Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2004-0002-0622
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2004-11-30T05:00Z

Biofilm
and
Biofouling
Web
Sites
and
Literature
 
Dr.
Bob
Baier
is
the
Director
for
Industry/
University
Center
for
Biosurfaces
University
of
New
York
at
Buffalo.
His
specialty
is
with
biofilms
and
he
has
done
quite
a
bit
of
work
with
Marine
Biofilms.
He
has
extensive
experience
working
with
the
Navy
and
various
marine
organizations
on
the
subject
of
biofouling.
The
Center
that
he
runs
is
heavily
funded
by
the
National
Science
Foundation.

http://
wings.
buffalo.
edu/
faculty/
research/
iucb/
sitedbio.
html
Dr.
Baier's
contact
information:
http://
www.
roswellpark.
org/
research/
mcbp/
newpage310.
htm
 
Dr.
Bill
Costerton
is
the
Center
Director
of
the
Biofilm
Institute
at
the
University
of
Montana.
He
is
one
of
the
world's
experts
on
biofilms.
http://
www.
erc.
montana.
edu/
Res­
Lib99­
SW/
people/
faculty/
bill.
htm
 
Internet
site
directly
for
the
Biofilm
Institute
at
the
University
of
Montana.
http://
www.
biofilm.
org/

 
Center
for
Biofilm
Institute
Bioengineering
Section.
http://
www.
erc.
montana.
edu/

 
Biofilm
related
problems
cost
US
industry
billions
of
dollars
annually
by
corroding
pipes,
reducing
heat
transfer
or
hydraulic
pressure
in
industrial
cooling
systems,
plugging
water
injection
jets,
and
clogging
water
filters.
In
addition,
biofilms
cause
major
medical
problems
through
infecting
host
tissues,
harboring
bacteria
that
contaminate
drinking
water,
and
causing
rejection
of
medical
implants.
CBE
scientists
and
engineers
are
developing
promising
solutions
to
these
biofilm­
related
problems.
http://
www.
erc.
montana.
edu/
CBEssentials­
SW/
research/
default.
htm
 
Petroleum
Industry
This
is
another
site
as
part
of
the
University
of
Montana's
Biofilm
Institute
work.
http://
www.
erc.
montana.
edu/
Ind­
Col99­
SW/
IAP/
petroleum_
ind.
htm
 
Biofilm
Journal
This
is
an
online
journal
dedicated
to
biofilm
research.
http://
bioline.
bdt.
org.
br/
info/
bf.
links
 
List
of
e­
mail
addresses
of
people
associated
with
biofilm
research.
This
list
was
compiled
by
"
Bioline"
that
is
also
responsible
for
the
Bioilm
Journal
listed
above.
http://
www.
bioline.
org.
br/
info/
bf.
mail
 
Shell
Development
Co.,
in
cooperation
with
Mark
Tool
Co.,
began
a
program
to
produce
the
optimum
anti­
foulant
for
offshore
structures.
Two
proven
materials
­­
copper­
nickle
and
SPLASHTRON
®
­­
were
selected
to
work
together
as
a
unit.
The
result
was
BIO­
SHIELD.
Mark
Tool
Co.
manufactures
Bio­
Shield
by
license
under
Shell's
U.
S.
patent
number
4,415,293.
http://
www.
marktool.
com/
bioshield.
htm
 
Marine
biofouling
is
commonplace
on
marine
structures
including
pilings,
offshore
platforms,
boat
hulls
and
even
occurs
inside
piping
and
condensers.
For
steel,
polymer
and
concrete
constructions,
biofouling
can
be
a
severe
problem,
resulting
in
unwanted
excess
drag
on
structures
and
marine
craft,
and
causing
blockages
in
pipe
systems.
Regular
removal
is
required
often
by
expensive,
mechanical
means,
such
as
by
divers
using
high
pressure
water
on
offshore
platforms,
or
costly
prevention
methods
must
be
employed
including
chlorination
of
pipework
systems
or
antifouling
coatings.
Copper­
nickel
alloys
and
copper
itself
have
a
high
natural
resistance
to
biofouling.
http://
www.
cda.
org.
uk/
megab2/
corr_
rs/
pub113/
default.
htm
 
Marine
Biofouling:
Community
Structure
and
Surface
Interactions
http://
www.
onr.
navy.
mil/
sci_
tech/
personnel/
cnb_
sci/
env_
marine_
biofouling.
htm
 
