Document ID: EPA-R09-OAR-2020-0425-0140
Agency: epa
Document Type: Proposed Rule
Title: Air Quality State Implementation Plans; Approvals and Promulgations: Sacramento Metro, CA; Contingency Measures for 2008 Ozone Standards
Posted Date: 2023-03-28T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 59 (Tuesday, March 28, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 18286-18291]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-06345]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R09-OAR-2020-0425; FRL-10618-01-R9]

Disapproval of Clean Air Plans; Sacramento Metro, California; 
Contingency Measures for 2008 Ozone Standards

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
disapprove under the Clean Air Act (CAA or ``Act'') state 
implementation plan (SIP) submissions from the State of California that 
address contingency measures requirements for the 2008 ozone national 
ambient air quality standards (NAAQS or ``standards'') in the 
Sacramento Metro, California ozone nonattainment area. The SIP 
revisions include the portions of the following documents that address 
the contingency measures requirements: the ``Sacramento Regional 2008 
NAAQS 8-hour Ozone Attainment and Reasonable Further Progress Plan,'' 
submitted in 2017 (``2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan''), and the 
Sacramento Metro portion of the ``2018 Updates to the California State 
Implementation Plan'' (``2018 SIP Update''). The EPA is proposing this 
disapproval because the SIP revisions do not provide for contingency

[[Page 18287]]

measures that would be triggered if the area fails to attain the NAAQS 
or make reasonable further progress (RFP).

DATES: Written comments must arrive on or before April 27, 2023.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R09-
OAR-2020-0425 at https://www.regulations.gov. For comments submitted at 
Regulations.gov, follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from 
Regulations.gov. The EPA may publish any comment received to its public 
docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, 
video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written 
comment is considered the official comment and should include 
discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not 
consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary 
submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For 
additional submission methods, please contact the person identified in 
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the full EPA public 
comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and 
general guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets. If you need assistance in a 
language other than English or if you are a person with a disability 
who needs a reasonable accommodation at no cost to you, please contact 
the person identified in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Laura Lawrence, EPA Region IX, (415) 
972-3407, [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, ``we,'' ``us,'' 
and ``our'' refer to the EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. Ozone Air Pollution and Regulatory Framework
    B. Sacramento Metro Nonattainment Area
    C. State Implementation Plan Revisions and Previous EPA 
Rulemaking
II. Evaluation
    A. Procedural Requirements for Adoption and Submission of SIP 
Revisions
    B. Evaluation for Compliance With Clean Air Act Contingency 
Measures Requirements
III. Proposed Action and Clean Air Act Consequences
IV. Request for Public Comment
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background

A. Ozone Air Pollution and Regulatory Framework

    Ground-level ozone pollution is formed from the reaction of 
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of nitrogen 
(NOX) in the presence of sunlight.\1\ These two pollutants, 
referred to as ozone precursors, are emitted by many types of sources, 
including on- and off-road motor vehicles and engines, power plants and 
industrial facilities, and smaller area sources such as lawn and garden 
equipment and paints. Scientific evidence indicates that adverse health 
effects occur following exposure to elevated levels of ozone, 
particularly in children and adults with lung disease. Breathing air 
containing ozone can reduce lung function and inflame airways, which 
can increase respiratory symptoms and aggravate asthma or other lung 
diseases.\2\
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    \1\ The State of California refers to reactive organic gases 
(ROG) rather than VOC in some of its ozone-related SIP submissions. 
As a practical matter, ROG and VOC refer to the same set of chemical 
constituents, and for simplicity, we refer to this set of gases as 
VOC in this proposed rule.
    \2\ For more information on ozone health effects, see ``Fact 
Sheet--2008 Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality 
Standards for Ozone,'' dated March 2008.
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    Under section 109 of the CAA, the EPA promulgates NAAQS for 
pervasive air pollutants, such as ozone. The EPA has previously 
promulgated NAAQS for ozone in 1979 and 1997.\3\ In 2008, the EPA 
revised and further strengthened the ozone NAAQS by setting the 
acceptable level of ozone in the ambient air at 0.075 parts per million 
(ppm) averaged over an 8-hour period.\4\ Although the EPA further 
tightened the 8-hour ozone NAAQS to 0.070 ppm in 2015, this action 
relates to the requirements for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.\5\
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    \3\ The ozone NAAQS promulgated in 1979 was 0.12 parts per 
million (ppm) averaged over a 1-hour period. For information on the 
1979 NAAQS, see 44 FR 8202 (February 8, 1979). The ozone NAAQS 
promulgated in 1997 was 0.08 ppm averaged over an 8-hour period. For 
information on the 1997 NAAQS, see 62 FR 38856 (July 18, 1997).
    \4\ 73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008).
    \5\ Information on the 2015 ozone NAAQS is available at 80 FR 
65292 (October 26, 2015).
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    Following promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, the EPA is 
required under CAA section 107(d) to designate areas throughout the 
country as attaining or not attaining the NAAQS. The EPA classifies 
ozone nonattainment areas under CAA section 181 according to the 
severity of the ozone pollution problem, with classifications ranging 
from ``Marginal'' to ``Extreme.'' State planning and emissions control 
requirements for ozone are determined, in part, by the nonattainment 
area's classification.

