Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0064-0168
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2007-03-28T04:00Z

http://www.pbtprofiler.net/results.asp

Results 

Top of Form

Orange or red highlights indicate that the EPA   HYPERLINK
"http://www.pbtprofiler.net/criteria.asp"  criteria  have been exceeded.

  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/Results.asp?BW=T" 
Black-and-white version 

  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/Details.asp" \l "P"  Persistence
 

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "B" 
Bioaccumulation  

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "T"  Toxicity  

106-94-5   Propane, 1-bromo- 

PBT Profiler Estimate = PBT 

  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "media"  Media  

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "half-life" 
Half-Life  

(days) 

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "percent" 
Percent in

Each Medium  

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "bcf"  BCF  

	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l "fishchv"  Fish
ChV 

(mg/l) 

   45% 

	  

	

 

The PBT Profiler Results are available for 20 minutes 

Developed by the   HYPERLINK "http://esc.syrres.com"  Environmental
Science Center  under contract to the   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/"  Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics  ,   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov"  U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 

Computer Resources Donated by   HYPERLINK "http://www.syrres.com" 
Syracuse Research Corporation           Ver 1.203     Last
Updated September 21, 2006 

 

Pollution Prevention (P2) Considerations for Propane, 1-bromo- 

PBT Profiler Estimate = 

P    B    T     

  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/results.asp"  Return to PBT
Profiler Results  

Chemicals that are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic have the
potential to concentrate to levels that may cause significant averse
impact on human health and the environment. Orange or red highlights for
the above "PBT Profiler Estimate" indicates the EPA criteria have been
exceeded for persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), or toxicity (T) . The
PBT Profiler estimates are designed for screening-level assessments to
help identify Pollution Prevention (P2) opportunities for chemical
substances when no experimental data are available. Experimental data
should always be used in preference to the results of the PBT Profiler. 

PBT Profiler Physical/Chemical Property Estimates

Property	Value	Type	Units

Molecular Weight	122.99

Melting Point	-79	Estimated	degrees C

Vapor Pressure	110	Estimated	mm Hg at 25 degrees C

Log Kow	2.1 	Experimental 	at 25 degrees

Water Solubility	1600	Estimated	mg/L at 25 degrees C

Henry's Law Constant	0.0073	Experimental 	atm/m3 mole at 25 degrees

Hydroxyl Radical Reaction Rate Constant	0.0000000000012	Experimental 
cm3/molecule-sec at 25 degrees C

Ozone Reaction Rate Constant	Not Estimated

Ultimate Biodegradation Survey	2.956 ( Weeks ) 	Estimated

	Persistence Summary 

Partitioning	The PBT Profiler uses three environmental compartments
(water, soil, and sediment) to determine the persistence of a chemical
in the environment. If released to the environment, Propane, 1-bromo- is
expected to be found predominantly in water. It is also expected to be
found in soil , but not in sediment. 

The PBT Profiler does not explicitly consider a chemical's fate in the
atmosphere in its persistence estimate. It also does not consider a
chemical's potential to enter groundwater. Important P2 considerations
in these media may be discussed on a chemical by chemical basis in the
sections that follow. 

Transformation

and

Persistence	The PBT Profiler has estimated that Propane, 1-bromo- is
expected to be found predominantly in water and its persistence estimate
is based on its transformation in this medium. Its half-life in water,
15 days, does not exceed the EPA criteria. Therefore, Propane, 1-bromo-
is estimated not to be persistent in the environment. 

Pollution

Prevention

Considerations	The PBT Profiler estimates persistence in sediment by its
potential for biodegradation in anaerobic (oxygen free) environment.
Propane, 1-bromo- is not expected to be present in sediment, however,
groundwater is also an anaerobic compartment. Chemicals may leach
through soil and enter groundwater depending on their physical and
chemical properties. The PBT Profiler has estimated that the physical
and chemical properties of Propane, 1-bromo- indicate that it may have
the potential to leach through soil and enter groundwater. Pollution
Prevention (P2) opportunities for this compound should also consider its
potential transport to and persistence in groundwater. The PBT Profiler
does not explicitly consider groundwater in its persistence estimate.Its

Long-Range

Transport

(CTD)	The Characteristic Travel Distance (CTD) is an expression of a
chemical’s potential for Long Range Transport (LRT), or its potential
to be transported long distances. If a chemical travels long distances,
it may become widely distributed in regions far from where the chemical
was produced or used. The PBT Profiler considers a chemical’s CTD in
air, which provides insight into its potential widespread distribution
through deposition from the atmosphere onto soil or water. 

