Document ID: SEC-2016-0825-0001
Agency: sec
Document Type: Rule
Title: Business Conduct Standards for Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap Participants
Posted Date: 2016-05-13T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 93 (Friday, May 13, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 29959-30151]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-10918]

[[Page 29959]]

Vol. 81

Friday,

No. 93

May 13, 2016

Part II

Securities and Exchange Commission

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17 CFR Part 240

Business Conduct Standards for Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major 
Security-Based Swap Participants; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 81 , No. 93 / Friday, May 13, 2016 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 29960]]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 240

[Release No. 34-77617; File No. S7-25-11]
RIN 3235-AL10

Business Conduct Standards for Security-Based Swap Dealers and 
Major Security-Based Swap Participants

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: In accordance with Section 764 of Title VII (``Title VII'') of 
the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the 
``Dodd-Frank Act''), the Securities and Exchange Commission (``SEC'' or 
``Commission'') is adopting new rules under the Securities Exchange Act 
of 1934 (``Exchange Act'') that are intended to implement provisions of 
Title VII relating to business conduct standards and the designation of 
a chief compliance officer for security-based swap dealers and major 
security-based swap participants. The final rules also address the 
cross-border application of the rules and the availability of 
substituted compliance.

DATES: Effective Date: July 12, 2016.
    Compliance Date: The compliance dates are discussed in Section IV.B 
of this release.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lourdes Gonzalez, Assistant Chief 
Counsel--Sales Practices, Joanne Rutkowski, Senior Special Counsel, 
Cindy Oh, Special Counsel, Lindsay Kidwell, Special Counsel, Stacy 
Puente, Special Counsel, Devin Ryan, Special Counsel, Office of Chief 
Counsel, Division of Trading and Markets, at (202) 551-5550, at the 
Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 
20549. For further information on cross-border application of the 
rules, contact: Carol McGee, Assistant Director, Richard Gabbert, 
Senior Special Counsel, Joshua Kans, Senior Special Counsel, and 
Margaret Rubin, Special Counsel, Office of Derivatives Policy, Division 
of Trading and Markets, at (202) 551-5550, at the Securities and 
Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
    A. Summary of Final Rules
    B. Cross-Border Application of the Final Rules
    C. Consistency With CFTC Rules
    D. Department of Labor ERISA Fiduciary Regulations
    E. Investment Adviser and Municipal Advisor Status
    F. Intersection With SRO Rules
II. Discussion of Rules Governing Business Conduct
    A. Scope, Generally
    B. Exceptions for Anonymous SEF or Exchange-Traded Transactions
    C. Application of the Rules to SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants
    D. Reliance on Representations
    E. Policies and Procedures Alternative
    F. Definitions
    G. Business Conduct Requirements
    1. Counterparty Status
    2. Disclosure
    a. Disclosure Not Required When the Counterparty Is an SBS 
Entity or a Swap Entity
    b. Timing and Manner of Certain Disclosures and Scope of 
Disclosure Rules
    c. Material Risks and Characteristics of the Security-Based Swap
    d. Material Incentives or Conflicts of Interest
    e. Daily Mark
    f. Clearing Rights
    3. Know Your Counterparty
    4. Recommendations by SBS Dealers
    5. Fair and Balanced Communications
    6. Obligation Regarding Diligent Supervision
    H. Rules Applicable to Dealings With Special Entities
    1. Scope of Definition of ``Special Entity''
    2. ``Acts as an Advisor'' to a Special Entity
    3. Definition of ``Best Interests''
    4. Antifraud Provisions
    5. SBS Entities Acting as Counterparties to Special Entities
    6. Qualifications of the Independent Representative
    a. Written or Other Representations Regarding Qualifications
    b. Sufficient Knowledge To Evaluate Transaction and Risks
    c. No Statutory Disqualification
    d. Undertakes a Duty To Act in the Best Interests of the Special 
Entity
    e. Makes Appropriate and Timely Disclosures to Special Entity
    f. Pricing and Appropriateness
    g. Subject to ``Pay To Play'' Prohibitions
    h. ERISA Fiduciary
    i. Safe Harbor
    7. Disclosure of Capacity
    8. Exceptions for Anonymous, Special Entity Transactions on an 
Exchange or SEF
    9. Certain Political Contributions by SBS Dealers
    I. Chief Compliance Officer
    J. Prime Brokerage Transactions
    K. Other Comments
III. Cross-Border Application and Availability of Substituted 
Compliance
IV. Explanation of Dates
    A. Effective Date
    B. Compliance Date
    C. Application to Substituted Compliance
V. Paperwork Reduction Act
VI. Economic Analysis
    A. Introduction and Broad Economic Considerations
    B. Baseline
    1. Available Data Regarding Security-Based Swap Activity
    2. Security-Based Swap Market: Market Participants and Dealing 
Structures
    a. Security-Based Swap Market Participants
    b. Participant Domiciles
    c. Market Centers
    d. Common Business Structures for Firms Engaged in Security-
Based Swap Dealing Activity
    e. Current Estimates of Number of SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants
    3. Security-Based Swap Market: Levels of Security-Based Swap 
Trading Activity
    4. Global Regulatory Efforts
    5. Dually Registered Entities
    6. Cross-Market Participation
    7. Pay To Play Prohibitions
    C. Costs and Benefits of Business Conduct Rules
    1. Verification of Status and Know Your Counterparty Rules
    2. Disclosures and Communications
    a. Risks, Characteristics, and Conflicts of Interest
    b. Daily Mark
    c. Clearing Rights
    3. Suitability
    a. Costs and Benefits
    b. Institutional Suitability Alternative
    4. Special Entities
    a. Scope and Verification
    b. SBS Entities as Counterparties to Special Entities
    c. SBS Dealers as Advisors to Special Entities
    d. Independent Representation: Alternatives
    e. Reliance on Representations
    f. Magnitude of the Economic Effects
    5. Fraud, Fair and Balanced Communications, Supervision
    a. Antifraud
    b. Fair and Balanced Communications
    c. Supervision
    6. CCO Rules
    a. Annual Compliance Report, Conflicts of Interest, Policies and 
Procedures
    b. CCO Removal and Compensation
    7. Pay To Play
    8. Scope
    a. Inter-Affiliate Transactions
    b. Opt Out
    9. Cross-Border Application
    a. Scope of Application to SBS Entities
    b. Substituted Compliance
    D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition and Capital Formation
VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification
    Statutory Basis and Text of Final Rules

I. Introduction

    The Commission is adopting Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and Rule 
15Fk-1 to implement the business conduct standards and chief compliance 
officer (``CCO'') requirements for security-based swap dealers (``SBS 
Dealers'') and major security-based swap participants (``Major SBS 
Participants'' and, together with SBS

[[Page 29961]]

Dealers, ``SBS Entities'') as set forth in Title VII of the Dodd-Frank 
Act.\1\ The Commission is also amending Rules 3a67-10 and 3a71-3 and 
adopting Rule 3a71-6 with respect to the cross-border application of 
the rules and the availability of substituted compliance.
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    \1\ Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 
Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010).
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    The Dodd-Frank Act was enacted, among other reasons, to promote the 
financial stability of the United States by improving accountability 
and transparency in the financial system.\2\ The 2008 financial crisis 
highlighted significant issues in the over-the-counter derivatives 
markets, which experienced dramatic growth in the years leading up to 
the financial crisis and are capable of affecting significant sectors 
of the U.S. economy. Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act provides for a 
comprehensive new regulatory framework for swaps and security-based 
swaps by, among other things: (1) Providing for the registration and 
comprehensive regulation of SBS Entities, swap dealers (``Swap 
Dealers''), and major swap participants (``Major Swap Participants'' 
and, together with Swap Dealers, ``Swap Entities''); (2) imposing 
clearing and trade execution requirements for swaps and security-based 
swaps, subject to certain exceptions; (3) creating recordkeeping, 
regulatory reporting, and public dissemination requirements for swaps 
and security-based swaps; and (4) enhancing the rulemaking and 
enforcement authorities of the Commission and the Commodity Futures 
Trading Commission (``CFTC'').
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    \2\ See Public Law 111-203, Preamble.
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    The Commission initially proposed Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and 
Rule 15Fk-1 in June 2011.\3\ In May 2013, the Commission re-opened the 
comment period for all of its outstanding Title VII rulemakings, 
including the external business conduct rulemaking.\4\
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    \3\ See Business Conduct Standards for Security-Based Swap 
Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap Participants, Exchange Act 
Release No. 64766 (Jun. 29, 2011), 76 FR 42396 (Jul. 18, 2011) 
(``Proposing Release'').
    \4\ See Reopening of Comment Periods for Certain Rulemaking 
Releases and Policy Statement Applicable to Security-Based Swaps 
Proposed Pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the 
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Exchange 
Act Release No. 69491 (May 1, 2013), 78 FR 30800 (May 23, 2013) 
(``Reopening Release'').
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    The Commission received 40 comments on the Proposing Release, of 
which 9 were comments submitted in response to the Reopening 
Release.\5\ Of the comments directed at the Cross-Border Proposing 
Release,\6\ five referenced the proposed external business conduct 
standards specifically,\7\ while others addressed cross-border issues 
generally, such as the application of substituted

[[Page 29962]]