Biofilms
and
Biodiversity
This
site
discusses
common
marine
organisms
associated
with
biofouling.
http://
www.
mdsg.
umd.
edu/
Education/
biofilm/
creature.
htm
 
The
following
site
is
related
more
the
formation
of
medical
biofilms.
However,
those
unfamiliar
with
biofilms
and
biofouling
may
find
it
an
interesting
site
since
it
points
out
that
many
well
known
human
diseases
from
dental
plaque
to
cystic
fibrosis
are
really
diseases
of
biofilms.
http://
www.
ucalgary.
ca/~
ceri/
brg/

 
Abstract:
"
Effect
of
Marine
Biofilms
on
Initiation
Time
of
Crevice
Corrosion
for
Stainless
Steels
http://
www.
erc.
montana.
edu/
Res­
Lib99­
SW/
pubs/
Abstracts/
1995/
95007.
htm
 
Marine
biofouling
Biofouling­
the
growth
of
marine
organisms
on
submerged
surfaces­
costs
the
shipping
and
other
marine
industries
over
$
6.5
billion
per
year.
The
Centre
for
Marine
Biofouling
and
Bio­
Innovation
(
CMBB)
focuses
their
research
towards
the
understanding
of
the
biology
of
bacterial
interactions
with
higher
organisms
and
isolation
of
natural
antagonistic
compounds.
http://
www.
micro.
unsw.
edu.
au/
biofouling.
html
 
Marine
biofouling:
On
ships,
biofouling
can
reduce
speed,
efficiency
and
manoeuvrability,
and
cause
increased
fuel
and
maintenance
costs.
Biofouling
can
also
lead
to
biocorrosion
­
where
the
corrosive
effect
of
seawater
on
metal
is
accelerated,
reducing
the
lifetime
of
marine
structures.
This
group's
research
focused
on
the
biological
processes
involved,
such
as
surface
conditioning,
biosignalling,
attachment
and
'
succession'
of
biofouling
communities
in
order
to
gain
knowledge
and
understanding
that
would
have
applied
value.
http://
www.
nerc.
ac.
uk/
funding/
thematics/
mbiof/

 
Marine
biofouling:
The
Marine
BioFoul
Net
aims
to
publicize
and
increase
awareness
of
the
Natural
Environmental
Research
Council
(
NERC)
funded
Marine
Biofouling
Thematic
Programme
(
MBTP),
thereby
providing
added
value
to
the
programme.
http://
www.
biosciences.
bham.
ac.
uk/
external/
biofoulnet/

 
Marine
biofouling
research
groups
http://
www.
biosciences.
bham.
ac.
uk/
external/
biofoulnet/

 
Copper­
Nickel
Alloys
 
Resistance
to
Corrosion
and
Biofouling
http://
marine.
copper.
org/
1­
biofouling.
html
 
Biofouling
resistant
surfaces
http://
www.
eng.
gla.
ac.
uk/
marine/
antibibl.
htm
 
Defect
assessment
in
offshore
structures
http://
www.
eng.
gla.
ac.
uk/
marine/
defect.
htm
 
Influence
of
hydrodynamic
on
settlement
and
distribution.
This
site
may
lead
to
researchers
working
on
the
velocity
question.
http://
now.
ifmo.
ru/
biofoul/
proba.
htm
 
Shell
Global
solutions
Hydraulic
and
structural
aspects
of
(
cooling)
water
intakes
and
outfall
structures
http://
www.
shellglobalsolutions.
com/
products_
services/
marine.
htm
 
Mitigations
to
operate
the
cooling
system
at
the
Salem
Nuclear
Generating
Station.
http://
www.
state.
nj.
us/
dep/
newsrel/
releases/
01_
0083.
htm
 
Office
of
Naval
Research:
The
Navy
has
been
pursuing
the
development
of
anti­
fouling
or
foul­
release
marine
coatings
for
dozens
of
years
and
include
expense
and
logistic
considerations.
http://
www.
onr.
navy.
mil/
sci_
tech/
personnel/
cnb_
sci/
env_
marine_
biofouling.
htm
 