The PBT Profiler has estimated that Propane, 1-bromo- has a CTD in air
of Km. Using a published set of criteria, this value is considered
relatively low, and Propane, 1-bromo- has limited potential to travel
long distances in air. It is important to note that there are currently
no generally recognized criteria for the CTD in air although
International efforts to develop these critieria have been initiated.
The PBT Profiler provides the CTD to allow the comparison of different
chemicals when identifying P2 opportunities.

Overall

Persistence	The   HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/details.asp" \l
"OP"  overall persistence  is a calculated term that allows the
persistence of different chemicals to be compared using a single value.
Even though the units of the overall persistence are the same as those
used for a chemical's half-life (hrs), these two terms are not
inter-convertible. The overall persistence takes into account both a
chemical's media-specific half-life as well as its rate of transport
into (and out of) that compartment. Because the overall persistence
takes into account transport, its value will likely be different than
any of the media-specific half-lives. 

The overall persistence can only be calculated in a mass-balance
multimedia model. These models calculate the overall persistence by
determining the weighted average of the residence time in each
compartment. 

The overall persistence for Propane, 1-bromo- is 21 days using the
default emission scenario of the level III multimedia model. The overall
persistence using different release scenarios is provided in the
following section. 

	Release Scenarios	The PBT Profiler estimates persistence based on a
standard release scenario emitting equal amounts to soil, water, and
air.  A more in-depth P2 assessment may utilize a release scenario that
is more representative of an individual chemical's life cycle. This
section of the PBT Profiler provides seven different release scenarios
to help identify P2 opportunities for Propane, 1-bromo-. The seven
release scenarios are based on a more realistic total release of 300
kg/hr to the environment and not the 1,000 kg/hr shown on the PBT
Profiler results page. Since the fugacity model is linear, the percent
in each compartment does not change based on the total release to the
environment, but only on the relative amount released to air, water, and
soil. 

The following table provides the percent estimated in each environmental
compartment using different release scenarios.  Propane, 1-bromo-: The
media (water, soil, and sediment) the chemical is expected to be found
in predominantly (the predominant compartment) is underlined. The color
of each estimate indicates if the EPA criteria have been exceeded in
that specific medium. Therefore, by determining the color of the
underline value in each row, the persistence ranking for each different
scenario can be compared directly to the default persistence value, P,
estimated by the PBT Profiler. 

The overall persistence, Po (days), calculated for each release scenario
is also provided. 

Release to each medium (Kg/hr)

Percent in each medium 

 Po 

Air

Water

Soil

Air

Water

Soil

Sed

100

100

100

45

43

12

0

21

150

0

150

75

1

24

0

21

300

0

0

100

0

0

0

20

150

150

0

39

61

0

0

21

0

150

150

33

53

14

0

21

0

300

0

17

83

0

0

21

0

0

300

60

1

39

0

21

	Bioaccumulation Summary 

	Bioconcentration	Bioaccumulation is the process by which the chemical
concentration in an aquatic organism achieves a level that exceeds that
in the water, as a result of chemical uptake through all possible routes
of exposure. Biomagnification, refers to the concentration of a chemical
to a level that exceeds that resulting from its diet. Bioaccumulation
includes both biomagnification and bioconcentration. 

In general, chemicals that have the potential to bioconcentrate also
have the potential to bioaccumulate. Since a bioconcentration factor  
HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/ChemDetails.asp?I=0" \l "bcf#bcf" 
(BCF)  in fish can be readily measured in the laboratory and
bioaccumulation is much more complicated to determine, the BCF is
frequently used to predict the importance of bioaccumulation. The
estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Propane, 1-bromo-, 8.3, does
not exceed the EPA bioconcentration criteria. 

	Bioaccumulation

	Toxicity Summary 

	Fish

Chronic

Toxicity	PBT chemicals are those that persist in the environment,
bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, and may bioaccumulate in humans,
birds, and wild mammals. Exposure to PBT chemicals will result in
chronic exposures which, in turn, leads to chronic toxicity. The PBT
Profiler uses an estimated fish chronic toxicity value (ChV) to allow
organic chemicals lacking experimental data to be screened for P2
opportunities. A more in-depth P2 assessment requires that the potential
toxicity of Propane, 1-bromo- to other aquatic organisms (and at other
duration of exposure) be determined. 

The PBT Profiler estimates that Propane, 1-bromo- is chronically toxic
to fish. It is important to note that Propane, 1-bromo- may also be
toxic to other aquatic organisms. Some aquatic organisms, such as
daphnids, may be more sensitive to both acute and chronic exposures to
Propane, 1-bromo-. To help assess the toxicity of Propane, 1-bromo- to
other aquatic organisms, the PBT Profiler provides the complete ECOSARTM
estimates for this compound, as discussed below. 

