practices for berries and small fruits will be discussed
below.   

Table. 11.  Plant Growth Habit, Climatic Adaptation and Specific Site
Information for the Berries and Small Fruits.  (Adapted from Galleta and
Himelrick. 1990.  Small Fruit Crop Management. Pp. 5 - 7). 

Common Name	Plant Growth Habit	Climatic Adaptation	Site Information

Raspberry, red, black, and purple	Suckering shrubs, biennial tops and
perennial roots	Cool temperatures	Medium to light soils, good drainage,
sensitive to nematodes, root diseases and virus

Blackberry (erect thorny, semi erect thorny, semi erect thornless,
Himalaya, and Evergreen)	Suckering shrubs, biennial tops and perennial
roots	Warm temperatures	Well drained soils, free of crown gall

Dewberries, trailing and Raspberry X blackberry hybrids	Trailing shrubs,
biennial tops and perennial roots	Warm temperatures	Well drained soils,
free of crown gall

Blueberry, lowbush	Rhizomatous, low shrubs, perennial	Cool to cold
temperatures	Acidic, exposed sites, woodlot or bog populations

Blueberry, highbush	Perennial shrubs	Cool to warm temperatures	Acidic,
organic sands  with good drainage

Blueberry, rabbiteye	Large perennial shrubs	Warm temperatures	Acidic,
organic or mineral soils

Currant, red, white, and black 	Shrubs, perennial tops and roots	Cold
temperatures	Loam soils, well drained, cooler sites

Gooseberry, European and American	Shrubs, perennial tops and roots	Cold
temperatures	Loam soils, well drained, cooler sites

Cranberry	Perennial creeping evergreen vines with upright stems	Cool
temperatures	Acidic, organic sands  with good drainage, needs adequate
water source for flooding

Cranberry, highbush 	Tall, spreading shrubs	Cool temperature	Cool, moist
soils, tolerant to partial shade

Elderberry	Tall deciduous shrubs, stoloniferous	Cool temperatures
Tolerant to varying soil type and moisture, best on silt loams

Grape, American bunch	Perennial woody deciduous climbing vines	Cool to
warm temperatures	Tolerate cooler soils

Grape, European and muscadine	Perennial woody deciduous climbing vines
Cool to warm temperatures	Tolerates heat and humidity

Kiwifruit	Rampant long lived perennial vines	Warm temperature 	Deep
porous solid, 220 day growing season

Strawberry	Stoloniferous perennial herbs	Cool temperatures	Well drained.
Light soils, heavy soils for maximum production.

Table. 12. Soil pH Ranges and Yields for Berries and Small Fruits Crops.
(Adapted from Galleta and Himelrick. 1990. Small Fruit Crop Management.
Pp. 58, 550, and from Fields, 2005, ISHS, 2006). 

Commodity	Desirable Range of pH 	Optimum pH 	Yield

[lb/A (kg/ha)]

Blackberry	6.2	4.5 – 7.5	4,000 (4,480) for thorned varieties – 8,000
(8,960) for thornless varieties

Blueberry,

Highbush

Lowbush

Rabbiteye	

4.5

4.5

4.5	

4.0 – 5.2

4.3 – 5.0

4.2 – 5.5	

6,000 (6,720)

4,600 (5,152)

Cranberry	4.5	4.0 – 7.0	16,200 (18,144) 

Currant, black	6.5	6.0 - 7.0	1 – 2.5 t/A (2.25 – 5.6 Mt/ha)

Currant, red	6.5	5.5 – 7.0	2 – 5 t/A (4.5 – 11.2 Mt/ha)

Gooseberry	6.5	6.0 – 7.0	2 – 5 t/A (4.5 – 11.2 Mt/ha)

Grape,

Vinifera

Hybrid

American

Muscadine	

6.5

6.0

6.0

6.0	

5.5 – 7.0

5.0 – 7.0

4.0 – 7.0

5.5 – 7.0	

8,000 (8,960) – 9,000 (10,080)

Juneberry	6.0	6.0 – 7.5	6 T/A (13 Mt/ha)

Kiwifruit	6.0	5.0 – 6.5	6.6 t/A

Lingonberry	3.5 - 5.0	4.5 - 5.0	10 t/ha

Raspberry	6.5	5.4 – 7.0	3,000 (3,360) for black cultivars, 4,000
(4,480) for red and purple varieties 

Sea buckthorn	6.0 – 7.0	5.5 – 8.3	3,600 (4,032) – 4,400 (4,928)

Strawberry	6.2	5.0 – 6.5	8,000 (8,960)

Specific Berry and Small Fruit Cultural Practices:

Amur River grape:

The amur river grape is a deciduous climber growing to average 15m in
length. The flowers are hermaphrodite. The fruit is small and somewhat
harsh in flavor, and it is succulent but usually bitter. The fruit is
about 16mm long and 10mm wide.  The amur river grape blooms from May to
July and seeds ripen from September to October.  It is hardy to plant
hardiness zone 4 tolerating temperatures down to about -40°C.  It can
be grown in sun or partial shade though a warm sunny position is
required for the fruit to ripen.  The plant prefers a wide range of
soils from well-drained light (sandy), medium (loamy) to heavy (clay)
soils.  Pruning is done in the winter when the plants are dormant.  It
can be grown from seed and germination should take place in the first
spring, but sometimes takes another 12 months.  The seedlings are placed
into individual pots when large enough to handle and grow them in a cold
frame for the first winter.   Plant out in early summer. If grown from
cuttings they should be made in December/January.  The cuttings can be
15 – 30 cm long wood sections or 5cm long short sections of the stem
with one bud at the top of the section. 

Andean blackberry:

The Andean blackberry is a deciduous shrub that grows to 3m, and it is
hardy to plant hardiness zone 8.  The flowers are hermaphrodite (have
both male and female organs) and the plant is self-fertile. Andean
Blackberry is closely related to Rubus occidentalis the black raspberry,
and this plant is distributed in Central and South America, and North
Andes to Mexico.

The plant prefers well-drained light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy
(clay) soils, and it can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or in no
shade.  This species tolerates temperatures as low as -5°C and -10°C.
Grow from seed: requires stratification and is best sown in early autumn
in a cold frame. The seedlings are planted into their permanent
positions in late spring of the following year.  They can also be grown
from cuttings and division of the clumps in early spring or just before
leaf-fall in the autumn.  The Andean blackberry is often cultivated in
South America for its edible fruit yielding up to 20 tons per hectare. 
This species could be useful in hybridization programs with American and
European blackberries and raspberries, but it is susceptible to some
North American raspberry diseases. The fruit is up to 3 cm long, tart
and very juicy; and considered superior in flavor and quality to most
cultivated blackberries and raspberries. 

Arctic blackberry:

Arctic blackberry is a perennial growing to 0.2m by 1m in woodland,
cultivated beds, or in the sun, and it cannot tolerate shade.  It is
propagated from seed, and seedlings are planted into their permanent
positions in late spring of the following year.  Divisions occur in
early spring or just before leaf-fall in the autumn, and larger
divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent field positions

 It is in flower from June to July, and the seeds ripen from July to
August.  The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female
organs) and are pollinated by insects.  The plant prefers a moist, light
(sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soils.  The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. 
Fruit is very sweet, juicy and palatable with a pineapple-like aroma.

Aronia berry:

	The aronia berry is a deciduous shrub native to eastern North America,
used by landscapers for its clusters of creamy white flowers in late
spring, and colorful flame-colored autumn foliage with dark berries. 
The thick bushes or shrubs grow to 6 to 8 feet and are sometimes used as
a windbreak. Berries have a strong, stable and natural color, with a dry
and sour strong flavor.  Aronia was well known to natives and early
settlers, but has not been commercially cultivated in the U.S. since the
turn of the 20th century. However, in Denmark, Eastern Europe and Russia
(especially Siberia) the strongly colored, pungently flavored fruit is
quite popular for juice and even wine production.  Aronia is cold hardy
(to about -20 oF) and the late blooming period (late April to May in the
Puget Sound region) avoids damage by spring frosts.  Aronia requires a
damp, acid soil with sufficient rain during the growing season.  Plants
can tolerate wet soil, but not drought. Plants are vigorous and mature
plants may have up to 40 canes/bush.  The plant is well adapted to many
areas of North America and appears to be fairly resistant to several
pest problems.  Planting can be done by seeds, by softwood cuttings
taken in early summer, by division, or by cutting suckers.  Numerous
suckers are produced from the roots. Planting spacing of 2.5 to 3 ft
(0.8 - 1.0 m) would allow plants to sucker and fill in the space like a
hedgerow.  Thinning of the older canes is recommended every a few years.
In the Pacific Northwest, the extremely vigorous plants will bear a
small crop one year after rooted cuttings are planted.  The fruit is a
small berry-like pome, red or black in color and about ¼ inch in
diameter. Aronia berry flowers in late spring and the pea-sized,
violet-black berries are harvested in autumn.  Yields of up to 37 lbs
(17kg) per bush with 22 lbs (10 kg) per bush average were reported in
Eastern Europe.  Fruit can be mechanically harvested with equipment
similar to that for blueberries. In non-commercial plantings the fruit
is often hand harvested by cutting the fruit clusters. 

Bayberry:

	The bayberry is a shrub or slender tree that grows up to 40 feet high. 
The leaves are 1 to 4 inches long, narrow, wedge-shaped, and have a
fragrant odor when crushed.  Male flowers (in cylindrical yellow
clusters) and female flowers (in green somewhat shorter clusters) are
borne on separate trees.  Several leaves, 2 to 3 cm width and 6 to 12 cm
long each, sprout at the top of each branch. Male and female trees are
grown separately.  The flowers appear from March to May, and fruits
mature in June (Japanese calendar) (NAGASAWA 2005a.  The fruit, can
remain on the tree for several years, consists of clusters of round,
with one seed, somewhat berry-like nuts covered with a whitish wax.  The
northern bayberry is a shrub growing up to 8 ft tall.  The red fruits
are commercially available for the fresh market, but the flesh of this
fruit is too soft that they are not tolerable for long transportation,
hence they are usually consumed in local area where they grown. The
fruits are round with red clusters including a seed. The taste of fruits
is very sweet with a slight sour taste.  In Japan, the tree grows up to
20 m, and it is well planted as boulevard tree

Bearberry:

	The bearberry, also commonly known in the trade as uva-ursi is a native
of the US and is grown in dry sandy or rocky soil from the Middle
Atlantic States north to Labrador and westward to California and Alaska.
 The trailing, lowgrowing evergreen shrub is found in cool temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and
Asia.  The leaves of bearberry have been used as an herbal remedy for
mild cystitis.  The much-branched trailing stems are short and woody. 
It is a low growing (< 20 in) perennial shrub with creeping stems.  The
long shoots rise obliquely upward from the stems for a few inches and
are covered with soft hairs.  Most of the leaf in commerce is
wild-harvested, and the evergreen leaves are leathery and ½ to 1 inch
long.  The leaves have no distinctive odor, but they have a very
astringent and somewhat bitter taste.  The evergreen leaves may be
collected throughout the year, but preferably in September or October. 
The waxy-looking flowers that bloom in early summer (May-June) are in
small, closely-crowded, drooping clusters, three to fifteen flowers
together, at the ends of the branches.  The berry ripens in early
autumn, and is about the size of a small currant, very bright
orange-red, smooth and glossy, with a tough skin enclosing an insipid
mealy pulp, with five one-seeded stones (a berry-like drupe).  

Bilberry:  

The bilberry is a tiny deciduous shrub that spreads by rhizomes and
grows over 18 inches tall.  It is similar to lowbush blueberries except
berries are only 4 or 5-celled and it is more shade tolerant. The
leathery leaves are at first rosy, then yellowish-green, and in autumn
turn red.  The fruit is a glabrous berry, blue to black-colored, sweet
and 1/3 inch in diameter.  There is also a variety with white fruits. 
The fruit is globular, with a flat top, about the size of a black
currant, and makes excellent preserves.

Blackberry: 

	In the commodity definition for blackberries many cultivars and
specific types are covered and include: bingleberry, black satin berry,
boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne blackberry,
coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these.  Some of the berries included under the
blackberry commodity definition that have specific cultural practice
information will also be discussed below.  

	The blackberries are an extremely diverse group of cultivated plants. 
Some varieties are heavily thorned while others are thornless; some
varieties grow erect while others have a trailing growth pattern.  The
trailing types are commonly referred as the dewberry. (see dewberry
below for additional information).  Loganberry and boysenberry are also
grown as trailing types.  Loganberry is a blackberry-raspberry hybrid
sold for the fresh market or for wine.  Boysenberry is a cross between
blackberry, raspberry and loganberry.  Blackberries are perennial plants
that produce fruits on biennial canes.  The canes grow from the crown
one year, fruit the following season, and then die.  The roots and crown
are perennial.  The first year of shoot growth is entirely vegetative
and is called a primocane.  In the second year, the shoots are called
floricanes and produce lateral branches that produce flowers.  The
floricanes die at the end of the season and must be pruned off.  Canes
are usually supported on a trellis.  They may grow to 15 or more feet in
length, but are managed as heights less than 6 feet tall.  The aggregate
fruit are borne in loose clusters on laterals that grow from the canes. 
They consist of numerous small seeds each imbedded in a juicy pulp, and
all adhering to a fleshy base (or receptacle). The base separates from
the plant when the fruit is harvested, in contrast to raspberries, in
which the base is retained on the plant.  Fruits are near globose to
cylindrical in shape, ( to ¾ inch in diameter and ¾ to 2 inches long,
and weigh up to 8.5 gm/fruit.  Important cultivars of erect blackberry
include: Cherokee, Darrow and Shawnee.  Chester is the most important
semi-erect blackberry variety, while Marion and Thornless evergreen are
the most important trailing blackberry varieties.  .The Tayberry
cultivar in the Northwest is a cross of Loganberry and Black raspberry. 

	Fruiting begins in the second year of the planting, and continues for
>10 years if properly managed.  Blackberries can also be called bramble
crops cannot tolerate wet, heavy soils, but otherwise can grow on soils
too poor for most other crops.  Sandy or loamy soils with pH 4.5 to 7.0
are ideal.  Most of the crop is irrigated by movable overhead impact
microsprinklers.  Blackberry plants are propagated by vegetative
systems, i.e. root cuttings, root suckers, tip layering, softwood stem
cuttings and tissue culture.  Most erect-growing Rubus are grown in
hedgerows, spaced 8-16 ft apart.  Semi-erect blackberries are grown on
trellis arranged in a “double T”.  Plantings are normally started by
root cuttings, planted at 2-3 ft intervals.  Hedges are kept to heights
of 4-6 ft, widths of 30 inches on top and 12 inches at the base. Hand
harvested hedges are allowed to spread to 3 ft in width; any wider
prevents picking from the center of the hedge.  Yields in well-managed
plantings in Georgia average 5000 – 10,000 lbs/acre. Fruit development
occurs rapidly, taking only 30-36 days for most raspberries, but 40-70
days for blackberries.  The best index of fruit maturity is the ease of
separation of the fruit from the pedicel (flower stalk).  The fruiting
period varies between cultivars from 4 to 7 weeks.  Fruit may have to be
picked ever 2 – 3 days, with hand harvest beginning in the early
morning.  Mechanical harvesters have been developed to harvest large
acreages for processing by shaking the bushes, but they cannot be used
for fresh fruit harvest.  A well managed blackberry planting should
yield 6000 to 8000 lb/A (6700 – 9600 kg/ha).  Some cultivars produce
up to 10 – 30 lb berries/plant.  In Oregon 90 – 95 % of the
blackberry crop is processed to frozen puree, jam, or into canned items,
with the rest being sold for the fresh market (USDA Crop Profile,
OR-2000), while in NY the whole crop is sold as fresh market fruit (USDA
Crop Profile, NY-2000).  

 

	The dewberry is very similar to blackberries, except they have a
trailing growth habit.  With these the canes are slender and trailing,
and generally are less thorny than blackberries, and are long lived
perennial crops (> 15 years).  Fruits and fruiting habit are similar to
blackberry. Fruits generally are cylindrical in shape, l/2 inch in
diameter and 1 to 1 ½ inches in length.  Bloom to maturity in 50 to 70
days.  Some dewberries varieties, such as Loganberry, Youngberry and
Boysenberry are derived from crossing blackberry and raspberry.  Leading
varieties are Boysenberry, Loganberry, Marionberry, Olallieberry,
Evergreen and Youngberry.  The trailing blackberries can be harvested by
hand or machine about every 4 to 5 days.  Approximately 75 % of the
trailing blackberry acreage is by machine harvesting (Northwest Berry
and Grape).  Over 98 % of the crop is processed as individually quick
frozen (IQF), bulk frozen pack, or as puree. 

Blueberry:  

	The blueberry is a multi-stemmed perennial, deciduous, broadleaved,
woody shrub, 3 to 10 feet tall.  Fruits are borne in clusters of 5-10
berries arising from buds on previous season’s vegetative growth. 
Berries round to flattened, smooth surface texture, weighing 0.5 to 7
grams each (avg. is 1-2 g).  Berries are covered with a protective, waxy
bloom.  Highbush blueberry refers to several types of blueberries
produced through hybridizations of Vaccinium species.  In general, the
term highbush blueberry encompasses all blueberry cultivars which are
less than 100 percent lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium).  The
highbush blueberry cultivars are produced by crossing parents of many
different Vaccinium species, including V. corymbosum, V. ashei, V.
angustifolim, V. elliottii, V. constablei, and many others.  Highbush
blueberry types include northern highbush blueberry, southern highbush
blueberry, half-high blueberry, and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars. 
There are three species of Vaccinium spp. that are of commercial
importance, highbush blueberry, the lowbush blueberry (V.
angustifolium), and rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei).  The highbush and
rabbiteye varieties, produced by breeding are widely grown.  Blueberries
prefer a well drained acid sandy loam with a pH of 3.5 to 5.2. 
Blueberries are long lived perennials and can remain productive for 15
to 20 years that are native in the U.S.  Blueberries must be pruned
annually.  Plants of all are woody shrubs growing to 10 or more feet
naturally, but usually held to 5 to 6 feet by pruning.  Blueberry plants
can produce a light crop during the third year from planting with full
production in 6 - 8 years.  Bloom is often very early in spring, thus
fruit are susceptible to frost and freeze injury.  Fruit is smooth
skinned with a waxy coating or bloom. Individual berries are borne in
clusters of 6 to 12, are round to oblate in shape, with fruit size up to
¾ inch diameter.  One blueberry plant can produce 5 to 15 lb/plant
depending upon the variety.

	The majority of cultivated northern highbush blueberries are planted in
rows 10 feet apart with plants spaced 3-5 feet within the row (870-1450
bushes/A), and maintained to a height of 4 to 7 ft.  Rabbiteye
blueberries are typically planted at a 6’ x 12’ spacing (605
bushes/A), and maintained to a height of 4 to 10 ft.  Southern highbush
fields in the Southeastern U.S. are typically planted at much higher
densities (2-3000 bushels/ A).  Half-high blueberries are planted at
densities of 1400-1800 bushes/A. (TRINKA 2004).  The production and
cultural practices of highbush and rabbiteye are very similar.  The
plants are propagated by hardwood or softwood cuttings.  Highbush
blueberry requires a well drained acid soil.  Adequate moisture is
extremely important.  Irrigation is helpful in blueberry production
because the plant has a shallow fibrous root system.  Cultivation of
lowbush blueberry is to manage the native stands of wild blueberries. 
Pruning is required to regulate current year’s crop and fruiting
potential for the following year.  Lowbush blueberries are low growing
less than 2 ft and are usually 8 inches tall and spread by underground
runners.  Field worker activities for blueberries in NC include pruning
by hand or mechanically cutting, cultivation by tractor twice a year,
weed and insect control, and harvesting by hand (60%), 20% mechanical
harvest for fresh market, and 20% for the frozen processed market (USDA
Crop Profile, NC-2000).  

	Blueberry harvest in the U.S. begins in March in FL; April in GA; May
in MS, LA, TX, CA, and NC; June in NJ, AR, IN, IL, OH, MI, and OR; July
in WA and NY.  Each cultivar is harvested 3-5 times during a 2 - 5 week
period.  Cultivars with successive ripening periods extend the harvest
period to 3 - 4 months within each production area. (TRINKA 2004). 
Plants bloom in very early spring.  The bloom to harvest interval is in
2 to 4 months.  Blueberries for the fresh market are hand harvested. 
Most of the NC crop is hand harvested, while NJ it is 50% hand harvested
and in Michigan almost all the crop is machine harvested and over 70% of
the blueberry crop is processed.  Blueberries are machined harvested
when 60 – 70 % of the fruit are blue and again 10 – 14 days later. 
A mechanical harvester can harvest one acre/hr and can replace over 100
hand pickers.  Berries are hand picked once a week during the harvest
period in most years.  In a pick your own grower (PYO) operation about
450 customers can harvest an acre of blueberries weighing 15,000 lb
(Small Farm News, 2004).  Five to ten people/A are needed to hand
harvest in the Northwest through the harvest season Strik, 2005).  Since
blueberries do not ripen evenly throughout the season several harvests
are needed.  Most cultivars can be harvested in two to three times with
a 7 to 10 day between harvests.  Larger acres will utilize pickers every
third day. 

