Document ID: PHMSA-2019-0087-0001
Agency: phmsa
Document Type: Notice
Title: Pipeline Safety: Potential for Damage to Pipeline Facilities Caused by Earth Movement and Other Geological Hazards
Posted Date: 2019-05-02T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 85 (Thursday, May 2, 2019)]
[Notices]
[Pages 18919-18921]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-08984]

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

[Docket No. PHMSA-2019-0087]

Pipeline Safety: Potential for Damage to Pipeline Facilities 
Caused by Earth Movement and Other Geological Hazards

AGENCY: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), 
DOT.

ACTION: Notice; issuance of advisory bulletin.

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SUMMARY: PHMSA is issuing this advisory bulletin to remind owners and 
operators of gas and hazardous liquid pipelines of the potential for 
damage to pipeline facilities caused by earth movement from both 
landslides and subsidence in variable, steep, and rugged terrain and 
for varied geological conditions. These conditions can pose a threat to 
the integrity of pipeline facilities if those threats are not 
identified and mitigated.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Operators of pipelines subject to 
regulation by PHMSA should contact the appropriate PHMSA Region Office. 
The PHMSA Region Offices and their contact information are as follows:

 Eastern Region: 609-771-7800
    Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia
 Southern Region: 404-832-1147
    Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
Puerto Rico, South Carolina, and Tennessee
 Central Region: 816-329-3800
    Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin
 Southwest Region: 713-272-2859
    Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
 Western Region: 720-963-3160
    Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, 
Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming

    Intrastate pipeline operators should contact the appropriate state 
pipeline safety authority. A list of state pipeline safety authorities 
is available at http://www.napsr.org/state-program-managers.html.
    For general information about this notice contact Mike Yazemboski, 
Project Manager, PHMSA Eastern Region, at 609-771-7800 or by email at 
Mike.Yazemboski@dot.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    The purpose of this advisory bulletin is to remind owners and 
operators of gas and hazardous liquid pipelines, particularly those 
with facilities located in inland areas, about the serious safety- 
related issues that can result from earth movement and other geologic 
hazards.
    Natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines are required to be 
designed to withstand external loads including those that may be 
imposed by geological forces. Specifically, natural gas pipelines must 
be designed in accordance with 49 CFR 192.103 and hazardous liquid 
pipelines must be designed in accordance with Sec.  195.110. To comply 
with these regulations, the design of new pipelines, including repairs 
or replacement, must consider load that may be imposed by geological 
forces.
    Once operational, Sec.  192.317(a) of the pipeline safety 
regulations for natural gas pipelines states that ``[t]he operator must 
take all practicable steps to protect each transmission line or main 
from washouts, floods, unstable soil, landslides, or other hazards that 
may cause the pipeline to move or to sustain abnormal loads. In 
addition, the operator must take all practicable steps to protect 
offshore pipelines from damage by mud slides, water currents, 
hurricanes, ship anchors, and fishing operations.'' This advisory 
bulletin addresses those protective requirements associated with damage 
caused by geological factors.
    In addition, Sec.  192.705 requires operators of gas transmission 
lines to have a patrol program to observe surface conditions on and 
adjacent to the transmission line right-of-way for indications of 
leaks, construction activity, and other factors affecting safety and 
operation and the frequency of patrols must be based upon the size of 
the line, operating pressures, class locations, terrain, seasonal 
weather conditions, and other relevant factors. One of the primary 
reasons for this patrol requirement is to monitor geological movement, 
both slowly occurring or acute changes, which may affect the current or 
future safe operation of the pipeline.
    Furthermore, Sec.  192.613(a) states that ``[e]ach operator shall 
have a procedure for continuing surveillance of its facilities to 
determine and take appropriate action concerning changes in class 
location, failures, leakage history, corrosion, substantial changes in 
cathodic protection requirements, and other unusual operating and 
maintenance conditions.'' Section 192.613(b) further states that ``[i]f 
a segment of pipeline is determined to be in unsatisfactory condition 
but no immediate hazard exists, the operator shall initiate a program 
to recondition or phase out the segment involved, or, if the segment 
cannot be reconditioned or phased out, reduce the maximum allowable 
operating pressure in accordance with Sec.  192.619(a) and (b).''
    Section 195.401(b)(1) of the pipeline safety regulations for 
hazardous liquid pipelines states that ``[w]henever an operator 
discovers any condition that could adversely affect the safe operation 
of its pipeline system, it must correct the condition within a 
reasonable time. However, if the condition is of such a nature that it 
presents an immediate hazard to persons or property, the operator may 
not operate the affected part of the system until it has corrected the 
unsafe condition.'' Section 195.401(b)(2) further states that ``[w]hen 
an operator discovers a condition on a pipeline covered under [the 
integrity management requirements in] Sec.  195.452, the operator must 
correct the condition as prescribed in Sec.  195.452(h).'' Land 
movement, severe flooding, river scour, and river channel migration are 
the types of unusual operating conditions that can adversely affect the 
safe operation of a pipeline and require corrective action under 
Sec. Sec.  192.613(a) and 195.401(b). Additional guidance for 
identifying risk factors and mitigating natural force hazards on 
pipeline segments, that could affect high consequence areas, are 
outlined in Appendix C, section B, to Part 195.
    Sections 192.935 and 195.452(i) require an operator to take 
additional preventative and mitigative measures to prevent a pipeline 
failure and to mitigate the consequences of a pipeline failure that 
could affect a high consequence area. An operator must base the 
additional measures on the

