Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217-0042
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2015-02-04T05:00Z

Billing Code 6560-50-P

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 141
[EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217 FRL-_______-_______]
RIN 2040-A537
Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4 -  Draft 
AGENCY:  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION:  Notice.

SUMMARY:  
EPA is publishing for public review and comment a draft list of contaminants that are currently not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWRs), that are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems (PWSs), and which may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This draft list is the fourth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 4) published by the agency since the SDWA amendments of 1996.
This Draft CCL 4 includes 100 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbial contaminants. The EPA seeks comment on the Draft CCL 4, and on improvements to the CCL selection process to be considered for future CCLs.
DATES:  Comments must be received on or before [INSERT DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. 
 ADDRESSES:  Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217, by one of the following methods:
       Email: www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments.
       Mail: Water Docket, Environmental Protection Agency, Mail code: 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460. 
       Hand Delivery: Water Docket, EPA Docket Center (EPA/DC) EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Docket's normal hours of operation, and special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information. 
Instructions:  Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through www.regulations.gov or email. The www.regulations.gov website is an "anonymous access" system, which means EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an e-mail comment directly to EPA without going through www.regulations.gov, your e-mail address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional instructions on submitting comments, go to Section I.B of the GENERAL INFORMATION section of this document. 
Docket: All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the Water Docket, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the EPA Docket Center is (202) 566-2426. 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:  For information on chemical contaminants contact Meredith Russell, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, at (202) 564-0814 or e-mail russell.meredith@epa.gov. For information on microbial contaminants contact Hannah Holsinger, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, at 202-564-0403 or email holsinger.hannah@epa.gov. For general information contact the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or e-mail: hotline-sdwa@epa.gov.

Abbreviations and Acronyms 
ATSDR -- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWWA -- American Water Works Association 
CA -- California
CASRN -- Chemical Abstract Services Registry Number
CDC -- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CCL -- Contaminant Candidate List
CCL 1 -- EPA's First Contaminant Candidate List
CCL 2 -- EPA's Second Contaminant Candidate List
CCL 3 -- EPA's Third Contaminant Candidate List
CCL 4 -- EPA's Fourth Contaminant Candidate List
CFR -- Code of Federal Regulations
CUS/IUR -- Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Rule
EPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency
ESA -- ethanesulfonic acid
FL -- Florida
FR -- Federal Register
GAMA -- The California State Water Resources Control Board's Groundwater Ambient Monitoring Assessment program
HPC -- Heterotrophic Plate Count
IL -- Illinois
IOM -- Institute of Medicine
IRIS -- Integrated Risk Information System
MCL -- Maximum Contaminant Level  
MCLG  -  Maximum Contaminant Level Goal 
MMWR -- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
NC -- North Carolina
NCOD -- National Contaminant Occurrence Database
NDWAC -- National Drinking Water Advisory Council
NRC -- National Academy of Science's National Research Council
NPDWR -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NTP -- National Toxicology Program
OH -- Ohio
OPP -- Office of Pesticide Programs
OSRTI -- Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
PCCL 3 -- Preliminary Contaminant Candidate List 3
PCCL 4 -- Preliminary Contaminant Candidate List 4
PDP -- Pesticide Data Program developed by USDA
PFOA -- perfluorooctanoic acid
PFOS -- perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
PPRTVs -- Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values
PWS -- public water system
SAB -- Science Advisory Board
SDWA -- Safe Drinking Water Act
SD -- South Dakota
STORET -- EPA's Storage and Retrieval database of water quality monitoring data collected by water resource management groups across the U.S.
TRI -- Toxics Release Inventory
TT -- Treatment Technique - an enforceable procedure or level of technological performance, which public water systems must follow to ensure control of a contaminant 
TX -- Texas
UCM -- Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
UCMR 1 -- First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
UCMR 2 -- Second Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
US -- United States of America
USDA -- United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS -- United States Geological Survey
WHO -- World Health Organization
WI -- Wisconsin
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. General Information
   A. Does this Action Impose Any Requirements on My Public Water System?
   B. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA?
II. Purpose, Background, and Summary of This Action
   A. What is the Purpose of This Action?
   B. Statutory Requirements for CCL, Regulatory Determinations and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring 
   1. Contaminant Candidate List
   2. Regulatory Determinations
   3. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
   C. Interrelationship of the CCL, Regulatory Determinations, and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
   D. Brief History of Previous CCLs and Regulatory Determinations
        1.    The First Contaminant Candidate List
        2.    The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 1 Contaminants
        3.    The Second Contaminant Candidate List 
        4.    The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 2 Contaminants
        5.    The Third Contaminant Candidate List 
        6.    The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 3 Contaminants
   E. Summary of the Approach Used to Identify and Evaluate Candidates for CCL 4
   1. Carry Forward of CCL 3 Contaminants
   2. Summary and Evaluation of CCL 4 Nominated Contaminants
   3. Evaluation of Previous Negative Regulatory Determinations
   F. What is on EPA's Draft CCL 4?
III. Request for Comment 
IV. EPA's Next Steps
V. References
I. General Information
A. Does this Action Impose Any Requirements on My Public Water System?
	The Draft Contaminant Candidate List 4 (CCL 4) and the Final CCL 4, when published, will not impose any requirements on regulated entities. Instead, this action notifies interested parties of the availability of EPA's Draft CCL 4 and seeks comment on the contaminants listed. 
B. What Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA? 
	You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing your comments:
   * Explain your views as clearly as possible.
   * Describe any assumptions that you used.
   * Provide any technical information and/or data you used that support your views.
   * Provide full references for any peer reviewed publication you used that support your views.
   * Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns.
   * Offer alternatives.
	Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, identify the appropriate docket identification number in the subject line on the first page of your response. It would also be helpful if you provided the name, date, and Federal Register citation related to your comments.
II. Purpose, Background, and Summary of This Action
	This section briefly summarizes the purpose of this action, the statutory requirements, previous activities related to the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), and the approach used to develop the Draft CCL 4. 
A. What is the Purpose of This Action?
	The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, requires EPA to publish a list every five years of currently unregulated contaminants that may pose risks for drinking water (referred to as the Contaminant Candidate List, or CCL). This list is subsequently used to make regulatory determinations on whether to regulate at least five contaminants from the CCL with a national primary drinking water regulation (NPDWR) (SDWA Section 1412(b)(1)). The purpose of today's action is to present EPA's draft list of contaminants on the CCL 4, a description of the selection process and the rationale used to make the list. Today's action only deals with the CCL 4. Regulatory determinations for contaminants on the CCL are made as part of a separate agency action.
      EPA requests comment on the Draft CCL 4 and suggestions for further improvements to the selection process to be considered for future CCLs.
      