	Rabbiteyes tend to have longer bloom to harvest interval (about 90
days) than highbush (45 – 75 days), and generally require less pruning
than the highbush blueberry.  Rabbiteye is a perennial deciduous shrub
about 0.1 - 0.6 m tall with rhizomes.  Fruit is blue or black globose
about 6-9 mm long, with 8 - 16 orange-yellow oblong seeds.  The harvest
period can range from 6 to 8 week interval.  Four to six pickers are
required /A to hand harvest rabbiteye blueberries.  

	The lowbush blueberry blooming period is often very early in spring,
thus fruit are susceptible to frost and freeze injury.  Pruning by
controlled fire is being replaced by mechanical mowing.  Fruit is smooth
skinned with a waxy coating or bloom. Individual berries are borne in
clusters, are round to oblate in shape. Size ranges from ¼ to ½ inch.
Fruit is harvested by raking the fields, usually by hand.  Burning or
mowing of fields is required to regulate crop fruiting.  Lowbush
blueberries take from 70 to 90 days to mature.  

Buffalo Currant:

	Buffalo currant first entered cultivation in 1812.  It is hardy to
about -25°C, and can easily be grown in a moisture retentive but
well-drained loamy soil of at least moderate quality.  It prefers full
sun but it is quite tolerant of shade though it does not fruit well in
shade. This species succeeds in regions having hot summers.  Plants
often produce suckers, especially when growing in damp soils. The
buffalo currant can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or division of
suckers.  A few known cultivars are Crandall, Crandleberry, Pruterberry,
and Pewterberry.  .

	The fruits can be red, black, yellow, golden or reddish-brown. The
cultivar ‘Crandall’ has large edible fruits with a tart-sweet flavor
that are high in pectin.  Flowers appear April through June.  Fruit
matures from June to August.  The fruit is produced in clusters, and the
skin is smooth, tough and very thick. It is widely planted for the
fragrant flowers and fruits.  It grows to 3 m (9 ft) tall with gray to
red-brown bark, red-brown twigs and light green and glossy leaves.  The
hermaphroditic flowers have a strong fragrance of cloves.  The fruit is
a black berry 8 - 10 mm (0.3-0.4 in) in diameter, with numerous seeds

Buffaloberry:

	The buffaloberry is native to Canada, and is a large shrub or small
tree which grows up to 16 feet (5 m).  The plant is dioecious, and is a
nitrogen fixing plant.  The branches are spine tipped which makes
working with the tree difficult.  The plants are maintained as a
deciduous thicket.  Buffaloberry like other small fruit requires a
well-drained, deep loam soil which contains greater than one percent
organic matter.  Buffaloberry is salt and drought tolerant and tolerate
of spring flooding.  Flowering occurs in the early season from March to
May  after the leaves unfold.  The fruit is bright red to orange-red
when ripe and 0.2 to 0.4 inches (6 to 9 mm) in diameter with a single
flat seed inside (seed can range from 28,000 to 147,700 seeds/kg). 
Shepherdia Canadensis is usually less than 6 feet tall, with opposite,
oval or oval-lance-shaped, smooth edged leaves.  The crop blooms in
early spring before the leaves expand, and the fruit ripens in late June
to Sept. is extremely bitter until after a frost and it is used in
jellies and pies.  

	The buffaloberry needs a soil pH of between 5.5 and 7.5.  Either seeds
are planted in a nursery (1 – 2 lb/A) or propagated by cuttings. 
Plants should be planted at 6 feet (2 m) plant spacing and 15 feet (4.5
m) row spacing to aid mechanical harvesting.  Fruit should be picked
slightly under ripe when making jellies because of the higher pectin
levels. When eating fresh, fruit should be harvested after a light frost
which tends to make the fruit sweeter. The fruit can be harvested by
laying sheets under the tree and shaking it, or by hand. It is
presumable that mechanical harvesters could be used. As the orchard ages
the trees will require regular pruning 

Che:

Che requires minimal care and is tolerant to drought, wind and poor
soils.  The deciduous trees can eventually grow to about 25ft. in
height, but often remains a broad, spreading bush or small tree if not
otherwise trained when they are young.  Immature wood is thorny but
loses its thorns as it matures. The alternate leaves resemble those of
the mulberry, but are smaller and thinner and pale yellowish-green in
color. The plant prefers a warm, sunny location in a warm, well-drained
soil, ideally a deep loam. Plant male and female plants in a single site
with about 1ft. apart, and prune to a combined volume of approximately
25% male and 75% female. The plant needs to be watered in dry seasons
and a regular pruning is needed for the shape. The plant is readily
grown from seed, although the plants can take up to 10 years to bear. 
Seeds should be sown as soon as extracted from the fruit. The plants are
often propagated from softwood cuttings taken in midsummer and treated
with rooting hormone. The che is dioecious with male and female flowers
on different plants. Appearing in June, both types of flowers are green
and pea-sized. The male flowers turn yellow as the pollen ripens and is
released, while the wind-pollinated female flowers develop many small
stigmas over the surface of the immature fruit. Male plants occasionally
have a few female flowers which will set fruit.  Female trees are larger
and more robust than male trees. . The ripe fruits do not separate
easily from the tree and must be individually picked. It is important
that the fruits be thoroughly ripe. A darker shade of red with some
blackening of the skin is a good indication of full ripeness. Like the
related mulberry, the che fruit is not a berry but a collective fruit,
in appearance somewhat like a round mulberry crossed with a lychee, 1 to
2 inches in diameter.  Che begins to bear at an early age and mature
trees can produce as much as 400 pounds of fruit.  The ripe fruit has an
attractive red or maroon-red color with a juicy, rich red flesh, and 3
to 6 small brown seeds.  Blooming in June and fruits ripen around
November in California.  The fruit has a raspberry-like appearance. 
When fruit is still firm it is almost tasteless, but when fully soft
ripe it has a watermelon-like flavor.  Intergeneric hybrids exist
between Cudrania tricupidata and Maclura pomifera (osage orange) =
Macludrania hybrida, and the che is also easily grafted to Osage orange
rootstock.

Chilean guava:

The Chilean guava is a self-fertile plant hardy to -2°C.  The evergreen
bush forms a compact shrub of 1.7 m high and 1.5 meters wide.  It
prefers a well drained loam in a sunny location.  The Chilean guava
blooms in summer followed by the fruit maturing in February to March. 
Harvesting is in autumn (in April-May in Tasmania, Australia) (NORDEN
2005b).  Some fruit in year 2 but mainly year 3 and onwards.  Fruit
should be allowed to become lighter in color before harvesting to ensure
the best taste.

	The fruits are blueberry sized berries red in color (also some in dark
red to purplish or blue-black colors) and they are up to one inch in
size.  Similar to other “bush” berries (NORDEN 2005b).  It has an
aromatic fruit that tastes like a combination of strawberry, pineapple
and apple).  The leaves can be used for a tea substitute and the roasted
seeds as a coffee substitute.  This attractive fruiting plant has small
glossy dark green leaves with the new growth tinged red.  In summer, the
plant is smothered with fluffy white flowers followed by the fruit in
February to March with a small tangy fruit with a beautiful aroma is 15
mm in diameter.  It is a shrub that produces a blueberry sized red berry
that tastes like a cross between a strawberry, an apple and a pineapple.

Chinese Egg Gooseberry: 

The Chinese egg gooseberry is grown to a limited extent for its edible
fruit in China, and it is a deciduous climber growing to 10m.  It is
frost tender and closely related to Actinidia coriacea, and part of the
A. callosa group but with smaller fruits.  This is a climbing plant
supporting itself by twining around branches.  The plant prefers moist
light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. It grows well in
semi-shade but full sun is best for fruit production.  The flowers are
dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one
sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must
be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by bees and insects. 
It is hardy to Plant hardiness zone 6.  Fruit is small, 1.6cm by 1.3cm,
and sweet, and they contains a number of small seeds.  Fruits are formed
on second year wood and also on fruit spurs on older wood

Chokecherry:

The chokeberry has a long life span ranging from 20 to 40 years.  Stems
are numerous and slender, either branching from the base or with main
branches upright and spreading. Heights vary considerably according to
variety and site quality, ranging from 3 to 19.5 feet (1-6 m).  In the
Great Basin, chokecherry may grow to almost 40 feet (12 m) with trunk
diameters of approximately 8 inches (20 cm).  Chokecherry grows in very
acid to moderately alkaline soils pH ranged from 3.5 to 7.6. 
Chokecherries have a network of rhizomes and a deep root system
established at intervals along the rhizomes.  Roots may extend laterally
more than 35 feet (10.6 m) and vertically more than 6 feet (1.8 m). 
Rhizomes range from 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) in diameter. The wood is
heavy, hard and close-grained, but rarely develops a commercial sized
large trunk.  Chokecherry is widely regarded as an important wildlife
food plant and provides habitat, watershed protection, and species
diversity, and also a food source for small mammals and many birds.  The
plants are widely used as ornamentals and windbreaks.  Best time for
pruning is the winter.  Grow from seed or cuttings.  Chokecherries do
not begin producing until their third or fourth year Flowers are borne
on leafy twigs of the season.  The fruits can be yellow, orange, red, or
dark purple.  Fruits are drupes, each containing a small stone.  The
attractive white flowers have a strong, sweet, almond like fragrance. 
Chokecherry reproduces sexually and vegetatively.  Seeds are surrounded
by a stony endocarp.  Chokecherries ripen from mid-July to September
depending on the individual plant and the local climate.  It has a wider
window of harvest dates and more uniform ripening, and so can be
harvested after Juneberries and Saskatoon’s.  Fruits are used in
making jelly, jam, and sauces. 

Cloudberry: 

The cloudberry is an herbaceous, perennial plant species, often called a
“pioneer plant” for its rapid regrowth, prior to other species,
following soil disturbance on native peat land.  It has been crossed
with raspberry and crossed artificially with the bramble R. fruticosus
L.  Cloudberry is a short-stemmed herbaceous perennial, 3 to 10 inches
high growing from a creeping rhizome.  The varieties should be
propagated and planted at a density of 30,000 to 40,000/ha (12,000 to
16,000/acre) to provide an optimal cultivated stand.  The fruit ripens
from July to September.  The fruit is a red or yellow and a bramble type
fruit with an aggregate of small drupes.  The fruits are similar to
raspberries.  Bakeapples are important to Newfoundlanders and are
harvested commercially.

Cranberry: 

The cranberry is a Native American wetland evergreen vine perennial
plant growing in the northern part of the United States. In
Massachusetts where cranberries grow is called a bog that evolved from
deposits left by the glaciers more than 10,000 years ago.  Growers
spread an inch or two of sand on their bogs every three years to help
the vines grow and prevents weeds and insects.

Cranberries are propagated vegetatively from cuttings; the plant
requires at least three to five years to produce the first crop.  There
are two basic planting methods that are normally completed in May.  Hand
plantings of cuttings can be done at a rate of 450 lb/A (500 kg/ha),
while mechanical planting by pressing the vine cuttings with a
cultivator in the field is up to 3 T/A (7 Mt/ha).  A second method of
plantings is to take vine cuttings into the greenhouse to root as plugs
and then plant them at one foot intervals in the field.  Cranberries
require a sandy soil and abundant fresh water.  Cranberries grow on
low-lying vines in impermeable beds layered with sand, peat, gravel and
clay.  Commercial beds (bogs) use a system of wetlands, uplands,
ditches, flumes, ponds and other water bodies that provide a natural
habitat for a variety of plants and animals, and may be productive for
50 years.  While cranberries are wetland plants, the vines spend most of
their life cycle on dry land.  Water is needed at five distinct times
during the season.  First, the season begins in winter when the bogs are
flooded with water to prevent frost damage and the water is drained in
spring.  Water is needed up to an inch of water a week to grow.  Third,
water is needed to protect the immature fruits from sun scald.  Then
water is needed to flood the fields at harvest, and last a winter flood
is used to protect the vines from freezing.  

The cranberry plant grows on a prostrate evergreen "vine" but it is not
a climber.  Cranberries are a low-growing, vining, woody perennial with
small, alternate, ovate leaves.  Cranberries form a dense mat of
vegetation.  The plant produces stolons (horizontal stems) up to 6 feet
(2 m) long.  Short vertical branches or uprights, 2 to 8 inches (5 to 20
cm) in height, grow from buds on the stolons and these can be either
vegetative or fruiting branches.  Each fruiting upright may contain as
many as seven flowers.  Pollination is primarily via domestic honey
bees.  The berries are borne on short uprights 6 to 8 inches in length,
rising from the dense mass of stems prostrate on the soil surface.  In
mid-July, petals fall from the flowers leaving the tiny green nodes
that, after weeks of summer sun, become red, ripe cranberries.  The
flower to harvest period is from 60 to 130 days.  Fruit has a smooth
skin, is generally round, elliptical, or bell shaped and about 1/3 inch
in diameter and 1/2 to 1 inch long.  Inconspicuous seeds are attached at
the center of the fruit and surrounded by the tart pulp.  Cranberry
fruit after flowering goes through several color developments as it
matures from green, white, and red.  Plantings persist for many years if
properly managed.  Commercial cranberry bogs are harvested from 100 –
130 days following bloom.  The growing season is from May to October. 
The majority of cranberries are harvested between September and October.
 Fruit is harvested by flooding or floating the berries or by dry
raking.  Harvest occurs in one of two ways: the most common way is wet
or water harvest.  The beds are flooded and the fruit is "beaten" of the
vine using a specialized harvester. The floating fruit is then corralled
and loaded onto trucks for delivery to a receiving station.  Wet
harvested fruit is used for processed cranberry products.  Dry harvested
fruit is "combed" from the vines using a mechanized picking machine. No
water is involved during this process.  The use of mechanized harvesters
with reel heads of 20 ft has replaced 6 – 8 men at harvest.  Pruning
is necessary after harvest to remove undesirable runners.  The wet
harvested method is used for cranberries to be processed.  Dry harvest
cranberries are sold as fresh cranberries (Oceanspray, 2005).  The fruit
is cleaned and packaged as fresh fruit.  Fruit is packed at 100
lbs/barrel.  Yields of cranberries are up to 162 barrels/acre (Fields
2005a). 

Currant:

Currants grown in the U.S. are mainly red or black, with a few white
cultivars.  Currant bushes are small shrubs, up to 5 feet high, and long
lived > 15 years.  Stems are nearly free of thorns.  They are propagated
by hardwood cuttings.  They prefer a well drained loamy soil with a pH
ranging from 5.5 – 7.0, and are a deciduous shrub.  The planting
distance for red currants is 3 – 4 ft apart and 8 – 9 ft between
rows, and for black currants 4 – 5 ft apart and 10 – 12 ft between
rows for hand harvesting and 2 – 3 ft apart and 10 – 12 ft for
mechanical harvesting.  Currants share the same cultural practices as
gooseberries.  Flowers and fruit are produced on racemes, resulting in
loose clusters of a dozen or more fruits.  Pruning is done in the
winter.  Bloom to harvest depending upon the cultivar the fruits mature
in 70 to 100 after flowering.  Individual fruits have a thin, smooth
skin, are globose and about 1/3 inch diameter.  White currants are grown
mostly in Europe and used for babyfood.  Highly flavored tart pulp
surrounds several inconspicuous seeds.  Dried petals and parts of
pedicle (calyx) adhere to fruit at harvest.  Fruit yield for currants
maybe 4 – 8 qt from a mature plant.  One person can harvest about 8.8
lb (4 kg) of black currant, 17.6 lb (8 kg) of red currant, and 22 lb (10
kg) per hour.  The berries mature over a two week period, and the entire
cluster is harvested.  One person can harvest about 8.8 lb (4 kb) of
black currants and 17.6 lb (8 kg) of red currants per hour. Plants need
a120 – 140 day frost free period to mature.  

Elderberry:

	Elderberry is a large shrub or small tree often with multiple stems
that are spreading by stolons, or arching. The trunk is usually short,
and the leaves are 4 to 11 inches long.  A deciduous shrub that is hardy
to plant hardiness zones 3 to 9.  Cultivated elderberry plants are
deciduous large shrubs or small trees, sometimes up to 20 feet and can
be maintained to lower heights such as 8 feet, with a 10 ft spread, and
can grow more than 18 inches a year.  Elderberry is grown to a limited
acreage in the U.S. for the fruit.  Plants are adapted from the
temperate northern to mid-southern regions.  Plants are propagated from
hardwood or softwood cuttings, root cuttings, or suckers.  Elderberry
grows best in a sunny open location and in a rich, moist soil with a pH
between 5.5 and 6.5.  The elderberry grows rapidly and tolerates shade. 
Plant spacing may range from 5 to 6.5 ft (1.5 – 2m) apart in the row,
and 10 – 13 ft (3 – 4 m) between rows depending upon tillage and
harvesting equipment.  Flowers are small and white are produced in early
summer in large, flat-topped clusters.  The edible, purplish-black
fruits are borne in late summer.  Bloom to harvest in 60 to 90 days and
depending on cultivar and location, harvest is mid-August to
mid-September.  Fruits are produced in large flat clusters 6 to 9 inches
across.  The berries must be picked when they are fully ripe and the
color is dark purple-black, since the green berries and stems are toxic
and must not be eaten.  The berries are used to make jelly, jam, drinks,
wine, and pie fillings.  Clusters ripen over a period of 5 to 15 days. 
Individual berries are small, about 1/6 to 1/4 inch diameter, globose,
with prominent seeds.  Colors vary from red to blue-black.  Important
commercial cultivars of the species S. canadensis include Adams 1, Adams
2, Johns, Scotia, York, Nova, Kent, Victoria, and Ezyoff.  Fruits of
elderberry are often found in the wild in considerable quantities. 
Yields of 25 to 35 lb/plant or up to 12,000 lb/A (13,500 kg/ha) are
possible.  

European Barberry:

	The European barberry grows as a small tree with leaves that are
prominently spiny-toothed. It grows in hard, gravelly soil in the
northeastern states and sometimes in more fertile soils in the western
states.  The root is yellow on the outside and its bark has a bitter
taste. The stems, growing from 3 to 8 feet high, are reddish when young
but turn dirty gray when older.  The small, yellow flowers appear from
April to June and hang from the branches in clusters.  The bright red,
oblong berries, ripen in August and September, have an agreeable acid
taste and should be eaten only when ripe. 

Gooseberry:

The gooseberry is a shrub that grows up to 3 to 5 feet high, with many
branches, spreading to 6 feet with thorns, small, three- or five-lobed,
hairy leaves, and green flowers.  The berries may be red, green, yellow,
or white (gray-green), hairy (Ribes grossularia) or smooth (R. uva
crispa).  Over 200 varieties are recognized.  The yellow gooseberries
have usually the richest flavor for dessert, and the best wine made from
them very closely resembles champagne.  The red are generally the most
acidic.  Most domestic cultivars of gooseberry are hybrids of the
American and European types (European types susceptible to mildew,
native types yield small fruit).  The processing industry uses only
green, white and yellow-fruited cultivars and not the red fruited types.
 Gooseberries prefer a fertile, loamy soil with a pH of 6.2 - 6.7, and
share many of the same cultural practices as currants.  Plants are
small, deciduous, and woody with prominent thorns at the nodes.  They
grow best in full sun, and they are very hardy to cold weather.  They
are adapted to U.S. Plant hardiness zones 3 to 8.  They can be
propagated from cuttings or bare root plants.  Plantings are done in
early spring with rows 3.5 to 4.5 ft (1.1 – 1.4 m) apart and 6 to 8 ft
(1.8 – 2.4 m) between rows.  Currants and gooseberries can be grown as
freestanding bushes, as bushes trained to a hedgerow, or as a tree-like
shrub.  The bush is the most popular in North America.  Gooseberries may
be productive for up to 20 years.  Flowers are borne on one-year-old
wood and fruit spurs.  The fruits are produced along the stems singly or
in small groups of 2 to 4.  Gooseberries blooms early in the spring, and
mature in 60 to 90 days after flowering.  Fruits generally are near
globose, with dried flower parts adhering to maturity. Fruit surface is
somewhat pubescent with a rounded shape.  They are often picked green
and allow ripening.  The pulp encloses several small seeds.  Fruit size
is 1/2 to near 1 inch diameter (1.3 cm), but can range from pea sized to
size of a chicken’s egg depending upon cultivar,  and the flavor is
generally tart.  Approximately 75 % of the gooseberries harvested in NY
are for the fresh market and 25 % for processing.  Fruit yield for
gooseberries and currants maybe 4 – 8 qt from a mature plant.  One
person can harvest about 8.8 lb (4 kg) of black currant, 17.6 lb (8 kg)
of red currant, and 22 lb (10 kg) per hour. 