B. Sacramento Metro Nonattainment Area

    The EPA designated the Sacramento Metro area as nonattainment for 
the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS on May 21, 2012, and classified the area as 
``Severe 15.'' \6\ The Sacramento Metro area consists of Sacramento and 
Yolo counties and portions of El Dorado, Placer, Solano and Sutter 
counties.\7\ The applicable attainment date for the 2008 ozone NAAQS 
for the Sacramento Metro area is December 31, 2024.\8\
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    \6\ 77 FR 30088. ``Severe-15'' signifies a Severe area that is 
required to attain the ozone standards within 15 years under CAA 
section 181(a)(1).
    \7\ For a precise description of the geographic boundaries of 
the Sacramento Metro area for the 2008 ozone standards, see 40 CFR 
81.305. Specifically included portions are the eastern portion of 
Solano County, the western portions of Placer and El Dorado counties 
outside of the Lake Tahoe Air Basin, and the southern portion of 
Sutter County.
    \8\ 85 FR 68509, 68510 (October 29, 2020).
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    In California, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the 
state agency responsible for the adoption and submission to the EPA of 
California SIP submissions, and it has broad authority to establish 
emissions standards and other requirements for mobile sources. Under 
California law, local and regional air pollution control districts in 
California are responsible for the regulation of stationary sources and 
are generally responsible for the development of regional air quality 
plans. In the Sacramento Metro area, the El Dorado County Air Quality 
Management District (EDCAQMD), the Feather River Air Quality Management 
District (FRAQMD), the Placer County Air Pollution Control District 
(PCAPCD), the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District 
(SMAQMD), and the Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District (YSAQMD) 
(collectively, ``Districts'') develop and adopt air quality management 
plans to address CAA planning requirements applicable to the region. 
The Districts then submit such plans to CARB for adoption and 
submission to the EPA as proposed revisions to the California SIP.

C. State Implementation Plan Revisions and Previous EPA Rulemaking

    Under the CAA, after the EPA designates areas as nonattainment for 
a NAAQS, states with nonattainment areas are required to submit SIP 
revisions. With respect to areas designated as nonattainment, states 
must implement the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS under Title 1, part D of the

[[Page 18288]]

