Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0766-0047
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2011-11-09T05:00Z

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460      

	OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

                                                                        
                   AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

	

July 10, 2009

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT:	ChemSAC Review of the USDA IR-4 Crop Grouping Proposal to Amend
the Stone Fruit Crop Group 12, and Analysis of the USDA IR-4 Petition to
Amend the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR § 180.41 (c) (12) and Commodity
Definitions [40 CFR § 180.1 (g)].

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch  

Health Effects Division (7509P)  

TO:	William Donovan, Ph.D. and Michael Doherty, Ph.D., 

Chairpersons ChemSAC and Members

		Jennifer Selwyn, PMRA

		Marco Cotero, Mexico

	Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer, RD (7505P)

		Rame Cromwell, FEAD (7506P)

BACKGROUND:

	The current Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits group published in 40 CFR
180.41 (13) includes eleven commodity entries in the botanical family of
Rosaceae.  Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and plum or fresh prune were
selected as representative commodities for this group.  There have been
54 group tolerances established on stone fruits crop group based on the
residue data generated from the representative crops.  

	Since this crop group was established in 1995, more species and
varieties of stone fruits have become popular in commercial production
or trade and are currently “orphan” crops.  Jujube while not in the
Rosaceae family contains a single seed with a hard shell.  The
morphology of this crop resembles some stone fruits such as cherries and
small varieties of plums as it has large canopies shading the small
sized fruits, and should be similar to the stone fruits in terms of
residue exposure.  Some other “minor orphan” stone fruit commodities
have become more popular in some countries and areas today than they
were 10 years ago, such as the Klamath plum.  Increased globalization of
cooking in the United States has resulted in different fruits to be
enjoyed in everything from sorbets to salsas.  Adding these commodities
to the EPA stone fruits group will benefit the growers by enabling tools
for crop protection.  Some other species or varieties/cultivars of stone
fruits are also added in the proposed stone fruits group, including the
Japanese apricot.  The Japanese apricot is a popular fruit in Asia, and
its commercial products such as preserved Ume or Ume juice are already
being sold in American markets.  In the Japanese crop grouping system,
Japanese apricot (Ume) is grouped with Japanese plum (sumomo) and
apricot (andzu) as "small sized stone fruits."

The world total hectares for apricots, cherries, peaches, and plums have
increased from 3,583,597 hectares (ha) in 1997 to 4,717,647 ha in 2007,
and the total production of these fruits has increased from 23,525,883
metric tons in 1997 to 32,123,241 metric tons in 2007.  Some of these
fruits don’t have large commercial production, and thus have little
chance to develop an integrated pest control program (IPM) unless they
are added to pest control products labels and placed in the stone fruit
group.  Some of these “minor” stone fruits have great potential to
be grown on a larger scale in some areas in the future due to their
unique nutritional and medicinal values.  Being excluded from the crop
groups, means that tolerances requested for these commodities would have
to be established based on separate residue studies.  Without a doubt
the inclusion of these commodities in crop groups will benefit growers,
consumers, save time and tax payer’s money on residue studies, save
government agencies time in reviewing residue data, as well as
facilitating the establishment of import tolerances. 

This petition proposes “Stone fruits Group 12” with 22 commodity
entries, among these 21 are in the botanical family of Rosaceae and one
in the family of Rhamnaceae.  Compared with many other crop groups, most
commodities in this group are closely related and all the commodities
share similar morphological and cultural characteristics.  The 11
commodities in the proposed crop group are temperate season perennial
trees grown for edible fruits.  The fact that these fruits are in the
same botanical family with similar biological and cultural aspects
suggests they should also encounter similar pest problems and hence have
similar needs for pest control products in similar use patterns. 
Commodities and their varieties and/or hybrids proposed in this group
include all the commodities in the Codex Classification of Stone Fruits
Group and EU Crop List of Stone Fruits Group.  The representative
commodities in the existing EPA Stone Fruits Group, sweet or tart
cherry, peach, and plum or fresh prune have been recommended by the
Workgroup to continue to be representative commodities for the proposed
new group.  The new Stone Fruits Group and the representative
commodities proposed in this petition would facilitate the harmonization
of the U.S. and the Codex crop classification systems.  