Grape:

Grapes are long-lived woody perennial vines propagated by rootstocks. 
There are three main types of grapes grown commercially in North
America: the vinifera or Old World European or wine grape (Vitis
vinifera), the American bunch grape (V. labrusca) and the muscadine (V.
rotundifolia) with their characteristics noted below:  The vinifera are
the grape type of major world production with over 5000 named cultivars.
 Grapes require a climate with a long season, high summer/mild winter
temperatures.  Grapes are classified by food usage and they are called:
“Table grapes”, “raisin grapes”, “sweet juice grapes”, and
“wine grapes”.  Vinifera and American bunch grape (Vitis lubrusca)
have large leaves 8 -10 inches in width, while the Muscadine grapes have
small 2 -3 inches round leaves.  Grape leaves vary in shape and size
depending on species and variety.  The fruit is borne in clusters, and
individual fruits or berries vary in size from 1/3 inch diameter to 1
inch or more; in shape from round to oval or cylindrical; and in color
from light green to red or black.  The green and yellow skinned
varieties are referred to as “white grapes”.  Skin is smooth and
waxy, enclosing a juicy pulp to which it adheres.  Both seedless and
seeded kinds are among the varieties grown commercially.  Some pea-sized
vinifera are marketed as Champagne grape when fresh and as Zante
currants after drying as small raisins.  Table grapes have larger
berries then wine or raisin grapes.  American grape varieties are
developed in whole or in part from species indigenous in this country. 
They are hardier and more disease resistant than the Old World
‘vinifers’ grape.  They can tolerate cooler summer and winter
temperatures than vinifera types.  In fact, there is some of this type
grown in all the mainland states.  The ‘Concord’ grape is the major
cultivar with 80% of the production.  The ‘Thompson seedless’ is the
major cultivar used for producing over 90% of the raisins.  In Ohio
grapes are established in rows 9 – 10 ft apart and 6 – 8 ft apart in
the row.  In California vines are spaced in rows 10 – 12 ft between
rows and 6 – 8 ft apart in the row.  Fruit is produced in bunches. 
Individual berries, from ½ inch to near 1 inch diameter, vary in shape
from oval to slightly oblate and in color from green to red or black. 
Skin is thin and waxy, and separates readily from pulp, hence the name
"slip skin."  Seeded varieties generally contain 2 to 4 seeds.  The
muscadine grape is a distinctive type of grape, native in the
southeastern states, and largely grown there and need a 20 ft in row
spacing due to its vigorous growth.  Vines are characteristically strong
growers, quite disease resistant.  Does best in the (Cotton belt(
climate, will not tolerate temperatures below 0 degree F.  Fruit is
borne singly or in small clusters, but usually not more than a dozen
berries.  Fruit skin is very tough, and separates from the pulp. 
Berries are generally nearly round, 3/4 to 1 inch or more in diameter,
round to oblong with up to 4 seeds in seeded varieties, and are
harvested without the stem adhering and must be supported on trellises.

	Grapevines take three years to reach maturity.  All grapes are woody
climbing vines that use tendrils to attach themselves to a structure
such as a trellis or fence for support.  A successful vineyard operation
includes site selection, cultivar selection, and cultural practices. 
Well-drained soils in full sun with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0 are required. 
Trellising is erected before planting and must be maintained for the
life of the vineyard.  Vines are trained on wires and pruned annually in
winter to maintain production and vigor.  Grapes are shallow-rooted, and
cultivation is avoided once roots begin spreading out.  The preferred
method of irrigation in grapes is drip irrigation.  In Arkansas, shoot
thinning by hand in April and May, and hand positioning of shoots during
May and June are performed in some productions.  Grapes are pruned more
severely than any other fruit crop.  In the late spring, growers will
girdle (strip a small ring 1/8 to ¼ inch wide of bark from the shoots,
canes, or trunks) the vines of table grapes to force more nutrients into
the fruit resulting into larger berries.  Preemergent herbicide
applications are applied in early spring.  Postemergence herbicide
applications are made in early summer and occasionally after harvest. 
Row middles are mowed throughout the growing season.  Young grape leaves
may be harvested to be used in Greek cuisine and are usually from
organic production systems.  Grape flowers are borne in clusters and are
small at 1/8 in. and may vary depending upon grape type from 100+ to 10
to 30/cluster.  Average grape yields from 3.5 to 8 tons per acre in
different states. The harvest time for table grapes is determined mostly
by appearance and color and size of the berries.  For raisins grapes are
allowed to ripen as long as possible before picking.  There are over 100
wine grape varieties grown in California.  Wine grapes harvest date
depends on sugar and pH and the pH should be < 3.4.  Table grapes are
harvested by slipping the clusters with minimal handling and placed in
plastic lugs.  Harvest of grapes occurs from May through August or from
August to September depending on the state and variety.  At harvest the
caps or stems fall off the grape as they are picked.  The vines are
picked two to three times over a period of several weeks.  Fresh
vinifera grapes, depending on cultivar, are stored for a long period up
to 6 months at 31F.  Raisin and Concord juice grapes are mechanically
harvested, while wine grapes are hand harvested.  Machine harvest can be
done at a rate of 5t/hr, and this can replace up to 100 hand pickers.
Raisin grapes are harvested 4 – 8 days after pruning grapes and then
placed onto paper trays.  The raisins are air dried 7 – 10 days and
the berries are turned when the moisture is 13 – 15%.  Machines are
used to collect the raisins into boxes.  Wine grapes are harvested and
destemmed and crushed where the “must” (juice + stem + skin + seed)
is extracted.  Bloom to harvest in about 75 to 200 days depending on
type and variety.

Highbush cranberry:

	The highbush cranberry is a deciduous shrub which can grow up to 12
feet with maple-like leaves.  It has an open spreading growth pattern,
and is propagated by hardwood and softwood cuttings.  It prefers a well
drained loam or silt loam soil with a pH of 6.0 – 7.5.  Plants are
spaced 6.5 – 8 ft (2 – 2.5 m) in the row with 13 – 20 ft (4 – 6
m) between rows.  The aggregate fruits are borne in loose clusters on
laterals that grow from the canes.  Plants produce showy flowers in
early summer, and produce bright yellow orange to scarlet fruit by the
end of July. The fruits are borne in loose clusters and are 1/2 - 1/3
inch long.  Fruit is hand harvested from mid September to early October.
 Typical bloom to harvest timing varies from 90 to 110 days.  Limited
fruit production occurs during the third season after planting, with
full production in the fifth.  Important cultivars include: Wentworth,
Hahs, Andrews, Compactum, Manitou, and Phillips.  The whole fruit fresh
market for this crop is limited because of the large seed of the fruit. 
The nannyberry is a deciduous upright shrub to 30 feet with edible sweet
blue-black fruits which are one-seeded drupes.  

Honeysuckle: 

Major positive features of blue honeysuckle are extra-early ripening,
high content of ascorbic acid and bioactive flavonoides in fruits, and
outstanding frost resistance of plants and flowers.  Only the Loncera
caerulea has been domesticated.  There are some other honeysuckle
species grown in the US as ornamental such as Bella Honeysuckle,
Morrow's Honeysuckle, and Tartarian Honeysuckle.  The dense, upright
honeysuckles are 3 to 10 feet in height with shallow roots and only
minimal pruning is needed.  Flowers of the Tartarian honeysuckle are
generally pink to crimson in color. Flowers of the other bush
honeysuckle species are white and become yellow as they age.  The
deciduous bush flowers in mid May and harvest occurs from end of June to
July.  The fruits and bush look similar to a blueberry.  USDA predicts
that this fruit may become popular in the U.S. because it is eaten in
several Asian countries (Elstein, 2005).  

Huckleberry:

The huckleberry plant is a shrub up to 6 feet tall with small, entire
oval leaves.  Fruits are borne in small clusters.  Individual fruits are
generally one-third inch or less in diameter, mainly blue to black in
color, sweet or slightly tart when ripe.  The flowers and fruit of
huckleberries closely resemble blueberries in appearance that the common
names are sometimes interchanged with blueberries.  The important
difference between the two is in the ripe fruit.  The huckleberry has 10
relatively large bony seeds whereas blueberry may have as many as 65
small seeds.  The 1/4  to l/2 inch flowers of the huckleberry is white
to reddish.  The box huckleberry is self-sterile, and when
cross-pollinated within the clone, only nonviable seed is produced. 
Huckleberries are not usually cultivated, but research is underway to
develop varieties and cultural practices to allow domestic production. 
Huckleberries may require 10 to 15 years to reach maximum production. 
The fruit is harvested from wild plants in some areas and sold locally
for use in pies.  It is about 3 feet tall, much branched, with dotted
leaves, slender reddish flowers, and black fruit.  The box huckleberry
forms a low, dark-green carpet 2 feet high, has pinkish flowers,
light-blue fruit, and spreads up to 6 inches per year by underground
runners.  The blue huckleberry grows in Washington State, CA, and
British Columbia and produces large fruit with outstanding flavor.  The
Cascade dwarf huckleberry is a low plant, usually 1 to 2 feet tall, that
bears long, white flower clusters, and yields large quantities of 1/4
-to l/3- inch black huckleberries that are used primarily in pies. 
Domestication of huckleberry by selected cultivars is possible. 
Huckleberries are harvested in the spring.  

Jostaberry:

Jostaberry is a cross between a gooseberry and a black currant combining
the best qualities of both parents.  The plant needs a lighter soil with
high organic content; mulch also is recommended  The Jostaberry is
winter hardy for a location such as Colorado, though it's recommended
that in areas that reach below -25 degrees F, a trial planting be
conducted first.  It has a new flavor bringing out the best of a
gooseberry with the mild hint of black currant.  The gooseberry thorns
are gone; immunity or resistance against major diseases is built-in, and
the production is higher than either of its parents.  Jostaberry is a
nonthorny, woody plant without primocanes.  They plant is pruned similar
to gooseberries.  The fruit has a tart taste, and it is deep black when
ripe but, unlike currants, the berries do not grow in clusters.  The
berries are difficult to harvest, because the fruit ripens unevenly, and
the fruit is picked by hand one to two times per week during harvest
season.

Juneberry:

	Juneberries occur over most parts of the United States and produce
edible fruits.  There are more than 800 acres grown on the Canadian
prairies.  Most Juneberries are evergreen shrubs or small slender trees
or shrubs usually six to 15 feet high but can grow to 20 feet.  Rows are
spaced 11 ft to13 ft apart with 3 ft in the rows.  They are propagated
readily from seed, root or softwood cuttings, also crown division and
micropropagation.  ‘Regent’ and ‘Saskatoon’ are cultivars of
Juneberries which normally bear extra sweet, high quality fruit the
second year after transplanting. Juneberries are planted in hedge rows
with 0.6 to 1 m plant spacing and 4 to 6 m row spacing.  All clonal
propagation methods produce plant material that is identical to parent s
tock.  With seed propagation 20 - 30% of the seedlings will be
dissimilar to parental stock.  Pruning is important in Saskatoon orchard
management. New shoots (2 - 4 years old) produce the best quality fruit.
 The orchard matures at 6 - 10 years, and renovation takes place to
promote new shoot development. Saskatoon berry thrives on most soils
with plenty of organic matter and good drainage.  The plant prefers
slightly acidic soils but will grow reasonably well on alkaline soils
with pH of up to 7.5.  Fruit should be harvested as soon as it ripens,
and clean the fruit pulp from the seed.  Clean seed can be sown in the
fall, and germination will occur in the following spring. Plant material
is collected in early spring when plants are dormant.  Young suckers are
dug out with as many fine roots as possible. Cut back tops to a height
of 5 cm, and the plants must be kept well watered. 

The season from bloom to harvest is two to three months with fruit
ripening in late June to early July.  The white flowers are in open
clusters or racemes.  Individual fruits are nearly round, from one-third
inch to one-fourth inch diameter (1/3”-3/4”), generally black with a
waxy bloom.  The fruit, usually called a berry, is a pome that is the
size of a large blueberry, and they are sweet with little acid when
ripe, red to blue, purple or nearly black, often covered with whitish
bloom with less than 10 seeds (ROTHWELL 2005a).  Regent and Saskatoon
cultivars normally bears extra sweet, high quality fruit the second year
after transplanting.  Saskatoon’s are self-fertile but they do better
when grown in groups.  The Saskatoon is closely related to apple,
hawthorn and mountain ash.  This perennial, woody, fruit bearing shrub
is capable to adapting to a wide range of soils and climatic conditions.
 It is hardy to -50 to -60 oC. Cultivars such as "Thiessen",
"Honeywood", "Northline" "Pembina" and "Regent" have performed well in
Saskatchewan and Alberta.  Commercial Amelanchier species or cultivars
in Canada are Beaverlodge, Bluff, Forestburg, Gypsy, Honeywood, Martin,
Moonlake, Nelson, Northline, Parkhill, Pembina, Smoky, Thiessen,
Parkhill and Success (possibly A. stolonifera or A. sanguinea hybrids
with A. alnifolia), and Regent may be hybridized with another species.  

	Flowering of the Saskatoon berry occurs in early May to early June.  In
the Canadian prairie and northern plain states, primary bud break occurs
from mid to early May.  Secondary bud break occurs from mid May to early
June.  Bloom varies from late April to early June, and they are
relatively tolerant of frost.  New fruit buds are formed in mid summer
on new vegetative growth which emanate from basal buds on fruiting
racemes.  Fruit ripens from late June to late July. The season from
bloom to harvest is roughly 60 days.  The plants bear fruit 2 to 4 years
after planting. Peak production will take another two or three years. 
Yields of 10 lb (4.5 kg)/ plant are common. In northern states they
bloom early in the season, making them susceptible to spring frosts. 
Fruit ripens in late June/early July. The season from bloom to harvest
is 2 to 3 months.  In Canada, commercial blue berry harvesters have been
adapted for use in harvesting Juneberries

Kiwifruit, fuzzy and Kiwifruit, hardy:

Kiwifruits are native to Southeast Asia with more than 50 species in the
genus Actinidia and many have commercial potential.  Kiwifruit is called
Mihoutao in China.  Zhonghua Mihoutao, A. chinensis was originated in
China and widely distributed in the northern, southern, western,
southern and central provinces.  China has 52 kiwifruit species,
varieties, and cultivars, which is more than the rest of the world. 
Among them A. chinensis, A. arguta, A. kolomikta, A. chrysantha, and A.
melamandra are considered major edible species.  A. chinensis has three
varieties and they are the short haired A. chinensis var. chinensis that
mainly grown in China, the hard-haired A. chinensis var. hispida that
mainly grown in other regions outside China, A. polygama called Matatabi
in Japan produces a yellow bitter fruit 1 1/2 in long (4 cm),and the
thorny A. chinensis var. setosa.  Kiwifruit was introduced to New
Zealand from China in 1906 where it was commercially produced since
prior to 1940.  China brought kiwifruit into cultivation in 1955, and
has selected superior cultivar with large fruit reached 130 grams a
single fruit (Mihoutao).  Commercial plantings in California began in
the late 1960’s.  Fuzzy kiwi is grown commercially in New Zealand,
Italy, Japan, France, Australia, Greece, Chile, California, and Oregon. 
The fuzzy kiwifruit needs a frost free period form 225 – 240 days. 
More hardy kiwifruit species includes A. arguta, known as the hardy kiwi
or arguta (marketed as baby kiwi in Oregon and grape kiwi in British
Columbia); A. kolomikta, also known as kolomikta or Arctic Beauty; and
A. polygama, or silver vine.  The silver vine kiwi produces a small
orange skinned fruit (6 – 9 g) with a peppery taste.  Cultural
practices for kiwifruit in California are adopted from New Zealand. 
California ranks first in the U.S. production of kiwifruit, accounting
for nearly 95% of national production.  Hardy kiwis (called baby kiwi in
Oregon, grape kiwi in British Columbia and Sarunashi in Japan) are grown
further north, hardy to -25 ºF, and have a sweeter taste than he fuzzy
kiwifruit.  It is distributed in Korea, northeastern China, eastern
Siberia, and north of Japan, and has been introduced to Canada.  It has
shiny-green, smooth-skinned small fruit weighing 5 - 12 grams about one
inch diameter (2.5 cm) similar to grapes and borne in groups of three,
and are eaten like table grapes.  When grown in Canada, arguta is fairly
pest and disease free during the growing season and most productive when
grown on a trellis system.  Dense, shining foliage from vigorous vines
and a bounty of delicious fruit give arguta tremendous landscaping value
too.  The market response to 'grape kiwi' has been very positive and
premium prices have been paid by wholesalers and grocery stores.  They
are eaten like seedless grapes.

The kiwifruit plant is a deciduous, long-lived vine (> 50 years) which
requires a trellis system like grapes for support, and they are grown in
subtropical and warm temperate areas where there is significant
prolonged cold weather during dormancy for successful development. 
Kiwifruit grows well under temperate conditions and needs a period of
winter chilling for an adequate bud break.  Dormant kiwifruit vines can
tolerate winter temperatures well below freezing.  The vines lack
tendrils however terminal shoots will entwine the supporting trellis
wires, and one vine can grow to 6 ft tall (1.8 m).  Cultural practices
are similar to grapevines in their general growth and fruiting habit as
well as training and trellising requirements (Himelrick).  Plants of
both sexes are needed to produce fruit.  Hardy kiwi is also most
productive when grown under a trellis system.  The plants need a long
growing season, at least 240 frost-free days.  In dormancy they can
withstand temps to bellowing freezing.  Propagated from seed, cuttings
and grafting with first fruit production in one year from vegetative
propagation.  The plants are grown in sunny locations and need
protection from strong winds.  The plants need large volumes of water
during growing season and well-drained, slightly acidic (pH 5 – 6.5)
soil.  In T-bar trellis systems, the kiwifruits are planted in blocks
normally 15 – 16 ft (4.8 – 5 m) between rows and 18 - 20 ft (5.5 –
6 m) between plants in each row.  Plants are routinely pruned in the
summer and winter.  Summer pruning helps open the dense canopy to allow
for air movement and filtered sunlight, and reduces botrytis fruit rot
and fruit softening.  Winter pruning trains the plant on the trellis
system.  Vines may take from two to eight years before they produce
flower buds. 

Kiwifruit flower about 60 days after bud break.  Flowers are borne in
axils of leaves, either singly or in small inflorescences.  Kiwifruit
plants bear either male or female flowers, and produce brown fuzzy fruit
that are egg shaped and about 3-5 inches long (1.5 to 3.2 oz, 40 – 90
g).  The internal pulp is green with many seeds.  Botanically, the
kiwifruit is a nondehiscent berry bearing many seeds in a fleshy green
pericarp (mature fruit will develop from the ovary).  ‘Hayward’ is
most recognized kiwifruit variety marketed in the United States. 
Plantings of a gold-fleshed kiwi are being increased in California.  The
first domestically grown gold kiwifruit will be available from
California in the fall of 2006 (Kirkland, 2005).  A red fleshed kiwi
variety is also under development, but has lower shelf life than the
Hayward variety.  With good growing conditions, vines should bear their
first harvestable yield three years after planting.  In California, the
harvest season is September through November for fuzzy kiwifruit and
September through October for the hardy kiwifruit varieties.  The fruits
must be picked by snapping them off their stalks, and pickers must wear
soft cotton gloves to avoid damaging the skin.  The hardy kiwi must be
hand harvested.  Grape Bloom to fruit maturity varies from 150 to 200
days.  Yield per plant varies with species and cultivar.  ‘Hayward’
yields from 25 to 200 pounds per plant (80 – 90 g/fruit), whereas A.
arguta yields from 50 to 100 pounds per plant (4 – 14 g/fruit).  Grown
under optimum conditions, 23 tonnes of fruit per hectare can be
produced.  The US marketing standards for kiwifruit are based on a
uniform size and vary from to ¼ in (6.4 mm) to ½ in (12.7 mm). 

Lingonberry:

	The lingonberry is native throughout northern portions of North America
and Europe.  It is a woody, evergreen dwarf shrub, and is very similar
to cranberry and lowbush blueberries, since the plants are low growing
creeping shrubs by rhizomes up to 10 inches (25 cm) in height.  They
prefer a sand or sandy loam soil with a pH of 4.5 – 6.0.  They are not
grown under cultivation, but substantial quantities are gathered from
the wild and are marketed to some extent. They are an important native
food source in areas where other fruits are not available.  The fruits
grow on short upright branches and are about one-third to one half inch
in diameter.  They are acid and bitter tasting raw, but make excellent
jellies and preserves.  Lingonberry is a very popular fruit in Sweden,
and more than 100 million pounds are produced.  The berries are picked
in the end of August and the weight of 100 berries is approximately 40 g
(ISHS). Fruit can hold on the plant all winter if not picked.  One plant
can yield ½ to one lb of berries.  The average production of well
developed plants is 300 – 400 g/plant and or more than 10 ton/ha
(40,000 plants/ha) (ISHS).

