Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0317-0014
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2021-11-15T05:00Z

MEMORANDUM

To: EPA Air Docket EPA- HQ-OAR-2021-0317
Subject: References and Associated Documents for the Technical Support Document
	References and associated documents supporting the Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector Climate Review  -  Background Technical Support Document for the Proposed New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Emissions Guidelines (EG) (October 2021) (Proposed Rule TSD) are available within docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0317. Table 1 presents a list of references and associated documents added to the Docket that are referenced in the Proposed Rule TSD and included as attachments to this memorandum. Table 2 presents a list of references and associated documents that are referenced in the Proposed Rule TSD that are included as individual entries in the Docket. 
	Note that in addition to the Proposed Rule TSD references and supporting documents included as attachments to this memo and as individual entries to the Docket (Table 1 and Table 2 references), the Proposed Rule TSD and supporting spreadsheets are included under separate entries to the Docket.
Table 1. List of References and Associated Documents Included as Attachments
Reference
File Name
40 CFR Part 258, Subpart F - Closure and Post-Closure Care.
91-40 CFR Part 258-Subpart F
A. P. Ravikumar, J. Wang, A. R. Brandt, Are optical gas imaging technologies effective for methane leak detection? Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 718 - 724 (2017). doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03906 Medline.
139-Ravikumar-OGI Technology for Methane-2017
Administrative Rules of Montana. ARM 17.8.1711(1)(b)
100-Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM)_17.8.1711 Oil or Well Gas Facilities Emission Control Req
Alberta Energy Regulator. Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting. https://www.aer.ca/regulating-development/rules-and-directives/directives/directive-060
29-Alberta petroleum industry rule
Allen, et al. (2014). Methane Emissions from Process Equipment at Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Pneumatic Controllers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 633−640. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5040156.
113-Allen-Pneumatic Controllers-2015
Alvarez et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science 10.1126/science.aar7204 (2018). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6398/186.
115-Alvaraz et al-Assessment of methane emissions-2018
American Petroleum Institute (API). 2000. Production Tank Emissions Model. E&P Tanks Version 2.0, User's Manual. Software Number 4697. Cover and Outline.
70-API-EP Tank Version 2.0 User's Manual-Cover_Outline
American Petroleum Institute Comments Submitted to the EPA Re: Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New and Modified Sources at 80 FR 56593 (September 18, 2015). December 4, 2015. (EPA Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0505-6884)
38-API Comments - 2015 NSPS Proposal
API Field Measurement Study: Pneumatic Controllers EPA Stakeholder Workshop on Oil and Gas.  November 7, 2019 -Pittsburg PA. Paul Tupper.
31-API pneumatic controllers presentation to the EPA
API/ANGA. Characterizing Pivotal Sources of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production Summary and Analysis of API And ANGA Survey Responses. Final Report (Updated September 2012). 
4-API ANGA Survey Analysis-2012
Approval and Promulgation of Federal Implementation Plan for Oil and Natural Gas Well Production Facilities; Fort Berthold Indian Reservation [Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation], North Dakota; Rule), March 22, 2013 (cites 77 FR 48889-48890, August 15, 2012) - Federal Register Notices
52a-78 FR 17836_FIP_March 2013-2013-05666;                         
52b-77 FR 98878_FIP_August 2012-2012-19698
Brandt et al. (2014). Methane Leaks from North American Natural Gas Systems, Science, 343(6172), 2014, pp. 733-735. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6172/733.full. 
105-Brandt et al-Methane Leaks-2014
Brandt et al. (2016). Methane Leaks from Natural Gas Systems Follow Extreme Distributions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 22, 12512 - 12520. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b04303.
106-Brandt et al-Extreme Distributions-2016
British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission. Oil and Gas Activities Act. https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/08036_01 
30-British Columbia oil and gas rule
California Air Resources Board. Appendix B. Economic Analysis. Proposed Regulation for Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities. 2016. (http://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2016/oilandgas2016/oilgasappb.pdf)
65-CARB-ONG Proposal-Appendix B Economic Analysis-2016
California Air Resources Board (CARB). California Code of Regulations, Title 17, Division 3, Chapter 1, Subchapter 10 Climate Change, Article 4. Subarticle 13: Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities. Final Regulation Order. (ca.gov) 
67-CARB-2017 Final Reg Orders GHG Emissions Standards
Canadian federal standards. Canada Gazette. Volume 152 No. 1. April 26, 2018. http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2018/2018-04-26-x1/pdf/g2-152x1.pdf
57-Canada Gazette-Volume 152_No 1-2018
Carbon Limits. Zero Emission Technologies for Pneumatic Controllers in the USA. Applicability and Cost Effectiveness. August 1, 2016.