compliance,\8\ without specifically referring to the Proposing Release. 
Of the comments submitted in response to the U.S. Activity Proposing 
Release,\9\ eight addressed the proposed cross-border application of 
the business conduct standards.\10\
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    \5\ See letters from Kenneth M. Fisher, Senior Vice President 
and Chief Financial Officer, Noble Energy, dated July 7, 2011 
(``Noble''); Chris Barnard, dated Aug. 10, 2011 (``Barnard''); R. 
Glenn Hubbard, Co-Chair, Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, 
John L. Thornton, Co-Chair, Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, 
and Hal S. Scott, Director, Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, 
dated Aug. 26, 2011 (``CCMR''); John F. Damgard, President, Futures 
Industry Association, Robert Pickel, Executive Chairman, 
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., and Kenneth 
E. Bentsen, Jr., Executive Vice President, Public Policy and 
Advocacy, Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, 
dated Aug. 26, 2011 (``FIA/ISDA/SIFMA''); Gerald W. McEntee, 
President, American Federation of State, County and Municipal 
Employees, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``AFSCME''); Mark Hepsworth, 
President, Institutional Business, Interactive Data Corporation, 
dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``IDC''); Sen. Carl Levin, U.S. Senate, dated 
Aug. 29, 2011 (``Levin''); Susan N. Kelly, Senior Vice President of 
Policy Analysis and General Counsel, American Public Power 
Association, and Noreen Roche-Carter, Chair, Tax and Finance Task 
Force, Large Public Power Council, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``APPA''); 
Stuart J. Kaswell, Executive Vice President & Managing Director, 
General Counsel, Managed Funds Association, dated Aug. 29, 2011 
(``MFA''); Dennis M. Kelleher, President & CEO, and Stephen W. Hall, 
Securities Specialist, Better Markets, Inc., dated Aug. 29, 2011 
(``Better Markets (August 2011)''); Christopher A. Klem and Molly 
Moore, Ropes & Gray LLP, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``Ropes & Gray''); 
Joanne T. Medero, BlackRock, Inc., dated Aug. 29, 2011 
(``BlackRock''); Joseph Dear, Chief Investment Officer, California 
Public Employees' Retirement System, Jennifer Paquette, Chief 
Investment Officer, Colorado PERA, Keith Bozarth, Executive 
Director, State of Wisconsin Investment Board, Brian Guthrie, 
Executive Director, Teacher Retirement System of Texas, and Rick 
Dahl, Chief Investment Officer, Missouri State Employees' Retirement 
System, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``CalPERS (August 2011)''); Barbara 
Roper, Director of Investor Protection, Consumer Federation of 
America, Marcus Stanley, Policy Director, Americans for Financial 
Reform, and Michael Greenberger, Law School Professor and Founder & 
Director, University of Maryland Center for Health & Homeland 
Security, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``CFA''); American Benefits Council, 
dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``ABC''); Jeff Gooch, Chief Executive Officer, 
MarkitSERV, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``MarkitSERV''); Timothy W. 
Cameron, Esq. Managing Director, Asset Management Group, Securities 
Industry and Financial Markets Association, dated Aug. 29, 2011 
(``SIFMA (August 2011)''); John D. Walda, President and Chief 
Executive Officer, National Association of College and University 
Business Officers, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``NACUBO''); Kevin Gould, 
President, Markit North America, Inc., dated Aug. 29, 2011 
(``Markit''); Daniel F. C. Crowley, Partner, K&L Gates LLP, on 
behalf of the Church Alliance, dated Aug. 29, 2011 (``Church 
Alliance (August 2011)''); Christopher J. Ailman, California State 
Teachers' Retirement System, dated Aug. 30, 2011 (``CalSTRS''); John 
M. McNally, National Association of Bond Lawyers, dated Sept. 1, 
2011 (``NABL''); Colette J. Irwin-Knott, National Association of 
Independent Public Finance Advisors, dated Sept. 6, 2011 
(``NAIPFA''); ABA Securities Association, American Council of Life 
Insurers, Financial Services Roundtable, Futures Industry 
Association, Institute of International Bankers, International Swaps 
and Derivatives Association, and Securities Industry and Financial 
Markets Association, dated Sept. 8, 2011 (``ABA Securities 
Association''); Kent A. Mason, Davis & Harman LLP, dated Sept. 15, 
2011 (``Mason''); Senator Tim Johnson, Chairman, U.S. Senate 
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, and Representative 
Barney Frank, U.S. House Committee on Financial Services, dated Oct. 
4, 2011 (``Johnson''); Lawrence B. Patent, K&L Gates LLP, on behalf 
of the Church Alliance, dated Oct. 4, 2011 (``Church Alliance 
(October 2011)''); Joseph Dear, Chief Investment Officer, California 
Public Employees' Retirement System et al., dated Oct. 4, 2011 
(``CalPERS (October 2011)''); Susan Gaffney Director, Federal 
Liaison Center, Government Finance Officers Association, dated Oct. 
31, 2011 (``GFOA''); Jeffery W. Rubin, Chair, Federal Regulation of 
Securities Committee, American Bar Association Business Law Section 
and Nir D. Yarden, Chair, Institutional Investors Committee, 
American Bar Association, dated Dec. 7, 2011 (``ABA Committees''); 
Bruce E. Stern, Chairman, Association of Financial Guaranty 
Insurers, dated Sept. 17, 2012 (``AFGI (September 2012)''); 
Financial Services Roundtable, Future Industry Association, 
Institute of International Bankers, International Swaps and 
Derivatives Association, Investment Company Institute, Securities 
Industry and Financial Markets Association, dated May 21, 2013 
(``Financial Services Roundtable''); Bruce E. Stern, Chairman, 
Association of Financial Guaranty Insurers, dated July 22, 2013 
(``AFGI (July 2013)''); Robert Pickel, Executive Vice Chairman, 
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., dated July 
22, 2013 (``ISDA (July 2013)''); Dennis M. Kelleher, President and 
CEO, and Stephen W. Hall, Securities Specialist, Better Markets, 
Inc., dated July 22, 2013 (``Better Markets (July 2013)''); Dennis 
M. Kelleher, President and CEO, Better Markets, Inc., dated Oct. 18, 
2013 (``Better Markets (October 2013)''); Angie Karna, Managing 
Director, Legal, Nomura Global Financial Products Inc., dated Sept. 
10, 2014 (``Nomura''); Kyle Brandon, Managing Director, Securities 
Industry and Financial Markets Association, dated Aug. 7, 2015 
(``SIFMA (August 2015)''); Kyle Brandon, Managing Director, 
Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, dated Sept. 
23, 2015 (``SIFMA (September 2015)''); Kyle Brandon, Managing 
Director, Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, 
dated Nov. 3, 2015 (``SIFMA (November 2015)''). The comments that 
the Commission received on the Proposing Release and the Reopening 
Release are available on the Commission's Web site at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-25-11/s72511.shtml.
    \6\ Cross-Border Security-Based Swap Activities; Re-Proposal of 
Regulation SBSR and Certain Rules and Forms Relating to the 
Registration of Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based 
Swap Participants, Exchange Act Release No. 69490 (May 1, 2013), 78 
FR 30968 (May 23, 2013) (``Cross-Border Proposing Release'').
    \7\ See letters from Robert Pickel, International Swaps and 
Derivatives Association, Inc., dated Aug. 14, 2013 (``ISDA (August 
2013)''); Karrie McMillan, General Counsel, Investment Company 
Institute and Dan Waters, Managing Director, ICI Global, dated Aug. 
21, 2013 (``ICI''); Dennis M. Kelleher, President & CEO, Better 
Markets, Inc., Stephen W. Hall, Securities Specialist, Better 
Markets, Inc., and Katelynn O. Bradley, Attorney, Better Markets, 
Inc., dated Aug. 21, 2013 (``Better Markets (August 2013)''); 
Kenneth E. Bentsen, Jr., President, Securities Industry and 
Financial Markets Association, Walt Lukken, President & Chief 
Executive Officer, Futures Industry Association; and Richard M. 
Whiting, Executive Director and General Counsel, The Financial 
Services Roundtable, dated Aug. 21, 2013 (``SIFMA (August 2013)''); 
Matti Lepp[auml]l[auml], Secretary General/CEO, PensionsEurope, 
dated Sep. 3, 2013 (``PensionsEurope''). These comment letters are 
available on the Commission's Web site at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-02-13/s70213.shtml.
    \8\ See letters from Stephen Maijoor, Chair, European Securities 
and Markets Authority, dated Aug. 21, 2013 (``ESMA''); Stuart J. 
Kaswell, Executive Vice President & Managing Director, General 
Counsel, Managed Funds Association and Adam Jacobs, Director, Head 
of Markets Regulation, Alternative Investment Management 
Association, dated Aug. 19, 2013 (``MFA/AIMA''); Marcus Stanley, 
Policy Director, Americans for Financial Reform, dated Aug. 22, 2013 
(``AFR''); Sarah A. Miller, Chief Executive Officer, Institute of 
International Bankers, dated Aug. 21, 2013 (``IIB (August 2013)''); 
Catherine T. Dixon, Chair, Federal Regulation of Securities 
Committee, American Bar Association, Business Law Section, dated 
Oct. 2, 2013 (``ABA (October 2013)''); Agricultural Retailers 
Association, Business Roundtable, Financial Executives 
International, National Association of Corporate Treasurers, 
National Association of Manufacturers, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 
dated Aug. 21, 2013 (``CDEU''); Futures Options Association, dated 
Aug. 21, 2013 (``FOA''); Kevin Nixon, Managing Director, Institute 
of International Finance, dated August 8, 2013 (``IIF''); Koichi 
Ishikura, Executive Chief of Operations for International 
Headquarters, Japan Securities Dealers Association, dated Aug. 21, 
2013 (``JSDA''); Patrick Pearson, European Commission, dated Aug. 
21, 2013 (``EC''); Jonathan Kindred and Shigesuke Kashiwagi, Japan 
Financial Markets Council, dated Aug. 15, 2013.
    The SEC Chair and Commissioners were copied on a comment letter 
to the CFTC in connection with the CFTC's own cross-border 
initiative. See letter from Sherrod Brown, U.S. Senator, Tom Harkin, 
U.S. Senator, Jeff Merkley, U.S. Senator, Carl Levin, U.S. Senator, 
Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator, Dianne Feinstein, U.S. Senator, to 
the Honorable Gary Gensler, dated May 22, 2013 (``U.S. Senators'').
    \9\ See Application of Certain Title VII Requirements to 
Security-Based Swap Transactions Connected with a Non-U.S. Person's 
Dealing Activity that are Arranged, Negotiated, or Executed by 
Personnel Located in a U.S. Branch or Office or in a U.S. Branch or 
Office of an Agent, Exchange Act Release No. 74843 (Apr. 29, 2015), 
80 FR 27443 (May 13, 2015) (``U.S. Activity Proposing Release'').
    \10\ See letters from Kenneth E. Bentsen, Jr., President & CEO, 
Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association and Financial 
Services Roundtable and Rich Foster, Senior Vice President & Senior 
Counsel for Regulatory and Legal Affairs, Financial Services 
Roundtable, dated July 13, 2015 (``SIFMA/FSR (July 2015)''); Sarah 
A. Miller, Chief Executive Officer, Institute of International 
Bankers, dated July 13, 2015 (``IIB (July 2015)''); Dan Waters, 
Managing Director, ICI Global, dated July 13, 2015 (``ICI Global 
(July 2015)''); Dennis M. Kelleher, President and CEO, Stephen W. 
Hall, Securities Specialist, Todd Phillips, Attorney, Better 
Markets, Inc., dated July 13, 2015 (``Better Markets (July 2015)''); 
Timothy W. Cameron, Esq., Managing Director and Laura Martin, 
Managing Director and Associate General Counsel, Asset Management 
Group, Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, dated 
July 13, 2015 (``SIFMA-AMG (July 2015)''); David Geen, General 
Counsel, International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. 
(``ISDA (July 2015)''); Chris Barnard, dated June 26, 2015 
(``Barnard (July 2015)''); Stuart J. Kaswell, Executive Vice 
President, Managing Director & General Counsel, Managed Funds 
Association, dated July 13, 2015 (``MFA (July 2015)''). These 
comment letters are available on the Commission's Web site at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-06-15/s70615.shtml.
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    The Commission is now adopting Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and Rule 
15Fk-1, with certain revisions suggested by commenters or designed to 
clarify the rules and conform them to the rules adopted by the CFTC. 
The principal aspects of the rules are briefly described immediately 
below. A detailed discussion of each rule follows in Sections II.A.-
II.J, below.\11\
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    \11\ If any of the provisions of these rules, or the application 
thereof to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, such 
invalidity shall not affect other provisions or application of such 
provisions to other persons or circumstances that can be given 
effect without the invalid provision or application.
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A. Summary of Final Rules

    Rule 15Fh-1, as adopted, defines the scope of Rules 15Fh-1 through 
15Fh-6 and Rule 15Fk-1, and provides that an SBS Entity can rely on the 
written representations of a counterparty or its representative to 
satisfy its due diligence requirements under the rules, unless it has 
information that would cause a reasonable person to question the 
accuracy of the representation.
    Rule 15Fh-2, as adopted, sets forth the definitions used throughout 
Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6. The defined terms are discussed in 
connection with the rules in which they appear.
    Rule 15Fh-3, as adopted, defines the business conduct requirements 
generally applicable to SBS Entities with respect to: (1) Verification 
of counterparty status as an eligible contract participant (``ECP'') or 
special entity; (2) disclosure to the counterparty of material 
information about the security-based swap, including material risks, 
characteristics, incentives, and conflicts of interest; (3) disclosure 
of information concerning the daily mark of the security-based swap; 
(4) disclosure regarding the ability of the counterparty to require 
clearing of the security-based swap; (5) communication with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith; and (6) the establishment of a supervisory 
and compliance infrastructure. Rule 15Fh-3, as adopted, additionally 
requires an SBS Dealer to: (1) Establish, maintain and enforce written 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to obtain and retain a 
record of the essential facts concerning each known counterparty that 
are necessary to conduct business with that counterparty; and (2) 
comply with certain suitability obligations when recommending a 
security-based swap, or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap, to a counterparty.
    Rule 15Fh-4(a), as adopted, provides that it shall be unlawful for 
an SBS Entity to: (i) Employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud 
any special entity or prospective customer who is a special entity; 
(ii) engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business that 
operates as a fraud or deceit on any special entity or prospective 
customer who is a special entity; or (iii) to engage in any act, 
practice, or course of business that is fraudulent, deceptive, or 
manipulative.
    Rule 15Fh-4(b), as adopted, sets forth particular requirements for 
SBS Dealers acting as advisors to special entities.\12\ Specifically, 
an SBS Dealer that acts as an advisor to a special entity must act in 
the ``best interests'' of the special entity, and make reasonable 
efforts to obtain information that it needs to determine that the 
recommendation is in the ``best interests'' of the special entity.\13\
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    \12\ The statutory definition of ``special entity'' includes 
federal agencies, states and political subdivisions, employee 
benefit plans as defined under the Employee Retirement Income 
Security Act of 1974 (``ERISA''), governmental plans as defined 
under ERISA, and endowments. See Rule 15Fh-2(d) (defining ``special 
entity'' to include employee benefit plans that are defined in Title 
I of ERISA but permitting employee benefit plans that are not 
subject to regulation under Title I of ERISA to elect not to be 
special entities).
    \13\ Rule 15Fh-2(a), as adopted, defines what it means to ``act 
as an advisor'' to a special entity, and provides a safe harbor 
under which the parties can establish that the SBS Dealer is not 
acting as an advisor to the special entity.
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    Rule 15Fh-5, as adopted, sets forth particular requirements for SBS 
Entities acting as counterparties to special entities. Under the rule, 
those SBS Entities must have a reasonable basis to believe that the 
counterparty has a qualified representative who: (1) Has sufficient 
knowledge to evaluate the transaction and risks; (2) is not subject to 
a statutory disqualification; (3) is independent of the SBS Entity; (4) 
undertakes a duty to act in the best interests of the special entity; 
(5) makes appropriate and timely disclosures to the special entity of 
material information concerning the security-based swap; and (6) 
provides written representations regarding fair pricing and the 
appropriateness of the security-based swap. If the special entity is an 
employee benefit plan that is subject to regulation under Title I of 
ERISA (``ERISA plan''), these requirements are satisfied if the 
independent representative is a ``fiduciary'' under ERISA. In addition, 
the independent representative must be subject to pay-to-play 
regulation if the special entity is a ``municipal entity'' or a 
``governmental plan'' as defined in Section 3 of ERISA.
    Rule 15Fh-6, as adopted, imposes certain pay-to-play restrictions 
on SBS Dealers. The rule generally prohibits an SBS Dealer from 
engaging in security-

[[Page 29963]]

based swap transactions with a ``municipal entity'' within two years 
after certain political contributions have been made to officials of 
the municipal entity. As with other pay-to-play rules, Rule 15Fh-6 does 
not prohibit political contributions.
    Rule 15k-1, as adopted, requires an SBS Entity to designate a CCO 
and imposes certain duties and responsibilities on that CCO.