CAA, which includes section 172 (``Nonattainment plan provisions in 
general'') and sections 181-185 of subpart 2 (``Additional provisions 
for ozone nonattainment areas''). To assist states in developing 
effective plans to address ozone nonattainment problems, in 2015, the 
EPA issued a SIP Requirements Rule (SRR) for the 2008 8-hour ozone 
NAAQS (``2008 Ozone SRR'') that addressed implementation of the 2008 
standards, including attainment dates, requirements for emissions 
inventories, attainment and RFP demonstrations, as well as the 
transition from the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS to the 2008 8-hour ozone 
NAAQS and associated anti-backsliding requirements.\9\ The 2008 Ozone 
SRR is codified at 40 CFR part 51, subpart AA.
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    \9\ 80 FR 12264 (March 6, 2015).
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    On December 18, 2017, CARB submitted the ``Sacramento Regional 2008 
NAAQS 8-Hour Ozone Attainment and Reasonable Further Progress Plan'' 
(``2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan'') to the EPA as a revision to 
the California SIP.\10\ The 2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan 
addresses the nonattainment area requirements for the Sacramento Metro 
area concerning the 2008 ozone NAAQS, including the contingency 
measures element. On December 11, 2018, CARB submitted the ``2018 
Updates to the California State Implementation Plan'' (``2018 SIP 
Update'').\11\ The 2018 SIP Update provides updates to prior SIP 
submittals for eight California nonattainment areas, including 
information to support the contingency measures element of the 2017 
Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan in the wake of the decision by the U.S. 
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (``Ninth Circuit'') in Bahr v. 
EPA.\12\
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    \10\ Letter dated December 18, 2017, from Richard Corey, 
Executive Officer, CARB, to Alexis Strauss, Acting Regional 
Administrator, EPA Region IX.
    \11\ Letter dated December 5, 2018, from Richard Corey, 
Executive Officer, CARB, to Mike Stoker, Regional Administrator, EPA 
Region IX (submitted electronically December 11, 2018). Our previous 
proposed action at 85 FR 68509 and final action at 86 FR 58581 
misidentified the date of the submittal of the 2018 SIP Update as 
December 5, 2018. While the letter accompanying the submittal is 
dated December 5, 2018, the EPA received the submittal 
electronically on December 11, 2018. For more information, see the 
eSIPs Application State Implementation Plan Summary Page in the 
docket for this rulemaking. CARB adopted the 2018 SIP Update on 
October 25, 2018.
    \12\ Bahr v. EPA, 836 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2016). In this case, 
the court rejected the EPA's longstanding interpretation of CAA 
section 172(c)(9) as allowing for early implementation of 
contingency measures. The court concluded that a contingency measure 
must take effect at the time the area fails to make RFP or attain by 
the applicable attainment date, not before. See also Sierra Club v. 
EPA, 985 F.3d 1055 (D.C. Cir. 2021), reaching a similar decision. 
For a more complete description of the 2017 Sacramento Regional 
Ozone Plan and 2018 SIP Update as they relate to the Sacramento 
Metro nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone NAAQS, see 85 FR 68509, 
68512.
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    In 2020, CARB and the Districts committed to supplement these 
contingency measures by adopting and submitting additional contingency 
measures that would be triggered upon the area's failure to attain or 
to meet RFP. In a letter dated May 26, 2020, the Districts committed to 
amend their respective architectural coatings rules,\13\ and the SMAQMD 
committed to adopt a new rule for reducing VOC emissions from liquified 
petroleum gas transfer and dispensing, commensurate with South Coast 
Air Quality Management District Rule 1177.\14\ CARB forwarded the 