B. Statutory Requirements for CCL, Regulatory Determinations and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring 
1. Contaminant Candidate List

      Section 1412(b)(1) of the SDWA, as amended in 1996, requires EPA to publish the CCL every five years. The SDWA specifies that the list must include contaminants that are not subject to any proposed or promulgated NPDWRs, are known or anticipated to occur in PWSs, and may require regulation under the SDWA. The unregulated contaminants considered for listing shall include, but not be limited to, substances identified in section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.  The SDWA also directs the agency to consider the health effects and occurrence information for unregulated contaminants to identify those contaminants that present the greatest public health concern related to exposure from drinking water. The statute also directs the agency to take into consideration the effect of contaminants upon subgroups that comprise a meaningful portion of the general population (such as infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with a history of serious illness, or other subpopulations) that are identifiable as being at greater risk than the general population of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminants in drinking water. EPA considers age-related subgroups as "lifestages" in reference to a distinguishable time frame in an individual's life characterized by unique and relatively stable behavioral and/or physiological characteristics that are associated with development and growth. Thus, childhood should be viewed as a sequence of lifestages, from conception through fetal development, infancy, and adolescence (see http://www2.epa.gov/children/early-life-stages). 
2.  Regulatory Determinations

	Section 1412(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the SDWA, as amended in 1996, requires EPA at five year intervals to make determinations of whether to regulate or not to regulate no fewer than five contaminants from the CCL. The 1996 SDWA Amendments specify three criteria to determine whether a contaminant may require regulation:
   * the contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of persons; 
   * the contaminant is known to occur or there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant will occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels of public health concern; and
   * in the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water systems. 
   If EPA determines that these three statutory criteria are met and makes a final determination to regulate a contaminant, the agency has 24 months to publish a proposed Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) and NPDWR. After the proposal, the agency has 18 months to publish and promulgate a final MCLG and NPDWR (SDWA section 1412(b)(1)(E)). 
3. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring

Section 1445 of the SDWA mandates that EPA promulgate regulations (known as the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule or UCMR) to establish criteria for a monitoring program for unregulated contaminants. The SDWA requires all large public water systems and a representative sample of smaller public water systems to monitor for unregulated contaminants. The statute requires EPA to issue a list every five years of not more than 30 unregulated contaminants to be monitored. The SDWA also specifies that EPA include the results of such monitoring, along with monitoring data for regulated contaminants and reliable information from other public and private sources, in a national drinking water occurrence database. EPA developed the National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD) to contain the monitoring data from the UCMR program and the other data as specified by the SDWA. The current UCMR (UCMR 3) requires monitoring for 30 contaminants (28 chemicals and 2 viruses) (77 FR 26071, May 2, 2012 (USEPA, 2012a)). Sampling will occur during 2013-2015. Twenty-one contaminants on the CCL 3 and twenty contaminants on the Draft CCL 4 are included on the UCMR 3. This occurrence information will be used in the development of future CCLs and regulatory determinations. 
       
C. Interrelationship of the CCL, Regulatory Determinations, and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring 
	The CCL is the first step in evaluating the subset of potential contaminants that may require future NPDWRs. The CCL serves as the initial screening of potential contaminants, and inclusion on the CCL does not mean that any particular contaminant will necessarily be regulated in the future. The UCMR provides a mechanism to obtain nationally representative occurrence data for contaminants. Most unregulated contaminants chosen by EPA for monitoring have been selected from the CCL. When selecting contaminants for monitoring under the UCMR, EPA considers the availability of health effects data and the need for national occurrence data for contaminants, as well as analytical method availability and cost, availability of analytical standards, and laboratory capacity to support a nationwide monitoring program when selecting contaminants. The contaminant occurrence data collected under the UCMR serves to better inform future CCLs and regulatory determinations. Contaminants on the CCL are evaluated to see which ones have sufficient information to allow the agency to make a regulatory determination. Those contaminants with sufficient information to make a regulatory determination are then evaluated based on the three statutory criteria in the SDWA Section 1412(b)(1) to determine whether a regulation is required (called a positive determination) or not required (called a negative determination). EPA must make regulatory determinations for at least five contaminants listed on the CCL every five years. For those contaminants without sufficient information to allow the agency to make a regulatory determination, EPA encourages research to provide the information needed to determine whether to regulate the contaminant. Today's action deals only with the CCL 4 and not with the UCMR or regulatory determinations.
D. Brief History of Previous CCLs and Regulatory Determinations
1. The First Contaminant Candidate List 
   
	The first CCL (CCL 1) was published on March 2, 1998 (63 FR 10274 (USEPA, 1998)). CCL 1 was developed based on recommendations by the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) and review by technical experts. It contained 50 chemicals and 10 microbial contaminants/groups. EPA consulted with the scientific community, including the Science Advisory Board, on a process for developing the first CCL. 
2. The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 1 Contaminants

	EPA published its final regulatory determinations for a subset of contaminants listed on CCL 1 on July 18, 2003 (68 FR 42897 (USEPA, 2003)). EPA identified nine contaminants from the 60 contaminants listed on CCL 1 that had sufficient data and information available to make regulatory determinations. The nine contaminants were Acanthamoeba, aldrin, dieldrin, hexachlorobutadiene, manganese, metribuzin, naphthalene, sodium, and sulfate. The agency determined that an NPDWR was not necessary for any of these nine contaminants at that time. The agency issued guidance on Acanthamoeba and health advisories for manganese, sodium, and sulfate. 
3. The Second Contaminant Candidate List