Maypop:

Maypop is a vine that climbs to a height of 10 to 30 feet.  The vine has
large (6 – 15 cm) lobate, glabrous leaves, and the herbaceous
perennial climbing vine dies to the ground each winter and starts
regrowth in early summer.  Maypops are propagated by dividing rhizomes,
tubers, corms or bulbs, from softwood cuttings, or from seed.  They are
direct sown outdoors in fall.  Seed must be scarified before planting. 
Soil pH ranges 6.1 to 7.8.  Seeds germinate best between 70° and 80°F.
 Seeds are planted about 1/4 inch deep.  The flowers are solitary and
with a lavender and purple or pink and purple fringe 1.5 – 2 inches
broad.  Blossoms appear about one month after the shoots first emerge. 
The large colorful flower lasts only one day but the plant continues to
produce new flowers well into autumn.  The flowers appear from May to
July, and bloom in mid summer, late summer/early fall or mid fall.  Ripe
fruit are seen in July in the Carolinas and Georgia and earlier in
Florida (J. SMITH 2004).  Bloom to ripe fruit in one month, but flowers
and mature fruits may be on a plant at the same time.  The plant
produces smooth, yellow, many-seeded, edible fruit called maypops. 
Maypop fruits are yellow to yellow green, oval, and one-two inches
across, filled with seeds surrounded by a tasty gelatinous pulp.  Maypop
fruit is hollow when ripe and audibly pops upon bursting.  Fruit is a
berry 4 to 8 cm in length and 3 to 4 cm wide with a thick 0.5 to 1 cm
inedible rind.  There are 50 to 100 seeds per berry.  The gel sacs
around the seeds are small in volume (1 to 2 m) and are sweet with a
fruity flavor.  It is similar to passion-fruit in morphology, flavor,
and uses.  A great number of fruits are required to obtain sufficient
juice for jelly making, although the flavor is pronounced, and they are
also grown as an ornamental.  

Mountain Pepper Berries:

Mountain pepper berries is a shrub to a small tree (2-5 meters high and
wide), produces berry-like fruits 5-10 mm in diameter.  Pepper berries
are primarily harvested from the wild from forestry concessions in
Tasmania, though the commercial plantations have been established. The
leaves and berries are sold in the domestic and export markets (NORDEN
2005a).  The plant prefers neutral to acid organic soil, but will
tolerate a broad range of soil types as long as they are well aerated
and constantly cool if not regularly moist.  It will tolerate severe
frosts and even snow Female and Male trees are needed for berry
production.  Leaves are aromatic dark green and shiny. Fruit is pea
sized with a hot pepper/chilli type of flavor.  Mountain pepper leaves
and berries are harvested from forestry concessions in Tasmania, and
cultivated trial plantings have been established in the Adelaide Hills. 
The berry-like fruits are 5 to 10 mm in diameter, beginning dark red and
turning shiny black when ripe. They generally appear only on female
trees, though occasionally plants contain flowers of both sexes.  Leaves
harvested all year, and berries harvested in summer to autumn (NORDEN
2005a). Cream colored flowers bloom from October through to January
depending on locality, and fruiting in summer or autumn.

Mulberry:

Mulberry plants are large trees up to 60 feet with large leaves that
bear fruits resembling blackberries in size and shape.  Botanically the
fruit is developed from a cluster of ripened ovaries.  The fruit is
often too soft for shipment to market, so rarely enters into commerce. 
Trees are often planted as ornamentals, and fruit can be used locally. 
Morus alba L., the white or Chinese mulberry was once used for its
leaves to feed silkworms.  This is the hardiest mulberry, and they can
live for many years > 75 years.  Generally, the plants bear heavy
reliable crops.  Foliage and unripe fruit may be poisonous.  Some of the
more prominent varieties include (Black Persian(, (Downing( and
(Illinois Everbearing(.  Three species are commonly grown in the
Northeast are black mulberries originated in Western Asia that produce
the most flavorful fruit but are only adapted to the mildest parts of
New York State, red mulberries originated in North America are hardier
than black mulberries and prefer deep, rich soils and a pH of 5.5 to
6.5, and are usually found on bottomlands and along streams, and white
mulberries originated in China for feeding silkworms that are also have
excellent fruit.  Mulberries are generally hardy in Zones 4 or 5 to 10. 
They perform best in full sun and good soils, but will tolerate part
shade and do surprisingly well on a wide range of adverse soil
conditions, including thin, gravely soil, rocky slopes, dry, wet or
alkaline soils and other difficult areas. Irrigation is needed in dry
seasons.  They are easy to transplant, salt tolerant and produce fruit
reliably in frost pockets and exposed areas, and are planted at 15 ft
spacing between trees.  Harvest will occur in late spring for the white
and red mulberries, while black mulberries ripen in the summer.  Bloom
to ripening occurs in 2 to 3 months.  The fruits resemble a slender
blackberry are about 1 ½ in long by /2 in wide and look like elongated
blackberries, and have a mild taste.  The fruit can be eaten fresh or
prepared for pies and puddings or pureed, dried or made into wine.  

Muntries:

Muntries is native to southern coast of Australia, with inland
extensions, from Portland in Victoria to the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo
Island in SA.  Natural rainfall form 500mm – 800mm is needed.  The
plant is a prostrate plant that is commonly trellised in cultivation to
achieve an upright habit.  Plant at 2200 to 5000 plants/ha, and yields
0.5-2.0kg/bush (NORDEN 2005a). Between-row spacing should be adequate to
allow machinery access (vary from 1.5 to 3.5 meters). Plant it in well
drained soil that is moderately acetic to strongly alkaline (pH 6.0 to
8.0).  A moderate climate is most suitable, although the plant possesses
some frost tolerance.  The fruit are produced primarily on the apical
buds in tight clusters of 3 - 9 fruit.  Approximately 1/3 to ½ of the
fruit towards its base is closely abutted to other fruits in the
cluster.  These fruit clusters, however, are broken once the fruit is
removed from the shrub.  Therefore, when on the plant, the top part of
the fruits only are exposed to the outside environment and thus surface
exposure to pesticides.  Prior to fruit maturity the apical vegetative
bud may have resumed growth and developed a shoot beyond the fruit
clusters, and may slightly limit pesticide contact onto the fruit
clusters.  The fruit is a green berry with a red to purplish tinge,
spicy apple flavor up to 1 cm in diameter (NORDEN 2005a).  In the wild
the muntries plant occurs as a prostrate or occasionally semi-upright
shrub along the southern coast of Australia, with inland extensions,
from Portland in Victoria to the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island in
South Australia.  It produces clusters of berries, green in color with a
red to purplish tinge at maturity, up to 1 cm to more in diameter, with
a spicy-apple flavor.  The fruit can be used fresh in desserts and fruit
salads, or cooked in pies, chutneys, jams and sweet or savory sauces. 
Most of the fruit that reaches processors and restaurants (the main
markets at present) is harvested from the wild.  Market demand for
consistent supplies, combined with concerns over the environmental
impact of wild harvesting in the often fragile coastal dune systems,
means that cultivated plantings are increasing in importance.  As
cultivated supplies increase a fresh market outlet should also develop
for higher quality fruit.  The growing season is from December to June. 
Days to saleable plants are one 1 year (NORDEN 2005a).  Fruiting occurs
on one year old wood, with flower clusters appearing on the end of
branches in late spring to early summer.  Fruit can remain on the plants
for 2 to 3 months and in the wild may be gathered as late as May or
June. 

Native Currant:

	The native currant is a small prickly shrub similar to raspberries and
other Rubus species (NORDEN 2005a).  It is perhaps the plant with most
potential to be cultivated as a bush food.  The fruit is red in color.
The fruit is currently picked in the wild and has a most interesting
flavor when used as a jam, very much like the typical currant.

Partridgeberry:

	The partridgeberry is an evergreen perennial plant that has trailing
rooting stems to 1 foot long and is native throughout the eastern U.S. 
The fruits are twin berries and normally red with 8 seeds and to 3/8
inches in diameter.  Leaves are 3/4 inches long and dark green and
glossy above.  It flowers from June to August and matures in the fall. 
Oil of wintergreen can be distilled from the leaves that are used in
flavoring and medicinal uses but it is not popular in the US since there
are other cheaper oil sources.  

Phalsa:

The Phalsa genus Grewia is the only genus in the family Tiliaceae that
yields edible fruit. The only species of any importance is G.
subinaequalis DC., long referred to in literature as G. asiatica L. 
Phalsa is the most used vernacular name in India where there are a
number of dialectal names.  The large, scraggly shrub or small tree up
to 15 ft (4.5 m) or taller, the phalsa has long, slender, drooping
branches, the young branchlets densely coated with hairs.  The
alternate, deciduous, widely spaced leaves are broadly heart-shaped or
ovate, up to 8 inches (20 cm) long and 6 1/2 inches (16.25 cm) wide,
with a light, whitish bloom on the underside.  The phalsa grows in most
any soil–sand, clay or limestone–but rich loam improves fruit
production, and so does irrigation during the fruiting season and in dry
periods, even though the tree is drought-tolerant. Generally, it is
grown in marginal land close to city markets. Seeds are the usual means
of propagation and they germinate in 15 days. Ground-layers, treated
with hormones, have been 50% successful; air-layers, 85%. Cuttings are
difficult to root. Only 20% of semi-hardwood cuttings from spring flush,
treated with 1,000 ppm NAA, and planted in July (in India) rooted and
grew normally.  The phalsa plant thrives well under a wide range of soil
and climatic conditions, but needs protection from frost.  The plant is
deciduous but loses its leaves slowly in areas with mild winters.  It is
readily propagated by hardwood cuttings and layering; however, seed
propagation is more customary since seedling plants produce the first
crop of well evolved fruits in 12 to 15 months.  Annual pruning is
required. Fruit size is related to the severity of pruning. Tolerant to
drought stress and hardy, phalsa is well suited for arid and semi-arid
regions where it might tolerate neglect better than other tough fruit
plants. Small, orange-yellow flowers are borne in dense cymes.  The
round fruits, on 1 inch (2.5 cm) peduncles are produced in great numbers
in open, branched clusters. Largest fruits are 1/2 to 5/8 inches
(1.25-1.6 cm) wide. The skin turns from green to purplish-red and
finally dark-purple or nearly black, and covered with a thin, whitish
bloom.  The soft, fibrous flesh is greenish-white stained with
purplish-red near the skin and becoming suffused with this color as it
progresses to over ripeness.  The flavor is pleasantly acid, somewhat
grapelike.  Large fruits have 2 hemispherical, hard, buff-colored seeds
3/16 inches (5 mm) wide.  Small fruits are single-seeded.  It can stand
light frosts which cause only shedding of leaves.  The juice content in
phalsa fruit ranges from 55 to 65 percent (FVSU).  The summer is the
fruiting season.  Only a few fruits in a cluster ripen at any one time,
so continuous harvesting is necessary.  The fruits keep poorly and must
be marketed within 24 hours. Average yield per plant is 20 to 25 lbs
(9-11 kg) in a season. (FVSU).

Pincherry:

The pincherry is a small tree or large shrub which can reach a height of
20 feet (6 m) under excellent growing conditions.  Like other small
fruit, pincherries requires a well-drained, deep loam soil which
contains greater than one percent organic matter. They require full sun
and will not tolerate shading. Suitable soil pH is between 5 and 8. 
Plant pincherry at 6 feet (2 m) plant spacing and 15 feet (4.5 m) rows
spacing to facilitate mechanical harvesting.  Flowers are in five to
seven in clusters.  Fruit is small and bright red when ripe and contains
a large stone inside.  Some selection of wild plants or breeding has
resulted in double flowers or large fruit size three times as the usual
pincherry.  Pincherry blooms in early June, and the fruit ripens during
the summer and is ready to be picked from August to September.
(MINTENKO, 2004).  The fruit is small which makes hand picking
difficult. Hand held harvesters can be used.  Under orchard conditions
with controlled plant size, mechanical harvesters can also be used.

Raspberry:

	Some varieties of red raspberry are yellow to gold in color and
sometimes referred to as yellow raspberry.  In Hampshire new shoots
(primocanes) emerge in early spring, grow vigorously, and flower
(floricanes) and fruit in late summer and fall. Those canes overwinter,
and in their second summer they flower, fruit, and then die.  Most fall
fruiting types are managed for the fall crop only.  The crown and root
system of raspberry are perennial, while the canes are biennial.  During
the first year the canes usually do not flower and are called
primocanes.  Following a dormant period the canes flower and set fruit. 
Plants are propagated vegetatively.  It takes 2 years for raspberry
plants to reach maturity, and they live for 6–30 years. Site selection
and soil management are critical for growing raspberries.  They are
adapted to USDA plant hardiness zones 6 to 9.  In Hampshire fall
fruiting red raspberries are set in rows 10 to 11 feet apart, and in
spring, overwintered primocanes (floricanes) are thinned to 5 or 6 per
linear foot of row and tipped.  All canes in a planting are mowed off in
late winter or very early spring each year.  In Ohio, new raspberries
are planted in raised beds about 8 inches high and 3 - 4 feet wide with
row spacing of at least 8 feet but preferably 10 to 12 feet to allow for
good air circulation and enough room for pruning and harvesting.  In New
York, raspberries are set in rows 30 inches apart and 9 o 10 ft between
rows, and most fields use drip irrigation.  In Oregon raspberries are
planted at 2 to 4 feet apart and 8 to 10 feet between rows.  Red types
tend to be best propagated from root cuttings or suckers with attached
roots.  Black and purple types are usually propagated by tip layering. 
Some varieties, noticeably Heritage, produce a fall crop on the
terminals of current season canes.  Canes are stiff and may attain
height of 10 or more feet in red and purple raspberries, and 4 or 5 feet
in black.  Commercially, they are usually supported by parallel wires on
trellis along each side of the row, and headed to not over 6 feet high. 
Black and purple raspberry raspberries are usually not trellised.  In
California raspberries may be planted from 18 months to 5 years.  The
aggregate fruits, which are borne in loose clusters, consist of numerous
seeds called drupelets, each surrounded by fleshy pulp.  The fruits are
attached to a receptacle until ripe, but when harvested the receptacle
remains on the plant (with blackberry the receptacle stays attached to
the picked fruit.  Since the fruits of many red raspberry cultivars will
loosen from the receptacle when mature they can be shaken and be
mechanically harvested.  The harvested fruit is hemispherical, either
rounded or conic and open at the center. Harvest season for red
raspberries is done every 1 – 3 days over a 4 – 6 week period, and 1
– 2 weeks for purple and black varieties.  In California the harvest
season is June 1 to October 31 in the Santa Cruz and Monterey county
areas.  Red fruit is 1/2 to near 1 inch in diameter and similar in
length; black fruit is somewhat smaller and flatter; purple fruit is as
large or larger than red.  In Oregon, nearly 100 % of the blackberries
are machine harvested and 85 % of the red raspberries, and 40 % in
British Columbia.  Important cultivars include Willamette, Sweet Briar,
Meeker, Amity and Heritage.  Much of the raspberries grown in the
Pacific Northwest are processed by freezing and for use in purees,
preserves, jellies, concentrates, ice cream, juices, and yogurt.  They
are very perishable in the fresh market.  There are several hybrid
berries developed by crossing red raspberries with blackberry types such
as ‘Tayberry’ and ‘Sunberry’.  Older cultivars ‘Loganberry’,
‘Boysenberry’, and ‘Youngberry’, are more similar to
blackberries than raspberries in growth habit by training and fruits
cohere to the receptacle.  Fruit development occurs rapidly, taking only
30-36 days for most raspberries, but 40-70 days for blackberries.  The
typical bloom to harvest period is in 80 to 90 days.  Raspberries yield
up to two lb/foot of row. Larger grower operations use over the row
mechanical harvesters.  Pickings are done every 2 – 3 days for several
weeks as the fruit matures.  Only 2% of the raspberries are fresh
marketed.  Over 85 % of the OR raspberry acreage is machine harvested. 
A machine harvester speed is at one mph and can harvest one acre/hr and
can replace 80 – 85 pickers.

Riberry:

The riberry is a small to medium evergreen, pyramidal tree 5- 30 meters
tall.  In its natural environment it can be a large forest tree but
under cultivation tree rarely grows to more than 10m. It is native to
subtropical and tropical areas with average annual rainfall greater than
600mm.  It is propagated by seeds, layers, suckers, division or
cuttings.  The fruit is red or pink ovoid or pear-shaped 12 to 15 mm
long.  Fruit has a strong flavor, tasting of cloves and spice.  It is
valuable in December/January and available as frozen berries year round.
 The tree yields 3kg/tree in year 3; and 10 kg/tree year 6.  The
production for export and domestic markets is 3 to 5 tons annually
(NORDEN 2005a).

Salal:

The salal is an evergreen; erect shrub up to 6 to 10 feet tall is native
to the Pacific Northwest U.S. and is common in the region from
California north to northern British Columbia.  It can also grow as a
creeping shrub similar to lowbush blueberries.  They are propagated
readily from seed, stem cuttings and plant divisions.  Branchlets are
pubescent and leaves are shiny oblong or ovate to 4 inches long and
finely serrated.  The plants are spaced at 2 ft spacing in the sun and 5
to 10 ft between plants in the shade.  Flowers are in racemes and fruit
is purple to black in color.  Salal grows best in moist sandy or peaty
soils.  The berries are blue-black in color and similar in size to
blueberries.  Berries ripen in August and often remain on the bushes
into October.  

Schisandra berry:

	The schisandra berry is a perennial, dioecious, deciduous vine that can
grow greater than 15 ft tall but is maintained on a trellis.  They
prefer a well drained sandy loam soil with a pH 6.0 – 7.0 in a sunny
location, and should be planted in rows three feet apart.  Plants take
up to five years to produce fruit.  Pruning should be done in the
spring.  Flowering occurs from April to May and in early autumn the
female plants produce clusters of red berries about 6 mm in diameter and
in clusters that are 10 cm long.  One plant can yield between 5 to 20 lb
of fruit.  The berries are harvested and dried in the sun or made into
jelly, pie fillings, or juice.  Berries and tea can also be used as a
tea and medicinal herb.

Sea Buckthorn:

The sea buckthorn is a medium deciduous shrub 6 to 13 feet (2 to 4 m) in
height.  Sea buckthorn does not like dry conditions and grows best in
areas receiving 16 to 24 inches (400 to 600 mm) of precipitation. Best
growth occurs in deep, well drained, sandy loam soil with high organic
matter. Sea buckthorn can be grown in very poor soils including river
banks, steep slopes, and acid and alkaline soils. It is also salt
tolerant, and widely grown as a soil erosion control plant.  Sea
buckthorn grows in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 8.3 but best between 6 and
7 and adapted to USDA plant hardiness zones 3 to 9.  The plants are
spaced at 3 feet (1 m) and 13 feet (4 m) row spacing and they can be
maintained as a small shrub or as a hedge. Sea buckthorn is a nitrogen
fixing plant and the leaves and tender branches are a source of protein
11 -22 % by weight).  The trees are dioecious, and only female plants
produce fruit; however plant type cannot be determined until flowers are
produced.  To ensure adequate pollination and suitable numbers of female
trees, it is necessary for the orchard to have between 7 to 12% of the
trees as pollinators.  Flowers are small, yellow and appear before the
leaves being produced on 3-year-old wood.  Sea buckthorn plants are very
hardy and can withstand temperatures of -45 to 103 oF (-43 to 40 oC). 
Sea buckthorn flowers in April and the fruit ripens at the end of August
and beginning of September.  The fruit is orange in color and very
difficult to harvest.  Fruits are popular for juice and the juice is
widely available in Germany.  Mechanical harvesters have had little
success. Harvesting is difficult because of the densely thorny nature of
the plant.  Removing branches from the tree works well but very labor
intensive.  In Canada, fruit harvesting has been estimated up to 600
hours/A (1500 hr/ha).  Yields are around 11 to 15 lb. (5 to 7 kg) per
plant or 1.8 to 2.2 tons/acre (4 to 5 t/ha).

Serviceberry:

Serviceberries are deciduous trees from 30 to 60 feet tall in the
Northern Hemisphere with fruit a small pome about 1 inch in diameter. 
It is propagated by stratified seed or graft, and it tolerates a wide
range of soils and a pH from 6.0 - 7.0.  They are adapted to USDA plant
hardiness zones 3 to 9, and can be trained to be a tree or allowed to
sucker to a bush.  The blueberry-like fruit has a diameter about ¾
inches is harvested after frost as eaten as a fresh fruit or for a pie
filling. 