33-carbon limits pneumatic controllers report
Caulton et al. (2019). Importance of Super-emitter Natural Gas Well Pads in the Marcellus Shale. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 4747−4754. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b06965.
108-Caulton et al-Super-Emitters-2019
Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment Air quality Control Commission. Regulation Number 7. Control of Ozone Via Ozone Precursors and Control of Hydrocarbons Bia Oil and Gas Emissions (Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds and Nitrogen Oxides). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sCtcjhhaexdE0_K-fvrFudgO0vMuYis/view 
27- Colorado Ozone Precursors Rule
Colorado Regulation Number 7; Hydrocarbon Liquids Loadout (Section II.C.5).
99-5-CCR_Reg No. 7-Hydrocarbon Liquids Loadout (Section II.C.5) eff-091421
Cynthia Giles. Next Generation Compliance: Environmental Regulation for the Modern Era Part 4: Preventing Widespread Violations that Threaten Climate Goals. April 13, 2021. http://eelp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/Cynthia-Giles-Part-4-FINAL.pdf.
135-Cynthia-Giles-Part-4-FINAL
D. J. Jacob, A. J. Turner, J. D. Maasakkers, J. Sheng, K. Sun, X. Liu, K. Chance, I. Aben, J. McKeever, C. Frankenberg, Satellite observations of atmospheric methane and their value for quantifying methane emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 14371 - 14396 (2016). doi:10.5194/acp-16-14371-2016.
134-Jacob et al (2016)
D. T. Allen, D. W. Sullivan, D. Zavala-Araiza, A. P. Pacsi, M. Harrison, K. Keen, M. P. Fraser, A. Daniel Hill, B. K. Lamb, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld, Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States: Liquid unloadings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 641 - 648 (2015). doi:10.1021/es504016r Medline. (UT Study).
1-Allen et al-UT Study-2015
D. T. Allen, D. W. Sullivan, D. Zavala-Araiza, A. P. Pacsi, M. Harrison, K. Keen, M. P. Fraser, A. Daniel Hill, B. K. Lamb, R. F. Sawyer, J. H. Seinfeld. Methane Emissions from Process Equipment at Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Liquid Unloadings - Supporting Information; (UT Study  -  SI). 
2-Allen et al-UT Study-SI-2015
Email from Peter Zalzal, Environmental Defense Fund to Karen Marsh, EPA. May 7, 2021. ICR Data. 
130-ICR data analysis update-2021
Energy Information Administration. 2021. U.S. Natural Gas Liquid Composite Price (Dollars per Million Btu) (eia.gov). 
63-EIA-NGL Composite Price-2021
Energy Information Administration. Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production by API Gravity-Monthly. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_api_adc_mbblpd_m.htm
96-EIA-Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Production by API Gravity_Monthly_9/30/2021
Energy Information Administration. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production. 2015-2020. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_VGV_mmcf_a.htm. 
85-EIA-Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production_2015-2020
Energy Information Administration. Number of Gas Producing Oil Wells. 2015-2020. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_oilwells_s1_a.htm.
84-EIA-Number of Gas Producing Oil Wells_2015-2020
Gas Processors Association.  Comments Submitted to the EPA Re: Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission 
Standards for New and Modified Sources at 80 FR 56593 (September 18, 2015). December 4, 2015. (EPA Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0505-6881)
39-GPA Comments - 2015 NSPS Proposal
Gas Research Institute (GRI)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research and Development, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 12: Pneumatic Devices. EPA-600/R-96-080l, GRI-94/0257.29. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by Radian International LLC. June 1996.
24-MethaneEmissions_Vol12
Gas Research Institute (GRI)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research and Development, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 13: Chemical Injection Pumps. EPA-600/R-96-080m, GRI-94/0257.30. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by Radian International LLC. June 1996.