B. Cross-Border Application of the Final Rules

    Rule 3a71-3(c) and related amendments to Rule 3a71-3(a), as 
adopted, define the scope of application of the business conduct 
standards described in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act, and the 
rules and regulations thereunder (other than the rules and regulations 
prescribed by the Commission pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B)) to SBS 
Dealers. As adopted, these rules require a registered U.S. SBS Dealer 
to comply with transaction-level business conduct requirements with 
respect to all of its transactions, except for certain transactions 
conducted through such dealer's foreign branch. The rules further 
require a registered foreign SBS Dealer to comply with transaction-
level business conduct requirements with respect to any transaction 
with a U.S. person (except for a transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch of the U.S. person) and any transaction that the SBS 
Dealer arranges, negotiates, or executes using personnel located in the 
United States.
    Rule 3a67-10(d) and related amendments to Rule 3a67-10(a), as 
adopted, define the scope of application of the business conduct 
standards described in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act, and the 
rules and regulations thereunder (other than the rules and regulations 
prescribed by the Commission pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B)) to 
registered Major SBS Participants. As adopted, these rules, like those 
applicable to registered SBS Dealers, require a registered U.S. Major 
SBS Participant to comply with transaction-level business conduct 
requirements with respect to all of its transactions, except for 
certain transactions conducted through such participant's foreign 
branch. The rules further require a registered foreign Major SBS 
Participant to comply with transaction-level business conduct 
requirements with respect to any transaction with a U.S. person (except 
for a transaction conducted through a foreign branch of the U.S. 
person) but not any transaction with a non-U.S. person.
    Finally, Rule 3a71-6, as adopted, provides a framework under which 
foreign SBS Dealers and foreign Major SBS Participants may seek to 
satisfy certain business conduct requirements under Title VII by means 
of substituted compliance.
    In developing these final rules, including their cross-border 
application, we have consulted and coordinated with the CFTC and the 
prudential regulators \14\ in accordance with the consultation mandate 
of the Dodd-Frank Act.\15\ The Commission also has consulted and 
coordinated with foreign regulatory authorities through Commission 
staff participation in numerous bilateral and multilateral discussions 
with foreign regulatory authorities addressing the regulation of OTC 
(over-the-counter) derivatives.\16\ Through these discussions and the 
Commission staff's participation in various international task forces 
and working groups,\17\ we have gathered information about foreign 
regulatory reform efforts and their impact on and relationship with the 
U.S. regulatory regime. The Commission has taken and will continue to 
take these discussions into consideration in developing rules, forms, 
and interpretations for implementing Title VII of the Dodd-Frank 
Act.\18\
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    \14\ The term ``prudential regulator'' is defined in section 
1a(39) of the Commodity Exchange Act, 7 U.S.C. 1a(39), and that 
definition is incorporated by reference in section 3(a)(74) of the 
Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(74). Pursuant to the definition, the 
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the 
Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Corporation, the Farm Credit Administration, or the Federal Housing 
Finance Agency (collectively, the ``prudential regulators'') is the 
``prudential regulator'' of a security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant if the entity is directly supervised 
by that regulator.
    \15\ Section 712(a)(2) of the Dodd-Frank Act provides in part 
that the Commission shall ``consult and coordinate to the extent 
possible with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the 
prudential regulators for the purposes of assuring regulatory 
consistency and comparability, to the extent possible.''
    \16\ For example, senior representatives of authorities with 
responsibility for regulation of OTC derivatives have met on a 
number of occasions to discuss international coordination of OTC 
derivatives regulations. See, e.g., Report of the OTC Derivatives 
Regulators Group to G20 Leaders on Cross-Border Implementation 
Issues November 2015 (Nov. 2015), available at: http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@internationalaffairs/documents/file/odrgreportg20_1115.pdf.
    \17\ Commission representatives participate in the Financial 
Stability Board's Working Group on OTC Derivatives Regulation 
(``ODWG''), both on the Commission's behalf and as the 
representative of the International Organization of Securities 
Commissions (``IOSCO''), which is co-chair of the ODWG. See 
Security-Based Swap Transactions Connected with a Non-U.S. Person's 
Dealing Activity That Are Arranged, Negotiated, or Executed By 
Personnel Located in a U.S. Branch or Office or in a U.S. Branch or 
Office of an Agent; Security-Based Swap Dealer De Minimis Exception, 
Exchange Act Release No. 77104 (February 10, 2016), 81 FR 8597 n.15 
(Feb. 19, 2016) (``U.S. Activity Adopting Release''), (describing 
the Commission representative's role).
    \18\ See Section 752(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act (providing in part 
that ``[i]n order to promote effective and consistent global 
regulation of swaps and security-based swaps, the Commodity Futures 
Trading Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the 
prudential regulators . . . as appropriate, shall consult and 
coordinate with foreign regulatory authorities on the establishment 
of consistent international standards with respect to the regulation 
(including fees) of swaps.'').
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C. Consistency With CFTC Rules

    The Commission and CFTC staffs, prior to the proposal of rules by 
their respective agency, held approximately 30 joint meetings with 
interested parties regarding the agencies' respective business conduct 
rules to solicit a variety of views.\19\ As discussed in Section I.D. 
below, the agencies' staffs also consulted with Department of Labor 
(``DOL'') representatives on this rulemaking. In the Proposing Release, 
the Commission solicited comment on the impact of any differences 
between the Commission's and CFTC's approaches to business conduct 
regulations, and whether the Commission's proposed business conduct 
regulations should be modified to conform to the proposals made by the 
CFTC.\20\ Subsequently, in February 2012, the CFTC adopted final rules 
with respect to the external business conduct standards of Swap 
Entities that are generally consistent with the Commission's proposed 
rules.\21\ In addition, in April 2013, the CFTC adopted final rules 
with respect to internal business conduct standards regarding, among 
other things, the obligation of a Swap Entity to diligently supervise 
its business.\22\ These rules also require each Swap Entity to 
designate a CCO, prescribe qualifications and duties of the CCO, and 
require that the CCO prepare, sign, and furnish the annual report 
containing an assessment of the

[[Page 29964]]

registrant's compliance activities to either the board of directors or 
the senior officer.\23\ The rules further require the annual report to 
be furnished to the CFTC.\24\
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    \19\ A list of Commission staff meetings in connection with this 
rulemaking is available on the Commission's Web site under 
``Meetings with SEC Officials'' at http://www.sec.gov/comments/df-title-vii/swap/swap.shtml and at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-25-11/s72511.shtml.
    \20\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42438, supra note 3.
    \21\ See Business Conduct Standards for Swap Dealers and Major 
Swap Participants With Counterparties, 77 FR 9734 (Feb. 17, 2012) 
(``CFTC Adopting Release'').
    \22\ See Swap Dealer and Major Swap Participant Recordkeeping, 
Reporting, and Duties Rules; Futures Commission Merchant and 
Introducing Broker Conflicts of Interest Rules; and Chief Compliance 
Officer Rules for Swap Dealers, Major Swap Participants, and Futures 
Commission Merchants, 77 FR 20128 (Apr. 3, 2013) (``CFTC CCO 
Release'').
    \23\ Id.
    \24\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In May 2013, in the Reopening Release, the Commission sought 
comment on certain specific issues, including: (1) The relationship of 
the proposed rules to any parallel requirements of other authorities, 
including the CFTC and relevant foreign regulatory authorities; and (2) 
with respect to the CFTC rules, whether and to what extent the 
Commission, in adopting its own rules, should emphasize consistency 
with the CFTC rules versus adopting rules that are more tailored to the 
security-based swap market, including any specific examples where 
consistency or tailoring of a particular rule or rule set is more 
critically important.\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See Reopening Release, supra note 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received numerous comments regarding consistency 
with the CFTC's external business conduct rules both before and after 
the CFTC adopted its final rules.\26\ Comments specific to individual 
rules are addressed in the discussions of the respective rules below. 
As a general matter, these comments had, as an overarching theme, that 
the Commission should coordinate with the CFTC to achieve consistent 
regulations.\27\ Commenters stressed that differences between the 
regulatory regimes would, among other things, increase regulatory 
burdens and costs for market participants, delay execution of 
transactions, and lead to confusion.\28\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra 
note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 
5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; Nomura, 
supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; ISDA (July 
2013), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; CFA, supra note 
5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), supra 
note 5; SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    \27\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra 
note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 
5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; Nomura, 
supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; ISDA (July 
2013), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5; SIFMA, supra note 5 (September 2015); SIFMA 
(November 2015), supra note 5.
    \28\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Before the CFTC adopted its final external business conduct rules, 
commenters were divided as to whether they preferred the Commission's 
\29\ or the CFTC's \30\ proposed approach to specific issues, in 
instances in which the CFTC's proposed approach differed from the 
Commission's proposed rules. However, the comments received by the 
Commission in response to the Reopening Release, which was issued after 
the CFTC adopted its final rules, overwhelmingly urged the Commission 
to harmonize its external business conduct rules with those of the CFTC 
because the CFTC's rules have already been implemented by the 
industry.\31\ A number of these comments have suggested specific and 
detailed modifications. Where we believe the external business conduct 
rules, if modified in accordance with these suggestions, will continue 
to provide the protections (as explained in the context of the 
particular rule) that the rules are intended to accomplish, we have 
modified the proposed rules to harmonize with CFTC requirements to 
create efficiencies for entities that have already established 
infrastructure for compliance with analogous CFTC requirements.\32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; GFOA, supra 
note 5; NABL, supra note 5.
    \30\ See, e.g., CFA, supra note 5.
    \31\ See, e.g., Nomura, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; ISDA 
(July 2013), supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; SIFMA 
(September 2015), supra note 5; SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    Commenters also urged, with respect to supervision and CCO 
obligations (``internal'' business conduct standards), that our 
final rules be informed by industry experience complying with the 
analogous Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (``FINRA'') 
supervision and CCO rules, as well as the CFTC internal business 
conduct standards. See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5, at 2 
(urging the Commission to harmonize its rules with, among other 
things, ``the FINRA Supervision Rules, [and] the FINRA CCO Rule'').
    \32\ One commenter noted that more than 17,000 entities have 
already adhered to a multilateral protocol that had been developed 
in response to the CFTC rules. See SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Department of Labor ERISA Fiduciary Regulations

    Section 15F(h)(2)(C) of the Exchange Act defines the term ``special 
entity'' to include ``an employee benefit plan, as defined in section 3 
of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.'' \33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ 29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq. See History of EBSA and ERISA, 
available at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/aboutebsa/history.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Prior to proposing the business conduct standards rules, the 
Commission received submissions from commenters concerning the 
interaction with ERISA, DOL's proposed fiduciary rule, and current 
regulation regarding the definition of ERISA fiduciaries.\34\ As noted 
above, the Commission, CFTC and DOL staffs consulted on issues 
regarding the intersection of ERISA fiduciary status with the Dodd-
Frank Act business conduct provisions, prior to the Commission's 
proposing rules in this area.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See, e.g., letter from Kenneth E. Bentsen, Jr., Executive 
Vice President, Public Policy and Advocacy, Securities Industry and 
Financial Markets Association and Robert G. Pickel, Executive Vice 
Chairman, International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. to 
Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary, Commission and David A. Stawick, 
Secretary, CFTC (Oct. 22, 2010) (``SIFMA/ISDA 2010 Letter''), at 8 
n.19. This comment letter is available on the Commission's Web site 
at http://www.sec.gov/comments/df-title-vii/swap/swap.shtml.
    \35\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42398, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received numerous comments concerning the 
interaction of ERISA and existing fiduciary regulation with the 
business conduct standards under the Exchange Act and the Commission's 
proposed rules.\36\ Commenters, including ERISA plan sponsors, dealers 
and institutional asset managers, stated that although ERISA plans 
currently use security-based swaps as part of their overall hedging or 
investment strategy, the statutory and regulatory intersections of 
ERISA and the external business conduct standards under Title VII of 
the Dodd-Frank Act could prevent ERISA plans from participating in 
security-based swap markets in the future, and the proposed business 
conduct standards rules, if adopted without clarification, could have 
unintended consequences for SBS Entities dealing with ERISA plans.\37\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ See, e.g., ABC, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Johnson, supra note 5.
    \37\ See, e.g., ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; 
Johnson, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters were primarily concerned that compliance with the 
business conduct standards under the Exchange Act or the Commission's 
proposed rules would cause an SBS Entity to be an ERISA fiduciary to an 
ERISA plan and thus, subject to ERISA's prohibited transaction 
provisions.\38\ If an SBS Entity were to become an ERISA fiduciary to 
an ERISA plan, it would be prohibited from entering into a security-
based swap with that ERISA plan absent an exemption.\39\ One commenter

[[Page 29965]]

asserted that the penalties for violating ERISA's prohibited 
transaction provisions would discourage SBS Entities from dealing with 
ERISA plans.\40\ Other commenters asserted that compliance by SBS 
Entities with the following obligations could cause an SBS Entity to be 
an ERISA fiduciary: (1) Providing information regarding the risks of 
the security-based swap; (2) providing the daily mark; (3) reviewing 
the ability of the special entity's advisor to advise the special 
entity with respect to the security-based swap; and (4) acting in the 
best interests of the special entity.\41\ Accordingly, commenters 
requested that the Commission and DOL coordinate the respective rules 
to clarify that compliance with the business conduct standards rules 
will not make an SBS Entity an ERISA fiduciary.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ Section 406(b) of ERISA (29 U.S.C. 1106(b)) states that an 
ERISA fiduciary with respect to an ERISA plan shall not (1) deal 
with the assets of the plan in his own interest or for his own 
account, (2) in his individual or in any other capacity act in any 
transaction involving the plan on behalf of a party (or represent a 
party) whose interests are adverse to the interests of the plan or 
the interests of its participants or beneficiaries, or (3) receive 
any consideration for his own personal account from any party 
dealing with such plan in connection with a transaction involving 
the assets of the plan.
    \39\ In addition to other statutory exemptions, Section 408(a) 
of ERISA (29 U.S.C. 1108(a)) gives DOL authority to grant 
administrative exemptions from prohibited transactions prescribed in 
Section 406 of ERISA.
    \40\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \41\ See, e.g., ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; 
Johnson, supra note 5.
    \42\ See, e.g., ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; 
Johnson, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOL staff reviewed the CFTC's final business conduct standards 
rules for Swap Entities and provided the CFTC with the following 
statement:

    The Department of Labor has reviewed these final business 
conduct standards and concluded that they do not require swap 
dealers or major swap participants to engage in activities that 
would make them fiduciaries under the Department of Labor's current 
five-part test defining fiduciary advice 29 CFR 2510.3-21(c). In the 
Department's view, the CFTC's final business conduct standards 
neither conflict with the Department's existing regulations, nor 
compel swap dealers or major swap participants to engage in 
fiduciary conduct. Moreover, the Department states that it is fully 
committed to ensuring that any changes to the current ERISA 
fiduciary advice regulation are carefully harmonized with the final 
business conduct standards, as adopted by the CFTC and the SEC, so 
that there are no unintended consequences for swap dealers and major 
swap participants who comply with these business conduct 
standards.\43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ See Letter from Phyllis C. Borzi, Assistant Secretary, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor 
to The Hon. Gary Gensler et al., CFTC (Jan. 17, 2012), CFTC Adopting 
Release, Appendix 2--Statement of the Department of Labor, 77 FR 
9835, supra note 21.