Strawberry:

	Strawberry plants are perennial herbs, evergreen, with crowns near
ground level and leaves reaching upward to as much as a foot during
early summer.  Strawberries require a full sun location, and a medium to
light textured soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5, and need a source of water
for irrigation.  Strawberries are planted in rows called ‘beds’. 
Flowers do not appear at once.  In fact, some varieties are considered
"everbearing" with flowering/fruiting over an extended period of time. 
Fruit is borne on trusses, with 3 or more fruits per truss, generally
somewhat below the leaf canopy.  The fruit consists mainly of a fleshy
receptacle, with numerous seeds (achene’s) imbedded on surface.  The
strawberry is an aggregate fruit and has seeds (achene’s) on the
outside skin rather than having an outer skin around the seed as most of
the other berries.  There are 200 seeds on the average strawberry. 
Fruits vary from 1/2 inch upward to 1 1/2 inches diameter, generally
conic, some nearly round, and varieties such as “Camarosa’ weigh
26.6 g/berry.  

	Strawberry cultivars fall into three categories: Junebearing or spring
bearing, Everbearing, and Day Neutral.  Junebearing cultivars respond to
short autumn days by setting flower buds.  In late spring or early
summer of the following year, the Junebearing produce a single heavy
crop of strawberries.  They are typically planted in the spring
deblossomed the first year and harvested the second year.  Their growth
is in phases with the phases being flower, fruit, and runner growth. 
Beds that are greater than 4 years old will be replaced.  Everbearing
strawberries flower, fruit, and then initiate flower buds in the long
days of summer.  These cultivars bear two moderate crops each year, one
in late spring or early summer  and another in late summer to early
fall.  Beds that are greater than 4 years old will be replaced.  Day
neutral strawberries will flower; produce fruit and runners
simultaneously throughout the spring, summer, and fall.  They behave
similar to everbearing with moderate to heavy crops in the spring and
fall with smaller amounts in between.  Yield more than everbearers and
they come into production the first year after planting.  In the second
year the yields are greater than Junebearing and they are also replaced
after 4 years.  

Commercial fields are either planted as matted row for perennial
production or as annual production using a hill system.  In general, the
strawberries in the Northeast are made up of small growers less than 5
acres (< 2 ha) which use a matted row production system (Hokanson and
Finn, 2000).  The mid-Atlantic region uses both an annual raised bed,
plastic mulched system as well as the perennial matted row production
systems.  The southeastern US has been dominated by the annual
plasticulture production systems.  The mid-southern states (AR, KY, MO,
and TN) are made up of small farms that are fresh picked and utilize
both production systems.  The Midwest states (IL, IN, OH, PA) and the
upper mid-western states (IA, MI, MN, WI) produce strawberries almost
entirely in matted row production systems.  The eastern Canadian
provinces utilize a matted row production system because of the harsh
winters.  Western strawberry production systems in western regions are
dominated by California, the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia. 
Most of these areas produce strawberries for processing.  In California,
nearly all of the strawberries are produced on an annual production
system.  The Pacific Northwest is a mixed region for fresh and processed
strawberries utilizing a matted row production system.  In the hill
system plans are set very close together in the fall, and fruiting
begins the next spring with the entire planting being destroyed after
harvest.  California, Florida and other southern areas generally follow
annual plantings.  All acres of strawberries in California are
irrigated.  Here, crowns called plugs are planted in the fall and fruit
is harvested in spring.  The strawberry fields are abandoned after last
harvest.  Most other parts of the country use the matted row system. 
Crowns are usually planted in the spring, and runners or stolons are
allowed to develop from the original mother plant.  The hill system
usually uses a black plastic mulch to help plants flower earlier.  The
first crop is not harvested until the following year.  Strawberry plants
spread by runners or stolons.  The strawberry plant can be maintained as
a perennial for usually 3 or more years.  Perennial strawberries are
primarily grown in the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, Northeast and
Midwest, while strawberries grown as annuals are produced in California,
Florida and the Southeast.  After harvest, matted row fields are mowed
down and renovated.  The row width for strawberries ranges from 12 - 18
in (30.5 – 45.7 cm) to 36 in (61 cm) and the distance between rows
ranges from 36 in (91 cm) to 42 to 48 in (107 – 122 cm.  In California
the strawberry is grown under a plasticulture system incorporating drip
irrigation and raised beds covered with plastic mulch, and most of the
crop is grown on an annual basis.  Strawberry plants for planting stock
are initially grown in the state's nurseries followed by transplantation
during the summer or fall.  Weed control is a major problem in growing
strawberries.  Strawberries are harvested during the following winter,
spring, summer and fall.  Three or four crops of fruit per plant occur
during the season.  Strawberries can yield between ½ to one lb per
plant.  The plants are destroyed after the first harvest season and new
plantings are established for subsequent crops.  Strawberry plants
produce fruit for six months or longer in California.  To some extent,
berries are picked every month of the year in some area of California. 
California productivity per acre is over 4 times higher than the
productivity in most other states with about 49,000 lbs/acre.  In the
Pacific Northwest over 90% of the crop in Oregon and 75% of the crop in
Washington are processed.  Most of the strawberry crop is marketed fresh
in California and Florida.  Strawberry cultivar choice is more crucial
than for most other crops since they are adapted to a definite climate
zone.  Important varieties in California include Pajaro, Chandler,
Camarosa, Aromas, and Driscoll's (major CA grower) proprietary
varieties.  In 2002, the variety ‘Camarosa’ is grown on 40 % of the
California acreage.  Worker activities in Florida strawberry production
include mostly tractor driven activities such as cultivation,
fertilization, fumigation, and laying drip irrigation tape.  Fruits are
harvested by hand every three to five days during the harvest season. 
Six to nine workers are needed in wholesale operations for each acre to
pick the fruit at harvest.  Over 75 % of the strawberries are sold fresh
and the remaining 25 % is processed as frozen fruit.  Picking is
finished in 4 hours each day during non-peak parts of the season and up
to 8 hours/day at the peak season.  There is no mechanical harvesting of
strawberries.  For the fresh market, the caps (calyx) are left intact
while for processing fruits are plugged (caps) are removed. 
Strawberries bloom to harvest in about 30 days, and can vary from 20 to
50 days.  Often blooms and fruit of various stages of ripeness are on
the same plant at once. 

Wild raspberry:

The wild raspberry is distributed tropical northern Queensland in open
forests and rain forests.  This fruit has clusters of juicy, pink to
bright red lobes which form the berry, some 1 to 3 cm in diameter.  It
is similar to raspberries and other Rubus species.  They grow on a
bramble thicket with regularly spaced sharp barbs on the stems. Flavor
is a sharp berry-raspberry, stronger than exotic raspberries (NORDEN
2005a).

HARVESTING OF THE BERRIES AND SMALL FRUITS AND CROP TIMELINES:

	Mechanical harvesting is employed mainly for berries and small fruits
that are going to the processing market.  Hand labor pickers are needed
to harvest fruit for the fresh market.  Most growers supply the pickers
with a small carts or a processing lug that can be pushed along the row.
 Caneberries are delicate and raspberries when picked leave the torus
(center part of the fruit) on the bush, while blackberries separate from
the bush with the torus intact.  These berries are usually hand
harvested directly into the small containers that will go directly to
the fresh market.  The berries are then precooled to extend their shelf
life.  Table grapes that are hand harvested are hand packed in the
vineyard or in packing houses.  One packer can pack the grapes from 4 or
5 pickers.  The standard lug for California table grapes is 16 in (41
cm) long and 14 in (36 cm) wide with a depth of 5 in (13 cm).  The net
weight varies from 22 – 23 lb (10.5 – 11 kg)/container depending
upon the district.  A large percentage of wine grapes in California are
still hand harvested.  The pickers drop the grape bunches into pans or
plastic lugs that are dumped into gondolas with a capacity of 2 to 7
tons (2.2 – 7 MT) of grapes.  Mechanical harvesting of the caneberries
utilizes a shaking or beating mechanism to remove the fruits from the
canes.  Berries are often better quality than for fresh market because
they can be harvested at optimum maturity.  Strawberries are the hardest
crop to mechanically harvest.  Blueberry harvesters shake and dislodge
the fruit from the bush.  The harvesters use a crew or five and replace
85 hand pickers and can operate for 24 hours.  Mechanical harvesters for
grapes utilize a shaking technique.  Cultivars suitable for mechanical
harvesting are ‘Concord’, ‘Thompson seedless’, and ‘Cabernet
Sauvignon’.

CROP ROTATIONS:

	Most of the members of the Berries and small fruits crop group are not
rotated because of their long productive life spans at the same
location, such as blueberry > 20 years; cranberry > 60 years; currant <
20 years; and raspberry < 20 years.  Strawberries are the only exception
in California they are rotated annually to a cover crop such as a legume
or a vegetable crop with the exception of 24,000 A in southern
California which are not rotated.  In other parts of the country
strawberries are rotated after one to three years of production,
depending on the cultural practices in these areas, also to a legume or
vegetable crop. In California, strawberries are rotated with cover crops
such as barley or rye, or cash crops such as beans, broccoli, lettuce,
and cauliflower.  Strawberries cannot be planted for three years
following solanaceous crops such as tomato, pepper, eggplant, or potato
for two years after raspberries or strawberries to reduce the risk of
Verticillium wilt disease.  Raspberries should not be planted in areas
previously planted to potatoes, tomatoes, or eggplant to prevent against
diseases and insect pests associated from these crops.  Also delay
planting strawberries for at least one year after a sod or pasture crop
to avoid white grub problems. 

COMPARISON OF RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY (RAC), EDIBLE PORTIONS, AND
PROCESSED FOOD ITEMS:

	The 45 commodities in the proposed crop group are all perennial
angiosperms (flowering plants) that are herbaceous or deciduous plants,
shrubs, small trees or bushes that produce an edible fleshy berry or
berry-like fruit.  Most small fruits and berries are eaten as fresh
fruit, as a snack food or dessert, as toppings or fillings with cereals
and pastries, ice cream; as garnishes for meat and salad dishes, as an
iced beverage or juice, and as a jelly or jam, tea, wine, or liqueur. 
They can be made into compotes and concentrates, syrups, toppings, or
puree to be used with other products such as yogurt, sherbert, sorbet,
ice cream, fruit bars, candies, processed snacks and pastries, and are
extracted for flavoring agents, colors, and can be canned, frozen,
dried, or freeze-dried for later use.  They also have ornamental
landscape uses, plant extracts for medicinal uses, and uses as
dyestuffs.  Specific uses for some of the berries and small fruits will
be discussed below.  Amur river grape is eaten fresh, cooked or dried. 
The young leaves can also be cooked or wrapped around food and baked and
the young tendrils can also be eaten raw or cooked as a leafy vegetable.
 Aronia berry is eaten raw or stewed or used to make juice and jelly. 
Bearberry fruit is cooked or made into jelly.  Bilberry fruit is used
for preserves and wine.  Blackberries have fruits eaten fresh, canned,
frozen for use in pies or processed into jams jellies, syrup, or
fermented into wine and brandy.  Fresh blackberries are extremely
perishable (1 – 2 days after harvest).  Blueberry is eaten fresh,
baked into pies, cakes, and muffins, processed into juice, jelly and jam
and dried, canned or quick frozen as well as for puree, cereals,
beverages, flavorings.  The Chilean guava fruit can be eaten fresh or
made into jams and jellies.  The leaves are used as a tea substitute and
the roasted seeds are a coffee substitute.  Cloudberry is consumed
fresh, steamed or made into jellies, confections, vinegar and wine. 
Cranberries are sold fresh for home use or processed for whole fruit
sauce, strained sauce, juice cocktail, juice blends with other fruits,
candied and spiced, liqueurs, or as dried “craisins”.  Currants are
mostly marketed frozen, or in juice, jams, jellies, and dessert pies as
well as brandy.  Elderberry fruit is used for culinary purposes in
sauces, jelly, pies, fruit juice and wine.  Gooseberries are consumed as
fresh or processed into jams and jellies and pie fillings.  Grapes are
eaten fresh or processed into raisins, juice, jelly, jams, and wine. 
Grape concentrate is also added to wines and other alcoholic beverages
and as a natural sweetener for the food manufacturers  The major
production of grapes are for wine – 50.5%, table – 10 – 15%,
raisin – 25 – 30%, and canned and grape seed oil < 1.0% (USDA,
2002).  Young grape leaves can be harvested for cooking in Greek
cuisine.  In the U.S. grape leaves that are harvested are from organic
growers that receive no pesticides.  Grape leaves from California are
felt to be thinner than grape leaves from other countries and thinner
leaves are more desirable for use in cooking.  The highbush cranberry
fruit is used in jellies, pies, or a substitute for cranberry sauce. 
Huckleberries are processed into many products including syrup, jam,
candies, pies, muffins, pancake mixes, salad dressings, herbal tea, and
juices.  Uses for Juneberry are used as a fresh fruit in pies or other
baked desserts, eaten fresh, or made into fruit leathers.  It may also
be canned, frozen or made into wine, jellies, jams, preserves, and
syrup.  The fruit is used by Native Americans in making pemmican, a
semidry mixture of fruit and meat.  They can also be used ornamentals
for their showy flowers.  Kiwifruit is used fresh and almost always
peeled though some people eat the skins and some is processed to be used
in fruit juice blends, jam, frozen fruit, preserved fruit, and wine. 
Lingonberries are eaten fresh or used to make jellies and preserves and
liquors, and produce a cranberry like sauce.  Maypop is consumed as a
fresh fruit.  Mulberry fruit is used to make jam, juice and wine. 
Partridgeberry is eaten as a fresh fruit.  Raspberries and blackberries
% crop processed jam and jelly is 40%, ice cream yogurt – 5%, bakery
– 25%, quick frozen berries -18%, canned berries 5%, juice 7%.  Salal
berries have also been used by Native Americans for hundreds of years
and the berries are eaten fresh, cooked, or dried-like raisins for use
in drinks, pies, and jellies.  Sea buckthorn are harvested as fresh
fruit or processed into juice and edible seed oil.  The leaves are also
used to make a tea.  The serviceberry is eaten fresh or dried fruit, or
processed into jelly or fermented into wine.  The strawberry is
primarily used as a fresh fruit, but is commonly used in processed foods
into cooked and sweetened preserves, jams, and jellies, and frozen whole
berries or sweetened juice extracts, and then used in many other ways. 

	Approximate weights and processed yields of Berries and small fruits
are as follows:

For any berry one lb yields about 4 cups.

Blackberry – 1 1/2 - 3 lb yields 1 qt canned.

Blueberry - 1 pt fresh = 1 pt frozen; 1 cup = 1/3 lb 1 pt weighs 3/4 to
1 lb fruit; approximately 1 lb dried blueberries = 4 – 6 lb fresh
berries..

Grape with stems bushel – weighs 44 – 50 lb; 1 bu = 16 qt juice, 1
cup = 1/3 lb. 

Grape - one lb seedless grape yields 3 cups.

Huckleberry – three cups produce about two cups of juice.

Raspberry - 1 pt = ¾ lb 1 cup processed 1/3 lb.

Strawberry - 1 qt weighs 1 1/4 to 1 ½ lb 1 lb yields 1 pt frozen.

	USDA Marketing Standards:

	The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA AMS) has established
standards for marketing many of the berries and small fruits.
Strawberries for US#1 quality should have their caps (calyx) attached,
pink or red color and a minimum size diameter of > ¾ inches.  Blueberry
standards apply to highbush and rabbitteye varieties but not huckleberry
and are classified by the following: small (190 – 250 berries/cup);
medium (130 – 189 berries/cup); large (90 – 129 berries/cup); and
extra large (< 90 berries/cup).  One cup is equal to 237 ml or ½ pint. 
Fresh cranberries should not have a diameter 10.319 mm (< 13/30 seconds
of an inch).  Dewberries and blackberries must be free from their caps
or calyxes.   Standards for table grapes vary by size such as
‘Thompson seedless’ and ‘Flame seedless’ should be have 75% of
the grapes > 10/16 inches diameter.  Raspberry should be well colored
and 10/16 inch diameter (15.9 mm).  Kiwifruit varies from ½ inch (12.7
mm) to ¼ inch (6.4 mm) for larger sizes. 

Potential new uses for berries are being researched at Oregon State
University to determine the berry seed oil properties as well as many
USDA researching the antioxidant contents of the berries for medicinal
and nutritional studies.  Protein concentrations ranging from 6.3 to
7.1% for the caneberry seed meal are similar to other seed meals such as
cotton and flaxseed. The fatty acids profile of caneberry seed oils
appear to be nutritionally outstanding and are high in omega- 3’s. 
Red and black raspberry, evergreen blackberry, marionberry, sea
buckthorn, and boysenberry seed oils are also being investigated.  The
main cooking oil from berries is grape seed oil.  Grape seed oil
accounts for < 1.0% of the total grape production (USDA, 2002, and is
high in nutrients and polyunsaturated linolenic acid, and used for a
salad dressing or as a cooking oil.  The grapeseed oil is mostly
produced in France, Switzerland, and Italy with a few produces in the
U.S. (Hormel).  Grapeseeds are available as byproducts of the raisin,
juice and wine industries.  The seeds are separated from the grape
‘marc’ that contains the skin, stems and seeds after the grapes are
processed.  A grape usually has 4 to 5 seeds/grape and the seeds make up
3.5 to 4.5 % of the fresh weight.  The kernel makes up 54 – 56 % of
the whole seed weight.  The grape seed cake remaining after the
extraction of the oil from the kernel and it is used for combustion or
for animal feed in other countries.  The oil extraction is by hexane
solvent extraction after crushing the seed in roller mills and heating
to 100 C for 20 min (FAO 1992).  Oil yields range from 65 to 75 % with 5
– 6 % remaining in the meal.  The preferred method for extracting the
oil by organic growers is the cold press method to crush the seed, which
is then clarified and bottled with a shelf storage life of 6 to 12
months or by an alcohol extraction (ATTRA, Spectrum).   

	According to Table 1 of the Residue Chemistry Guidelines (OPPTS
860.1000) the RAC for members of the Berry and small fruit group is the
berry or fruit.  The following members of the group are listed in Table
1: blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, currant, dewberry, elderberry,
gooseberry, grape, huckleberry, kiwifruit, raspberry, and strawberry. 
The only exception for these commodities is grape which has the
processed commodities raisin and juice.  ChemSAC may want to add some
processed commodities to grapes for refined risk assessment purposes
only such as grape seed oil and grape leaves.  Grapeseed oil is a very
minor cooking oil and at present is mostly imported from Italy, France,
and Greece.  Grape leaves are mostly obtained from organically produced
grapes in California or imported from growers in France and Italy.  The
only other processed commodity to consider adding is cranberry juice,
which has increased since 1995 from 0.16 gallons per capita juice
consumption to 0.21 gallons per capita juice consumption in 2004, while
grape juice has declined from 0.45 gallons per capita juice consumption
in 1995 to 0.38 gallons per capita juice consumption in 2004.  Cranberry
 juice has risen from approximately 2.0 % of the juice consumed in 1995
to about 2.6 % in 2004, while grape juice consumed dropped from 5.6 % in
1995 to 4.3 % in 2004.  The USDA CSFII 1994 -1996, 1998 survey, using
two day individual consumption determined the berry and small fruit
juice consumption to be 8.1 g for grape juice, 2.5 g for cranberry juice
and 1.6 g for strawberry juice.  ChemSAC may decide to list cranberry
juice either as required or optional desirable for refined risk
assessment purposes only.  The whole fruit is squeezed and processed
into the juice after discarding pulpy material and seeds.

	The Berry and small fruit commodity portion analyzed for the RAC as
well as the edible plant portion consumed for all the proposed
commodities is listed in Table 13.

Table 13.  Berry and Small Fruit Portion Analyzed for the Raw
Agricultural Commodity (RAC) and the Edible Portion Consumed. (40CFR Vol
58, No. 187, 9/29, 1993, pp. 50888 – 50893. Portion of Food
Commodities Analyzed Pesticide Residues: Proposed Rule).

Commodity	Portion Analyzed (RAC)	Edible Portion Consumed

Berry and small fruit group	Analyze the whole commodity after removing
and discarding caps and stems, except currants where the stem is to be
included. 	Whole fruit

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	Analyze the whole fruit.	Whole fruit, but skin is
usually discarded

Kiwifruit, hardy	Analyze the whole fruit.	Whole fruit

Strawberry	Caps (hulls) shall be removed and discarded from strawberries
before examination for pesticide residues [40 CFR 180.1 (J) (3)].	Whole
fruit

LIVESTOCK FEED ITEMS: 

	There are no significant animal feed items associated with any of the
current or proposed members to the Berry and small fruit crop group 13. 
Therefore, since there are no animal feed items there is no reasonable
expectation of residues in meat, milk, poultry, or eggs. 