23-MethaneEmissions_Vol13
Gas Research Institute (GRI)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research and Development, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry: Volume 8  -  Equipment Leaks. GRI-94/0257.25. EPA-600R-96-080h. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by Radian International LLC. June 1996.
58-GRI-EPA-Equipment Leaks-Vol 8-1996.pdf
GlobalSpec, Engineering 360. Diaphragm Pumps Information. Downloaded from  http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps/diaphragm_pumps. October 2021.
21-Diaphragm Pumps Information
Gordon Smith Review. Oil and Natural Gas Sector Liquids Unloading Processes. Review Submitted: June 16, 2014. 
6-Gordon Smith Review-ONG Liquids Unloading Processes-April 2014
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (EPA ICR No. 2300.18, OMB Control No. 2060-0629) to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). 
64a-ICR No 2300.18 Supporting Statement;                                     64b-ICR No 2300.18_Appendix A;                                                    64c-ICR No 2300.18_Appendix B
Grubert, D., EC/R Incorporated, to B. Moore, Fuels and Incineration Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Summary of the October 12, 2010, Meeting Between the EPA and American Petroleum Institute. 
71-ECR-API and EPA Meeting-October 12 2010
Henry Hub price for 2022 from: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Short-Term Energy Outlook.  https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/archives/may21.pdf
51-2022 Henry Hub Natural Gas Price-May2021
Idle and Orphan Oil and Gas Wells: State and Provincial Regulatory Strategies, Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, 2019, https://iogcc.ok.gov/sites/g/files/gmc836/f/documents/2021/2020_03_04_updated_idle_and_orphan_oil_and_gas_wells_report.pdf
92-2020_03_04_updated_idle_and_orphan_oil_and_gas_wells_report
J. D. Albertson, T. Harvey, G. Foderaro, P. Zhu, X. Zhou, S. Ferrari, M. S. Amin, M. Modrak, H. Brantley, E. D. Thoma, A mobile sensing approach for regional surveillance of fugitive methane emissions in oil and gas production. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 2487 - 2497 (2016). doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b05059 Medline
133-Albertson et al (2016)
James P. Williams, Amara Regehr, and Mary Kang. Methane Emissions from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in Canada and the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 1, 563-570, December 15, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04265. (Abstract Only)
89-Williams-JP-Methane Emissions From Abandoned Wells-Abstract-2021
Jim Bolander, P.E., Senior Vice President, Southwestern Energy (SWN). Review Submitted: April 2014. 
7-SWN Review-ONG Liquids Unloading Processes-April 2014
Letter from Matthew Todd, American Petroleum Institute to Karen Marsh, EPA. API Supplemental Cost Information. May 22, 2019. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0483-2248, Attachment 1.
131-API Supplemental Cost Letter-2019
Littlefield et al. (2019). Synthesis of recent ground-level methane emission measurements from the U.S. natural gas supply chain. Journal of Cleaner Production 148 (2017) 118-126. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652617301166?via%3Dihub.
109-Littlefield et al-Synthesis of Methane Measurements-2017
Luck, B., et al. 2019. Multi-day measurements of pneumatic controller emissions reveal frequency of abnormal emissions behavior at natural gas gathering stations. Environ. Sci. Technol. Letters 6:348 - 52. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00158.
36-pneumatic controllers multiday measurement article
Lyon, et al. (2016). Aerial Surveys of Elevated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Sites. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 4877−4886. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b00705.
118-Lyon-Aerial Survey-2016
Marchese et al. (2014). Methane Emissions from United States Natural Gas Gathering and Processing and Supporting Information. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 10718−10727. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b02275.
107-Marchese et al-2014
Maryland. Title 26-DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT-Subtitle 11 AIR QUALITY. Chapter 41 Control of Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry. Discussion Draft Regulation. 26.11.41. (maryland.gov).
55-MD-26.11.41-DiscussionDraft-10112019
Memorandum from Brenda Shine, et al. May 5, 2003. Revised MACT Floor, Regulatory Alternatives, and Nationwide Impacts for Equipment Leaks at Chemical Manufacturing Facilities Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP EPA Project No. 95/08; RTI International Project No.  08550.001.011. 
136-Brenda Shine Memorandum
Memorandum from Cindy Hancy, RTI International. Analysis of Emissions Reduction Techniques for Equipment Leaks. December 21, 2011.
