Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0186-0019
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2006-03-22T05:00Z

1
ECOLOGICAL
HAZARD
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK
ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER
5­
hydroxymethoxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclooctanes
(
Aza)

PC
Code
107001,
107002,
and
107003
CASE
No.:
3023
Kathryn
Montague
Antimicrobials
Division
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
1200
Pennsylvania
Avenue,
NW
Washington,
DC
20460
May
16,
2005
2
Ecological
Hazard
and
Environmental
Risk
Assessment
for
5­
hydroxymethoxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclooctanes
(
Aza)

Aza
is
a
mixture
of
3
similar
compounds
used
as
a
materials
preservative
in
latex
paints,
latex
emulsions,
pigment
dispersions,
inks,
adhesives,
construction
materials,
metalworking
fluids,
textile
fiber­
finish
solutions,
pulp
and
paper,
and
oil
production/
recovery.
There
is
only
1
registered
end­
use
product,
Nuosept
®
95,
which,
according
to
the
current
CSF
contains:

PC
code
107001
5­
hydroxymethoxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclo(
3.3.0)
octane.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
28.8%
107002
5­
hydroxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclo
(
3.3.0)
octane.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
16.0%
107003
5­
hydroxypoly(
methyleneoxy)
methyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclooctane.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.2
%
Inert
Ingredients.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50.00%

This
does
NOT,
however,
match
the
ratios
of
the
isomers
listed
on
the
Nuosept
®
95
label,
on
which
the
ratios
of
the
first
two
isomers
are
reversed.
It
is
not
known
at
this
time
whether
the
label
is
in
error
or
if
the
formulation
of
Nuosept
®
95
has
been
changed.
It
is
also
not
known
what
effect
changing
the
ratios
of
isomers
will
have
on
the
toxicity
of
the
product.

The
ecological
hazard
data
summarized
below
was
conducted
on
the
product
Nuosept
®
95.
The
percentages
of
the
three
octanes
in
the
formulation
varied
slightly
in
the
submitted
studies;
ratios
are
listed
in
the
tables,
where
information
was
available.
The
EPA's
ECOTOX
database
(
EPA,
2002)
was
also
searched
for
avian,
fish,
invertebrate,
mammalian
and
plant
data
on
the
components
of
Aza,
but
no
data
were
found.
3
1.
Ecological
Toxicity
Data
A.
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Animals
(
i).
Birds,
Acute
and
Subacute
In
order
to
establish
the
toxicity
of
an
indoor
use
pesticide
to
birds,
the
Agency
requires
an
acute
oral
toxicity
study
using
the
technical
grade
of
the
active
ingredient
(
TGAI).
The
preferred
test
species
is
either
mallard
duck
(
a
waterfowl)
or
northern
bobwhite
quail
(
an
upland
game
bird).
The
results
of
one
toxicity
study
are
provided
in
the
following
table
(
Table
1).

Table
1.
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Birds
Species
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoint
(
mg
/
kg
product)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Mallard
duck
(
Anas
platyrhynch
os)
107001
24.5%
107002
17.7%
107003
7.8%
LD50
>
2,510
NOEL
=
2510
(
mortality)
Practicall
y
nontoxic
Yes
­
acceptable
for
formulated
product
­
14­
day
test
duration
Beavers,
1983
(
ACC
#
250533)

The
results
of
these
studies
indicate
that
Nuosept
®
95
is
practically
non­
toxic
to
birds
on
an
acute
oral
basis.
Although
conducted
using
a
formulated
product
and
not
the
TGAI,
these
studies
are
considered
adequate
to
support
the
registered
uses
on
Aza,
as
Nuosept
®
95
is
the
only
end­
use
product.
The
study
is
acceptable
and
fulfills
the
Guideline
requirements
(
850.2100/
71­
1).

A
subacute
dietary
study
using
the
TGAI
may
be
required
on
a
case­
by­
case
basis
depending
on
the
results
of
the
lower
tier
ecological
studies
and
pertinent
environmental
characteristics
to
establish
the
toxicity
of
a
pesticide
oil
to
avian
species.
The
preferred
test
species
are
mallard
duck
or
northern
bobwhite
quail.
This
testing
is
not
required
for
the
currently
supported
uses
on
Aza;
however,
three
avian
dietary
studies
were
previously
submitted
to
the
Agency.
The
results
of
these
are
provided
in
the
following
table
(
Table
2).
4
Table
2.
Subacute
Dietary
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Birds
Species
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoint
(
ppm)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Bobwhite
quail
(
Colinus
virginianus)
50%
LC50
>
5,200
a.
i.
(>
10,400
product)
NOEC
1541
ppm
a.
i.
(
3082
ppm
product)
Practically
non­
toxic
No
­
supplemental
study
­
administered
in
drinking
water
rather
than
food
Hakin
et
al.,
1990
(
MRID
416848­
01)