Districts' May 26, 2020 letter to the EPA on July 7, 2020, accompanied 
by a letter committing to submit amended rules to the EPA as a revision 
to the California SIP within 12 months of a final conditional approval 
of the contingency measures element.\15\
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    \13\ Specifically, the Districts committed to amend their 
respective architectural coating rules to be consistent with the 
CARB Architectural Coatings Suggested Control Measure (SCM), as 
adopted on May 21, 2019. This would include lowering the VOC limits 
for several coating categories, deleting the coating categories for 
non-flats, stains, floor, and some other specialty coatings, and 
establishing new VOC content limits for colorants.
    \14\ Letter dated May 26, 2020, from Alberto Ayala, Ph.D., 
M.S.E, Executive Officer/Air Pollution Control Officer, SMAQMD, Dave 
Johnston, Air Pollution Control Officer, EDCAQMD, Christopher Brown, 
AICP, Air Pollution Control Officer, FRAQMD, Erik White, Air 
Pollution Control Officer, PCAPCD, and Mat Erhardt, P.E., Executive 
Director/Air Pollution Control Officer, YSAQMD, to Richard Corey, 
Executive Officer, CARB, Subject: ``Commitments from the Sacramento 
Federal Nonattainment Area Districts to Adopt and/or Amend Rules as 
Contingency Measures for the Sacramento Regional 2008 NAAQS 8-Hour 
Ozone Attainment and Reasonable Further Progress Plan.''
    \15\ Letter dated July 7, 2020, from Richard W. Corey, Executive 
Officer, CARB, to John Busterud, Regional Administrator, EPA Region 
IX.
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    On October 29, 2020, the EPA proposed to approve the 2017 
Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan and the 2018 SIP Update as meeting the 
emissions inventory, attainment demonstration, reasonable further 
progress, reasonably available control measures, and motor vehicle 
emissions budgets requirements for the 2008 ozone NAAQS for the 
Sacramento Metro nonattainment area.\16\ In that same proposed rule, we 
proposed to conditionally approve the contingency measures element of 
these submittals, based on the commitments by the Districts and CARB to 
submit the new and amended district rules to the EPA within 12 months 
of a final conditional approval of the contingency measures element for 
the Sacramento Metro area.\17\ On August 26, 2021, the Ninth Circuit 
issued a decision in Association of Irritated Residents v. U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency \18\ (``AIR v. EPA'') which remanded 
the EPA's conditional approval of contingency measures for another 
California nonattainment area.
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    \16\ 85 FR 68509.
    \17\ Id.
    \18\ 10 F.4th 937 (9th Cir. 2021).
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    On October 22, 2021, we finalized our approval of the 2017 
Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan and the 2018 SIP Update with respect to 
the emissions inventory, attainment demonstration, RFP, reasonably 
available control measures, and motor vehicle emissions budgets 
requirements.\19\ Based on the Ninth Circuit's decision in AIR v. EPA, 
we did not finalize our proposed conditional approval of the 
contingency measures element at that time.\20\ Because the EPA did not 
finalize our conditional approval of the contingency measures element, 
the 12-month period during which CARB and the Districts committed to 
submit supplemental contingency measures never commenced, and CARB and 
the Districts have not adopted or submitted the rules and revisions 
identified in their commitment letters.
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    \19\ 86 FR 58581.
    \20\ See id. at 58590 (responding to comments on proposed 
approval of contingency measures element submitted by Air Law for 
All, Ltd. on behalf of Center for Biological Diversity and Center 
for Environmental Health).
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    This proposed action replaces our earlier proposed conditional 
approval of the contingency measures element.