PEST PROBLEMS (Developed from USDA Crop Profiles, Extension Bulletins,
and Research Literature :

	Members of the Berry and small fruit crop group 13 are attacked by many
leaf and/or fruit pests and include several insect, plant disease
organisms (bacterial, fungal, and viral), nematode, and many pest
problems with weeds.  Some of these pests will be listed below:

 Berry and Small Fruit Pest Problems (USDA Crop Profiles from AR, CA,
CO, FL, ME, NC,                      NH,NJ, NY, NM, MO, OR, TX, and 
WI): 

Insects - damage includes removal of leaves by chewing, , root damage,
piercing and sucking sap from stems or boring into fruits, such as
leafhoppers, blueberry raspberry and cranberry maggot, blueberry case
beetle, flea beetle, thrips, tussock moth, bagworm, plum curculio, fruit
worm, leafhopper, leafroller, cranberry tipworm, Blackheaded fireworm,
Grape phylloxera, Grape glassy winged sharpshooter, Grape berry moth,
Scale insects, leafminers, leafroller, Imported currantworm, fruitworm,
berry moths, caneborer, mealybug, strawberry rootworm, fall armyworm,
Japanese beetle, aphids, crown borer, white rot, sap beetles, slugs,
root weevils, and mites. 

Diseases: Bacterial soft rots; bacterial leaf spots and blights; Powdery
and downy mildew, Spur blight, Cladosporium fruit rot, Rhizoctonia fruit
rot, Cane and twig Black and fruit rot, Eutypa dieback, Blight, End rot,
Botrytis gray mold, Crown gall, Phytopthora and armillaria root rot,
Leaf spot, Anthracnose fruit rot, Pierce’s disease, red stele, Mummy
berry disease, Stem and twig canker, Red stele; Yellow rust,
Verticillium wilt, strawberry leaf roll virus, mosaic virus, White pine
blister rust; Twig and blossom blight, raspberry mosaic virus, tomato
ringspot virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, raspberry bushy dwarf virus,
mild yellow edge virus. 

Nematodes: Root knot nematode; leaf and stem nematode, cyst nematode,
root lesion, and dagger nematode.

Weeds:  Several annual, and perennial cool and warm season grasses
(Poaceae/Gramineae family) such as quackgrass; foxtail, barnyardgrass,
bermudagrass, Johnsongrass, and many broadleaf annual, biennial, and
perennial weeds such henbit, chickweed, dandelion, lambsquarters,
nettle, wild carrot, burdock, hairy nightshade, mustards, common
purslane, morningglory, plantains, ragweed, cocklebur, nutsedges, and
redroot pigweed.

Animal pests: Meadow voles, birds, squirrels, deer, raccoons, bears,
rabbits.

	Most of the caneberries such as blackberry share similar pest problems
to the bushberries such as blueberry.  The proposed subgroups also
contain closely related crops with similar pest problems.  Berries are
subject to several diseases, such as brown rot (Monilinia spp.), cedar
apple rust (Gymnosporangium spp.), black leaf (Apiosporina collinsii),
anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), root rot (Phytophthora spp.), and
fireblight (Erwinia amylovora).  Insect pests that feed on flower buds,
flowers, and fruits include: apple curculio, aphids, fruit maggots,
saskatoon sawfly, lygus bug, and coleopterous larvae.  Berries all share
the same annual and perennial grassy and broadleaf weed problems because
of their cultural practices such as their planting arrangements. 
Proposed berry and small fruit commodities that are being added to the
crop group share many of the same pest problems because of their similar
cultural practices and their highly desirable edible fruit.  Many of the
berries have no registered pest control measures, which would prevent
them from being a more widely available cash crop to our growers.  Some
nonchemical cultural controls such as pruning and crop rotations are
also used in these crops to minimize pest problems. 

COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS:

	Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops
based on predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on
exposure of the edible parts to applied pesticides, which led to the
development of the crop groups.  The berries were classified in Fruit
Crop Category V based on having maximum exposure of their edible parts
to pesticide residues because of large surface to weight, and peel or
edible skin consumed or in contact during juice extraction.  Fruits are
generally small with large surface area in proportion to weight and the
peel is often consumed.  Generally, the fruits develop in three months
or less from time of bloom.  Therefore, one would expect pesticide
residues to be similar in most of the members of the berries and small
fruits, with distinct difference in cultural practices based on whether
the crop is grown on the ground, or on a shrub or maintained on a
trellis or as a small tree.  Differences in cultural practices helped
organize the crop subgroups the subgroups.  

A comparison of established tolerances for the proposed commodities of
the Berry and small fruits is in Tables 14 through 16.  

	Table 14 compared tolerances on the same pesticide where applicable on
blueberry, currant, cranberry, elderberry, gooseberry and strawberry. 
In general regardless of commodity the tolerances were similar or within
5X, except for O,O-Dimethyl S-[(4-oxo- 1,2,3-benzotriazin -3(4H)-yl)
methyl] phosphorodithioate and Aluminum tris O- ethylphosphonate, which
were higher in blueberry than strawberry or cranberry.  A comparison of
thirteen tolerances established for strawberry and cranberry showed
seven to be the same and six higher in strawberry than cranberry and
only one (clopyralid) was higher in cranberry than in strawberry. 
Tolerances for blueberry, currant, and gooseberry which are proposed
members to the Bushberry subgroup are all the same. 

Table 14. Tolerances Comparison: Blueberry, Currant, Cranberry,
Elderberry, Gooseberry and Strawberry   (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and
EPA OPPIN 11/2005)

Chemical	Tolerance on Blueberry	Tolerance on Cranberry	Tolerance on
Currant	Tolerance on Elderberry	Tolerance on Gooseberry	Tolerance on
Strawberry

Captan	25	NA	NA	NA	NA	25

Diuron	1	NA	1	NA	1	NA

Malathion	8	8	8	Na	8	8

Allethrin*	4	NA	4	NA	4	NA

Ferbam	7	7	NA	NA	NA	NA

Ziram	7	NA	NA	NA	7	7

Piperonyl butoxide	8	NA	8	NA	8	NA

Pyrethrins*	1	NA	1	NA	1	NA

Fluorine compounds	7	7	NA	NA	NA	7

Diazinon	0.5	0.5	NA	NA	NA	0.5

O,O-Dimethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-

benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] phosphorodithioate	5.0	0.5	NA	NA	NA	2.0

Carbaryl	10	10	NA	NA	NA	10

Endosulfan	0.1	NA	NA	NA	NA	2.0

Terbacil	0.2	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.1

Simazine	0.25	0.25	0.25	NA	NA	0.25

Methomyl	6	NA	NA	NA	NA	2

Chlorothalonil	1.0	5.0	NA	NA	NA	NA

Benomyl	7.0	NA	7.0	NA	NA	5.0

Ethephon	20	5	NA	NA	NA	NA

Norflurazon	0.2	0.1	NA	NA	NA	NA

Triforine	0.1	0.1	NA	NA	NA	2.0

Iprodione	15	NA	15	NA	NA	15

Metalaxyl	2.0	4.0	NA	NA	NA	10

Sethoxydim	4.0	2.0	NA	NA	NA	10

Aluminum tris O- ethylphosphonate	40	0.5	NA	NA	NA	75

Clopyralid	NA	4.0	NA	NA	NA	1.0

Imidacloprid	3.5*	0.05	3.5	3.5	3.5	0.5

Spinosad	0.25**	NA	0.25**	NA	0.25**	1.0

Azoxystrobin	3.0**	NA	3.0**	NA	3.0**	10

Fludioxonil	2.0**	NA	2.0**	NA	2.0**	2.0

*Information provided by David Rogers of Bayer CropScience based on
tolerance established by EPA on May 26, 2004.

**Crop group/subgroup tolerances.

	A comparison between established tolerances for the same chemical on
the Caneberry subgroup 13A and the Bushberry subgroup 13B is shown in
Table 15.  The differences between the two subgroups are consistent and
expected.  In all cases tolerances for the caneberry subgroup are higher
than those in the Bushberry subgroup based on differences in fruit
morphology with the canberry having many individual ridges or druplets
and rough-skinned fruit and the bushberry being a smooth skinned waxy
surface.  We also expect that lingonberry, Juneberry, and salal will
have residue levels similar to blueberries based on similarities of the
fruit size, shape, and smooth surface areas.  Cultural practices
including pruning and plant spacing are similar enough to blueberries to
expect similar pesticide residues.   

Table 15.  Tolerances Comparison between the Caneberry (Crop subgroup
13A) and the Bushberry Subgroup 13B (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA
OPPIN 11/2005)

Chemical	Tolerance on Caneberry Subgroup 13A	Tolerance on Bushberry
Subgroup 13B

Azoxystrobin	5	3

Fenhexamid	20	5

Fludioxonil	5	2

Spinosad	0.7	0.25

	Table 16 lists tolerances for the proposed Small fruit vine climbing
subgroups 13 D which has grape and fuzzy kiwifruit as representative
commodities and for 13E fuzzy kiwifruit only and for 13F grape only.  In
this case residues are expected to be higher in fuzzy kiwifruit but we
find a few differences that help justify the different subgroups with
fuzzy kiwifruit being similar in three cases, and higher in two cases
[vinclozolin and N-(Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O, O-dimethyl
phosphorodithioate) and its oxygen analog] one case and lower in one
case (oxyfluorfen).  

Table 16.  Tolerances Comparison: Grape and Kiwifruit 

(Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 11/2005)

Chemical	Tolerance on Grape	Tolerance on Kiwifruit

Diazinon	0.75	0.75

N-(Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) and
its oxygen analog	10.00	25.00

Glyphosate	0.20	0.20

Vinclozolin	6.00	10.00

Oxyfluorfen	0.05	0.05

Iprodione	60.00	10.00

REQUIRED NUMBER OF CROP FIELD TRIALS FOR CROP GROUP 3 AND COMPARISON OF
EPA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS WITH THE NAFTA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS:

Currently, if a Berry Crop Group 13 tolerance is being requested a total
of nine field trials are required with three on any one blackberry or
any one raspberry and six on highbush blueberry(OPPTS 180.1500)  A
reevaluation of crop production data fro the USDA Agricultural Census
shows that the new Berry and small fruit crop group 13 will require
additional field trials because the number of representative commodities
has increased from two to seven (any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape; fuzzy
kiwifruit; and strawberry).  The required number of crop field trials
for Crop group 13 Berry and small fruit as well as the required number
of crop field trials for Crop subgroups 13 A, 13 B, 13 C, 13 D, 13 E, 13
F, 13 G and 13 H are listed in Tables 17 and 18, respectively. 

Table 17.  Required Number of Field Trials for Crop Group 13 Berry and
Small Fruit (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 2). 

Representative Commodity	Number of Field Trials for Commodities if Not
Part of the Crop Group	Number of Field Trials for Commodities as Part of
the Crop Group

Any one blackberry or raspberry	 3	 3

Highbush blueberry	 8	 6

Elderberry or Mulberry	 3	 3

Grape	12	 9

Kiwifruit	 3	 3

Strawberry	 8	 6

Cranberry*	 5*	 5*

Total	37*	30*

* Cranberry is not counted as a representative commodity for the Berry
and small fruit crop group 13 because it is only required as a
representative commodity for Crop Subgroup 13 H – Lowgrowing berry
subgroup, except strawberry and is covered strawberry as a member of
Crop subgroup 13 G - Lowgrowing berry subgroup.

Table 18.  Required Number of Field Trials for Crop Subgroup 13A, 13B,
13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, and 13G (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 3). 

Crop Subgroup	Representative Commodity	Production Acres 	Number of Field
Trials

13A	Any one blackberry or raspberry	Blackberry – 10,210

Raspberry – 19,888	 3

13B	Highbush blueberry	  52,002	 5

13C	Elderberry or Mulberry	    < 200	 2

13D	Grape and 

Fuzzy Kiwifruit	933,200

    4500	12 (9)*

 3

13E	Fuzzy, Kiwifruit	    4500	 3

13F	Grape	933,200	 12

13G	Strawberry	   55,866	 5

13H	Cranberry	   40,685	 5

* For Crop Subgroup 13 D – Small fruit vine growing subgroup a
reduction in grape trials from 12 to 9 a 25 % reduction is permitted
since fuzzy kiwifruit is also a representative commodity for the
subgroup.

A comparison of the EPA (Table 19A) and NAFTA (Table 19B) Crop
Productions is listed below for the Berry and Small Fruit Group 13.  

Table 19A.  EPA Crop Production Regions for the Berry and Small Fruits. 
Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group.

Commodity	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12

Aronia berry	X	X

X	X

	Blackberry*

X

X

X

Blueberry*	X	X

	X

	X

Cranberry	X

X

	X

Currant

X	X	X

Elderberry

X

	X

	X

Gooseberry

X

Grape	X

	X	X	X

Jostaberry

	X

	Kiwifruit, fuzzy

X

Kiwifruit, hardy

	X	X

Lingonberry	X

	X

Maypop

X	X	X	X	X

Partridgeberry	X

X

X

	Raspberry*	X

X

	X

Strawberry*	X	X	X

X

	X

X

Table 19B.  NAFTA Field Production Regions for the Berry and Small
Fruits.  Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group.

Commodity	1	1a	2	3	4	5	5a	5b	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	14

Blueberry*	X	X

X

X

Cranberry

X

Grape*

X

	X

	Raspberry*	X

	X

	X

	Saskatoon/ Juneberry

X

X

Strawberry	X

	X	X	X

	X

	

The NAFTA Regions (Table 18B) vary some from the EPA Crop Production
Regions by having three additional regions (Region 1a, 5b, 14).  The
NAFTA Regions are currently being updated, and any regional differences
may be lessened with the new update.  Any conflict in testing between
regions can generally be resolved by having the ChemSAC review the test
protocol regions before residue trials are initiated and any differences
can be resolved by the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee
(ICGCC).  

AVAILABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE OF THE BERRY AND SMALL FRUIT CROP GROUP
MEMBERS IN THE MARKETPLACE:

Some type of berry is available in the marketplace year around (see
Table 20).  Blueberry, grape, fuzzy kiwifruit, raspberry, and
strawberries are available all year by either domestic production or
from imports (see the Imports of berry and small fruit section for
details).  Specific food uses for the berries and small fruits are
discussed under the Comparison of raw agricultural commodity (RAC),
edible portions, and processed food item section of this report.  

Table 20.  Availability of Berry and Small Fruits in the U.S.
Marketplace (X = US, C = Canada,

								 I = Imports). 

Commodity	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Blackberry

I	I	X	X, I	X, I	X, I	I

Blueberry	I	I	I	X, I	X, I	X	X, C	X, C	X, C	X	X, I	X, I

Boysenberry	X

	X	X	X	X	X

Cranberry

	X	X	X	X

Currant	I	I

I

Gooseberry

	X	X

I	I	I

Grape	X, I	X, I	X, I	I	X, I	X, I	X, I	X	X, C	X, C	X	X

Huckleberry

X	X	X

Kiwifruit, Fuzzy	X	X	X, I	I	I	I	I	I	I	X, I	X	X

Kiwifruit, Hardy

I	C	C

Loganberry

X	X

	Raspberry	I	I	I	I	X,  I	X, C	X, C	X	X	X	X	I

Strawberry	X, I	X, I	X, I	X, I	X, I	X, I	X, I	X	X	X	X, I	X, I

	In general berries and small fruit have a relatively short storage time
for the fresh marketplace (See Table 21).  The grape and fuzzy kiwifruit
have the longest storage times up to several months while blackberry and
raspberry and strawberry have the shortest storage times of less than a
week. 

Table 21. Approximate Storage Life of Fresh Berries and Small Fruits in
Commercial Storage (Adapted from Galletta and Himelrick, 1990).

Commodity	Approximate Storage Life With Proper Storage Temperatures

Blackberry	2 – 5 days

Blueberry	2 weeks

Cranberry	2 – 4 months

Currant	1 – 4 weeks

Dewberry	2 - 3 days

Elderberry	1 – 2 weeks

Gooseberry	3 – 4 weeks

Grape - American	2 – 8 weeks

Grape – V. vinefera	1 – 6 months

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	3 – 5 months

Kiwifruit, hardy	2 weeks

Loganberry	2 – 3 days

Raspberry	2 – 3 days

Strawberry	5 – 7 days

COOKING PREPARATION AND COOKING METHODS FOR THE BERRY AND SMALL FRUIT
CROP GROUP:

	In general all of the berries and small fruits are washed immediately
before any food preparation or eaten raw.  Strawberry caps are removed,
currants have their stems removed, seeds are removed from seeded grape
varieties, and gooseberries have their stems and blossom ends removed
before eating.  The fuzzy kiwifruit is the main small fruit that is
peeled before eating.  A discussion of most of the uses of the berries
and small fruits is contained in the “Comparison of raw agricultural
commodity (RAC), edible portions, and processed food item section of
this report.”  

	The culinary uses of berries and small fruits are extraordinarily
numerous.  Most small fruits and berries are eaten as fresh fruit, as a
snack food or dessert, as toppings or fillings with cereals and
pastries, ice cream; as garnishes for meat and salad dishes, as an iced
beverage or juice, and as a jelly or jam, tea, wine, or liqueur.  They
can be made into compotes and concentrates, syrups, toppings, or puree
to be used with other products such as yogurt, sherbet, sorbet, ice
cream, fruit bars, candies, processed snacks and pastries, and are
extracted for flavoring agents, colors, and can be canned, frozen,
dried, or freeze-dried for later use.

CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES:

The proposed changes to the Bulb Vegetable Crop Group 3 will affect the
need to update many Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry
Guidelines, OPP databases, and/or HED Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP).

The affected EPA databases may include the following:

(1) Risk Assessment Models - The terminology in the Food Exposure
Modules of our current Risk assessment Models from DEEM-FCID, Lifeline,
and Cares will need to be updated to reflect new terminology and Crop
Group/subgroup terminology.

(2) EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background),
Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities and Feedstuffs
Derived from Crops and EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS
860.1000, Background), EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS
860.1500, Crop Field Trials), Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field
Trials by Region for Crops Requiring > 3 trials and Table 6 Regional
Distribution of Crop Production. 

Any differences between the EPA and NAFTA Crop Production Regions after
the NAFTA Regions are updated will be addressed by the ICCGR Workgroup. 
Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials by Region for Crops
Requiring >3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop Production
will be updated to reflect more recent crop production information. 

(3) Health Effects Division Standard Operating Procedures:  HED SOP 99.3
-  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 – “Translation of Monitoring Data” issued
March 26, 1999.  This policy provides guidance on translating pesticide
monitoring data from one commodity to other similar commodities.  The
policy is based on the crop groupings in the 40 CFR 180.41.

Members of the Berry crop group were not included in the policy and this
policy does not need to be updated at this time.

(4) HED SOP 99.6 -   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification of Food
Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999.  This
SOP provides rationale and guidance to HED on revised criteria for
inputting residue values and pesticide usage information into acute
dietary exposure and risk assessments based on commodities.  These
revisions permit the Agency to more fully utilize data generated by the
USDA Pesticide Data Program. 

The new commodities added to the Berry and small fruit crop group will
be added to HED SOP 99.6.  They will closely following the same food
forms as blueberry and strawberry with respect to blending.  The berries
and small fruits are considered to be partially blended. 

(5) HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for Translation
of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group
Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued
September 12, 2000.

The current Berry crop group has the following guidance for translation
of the representative commodities to other members of the group:

	Current Crop Group 13:  Berries

Representative Commodities:  Any one blackberry; or any one raspberry;
and blueberry

CROP GROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blackberry					Blackberry* 

Boysenberry

Dewberry

Youngberry

     Blueberry					Blueberry

     Currant					Blueberry

     Elderberry 					Blueberry

     Gooseberry					Blueberry

     Huckleberry				Blueberry

     Loganberry					Blackberry*

     Raspberry, black				Raspberry*

     Raspberry, red				Raspberry*

* In lieu of blackberry data, raspberry can be substituted or visa
versa, as the registrant is free to choose between blackberry and
raspberry as the representative commodity. 

________________________________________________________________________

The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Berry and small fruit crop group
would be as follows:

	Proposed New Crop Group 13:  Berry and Small fruit

Representative Commodities:  Any one blackberry; or any one raspberry;
highbush blueberry, elderberry or mulberry, grape, fuzzy kiwifruit, and
strawberry.