Bobwhite
quail
(
Colinus
virginianus)
not
reported
LC50
>
10,000
ppm
product
NOEC
10,000
ppm
Practically
non­
toxic
Yes
­
acceptable
for
formulated
product
­
single
mortality
at
10,000
ppm;
no
other
mortality
reported
Truslow
Farms,
1974.
(
ACC#
248
78)

Mallard
duck
(
Anas
platyrhynch
os)
not
reported
LC50
>
10,000
ppm
product
NOEC
10,000
ppm
Practically
non­
toxic
Yes
­
acceptable
for
formulated
product
­
no
mortality
reported
at
any
test
concentration
Truslow
Farms,
1974.
(
ACC#
248
78)

The
results
of
the
study
indicate
that
Nuosept
®
95
is
practically
non­
toxic
to
birds
via
dietary
exposure.
Although
conducted
using
a
formulated
product
and
not
the
TGAI,
these
studies
are
considered
adequate
to
support
the
registered
uses
on
Aza,
as
Nuosept
®
95
is
the
only
end­
use
product.
The
Guideline
requirements
(
850.2200/
71­
2)
are
fulfilled.

ii.
Toxicity
to
Mammals
Wild
mammal
testing
was
not
required
for
Aza.
In
most
cases,
toxicity
values
obtained
from
studies
conducted
to
support
data
requirements
for
the
human
health
risk
assessment
substitute
for
wild
mammal
testing.
These
toxicity
values
are
reported
below
(
Table
3).
5
Table
3.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Mammals
Species
Test
Type
LD50
(
mg/
kg)
NOEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
Reference
(
MRID)

Rat
Acute
oral
1940,
toxicity
category
III
­­
41641601
Rat
Acute
dermal
>
2000,
toxicity
category
III
­­
41671801
Rat
Subchronic
dietary
n/
a
10.6
mg/
kg/
day
41641606
and
00109245
B.
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Animals
i.
Freshwater
Fish,
Acute
In
order
to
establish
the
acute
toxicity
of
pesticides
to
freshwater
fish,
the
Agency
requires
freshwater
fish
toxicity
studies
using
the
TGAI.
The
preferred
test
species
are
rainbow
trout
(
a
coldwater
fish)
or
bluegill
sunfish
(
a
warmwater
fish),
although
other
test
species
identified
in
the
Guideline
(
i.
e.,
OPPTS
850.1075
(
e)(
4)(
i)(
A))
may
also
be
used.
Two
freshwater
fish
toxicity
studies
were
submitted
to
the
Agency
for
Aza,
using
the
formulated
product
Nuosept
®
95.
The
results
of
these
studies
are
presented
in
Table
4.

Table
4.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Freshwater
Fish
Species
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoints
(
ppm
product)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Rainbow
trout
(
Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
not
reported
LC50
=
240
NOEC
=
87
practically
non­
toxic
No
­
supplemental
­
96h
test
duration;
­
static
system
Bentley
and
Sleight,
1974
(
ACC
#
247878;
MRID
930500­
15)

Bluegill
(
Lepomis
macrochirus)
not
reported
LC50
=
163
NOEC
=
87
practically
non­
toxic
No
­
supplemental
­
96h
test
duration;
­
flow­
through
system
Bently
and
Bevier,
1974
(
ACC#
24787
8;
MRID
930500­
15)

These
studies
were
originally
submitted
and
reviewed
by
OPP
in
1982,
and
were
determined
to
be
acceptable
for
formulated
product
testing.
However,
they
were
6
resubmitted
by
Creanova,
Inc.,
and
re­
reviewed
in
2002,
and
classified
as
supplemental
information
due
to
a
lack
of
details
regarding
chemical
purity
and
composition.
These
studies
can
potentially
be
upgraded
to
acceptable
if
sufficient
information
on
the
composition
and
purity
of
the
test
substance
used
is
submitted.
At
the
present
time,
they
do
not
fulfill
Guideline
requirements.
Guideline
850.1075
(
72­
1)
is
NOT
fulfilled.

ii.
Freshwater
Invertebrates,
Acute
The
Agency
requires
a
freshwater
aquatic
invertebrate
study
using
the
TGAI
to
establish
the
acute
toxicity
of
an
indoor
use
pesticide
to
freshwater
invertebrates.
The
preferred
test
species
are
Daphnia
magna
or
Daphnia
pulex.
Results
of
one
toxicity
study
are
provided
in
the
following
table
(
Table
5).