Currently there are two Commodity Definitions for stone fruits published
in the 40 CFR 180 (1) (g), for “Cherry and Peach.”  To facilitate
residue data generation and tolerance establishment on small and large
varieties of stone fruits, two subgroups are proposed in this proposal
for the stone fruits group, as the Peach subgroup and the Cherry
subgroup.  Peach subgroup includes medium to large fruits including
peaches, nectarines, plums, and jujube; and the Cherry subgroup includes
the smaller stone fruits, the cherries.  By proposing the two subgroups
the two commodity definitions could be deleted from the regulation. 

The Crop Group 12 proposal was generated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping
Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 by the Temperate Tree and
Small Fruit Workgroup Chaired by Van Starner of USDA, IR-4 and
Co-Chaired by Craig Hunter, Canadian Horticultural Center, Rick
Melnicoe, University of California Department of Environmental
Toxicology, Dr. Richard Loranger and Chris Olinger, EPA, HED and John
Wise, Michigan State University.  It was further discussed and developed
within the Stone fruits Workgroup of the ICGCC.  This workgroup consists
of over 200 crop or regulatory experts from the US, and NAFTA, EU, Asia,
Middle East, and Latin America Regions representing over 40 countries. 
The Workgroup discussed and validated each of the proposed commodities
and representative commodities. 

Another important aspect is the harmonization with the Codex crop
classification.  The Codex Classification of foods and animal feeds for
Stone Fruit Group is also undergoing revision.  The IR-4/EPA Crop
Grouping Working Group and the International Crop Grouping Consulting
Committee (ICGCC) are making every effort to collaborate with the
revision of the Codex crop classification.  The expanded Stone Fruit
Group and the representative commodities proposed in this petition would
facilitate the harmonization of the U.S. and the Codex crop
classification systems.  

	The classical definition of a stone fruit is a group of crops belonging
to the genus Prunus, which have the fruit type called a drupe such as
the peach, plum, cherry, and apricot.  Given this fact most commodities
included in this group are from the same botanical family and genus, and
that they are similar in plant morphology and cultural methods.  They
are widely grown in temperate and some in subtropical regions, and are
among the most popular fruits in the marketplace. 

REQUEST:

	Dr Hong Chen, Crop Grouping Project Coordinator, USDA Interregional
Research Project No. 4 (IR-4), State Agricultural Experiment Station,
Rutgers University has submitted a petition (January 8, 2007) on behalf
of the IR-4 Project, and the Stone Fruits Workgroup of the International
Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) to amend the Crop Group
Regulation 40 CFR § 180.41 (c) (13) Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits Group,
and propose deletion of Commodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (g) for
cherries and peaches.  

	Four proposals to amend the Stone fruit group that were submitted by
USDA IR-4 were analyzed by Dr. Bernard A. Schneider, EPA and the
complete analysis and report is available as a separate attachment.  A
comparison of the current Stone fruit group with the proposed amended
group is shown in Table 1 of this memo and for the proposed crop
subgroups in Table 2.  Each of the specific proposals will be listed
below and HED recommendations and conclusions as well as other HED
recommendations on terminology, database development, and harmonization
with Codex. 

HED ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

	The EPA would like to commend the valuable and high quality input of
the ICGCC, all its members, and the Committee Chairperson Dr Hong Chen
and Bill Barney, USDA IR-4, as well as Dr. Yuen-Shaung Ng, Biologist,
HED, Doug Dotson, Chemist and Jessie Cordova, HED Information Technical
Specialist, Susan Stanton, Roger Chesser and Laura Nollen, Biologists,
RD, EPA for their input and development of various databases in this
report and Dr. Paul Schwartz, USDA, Office of Minor Use Pesticides for
his advice and peer review.  