	The agency published its Final CCL 2 on February 24, 2005 (70 FR 9071 (USEPA, 2005)). The CCL 2 carried forward the 51 remaining chemical and microbial contaminants from CCL 1 that did not have regulatory determinations. 
4. The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 2 Contaminants

	EPA published its final regulatory determinations for a subset of contaminants listed on CCL 2 on July 30, 2008 (73 FR 44251 (USEPA, 2008b)). EPA identified 11 contaminants from the 51 contaminants listed on CCL 2 that had sufficient data and information available to make regulatory determinations. The 11 contaminants were boron, the dacthal mono- and di-acid degradates; 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE); 1,3-dichloropropene; 2,4-dinitrotoluene; 2,6-dinitrotoluene; s-ethyl propylthiocarbamate (EPTC); fonofos; terbacil; and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. The agency made a final determination that an NPDWR was not necessary for any of these 11 contaminants. New or updated health advisories were issued for boron, the dacthal degradates, 2,4- dinitrotoluene, 2,6- dinitrotoluene and 1,1,2,2- tetrachloroethane. 
5. The Third Contaminant Candidate List

   	The agency published its Final CCL 3 on October 8, 2009 (74 FR 51850 (USEPA, 2009e)). The CCL 3 contained 104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbial contaminants. In developing CCL 3, EPA improved and built upon the process that was used for CCL 1 and CCL 2. In 1998, the agency requested advice from the National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council (NRC) on how to improve the CCL process. The NRC proposed a broader, more reproducible process to identify the CCL than the process used by EPA in the first and second CCLs. The NRC recommended that EPA develop and use a multi-step process for creating CCL 3 and future CCLs, whereby a broadly defined "universe" of potential drinking water contaminants is identified, assessed, and reduced to a preliminary CCL (PCCL) using simple screening criteria (NRC, 2001). All of the contaminants on the PCCL would then be assessed in more detail using classification tools to evaluate the likelihood that specific contaminants could occur in drinking water at levels that pose a public health concern. In 2002, the agency sought input from the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) on how to implement the NRC's recommendations to improve the CCL process. NDWAC agreed that EPA should proceed with the NRC's recommendations and provided some additional considerations and recommendations in a 2004 report (NDWAC, 2004). 
      Based on these consultations and input, as well as substantial input from experts and the public, EPA developed a multi-step process to select contaminants for the CCL 3, which included the following key steps: 
   * Identification of a broad universe of potential drinking water contaminants (the CCL 3 Universe);
   * Screening the CCL 3 Universe to a preliminary CCL (PCCL) using screening criteria based on the potential to occur in public water systems and the potential for public health concern; 
   * Evaluation of the PCCL contaminants based on a more detailed evaluation of occurrence and health effects using a scoring and classification system; and
   * Incorporating public input and expert review in the CCL 3 process. 
      EPA convened several expert review panels for peer review of both the process and the contaminants. As the result of peer review, refinements to the process were made. EPA sought and incorporated public input by seeking nominations for contaminants to be considered for the Draft CCL 3 and published the Draft CCL 3 with an opportunity for public comments before the list was finalized. EPA also allowed opportunity for and considered contaminants identified by surveillance efforts, which included ongoing collaboration with internal EPA offices and other Federal agencies and the review of scientific publications and data, to enable consideration of new information on contaminants. Any contaminants identified through the nomination and/or surveillance mechanisms were considered at any step of the CCL 3 process, but only the contaminants that met the criteria applied for all steps of the CCL 3 process were included on the Draft CCL 3. 
      Exhibit 1 illustrates the CCL 3 multi-step approach previously described. This generalized process is applied to both chemical and microbial contaminants, though the specific execution of particular steps differs between them.
                      Exhibit 1. Schematic of CCL process

                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
	                                   Evaluation  
                                Expert Review  
                                   Universe
                                     PCCL
                                   Draft CCL
                                 Surveillance
                                      And
                                  Nomination   
                                    STEP 1
                                Identifying the
                                   Universe
                                       
                                    STEP 2
                                  Screening 
                                   to a PCCL
                                       
                                       
                                    STEP 3
                                Classification
                            of the PCCL to the CCL
                                   Final CCL
Public Comment
                                 Evaluation  
                                Expert Review  
                                   Universe
                                     PCCL
                                   Draft CCL
                                 Surveillance
                                      And
                                  Nomination   
                                    STEP 1
                                Identifying the
                                   Universe
                                       
                                    STEP 2
                                  Screening 
                                   to a PCCL
                                       
                                       
                                    STEP 3
                                Classification
                            of the PCCL to the CCL
                                   Final CCL
Public Comment
                                       
	A complete description of the CCL 3 process can be found in the Draft and Final CCL 3 Federal Register notices (73 FR 9628, February 21, 2008 (USEPA, 2008a) and 74 FR 51850, October 8, 2009 (USEPA, 2009e)). Supporting documents that explain each stage of the CCL 3 process in further detail (i.e., identifying the Universe, screening to the PCCL, and the classification of the PCCL to the CCL) can be found at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/dws/ccl/ccl3_processflowdiagram.cfm and in the CCL 3 docket at www.regulations.gov (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2007-1189). 
	 