    Thereafter, in April 2015, the DOL reproposed a change to the 
definition of fiduciary under ERISA.\44\ The DOL noted that its staff 
had ``consulted with staff of the SEC.'' \45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See Definition of the Term ``Fiduciary''; Conflict of 
Interest Rule--Retirement Investment Advice, 80 FR 21927 (Proposed 
Rule, Apr. 20, 2015).
    \45\ Id. at 21937.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On April 6, 2016, DOL issued its final rule.\46\ We understand that 
DOL's revised definition of ``fiduciary'' in its final rule is intended 
to allow SBS Entities to avoid becoming ERISA fiduciaries when acting 
as counterparties to a swap or security-based swap transaction. For 
example, DOL makes the following statement in the preamble to its final 
rule:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ See Definition of the Term ``Fiduciary''; Conflict of 
Interest Rule--Retirement Investment Advice, 81 FR 20946 (Final 
Rule, Apr. 8, 2016).

    The Department has provided assurances to the CFTC and the SEC 
that the Department is fully committed to ensuring that any changes 
to the current ERISA fiduciary advice regulation are carefully 
harmonized with the final business conduct standards, as adopted by 
the CFTC and the SEC, so that there are no unintended consequences 
for swap and security-based swap dealers and major swap and 
security-based swap participants who comply with the business 
conduct standards. See, e.g., Letter from Phyllis C. Borzi, 
Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. 
Department of Labor, to The Hon. Gary Gensler et al., CFTC (Jan. 17, 
2012). In this regard, we note that the disclosures required under 
the business conduct standards, including those regarding material 
information about a swap or security-based swap concerning material 
risks, characteristics, incentives and conflicts of interest; 
disclosures regarding the daily mark of a swap or security-based 
swap and a counterparty's clearing rights; disclosures necessary to 
ensure fair and balanced communications; and disclosures regarding 
the capacity in which a swap or security-based swap dealer or major 
swap participant is acting when a counterparty to a special entity, 
do not in the Department's view compel counterparties to ERISA-
covered employee benefit plans, other plans or IRAs to make a 
recommendation for purposes of paragraph (a) of the final rule or 
otherwise compel them to act as fiduciaries in swap and security-
based swap transactions conducted pursuant to section 4s of the 
Commodity Exchange Act and section 15F of the Securities Exchange 
Act. This section of this Notice discusses these issues in the 
context of the express provisions in the final rule on swap and 
security-based swap transactions and on transactions with 
independent fiduciaries with financial expertise.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ Id. at 20985, n. 36.

    Furthermore, DOL's final rule establishes a ``swap and security-
based swap transactions'' exclusion \48\ which, in DOL's view, is 
intended to establish conditions under which persons acting as SBS 
Entities, among others, ``do not become investment advice fiduciaries 
as a result of communications and activities conducted during the 
course of swap or security-based swap transactions regulated under the 
Dodd-Frank Act provisions in the Commodity Exchange Act or the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and applicable CFTC and SEC 
implementing rules and regulations.'' \49\ In addition, DOL has stated 
that its exclusion for ``transactions with independent plan fiduciaries 
with financial expertise'' has been significantly adjusted and expanded 
in the final rule and gives an alternative avenue for parties involved 
in swap, security-based swap, or other investment transactions to 
conduct the transaction in a way that would ensure they do not become 
investment advice fiduciaries under the final rule.\50\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ See id. at 20984-86 (discussing the swap and security-based 
swap transactions exception).
    \49\ Id. at 20985. See also id. (explaining that in DOL's view, 
``when Congress enacted the swap and security based swap provisions 
in the Dodd-Frank Act, including those expressly applicable to ERISA 
covered plans, Congress did not intend that engaging in regulated 
conduct as part of a swap or security-based swap transaction with an 
employee benefit plan would give rise to additional fiduciary 
obligations or restrictions under Title I of ERISA'').
    \50\ See id. at 20986 (noting that DOL ``does not believe 
extending the swap and security-based swap provisions to IRA 
investors is appropriate'' and, rather, concluding ``that it was 
more appropriate to address this issue in the context of the 
`independent plan fiduciary with financial expertise' provision 
described elsewhere in this Notice'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission staff has continued to coordinate with DOL staff to 
ensure that the final business conduct standards rules are 
appropriately harmonized with ERISA and DOL regulations. DOL staff has 
provided the Commission with a statement that:

    It is the Department's view that the draft final business 
conduct standards do not require security-based swap dealers or 
major security-based swap participants to engage in activities that 
would make them fiduciaries under the Department's current five-part 
test defining fiduciary investment advice. 29 CFR 2510.3-21(c). The 
standards neither conflict with the Department's existing 
regulations, nor compel security-based swap dealers or major 
security-based swap participants to engage in fiduciary conduct. 
Moreover, the Department's recently published final rule amending 
ERISA's fiduciary investment advice regulation was carefully 
harmonized with the SEC's business conduct standards so that there 
are no unintended consequences for security-based swap dealers and 
major security-based swap participants who comply with the business 
conduct standards. As explained in the preamble to the Department's 
final rule, the disclosures required under the SEC's business 
conduct rules do not, in the Department's view, compel 
counterparties to ERISA-covered employee benefit plans to make 
investment advice recommendations within the meaning of the 
Department's final rule or otherwise compel them to act as ERISA 
fiduciaries in

[[Page 29966]]

swap and security-based swap transactions conducted pursuant to 
section 4s(h) of the Commodity Exchange Act and section 15F of the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See Letter from Phyllis C. Borzi, Assistant Secretary, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor 
to The Hon. Mary Jo White et al., SEC (Apr. 12, 2016).

    Finally, the Commission has modified its proposed treatment of 
special entities to take into account the comprehensive regulatory 
scheme established under ERISA. In particular, as discussed more fully 
in Section II.H below, if the special entity is an ERISA plan, our 
rules deem certain requirements satisfied if the plan has an 
independent representative that is a fiduciary under ERISA.

E. Investment Adviser and Municipal Advisor Status

    In addition to questions about ERISA fiduciary status, commenters 
also questioned whether compliance with the business conduct standards 
might cause an SBS Entity to be deemed an investment adviser or, when 
transacting with a special entity that meets the definition of 
municipal entity, a municipal advisor.\52\ Two commenters expressed 
concern more generally that compliance with the daily mark requirement 
(in Rule 15Fh-3(c)) might raise questions as to whether an SBS Entity 
has advisory or fiduciary responsibilities under applicable common law, 
state law or federal law (e.g., DOL regulations, provisions of the 
Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (``Advisers Act''), or the Dodd-Frank 
Act's municipal advisor provisions).\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ See, e.g., FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2011), supra note 5.
    \53\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As we noted in the Proposing Release, the duties imposed on an SBS 
Dealer (or Major SBS Participant) under the business conduct rules are 
specific to this context, and are in addition to any duties that may be 
imposed under other applicable law.\54\ Thus, an SBS Entity must 
separately determine whether it is subject to regulation as a broker-
dealer, an investment adviser, a municipal advisor or other regulated 
entity.\55\ For example, an SBS Dealer that acts as an advisor to a 
special entity may fall within the definition of ``investment adviser'' 
under Section 202(a)(11) of the Advisers Act.\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ See Proposing Release, supra note 3, 76 FR at 42424.
    \55\ The Dodd-Frank Act amended the Exchange Act definition of 
``dealer'' so that a person would not be deemed to be a dealer as a 
result of engaging in security-based swaps with eligible contract 
participants. See Section 3(a)(5) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78c(a)(5), as amended by section 761(a)(1) of the Dodd-Frank Act. 
The Dodd-Frank Act does not include comparable amendments for 
persons who act as brokers in swaps and security-based swaps. 
Because security-based swaps, as defined in Section 3(a)(68) of the 
Exchange Act, are included in the Exchange Act Section 3(a)(10) 
definition of ``security,'' persons who act as brokers in connection 
with security-based swaps must, absent an exception or exemption, 
register with the SEC as a broker pursuant to Exchange Act Section 
15(a), and comply with the Exchange Act's requirements applicable to 
brokers.
    As discussed in Section I.F, infra, the Commission has issued 
temporary exemptions under the Exchange Act in connection with the 
revision of the ``security'' definition to encompass security-based 
swaps. Among other aspects, these temporary exemptions extended to 
certain broker activities involving security-based swaps.
    \56\ See 15 U.S.C. 80b-2(a)(11).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We further stated in the Proposing Release that an SBS Dealer that 
acts as an advisor to a municipal entity also may be a ``municipal 
advisor'' under Section 15B(e) of the Exchange Act.\57\ We note, 
however, that we subsequently adopted rules in 2013 that interpret the 
statutorily defined term ``municipal advisor'' and provide a regulatory 
exemption for persons engaging in municipal advisory activities in 
circumstances in which a municipal entity or obligated person is 
otherwise represented by an independent registered municipal advisor 
with respect to the same aspects of a municipal financial product or an 
issuance of municipal securities so long as the following requirements 
are satisfied: (1) The independent registered municipal advisor is 
registered pursuant to Section 15B of the Exchange Act and the rules 
and regulations thereunder, and is not, and within at least the past 
two years was not, associated with the person seeking to rely on the 
exemption; (2) the person seeking to use the exemption receives from 
the municipal entity or obligated person a representation in writing 
that it is represented by, and will rely on the advice of, the 
independent registered municipal advisor, and such person has a 
reasonable basis for relying on the representation; and (3) the person 
seeking to use the exemption provides written disclosure to the 
municipal entity or obligated person, with a copy to the independent 
registered municipal advisor, stating that such person is not a 
municipal advisor and is not subject to the fiduciary duty to municipal 
entities that the Exchange Act imposes on municipal advisors, and such 
disclosure is made at a time and in a manner reasonably designed to 
allow the municipal entity or obligated person to assess the material 
incentives and conflicts of interest that such person may have in 
connection with the municipal advisory activities.\58\ We explained 
that if a municipal entity or obligated person is represented by a 
registered municipal advisor, parties to the municipal securities 
transaction and others who are not registered municipal advisors should 
be able to provide advice to the municipal entity or obligated person 
without being deemed themselves to be municipal advisors, so long as 
the responsibilities of each person are clear.\59\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ See 15 U.S.C. 78o-4(e)(4).
    \58\ See Registration of Municipal Advisors, Exchange Act 
Release No. 70462 (Sept. 20, 2013), 78 FR 67468, 67509-11 (Nov. 12, 
2013) (``Municipal Advisor Registration Release'').
    \59\ Id. at 67471.
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F. Intersection With SRO Rules

    Under the framework established in the Dodd-Frank Act, SBS Entities 
are not required to be members of self-regulatory organizations 
(``SROs''). Some commenters have, however, urged us to harmonize Title 
VII business conduct requirements applicable to SBS Entities with 
relevant SRO requirements applicable to the SRO's members to avoid 
unnecessary differences, which they argue could create duplication and 
conflicts when an SBS Entity is also registered as a broker-dealer, or 
when an SBS Entity uses a registered broker-dealer to intermediate its 
transactions.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 13; SIFMA/FSR (July 
2015), supra note 10, at 9-10 (due to the possibility of dually 
registered firms, the Commission and FINRA, ``must work to harmonize 
existing sales practice requirements'' because, to the extent 
requirements differ, ``there may be unnecessary duplication and 
conflicts that cause a disparate impact on security-based swap 
dealers acting through broker-dealers as compared to other security-
based swap dealers.''); SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5, at 2 
(urging the Commission to harmonize its rules with, among other 
things, ``the FINRA Supervision Rules, [and] the FINRA CCO Rule'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rules we proposed were designed to implement the business 
conduct requirements enacted by Congress regarding security-based swap 
activity of SBS Entities. At the same time, in proposing these rules, 
we were mindful that an SBS Entity also may engage in activity that 
will require it to register as a broker-dealer, and thus become subject 
to SRO rules applicable to registered broker-dealers that may impose 
similar business conduct requirements.\61\ As we noted in the Proposing 
Release, the existing rules of various SROs served as an important 
point of reference for our proposed

[[Page 29967]]