CROP GROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blackberry					Blackberry* 

     Blueberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Currant					Blueberry, highbush

     Elderberry 					Blueberry or Elderberry or Mulberry**

     Gooseberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Huckleberry				Blueberry, highbush

     Loganberry					Blackberry*

     Raspberry, black				Raspberry*

     Raspberry, red				Raspberry*

New commodities:

Amur River grape 			Grape

Aronia berry				Blueberry, highbush

Bayberry					Elderberry or mulberry**

Bearberry                                                   Strawberry

Bilberry                                                     Blackberry*

Blueberry, Lowbush                                  Strawberry or
Cranberry

Buffalo Currant                                         Blueberry,
highbush

Buffaloberry				Elderberry or mulberry**

Che					Elderberry or mulberry**

Chilean guava                                           Blueberry,
highbush

Chokecherry				Elderberry or mulberry**

Cloudberry                                                Strawberry

Cranberry                                                  Strawberry or
Cranberry

Currant, Black                                           Blueberry,
highbush

European Barberry			Blueberry, highbush

Grape					Grape

Highbush cranberry			Blueberry, highbush

Honeysuckle				Blueberry, highbush

Jostaberry					Blueberry, highbush

Juneberry                                                  Elderberry or
mulberry**

Kiwifruit, fuzzy                                        Kiwifruit, fuzzy

Kiwifruit, hardy				Grape or Kiwifruit, fuzzy

Lingonberry                                              Blueberry,
highbush or Strawberry

Maypop					Grape or Kiwifruit, fuzzy

Mountain Pepper Berries			Elderberry or Mulberry**

Mulberry                                                   Mulberry or
Elderberry**

Muntries					Strawberry

Native Currant				Blueberry, highbush

Partridgeberry                                           Strawberry

Phalsa                                                       Elderberry
or mulberry**

Pincherry                                                  Elderberry or
mulberry**

Riberry                                                     Strawberry

Salal                                                         Blueberry,
highbush

Serviceberry                                             Elderberry or
mulberry**

Sea Buckthorn				Blueberry, highbush

Schisandra berry				Grape or Kiwifruit, fuzzy

Strawberry					Strawberry

Wild raspberry				Raspberry*

* In lieu of blackberry data, raspberry can be substituted or visa
versa, as the registrant is free to choose between blackberry and
raspberry as the representative commodity.  ** Elderberry is covered by
either Blueberry or elderberry or mulberry.

________________________________________________________________________

The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Berry and small fruit crop
subgroups would be as follows:

	Current Crop Subgroup 13A:  Caneberry (blackberry and raspberry)
subgroup

Representative Commodities:  Any one blackberry or any one raspberry

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blackberry					Blackberry

Boysenberry

Dewberry

Youngberry

     Loganberry					Blackberry

     Red raspberry				Raspberry

     Black raspberry				Raspberry

    
________________________________________________________________________

	Proposed New Crop Subgroup 13A:  Caneberry subgroup.

Representative Commodities:  Any one blackberry; or any one raspberry;
highbush blueberry, elderberry or mulberry, grape, fuzzy kiwifruit, and
strawberry.

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blackberry					Blackberry

     Raspberry					Raspberry

     Wild raspberry				Raspberry

_____________________________________________________________

Current Crop Subgroup 13B:  Bushberry subgroup

Representative Commodity:   Blueberry, highbush

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blueberry					Blueberry

     Currant					Blueberry

     Elderberry 					Blueberry

     Gooseberry					Blueberry

     Huckleberry				Blueberry

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13B:  Bushberry subgroup

Representative Commodity:   Blueberry, highbush

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Blueberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Currant					Blueberry, highbush

     Elderberry 					Blueberry, highbush

     Gooseberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Huckleberry				Blueberry, highbush

New commodities

     Aronia berry				Blueberry, highbush

     Buffalo Currant				Blueberry, highbush

     Chilean guava				Blueberry, highbush

     Currant, black and Currant, red		Blueberry, highbush

     Elderberry					Blueberry, highbush

     European Barberry				Blueberry, highbush

     Gooseberry					Blueberry, highbush

      Highbush cranberry			Blueberry, highbush

     Honeysuckle				Blueberry, highbush

     Huckleberry				Blueberry, highbush

     Jostaberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Juneberry					Blueberry, highbush

     Lingonberry				Blueberry, highbush

     Native Currant				Blueberry, highbush

     Salal					Blueberry, highbush

     Sea Buckthorn				Blueberry, highbush

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13C:  Large shrub/tree berry subgroup:

Representative Commodity:  Elderberry or Mulberry

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Bayberry					Elderberry or Mulberry

     Buffaloberry				Elderberry or Mulberry

     Che						Elderberry or Mulberry

     Chokecherry				Elderberry or Mulberry

     Elderberry					Elderberry

     Juneberry					Elderberry or Mulberry

     Mountain pepper berries			Elderberry or Mulberry

     Mulberry					Mulberry

     Phalsa					Elderberry or Mulberry

     Pincherry					Elderberry or Mulberry

     Riberry					Elderberry or Mulberry

     Serviceberry				Elderberry or Mulberry

________________________________________________________

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13D:  Small fruit vine climbing subgroup:

Representative Commodity:  Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Amur river grape				Grape and fuzzy kiwifruit

     Grape					Grape

     Kiwifruit, fuzzy				Fuzzy kiwifruit

     Kiwifruit, hardy				Grape

     Maypop					Grape

     Schisandra berry				Grape

________________________________________________________________

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13E:  Small fruit vine climbing subgroup, except
grape:

Representative Commodity:  Fuzzy kiwifruit

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Amur river grape				Fuzzy kiwifruit

     Kiwifruit, fuzzy				Fuzzy kiwifruit

     Kiwifruit, hardy				Fuzzy kiwifruit 

     Maypop					Fuzzy kiwifruit 

     Schisandra berry				Fuzzy kiwifruit

________________________________________________________________

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13F:  Small fruit vine climbing subgroup, except
fuzzy kiwifruit:

Representative Commodity:  Grape

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Amur river grape				Grape 

     Grape					Grape

     Kiwifruit, hardy				Grape

     Maypop					Grape

     Schisandra berry				Grape

________________________________________________________________

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13G:  Lowgrowing berry subgroup:

Representative Commodity:  Strawberry

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Bearberry					Strawberry

     Bilberry					Strawberry

     Blueberry, lowbush			Strawberry

     Cloudbery					Strawberry

     Cranberry					Strawberry

     Lingonberry				Strawberry

     Muntries					Strawberry

     Partridgeberry				Strawberry

     Strawberry					Strawberry

________________________________________________________________

Proposed Crop Subgroup 13H:  Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except
strawberry:

Representative Commodity:  Cranberry

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

     Bearberry					Cranberry

     Bilberry					Cranberry

     Blueberry, lowbush			Cranberry

     Cloudberry					Cranberry

     Cranberry					Cranberry

     Lingonberry				Cranberry

     Muntries					Cranberry

     Partridgeberry				Cranberry

________________________________________________________________

Table 22. Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database. 
Berry Crop Group.

  Prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider.  August, 2005.  

Commodity 	% Dry Matter

Bilberry	15.5

Blackberry	14.0, 14.3

Blueberry	13.0, 14.9; 15.0, 17.0

Cranberry	12.0, 12.1, 13.0, 13.5

Currant	11.0, 14.3, 15.8, 16.0, 16.1, 16.8, 18.0

Dewberry	15.5

Elderberry	20.2

Gooseberry	11.0, 12.0, 16.0

Grape	18.0, 19.0

Grape, dried pomace	90.0

Grape, wet pomace	37.0

Grape, juice	16.0

Grape, raisin	82.0, 85.0

Grape, wine	10.0

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	10.0

Loganberry	13.5

Mulberry	12.3

Raspberry	15.8, 16.0, 19.0

Strawberry	8.0, 8.5

CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD AND FEED
COMMODITY VOCABULARY: See Table 17. Comparison Berry and Small Fruit
Crop Group: CODEX (004) and EPA (13) (Data prepared by Dr’s.
Yuen-Shaung NG, Hong Chen, and Dr. Bernard A. Schneider, US EPA and USDA
IR-4, 2004, 2006).

The current EPA crop group for berry (Crop Group 13) is similar to the
corresponding Berries and small fruits Codex crop group (Crop Group
004).  A comparison of Codex and EPA berry and small fruit crop groups
is summarized in Table 17.  The Codex crop group includes all the
commodities in the current EPA crop group 13 (CODEX 2006).  Several
commodities that are in the Codex group 004 Berries and small fruits
will be added to the proposed EPA Crop group Berry and small fruit. 
These include: bearberry, bilberry, cloudberry, highbush cranberry,
cranberry, grape, Juneberry, kiwifruit, serviceberry, and strawberry. 
While some of the proposed EPA commodities such as amur river grape,
aronia berry, bayberry, buffalo currant, buffaloberry, che, Chilean
guava, Chinese egg gooseberry, chokecherry, European barberry,
honeysuckle, jostaberry, hardy kiwifruit, lingonberry, maypop, mountain
pepper berries, muntries, native currant, partridgeberry, phalsa,
pincherry, riberry, salal, schisandra berry, and sea buckhorn are not
yet a member of the Codex group, they will be considered in a Codex
update in 2007.  The Workgroup does not recommend adding acerola o rose
hips from the Codex Group to the U.S. crop group, as it is included and
more appropriate in a future IR-4/ICGCC proposal to EPA

Table 23. EPA/Codex Crop Group Comparison: 

CODEX Crop Group 004, Berries and Small Fruits Group, and Proposed EPA
Crop Group 13, Berry and Small Fruit Group 13 (Modified based on EPA
database developed by Dr. Yuen-Shaung NG and Dr. Bernard A. Schneider,
US EPA, 2004). 

Codex Group #	Codex Commodity Name	Current EPA Group #	Proposed EPA
Group #	EPA Commodity Name

NA	NA	NA	13	Amur River grape

NA	NA	NA	13	Aronia berry

NA	NA	NA	13	Bayberry

004	Bearberry	NA	13	Bearberry

004	Bilberry 	NA	13	Bilberry 

004	Bilberry, Bog	NA	13	Bilberry

004	Bilberry, Red	NA	13	Bilberry

004	Blackberries	13	13	Blackberry

004	Blueberries	13	13	Blueberry

004	Blueberry, Highbush, See Blueberries	13	13	Blueberry, highbush

004	Blueberry, Lowbush, See Blueberries	13	13	Blueberry, lowbush

004	Blueberry, Rabbiteye, See Blueberries	13	13	Blueberry

004	Boysenberry, See Dewberries	13	13	Blackberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Buffalo Currant

NA	NA	NA	13	Buffaloberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Che

NA	NA	NA	13	Chilean guava

NA	NA	NA	13	Chinese Egg Gooseberry*

NA	NA	NA	13	Chokecherry

004	Cloudberry	NA	13	Cloudberry

004	Cowberry, See Bilberry, Red	NA	13	Cranberry, Highbush

004	Cranberry	NA	13	Cranberry

004	Currant, Black, See also Currants, Black, Red, White	13	13	Currant

004	Currant, Red, White, See also Currants, Black, Red, White	13	13
Currant

004	Currants, Black, Red, White	13	13	Currant

004	Dewberries (Including Boysenberry and Loganberry)	13	13	Blackberry

004	Elderberries	13	13	Elderberry

NA	NA	NA	13	European Barberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Honeysuckle

Table 23. (Continued)

Codex Group #	Codex Commodity Name	Current EPA Group #	Proposed EPA
Group #	EPA Commodity Name

004	Gooseberry	13	13	Gooseberry

004	Grapes	NA	13	Grape

004	Huckleberries	13	13	Huckleberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Jostaberry

004	Juneberries	NA	13	Juneberry

006	Kiwifruit	NA	13	Kiwifruit, fuzzy

NA	NA	NA	13	Kiwifruit, hardy

NA	NA	NA	13	Lingonberry

004	Loganberry, See Dewberries	13	13	Blackberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Maypop

NA	NA	NA	13	Mountain Pepper Berries

004	Mulberries	NA	13	Mulberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Muntries

NA	NA	NA	13	Native currant

004	Olallieberry, See Dewberries	13	13	Blackberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Partridgeberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Phalsa

NA	NA	NA	13	Pincherry

004	Raspberries, Red, Black	13	13	Raspberry

NA	NA	NA	13	Riberry

004	Rose Hips	NA	13	Acerola

NA	NA	NA	13	Salal

NA	NA	NA	13	Schisandra berry

NA	NA	NA	13	Sea Buckthorn

004	Service Berries	NA	13	Juneberry

004	Service Berries 2. Sorbus torminalis (L.) CRANTZ	NA	13	Serviceberry

004	Strawberries, Wild	NA	13	Strawberry

004	Strawberries 	NA	13	Strawberry

004	Strawberry, Musky, See Strawberries, Wild	NA	13	Strawberry

004	Table-Grapes	NA	13	Grape

004	Vaccinium Berries, Including Bearberry	NA	13	Bearberry

004	Whortleberry, Red, See Bilberry, Red	NA	13	Lingonberry

NA	Wine grapes	NA	13	Grape

* Chinese egg gooseberry will not be a member of the amended Crop group
13.

	Codex Committee of Pesticide Residue (CODEX 2006) has recently proposed
a revision to its Berries and other small fruits Group 004 to establish
three subgroups: 4A Cane berries, Bush berries, and 4C Small fruited
berries, others.  The cane berries and the bush berries subgroups would
closely match the EPA subgroups 13A Caneberry and 13B Bushberry,
respectively.  The main difference between the U.S. and the Codex Crop
grouping systems is that the U.S. has representative commodities and
Codex does not.  The ICGCC Workgroup will continue the collaboration
effort with the Codex Committee of Pesticide Residue (CCPR) to develop a
harmonized crop grouping system. 

COMMODITY DEFINITIONS [(40 CFR ( 180.1(h)]:

	There are currently two commodity definitions (blackberries and
caneberries) that need to be updated.  Also, a new commodity definition
is being proposed for raspberry.

Current 40 CFR ( 180.1(h):

Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on
the general category of raw agricultural commodities listed in column A
apply to the corresponding specific raw agricultural commodities listed
in column B. However, a tolerance or exemption for a specific commodity
in column B does not apply to the general category in column A.

      A                                                        B

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Current Blackberry Commodity Definition:

Blackberries..................................  Rubus eubatus (including
bingleberries, black satin berries, boysenberries, Cherokee
blackberries, Chesterberries, Cheyenne blackberries, coryberries,
darrowberries, dewberries, Dirksen thornless berries, Himalayaberries,
hullberries, Lavacaberries, lowberries, Lucretiaberries, mammoth
blackberries, marionberries, nectarberries, olallieberries, Oregon
evergreen berries, phenomenalberries, rangerberries, ravenberries,
rossberries, Shawnee blackberries, and varieties and/or hybrids of
these).

Proposed Blackberry Commodity Definition:

Blackberry………………………..  Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)
(including Andean Blackberry, arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black
satin berry, boysenberry, brombeere, California blackberry,
Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry, Cheyenne blackberry, common
blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry, lavacaberry, loganberry,
lowberry, Lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry, marionberry, mora, mures
deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry, olallieberry, Oregon evergreen
berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry, ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee
blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry, youngberry, zarzamora, and
cultivars and/or hybrids of these with other Rubus species

Current Caneberry Commodity Definition:

Caneberries...................................  Rubus spp. (including
blackberries; Rubus caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus
(loganberry); Rubus occidentalis, idaeus, and strigosus (red and black
raspberries); and varieties and/or hybrids of these.

Proposed Caneberry Commodity Definition:

Caneberry ...................................  Rubus spp. (including
blackberry; Rubus caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus (loganberry);
Rubus idaeus (red and black raspberries); and cultivars and/or hybrids
of these.

New Proposed Raspberry Commodity Definition:

“Raspberry……………  Rubus spp. (including bababerry, black
raspberry, blackcap, framboise, frambueso, himbeere, keriberry,
mayberry, purple raspberry, red raspberry, thimbleberry, tulameen,
yellow raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).”

Recommendation on commodity definitions:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to revise the current commodity definitions
for caneberry and blackberry to reflect the latest changes to the
commodity vocabulary, and to establish a new commodity definition for
raspberry which will further clarify the cultivars of rapberry covered
in the Caneberry subgroup.  This amendment will correct the scientific
names to the commodity definition and update the commodity terminology
to conform to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary rules for
commodity terminology.

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE:

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION:

Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group
Regulation to establish the revised Berry and small fruit Crop Group 13
with two amended Crop subgroups and six new subgroups, tolerances for
the Berry and small fruit crop group 13 will be established and the new
commodities approved for the group will have to be listed individually
at the same tolerance level.  This also applied to the new Crop
subgroups, the individual commodities will have to be listed separately
each with the same tolerance level.  Since ChemSAC has approved the
amendments to the Berry and small fruit Crop Group 13, the Risk
Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the
Registration Division can immediately implement the new Crop Group and
Crop Subgroups with new tolerance expressions located in the Section F
submissions.  Several tolerance expression examples for guidance
purposes for use by RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below: 

	Example 1.  What is the tolerance expression for the new Berry and
Small Fruit Crop Group 13? 

Answer to Example 1: 

The tolerance expression for the new Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group 13
will be “Fruit, berry and small fruit, group 13.” 

Example 2.  What is the correct Section F tolerance expression for the
eight new Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group subgroups? 

Answer to Example 2:

The tolerance expression for the eight Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group
subgroups is as follows: 

Name of Crop Subgroup	Tolerance Expression for the Crop Subgroup

Caneberry subgroup 13A	Caneberry subgroup 13A

Bushberry subgroup 13B	Bushberry subgroup 13B

Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C	Berry, large shrub/tree, subgroup
13C

Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D	Fruit, small vine climbing,
subgroup 13D

Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape	Fruit, small fruit
vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape

Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except fuzzy kiwifruit	Fruit,
small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except fuzzy kiwifruit

Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G	Berry, lowgrowing, subgroup 13G

Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except strawberry	Berry, lowgrowing,
subgroup 13H, except strawberry

Example 3:  How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Federal
Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)(13)]? 
This example is for the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use
in preparing the new Federal Register Regulation.  The example follows
the same format as the current Crop Grouping Regulation Federal Register
Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626-26643). 

Answer to Example 3:

“Crop Group 13: Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group.

Representative commodities.  Any one blackberry or any one raspberry;
highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape and fuzzy kiwifruit;
and strawberry.

Table.  The following Table 1 lists all the commodities listed in Crop
Group 13 and identifies the related crop subgroups.

TABLE 1 -Crop Group 13: Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group

Commodities	Related crop subgroups

Amur river grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr)	13D, 13E, 13F 

Aronia berry (Aronia spp.)	13B

Bayberry (Myrica spp.)	13C

Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)	13G, 13H

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)	13G, 13H

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) (including Andean blackberry, arctic blackberry,
bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, brombeere, California
blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry, Cheyenne blackberry,
common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless
berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry, lavacaberry,
loganberry, lowberry, Lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry, marionberry,
mora, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry, olallieberry,
Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry, ravenberry,
rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry, youngberry,
zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these	13A

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)	13B

Blueberry, lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton)	13B

Buffalo currant (Ribes aureum Pursh)	13B

Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.)	13C

Che (Cudrania tricuspidata Bur. ex Lavallee	13C

Chilean guava (Myrtus ugni Mol.)	13B

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.)	13C

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.)	13G, 13H

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton)	13G, 13H

Currant, black (Ribes nigrum L.)	13B

Currant, red (Ribes rubrum L.)	13B

Elderberry (Sambucus spp.)	13B, 13C

European barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.)	13B

Gooseberry (Ribes spp.)	13B

Grape (Vitis spp.)	13D, 13F

Highbush cranberry (Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum Aiton)	13B

Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerula L. var. emphyllocalyx Nakai)	13B

Huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.)	13B

Jostaberry (Ribes x nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer)	13B

Juneberry (Amelanchier spp.)	13B, 13C

Kiwifruit, fuzzy (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R.
Ferguson)	13D, 13E

Kiwifruit, hardy (Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq)
13D, 13E, 13F

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)	13B, 13G, 13H

Maypop (Passiflora incarnata L.)	13E, 13F

Mountain pepper berries (Tasmannia lanceolata)	13C

Mulberry Morus spp.)	13C

Muntries (Kunzea pomifera)	13G, 13H

Native currant (Acrotriche depressa)	13B

Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens L.)	13G, 13H

Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis DC.)	13C

Pincherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.)	13C

Raspberry, black and red (Rubus spp.)	13A

Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii)	13C

Salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh)	13B, 13C

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)	13B

Serviceberry (Sorbus spp.)	13C

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne)	13G

Wild raspberry (Rubus muelleri Lefevre ex P.J. Mull)	13A

 Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop
Group 13, specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and
lists all the commodities included in each subgroup.

TABLE 2 -Crop Group 13: Subgroup Listing

Representative commodities	Commodities

Subgroup 13A:  Caneberry subgroup.

Any one blackberry or any one raspberry.	Blackberry; Raspberry, red and
black; wild raspberry; loganberry; cultivars and/or hybrids of these.  

Subgroup 13B:  Bushberry subgroup.

Blueberry, highbush.	Berry, aronia; Blueberry, highbush, and cultivars
and/or hybrids of these; blueberry, Lowbush; currant, buffalo; guava,
Chilean; currant, black; and currant, red; barberry, European;
gooseberry; cranberry, highbush; honeysuckle; huckleberry; jostaberry;
Juneberry; lingonberry; currant, native; salal; buckthorn, sea.

Subgroup 13C: Large shrub/tree berry subgroup.

Elderberry or mulberry.

	Bayberry; buffaloberry; che; chokecherry; elderberry; juneberry;
berries, mountain pepper; mulberry; phalsa; pincherry; riberry;
serviceberry.

Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup.

Grape and fuzzy kiwifruit.	Amur river; gooseberry, grape; kiwifruit,
fuzzy; kiwifruit, hardy; maypop, schisandra berry. 

Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup, except grape.

Fuzzy kiwifruit. 