6. The Regulatory Determinations for CCL 3 Contaminants

      On February 11, 2011, as a separate action, the agency issued a positive regulatory determination for perchlorate, a chemical listed in CCL 1, CCL 2, and CCL 3 (76 FR 7762) USEPA, 2011)). Recently, EPA has published preliminary regulatory determinations for five unregulated contaminants (xx FR xxxxx (USEPA, 2014a)). The five contaminants include: 1,3-dinitrobenzene; dimethoate; strontium; terbufos; and terbufos sulfone. The agency is making preliminary determinations to regulate one contaminant (strontium) and to not regulate four contaminants (1,3-dinitrobenzene, dimethoate, terbufos, and terbufos sulfone). Therefore, the agency is removing perchlorate and these five contaminants from the Draft CCL 4, pending the result of the final regulatory determinations for CCL 3. 
E. Summary of Approach Used to Identify and Evaluate Candidates for CCL 4
	EPA is proposing an abbreviated evaluation and selection process for CCL 4. This abbreviated CCL 4 process includes a three pronged approach: (1) carrying forward CCL 3 contaminants (minus those with regulatory determinations), (2) seeking and evaluating nominations from the public for additional contaminants to consider, and (3) evaluating any new data for those contaminants with previous negative regulatory determinations from CCL 1 or CCL 2 for potential inclusion on the CCL 4. While EPA is proposing this abbreviated process for developing the CCL 4, the agency also seeks comments for how to further improve upon the process developed for CCL 3 as a tool for future CCLs. 
1. Carry Forward of CCL 3 Contaminants

      All contaminants listed on CCL 3 were carried forward to the Draft CCL 4 with the exception of perchlorate, for which a positive regulatory determination was made, and the 5 CCL 3 contaminants with preliminary regulatory determinations (listed in Section D.7. of this notice), pending their final determinations. This carry forward process is consistent with that previously used in CCL 2. The EPA believes that it is appropriate for the Draft CCL 4 to carry forward the CCL 3 contaminants for the following reasons: (1) In developing the  CCL 3, the agency implemented a robust process recommended by the NRC and the NDWAC to screen and score the universe of potential contaminants, (2) EPA used the best available, peer-reviewed data and information to evaluate contaminants for CCL 3; and (3) Carrying forward CCL 3 contaminants allows the agency to focus resources on evaluating contaminants nominated by the public for CCL 4 and review new data for CCL 1 or CCL 2 contaminants with previous negative regulatory determinations.
2. Summary and Evaluation of CCL 4 Nominated Contaminants

         a. CCL 4 Nominations Summary 
The agency sought public nominations on May 8, 2012, for contaminants to be considered for possible inclusion in the CCL 4 (77 FR 27057 (USEPA, 2012b)). In the notice, EPA also requested supporting information that has been made available since the development of the CCL 3, or existing information that was not considered for CCL 3, which shows that the nominated contaminant may have an adverse effect on people, and occurs or is likely to occur in public water systems.
	EPA received nominations for 59 unique contaminants for the CCL 4, including 54 chemicals and five microbials. Eight contaminants were nominated by more than one nominator. Aldicarb, bisphenol A, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, Toxoplasma gondii, and Microcystin-LR were each nominated by two separate nominators. Manganese and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were nominated by three different nominators each. 
	Nominations were received from 10 different organizations and/or individuals. The agency did not require nominators to provide their name or an affiliated organization. Two nominators remained anonymous while providing documentation and rationale for the contaminants. Two other individuals identified themselves but did not provide an organization affiliation. The organizations that nominated contaminants were:
                    *    American Water Works Association (AWWA), 
                    *    Natural Resources Defense Council, (NRDC), 
                    *    Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP),
                    *    Minnesota Department of Health (MDH),
                    *    New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and
                    *    U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
     
     EPA received three general types of nominations:
   * specific individual chemicals, 
   * specific individual organisms, and 
   * groups of contaminants (e.g., Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) was considered as a group). 
      The AWWA also provided a letter with recommendations for the CCL 4 process. The full text of this letter and all of the nomination submittals in their original form can be found at http://www.regulations.gov (docket ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217).  Exhibit 2 contains the specific contaminants identified in public nominations. A more detailed summary of the nominations process is included in the support document "Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL" (USEPA, 2014e).  
Exhibit 2.  Contaminants Nominated for Consideration on the Draft CCL 4:
Nominated Microbial Contaminants
Adenovirus
Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria (HPC)
Naegleria fowleri
Toxoplasma gondii
Vibrio cholerae

Nominated Chemical Contaminants
Common Name  -  Registry Name
                                                                          CASRN
3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
                                                                     77439-76-0
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
                                                                       319-84-6
Aldicarb
                                                                       116-06-3
Alkylphenol mono- to tri-oxylates 
                                                                     68555-24-8
Amoxicillin 
                                                                     26787-78-0
Azinphos-methyl 
                                                                        86-50-0
Bacitracin zinc 
                                                                      1405-89-6
Bentazone
                                                                     25057-89-0
Benzyl butyl phthalate 
                                                                        85-68-7
Bisphenol A
                                                                        80-05-7
Bromoxynil
                                                                      1689-84-5
Carbaryl
                                                                        63-25-2
Cesium 137
                                                                    10045-97-3 
Chlorothalonil
                                                                      1897-45-6
Chlorpyrifos
                                                                      2921-88-2
Dibutyl phthalate 
                                                                        84-74-2
Dicamba
                                                                      1918-00-9
Dichlorvos 
                                                                        62-73-7
Dicofol 
                                                                       115-32-2
Dicyclohexyl phthalate
                                                                        84-61-7
Diethyl phthalate
                                                                        84-66-2
Di-isononyl phthalate 
                                                                     28553-12-0
Dimethyl phthalate 
                                                                       131-11-3
Di-n-octyl phthalate
                                                                       117-84-0
Endosulfan 
                                                                       115-29-7
Fluometuron
                                                                      2164-17-2
Linezolid
                                                                    165800-03-3
Linuron 
                                                                       330-55-2
Malathion
                                                                       121-75-5
Manganese
                                                                      7439-96-5
Methicillin 
                                                                        61-32-5
Methyl parathion
                                                                       298-00-0
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
                                                                      1634-04-4
Microcystin-LR
                                                                    101043-37-2
Nonylphenol 
                                                                     25154-52-3
Nonylphenol ethoxylate 
                                                                      9016-45-9
Octylphenol
                                                                     27193-28-8
Octylphenol ethoxylate 
                                                                      9036-19-5
Oxacillin 
                                                                        66-79-5
Penicillin 
                                                              (multiple CASRNs)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
                                                                       335-67-1
Permethrin
                                                                     52645-53-1
Phosmet
                                                                       732-11-6
Progesterone 
                                                                        57-83-0
Radon
                                                                   10043-92-2 
Spiramycin 
                                                                      8025-81-8
Strontium 90
                                                                    121831-99-0
Testosterone 
                                                                        58-22-0
Trichlorfon 
                                                                        52-68-6
Triclocarban 
                                                                       101-20-2
Triclosan 
                                                                      3380-34-5
Tylosin 
                                                                      1401-69-0
Vancomycin 
                                                                      1404-90-6
Virginiamycin 
                                                                     11006-76-1