business conduct rules.\62\ For example, a number of the proposed 
rules, including those regarding ``know your counterparty,'' \63\ 
suitability,\64\ fair and balanced communications,\65\ supervision,\66\ 
and designation of a CCO,\67\ were patterned on standards that have 
been established by SROs for their members. However, we tailored the 
proposed rules to the specifics of the regulatory scheme for security-
based swaps under Title VII.\68\
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    \61\ See Exchange Act Section 15(b)(8) (generally making it 
illegal for a registered broker-dealer to effect a transaction in, 
or induce or attempt to induce the purchase or sale of, any security 
unless it is a member of a registered securities association or 
effects transactions in securities solely on a national securities 
exchange of which it is a member). 15 U.S.C. 78o(b)(8).
    \62\ We looked, in particular, to the requirements imposed by 
FINRA, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (``MSRB''), and the 
National Futures Association (``NFA''), in addition to the business 
conduct standards, both internal and external, adopted by the CFTC.
    \63\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(e). Cf. FINRA Rule 2090.
    \64\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f). Cf. FINRA Rules 2090 and 2111.
    \65\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(g). See Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(3)C), 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(C). Cf. NASD Rule 2210(d)(1)(A).
    \66\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h). See Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(1)(B), 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B). Cf. NASD Rules 3010 and 
3012.
    \67\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-1. See Exchange Act Section 15F(k), 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(k). Cf. FINRA Rule 3130.
    \68\ For example, we provided in the proposed rules for an 
institutional suitability alternative, which was modeled on FINRA's 
institutional suitability rule (Rule 2111(b)) but tailored to take 
into account the definition of eligible contract participant 
included in Title VII, which includes, among other persons, 
individuals with aggregate amounts of more than $10 million invested 
on a discretionary basis (or $5 million if hedging), and entities 
with a net worth of at least $1 million that are hedging commercial 
risk. See discussion in Section II.G.4, infra. In addition, proposed 
Rule 15Fh-3(g) would impose obligations regarding fair and balanced 
communications that are consistent with, but less detailed than, the 
obligations imposed on registered broker-dealers under FINRA Rule 
2210. See Section II.G.5, infra.
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    We recognize, as the commenters noted, that the security-based swap 
and other securities activities of certain entities may require them to 
register both as broker-dealers and as SBS Dealers or Major SBS 
Participants.\69\ To the extent an entity will be subject to regulation 
both as a broker-dealer and as an SBS Entity, there may be overlapping 
regulatory requirements applicable to the same activity. The Commission 
is mindful of potential regulatory conflicts or redundancies and has 
sought in adopting these final rules to avoid such conflicts and 
minimize redundancies, consistent with the statutory business conduct 
requirements for SBS Entities. As discussed throughout this release, 
the rules we are adopting today take into account the comments 
received, both comments specific to the application of the proposed 
rules to the security-based swap market and the role that the SBS 
Entities play in that market, and comments asking us to modify the 
proposed rules to more closely align with the similar SRO rules 
applicable to broker-dealers.\70\ Overall, we believe that the business 
conduct rules we are adopting today are generally designed to be 
consistent with the relevant SRO requirements, taking into account the 
nature of the security-based swap market and the statutory requirements 
for SBS Entities.\71\
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    \69\ See, e.g., IIB (July 2015), supra note 10. In addition, as 
noted above, there may instances in which a registered broker-dealer 
acts on behalf of an SBS Entity, and so both our rules and the SRO 
business conduct rules may apply to the activity of the broker-
dealer in its capacity as agent of the SBS Entity.
    \70\ One commenter urged harmonization with SRO (as well as 
CFTC) rules to allow SBS Entities ``to leverage existing processes 
and speed implementation.'' SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5, at 
2.
    \71\ Generally, when a business conduct standard in these 
proposed rules is based on a similar SRO standard, we would expect--
at least as an initial matter--to take into account the SRO's 
interpretation and enforcement of its standard when we interpret and 
enforce our rule. At the same time, we are not bound by an SRO's 
interpretation and enforcement of an SRO rule, and our policy 
objectives and judgments may diverge from those of a particular SRO. 
Accordingly, we would also expect to take into account such 
differences in interpreting and enforcing our rules. Proposing 
Release, 76 FR at 42399, supra note 3.
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    On July 1, 2011, the Commission issued a separate order granting 
temporary exemptive relief (the ``Temporary Exemptions'') from 
compliance with certain provisions of the Exchange Act in connection 
with the revision, pursuant to Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, of the 
Exchange Act definition of ``security'' to encompass security-based 
swaps.\72\ Consistent with the Commission's action, on July 8, 2011, 
FINRA filed for immediate effectiveness FINRA Rule 0180, which, with 
certain exceptions, is intended to temporarily limit the application of 
FINRA rules with respect to security-based swaps, thereby helping to 
avoid undue market disruptions resulting from the change to the 
definition of ``security'' under the Act.\73\
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    \72\ See Order Granting Temporary Exemptions Under the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in Connection With the Pending 
Revision of the Definition of ``Security'' Encompass Security-based 
Swaps, and Request for Comment, Exchange Act Release No. 64795 (Jul. 
1, 2011), 76 FR 39927 (Jul. 7, 2011) (the ``Exemptive Release''). 
The term ``security-based swap'' is defined in Section 761 of the 
Dodd-Frank Act. 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(68). See also Further Definition of 
``Swap,'' ``Security-Based Swap,'' and ``Security-Based Swap 
Agreement''; Mixed Swaps; Security-Based Swap Agreement 
Recordkeeping, Exchange Act Release No. 67453 (Jul. 18, 2012), 77 FR 
48208 (Aug. 13, 2012) (``Products Definitions Adopting Release'') 
for further discussion regarding the meaning of the term security-
based swap.
    \73\ FINRA Rule 0180 temporarily limits the application of 
certain FINRA rules with respect to security-based swaps. See Notice 
of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to 
Adopt FINRA Rule 0180 (Application of Rules to Security-Based 
Swaps); File No. SR-FINRA-2011-033, Exchange Act Release No. 64884 
(Jul. 14, 2011), 76 FR 42755 (July 19, 2011) (``FINRA Rule 0180 
Notice of Filing''). See also Notice of Filing and Immediate 
Effectiveness of a Proposed Rule Change to Extend the Expiration 
Date of FINRA Rule 0180 (Application of Rules to Security-Based 
Swaps); File No. SR-FINRA-2016-001, Exchange Act Release No. 76850 
(Jan. 7, 2016), 81 FR 1666 (Jan. 13, 2016) (extending until February 
11, 2017 the expiration date of the exemptions under FINRA Rule 
0180) (``FINRA Rule 0180 Extension Notice'').
    In its Exemptive Release, the Commission noted that the relief 
is targeted and does not include, for instance, relief from the 
Exchange Act's antifraud and anti-manipulation provisions. FINRA has 
noted that FINRA Rule 0180 is similarly targeted. For instance, 
paragraph (a) of FINRA Rule 0180 provides that FINRA rules shall not 
apply to members' activities and positions with respect to security-
based swaps, except for FINRA Rules 2010 (Standards of Commercial 
Honor and Principles of Trade), 2020 (Use of Manipulative, Deceptive 
or Other Fraudulent Devices), 3310 (Anti-Money Laundering Compliance 
Program) and 4240 (Margin Requirements for Credit Default Swaps). 
See also paragraphs (b) and (c) of FINRA Rule 0180 (addressing the 
applicability of additional rules); FINRA Rule 0180 Notice of 
Filing; FINRA Rule 0180 Extension Notice.
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    The Commission, noting the need to avoid a potential unnecessary 
disruption to the security-based swap market in the absence of an 
extension of the Temporary Exemptions, and the need for additional time 
to consider the potential impact of the revision of the Exchange Act 
definition of ``security'' in light of recent Commission rulemaking 
efforts under Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, issued an order that 
extended and refined the applicable expiration dates of the previously 
granted Temporary Exemptions.\74\ In the Temporary Exemptions Extension 
Release, the Commission extended the expiration date of the expiring 
Temporary Exemptions that are not directly linked to pending security-
based swap rulemakings until the earlier of such time as the Commission 
issues an order or rule determining whether any continuing exemptive 
relief is appropriate for security-based swap activities with respect 
to any of these Exchange Act provisions or until three years following 
the effective date of the

[[Page 29968]]

Temporary Exemptions Extension Release.\75\ The Commission further 
extended the expiration date for many expiring Temporary Exemptions 
directly related to pending security-based swap rulemakings until the 
compliance date for the related security-based swap-specific 
rulemaking.\76\
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    \74\ See Order Extending Temporary Exemptions Under the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in Connection With the Revision of 
the Definition of ``Security'' to Encompass Security-Based Swaps, 
and Request for Comment, Exchange Act Release No. 71485 (Feb. 5, 
2014), 79 FR 7731 (Feb. 10, 2014) (``Temporary Exemptions Extension 
Release''). See also Extension of Exemptions for Security-Based 
Swaps, Securities Act of 1933 (``Securities Act'') Release No. 9545, 
Exchange Act Release No. 71482 (Feb. 5, 2014), 79 FR 7570 (Feb. 10, 
2014) (extending the expiration dates in interim final rules that 
provide exemptions under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and 
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 for those security-based swaps that 
prior to July 16, 2011 were security-based swap agreements and are 
defined as ``securities'' under the Securities Act and the Exchange 
Act as of July 16, 2011 due solely to the provisions of Title VII of 
the Dodd-Frank Act).
    \75\ See Temporary Exemptions Extension Release, 79 FR at 7734, 
supra note 74. These Temporary Exemptions are currently scheduled to 
expire in February 2017.
    \76\ Id. at 7731. The Commission extended a subset of the 
Temporary Exemptions until they are addressed within relevant 
rulemakings relating to: (i) Capital, margin, and segregation 
requirements for security-based swap dealers and major security-
based swap participants, (ii) recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements for security-based swap dealers and major security-
based swap participants, (iii) security-based swap trade 
acknowledgement rules, and/or (iv) registration requirements for 
security-based swap execution facilities.
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    In establishing Rule 0180, and in extending the rule's expiration 
date,\77\ FINRA noted its intent, pending the implementation of any 
Commission rules and guidance that would provide greater regulatory 
clarity in relation to security-based swap activities, to align the 
expiration date of FINRA Rule 0180 with the termination of relevant 
provisions of the Temporary Exemptions provided by the Commission, so 
as to avoid undue market disruptions resulting from the change to the 
definition of ``security'' under the Exchange Act.
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    \77\ As noted in the FINRA Rule 0180 Extension Notice, FINRA has 
indicated that it intends to amend the expiration date of Rule 0180 
in subsequent filings as necessary such that the expiration date 
will be coterminous with the termination of relevant provisions of 
the Temporary Exemptions.
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II. Discussion of Rules Governing Business Conduct

A. Scope, Generally

1. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-1 would provide that Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 
(governing business conduct) and Rule 15Fk-1 (requiring designation of 
a CCO) are not intended to limit, or restrict, the applicability of 
other provisions of the federal securities laws, including but not 
limited to Section 17(a) of the Securities Act, Sections 9 and 10(b) of 
the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder. 
Additionally, it would provide that Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and 
Rule 15Fk-1 would not only apply in connection with entering into 
security-based swaps but also would continue to apply, as appropriate, 
over the term of executed security-based swaps.
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission solicited comment on the 
scope of the business conduct rules, including whether the rules should 
apply to transactions between an SBS Entity and its affiliates, whether 
any of the rules should apply to security-based swaps that were entered 
into prior to the effective date of the rules, and to the extent that 
any of the rules were intended to provide additional protections for a 
particular counterparty, whether the counterparty should be able to opt 
out of those protections.\78\
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    \78\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42401-42402, supra note 3.
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2. Comments on the Proposed Rule
a. General
    Eleven commenters addressed the general scope of the proposed 
business conduct standards.\79\ One commenter recommended that the 
Commission apply the proposed rules to security-based swaps that are 
offered as well as those that are executed.\80\ The other commenters 
addressed: The application of the rules to inter-affiliate 
transactions, the application of the rules to security-based swaps 
entered into prior to the effective date, and whether counterparties 
should be able to opt out of the protections provided by the rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ See CFA, supra note 5; ABA Securities Association, supra 
note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra 
note 5; NABL, supra note 5; AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; 
AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), supra note 5; 
ABC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; CalSTRS, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \80\ See CFA, supra note 5.
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b. Application to Security-Based Swaps Entered Into Prior to the 
Effective Date
    Seven commenters addressed the application of the rules to 
security-based swaps that were entered into prior to the compliance 
date of the rules, and all seven recommended that the rules not apply 
to such transactions.\81\ Three further indicated that the rules should 
not generally apply to amendments to, or other lifecycle events arising 
under, a security-based swap that was executed before the compliance 
date of the rules.\82\ Another commenter also specifically argued that 
the rules should not apply to either partial or full terminations of 
security-based swaps executed prior to the compliance date, or the 
exercise of an option on a security-based swap where the option was 
executed prior to the compliance date.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; AFGI (September 2012), supra note 
5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
    \82\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2011), supra note 5.
    \83\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter argued that amendments to existing transactions 
typically do not alter the risk and other characteristics of a 
transaction sufficiently to merit application of the rules and that 
application of the rules in these cases may frustrate their 
purpose.\84\ Others believed that any potential retroactive application 
would be burdensome, noting that it would undermine the expectations 
that the parties had when entering into the security-based swap.\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \85\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
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c. Application to Inter-Affiliate Transactions
    Three commenters discussed the application of the rules to inter-
affiliate transactions.\86\ All three recommended that the rules 
generally not apply to security-based swap transactions between 
affiliates,\87\ but one recognized that entity-level requirements (such 
as CCO and supervision responsibilities) will necessarily apply.\88\ 
One commenter asserted that the rules are intended to protect investors 
in arm's length transactions and therefore, would be irrelevant in 
inter-affiliate transactions.\89\ The second commenter similarly argued 
that because affiliates are not ``external clients'' of the SBS Entity, 
the protections afforded by the rules are inapposite.\90\ The second 
commenter also suggested that the Commission define ``affiliate'' to 
mean an entity that is ``under common control and that reports 
information or prepares its financial statements on a consolidated 
basis'' with another entity, and opined that the definition should be 
consistently applied across Title VII rulemakings.\91\ The third 
commenter also advocated for a common control standard, arguing that 
the rules should not apply to transactions between an SBS Entity and 
``a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the 
[SBS Entity].'' \92\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \87\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \88\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5.
    \89\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \90\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5.
    \91\ Id.
    \92\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
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d. Counterparty Opt-Out
    Nine commenters addressed whether to permit counterparties to opt 
out of certain protections provided by the