[[Page 18920]]

threats the operator has identified for each pipeline segment. If an 
operator determines there is a threat to the pipeline, such as outside 
force damage (e.g., earth movement, floods), the operator must take 
steps to prevent a failure and to minimize the consequences of a 
failure under these regulations.
    PHMSA is aware of recent earth movement and other geological-
related incidents/accidents and safety-related conditions throughout 
the county, particularly in the eastern portion of the United States. 
Seven of the more notable events are briefly described below:
     On October 21, 2016, a pipeline release of over 1,238 
barrels of gasoline spilled into the Loyalsock Creek in Lycoming 
County, Pennsylvania. The release was caused by extreme localized 
flooding and soil erosion.
     On December 5, 2016, approximately 12,615 barrels of crude 
oil was released into Ash Coulee Creek in Billings County, North 
Dakota. The metallurgical and root cause failure analysis indicated the 
failure was caused by compressive and bending forces due to a landslide 
impacting the pipeline. The landslide was the result of excessive 
moisture within the hillside creating unstable soil conditions.
     On April 30, 2018, a pipeline failure occurred in a remote 
mountainous region of Marshall County, West Virginia resulting in the 
release of 2,658 barrels of propane. The failure and subsequent release 
was caused by lateral movement of the 8-inch intrastate pipeline due to 
earth movement along the right-of-way.
     On June 7, 2018, a rupture occurred on a 36-inch pipeline 
located in a rural, mountainous area near Moundsville, West Virginia, 
resulting in the release of approximately 165,000 MCF of natural gas. 
The failed sections of the pipeline were sent to a metallurgical 
laboratory to determine the probable cause behind the failure of the 
pipeline. According to the analysis, the cause of the rupture was due 
to earth movement on the right-of-way due to a single overload event. 
Overloading of the pipeline likely resulted from a series of lateral 
displacements with accompanying bending.
     On January 9, 2018, a failure occurred on a 22-inch 
transmission pipeline in Montecito California. The incident resulted in 
a fire and explosion and the release of an estimated 12,000 MFC of 
natural gas within a Class 3 location.\1\ It is believed that heavy 
rains and localized flooding contributed to the incident. Automated 
safety equipment designed to stop the flow of gas to the effected 
segment activated to shut off gas flow to the damaged segment of 
pipeline.
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    \1\ See 49 CFR 192.5(b)(3) (defining Class 3 locations).
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     On January 31, 2018, a portion of a pipeline experienced 
an in-service rupture near the city of Summerfield, Ohio. The rupture 
of the 24-inch interstate pipeline resulted in the release of 
approximately 23,500 MCF of natural gas in a rural forested area. A 
root cause analysis concluded that the girth weld failure was caused by 
axial stress due to movement of the pipe that exceeded the cross-
sectional tensile strength of the net section weld zone surrounding the 
crack initiation location. This determination is supported by 
metallurgical analysis, strain capacity evaluation and geotechnical 
findings.
     On January 29, 2019, a pipeline ruptured near the town of 
Lumberport in Harrison County, West Virginia. The rupture was located 
at a girth weld of an elbow on the 12-inch interstate pipeline. The 
root cause investigation concluded that a landslide about 150 yards 
from the rupture moved the pipeline approximately 10 feet from its 
original location causing excessive stress on the pipe resulting in the 
rupture.