         b. Evaluation of Nominated Contaminants and Data Sources
      The SDWA specifies that the CCL only include those contaminants without any proposed or promulgated NPDWRs. Two nominated contaminants are covered under the existing NPDWR for beta photon emitters (40 CFR §141.66 (d)(1)) (i.e., strontium 90 and cesium 137) and therefore will not be considered for CCL 4. Radon was also nominated, but is not eligible for CCL 4 since a proposed NPDWR has been developed (64 FR 59245, November 2, 1999 (USEPA, 1999). Aldicarb was nominated but is not eligible for CCL 4 since it has an existing NPDWR (40 CFR §141.61(c)); (Note, in response to an administrative petition, the agency issued an administrative stay of the effective date of the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for aldicarbs).
      For the remaining 55 nominated contaminants, EPA reviewed the nominations and supporting information provided by nominators to determine if any new data were provided that had not been previously evaluated for CCL 3.  The agency also collected additional data for the nominated contaminants, when it was available, from both CCL 3 data sources and from new data sources that were not available at the time of CCL 3. A complete list of references provided by nominators can be found in the support document "Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL" (USEPA, 2014e).  A more detailed description of the CCL data sources collected by EPA may be found in the support document "Data Sources for the CCL 4" (USEPA, 2014c)). If new data were available, EPA screened and scored the nominated contaminants using the same process as was used in CCL 3. Seven of the nominated contaminants were on CCL 3. Therefore, EPA carried forward these seven contaminants to the Draft CCL 4 along with the other CCL 3 contaminants. The seven contaminants are: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Microcystin-LR, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, permethrin, Naegleria fowleri, and Adenovirus. Microcystin-LR is included within the group of cyanotoxins in the Final CCL 3 and the Draft CCL 4.
      Data sources for chemical and microbial contaminants
      In addition to the data provided by nominators, and the data EPA collected previously under CCL 3, EPA collected data for the nominated contaminants from data sources that were used for CCL 3 and that had been updated (for a complete list of data sources used in CCL 3, see the "Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Identifying the Universe" document (USEPA, 2009a)) and the "Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL" (USEPA, 2009d)). 
   For nominated chemicals, occurrence data was collected from updated CCL 3 data sources including: 
      *       2006 production data collected in the Chemical Update System (CUS) under the Inventory Update Rule (IUR),
      *       2010 data from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), 
      *       2003-2009 data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)  Pesticide Data Program (PDP), and
      *       EPA's Storage and Retrieval (STORET) data as of January 2013.  
	Additional occurrence data for the nominated chemicals was collected from data sources that are new since the CCL 3 including: 
   * USGS studies that focused on contaminant occurrence in source waters for public water systems (Hopple et al., 2009, and Kingsbury et al., 2008) and water quality in public-supply wells (Toccalino et al., 2010); 
   * Individual State public water supply data provided to EPA during the second Six-Year Review of regulated contaminants (for the time period covering 1998-2005) from States including: CA, FL, IL, NC, OH, Region 9 Tribes, SD, TX, and WI; 
   * Data from The California State Water Resources Control Board's Groundwater Ambient Monitoring Assessment (GAMA) program; and  
   * EPA also evaluated new data from a literature review of published studies on pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other contaminants.  
	In addition to health effects data provided by the nominators, EPA searched for health effects data for the nominated chemicals from data sources used in CCL 3 that may have been updated including:
   * EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program, 
   * EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), 
   * the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 
   * California EPA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment), 
   * Institute of Medicine (IOM), 
   * the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and 
   * the World Health Organization (WHO).  
	EPA also considered new or updated health effects information contained in the agency's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs). 
            1. For microbial contaminants
      ,  EPA evaluated waterborne disease outbreak data, occurrence, and health effects data from data sources used in CCL 3 that have been updated (Murray et al., 2011; CDC, 2008; CDC, 2011).  EPA also collected and evaluated information for microbial contaminants from data sources that are new since publication of the Final CCL 3.
      A more detailed description of the data sources used to evaluate contaminants for CCL 4 can be found in the support document "Data Sources for the CCL 4" (USEPA, 2014c) available at www.regulations.gov (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2012-0217).
         c. Outcomes for the CCL 4 Nominated Contaminants
      EPA evaluated the nominated contaminants (see Exhibit 2) using the best available health effects and occurrence data and the same process for screening and scoring contaminants that was used for CCL 3. Forty-three of the nominated chemicals were included in the CCL 4 Universe. Forty of the nominated chemicals were previously included in the CCL 3 Universe and were carried forward to the CCL 4 Universe. In addition to these forty, EPA has added three nominated chemicals (i.e., octylphenol ethoxylate, oxacillin, and virginiamycin) to the CCL 4 Universe based on health effects and/or occurrence data that is newly available since the development of the CCL 3. EPA screened all of the nominated chemicals in the CCL 4 Universe according to the screening criteria developed for CCL 3, and based on that evaluation, twenty of the nominated chemicals were included in the PCCL 4. Eighteen of those 20 chemicals were also included in the PCCL 3, and EPA added two new chemicals (manganese and nonylphenol) to the PCCL 4. The data used to screen the nominated chemicals from the CCL 4 Universe to the PCCL 4 can be found in the "Screening Document for the Draft PCCL 4 Nominated Contaminants" (USEPA, 2014d). EPA further evaluated the nominated chemicals on the PCCL 4 based on the classification process developed in CCL 3 and determined that manganese and nonylphenol should be added to the Draft CCL 4 (in addition to the chemicals carried forward from the CCL 3 to the Draft CCL 4) based on new health and/or occurrence information that warrants further evaluation. The data that was used to further evaluate the nominated contaminants from the PCCL 4, and to select those that were included in the Draft CCL 4 can be found in the "Contaminant Information Sheets for the Draft PCCL 4 Nominated Contaminants" (USEPA, 2014b). 
      Manganese is an element that naturally occurs in oxide forms and in combinations with other elements in many minerals. Small amounts, found in foods, are an essential nutrient for humans and animals. Manganese ores are used in a variety of applications in the US. Its principal use is in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength (ATSDR, 2012).  In 2003 and as part of the CCL 1 Regulatory Determination process, EPA made a negative regulatory determination for manganese based on the health and occurrence data available at that time. However, CCL 4 nominators cited more than 20 recent studies that indicate concern for neurological effects in children and infants exposed to excess manganese, which were not available at the time manganese was considered for Regulatory Determination 1 or CCL 3. In addition, new monitoring studies from USGS and drinking water monitoring information from several States support an earlier survey (i.e., the National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey) that indicates manganese is known to occur in drinking water. EPA believes the new health effects information and additional occurrence data merit listing manganese in the Draft CCL 4.
      Nonylphenol is used in the preparation of lubricating oil additives, resins, plasticizers, and antioxidants for plastics and rubber. Additionally, sixty percent of nonylphenol is used in the production of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are found in detergents and used in the treatment of textiles. Nonylphenol was previously considered for CCL 3. It was included in the CCL 3 Universe, but was not included in the PCCL 3 or CCL 3. Updated health and occurrence data (since the development of the CCL 3) are now available for nonylphenol, and these data (as follows) were considered in evaluating nonylphenol for the Draft CCL 4. Nonylphenol and some of its degradation products have been found to have estrogenic activity in rats and mice (WHO, 2004). Monitoring data are available from a USGS National Reconnaissance monitoring study of ambient water (Kolpin et al., 2002). EPA believes this updated health data and additional occurrence data show that nonylphenol is anticipated to occur in PWSs and has potential adverse health effects, and therefore merits listing on the Draft CCL 4.
      EPA considered adding dicofol to the Draft CCL 4; however, both of the most recent manufacturers of the pesticide ceased all production as of May 17, 2011, and agreed to an EPA registration cancellation, which effectively prohibits all labeled uses of existing stocks after October 31, 2016. Use of dicofol has declined significantly in recent years. The chemical properties of dicofol indicate that it is has low mobility in water because it is expected to adsorb to organic matter in soil and sediment and it has moderately low solubility in water.  Therefore, EPA did not list dicofol on the Draft CCL 4 because it is not known or anticipated to occur in drinking water due to its low mobility. Additionally, the registration cancellation, which will prohibit use of existing stocks beyond October 2016, is expected to further lessen any potential occurrence in drinking water.   
      EPA evaluated the microbial contaminants nominated (see Exhibit 2) for the CCL 4 using the same process developed for the CCL 3. A general description of the microbial contaminant evaluation process is provided below.  The microbial CCL 3 Universe was defined by EPA as all known human pathogens. Taylor et al. (2001) was used as the basis of the microbial CCL 3 Universe, which includes a list of 1,415 known human pathogens.  EPA added 10 additional microbes to the CCL 3 Universe based on CCL 3 public nominations and other available data, thus bringing the total number of microbes in the CCL 3 Universe to 1,425. More detailed information about the selection of the CCL 3 Universe for microbial contaminants can be found in the support document "Final CCL 3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe" (USEPA, 2009b).
      The microbes in the CCL 3 Universe were subsequently screened into the PCCL 3 by applying 12 screening criteria to narrow the Universe of all human pathogens to just those pathogens that could be transmitted through drinking water.  More detailed information on the screening process developed under CCL 3 for the microbial contaminants can be found in the support document "Final CCL 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL" (USEPA, 2009d).
      All the microbes nominated for the CCL 4, with the exception of Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) bacteria, were already included in both the CCL 3 Universe and PCCL 3.  Thus, they were carried forward to the CCL 4 Universe and PCCL 4, respectively.  
      EPA reviewed new and/or updated sources of information for the nominated microbes on the PCCL 4 (i.e., Adenovirus, Naegleria fowleri, Toxoplasma gondii and Vibrio cholerae), and determined that there was no new data that would change the scores or listing decisions for these contaminants.     
      Vibrio cholerae and Toxoplasma gondii will remain on the Draft PCCL 4 because there is no new data that would change the CCL 3 scores or listing decisions for these contaminants.  Naegleria fowleri and Adenovirus were on the Final CCL 3 and are therefore being carried forward to the Draft CCL 4, along with the other microbes included on the Final CCL 3. A detailed description of the CCL 3 scoring protocol for microbes can be found in the support document "Final CCL 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCL Process" (USEPA, 2009c). The data used to further evaluate the nominated microbes on the PCCL 4 can be found in the "Contaminant Information Sheets for the Draft PCCL 4 Nominated Contaminants" (USEPA, 2014b).
      The group of HPC bacteria was nominated for CCL 4, but EPA is not including it on the Draft CCL 4. HPC may include both pathogenic and harmless bacteria. However, available epidemiological evidence shows no relationship between gastrointestinal illness and HPC bacteria in drinking water (Calderon, 1988; Calderon and Mood, 1991; Payment et al., 1997; WHO, 2003). Thus, EPA considers the potential health risk of HPC bacteria in drinking water as likely negligible and is not including HPC on the Draft CCL 4. In addition, HPC bacteria are addressed under the Surface Water Treatment Rule as a treatment technique (TT) where they can be monitored in lieu of a disinfectant residual.
3. Evaluation of Previous Negative Regulatory Determinations