	Amur river; gooseberry, kiwifruit, fuzzy; kiwifruit, hardy; maypop;
schisandra berry.

Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup except fuzzy kiwifruit.

Grape	Amur river; gooseberry, grape, kiwifruit, hardy; maypop;
schisandra berry.

Subgroup 13G: Lowgrowing berry subgroup.

Strawberry. 	Bearberry; bilberry; blueberry, lowbush; cloudberry;
cranberry; lingonberry; muntries; partridgeberry; strawberry.

Subgroup 13H, Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except strawberry.

Cranberry.	Bearberry; bilberry; blueberry, lowbush; cloudberry;
cranberry; lingonberry; muntries; partridgeberry.

Example 4:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Berry and small fruit crop
group 13 for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will
be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division
(HED) to prepare tolerance tables.  Since there are currently eight
commodities in the Berry crop group they do not have to be listed
separately, however, all the new proposed commodities will have to be
listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the same level as
the crop group.

Answer to Example 4:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Berry and small fruit, group 13	1.5

Amur river grape	1.5

Aronia berry	1.5

Bayberry	1.5

Bearberry	1.5

Bilberry	1.5

Blueberry, lowbush	1.5

Buffalo currant	1.5

Buffaloberry	1.5

Che	1.5

Chilean guava	1.5

Chokecherry	1.5

Cloudberry	1.5

Cranberry	1.5

European barberry	1.5

Grape	1.5

Highbush cranberry	1.5

Honeysuckle	1.5

Jostaberry	1.5

Juneberry	1.5

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	1.5

Kiwifruit, hardy	1.5

Lingonberry	1.5

Maypop	1.5

Mountain pepper berries	1.5

Mulberry	1.5

Muntries	1.5

Native currant	1.5

Partridgeberry	1.5

Phalsa	1.5

Pincherry	1.5

Riberry	1.5

Salal	1.5

Schisandra berry	1.5

Sea buckthorn 	1.5

Serviceberry	1.5

Strawberry	1.5

Wild raspberry	1.5

Example 5:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Caneberry subgroup 13A for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 5 for the Caneberry subgroup 13A:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Caneberry subgroup 13B	1.5

Wild raspberry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 6:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Bushberry subgroup 13B for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 6 for the Bushberry subgroup 13B:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Bushberry subgroup 13B	1.5

Aronia berry	1.5

Blueberry, lowbush	1.5

Buffalo currant	1.5

Chilean guava	1.5

European barberry	1.5

Highbush cranberry	1.5

Honeysuckle	1.5

Jostaberry	1.5

Juneberry	1.5

Loganberry	1.5

Native currant	1.5

Salal	1.5

Sea buckthorn	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 7:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Large shrub/tree berry
subgroup 13C for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example
will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects
Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 7 for the Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Bayberry	1.5

Buffaloberry	1.5

Che	1.5

Chokeberry	1.5

Elderberry	1.5

Juneberry	1.5

Mountain pepper berries	1.5

Mulberry	1.5

Phalsa	1.5

Pincherry	1.5

Riberry	1.5

Serviceberry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 8:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup 13D for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example
will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects
Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 8 for the Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Amur river grape	1.5

Grape 	1.5

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	1.5

Kiwifruit, hardy	1.5

Maypop	1.5

Schisandra berry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 9:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup 13E, except grape for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? 
This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and
Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 9 for the Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E,
except grape:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Amur river grape	1.5

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	1.5

Kiwifruit, hardy	1.5

Maypop	1.5

Schisandra berry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 10:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup 13F, except fuzzy kiwifruit for example at a tolerance level of
1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD)
and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 10 for the Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F,
except fuzzy kiwifruit:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Amur river grape	1.5

Grape	1.5

Kiwifruit, hardy	1.5

Maypop	1.5

Schisandra berry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 11:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Lowberry berry subgroup
subgroup 13G for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example
will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects
Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 11 for the Lowberry berry subgroup subgroup 13G:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Bearberry	1.5

Bilberry	1.5

Blueberry, lowbush	1.5

Cloudberry	1.5

Cranberry	1.5

Lingonberry	1.5

Muntries	1.5

Partridgeberry	1.5

Strawberry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

Example 12:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Lowberry berry subgroup
subgroup 13H, except strawberry for example at a tolerance level of 1.5
ppm?  This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and
Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables 

Answer to Example 12 for the Lowberry berry subgroup subgroup 13H,
except strawberry:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Bearberry	1.5

Bilberry	1.5

Blueberry, lowbush	1.5

Cloudberry	1.5

Cranberry	1.5

Lingonberry	1.5

Muntries	1.5

Partridgeberry	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities 

EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY:

	The following terms for the berries and small fruits will be
incorporated to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Database (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed"  http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed ).  A
search of the lookup terms will link to the EPA preferred
tolerance/commodity term.  Until the Federal Register Notice for the
Crop Group is final, the Crop Group designation on each term will be
listed as no crop group or crop subgroup and given the crop group 99 for
the present.  

Berry and Small Fruit Commodity	Lookup Term   

Amur River grape 	Amur grape; Amurreb; Amur river grape; Grape, amur
river; Grape, amur

Andean blackberry	Andean blackberry; Mora de castilla; Andes berry;
Berry, andes; Mure des andes; Andenberre; Andenhimbeere; Mora; Moras;
Mora blanco; Zarzamora; Azul

Arctic blackberry	Arctic blackberry; Blackberry, arctic; Arctic bramble;
Bramble, arctic; Northern blackberry; Blackberry, northern

Aronia berry	Aronia berry; Berry, aronia; Chokeberry; Aronia; Black
chokecherry; Chokeberry, black; Red chokeberry; Chokeberry, red; Black
chokeberry; Chokeberry, black

Bayberry	Gale; Chinese strawberry tree; Tamamomo; Southern waxmyrtle;
Waxmyrtle, southern; Waxberry; Tallow berry; Berry, tallow; Candleberry;
Tallow shrub; Shrub, tallow; Myrtle; Northern bayberry; Bayberry,
northern; Small waxberry; Waxberry, 

Bearberry	Bearberry; Kinnikinik; Kutai tea; Tea, kutai; Manzanita;
Mealberry; Hog cranberry; Cranberry, hog; Sandberry; Sand berry; Berry,
sand; Cowberry; Mountain box; Box, mountain; Bears grape; Grape, bears;
Creashak; Gayuba; uva ursi; Mountain cranberry; Cranberry, mountain;
Sandberry; Arberry; Kinnikinnick; Red bearberry; Bearberry, red;
Sagackhomi: Rockberry; Upland cranberry; Cranberry, upland; Hogberry;
Uva-ursi;Bears bilberry; Bilberry, bears; Bears whortleberry;
Whortleberry, bears; Foxberry; Crowberry; Killikinnic; Universe vine;
Brawling: Burren myrtle; Myrtle, burren; Creashak; Sagachomi; Rapper
dandies: Vancouver jade.

Bilberry	Bilberry; Whortleberry; Velvetleaf blueberry; Blueberry,
velvetberry; Bollebar; Sourtop; Blaeberry; Dwarf bilberry; Bilberry,
dwarf; Whinberry; Mirtillo; Black Whortles; Whinberry; Trackleberry;
Hurts; Bleaberry; Hurtleberry; Bulberry; Airelle; Vaccinium Frondosum; 

Blackberry	Blackberry; Caneberry; Bingleberry; Black satin berry; Berry,
black satin; Boysenberry; Brombeere; Cherokee blackberry; Blackberry,
Cherokee; Chesterberry; Cheyene blackberry; Blackberry, cheyene;
Cheyenne blackberry; Blackberry, Cheyenne; Coryberry; Darrowberry;
Dewberry; Dirksen thornless berry; Himalayaberry; Hullberry; Lavacaberry
Lowberry; Lucretiaberry; Mammoth blackberry; Blackberry, mammoth;
Marionberry; Mora; Moras; Mures de ronce; Nectar berry; Olallieberry;
Oregon evergreen berry; Phenomenalberry; Rangeberry; Ravenberry;
Rossberry; Shawnee blackberry; Blackberry, Shawnee; Tayberry; Zarzamora;
Common blackberry; Blackberry, common; Allegheny blackberry; Blackberry,
alleghany; Arctic blackberry; Blackberry, artic; Crimsonberry; Arctic
bramble; Bramble, arctic; Crimson bramble; Bramble, crimson;
Nectarberry; Northern dewberry; Dewberry, northern; Dewberry, American;
American dewberry; Evergreen blackberry; Blackberry, evergreen; Cutleaf
blackberry; Blackberry, cutleaf; Parsleyleaved blackberry; Southern
dewberry; Dewberry, southern; California blackberry; Blackberry,
California; Pacific blackberry; Blackberry, pacific; Dewberry, pacific;
Pacific dewberry; Loganberry; Boysenberry; Youngberry; European
dewberry: Dewberry, European; Ronce bleuatre.

Blueberry	Blueberry; Highbush blueberry; Blueberry, highbush; American
blueberry; Blueberry, American; Swamp blueberry; Blueberry, swamp;
Northern highbush blueberry; southern highbush blueberry; Half-high
blueberry; Rabbiteye blueberry; Blueberry, rabbiteye; Southern black
blueberry; Oval leaved blueberry

Bluebery, lowbush	Blueberry, Lowbush; Lowbush blueberry; Wild blueberry;
Blueberry, wild; Sweet hurts; Lowsweet blueberry; Blueberry, lowsweet;
Late sweet blueberry; Early low blueberry; Lowbush blueberry

Buffalo, currant	Buffalo Currant; Currant, buffalo; Clove currant;
Currant, clove; Golden currant; Currant, golden; Missouri Currant;
Currant, missouri 

Buffaloberry	Buffaloberry; Soapberry; Soopalollie, Foamberry;
Silverberry; Redberry; Bullberry; Wild oleaster

Che	Che; Chinese mulberry; Mulberry, Chinese; Cudrang; Marion melon
berry, Silkworm thorn; Cudrania; Storehousebush 

Chilean guava	Chilean guava; Guava, Chilean; Murta; Murtilla; Mortillo;
Tas myrtus berry; Tazziberry; New Zealand cranberry ; 

Chinese egg gooseberry	Chinese egg gooseberry; Gooseberry, Chinese egg;
Leatherleaf actinidia

Chokeberry	Chokeberry; Western chokeberry; Chokeberry, western; Common
chokeberry; Chokeberry, common; Bitterberry; Black chokeberry;
Chokeberry, black

Cloudberry	Cloudberry; Malka; Salmonberry; Yellowberry; Bakeapple;
Baked-apple; Baked-apple berry; Foxberry; Mars apple; Bake-apple;
Bakeberry; Baked-apple berry; Moltebeere; Torfbeere

Cranberry	Cranberry; Large cranberry; Cranberry, large; American
cranberry; Cranberry, American; Canneberge agrands; Krannbeere; Arandano
agrios; Grosse canneberge d(Amerique

Currant, black	Currant, black; Black currant; Cassis; European black
currant

Currant, red	Currant, red; Red currant; White currant; Currant, white;
Common currant; Currant, white; Garden currant; Currant, currant;
Grosellero rojo; Groseillier rouge

Dewberry	Dewberry; Trailing blackberry; boysenberry; loganberry;
youngberry; Zaramoras; Mures des haies; Southern dewberry; Dewberry,
southern

Elderberry	Elderberry; American elder; Elder, American; Blueberry elder;
Elder, blueberry; Blue elderberry; Elderberry, blue; Canadian
elderberry; Elderberry, canadian; Common elder; Elder, common; European
elderberry; Elderberry, European; Mexican elder; Elder, Mexican; Red
elder; Elder, red;  Southern elder; Elder, southern; Sureau; Holunder;
American elderberry; Sweet elder; Elder, sweet; Blue elderberry; Western
elderberry; Blue elder; European elderry, Black elderberry, Black
elder,; Elder, black; Elder; European red elder; American red elder;
Redberried elder; Elder, redberrried; Scarlet elder; Elder, scarlet;
Stinking elder; Elder, stinking

European Barberry	European Barberry; Barbarry, European; Jaundice berry;
Berry, jaundice; Pepperidge: Pepperidge bush: Sowberry: Barberry;
berberis; Daruharidra; Daruhaldi; Kingor; Holisticonline

Gooseberry	Gooseberry; Crossberry; Fea; Feverberry; Feabes; Carberry;
Groseille; Grozet; Groser; Krusbaar; Deberries; Goosegogs; Honeyblobs;
Feaberry; European gooseberry; Gooseberry, European;
Groseillier;epineux; Grosellero; espinoso; English gooseberry;
Gooseberry, English; Hairy gooseberry; Gooseberry, hairy

Grape	Grape; Grape, raisin; Uva pasa; Wine grape; Grape, wine; Foxgrape;
Grape, fox; Slipskin grape; Grape, slipskin; Vigne; Weinrebe; European
grape;Grape, European; Grape, concord; Concord grape; Vid; Parra; Skunk
grape;Grape, skunk; Parson; Moscada; Vite moscata; Corinthian grape;
Grape, cornithian; Currant grape; Grape, currant; Zante currant;
Currant, zante; Champagne grape; Grape, champagne; Staphis; Passonilla;
Sultanas; Scuppernong; Yamabudou; American Bunch; Bunch, American;
Muscadine; Moscada; Vite moscata; Bullace; Southern fox grape

Highbush cranberry	Highbush cranberry; Cranberry, highbush; American
Cranberrybush; European cranberry bush; Crampbark; Guelder rose;
Snowball bush; Nannyberry; Blackhaw; Sheepberry; Sweet viburnum; Wild
raisin; Nanny plum; Plum, nanny; Sweetberry; Tea plant; Cowberry

Honeysuckle	Honeysuckle; Haskap; Kuromino uguisukagura; Honeyberry

Huckleberry	Huckleberry, Black huckleberry; Huckleberry, black; Dwarf
huckleberry; Huckleberry, dwarf; Dangleberry; Box huckleberry;
Huckleberry, box; Blue huckleberry; Huckleberry, blue; Bear huckleberry;
Huckleberry, bear

Jostaberry	Jostaberry, Pruterberry

Juneberry	Juneberry; Serviceberry; Sarvisberry; Saskatoon; Alleghney
serviceberry; Chinese serviceberry; Sarvistree; Shadblow; Shadbush;
Swamp sugar pear; Currant tree; Snowy mespilus; Indian pear; Shad;
Sugarplum; Saskatoon-berry; Saskatoon serviceberry; western
serviceberry; Saskatoon berry; Alderleaf; Pacific serviceberry; Downy
serviceberry; Woodland Saskatoon; Mespilus snowy; Sarvis berry; Service
tree; Downy serviceberry; Woodland Saskatoon; Canadian serviceberry;
Running serviceberry; Runnering juneberry; Quebec berry; Bush juneberry
; Tree currant; Currant, tree; Indian pear; Pear, Indian; Sarviberry;
Serviceberry, western; Western serviceberry; Smooth juneberry; Roundleaf
serviceberry; Sand serviceberry; Apple serviceberry; Mountain juneberry,
Rocky mountain blueberry; Oblongfruit serviceberry; Inland serviceberry;
Utah serviceberry, Allegheny serviceberry,  Saskatoon serviceberry 

Kiwifruit, fuzzy	Kiwifruit; Chinese gooseberry; Kiwi; Strawberry peach,
Fuzzy kiwi, Kiwi fruit, Babykiwi, Kiwifrucht; Gold kiwi; Kiwi, gold; Oni
matatabi; Cajou; Anacardier geant 

Kiwifruit, hardy	Kiwifruit, hardy; Hardy kiwifruit; taravine; vine pear;
yang tao; Yang-t'ao; Hardy kiwi; Grape kiwi; Mihoutao; Babykiwi, Mi hou
tao; Hardy kiwi; Arguta; Ruanzao mihoutao; Zhonghua mihoutao; Kolomikta;
Arctic Beauty; Bower vine; Cocktail kiwi; Desset kiwi; Gouzao mihoutao;
Kokuwa; Jinhua mihoutao; Heixin mihoutao; Silver vine; Matatabi

Lingonberry	Lingonberry; Cowberry; Mountain cranberry; Lingberry; Rock
cranberry; Foxberry; Whimberry; Partridge berry; Alpine cranberry; Red
whortleberry; Lingen,; Moss cranberry; Arandano encarnado; Lingenberry;
Kronsbeere; Airella rouge, Cranberry, alpin, Alpine cranberry,
Cranberry, moss, Moss cranberry, Preiselbeere, Whortleberry, red

Maypop	Maypop; Passionflower; Passion vine; Apricot vine; American
Maypop; Passion Vine; Apricot Vine; Carkifelek; Charkhi Felek; Maypop;
Maypop Passionflower; Passion Flower; Purple Passion-flower, Purple
Passionflower; Saa'T Gulu; Ward Assa'Ah; Zahril Aalaam; Granadilla;
Purple Passionflower iIne; Red-flowered Poka; Water Lemon; May Pops;
Wild Passion Flower; Sand mountain

Mountain pepper berries	Mountain pepper berries; Dorrigo pipper;
Peppertree; Peppertree

Mulberry	Mulberry; Mulberry, white; White mulberry; Chinese mulberry;
Mulberry, black; Black mulberry; Mulberry, red; Red mulberry

Muntries	Muntries; Munthari; Mantari; Mantirri; Munter and monterry;
Native Cranberries; Munta Berries

Native, currant	Native currant; Currant, native

Partridgeberry 	Partridgeberry; Squawberry; Twinberry; Squaw vine;
Two-eyed berry; Running box; Checkerberry; Creep-chequer berry; Deer
berry; Hive vine; One berry; Two-eyed chequer berry; Winter clover;
Winterberry

Phalsa	Phalsa; Falsa

Pincherry	Pincherry

Raspberry	Raspberry; Red raspberry; Raspberry, red; Black raspberry;
Raspberry, black; Mayberry; Thimbleberry; Amora; Mora; Blackcap;
Himbeere; Framboise; Frambueso; Yellow raspberry; Raspberry, yellow;
Bababerry; Keriberry; Tulameen; European red raspberry; Frambueso rojas;
Chordon; American red raspberry; Framboisier rouge; Blackcap;
Framboisier de Virginia; Frambueso nigro; Hill raspberry; Raspberry,
hill; Mysore raspberry; Raspberry, mysore; Purple raspberry; Raspberry,
purple; Western thimbleberry; Thimbleberry, western; Salmonberry;
Thimbleberry; Mauritius raspberry; Raspberry, Mauritius; Amora

Riberry	Riberry; Cherry adler; Small leaved lilly pilly; Cherry satinash

Salal	Salal; Shallon; Lemonleaf

Schisandra berry	Schisandra berry; Berry schisandra; Sandra berry vine;
Schisandra; Schizandra; Magnolia vine; Wu wei dze; Wu wei zi; Tyosen
gomisi; O mi cha; Five flavor fruit; Chinese magnolia vine; Eastern
prince Chinese magnolia vine; Strawberry vine

Sea buckthorn	Sea buckthorn; Buckthorn, sea; Sea berry; Berry, sea;
Common sea buckthorn; Willow leaved sea buckthorn

Serviceberry	Serviceberry; Mountain ash

Strawberry	Strawberry; Garden strawberry; Hybrid strawberry; Fresa;
Cultivated strawberry; Ichigo; European strawberry; Sowteat strawberry;
Woodland strawberry; Strawberry, woodlawn; Tut sade; Fragola; Aarbei;
Jagoda; Morango; Zemene

Wild raspberry	Wild raspberry; Raspberry, wild

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$WIERSEMA 2005a: Wiersema 2005a. Personal communications. Bulb vegetable
species. John Wiersema. 5 JAN. 05. Washington, DC. 

WILD THYME: Wild Thyme Farm Homepage.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.wildthymefarm.com/index.html" 
http://www.wildthymefarm.com/index.html 

WISCONSIN: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Homepage.  
HYPERLINK "http://dnr.wi.gov/"  http://dnr.wi.gov/ 

WSU: Fruit Hort Alternative Crops. Washington State University online
information.

              http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/frt_hort/altcrop.html.

ZHANG: Zhang, W.S., K. Chen, C. Sun, C. Lai, C. Zhou, W. Xu, W.Q. Zhang,
and I. Ferguson.  2005. Postharvest Response of Chinese Bayberry Fruit.
Postharvest Biology and Technology 37(3): 241-251.

ZHEJIANG: Studies of Chinese bayberry fruits on some physiological
characters during the storage.  Journal of Zhejiang University.  Online
information. http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr/2001/200102/010213.htm

APPENDIX I: Map of the Berries Harvested Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  1 .  Map of All Combined Berries
Harvested Acres

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  2 .  Map of Blackberry Harvested Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  3 .  Map of Highbush Blueberry Harvested
Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  4 . Map of the Wild Blueberry Harvested
Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  5 .  Map of Cranberry harvested Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  6 .  Map of the Grape Harvested Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  7 .  Map of the Raspberry Harvested
Acres.

Figure   SEQ Figure \* ARABIC  8 .  Map of the Strawberry Harvested
Acres.

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