Table
5.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Freshwater
Invertebrates
83i
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoints
(
ppm
product)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Water
flea
(
Daphnia
magna)
107001
24.5%
107002
17.7%
107003
7.8%
EC50
=
77
NOEC
=
7.7
slightly
toxic
Yes
­
acceptable
for
formulated
product
­
48h
test
duration;
­
static
system
Suprenant,
1983
(
ACC#
250533/
MR
OD
#
930500­
16)

The
results
indicate
that
Nuosept
®
95
is
slightly
toxic
to
aquatic
invertebrates
on
an
acute
basis.
Although
conducted
on
the
formulated
product
and
not
the
TGAI,
the
study
is
considered
adequate
to
support
the
currently
registered
uses
of
Aza,
since
Nuosept
®
95
is
the
only
end­
use
product.
The
study
is
acceptable
and
fulfills
Guideline
requirements
(
850.1010/
72­
2).

iii.
Freshwater
Organisms,
Chronic
Chronic
toxicity
testing
for
freshwater
organisms
is
not
required
for
the
currently
registered
uses
of
Aza.
The
ECOTOX
database
(
EPA,
2002)
was
searched
for
any
appropriate
chronic
testing
with
fish
or
invertebrates,
but
no
such
data
were
located.

iv.
Estuarine
and
Marine
Organisms,
Acute
Acute
testing
with
estuarine/
marine
organisms
is
required
to
support
the
oil
recovery
uses
of
Aza.
This
testing
is
conducted
with
one
fish
species,
a
bivalve,
and
an
additional
invertebrate.
These
data
were
submitted
to
the
Agency,
and
the
results
are
summarized
in
Tables
6
and
7,
below.
7
Table
6
.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
®
95
to
Marine/
Estuarine
Fish
Species
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoints
(
ppm
product)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Sheepshea
d
minnow
(
Cyprinod
on
variegatus
)
PC
code
%
107001
24.5%
107002
17.7%
107003
7.8%
LC50
=
440
ppm
NOEC
=
250
ppm
practically
non­
toxic
Yes
­
acceptable
for
formulated
product
­
96h
test
duration;
­
static
system
Ward,
1983.
(
ACC#
250533)

The
results
indicate
that
Nuosept
®
95
is
practically
non­
toxic
to
marine/
estuarine
fish.
Although
conducted
on
the
formulated
product
and
not
the
TGAI,
the
study
is
considered
adequate
to
support
the
currently
registered
uses
of
Aza,
since
Nuosept
95
is
the
only
end­
use
product.
The
study
is
acceptable
and
fulfills
Guideline
requirements
(
850.1075/
72­
3a).

Table
7.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
95
to
Marine/
Estuarine
Invertebrates
Species
%
Active
Ingredient
(
ai)
Endpoints
(
ppm
product)
Toxicity
Category
Satisfies
Guidelines/
Comments
Reference
Eastern
oyster
(
Crassostrea
virginica)
PCCode
%
107001
24.5%
107002
17.7%
107003
7.8%
EC50
=
42
NOEC
=
25
slightly
toxic
Yes
­
core
study
on
formulated
product
­
embryo­
larvae
test
­
48h
test
duration;
­
static
system
system
­
endpoint
immobilization
Ward,
1983.
(
ACC#
25053
3)

Mysid
(
Americamys
is
bahia)
107001
24.5%
107002
17.7%
107003
7.8%
LC50
=
88
ppm
NOEC
<
50
ppm\
slightly
toxic
Yes
­
core
for
formulated
product
­
96h
test
duration
­
static
system
Ward,
1983.
ACC#
25053
3
The
results
of
these
studies
indicate
that
Nuosept
®
95
is
slightly
toxic
to
marine/
estuarine
invertebrates.
The
Guidelines
(
850.1025
and
850.1035/
72­
3b
and
c)
are
fulfilled.

v.
Estuarine
and
Marine
Organisms,
Chronic
8
Chronic
toxicity
testing
for
marine/
estuarine
organisms
is
not
required
for
the
currently
registered
uses
of
Aza.
The
ECOTOX
database
(
EPA,
2002)
was
searched
for
any
appropriate
chronic
testing
with
fish
or
invertebrates,
but
no
such
data
were
located.