	Other

Toxicity

Information 	Unlike persistence and bioaccumulation, there is a wide
range of different aquatic toxicity endpoints that may be of concern
when assessing a chemical for P2 opportunities The PBT Profiler
determines the fish chronic aquatic toxicity for its toxicity ranking.
Endpoints specific to humans, avian and terrestrial species, benthic
organisms, and other aquatic animals are not included in the PBT
Profiler toxicity ranking that appears on the initial results page.
Other endpoints associated with the acute, sub chronic, and chronic
toxicity of Propane, 1-bromo- should be considered for the above
organisms in light of its persistence, potential for bioaccumulation,
release to the environment, and life cycle when performing an in-depth
P2 Assessment. 

To help address some of these toxicity issues, the following information
may be useful when identifying P2 opportunities for Propane, 1-bromo-: 

Complete ECOSARTM Results. Depending on the structure of Propane,
1-bromo-, EPA's   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/newchems/tools/21ecosar.htm"  ECOSAR TM
estimation program may provide a variety of aquatic toxicity end points
for a number of different organisms. The PBT Profiler's link to the  
HYPERLINK "javascript:OpenEcosar(0,2.10)"  ECOSAR  TM   HYPERLINK
"javascript:OpenEcosar(0,2.10)"  results for Propane, 1-bromo-  will
open another window and display the estimated results. When
investigating P2 opportunities for Propane, 1-bromo-, its potential
toxicity to other aquatic organisms should be considered. 

View the   HYPERLINK "javascript:OpenEcosar(0,2.10)"  ECOSAR  TM  
HYPERLINK "javascript:OpenEcosar(0,2.10)"  results for Propane, 1-bromo-
 

EPA Chemical Categories: In the review of over 20,000 chemicals under
the New Chemical Program, the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
(OPPT) of EPA has identified a number of chemical classes that may have
human health concerns. The PBT Profiler has been programmed to identify
chemicals that may belong to one of these chemical categories based on
the presence of specific functional groups and features. 

	

  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/results.asp"  Return to PBT
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Developed by the   HYPERLINK "http://esc.syrres.com"  Environmental
Science Center  under contract to the   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/"  Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics  ,   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov"  U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 

Computer Resources Donated by   HYPERLINK "http://www.syrres.com" 
Syracuse Research Corporation           Ver 1.203     Last
Updated September 21, 2006 

Bottom of Form

CRITERIA

 

Criteria used by the PBT Profiler 

Introduction 

The PBT Profiler is a screening-level tool that provides estimates of
the persistence, bioaccumulation, and chronic fish toxicity potential of
chemical compounds. It is designed to be used when no data are
available. In order to help interested parties make informed decision on
a chemical’s PBT characteristics, the PBT profiler automatically
identifies chemicals that may persist in the environment and
bioaccumulate in the food chain.   These chemicals are identified using
thresholds published by the EPA. By comparing the estimated persistence
and bioaccumulation provided by the PBT Profiler, interested parties can
rapidly obtain information to make informed judgments on the PBT
characteristics of the chemicals under consideration. This screening
assessment can be used early in the decision making process to help
users better focus resources and identify pollution prevention
opportunities. 

The thresholds the PBT profiler uses to highlight chemicals that may
persist and/or bioaccumulate in the environment are based on information
published by the EPA in the Federal Register.   The first is a policy
statement on a new category for PBT substances for the review of
Premanufacture Notices (PMNs) submitted under section 5 of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA).   The second is a final rule that added
several chemicals with PBT characteristics and lowered reporting
thresholds for certain PBT chemicals that were already listed on the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), under section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The criteria published
in these two Federal Register notices are comparable. 

The PBT profiler uses a different set of criteria to highlight chemicals
that may be toxic.   These criteria are based on the scientific
principles and quantitative structure activity relationships that have
been used to screen for toxicity in EPA’s New Chemical Program for
over 20 years. 

The following sections provide an overview of the persistence,
bioaccumulation, and toxicity criteria the PBT Profiler uses to
highlight chemicals. Extensive discussions of the scientific basis for
the persistence and bioaccumulation criteria are provided in the EPA
notices discussed herein.   Interested parties are invited to read the
full text of these notices, which are available on-line using the links
provided. A discussion of how the PBT Profiler estimates persistence,
bioaccumulation, and toxicity is provided in the PBT Methodology
section. 