IR-4 Proposal 1:

1. “Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (12) that
consists of the following eleven commodity entries:

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae)

Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae)

Cherry, tart, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae)

Nectarine, P. persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae)

Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Rosaceae)

Plum, Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica (Rosaceae)

Plum, Chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Rosaceae)

Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid.
(Rosaceae)

Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae)

Plumcot, Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. (Rosaceae)

Prune (fresh), Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica (Rosaceae)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 22 commodity
entries:

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae)

Apricot, Japanese, Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. (Rosaceae)

Capulin, Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh (Rosaceae) 

Cherry, black, Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. serotina (Rosaceae)

Cherry, Nanking, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Rosaceae)

Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae)

Cherry/tart, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae)

Choke cherry, Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae)

Jujube, Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Rhamnaceae)

Plum, Klamath, Prunus subcordata Benth. (Rosaceae)

Nectarine, Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid.
(Rosaceae)

Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Rosaceae)

Plum, Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica (Rosaceae)

Plum, American, Prunus americana Marshall (Rosaceae)

Plum, beach, Prunus maritime Marshall (Rosaceae)

Plum, cherry, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (Rosaceae)

Plum, Chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Rosaceae)

Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid.
(Rosaceae)

Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae)

Plumcot, Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. (Rosaceae)

Prune (fresh), Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica (Rosaceae)

Sloe, Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae)

And all edible varieties and/or hybrids of Prunus species and Ziziphus
species.”

HED Recommendation for IR-4 Proposal 1:

	Based on similarities and characteristics of the Rosaceae or Rose
family which includes all the proposed members to the Stone Fruit Crop
Group 12, as well as a comparison of stone fruits, cultural practices,
edible food and animal feed portions, residue levels, geographical
location, pest problems, established tolerances, and for international
harmonization purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to amend the
Stone Fruit Crop Group 12 from eleven commodities to twenty-two
commodities.

	While USDA IR-4 also recommended adding jujube to the Stone fruit
group, however, after analysis of this crop, I recommend ChemSAC concur
not to add this commodity to this crop group.  Jujube is in a different
plant family (Rhamnaceae instead of Rosaceae) than all the other stone
fruits.  It is more adaptable to be added to a new proposed tropical
fruit edible peel crop group that IR-4 will be recommending later this
year.  Research into these commodities also showed that the Canada plum
(Prunus nigra) has had recent improved varieties for ornamental and
edible fruit use; therefore I am recommending including Canada plum as a
commodity in the revised Stone fruit group 12.  There were also two crop
subgroups proposed by IR-4 for this crop group which will be discussed
in IR-4 Proposal 3.

	The scientific names of the twenty-two commodities were also updated
and are listed below.  

“HED Corrected Proposed Stone Fruit Crop Group 12 - 09”.

Commodities

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L.

Apricot, Japanese, Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.

Capulin, Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh

Cherry, black, Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. serotina  

Cherry, Nanking, Prunus tomentosa Thunb

Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L

Cherry, tart, Prunus cerasus L.

Chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. 

Nectarine, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K.
Schneid.

Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica

Plum, Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica

Plum, American, Prunus americana Marshall

Plum, beach, Prunus maritima Marshall

Plum, Canada, Prunus nigra Aiton

Plum, cherry, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.

Plum, Chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall

Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid.

Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl.

Plum, Klamath, Prunus subcordata Benth

Plum, prune, Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica

Plumcot, Prunus hybr.

Sloe, Prunus spinosa L

Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities.

	Additional notes: 

HED also recommends changing the preferred commodity name for Prune
(fresh) to Plum, prune, since this is the preferred tolerance commodity
term used in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary
(http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed) for several years and is more
accurate description of the commodity.  The crop name is Prune plum.

HED also recommends that in the crop group table the term “varieties
and/or hybrids of these” should be changed to, “Cultivars,
varieties, and hybrids, of these commodities” to avoid all confusion
with terminology regarding whether they are cultivars, varieties, or
hybrids of the any stone fruit commodities.  

IR-4 Proposal 2:

2. “The following commodities, Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and plum
or fresh prune, should remain as representative commodities for the
expanded group.”

HED Recommendation for Proposal 2:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to retain Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and
plum or fresh prune, as representative commodities for the amended Stone
Fruit Crop Group 12.  These representative commodities account for > 99
% of the harvested acres for the members of the amended Stone Fruit
Group.  The representative commodities are based on similarities in
fruit and cultural practices and geographical locations, as well as
their high production (both acres and yield) and consumption.  A
comparison of established tolerances on stone fruit commodities also
supports that residue levels will be similar between members of the crop
group.  The commodity fresh prune will become prune plum to conform to
new EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary terminology.

IR-4 Proposal 3:

3. Establish two new subgroups under the Stone fruit crop group as
follows:”

1). Subgroup 12-A: Peach subgroup. Representative commodity: Peach, and
Plum or Fresh prune. 