[[Page 29969]]

rules.\93\ Six commenters were in favor of allowing an opt out in at 
least some circumstances,\94\ and three were against it.\95\
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    \93\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
MFA, supra note 5; CalSTRS, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Better 
Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
    \94\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
MFA, supra note 5; CalSTRS, supra note 5.
    \95\ See CFA, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra 
note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters suggested that the Commission permit institutional 
or ``sophisticated investors'' to opt out of provisions intended to 
protect counterparties.\96\ Specifically, one endorsed allowing 
``qualified institutional buyers'' as defined in Rule 144A under the 
Securities Act and institutions with total assets of $100 million or 
more to opt out, asserting that the costs, delays in execution, and 
requirements to make detailed representations and disclosure to the SBS 
Entity may outweigh the benefits that such counterparties would 
receive.\97\ Another asserted that ``sophisticated'' counterparties 
should be able to opt out of receiving ``material information'' 
disclosures and the written disclosures related to clearing rights to 
lower their hedging costs and avoid potential trading delays and 
inefficiencies.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), 
supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5.
    \97\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \98\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three other commenters suggested an opt out for specific types of 
counterparties.\99\ One suggested that an ERISA plan should be 
permitted to opt out because SBS Entities might use the information 
they receive as a result of compliance with the business conduct 
standards to disadvantage the ERISA plan.\100\ A second asserted that 
pension funds acting as end users should be allowed to opt out of any 
rules that impose ``heightened fiduciary duties'' on SBS Dealers 
because pension funds do not need extra protection, and compliance with 
the fiduciary duties would only increase costs for SBS Dealers, leading 
them to either pass the costs along or refrain from entering into 
transactions with pension funds.\101\ A third suggested that any entity 
advised by a qualified independent representative should be able to 
waive the protections of the rules to avoid execution delays and 
administrative costs.\102\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ See ABC, supra note 5; CalSTRS, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2011), supra note 5.
    \100\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \101\ See CalSTRS, supra note 5.
    \102\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters opposed allowing counterparties to opt out of the 
special protections in the rules.\103\ One commenter noted that a 
``theoretically optional opt out would likely become mandatory'' 
because SBS Dealers would make it a condition of doing business, and 
that an opt-out approach could be used to perpetuate abuses the rules 
are intended to prevent.\104\ Another commented that an opt-out would 
``only add confusion to an already complex regulatory framework and 
create opportunities for market participants to evade compliance with 
the much-needed business conduct standards.'' \105\ A third 
specifically opposed allowing counterparties to opt out of the 
disclosure requirements, noting that even sophisticated investors may 
be misled.\106\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ See CFA, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra 
note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
    \104\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \105\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \106\ See Levin, supra note 5.
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3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-1, predesignated as Rule 15Fh-1(a), with certain modifications.
a. General
    The Commission is adopting, as proposed, the provision in final 
Rule 15Fh-1(a) specifying that Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and Rule 
15Fk-1 apply ``in connection with entering into security-based swaps'' 
and also will continue to apply, as appropriate, over the term of 
executed security-based swaps. Many of the rules impose obligations on 
an SBS Entity with respect to its ``counterparty'' that must be 
satisfied before the SBS Entity has actually entered into a security-
based swap with that counterparty (e.g., Rule 15Fh-3(a) (verification 
of counterparty status) and Rule 15Fh-3(b) (disclosure of material 
risks and characteristics, and material incentives or conflicts of 
interest)). This is consistent with the language specifying that the 
rules apply ``in connection with entering into security-based swaps'' 
in Rule 15Fh-1(a). Accordingly, when the rules refer to a 
``counterparty'' of the SBS Entity, the term ``counterparty'' includes 
a potential counterparty where compliance with the obligation is 
required before the SBS Entity and the ``counterparty'' has actually 
entered into the security-based swap.\107\
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    \107\ We believe that our reading of the term ``counterparty'' 
to include a potential counterparty addresses the concerns raised by 
the commenter that requested that the Commission apply the rules to 
security-based swaps that are offered as well as those that are 
executed. See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Application to Security-Based Swaps Entered Into Prior to the 
Effective Date
    To address concerns raised by commenters,\108\ the Commission is 
clarifying that the business conduct rules generally will not apply to 
any security-based swap entered into prior to the compliance date of 
the rules, and generally will apply to any security-based swap entered 
into after the compliance date of these rules, including a new 
security-based swap that results from an amendment or modification to a 
pre-existing security-based swap.\109\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; AFGI (September 2012), supra note 
5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
    \109\ See infra Sections IV.B and C (discussing the compliance 
dates of these rules).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to commenters' concerns about applying the business 
conduct rules to amendments to and other lifecycle events of a 
security-based swap entered into before the compliance date of these 
rules,\110\ the Commission is clarifying that the business conduct 
rules generally will not apply to amendments or modifications to a pre-
existing security-based swap unless the amendment or modification 
results in a new security-based swap (and occurs after the compliance 
date of these rules). The Commission has previously determined that if 
the material terms of a security-based swap are amended or modified 
during its life based on an exercise of discretion and not through 
predetermined criteria or a predetermined self-executing formula, the 
amended or modified security-based swap is viewed as a new security-
based swap.\111\ Thus, if there is such a material amendment or 
modification, which could include a change in the economic terms of the 
transaction that the parties would not have provided for when entering 
into the security-based swap contract, the Commission will consider the 
amended or modified security-based swap to be a new

[[Page 29970]]

security-based swap for purposes of the business conduct rules. If that 
material amendment or modification occurs after the compliance date of 
these rules, these rules will apply to the resulting new security-based 
swap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \111\ See Products Definitions Adopting Release, supra note 72, 
77 FR at 48286 (``If the material terms of a Title VII instrument 
are amended or modified during its life based on an exercise of 
discretion and not through predetermined criteria or a predetermined 
self-executing formula, the Commissions view the amended or modified 
Title VII instrument as a new Title VII instrument.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to concerns raised by a commenter, the Commission also 
is clarifying that the rules generally will not apply to either a 
partial or full termination of a pre-existing security-based swap.\112\ 
In these instances we anticipate that the expectations of the parties 
will be governed by the pre-existing terms of the original security-
based swap, and so the business conduct requirements generally will not 
apply. If, however, the partial termination involves a change in the 
material terms of the original security-based swap ``based on an 
exercise of discretion and not through predetermined criteria or a 
predetermined self-executing formula'' the business conduct rules will 
apply.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As requested by a commenter,\113\ we are clarifying that the 
business conduct rules generally will not apply to a new security-based 
swap that results from the exercise of an option on a security-based 
swap (whether or not the exercise occurs before or after the compliance 
date of these rules), as long as the terms upon which a party can 
exercise the option and the terms of the underlying security-based swap 
that will result upon the exercise of the option are governed by the 
terms of the pre-existing option. If, however, the material terms of 
either the option or the resulting security-based swap are amended or 
modified based on an exercise of discretion and not through 
predetermined criteria or a predetermined self-executing formula, our 
business conduct rules will apply to the amended or modified option or 
security-based swap resulting from the exercise of the option (assuming 
that such amendment or modification occurs after the compliance date of 
these rules).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe it appropriate to apply the rules in this manner to help 
to ensure that counterparties receive the benefits of the rules in 
circumstances where they are warranted, while providing firms adequate 
time to review the business conduct rules being adopted today and make 
appropriate changes to their operations before they have to begin 
complying with those rules.
    The Commission emphasizes that the above clarifications relate to 
the business conduct rules that by their terms apply when an SBS Entity 
offers to enter into or enters into a security-based swap, such as 
verification of status (Rule 15Fh-3(a)), certain disclosures (Rule 
15Fh-3(b) and (d)), requirements for special entities as counterparties 
(Rule 15Fh-5), and pay-to-play (Rule 15Fh-6)). Other rules being 
adopted today are broader in their application, such as those relating 
to know your counterparty (Rule 15Fh-3(e)), recommendations of 
security-based swaps or trading strategies (Rule 15Fh-3(f)), fair and 
balanced communications (Rule 15Fh-3(g)), supervision (Rule 15Fh-3(h)), 
antifraud (Rule 15Fh-4(a)), requirements when an SBS Dealer is acting 
as an advisor to a special entity (Rule 15Fh-4(b)), and the CCO (Rule 
15Fk-1). Thus, if an SBS Entity takes an action after the compliance 
date that independently implicates one of the business conduct rules, 
it will need to comply with the applicable requirements. For example, 
if an SBS Dealer makes a recommendation of a trading strategy that 
involves termination of a pre-existing security-based swap, the SBS 
Dealer would need to comply with the suitability requirements of Rule 
15Fh-3(f) regarding such recommendation. In addition, an SBS Entity 
will need to comply with ``entity level'' rules relating to supervision 
and CCO after the compliance date of those rules for all of its 
security-based swap business.
c. Application to Inter-Affiliate Transactions
    The Commission agrees with the concerns raised by commenters 
regarding the treatment of inter-affiliate transactions.\114\ As the 
Commission noted in the Definitions Adopting Release (defined below), 
market participants may enter into inter-affiliate security-based swaps 
for a variety of purposes, such as to allocate risk within a corporate 
group or to transfer risks within a corporate group to a central 
hedging or treasury entity.\115\ As discussed below, we believe that 
transactions by SBS Entities with certain of their affiliated persons 
do not implicate the concerns that the business conduct requirements 
regarding verification of counterparty status (Rule 15Fh-3(a)), 
disclosures regarding the product and potential conflicts of interest, 
daily mark and clearing rights (Rule 15Fh-3(b), (c) and (d)), ``know 
your counterparty'' and suitability obligations (Rules 15Fh-3(e) and 
(f)), and obligations when advising or acting as counterparty to a 
special entity (Rules 15Fh-4(b) and 15Fh-5) are intended to address 
(referred to as ``transaction specific obligations'').\116\ We 
therefore are providing in Rule 15Fh-1(a) as adopted that Rules 15Fh-
3(a) through (f), 15Fh-4(b) and 15Fh-5 are not applicable to security-
based swaps that SBS Entities enter into with certain affiliates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \114\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \115\ See Further Definition of ``Swap Dealer,'' ``Security-
Based Swap Dealer,'' ``Major Swap Participant,'' ``Major Security-
Based Swap Participant'' and ``Eligible Contract Participant,'' 
Exchange Act Release No. 66868 (Apr. 27, 2012), 77 FR 30596, 30624-
30625 (May 23, 2012) (``Definitions Adopting Release'').
    \116\ As one commenter suggested, because affiliates are not 
``external clients'' of the SBS Entity, the protections afforded by 
these rules may be inapposite. See ABA Securities Association, supra 
note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not, however, extending the exception to transactions with 
all affiliates, as requested by some commenters.\117\ Rather, the 
Commission is limiting the exception from the business conduct 
requirements to security-based swap transactions between majority-owned 
affiliates. The rule defines ``majority-owned affiliates'' consistent 
with the Definitions Adopting Release such that, for these purposes, 
the counterparties to a security-based swap are majority-owned 
affiliates if one counterparty directly or indirectly owns a majority 
interest in the other, or if a third party directly or indirectly owns 
a majority interest in both counterparties to the security-based swap, 
where ``majority interest'' is the right to vote or direct the vote of 
a majority of a class of voting securities of an entity, the power to 
sell or direct the sale of a majority of a class of voting securities 
of an entity, or the right to receive upon dissolution or the 
contribution of a majority of the capital of a partnership.\118\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5. See also ABA Securities Association, supra note 5 
(suggesting an ``affiliated group'' definition that was considered 
but not adopted in the Definitions Adopting Release). As noted 
above, the Commissions instead adopted the exception for ``majority-
owned affiliates'' that we are providing here. See Definitions 
Adopting Release, supra note 115.
    \118\ See Exchange Act Rules 3a71-1(d)(1) and 15Fh-1(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The transaction-specific obligations outlined above and included in 
Rule 15Fh-1(a) generally are designed to provide an SBS Entity 
counterparty with certain information in connection with the security-
based swap transaction that would help reduce potential information 
asymmetries, and to help ensure that the SBS Entity knows its 
counterparty and acts in a fair manner towards that counterparty, even 
in the face of potential conflicts of interest. The Commission does not 
believe that these objectives and

[[Page 29971]]

concerns are implicated in the same manner or to the same extent when 
there is an alignment of economic interests between the SBS Entity and 
a counterparty, such as is the case when the counterparty is a 
majority-owned affiliate. However, absent majority ownership, we cannot 
be confident that there would be an alignment of economic interests 
that is sufficient to eliminate the concerns that underpin the need for 
regulation in this area.\119\ Accordingly, the Commission is modifying 
Rule 15Fh-1(a) to provide that Rules 15Fh-3(a)-(f), 15Fh-4(b) and 15Fh-
5 are not applicable to security-based swaps that SBS Entities enter 
into with their majority-owned affiliates. These generally are the 
transaction specific exceptions requested by a commenter.\120\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ See Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR at 30625, supra 
note 115 (declining to adopt a ``common control'' standard, noting 
that, ``[a]bsent majority ownership, we cannot be confident that 
there would be an alignment of economic interests that is sufficient 
to eliminate the concerns that underpin dealer regulation.'').
    \120\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5 (requesting 
exceptions with respect to Rules 15Fh-3(a) through (f), 15Fh-4(b) 
and 15Fh-5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, consistent with the commenter's request, we are not 
granting an exception for transactions with affiliates with respect to 
the antifraud requirements of Rule 15Fh-4(a) or the requirements of 
Rule 15Fh-3(g) (fair and balanced communications).\121\ The exception 
for inter-affiliate transactions from the transaction specific 
obligations discussed above is generally predicated on the assumption 
that entities with aligned economic interests have an incentive to act 
fairly when dealing with each other. However, we believe it important 
to continue to provide the protections of the antifraud and fair and 
balanced communication rules in situations where an SBS Entity acts in 
a manner contrary to this assumption. We also are not granting 
exceptions to the entity-level requirements regarding supervision (Rule 
15Fh-3(h)) and CCO obligations (Rule 15Fk-1), which are intended to 
help to ensure the compliance of SBS Entities in their security-based 
swap transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \121\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Counterparty Opt-Out
    The Commission has considered the concerns raised by commenters 
\122\ and determined, on balance, not to permit counterparties 
generally to opt out of the protections provided by the business 
conduct rules. As discussed throughout the release in the context of 
specific rules, the rules being adopted today are intended to provide 
certain protections for counterparties, including certain heightened 
protections for special entities. We think it is appropriate to apply 
the rules so that counterparties receive the benefits of those 
protections and so do not think it appropriate to permit parties 
generally to elect to ``opt out'' of the benefits of those 
provisions.\123\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \122\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
MFA, supra note 5; CalSTRS, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Better 
Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
    \123\ However, as discussed in Section II.H.1.c.iii below, in 
order to resolve any tension between Exchange Act Sections 
15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) and (iv), we are allowing employee benefit plans 
that are defined in Section 3 of ERISA but not subject to Title I of 
ERISA to opt out of special entity status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While we are not adopting a general opt-out provision, as discussed 
below in connection with the relevant rules, the Commission has 
determined to permit means of compliance with the final rules that 
should promote efficiency and reduce costs (e.g., Rule 15Fh-1(b) 
(reliance on representations)) and, where appropriate, allow SBS 
Entities to take into account the sophistication of the counterparty 
(e.g., Rule 15Fh-3(f) (regarding recommendations of security-based 
swaps or trading strategies)).