II. Advisory Bulletin (ADB-2019-02)

    To: Owners and Operators of Gas and Hazardous Liquid Pipeline 
Systems.
    Subject: Potential Damage to Pipeline Facilities Caused by External 
Loads Imposed by Earth Movement and Other Geologic Hazards on and 
Adjacent to Pipeline Right-of-Way Corridors.
    Advisory: All owners and operators of gas and hazardous liquid 
pipelines are reminded that earth movement, particularly in variable, 
steep, and rugged terrain and with varied geological subsurface 
conditions, can pose a threat to the integrity of a pipeline if those 
threats are not mitigated. Pipeline operators should consider taking 
the following actions to ensure pipeline safety:
    1. Identify areas surrounding the pipeline that may be prone to 
large earth movement, including but not limited to slope instability, 
subsidence, frost heave, soil settlement, erosion, earthquakes, and 
other dynamic geologic conditions that may pose a safety risk.
    2. Utilize geotechnical engineers during the design, construction, 
and ongoing operations of a pipeline system to ensure that sufficient 
information is available to avoid or minimize the impact of earth 
movement on the integrity of the pipeline system. At a minimum, this 
should include soil strength characteristics, ground and surface water 
conditions, propensity for erosion or scour of underlying soils, and 
the propensity of earthquakes or frost heave.
    3. Develop design, construction, and monitoring plans and 
procedures for each identified location, based on the site-specific 
hazards identified. When constructing new pipelines, develop and 
implement procedures for pipe and girth weld designs to increase their 
effectiveness for taking loads, either stresses or strains, exerted 
from pipe movement in areas where geological subsurface conditions and 
movement are a hazard to the pipeline integrity.
    4. Monitoring plans may include:
     Ensuring during construction of new pipelines that 
excavators do not steepen, load (including changing the groundwater 
levels) or undercut slopes which may cause excessive ground movement 
during construction or after operations commence.
     Conducting periodic visits and site inspections; increased 
patrolling may be necessary due to potential hazards identified and 
existing/pending weather conditions. Right-of-way patrol staff must be 
trained on how to detect and report to appropriate staff the conditions 
that may lead to or exhibit ground movement.
     Identifying geodetic monitoring points (i.e., survey bench 
marks) to track potential ground movement;
     Installing slope inclinometers to track ground movement at 
depth which may otherwise not be detectable during ROW patrols;
     Installing standpipe piezometers to track changes in 
groundwater conditions that may affect slope stability;
     Evaluating the accumulation of strain in the pipeline by 
installing strain gauges on the pipeline.
     Conducting stress/strain analysis utilizing in-line 
inspection tools equipped with Inertia Mapping Unit technology and High 
Resolution Deformation in-line inspection for pipe bending and denting 
from movement.
     Utilizing aerial mapping light detection and ranging or 
other technology to track changes in ground conditions.
    5. Develop mitigation measures to remediate the identified 
locations.
    6. Mitigation measures should be based on site-specific conditions 
and may include:
     Re-routing the pipeline right-of-way prior to construction 
to avoid areas prone to large ground movement such as unstable slope 
areas, earthquake fault zones, permafrost movement, or scour.

[[Page 18921]]

     Utilize properly designed horizontal directional drilling 
(HDD) to go below areas of potential land movement.
     Installation of drainage measures in the trench to 
mitigate subsurface flows and enhance surface water draining at the 
site including streams, creeks, runs, gullies or other sources of 
surface run-off that may be contributing surface water to the site or 
changing groundwater levels that may exacerbate earth movement.
     Reducing the steepness of potentially unstable slopes, 
including installing retaining walls, soldier piles, sheet piles, wire 
mesh systems, mechanically stabilized earth systems and other 
mechanical structures.
     Installing trench breakers and slope breakers to mitigate 
trench seepage and divert trench flows along the surface to safe 
discharge points off the site or right-of-way.
     Building retaining walls and/or installing steel piling or 
concrete caissons to stabilize steep slope areas as long as the 
corrosion control systems are not compromised.
     Reducing the loading on the site by removing and/or 
reducing the excess backfill materials to off-site locations. Soil 
placement should be carefully planned to avoid triggering earth 
movement in other locations.
     Compacting backfill materials at the site to increase 
strength, reduce water infiltration, and to achieve optimal moisture 
content.
     Drying the soil using special additives such as lime-kiln 
dust or cement-kiln to allow the materials to be re-used and worked at 
the site. Over-saturated materials may require an extensive amount of 
time and space to dry.
     Regrading the pipeline right-of-way to minimize scour and 
erosion.
     Bringing the pipeline above ground and placing them on 
supports that can accommodate large ground movements, (e.g., 
transitions across earthquake fault zones or unstable slopes, without 
putting excessive stress or strain on the pipeline).
     Reducing the operating pressure temporarily or shutting-in 
the affected pipeline segment completely.
     Re-routing the pipeline when other appropriate mitigation 
measures cannot be effectively implemented to maintain safety.
    If a pipeline has suffered damage or is shut-in as a precautionary 
measure due to earth movement or other geologic hazards, the operator 
should advise the appropriate PHMSA regional office or state pipeline 
safety authority before returning the line to service, increasing its 
operating pressure, or otherwise changing its operating status. Per 
Sec.  190.239, PHMSA may propose additional safety measures, including 
testing of the pipeline, or design changes to address external loads 
induced by ground movement, be taken to ensure that the serviceability 
of the pipeline has not been impaired or that the condition will not 
worsen over time. Furthermore, reporting a safety-related condition as 
prescribed in Sec. Sec.  191.23 and 195.55 may also be required.

    Issued in Washington, DC, on April 29, 2019, under authority 
delegated in 49 CFR 1.97.
Alan K. Mayberry,
Associate Administrator for Pipeline Safety.
[FR Doc. 2019-08984 Filed 5-1-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-60-P