Sixteen commodities included in this subgroup are: American plum;
Apricot; Beach plum; Cherry plum; Chickasaw plum; Damson plum; Japanese
apricot; Japanese plum; Jujube; Klamath plum; Nectarine; Peach; Plum;
Plumcot; Prune (fresh), and Sloe.

2). Subgroup 12-B: Cherry subgroup. Representative commodity: Sweet or
Tart cherry. 

Six commodities included in this subgroup are: Capulin; Cherry, black;
Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; and Chokecherry.

HED Recommendation for Proposal 3:

	I recommend that instead of the two subgroups proposed by IR-4 that a
third subgroup be established, in order to harmonize with Codex.  These
would be similar to the two proposed by IR-4 and a third which will
separate the proposed Peach subgroup into a Peach and a separate Plum
Subgroup.  The representative commodities for the proposed Peach
subgroup is peach and a plum or fresh prune.  Since we are recommending
a Plum subgroup the representative commodity for the Peach subgroup
would be peach and the representative commodity for the Plum subgroup
would be plum or prune plum.  Since hybrids between plums and apricots
have been produced recently which are said to have improved quality than
either parent it is logical to also place apricots in the Plum subgroup.
 

I also recommend that ChemSAC approve the Cherry subgroup; the Peach
subgroup; and the Plum subgroup.  The representative commodities for the
subgroups are the same as recommended for the Crop group.  Jujube will
not be a member of this crop group or subgroups and will be included in
a future Tropical fruit edible peel crop group, since it shares more
similarities to tropical and subtropical fruits.  

The three recommended subgroups will be as follows:

Cherry subgroup 12A:  Representative commodity: Sweet cherry or Tart
cherry. 

Six commodities proposed in this subgroup are: Black cherry; Capulin;
Nanking cherry; Sweet cherry; Tart cherry; and Chokecherry.

Peach subgroup 12B: Representative commodity: Peach. 

Two commodities proposed in this subgroup are: Nectarine and Peach. 

Plum subgroup 12C:  Representative commodity: Plum or Prune plum. 

Fourteen commodities proposed in this subgroup are: American plum;
Apricot; Klamath plum; Beach plum; Canada plum; Cherry plum; Chickasaw
plum; Damson plum; Japanese apricot; Japanese plum; Plum; Plumcot; Prune
plum; and Sloe.

IR-4 Proposal 4:

4. “Deleting two Definitions, Cherries (tart or sour cherries and
sweet cherries) and Peaches (peaches, nectarines) from 40 CFR 180.1
(g).”

HED Recommendation for Proposal 4 Commodity Definition for Peaches and
Cherries:

	I also recommend at this time not to delete the Peach and Cherry
commodity definitions under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) even though they will
be similar to the members in the proposed Peach subgroup 12A and the
Cherry subgroup 12B, respectively.  The reason is that under the current
commodity definition for peach it also covers nectarines and if the
definition were deleted there would be no tolerances for nectarines. 
For several years we have been recommending for separate tolerances for
sweet and tart cherries, but there are still several established
tolerances just for cherry.  Therefore, we recommend not revising the
Peach and cherry commodity definitions.  They will however, appear in
the CFR not as Peaches or cherries but as peach and cherry.

Additional HED Recommendations/Conclusions:

HED Recommendation 5:

	Another important aspect of crop grouping is the harmonization effort
with the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  The current
EPA crop group for Stone fruit group 12 is very similar to the
corresponding Codex Stone fruits (Crop Group 003).  The Codex Group 003,
Stone Fruits, consists of twenty-one commodities including matches to
all the eleven commodities in the current EPA crop group 12.  The
differences are several of the Codex commodities refer to another
commodity such as “Plum, Japanese see Plums” whereas in the U.S.
system Plum, Japanese is a distinct commodity.  The twenty-three Codex
commodities really consist of ten distinct commodities with the rest
being multiple entries, or varieties of cultivar of other commodities
listed.  The U.S. is proposing to add the following commodities: Beach
plum; Black cherry; Capulin; Cherry plum; Chokecherry; Canada plum;
Japanese apricot; Klamath plum; and the Nanking cherry that are not yet
in the Codex system.  Several Codex names are equivalent to lookup terms
in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary like bullace is plum, and
morello is cherry, tart.  Jujube in the Codex system is placed in their
“Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit – edible peel” group and
EPA is also proposing to place jujube in a future Tropical fruit –
edible peel group.  Note that the current Codex crop group does not have
representative commodities.  A revision of the Codex Classification is
underway with consideration to include adding new commodities, creating
subgroups, and selecting representative commodities.  