Dr.
Joanne
Jones­
Meehan
of
NRL
developed
and
commercialized
an
environmentally
safe
coating
system
for
ship
hulls
and
pipeline
applications,
such
as
power
plant
water
intakes.
http://
www.
onr.
navy.
mil/
sci%
5Ftech/
industrial/
tech%
5Ftran/
stories/
adv%
5Ffouling/
default.
h
tm
 
Naval
Research
Reviews
Biofouling
This
is
a
compilation
of
eight
articles
on
biofouling,
very
much
like
a
biofouling
primer.
http://
www.
onr.
navy.
mil/
onr/
docs/
nrr1997%
2D4.
pdf
 
Advanced
Nontoxic
Fouling
Release
Coatings
http://
www.
onr.
navy.
mil/
sci%
5Ftech/
industrial/
tech%
5Ftran/
stories/
adv%
5Ffouling/
default.
h
tm
 
Cooling
water
impacts
from
New
York
Power
companies
http://
www.
dec.
state.
ny.
us/
website/
dfwmr/
habitat/
hoa1b2i.
htm
 
This
site
is
really
about
discharges
but
may
have
useful
information
in
it
as
well.
http://
unds.
bah.
com/
NOd/
Sew_
pbio.
pdf
 
Predicting
and
mitigating
impacts
from
cooling
water
intakes
http://
www.
hydroqual.
com/
Hydro/
thermal.
htm
 
Geesey,
G.
G.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
H.­
C.
Flemming,
Biofouling
and
Biocorrosion
in
Industrial
Water
Systems,
Lewis
Publishers,
1993.

 
Lewandowski,
Z.,
"
Dissolved
Oxygen
Gradients
Near
Microbially
Colonized
Surfaces,"
In:
Geesey,
G.
G.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
H.­
C.
Flemming,
(
eds),
Biofouling
and
Biocorrosion
in
Industrial
Water
Systems,
Lewis
Publishers,
1993,
Chapter
11,
pp.
175­
188.

 
Lee,
W.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
W.
G.
Characklis,
and
P.
H.
Nielsen,
"
Microbial
Corrosion
of
Mild
Steel
in
a
Biofilm
System,"
In:
Geesey,
G.
G.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
H.­
C.
Flemming,
(
eds),
Biofouling
and
Biocorrosion
in
Industrial
Water
Systems,
Lewis
Publishers,
1993,
Chapter
13,
pp.
205­
212.

 
Geesey,
P.
J.
Bremer,
W.
R.
Fischer,
D.
Wagner,
C.
W.
Keevil,
J.
Walker,
A.
H.
L.
Chamberlain,
and
P.
Angell,
"
Unusual
Types
of
Pitting
Corrosion
of
Copper
Tubes
in
Potable
Water
Systems,
In:
Geesey,
G.
G.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
H.­
C.
Flemming,
(
eds),
Biofouling
and
Biocorrosion
in
Industrial
Water
Systems,
Lewis
Publishers,
1993,
Chapter
16,
pp.
243­
263.

 
McFeters,
G.
A.,
P.
S.
Stewart,
C.­
T.
Huang,
E.
J.
Wentland,
K.
D.
Xu
and
F.
P.
Yu.
1999.
"
Physiological
Heterogeneity
and
Biofilm
Control,"
In:
Biofilms
in
the
Aquatic
Environment,
pp.
51­
60,
Edited
by
C.
W.
Keevil,
A.
Godfree,
D.
Holt,
C.
Dow.
The
Royal
Society
of
Chemistry
Press,
Cambridge
 
Lewandowski,
Z.,
W.
Dickinson,
and
W.
Lee,
"
Electrochemical
Interactions
of
Biofilms
with
Metal
Surfaces,"
Wat.
Sci.
Tech.,
36(
1):
295­
302
(
1997).
 
Griebe,
T.,
C.­
I.
Chen,
R.
Srinivasan,
and
P.
S.
Stewart,
"
Analysis
of
Biofilm
Disinfection
by
Monochloramine
and
Free
Chlorine,"
In:
Geesey,
G.
G.,
Z.
Lewandowski,
H.­
C.
Flemming,
(
eds),
Biofouling
and
Biocorrosion
in
Industrial
Water
Systems,
Lewis
Publishers,
1993,
Chapter
9,
pp.
151­
161.

 
Mortensen
and
Conley,
CTI
J.
15:
10
(
1994),
Cooling
water
towers
reduced
heat
and
mass
transfer.