B. Exceptions for Anonymous SEF or Exchange-Traded Transactions

    Section 15F(h)(7) of the Exchange Act provides a statutory 
exception ``from the requirements of this subsection'' for security-
based swap transactions that are: ``(A) initiated by a special entity 
on an exchange or security-based swaps execution facility; and (B) the 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant 
does not know the identity of the counterparty to the transaction.'' 
\124\ More generally, commenters have asked the Commission to provide 
exceptions to the application of our rules in situations in which an 
SBS Entity does not know the identity of its counterparty, or where a 
security-based swap transaction is executed on a registered national 
securities exchange or security-based swap execution facility 
(``SEF''), without regard to whether the counterparty is a special 
entity.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(7).
    \125\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; BlackRock, 
supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Proposal
    Noting that there may be circumstances in which it may be unclear 
which party ``initiated'' the communications that resulted in the 
parties entering into a security-based swap transaction on a registered 
SEF or registered national securities exchange, the Commission proposed 
to interpret Section 15F(h)(7) to apply to any transaction with a 
special entity on a registered SEF or registered national securities 
exchange, where the SBS Entity does not know the identity of its 
counterparty at any time up to and including execution of a 
transaction.
    The Commission further proposed to interpret Section 15F(h)(7) to 
apply with respect to requirements specific to dealings with special 
entities. Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b)(3) would provide an exception from 
the special requirements for SBS Dealers acting as advisors to special 
entities, including the requirement that an SBS Dealer act in the best 
interests of a special entity for whom it acts as an advisor, if the 
transaction is executed on a registered exchange or SEF and the SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty at any time up to 
and including execution of the transaction. Under the same 
circumstances, proposed Rule 15Fh-5(c) would similarly provide an 
exception from the special requirements for SBS Entities acting as 
counterparties to special entities, including the qualified independent 
representative and disclosure requirements of proposed Rule 15Fh-
5.\126\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(iii) would provide an exception from 
the pay to play rules with respect to transactions on a registered 
exchange or SEF where the SBS Dealer does not know the identity of the 
counterparty at any time up to and including execution of the 
transaction.\127\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ See Section II.H.8, infra for a discussion of the proposed 
exceptions from the requirements of Rules 15Fh-4(b) and 15Fh-5.
    \127\ Rule 15Fh-6, as proposed, would apply only with respect to 
transactions ``initiated'' by a municipal entity. The Commission is 
modifying the exception under Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(iii) to apply to all 
security-based swap transactions that are executed on a registered 
national securities exchange or registered or exempt SEF, rather 
than just with respect to transactions ``initiated by a municipal 
entity'' on such exchange or registered SEF (as long as the other 
conditions of Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(iii) are met). These revisions are 
consistent with the exceptions to Rules 15Fh-4 and 15Fh-5 for 
anonymous, exchange-traded or SEF transactions. See Section II.H.9, 
infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with Section 15F(h)(7), we also proposed to limit the 
application of certain other requirements to situations in which the 
identity of a counterparty (whether a special entity or not) is known 
to the SBS Entity. The rules as proposed would limit the verification 
of counterparty status obligations (proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a)),\128\ and 
know your counterparty obligations (proposed Rule 15Fh-3(e)) to 
transactions with

[[Page 29972]]

counterparties whose identity is known to the SBS Entity.\129\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \128\ See Section II.G.1, infra.
    \129\ See Sections II.G.1 and II.G.3, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments on the Proposal
    The Commission received five comment letters that addressed the 
exception for anonymous, exchange or SEF-traded security-based swaps in 
the context of special entity-specific requirements,\130\ and four 
comment letters that addressed more broadly the issue of an exception 
for anonymous or SEF and exchange-traded security-based swaps.\131\ The 
comment letters that address the exception in the context of the 
special entity requirements are discussed infra in Sections II.H.8 and 
II.H.9. The comment letters that address the broader issue of an 
exception from business conduct requirements for anonymous or SEF and 
exchange-traded security-based swaps are discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \130\ See ABC, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; 
FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \131\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters asserted that, where a security-based swap is 
cleared (through registered clearing organizations) and SEF or 
exchange-traded, the transaction should not be subject to the 
requirements of the proposed rules--regardless of whether the identity 
of the counterparty is known at the time of execution.\132\ The 
commenters argued that knowledge or identification of a counterparty's 
identity should not compel compliance with the business conduct 
standards.\133\ The commenters further argued that the concerns 
addressed by business conduct standards were largely inapplicable to 
security-based swaps entered into through registered SEFs, swap 
execution facilities or registered national securities exchanges.\134\ 
The commenters asserted that compliance with the proposed rules would 
result in delay, additional complexity, individual negotiation and 
potentially less transparency, which the trading and clearing 
requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act sought to avoid.\135\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \132\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5 (arguing that 
parties to exchange-traded security-based swaps likely know the 
identity of their counterparty before the transaction, either 
because the exchange uses a request for quote system (where the 
participants can seek quotes from specific counterparties) or a 
single-dealer platform, or because information about the 
counterparties to the trade is necessary to complete the execution 
process); BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \133\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5 (``mere 
knowledge''); BlackRock, supra note 5 (``mere identification'').
    \134\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5 (``largely 
inapplicable''); BlackRock, supra note 5 (``simply will not be an 
issue'').
    \135\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; BlackRock, supra 
note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, one of the commenters acknowledged that some security-
based swaps executed on a SEF or exchange might be bilaterally 
negotiated, and the SEF or exchange subsequently used to process the 
trade, in which case it might be appropriate to apply the business 
conduct standards.\136\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \136\ See BlackRock, supra note 5 (also noting that, conversely, 
generally ``when a swap or a security-based swap is cleared and 
exchange-traded, the counterparty to the trade should be viewed as 
fungible, rendering compliance with the specific requirements of 
[the proposed rules] unnecessary'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After adoption of the CFTC's business conduct standards, one 
commenter urged the Commission to adopt an exception for exchange-
traded security-based swaps that are intended to be cleared if: (1)(a) 
The transaction is executed on a registered or exempt SEF or registered 
national securities exchange; and (b) is of a type that is, as of the 
date of execution, required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the 
Exchange Act; or (2) the SBS Entity does not know the identity of the 
counterparty, at any time up to and including execution of the 
transaction.\137\ The commenter argued that these changes would 
harmonize the scope of the Commission's requirements with the scope of 
the parallel requirements under the relief provided by CFTC No-Action 
Letter 13-70.\138\ The commenter argued that the considerations on 
which the CFTC staff based its no-action relief would also apply to the 
security-based swap market, namely: ``(i) the impossibility or 
impracticability of compliance with certain rules by a Swap Entity when 
the identity of the counterparty is not known prior to execution; (ii) 
the likelihood that swaps initiated anonymously on a designated 
contract market or swap execution facility will be standardized and, 
thus, information about the material risks and characteristics of such 
swaps is likely to be available from the designated contract market or 
swap execution facility or other widely available source (including the 
product specifications of a derivatives clearing organization where the 
swaps are accepted for clearing); and (iii) the likelihood that such 
relief would provide an incentive to transact on designated contract 
markets and swap execution facilities, thus enhancing transparency in 
the swaps market.'' \139\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \138\ Id. See Swaps Intended to Be Cleared, CFTC Letter No. 13-
70 (Nov. 15, 2013), available at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@lrlettergeneral/documents/letter/13-70.pdf.
    \139\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    After considering the comments, the Commission has determined to 
adopt two sets of exceptions from the business conduct requirements. As 
discussed in Sections II.H.8 and II.H.9, infra, we are adopting 
exceptions from the requirements of Rules 15Fh-4(b), 15Fh-5 and 15Fh-6 
(collectively, ``special entity exceptions'') for anonymous 
transactions executed on a registered national securities exchange or a 
registered or exempt SEF, where the identity of the special entity is 
not known to the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with 
the obligations of the rule.\140\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \140\ See Rules 15Fh-4(b)(3)(ii), 15Fh-5(d)(2) and 15Fh-
6(b)(3)(iii). We have similarly modified the verification of special 
entity counterparty status requirements in Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2), as 
discussed infra in Section II.G.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the special entity exceptions, the Commission is 
adopting a second set of exceptions that are not limited to 
transactions with special entities, under which certain of the business 
conduct standards rules will apply only where the SBS Entity knows the 
identity of the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with 
the obligations of the rule.\141\ These exceptions are intended to 
address the impracticalities and potential business disruption that 
could result if an SBS Entity were required to comply with the 
disclosure requirements in Rule 15Fh-3(b) (requiring an SBS Entity to 
disclose material risks and characteristics of a security-based swap 
and material incentives or conflicts in connection with a security-
based swap, prior to entering into that security-based swap with a 
counterparty) and Rule 15Fh-3(d) (requiring certain pre-transaction 
disclosures to counterparties regarding clearing rights), before 
learning the identity of its counterparty.\142\ By only applying these 
rules' requirements to situations where the counterparty's identity is 
known ``at a reasonably sufficient time prior to'' the execution of a 
transaction, the rules' requirements are limited to situations where an 
SBS

[[Page 29973]]

Entity has sufficient time before the execution of the transaction to 
comply with its obligations under the rules. For this reason, we 
decline to adopt language, suggested by a commenter, which would apply 
the exception to circumstances where the identity of the counterparty 
``is not known at any time up to and including execution of the 
transaction.'' \143\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ See ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \142\ As discussed in Section II.G.3, infra, we are adopting as 
proposed the exception in Rule 15Fh-3(e), which limits SBS Dealers' 
counterparty obligations under the rule to transactions with 
``known'' counterparties.
    \143\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not, however, accepting the commenter's suggestion that we 
revise our exceptions to provide an exception for transactions intended 
to be cleared so long as the transaction is either executed on a 
registered national securities exchange or registered or exempt SEF and 
required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the Exchange Act, 
regardless of whether or not the transaction is anonymous.\144\ 
Similarly, we reject commenters' more general assertions that the 
exceptions should apply to all SEF or exchange-traded transactions, 
even where the identity of the counterparty is known,\145\ and that the 
protections provided by the business conduct standards are unnecessary 
for security-based swaps that are entered into through registered SEFs, 
swap execution facilities or registered national securities 
exchanges.\146\ The rules being adopted today are intended to provide 
certain protections for counterparties, and we think it is appropriate 
to apply the rules, to the extent practicable, so that counterparties 
receive the benefits of those protections. We have determined not to 
apply those rules where it may not be possible or practical to do so, 
specifically where a transaction is executed on a registered exchange 
or SEF and the identity of the counterparty is not known to the SBS 
Entity at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the 
transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with the obligations of 
the rule. However, where the identity of the counterparty is known in a 
timely manner, we believe that it is appropriate to apply the rules so 
that the counterparty receives the benefits of the protections provided 
by the rules, including the assistance of an advisor or qualified 
independent representative acting in the best interests of a 
counterparty that is special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ Id.
    \145\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; BlackRock, supra 
note 5.
    \146\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Application of the Rules to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants

1. Proposal
    As noted in the Proposing Release, in general, where the Dodd-Frank 
Act imposes a business conduct requirement on both SBS Dealers and 
Major SBS Participants, we proposed rules that would apply to SBS 
Dealers and Major SBS Participants.\147\ Where, however, a business 
conduct requirement is not expressly addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act, 
the proposed rules generally applied only to SBS Dealers.\148\ We 
solicited comment on whether this approach was appropriate. 
Specifically, where the Dodd-Frank Act requires that a business conduct 
rule apply to all SBS Entities, we asked if the rule should impose the 
same requirements on Major SBS Participants as on SBS Dealers, and 
where we proposed rules for SBS Dealers that are not expressly 
addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act, we asked if any of those rules should 
also apply to Major SBS Participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42400-42401, supra note 3.
    \148\ As noted in the Proposing Release, there are exceptions to 
this principle. We proposed that all SBS Entities be required to 
determine if a counterparty is a special entity. In addition, 
Section 3C(g)(5) of the Exchange Act creates certain rights with 
respect to clearing for counterparties entering into security-based 
swaps with SBS Entities but does not require disclosure. We proposed 
a rule that would require an SBS Entity to disclose to a 
counterparty certain information relating to these rights. See 15 
U.S.C. 78c-3(g)(5); Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42401 n.39, supra 
note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments on the Proposal
    Three commenters addressed the general application of the rules to 
SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants.\149\ One commenter agreed it 
may be appropriate, ``in light of their somewhat different roles,'' to 
adopt different approaches to rules governing SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants in certain areas.\150\ The commenter asserted that absent 
an affirmative reason to adopt a different approach for SBS Dealers and 
Major SBS Participants, the Commission should seek to promote 
consistency and adopt uniformly strong rules.\151\ The commenter argued 
that the determining factor should be whether Major SBS Participants 
are likely to be engaged in conduct that would appropriately be 
regulated under the relevant standard.\152\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \149\ See CFA, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra 
note 5.
    \150\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \151\ Id.
    \152\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, another commenter urged the Commission to consider 
separate regulatory regimes for SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants, 
arguing that they are different, and there are ``different reasons why 
the Dodd-Frank Act requires additional oversight of each.'' \153\ The 
commenter recommended that the Commission focus regulation of Major SBS 
Participants on reducing default risk, and focus regulation of SBS 
Dealers on market making and pricing and sales practices in addition to 
reducing default risk.\154\ The commenter argued that to the extent 
Major SBS Participants transact at arm's-length, they will not be 
advising counterparties and therefore, neither fiduciary duties nor 
``dealer-like obligations'' (regarding ``know your counterparty,'' 
suitability and ``pay-to-play'' restrictions, for example) should be 
imposed on them.\155\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \153\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \154\ Id.
    \155\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter generally supported our proposed approach in not 
applying certain business conduct requirements to Major SBS 
Participants where the Dodd-Frank Act does not expressly impose such 
standards.\156\ In the alternative, if the Commission determines to 
require Major SBS Participants to disclose ``material information'' and 
to provide daily marks to their counterparties, the commenter asked 
that we make these requirements inapplicable to transactions between a 
Major SBS Participant and an SBS Dealer, and to allow all other parties 
to opt out of receiving such disclosures in their dealings with a Major 
SBS Participant.\157\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \156\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \157\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    After considering the comments, the Commission has determined to 
apply the rules to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants as proposed. 
To that end, as discussed below, where a statutory provision 
encompasses both SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants,\158\