137-Cindy Hancy Equipment Leaks Memorandum
Memorandum from Kenneth R. Meardon Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. Equipment Leak Analysis for Amino and Phenolic Resins NESHAP. May 4, 1998.
138-Ken Meardon Equipment Leak Analysis APR NESHAP
Memorandum to Bruce Moore, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from Heather Brown, EC/R. Gas Composition Methodology. July 2011.
3-Gas Composition Memo-2011
Memorandum to Bruce Moore, U.S. EPA from Denise Grubert, EC/R. Meeting Minutes from EPA Meeting with the API. October 2011.
34-American Petroleum Institute (API) Meeting October 2010
Memorandum to Bruce Moore, U.S. EPA from ICF Consulting. Percent of Emissions Recovered by Reduced Emission Completions. May 2011.
49-Memo to EPA-ICF-REC Recovered Emissions-2011
Methane emissions from marginal wells. Mark Omara, Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund. Slides from Meeting between EPA and EDF on March 12, 2021.
129-Omara-Marginal Well Presentation-2021
Mitchell, et al. (2015). Measurements of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Gathering Facilities and Processing Plants: Measurement Results. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 3219−3227. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5052809.
114-Mitchell et al-2015
National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Methane Emissions From the Natural Gas Industry. Volume 12: Pneumatic Devices. EPA - 600/R-96-0801. June 1996.
40-GRI pneumatic devices methane emissions report
New Mexico Environment Department Air Quality Bureau. Oil and Gas Sector  -  Ozone Precursor Pollutants. https://www.env.nm.gov/air-quality/ozone-precursor-rule-hearing/ 
28-New Mexico proposal ozone precursor rule-May-6-2021-version
New Mexico Proposed Rule. Proposed 20.2.50.121 NMAC. https://www.env.nm.gov/air-quality/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/Proposed-Part-20.2.50-May-6-2021-Version.pdf 
93-NM Proposed-Part-20.2.50-May-6-2021-Version
New Mexico. Methane Advisory Panel (MAP). Convened by New Mexico Environment Department and New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department. Draft Technical-Report. Fall, 2019. (nm.gov)
43-NM-MAP-Draft Technical Report-2019
New Technologies Can Cost Effectively Reduce Oil and Gas Methane Emissions, but Policies Will Require Careful Design to Establish Mitigation Equivalence. Chandler E. Kemp and Arvind P. Ravikumar. Environmental Science & Technology 2021 55 (13), 9140-9149. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03071.
132-Kemp-FEAST Equivalence-2021
Notice Package for Oil and Gas Reg (ca.gov); State of California. Air Resources Board Public Hearing to Consider the Proposed Regulation for Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities. Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons. Date of Release: May 31, 2016.
62-CA-PH Initial Statement-ONG GHG Standards-2016
Ohio General Permit 12.1. https://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/27/oil%20and%20gas/GP12.1_PTIOA20140403final.pdf
102- General Permit 12.1_Template_HighVol Hydra Frac_Oil and Gas Well Site Prod Oper_20140403final
Ohio General Permits. Title V area source: https://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/27/genpermit/GP21.1_F20170210.docx; Title V major source: https://www.epa.ohio.gov/Portals/27/genpermit/GP21.1_TVF20170223.docx
94a-OH General Permit 21.1_Template_Pigging Operations_F2017021094b-OH General Permit 21.1 Template. Pigging Operations_TVF20170223
Oil and Gas Conservation Act of the State of Colorado, Colorado Complete Rules, (100-1200 Series).
90-ONG Conservation Act_Colorado_Complete Rules (100 - 1200 Series)
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality. Guidance on Estimating Condensate and Crude Oil Loading Losses from Tank Trucks. https://www.deq.ok.gov/wp-content/uploads/deqmainresources/LoadingLossesGuidance_08-2019.pdf
97-OK_LoadingLossesGuidance_08-2019
Omara, et al. (2016). Methane Emissions from Conventional and Unconventional Natural Gas Production Sites in the Marcellus Shale Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 2099−2107. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b05503.
119-Omara-Marcellus Shale Basin-2016
Omara, et al. (2018). Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Data Synthesis and National Estimate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 12915−12925. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b03535 .