C.
Toxicity
to
Plants
Terrestrial
and
aquatic
plant
testing
is
not
required
to
support
the
registered
uses
of
Aza.
No
studies
on
plant
toxicity
have
been
submitted
to
the
Agency.
The
ECOTOX
database
(
EPA,
2002)
was
searched
for
any
plant
toxicity
information
on
the
components
of
Aza.
No
data
were
available.

2.
Environmental
Risk
Characterization
A.
Environmental
Fate
Assessment
(
excerpted
from
the
Environmental
Fate
Science
Chapter
of
this
RED)

The
Agency
database
for
the
risk
assessment
of
Azadioxabicyclooctane
(
mixture
of
three
components)
is
incomplete,
as
only
an
abiotic
aqueous
hydrolysis
study
is
available
for
this
pesticide.
However,
for
the
present
risk
assessment,
we
have
used
the
Agency's
EPISuite
Program,
which
estimates
physical
and
chemical
characteristics
as
well
as
some
fate
and
transport
parameters
of
chemicals.
This
information
will
allow
a
conservative
fate
assessment
of
azadioxabicyclooctane.

Azadioxabicyclooctane
(
is
a
mixture
of
three
acetals:
5­
hydroxymethoxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclo(
3.3.0)
octane
(
28.8%),
(
component
A,
PC
code
107002)
5­
hydroxymethyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclo(
3.3.0)
octane
(
16.0%),
(
component
B,
PC
code
107001)
5­
hydroxypoly(
methyleneoxy)*
methyl­
1­
aza­
3,7­
dioxabicyclo(
3.3.0)
octane
(
5.2%),
(
component
C,
PC
code
107003)
where
the
polychain
is
extended
as:
74%
C2,
21%
C3,
AND
4%
C4,
AND
1%
C5
(
meaning
from
1
C
to
C5
chain
lengths
of
CH2O
groups
are
added).
EPI
Suite
lacks
estimation
of
the
third
of
the
three
isomers
(
CAS#
56709­
13­
8).

Under
abiotic
conditions,
the
mixture
of
these
acetals
is
hydrolytically
unstable
with
halflives
of
0.347
days
at
pH
5,
1.74
days
at
pH
7
and
approximately
15
days
at
pH
9.
It
is,
therefore,
not
likely
to
be
persistent
in
water.

Components
A
and
B
of
the
mixture
are
likely
to
volatilize
into
the
atmosphere
as
their
vapor
pressures
vary
between
0.0004
to
0.003
mm
Hg.
Component
C
is
likely
to
have
less
volatility
as
the
side
chain
of
CH2O
groups
are
added
into
the
structure.
Estimated
half
lives
in
the
atmosphere
for
components
A
and
B
are
1.2
and
1.4
hours.
Hence,
these
two
chemicals
are
not
likely
to
persist
in
the
atmosphere.
9
Estimated
log
Kow
s
of
components
A
and
B
are
respectively
are
­
2.23
and
­
1.55
(
very
highly
miscible
in
water
and
show
no
tendency
for
dissolving
organic
solvents);
therefore,
the
mixture
is
not
likely
to
bioaccumulate
in
aquatic
organisms.

MITI
linear
biodegradability
(
modified
linear
biodegradation
method)
for
components
A
and
B
indicates
a
fast
biodegradation
is
highly
probable
in
soils
and
water.
These
compounds
do
not
likely
pose
a
concern
for
surface
and
ground
water
contamination
B.
Environmental
Exposure
Assessment
Most
uses
of
Aza
are
indoor
uses,
with
little
chance
of
exposure
to
the
environment.
Exposure
modeling
is
not
conducted
for
those
uses.
The
oil
production
uses
do
occur
outdoors;
however,
OPP
does
not
have
an
available
model
for
estimating
exposure
from
those
uses.
The
risk
from
offshore
oil
drilling
uses
of
Aza
was
previously
addressed
(
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
review,
7/
14/
83),
and
the
application
of
500­
2000
ppm
drilling
fluid
treatment
or
100­
1000
ppm
flooding
fluid
treatment
was
considered
"
unlikely
to
adversely
affect
aquatic
organisms
due
to
the
low
toxicity
and
large
dilution
factor."
Discharge
of
waste
streams
occurring
from
terrestrial
oil
recovery
operations
would
be
regulated
at
the
local
level
in
order
to
prevent
undue
environmental
exposure.