	EPA evaluated the 20 contaminants from CCL 1 and CCL 2 for which the agency made negative regulatory determinations. EPA collected and evaluated new or updated data for the previous negative regulatory determinations, if data were available, from the data sources listed in Section II.E.2(b) "Evaluation of the Nominated Contaminants and Data Sources." Since regulatory determinations for the CCL 3 contaminants were recently made using the best available data, EPA did not include the CCL 3 regulatory determinations in this evaluation. EPA is adding manganese to the Draft CCL 4, as discussed above in subsection 2 of this section, titled "Nominations and Evaluation for CCL 4 Contaminants."  The agency concluded there was not sufficient new information for any of the other 19 contaminants with previous negative regulatory determinations to justify including them on the Draft CCL 4. A listing of previous negative regulatory determinations is included in Sections II.D.2 and II.D.4.
F. What is on EPA's Draft CCL 4?
The Draft CCL 4 includes 100 chemicals and 12 microbes.  
Exhibit 3.  Draft Contaminant Candidate List 4:
Microbial Contaminants
Pathogens
Adenovirus
Caliciviruses
Campylobacter jejuni
Enterovirus
Escherichia coli (0157)
Helicobacter pylori
Hepatitis A virus
Legionella pneumophila
Mycobacterium avium
Naegleria fowleri
Salmonella enterica
Shigella sonnei