116-Omara-Methane Emissions Data Synthesis-2018
Pacsi, A. P., et al., 2019. "Equipment leak detection and quantification at 67 oil and gas sites in the Western United States." Elem Sci Anth, 7: 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.368.
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79-Pacsi et al_EL detection and quant-at 67-2019
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. GENERAL PLAN APPROVAL AND/OR GENERAL OPERATING PERMIT BAQ-GPA/GP-5A Unconventional Natural Gas Well Site Operations and Remote Pigging Station.  http://www.depgreenport.state.pa.us/elibrary/GetDocument?docId=19615&DocName=02%20GP-5A%20UNCONVENTIONAL%20NATURAL%20GAS%20WELL%20SITE%20OPERATIONS%20AND%20REMOTE%20PIGGING%20STATIONS%20GENERAL%20PLAN%20APPROVAL%20AND/OR%20GENERAL%20OPERATING%20PERMIT.PDF%20%20%3cspan%20style%3D%22color:blue%3b%22%3e%28NEW%29%3c/span%3e
95-PA 02_GP-5A_UNCONVENTIONAL_NATURAL_GAS_WELL_SITE_OPERATIONS_AND_REMOTE_PIGGING_STATIONS_GENERAL_PLAN_AP
Proposed Part 203 Oil and Natural Gas Sector (ny.gov)
56-NPRM-ONG-6NYCRR Part 203-2021
Rella, et al. (2015). Measuring Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Well Pads Using the Mobile Flux Plane Technique. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 7, 4742 - 4748. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.5b00099. (Abstract only available).
125-Rella (Abstract Only)
Robert Schuwerk and Greg Rogers, "Billion-dollar Orphans: Why millions of oil and gas wells could become wards of the state," Carbon Tracker, September 2020, https://carbontracker.org/reports/billion-dollar-orphans/
87-Carbon Tracker-Billion Dollar Orphans-2020
Robertson, et al. (2017). Variation in Methane Emission Rates from Well Pads in Four Oil and Gas Basins with Contrasting Production Volumes and Compositions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 15, 8832 - 8840. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b00571.
123-Robertson-Variation in Methane Rates Study-2017
Rutherford, et al. (2020). Closing the methane gap in US oil and natural gas production emissions inventories. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25017-4
128-Rutherford-2020
Schwietzke, et al. (2017). Improved Mechanistic Understanding of Natural Gas Methane Emissions from Spatially Resolved Aircraft Measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 7286−7294. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b01810.
117-Schwietzke-Improved Mechanistic Understanding-2017
State of California Air Resources Board (CARB). Regulation for Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities. Oil and Gas Final Regulation Order (ca.gov).
26-California GHG Emission Standards
Subpart W of Part 98. Table W-3B to Subpart W of Part 98 -- Default Total Hydrocarbon Population Emission Factors for Onshore Natural Gas Transmission Compression; Table W-4B to Subpart W of Part 98 -- Default Total Hydrocarbon Population Emission Factors for Underground Natural Gas Storage.
32-Part 98 Subpart W Tables W-3B and W-4B
Subramanian, et al. (2015). Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Compressor Stations in the Transmission and Storage Sector: Measurements and Comparisons with the EPA Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Protocol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 3252−3261. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5060258.
122-Subramanian-USGHGI Comparison-2015
Texas AQS Permit for ONG Handling and Production Facilities. https://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/permitting/air/Announcements/oilgas-sp.pdf
103-Texas_AQS Permit for ONG Handling and Production Facilities_1182012
Townsend-Small (2020). "Cincinnati Study." Reduction in LDAR frequency at low producing oil and gas sites will result in greater methane and VOC emissions. University of Cincinnati. May 2020.  
126-Townsend-Small-Cincinnati Study-2020
Tyner, et al. (2021). Where the Methane Is - Insights from Novel Airborne LiDAR Measurements Combined with Ground Survey Data. David R. Tyner and Matthew R. Johnson Environmental Science & Technology 2021 55 (14), 9773-9783. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01572.
127-Tyner-Airborne and Ground Measurements-2021
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82-US BLS-NAICS 324000-May 2020
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2021. U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels). Downloaded 6/17/2021. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=A 
72-EIA-Petroleum and Other Liquids Data-2021
U.S. Energy Information Administration. GDP Implicit Price Deflator. Chart Data. Accessed April 2021.