II. Evaluation

A. Procedural Requirements for Adoption and Submission of SIP Revisions

    CAA sections 110(a) and 110(l) require a state to provide 
reasonable public notice and opportunity for public hearing prior to 
the adoption and submission of a SIP or SIP revision. To meet this 
requirement, every SIP submission should include evidence that adequate 
public notice was given and an opportunity for a public hearing was 
provided consistent with the EPA's implementing regulations in 40 CFR 
51.102. The EPA previously determined that the Districts and CARB have 
fulfilled the applicable requirements for public notice and public 
hearing for the 2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan and 2018 SIP 
Update.\21\
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    \21\ 85 FR 68509, 68512; 86 FR 58581, 58582-83.

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B. Evaluation for Compliance With Clean Air Act Contingency Measures 
Requirements

    Under the CAA, ozone nonattainment areas classified under subpart 2 
as ``Serious'' or above must include in their SIPs contingency measures 
consistent with sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9). CAA section 172(c)(9) 
requires states with nonattainment areas to provide for the 
implementation of specific measures to be undertaken if the area fails 
to make RFP or to attain the NAAQS by the applicable attainment date. 
Such measures must be included in the SIP as contingency measures to 
take effect in any such case without further action by the state or the 
EPA. Section 182(c)(9) requires states to provide contingency measures 
in the event that an ozone nonattainment area fails to meet any 
applicable RFP milestone.
    Contingency measures are additional controls or measures to be 
implemented in the event an area fails to make RFP or to attain the 
NAAQS by the attainment date. Contingency measures must be designed so 
as to be implemented prospectively; already-implemented control 
measures may not serve as contingency measures even if they provide 
emissions reductions beyond those needed for any other CAA purpose.\22\ 
The SIP should contain trigger mechanisms for the contingency measures, 
specify a schedule for implementation, and indicate that the measure 
will be implemented without significant further action by the state or 
the EPA.\23\
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    \22\ See Bahr v. EPA, 836 F.3d 1218, 1235-1237 (9th Cir. 2016) 
(``Bahr'').
    \23\ For more information about the contingency measures 
requirements see the 1997 Ozone Phase 2 Implementation Rule at 70 FR 
71612 (November 29, 2005) and the 2008 Ozone SRR at 80 FR 12264, 
12285 (March 6, 2015).
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    Neither the CAA nor the EPA's implementing regulations establish a 
specific amount of emissions reductions that implementation of 
contingency measures must achieve, but the 2008 Ozone SRR reiterates 
the EPA's guidance recommendation that contingency measures should 
provide for emissions reductions approximately equivalent to one year's 
worth of RFP, thus amounting to reductions of three percent of the 
baseline emissions inventory for the nonattainment area.\24\ In AIR v. 
EPA, the Ninth Circuit remanded the EPA's approval of ozone contingency 
measures for the San Joaquin Valley and held that, under the EPA's 
existing guidance, the surplus emissions reductions from already-
implemented measures cannot be relied upon to justify the approval of a 
contingency measure that would achieve far less than one year's worth 
of RFP as sufficient by itself to meet the contingency measures 
requirements of CAA sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9) for the 
nonattainment area.\25\
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    \24\ 80 FR 12264, 12285 (March 6, 2015).
    \25\ AIR v. EPA, 10 F.4th 937.
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    The Districts and CARB had largely prepared the 2017 Sacramento 
Regional Ozone Plan prior to the Bahr decision; therefore, the plan 
relies solely upon surplus emissions reductions from already 
implemented control measures in the RFP milestone years to demonstrate 
compliance with the RFP milestone contingency measures requirements of 
CAA sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9).\26\ The plan also demonstrates 
compliance with the attainment contingency measures requirements using 
surplus emissions reductions (in the year after the attainment 
year).\27\
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    \26\ ``Sacramento Regional 2008 NAAQS 8-hour Ozone Attainment 
and Reasonable Further Progress Plan,'' July 24, 2017, 12-1 to 12-6.
    \27\ Id. at 8-5 to 8-6.
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    In the 2018 SIP Update, CARB revised the RFP demonstration for the 
2008 ozone NAAQS for the Sacramento Metro area and recalculated the 
extent of surplus emission reductions in the milestone years.\28\ 
Consistent with the Bahr decision, the 2018 SIP Update does not rely on 
the surplus or incremental emissions reductions from already-
implemented measures to comply with the contingency measures 
requirements of sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9) but instead documents 
the extent to which future baseline emissions from such measures would 
provide surplus emissions reductions beyond those required to meet 
applicable contingency measures requirements, to provide context for 
determining the magnitude of the emissions reductions needed from 
prospective-acting, to-be-triggered contingency measures.\29\
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    \28\ ``2018 Updates to the California State Implementation 
Plan,'' October 25, 2018, 27-34.
    \29\ The 2018 SIP Update identifies enhanced enforcement 
activities intended to serve as contingency measure to be triggered 
upon a failure to attain or meet RFP. See 2018 SIP Update, Chapter 
X. However, CARB subsequently withdrew this measure from 
consideration for inclusion in the Sacramento Metro portion of the 
California SIP. See letter dated January 8, 2021, from Richard W. 
Corey, Executive Officer, CARB, to John W. Busterud, Regional 
Administrator, EPA Region IX.
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    As noted in Section I.C of this notice, the EPA previously proposed 
a conditional approval of the Districts' contingency measures, based 
upon commitments by the Districts and CARB to adopt and submit 
additional contingency measure provisions in District rules within 12 
months of the final conditional approval. Since the EPA did not 
finalize the conditional approval, the Districts and CARB did not 
submit the additional contingency measure provisions. Thus, the 
relevant submittals before us are limited to the portions of the 2017 
Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan and 2018 SIP Update that address the 
contingency measures requirements for the Sacramento Metro area.
    As described above, these submittals provide only an analysis of 
surplus emissions, and do not include specific measures to be triggered 
upon a failure to attain or to meet an RFP milestone that would achieve 
one year's worth of progress. This approach is inconsistent with CAA 
sections 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9), in light of the Ninth Circuit's 
decisions in Bahr and AIR, and accordingly we are proposing to 
disapprove these portions of the 2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan 
and 2018 SIP Update as contingency measures for the Sacramento Metro 
area for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.