Chemical Contaminants
Common Name  -  Registry Name
                                                                          CASRN
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
                                                                       630-20-6
1,1-Dichloroethane
                                                                        75-34-3
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
                                                                        96-18-4
1,3-Butadiene
                                                                       106-99-0
1,4-Dioxane
                                                                       123-91-1
17 alpha-Estradiol
                                                                        57-91-0
1-Butanol
                                                                        71-36-3
2-Methoxyethanol
                                                                       109-86-4
2-Propen-1-ol
                                                                       107-18-6
3-Hydroxycarbofuran
                                                                     16655-82-6
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
                                                                       101-77-9
Acephate
                                                                     30560-19-1
Acetaldehyde
                                                                        75-07-0
Acetamide
                                                                        60-35-5
Acetochlor
                                                                     34256-82-1
Acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA)
                                                                    187022-11-3
Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA)
                                                                    194992-44-4
Acrolein
                                                                       107-02-8
Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA)
                                                                    142363-53-9
Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA)
                                                                    171262-17-2
Alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
                                                                       319-84-6
Aniline
                                                                        62-53-3
Bensulide
                                                                       741-58-2
Benzyl chloride
                                                                       100-44-7
Butylated hydroxyanisole
                                                                     25013-16-5
Captan
                                                                       133-06-2
Chlorate
                                                                     14866-68-3
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
                                                                        74-87-3
Clethodim
                                                                    110429-62-4
Cobalt
                                                                      7440-48-4
Cumene hydroperoxide
                                                                        80-15-9
Cyanotoxins (Microcystin-LR, Cylindrospermopsin, Anatoxin-a)
                                                                          N/A 
Dicrotophos
                                                                       141-66-2
Dimethipin
                                                                     55290-64-7
Disulfoton
                                                                       298-04-4
Diuron
                                                                       330-54-1
Equilenin
                                                                       517-09-9
Equilin
                                                                       474-86-2
Erythromycin
                                                                       114-07-8
Estradiol (17-beta estradiol)
                                                                        50-28-2
Estriol
                                                                        50-27-1
Estrone
                                                                        53-16-7
Ethinyl Estradiol (17-alpha Ethinyl Estradiol)
                                                                        57-63-6
Ethoprop
                                                                     13194-48-4
Ethylene glycol
                                                                       107-21-1
Ethylene oxide
                                                                        75-21-8
Ethylene thiourea
                                                                        96-45-7
Fenamiphos
                                                                     22224-92-6
Formaldehyde
                                                                        50-00-0
Germanium
                                                                      7440-56-4
Halon 1011 (bromochloromethane)
                                                                        74-97-5
HCFC-22
                                                                        75-45-6
Hexane
                                                                       110-54-3
Hydrazine
                                                                       302-01-2
Manganese
                                                                      7439-96-5
Mestranol
                                                                        72-33-3
Methamidophos
                                                                     10265-92-6
Methanol
                                                                        67-56-1
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
                                                                        74-83-9
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
                                                                      1634-04-4
Metolachlor
                                                                     51218-45-2
Metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA)
                                                                    171118-09-5
Metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA)
                                                                    152019-73-3
Molinate
                                                                      2212-67-1
Molybdenum
                                                                      7439-98-7
Nitrobenzene
                                                                        98-95-3
Nitroglycerin
                                                                        55-63-0
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
                                                                       872-50-4
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)
                                                                        55-18-5
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
                                                                        62-75-9
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA)
                                                                       621-64-7
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
                                                                        86-30-6
N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)
                                                                       930-55-2
Nonylphenol
                                                                     25154-52-3
Norethindrone (19-Norethisterone)
                                                                        68-22-4
n-Propylbenzene
                                                                       103-65-1
o-Toluidine
                                                                        95-53-4
Oxirane, methyl-
                                                                        75-56-9
Oxydemeton-methyl
                                                                       301-12-2
Oxyfluorfen
                                                                     42874-03-3
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
                                                                      1763-23-1
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
                                                                       335-67-1
Permethrin
                                                                     52645-53-1
Profenofos
                                                                     41198-08-7
Quinoline
                                                                        91-22-5
RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine)
                                                                       121-82-4
sec-Butylbenzene
                                                                       135-98-8
Tebuconazole
                                                                    107534-96-3
Tebufenozide
                                                                    112410-23-8
Tellurium
                                                                     13494-80-9
Thiodicarb
                                                                     59669-26-0
Thiophanate-methyl
                                                                     23564-05-8
Toluene diisocyanate
                                                                     26471-62-5
Tribufos
                                                                        78-48-8
Triethylamine
                                                                       121-44-8
Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH)
                                                                        76-87-9
Urethane
                                                                        51-79-6
Vanadium
                                                                      7440-62-2
Vinclozolin
                                                                     50471-44-8
Ziram
                                                                       137-30-4

III. Request for Comment
      The purpose of this notice is to present the Draft CCL 4 and seek comment on the contaminants selected for the Draft CCL 4, including any supporting data that can be used in developing the Final CCL 4. Data obtained and evaluated for developing the Draft CCL 4 may be found in the CCL 4 support documents located in the docket for this notice. Specifically, the agency is also asking for public comments on including manganese and nonylphenol in the CCL 4 and any additional data and information on manganese and nonylphenol health effects and concentrations in finished or ambient water. EPA is also seeking comment on ways the agency can improve or refine the selection process developed for CCL 3, and will take these comments into consideration when developing future CCLs.  Information and comments submitted will be considered in determining the Final CCL 4, as well as in the development of future CCLs and in the agency's efforts to set drinking water priorities in the future. 
IV. EPA's Next Steps	
      Between now and the publication of the Final CCL 4, the agency will evaluate comments received during the public comment period for this notice, consult with the agency's Science Advisory Board, and revise the CCL 4, as appropriate. 
V. References
ATSDR. 2012. ToxFAQs for Manganese. Atlanta, GA. October, 2012. Available on the Internet at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=101&tid=23.