50-EIA-2021 GDP Implicit Price Deflator-Chart Data.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1997. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Oil and Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Transmission and Storage  -  Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-453/R-94-079a.
68-EPA-ONG NESHAP-Background Information Document-1997
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002. EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual. Sixth Edition. EPA/452/B-02-001. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. Updated chapters and spreadsheets for the planned Seventh Edition are available here: https://www.epa.gov/economic-and-cost-analysis-air-pollution-regulations/cost-reports-and-guidance-air-pollution. (hereinafter referred to as the EPA's Control Cost Manual).
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. Lessons Learned from Natural Gas STAR Partners: Installing Vapor Recovery Units on Crude Oil Storage Tanks.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates. EPA-453/R-95-017. November 1995. Docket Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0927-0043.
77-EPA-Protocol for EL Emissions-1995
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020 Background Technical Support Document for the Final Reconsideration of the New Source Performance Standards, 40 CFR Part 60, subpart OOOOa, August 2020.
88-EPA-NSPS OOOOa TSD-2020.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control Techniques Guidelines for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry. EPA-453/B-16-001. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 2016.
22-2016-ctg-oil-and-gas.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Convert Natural Gas-Driven Chemical Pumps, PRO Fact Sheet No. 202.   Office of Air and Radiation (OAR): Natural Gas Star Program, Washington, DC, 2011.
18-Convert Natural Gas-Driven Chemical Pumps.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (1990-2019). Published in 2021. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019.Natural Gas Systems. Annexes 3.5 (Petroleum Systems) and 3.6 (Natural Gas Systems) Electronic Files. 
17a-us-ghg-inventory-2021-main-text;                                               17b-EPA-us-ghg-inevntory-2021-annex-3-additional-source-or-sink-categories-part-a.pdf;                                                                          17c-2021_ghgi_petroleum_systems_annexes35_tables;                    17d-2021_ghgi_natural_gas_systems_annexes36_tables
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Leak Detection and Repair  -  A Best Practices Guide. 
75-EPA-LDAR-Best Practices-2007.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned from Natural Gas STAR Partners. Reducing Methane Emissions from Compressor Rod Packing Systems. Natural Gas STAR Program. 2006.
 54-EPA-Gas STAR-Compressor Rod Packing-2016.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned from Natural Gas STAR Partners. Replacing Wet Seals with Dry Seals in Centrifugal Compressors. Natural Gas STAR Program. October 2006.  
66-EPA - Wet Seal Replacement-Gas STAR-2006.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned: Convert Gas Pneumatic Controls to Instrument Air. Office of Air and Radiation: Natural Gas Star. Washington, DC. February 2004.
35 - Instrument air - natural gas star lessons learned.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned: Convert Gas Pneumatic Controls to Instrument Air. Office of Air and Radiation: Natural Gas Star. Washington, DC. October 2006.
20-Convert Gas Pneumatic Controls to Instrument Air.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned: Replacing Gas-Assisted Glycol Pumps with Electric Pumps. Office of Air and Radiation (OAR): Natural Gas STAR Program, Washington, DC, 2006.
19-Replacing Gas-Assisted Glycol Pumps with Electric Pumps.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector Pneumatic Devices: Report for Oil and Natural Gas Sector Pneumatic Devices Review Panel. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. April 2014.
41-Pneumatic Device White Paper.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector Liquids Unloading Processes. Report for Oil and Natural Gas Sector. Liquids Unloading Processes Review Panel. April 2014. 
5-EPA-ONG Liquids Unloading Processes-April 2014
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources: Background Technical Support Document for the Final New Source Performance Standards - 40 CFR Part 60, subpart OOOOa. May, 2016. (2016 NSPS OOOOa TSD)
11-2016 NSPS OOOOa TSD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities: Background Technical Support Document for the Proposed New Source Performance Standards - 40 CFR Part 60, subpart OOOOa. August, 2015. (2015 NSPS OOOOa TSD)
10a-2015 NSPS OOOOa TSD; 10b-2015 NSPS OOOOa TSD-Appendix 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Standards of Performance for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Transmission, and Distribution. Background Technical Support Document for Proposed Standards. July 2011. EPA-453/R-11-002 (2011 NSPS OOOO TSD)
9-2011 NSPS OOOO TSD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed Emission Standards for New and Modified Sources in the Oil and Natural Gas Sector. August 2015. EPA-452-R-15-002.