HED Recommendation 6:

Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 -  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification of
Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999,
and HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for Translation
of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group
Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued
September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the amendment to the Stone
fruit group 12.

HED Recommendation 7:

	The Health Effects Division Dry Matter Database prepared by Dr’s.
Yuen-Shaung NG and B. A. Schneider will be updated to include the
additional commodities for the Stone Fruit Group.

HED Recommendation 8:

Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the Stone fruit crop
group 12 is discussed under the “Tolerance expression guidance section
of this analysis.

HED Recommendation 9: 

New lookup and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Stone Fruit
Crop Group are listed in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary
section of this report and these terms should be added to the updated
EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website
(http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed). 

APPENDIX:

Table 1.  EPA Crop Group Proposals Comparison:  Current Established
Stone Fruits Crop Group 12 with the Proposed Amendments to the Stone
Fruit Group 12.

Regulation	Current Stone Fruits Crop Group 12

(May 17, 1995).	Proposed Stone Fruit Crop Group 12 for ChemSAC Approval
(8/09).

Name of the Crop Group	Stone Fruits Crop Group 12.	Stone Fruit Crop
Group 12-09 or 12-10.

Representative Crops	Three:

Sweet cherry or tart cherry

Peach and

Plum or fresh prune	Three:

Sweet cherry or tart cherry

Peach and 

Plum or Prune plum

Subgroups	None	Three subgroups: 

Cherry subgroup 12-09A;

Peach subgroup 12-09B;

Plum subgroup 12-09C.

Commodities included	(11) – Apricot; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart;
Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese;
Plumcot; Prune (fresh)	(22) – Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Capulin;
Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry/tart; Choke
cherry; Jujube*, Nectarine; Peach,; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach;
Plum, Canada**; Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum,
Japanese; Plum, Klamath; Plumcot; Plum, prune; Sloe; and cultivars,
varieties, and/or hybrids of these. 

Commodity Definitions 180.1(g).	Two:

Cherries;

Peaches	Two:

Cherry;

Peach

* Jujube was a proposed commodity by ICGCC rejected by EPA better to
place in the proposed Tropical fruit edible peel crop group.

** Canada plum added by EPA.

Table 2.  Comparison of Proposed and HED Recommendations for Crop
Subgroups 12A, 12B, and 12C.

.

IR-4 Proposed Crop Subgroup (Representative Commodity)	HED
Recommendation Crop Subgroup (Representative Commodity)	IR-4 Proposed
Members  of the Subgroup	HED Recommendation Crop Subgroup Members

Cherry subgroup 12A

(representative commodity: Cherry, sweet or Cherry, tart):	Cherry
subgroup 12A

(representative commodity: Cherry, sweet or Cherry, tart)	(6) Capulin;
Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry/tart; and
Chokecherry. 	(6) Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry,
sweet; Cherry, tart; and Chokecherry and cultivars, varieties, and/or
hybrids of these. 

Peach subgroup 12B (representative commodity: Peach, and Plum or Fresh
prune.)	Peach subgroup 12B (representative commodity: Peach)	(16)
Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Choke cherry; Jujube*, Nectarine; Peach,;
Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum,
Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plum, Klamath; Plumcot; Plum, prune; Sloe;	(2)
Peach, Nectarine, and cultivars, varieties, or hybrids of these.

	Plum subgroup 12C (representative commodity: Plum or Prune plum).	No
Plum subgroup was proposed in the USDA IR-4 petition.	(14) Apricot;
Apricot, Japanese; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, Canada**;
Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plum,
Klamath; Plumcot; Plum, prune; Sloe; and cultivars, varieties, and/or
hybrids of these.

* Jujube was a proposed commodity by ICGCC rejected by EPA better to
place in the proposed Tropical fruit edible peel crop group.

** Canada plum added by EPA.

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