III. Proposed Action and Clean Air Act Consequences

    For the reasons given in this notice, we are proposing to 
disapprove the 2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan and the 2018 SIP 
Update with respect to CAA contingency measures requirements under CAA 
section 172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9) for the Sacramento Metro area for the 
2008 ozone NAAQS.
    If the EPA finalizes the proposed disapproval of the contingency 
measures element of the 2017 Sacramento Regional Ozone Plan, as 
modified by the 2018 SIP Update, the area would be eligible for a 
protective finding under the transportation conformity rule because 
these submittals reflect adopted control measures and contain 
enforceable commitments that fully satisfy the emissions reductions 
requirements for RFP and attainment for the 2008 Ozone NAAQS.\30\
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    \30\ 40 CFR 93.120(a)(3). Without a protective finding, the 
final disapproval would result in a conformity freeze, under which 
only projects in the first four years of the most recent conforming 
Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) and Transportation Improvement 
Programs (TIP) can proceed. Generally, during a freeze, no new RTPs, 
TIPs, or RTP/TIP amendments can be found to conform until another 
control strategy implementation plan revision fulfilling the same 
CAA requirements is submitted, the EPA finds its motor vehicle 
emissions budget(s) adequate pursuant to 40 CFR 93.118 or approves 
the submission, and conformity to the implementation plan revision 
is determined. Under a protective finding, the final disapproval of 
the contingency measures element would not result in a 
transportation conformity freeze in the Sacramento Metro ozone 
nonattainment area and the local metropolitan planning organizations 
may continue to make transportation conformity determinations.

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[[Page 18290]]

    Further, if we finalize this proposed disapproval of the 
contingency measures element, the EPA must promulgate a federal 
implementation plan (FIP) under section 110(c) unless we approve 
subsequent SIP revisions that correct the rule deficiencies within 24 
months. In addition, under 40 CFR 52.35, the offset sanction in CAA 
section 179(b)(2) will be imposed 18 months after the effective date of 
this action, and the highway funding sanction in CAA section 179(b)(1) 
six months after the offset sanction is imposed. A sanction will not be 
imposed if the EPA determines that a subsequent SIP submission corrects 
the identified deficiencies before the applicable deadline.

IV. Request for Public Comment

    The EPA is soliciting public comments on the issues discussed in 
this document. We will accept comments from the public on this proposal 
for the next 30 days and will consider comments before taking final 
action.

V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at https://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This proposed action is not a significant regulatory action and was 
therefore not submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for review.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed action does not impose an information collection 
burden under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 
3501 et seq., because this proposed SIP disapproval under section 110 
and subchapter I, part D of the CAA will not in-and-of itself create 
any new information collection burdens, but simply disapproves certain 
state requirements submitted for inclusion into the SIP. Burden is 
defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency 
to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to 
notice and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies 
that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small 
businesses, small not-for-profit enterprises, and small governmental 
jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of this proposed 
rule on small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) a small 
business as defined by the Small Business Administration's (SBA) 
regulations at 13 CFR 121.201; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction 
that is a government of a city, county, town, school district, or 
special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small 
organization that is any not-for-profit enterprise which is 
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field.
    After considering the economic impacts of this proposed action on 
small entities, I certify that this proposed action will not have a 
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. This 
proposed rule does not impose any requirements or create impacts on 
small entities. This proposed SIP disapproval under section 110 and 
subchapter I, part D of the CAA will not in-and-of itself create any 
new requirements but simply disapproves certain state requirements 
submitted for inclusion into the SIP. Accordingly, it affords no 
opportunity for the EPA to fashion for small entities less burdensome 
compliance or reporting requirements or timetables or exemptions from 
all or part of the rule. The fact that the CAA prescribes that various 
consequences (e.g., higher offset requirements) may or will result from 
disapproval actions does not mean that the EPA either can or must 
conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis for this proposed action. 
Therefore, this proposed action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    This proposed action contains no Federal mandates under the 
provisions of title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(UMRA), 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538 for state, local, or tribal governments or 
the private sector. The EPA has determined that the proposed 
disapproval action does not include a federal mandate that may result 
in estimated costs of $100 million or more to either state, local, or 
tribal governments in the aggregate, or to the private sector. This 
action proposes to disapprove pre-existing requirements under state or 
local law and imposes no new requirements. Accordingly, no additional 
costs to state, local, or tribal governments, or to the private sector, 
result from this proposed action.

E. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August 
10, 1999), requires the EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure 
``meaningful and timely input by state and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' 
``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the 
Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct 
effects on the states, on the relationship between the national 
government and the states, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' This 
proposed action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as 
specified in Executive Order 13132, because it merely disapproves 
certain state requirements for inclusion into the SIP and does not 
alter the relationship or the distribution of power and 
responsibilities established in the CAA. Thus, Executive Order 13132 
does not apply to this proposed action.

F. Executive Order 13175, Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments

    This proposed action does not have tribal implications, as 
specified in Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), 
because the SIP that the EPA is proposing to disapprove would not apply 
on any Indian reservation land or in any other area where the EPA or an 
Indian tribe has demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction, and the 
EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct costs on tribal 
governments or preempt tribal law. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not 
apply to this proposed action.

G. Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    The EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 
1997) as applying only to those regulatory actions that concern health 
or safety risks, such that the analysis required under section 5-501 of 
the Executive Order has the potential to influence the regulation. This 
proposed action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is 
not an economically significant regulatory action based on health or 
safety risks subject to

[[Page 18291]]

Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This proposed SIP 
disapproval under section 110 and subchapter I, part D of the CAA will 
not in-and-of itself create any new regulations but simply disapproves 
certain state requirements submitted for inclusion into the SIP.

H. Executive Order 13211, Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This proposed action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 
28355, May 22, 2001) because it is not a significant regulatory action 
under Executive Order 12866.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement 
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note) 
directs the EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory 
activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or 
otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical 
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling 
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by 
voluntary consensus standards bodies. NTTAA directs the EPA to provide 
Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use 
available and applicable voluntary consensus standards. The EPA 
believes that this proposed action is not subject to requirements of 
Section 12(d) of NTTAA because application of those requirements would 
be inconsistent with the CAA.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Population

    Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, 59 FR 7629, 
February 16, 1994) directs federal agencies to identify and address 
``disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects'' of their actions on minority populations and low-income 
populations to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law. 
EPA defines environmental justice as ``the fair treatment and 
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin, or income with respect to the development, 
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and 
policies.'' EPA further defines the term fair treatment to mean that 
``no group of people should bear a disproportionate burden of 
environmental harms and risks, including those resulting from the 
negative environmental consequences of industrial, governmental, and 
commercial operations or programs and policies.''
    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 
federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in 
reviewing SIP submissions, the EPA's role is to review state choices, 
and approve those choices if they meet the minimum criteria of the Act. 
Accordingly, this action proposes to disapprove state submittals as not 
meeting federal requirements, and does not impose any additional 
requirements beyond those imposed by state law. Neither CARB nor the 
Districts evaluated environmental justice considerations as part of 
these SIP submittals; the CAA and applicable implementing regulations 
neither prohibit nor require such an evaluation. EPA did not perform an 
environmental justice analysis and did not consider environmental 
justice in this action. Consideration of environmental justice is not 
required as part of this action, and there is no information in the 
record inconsistent with the stated goal of Executive Order 12898 of 
achieving environmental justice for people of color, low-income 
populations, and Indigenous peoples.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: March 22, 2023.
Martha Guzman Aceves,
Regional Administrator, Region IX.
[FR Doc. 2023-06345 Filed 3-27-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P