83-EPA-ONG Proposal RIA-2015
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lessons Learned: Reduced Emissions Completions for Hydraulically Fractured Gas Wells. Office of Air and Radiation (OAR): Natural Gas Star Program, Washington, DC, 2011.
8-EPA-Gas STAR-Lessons Learned-REC-Gas Wells-2011
U.S. EPA. AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13.5 Industrial Flares. OAQPS. 1991.
53-EPA-AP-42_Fifth Edition_Volume I_Chapter 13.5_1991
U.S. EPA. Lessons Learned from Natural Gas STAR Partners. Reduced Completions for Hydraulically Fractured Natural Gas Wells. Natural Gas STAR Program. Washington, DC. 2011
48-EPA-Gas STAR-REC-2011
University of Texas at Austin. Methane Emissions from Process Equipment at Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States: Pneumatic Controllers. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS.
25- UT Study Pneumatics FAQ
Utah Air Quality Rules. Effective March 4, 2016. https://documents.deq.utah.gov/legacy/laws-and-rules/air-quality/docs/quarterly/current_rules.pdf
104-Utah Air Quality_current_rules_312016
Vaughn, et al. (2018). Temporal variability largely explains TP/BD difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region. PNAS November 13, 2018. 115 (46) 11712-11717. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1805687115.
120-Vaughn-Temporal variability-2018
Wilson, D., et al, ERG, to A. Pope, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Documentation for NEI Updates for Oil and Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Transmission and Storage. March 15, 2011.
74-ERG-Documentation for NEI Updates-2011
Yacovitch, et al. (2015). Mobile Laboratory Observations of Methane Emissions in the Barnett Shale Region. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 7889−7895. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es506352j.
124-Yacovitch-Mobile Lab Observations-2015
Zavala-Araiza D, et al. (2015). Toward a functional definition of methane super-emitters: Application to natural gas production sites. 49 ENVTL. SCI. & TECH. 8167, 8168 (2015). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b00133. 
111-Zavala-Araiza et al-Functional Definition of Super-Emitters-2015
Zavala-Araiza, D., Alvarez, R., Lyon, D, et al. (2016). Super-emitters in natural gas infrastructure are caused by abnormal process conditions. Nat Commun 8, 14012 (2017). https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14012. 
112-Zavala-Araiza-Super-Emitters caused by Abnormal Conditions
Zavala-Araiza, Lyon et al. (2015). Reconciling divergent estimates of oil and gas methane emissions. 51 PROC. NAT'L ACAD. SCI. 15597, 15597 (2015). https://www.pnas.org/content/112/51/15597. 
110-Zavala-Araiza et al-Divergence-2015
Zimmerle, et al. (2015). Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Transmission and Storage System in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 9374−9383. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b01669.
121-Zimmerle-Methane in Natural Gas Transmission-2015

Table 2. List of References and Associated Documents Included Under Separate Entries to the Docket
E-mails and data transmitted to the from Karen Marsh, EPA, to Jeff Coburn and Marissa DeLang, RTI. April 23, 2021, regarding "Gas plant component count data."
E-mail from Karen Marsh, EPA, to Jeff Coburn, RTI. July 10, 2020. Regarding "Additional AWP Information" with attachment file named "API LDAR Monitoring Data  -  exChem Version for EPA Transmittal.xlsx".
Email from Derek Reese, ExxonMobil, to Karen Marsh, EPA, October 23, 2020. Regarding "Basis for Emissions Equivalence Using Random Selection for Annual M21  -  EPA Review Dataset.xlsx". 
MarkWest LDAR monitoring data provided to EPA in compliance with the Alternative Work Practice (AWP), June 24, 2020. These data are summarized in the workbook "LeakDistributionAnalysis.xlsx" .
Memorandum. Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Liquids Unloading Data. Prepared by SC&A Incorporated for Amy Hambrick, SPPD/OAQPS/EPA. November 1, 2021.
Proposed Rule TSD Supporting Spreadsheets. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) Data. 2019.