Calderon, R.L. 1988. Bacteria Colonizing Point-of-Entry Granular Activated Carbon filters and their Relationship to Human Health. EPA CR-813978-01-0, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Calderon, R.L. and Mood, E.W. 1991. Bacteria Colonizing Point-of-Use Granular Activated Carbon Filters and their Relationship to Human Health.  EPA CR 811904-01-0, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

CDC. 2008. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water and Water not Intended for Drinking  --  United States, 2005-2006. MMWR 57 (SS-9). 

CDC. 2011. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water - United States, 2007-2008. MMWR 60 (SS-12).

Code of Federal Regulations. Revised as of July 1, 2012. Title 40 Protection of the Environment. Subpart G -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels. Section 141.61 (c).

Code of Federal Regulations. Revised as of July 1, 2012. Title 40 Protection of the Environment. Subpart G -- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels. Section 141.66 (d)(1).

Hopple, J.A., G.C. Delzer, and J.A. Kingsbury. 2009. Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Source Water of Selected Community Water Systems that Use Groundwater, 2002 - 05. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009 - 5200. 74 pp. Available on the Internet at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5200/pdf/sir2009-5200.pdf.

Kingsbury, J.A., G.C. Delzer, and J.A. Hopple. 2008. Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Source Water of Nine Community Water Systems that Withdraw from Streams, 2002 - 05. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008 - 5208. 66 pp. Available on the Internet at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5208/pdf/sir2008-5208.pdf. 

Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, and H. T. Buxton. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology, v. 36, no. 6.

Murray, P. R., E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. L. Landry, and M. A. Pfaller (ed.). 2011. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10[th] Edition, ASM Press, Washington, DC. 

National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC). 2004.  National Drinking Water Advisory Council Report on the CCL Classification Process to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 19, 2004.

National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory Consideration. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Payment, P., J. Siemiatycki, L. Richardson, G. Renaud, E. Franco, and M. Prevost. 1997. A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. (7): 5-31.

Taylor, L.H., S.M. Latham, and M.E. Woolhouse. 2001. Risk Factors for Human Disease Emergence (Appendix A). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Vol 256, pp. 983-989.

Toccalino, P.L., J.E. Norman, and K.J. Hitt. 2010. Quality of Source Water from Public-supply Wells in the United States, 1993 - 2007. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5024. 206 pp. Available on the Internet at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5024/.

USEPA, 1998. Announcement of the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List; Notice.  Federal Register. Vol. 63, No. 40. p. 10273, March 2, 1998.

USEPA, 1999. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radon-222; Proposed Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 64, No. 211. p. 59245, November 2, 1999.

USEPA. 2003. Announcement of Regulatory Determinations for Priority Contaminants on the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register. Vol. 68, No. 138. p. 42898, July 18, 2003.

USEPA. 2005. Notice - Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 2; Final Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 70, No. 36. p. 9071, February 24, 2005.

USEPA. 2008a. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 - Draft. Federal Register. Vol. 73, No. 35. p. 9628, February 21, 2008.

USEPA. 2008b. Drinking Water: Regulatory Determinations Regarding Contaminants on the Second Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register. Vol. 73, No. 174. p. 44251, July 30, 2008.

USEPA. 2009a. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Identifying the Universe. EPA  815-R09-006. August, 2009. 

USEPA. 2009b. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe.  EPA 815-R-09-004. August, 2009.

USEPA. 2009c. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCL Process.  EPA 815-R-09-009. August, 2009.

USEPA. 2009d. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL.  EPA 815-R-09-0005. August, 2009.

USEPA. 2009e. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 - Final. Federal Register. Vol. 74, No. 194. p. 51850, October 8, 2009.

USEPA. 2011.  Drinking Water: Regulatory Determination on Perchlorate. Federal Register. Vol. 76, No. 29. p. 7762, February 11, 2011.

USEPA. 2012a. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Systems. Federal Register. Vol. 77, No. 85. p. 26071, May 2, 2012.

USEPA. 2012b. Request for Nominations of Drinking Water Contaminants for the Fourth Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register. Vol. 77, No. 89. p. 27057, May 8, 2012.

USEPA. 2014a. Announcement of Preliminary Regulatory Determination for Contaminants on the Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register. Vol. 79, No. xx, p. xxxxx, Month, 2014.

USEPA. 2014b. Contaminant Information Sheets for the Draft PCCL 4 Nominated Contaminants. EPA  xxx-Rxx-xxx. Month, 2014.

USEPA. 2014c. Data Sources for the CCL 4. EPA  xxx-Rxx-xxx. Month, 2014.

USEPA. 2014d. Screening Document for the Draft PCCL 4 Nominated Contaminants. EPA  xxx-Rxx-xxx. Month, 2014.

USEPA. 2014e. Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL. EPA  xxx-Rxx-xxx. Month, 2014. 

WHO. 2003. Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease Series: Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety.  ed. J. Bartram, J. Cotruvo, M. Exner, C. Fricker, and A. Glasmacher.  IWA Publishing, London, UK. P. 119  -  122.

WHO. 2004. Integrated Risk Assessment: Nonylphenol Case Study.  ed. D. Bontje, J. Hermens, T. Vermeire, and T. Damstra. 63 pp. December, 2004. Available on the Internet at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/Nonylphenol.pdf.

 

Dated 

Kenneth J. Kopocis,
Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Water.