C.
Environmental
Risk
Assessment
The
indoor
uses
of
Aza
are
not
likely
to
pose
risk
to
fish,
wildlife
or
plants
due
to
the
low
likelihood
of
exposure
and
the
low
toxicity
of
the
compound.
The
offshore
oil
production
use
of
Aza
was
previously
addressed
(
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
review,
7/
14/
83),
and
the
application
of
500­
2000
ppm
drilling
fluid
treatment
or
100­
1000
ppm
flooding
fluid
treatment
was
considered
"
unlikely
to
adversely
affect
aquatic
organisms
due
to
the
low
toxicity
and
large
dilution
factor."
The
Agency
assumes
that
the
waste
streams
occurring
from
terrestrial
oil
production
are
actively
managed
under
local
environmental
regulations
to
prevent
adverse
ecological
effects.

D.
Endangered
Species
Considerations
The
Agency
has
developed
the
Endangered
Species
Protection
Program
to
identify
pesticides
whose
use
may
cause
adverse
impacts
on
endangered
and
threatened
species,
and
to
implement
mitigation
measures
that
address
these
impacts.
The
Endangered
Species
Act
requires
federal
agencies
to
ensure
that
their
actions
are
not
likely
to
jeopardize
listed
species
or
adversely
modify
designated
critical
habitat.
To
analyze
the
potential
of
registered
pesticide
uses
to
affect
any
particular
species,
EPA
puts
basic
toxicity
and
exposure
data
developed
for
risk
assessments
into
context
for
individual
listed
species
and
their
locations
by
evaluating
important
ecological
parameters,
pesticide
use
information,
the
geographic
relationship
between
specific
pesticide
uses
and
species
locations,
and
biological
requirements
and
behavioral
aspects
of
the
particular
species.
A
determination
that
there
is
a
likelihood
of
potential
impact
to
a
listed
species
may
result
10
in
limitations
on
use
of
the
pesticide,
other
measures
to
mitigate
any
potential
impact,
or
consultations
with
the
Fish
and
Wildlife
Service
and/
or
the
National
Marine
Fisheries
Service
as
necessary.

Due
to
the
low
likelihood
of
exposure
and
low
toxicity
of
Aza,
the
indoor
uses
of
the
compound
are
not
likely
to
adversely
affect
listed
species.
Likewise,
offshore
oil
production
use
of
Aza
is
considered
unlikely
to
adversely
affect
listed
species
due
to
the
low
toxicity
of
the
compound
and
the
large
dilution
factor
in
offshore
operations.
The
Agency
assumes
that
the
waste
streams
occurring
from
terrestrial
oil
production
are
actively
managed
under
local
environmental
regulations
to
prevent
adverse
ecological
effects,
and
are
therefore
not
likely
to
adversely
affect
listed
species.
11
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MRID
41684801.
Hakin,
B.,
M.
Rodgers,
A.
Anderson
and
I.
S.
Dawe.
1990.
Nuosept
95:
LC50
to
Bobwhite
Quail.
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
Huntingdon
Research
Centre,
Ltd.,
for
Huls
America,
Inc.

ACC#
250533.
Ward,
G.
S.
1983.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
95
to
Embryo­
larvae
of
Eastern
oysters
(
Crassostrea
virginica).
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
EG&
G
Bionomics
for
Nuodex,
Inc.

ACC#
247878.
Truslow
Farms,
Inc.
1974.
Eight­
day
Dietary
LC50
­
Bobwhite
quail
Nuosept
95.
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
Truslow
Farms,
Inc.,
for
Tenneco
Chemicals.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.
Eight­
day
Dietary
LC50
­
Mallard
duck
Nuosept
95.
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
Truslow
Farms,
Inc.,
for
Tenneco
Chemicals.

MRID
#
93050015.
Bently,
R.
E.
and
B.
H.
Sleight.
1974.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
95
Preservative
to
Bluegill
and
Rainbow
Trout.
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
EG&
G
Bionomics,
Inc.,
for
Huls
America,
Inc.
(
formerly
Nuodex,
Inc.,
formerly
Tenneco
Chemicals,
Inc.).
Also
submitted
by
Creanova,
Inc.,
1990.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
95
to
Mysid
Shrimp
(
Mysidopsis
bahia).
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
EG&
G
Bionomics
for
Nuodex,
Inc.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuosept
95
to
Sheepshead
Minnows
(
Cyprinodon
variegatus).
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
EG&
G
Bionomics
for
Nuodex,
Inc.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­.
Suprenant,
D.
C.
1983.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Nuospet
95
to
the
Water
Flea
(
Daphnia
magna).
Unpublished
data.
Conducted
by
EG&
G
Bionomics
for
Nuodex,
Inc.
Also
submitted
as
MRID
#
930500­
16
by
Creanova,
Inc.,
2002.

U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
EPA).
2002.
ECOTOX
User
Guide:
ECOTOXicology
Database
System.
Version
3.0.
Available:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
ecotox/