Persistence Criteria 	  HYPERLINK
"http://www.pbtprofiler.net/criteria.asp" \l "top#top"  To Top 

  

To highlight a chemical that may persist in the environment, the PBT
profiler uses criteria set forth by the EPA in the Federal Register. An
overview of these criteria as presented in a final rule and a policy
statement on a new PBT category for new chemicals is provided below. The
user is encouraged to follow the links to the Federal Register documents
to gain insight on the scientific rationale for the persistence
criteria, details on the actions they describe, and other persistence
criteria that have been brought forward by other domestic and
international organizations 

The persistence criteria for EPA’s policy statement on a new PBT
category for Premanufacture Notices are: [  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/1999/November/Day-04/t28888.htm" 
Category for Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic New Chemical
Substances, Federal Register: November 4, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 213),
pages 60194-60204 .] 

	TSCA Section 5 Action 

	5 (e) Order/Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 	Ban Pending Testing 

Half-life in water, soil, and sediment 	Half-life > 2 months 

(> 60 days) 	Half-life > 6 months 

(> 180 days) 

The persistence criteria for EPA’s final rule for TRI reporting are: [
  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/1999/October/Day-29/f28169.htm" 
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals; Lowering of Reporting
Thresholds for Certain PBT Chemicals; Addition of Certain PBT Chemicals;
Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical Reporting: Final rule, Federal
Register: October 29, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 209), pages 58666-58753 .]

	Considered Persistent 	Considered Very Persistent 

Half-life in water, soil, and sediment 	Half-life >= 2 months 

(>= 60 days) 	Half-life > 6 months 

(> 180 days) 

Half-life in Air 	Half-life > 2 days 

	The PBT Profiler combines the persistence criteria for water, soil, and
sediment provided above and highlights chemicals with an estimated
half-life >= 2 months and < 6 months in orange text and those with an
estimated half-life > = 6 months in red. The half-life in air is not
used in the PBT Profiler's Persistence summary. The PBT Profiler uses 30
days in a month for its comparisons.  

Bioaccumulation Criteria 	  HYPERLINK
"http://www.pbtprofiler.net/criteria.asp" \l "top#top"  To Top 

  

To highlight a chemical that may bioaccumulate in the food chain, the
PBT profiler uses criteria set forth by the EPA in the Federal Register.
These criteria use a bioconcentration factor (BCF) as the indicator of a
chemical’s potential to bioaccumulate. An overview of these criteria
as presented in a final rule and a policy statement is provided below.
The user is encouraged to follow the links to the Federal Register
documents to gain insight on the scientific rationale for the
bioaccumulation criteria, details on the actions they describe, and
other bioaccumulation criteria that have been brought forward by other
domestic and international organizations. 

The bioaccumulation criteria for EPA’s policy statement on
Premanufacture Notices are: [  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/1999/November/Day-04/t28888.htm" 
Category for Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic New Chemical
Substances, Federal Register: November 4, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 213),
pages 60194-60204 .] 

	TSCA Section 5 Action 

	5 (e) Order/Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 	Ban Pending Testing 

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) 	> = 1,000 	> = 5,000 

The bioaccumulation criteria for EPA’s rule for TRI reporting are: [ 
HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/1999/October/Day-29/f28169.htm"  
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals; Lowering of Reporting
Thresholds for Certain PBT Chemicals; Community Right-to-Know Toxic
Chemical Reporting: Final rule Federal Register: October 29, 1999
(Volume 64, Number 209), pages 58666-58753 .] 

	Considered Bioaccumulative 	Considered Very Bioaccumulative 

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) 	> = 1,000 	> 5,000

The PBT Profiler combines the bioaccumulation criteria provided above
and highlights chemicals with a BCF >= 1,000 and < 5,000 in orange text
and those with a BCF > = 5,000 in red.  

Toxicity 	  HYPERLINK "http://www.pbtprofiler.net/criteria.asp" \l
"top#top"  To Top 

  

To highlight a chemical that may be chronically toxic to fish, the PBT
profiler uses criteria developed in EPA’s New Chemical Program
[Clements, R. G.; Nabholz, J. V.; Johnson, D. E.; and Zeeman, M. G. The
Use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) as
Screening Tools in Environmental Assessment. Environmental Toxicology
and Risk Assessment, 2nd Vol., edited by J.W. Gorsuch, F. J. Dwyer, C.
G. Ingersoll, and T. W. LaPoint, pp 555-570. ASTM STP 1216.
Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993]. The
criteria used in the New Chemicals Program are: 

	Low Concern	Moderate Concern 	High Concern 

Fish ChV (mg/l)	> 10 mg/l	0.1 - 10 mg/l 	< 0.1 mg/l 

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Toxics  ,   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov"  U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency 

Computer Resources Donated by   HYPERLINK "http://www.syrres.com" 
Syracuse Research Corporation           Ver 1.203     Last
Updated September 21, 2006