[[Page 29974]]

we are adopting rules that would apply equally to SBS Dealers and Major 
SBS Participants.\159\ We think this is important to ensure that 
counterparties of Major SBS Participants, as well as counterparties of 
SBS Dealers, receive the protections the rules are intended to provide. 
For example, to the extent that Major SBS Participants may be better 
informed about the risks and valuations of security-based swaps due to 
information asymmetries, disclosures may help inform counterparties 
concerning the material risks and characteristics of security-based 
swaps, and material conflicts of interest of Major SBS Participants 
entering into security-based swaps.\160\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ See Section 15F(h)(1) (requiring SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants to conform to business conduct standards as prescribed 
by Section 15F(h)(3) (regarding duty to verify counterparty status 
as ECP, required pre-trade disclosures and ongoing daily mark 
disclosures)); Section 15F(h)(1)(A) (requiring SBS Dealers and Major 
SBS Participants to comply with standards as may be prescribed by 
the Commission regarding fraud); Section 15F(h)(1)(B) (requiring SBS 
Dealers and Major SBS Participants to comply with standards as may 
be prescribed by the Commission regarding diligent supervision of 
the business of the SBS Dealer or Major SBS Participant); Section 
15F(h)(4)(A) (antifraud provisions applicable to both SBS Dealers 
and Major SBS Participants); Section 15F(h)(5) (regarding special 
requirements for SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants that enter 
into a security-based swap with a special entity); and Section 
15F(k) (imposing CCO obligations).
    \159\ See Rules 15Fh-3(a) (verification of counterparty status), 
15Fh-3(b) (pre-trade disclosures), 15Fh-3(c) (daily mark), 15Fh-3(h) 
(supervision), 15Fh-5 (special requirements for SBS Entities acting 
as counterparties to special entities) and 15Fk-1 (CCO 
requirements).
    \160\ See discussion infra in Section VI.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Where, however, a business conduct requirement is not expressly 
addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act or we read the statute to apply a 
requirement only to SBS Dealers,\161\ the adopted rules generally would 
not apply to Major SBS Participants.\162\ Thus, the obligations under 
Rules 15Fh-3(e) (know your counterparty), 15Fh-3(f) (recommendations of 
security-based swaps or trading strategies), 15Fh-4(b) (special 
obligations when acting as an advisor to a special entity) and 15Fh-6 
(pay to play rules) do not apply to a Major SBS Participant. In 
addition, our rules provide exceptions to Major SBS Participants, as 
discussed in Section II.G.2.a, from certain disclosure requirements 
when entering into security-based swaps with an SBS Dealer, another 
Major SBS Participant, a swap dealer or a swap participant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ See Section II.H.2 (regarding application of ``act as an 
advisor'' obligations under Rule 15Fh-4(b) to SBS Dealers but not 
Major SBS Participants).
    \162\ As noted in the Proposing Release, there are exceptions to 
this principle. Because an SBS Entity must comply with the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-5 if it is acting as a counterparty to a 
special entity, the obligation to verify special entity status under 
Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2) applies to all SBS Entities. See Section II.G.1. 
In addition, Section 3C(g)(5) of the Exchange Act creates certain 
rights with respect to clearing for counterparties entering into 
security-based swaps with SBS Entities but does not require 
disclosure. As discussed in Section II.G.2.f, infra, Rule 15Fh-3(d) 
would require all SBS Entities to disclose to a counterparty certain 
information relating to these clearing rights.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In determining whether or not to apply certain requirements to 
Major SBS Participants, as explained in the Proposing Release, we have 
considered how the differences between the definitions of SBS Dealer 
and Major SBS Participant may be relevant in formulating the business 
conduct standards applicable to these entities. The Dodd-Frank Act and 
our rules define ``security-based swap dealer'' in a functional manner, 
by reference to the way a person holds itself out in the market and the 
nature of the conduct engaged in by that person, and how the market 
perceives the person's activities.\163\ Unlike the definition of 
``security-based swap dealer,'' which focuses on those persons whose 
function is to serve as the points of connection in those markets, the 
definition of ``major security-based swap participant'' focuses on the 
market impacts and risks associated with an entity's security-based 
swap positions.\164\ Despite the differences in focus, however, the 
Dodd-Frank Act applies substantially the same statutory standards to 
SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants.\165\ We explained in the 
Proposing Release that, in this way, the statute applies comprehensive 
regulation to entities (i.e., Major SBS Participants) whose security-
based swap activities do not cause them to be dealers, but nonetheless 
could pose a high degree of risk to the U.S. financial system 
generally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(71), 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(71), 
and Rule 3a-71, 17 CFR 240.3a71.
    \164\ See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(67), 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(67), 
and Rule 3a-67, 17 CFR 240.3a67.
    \165\ In particular, under Section 15F of the Exchange Act, SBS 
Dealers and Major SBS Participants generally are subject to the same 
types of margin, capital, business conduct and certain other 
requirements, unless an exclusion applies. See 15 U.S.C. 78o-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are mindful, as noted by a commenter, that there are ``different 
reasons why the Dodd-Frank Act requires additional oversight of each.'' 
\166\ We have attempted to take into account these differing 
definitions and regulatory concerns in considering whether the business 
conduct requirements that we proposed, and that we are adopting, for 
SBS Dealers should or should not apply to Major SBS Participants as 
well. Accordingly, as noted, in general, where the Dodd-Frank Act 
imposes a business conduct requirement on both SBS Dealers and Major 
SBS Participants, the rules will apply equally to SBS Dealers and Major 
SBS Participants, and where a business conduct requirement is not 
expressly addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act, the rules generally will not 
apply to Major SBS Participants. We believe this approach addresses the 
concern of the commenter who argued that the determining factor should 
be the conduct in which a Major SBS Participant is likely to be 
engaged.\167\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \167\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The external business conduct requirements promulgated under 
Section 15F(h) are intended to provide certain protections for 
counterparties, and we believe the rules we are adopting today 
appropriately apply those requirements to SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants so that counterparties receive the benefit of those 
protections. At the same time, mindful of the different role to be 
played by Major SBS Participants (which, by definition, are not SBS 
Dealers), we have not sought to impose the full range of business 
conduct requirements on Major SBS Participants. We note that our 
approach in this regard largely mirrors that of the CFTC, under whose 
rules Swap Dealers and Major Swap Participants have operated for some 
time. We believe that this consistency will result in efficiencies for 
entities that have already established infrastructure to comply with 
the CFTC standard.
    We proposed and are adopting limited exceptions (as discussed in 
connection with the applicable rules) from the disclosure requirements 
in Rules 15Fh-3(b), 15Fh-3(c) and 15Fh-3(d) for transactions with an 
SBS Entity or a Swap Entity.\168\ We are not, however, adopting the 
suggestion that we broaden the exceptions to permit other types of 
counterparties to opt out of the disclosures and other protections 
provided under the rules when entering into a transaction with a Major 
SBS Participant. As noted above, the external business conduct 
requirements promulgated under Section 15F(h) are intended to provide 
certain protections for counterparties, and we believe the rules we are 
adopting today appropriately tailor those requirements so that 
counterparties receive the benefit of those protections.
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    \168\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
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D. Reliance on Representations

1. Proposal
    The Proposing Release solicited input on whether the rules adopted 
by the Commission should include a standard addressing the 
circumstances in which an SBS Entity may rely on representations to 
establish compliance with the business conduct rules.\169\ We sought 
comment on two alternative approaches.\170\ One approach would permit 
an SBS Entity to rely on a representation from a counterparty

[[Page 29975]]

unless it knows that the representation is not accurate (``actual 
knowledge standard'').\171\ The other would permit an SBS Entity to 
rely on a representation unless the SBS Entity has information that 
would cause a reasonable person to question the accuracy of the 
representation (``reasonable person standard'').\172\ After the 
Commission issued its proposed rules, the CFTC in its final rules 
adopted a ``reasonable person standard'' that generally permits a Swap 
Entity to rely on written representations to satisfy its due diligence 
obligations unless it has information that would cause a reasonable 
person to question the accuracy of the representation.\173\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \169\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42404, supra note 3.
    \170\ Id.
    \171\ Id.
    \172\ Id.
    \173\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9749, supra note 21.
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2. Comments on the Proposal
    Twelve commenters generally addressed the proposed standards for 
reliance on counterparty representations.\174\ With one exception,\175\ 
these comments predate the 2012 adoption of the CFTC rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ See CCMR, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
APPA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; ABA Committees, supra note 5; NABL, 
supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; AFSCME, 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \175\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5 (asking the 
Commission to adopt a reasonable person standard consistent with the 
standard under the parallel CFTC rules).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2011, seven commenters supported the actual knowledge 
standard.\176\ One asserted its view that the actual knowledge standard 
would offer greater legal certainty to SBS Entities when making 
required subjective judgments under the rules (for example, judgments 
regarding the qualifications of a special entity's independent 
representative).\177\ Another commenter argued that the actual 
knowledge standard is preferable because the reasonable person standard 
would require an assessment of what a reasonable person would conclude 
if such person had the same information as the SBS Entity, which could 
cause uncertainty and additional cost for market participants.\178\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABC, 
supra note 5; ABA Committees, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5.
    \177\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \178\ See NABL, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter, writing after the CFTC rules were adopted, asked the 
Commission to adopt a ``reasonable person standard'' that is 
``consistent with the parallel CFTC EBC Rules,'' which generally permit 
a Swap Entity to rely on written representations to satisfy its due 
diligence obligations unless it has information that would cause a 
reasonable person to question the accuracy of the representations.\179\ 
Additionally, two other commenters supported the reasonable person 
standard in 2011.\180\ One commenter asserted that the reasonable 
person standard would help to ensure that SBS Entities are acting on 
reliable information because of the duty it would impose to verify the 
accuracy of a representation if the SBS Entity had some reason to 
question it.\181\ The commenter also argued that the reasonable person 
standard would be easier to monitor and enforce because it would be 
objective rather than subjective.\182\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \179\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \180\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CCMR, 
supra note 5. See also CFA, supra note 5 (opposing both proposed 
standards but noting a preference for the reasonable person standard 
over the actual knowledge standard).
    \181\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \182\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested that the Commission require detailed 
representations.\183\ One commenter asked the Commission to clarify 
that, for purposes of ``red flags,'' the knowledge test should apply 
only to individuals with knowledge of the security-based swap 
transaction; information that may be available to other parts of the 
SBS Entity organization should not be imputed to those 
individuals.\184\ Another commenter requested that the Commission 
clarify that any representations made by a special entity or its 
representative to satisfy the rules do not give any party any 
additional rights, such as rescission or monetary compensation (e.g., 
if the representations turn out to be incorrect).\185\ Additionally, 
the commenter asserted that an SBS Dealer should be permitted to rely 
on a single set of representations made by a special entity at the 
beginning of a trading relationship, rather than requiring the SBS 
Dealer to obtain a new representation with each transaction, if the 
special entity represents that it will notify the SBS Dealer when the 
representations become inaccurate.\186\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \183\ See AFSCME, supra note 5 (recommending requiring written 
representations that are ``sufficiently detailed and informative to 
permit reliance,'' and requiring SBS Entities to have a reasonable 
basis for believing the representations to be true); CFA, supra note 
5 (recommending requiring that the written representations be 
sufficiently detailed to allow such an assessment).
    \184\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \185\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \186\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More generally, another commenter recommended allowing 
representations to be contained in counterparty relationship 
documentation if agreed to by the counterparties, and requiring 
counterparties to undertake to update such representations with any 
material changes.\187\ The commenter also suggested that an SBS Entity 
that is also registered with the CFTC as a Swap Entity should be 
permitted to rely on a counterparty's written representations with 
respect to the CFTC's business conduct rules to satisfy its due 
diligence requirements under the Commission's business conduct rules 
provided that the SBS Entity provides notice of such reliance to the 
counterparty and the counterparty does not object.\188\ The commenter 
argued that this would speed implementation and lower costs without 
reducing counterparty protections.\189\ Finally, the commenter 
recommended including both a general reliance on representations 
provision and also specific reliance on representations safe harbors in 
the individual rules that specify what representations the SBS Entity 
should obtain to satisfy the safe harbor.\190\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \188\ Id. In a subsequent letter, the commenter explained that 
there is a multilateral protocol that has been adopted by most 
market participants as a means of complying with the CFTC rules. See 
SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5. The commenter noted that the 
representations contained in this protocol only expressly address 
market participants' trading in swaps, but asserted that ``the 
factual matters addressed by those representations typically do not 
vary as between trading in swaps and trading in [security-based 
swaps]. As a result, requiring SBS Entities to obtain separate 
representations specifically addressing [security-based swaps] would 
impose additional costs with few, if any, additional benefits.'' Id.
    \189\ SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    \190\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    The Commission is adopting new Rule 15Fh-1(b), which provides that 
an SBS Entity may rely on written representations to satisfy its due 
diligence requirements under the business conduct rules unless it has 
information that would cause a reasonable person to question the 
accuracy of the representation. Under this standard, if an SBS Entity 
has in its possession information that would cause a reasonable person 
to question the accuracy of the representation, it will need to make 
further reasonable inquiry to verify the accuracy of the 
representation.\191\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \191\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42404, supra note 3. As 
described infra in Section II.G.0, Rule 15Fh-3(e) will require an 
SBS Dealer to have policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
obtain and retain certain essential facts regarding a known 
counterparty. As a result, information in the SBS Entity's 
possession will include information gathered by an SBS Dealer 
through compliance with the ``know your counterparty'' provisions of 
Rule 15Fh-3(e), as well as any other information the SBS Entity has 
acquired through its interactions with the counterparty, including 
other representations obtained from the counterparty by the SBS 
Entity.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 29976]]

    We understand that this is a market in which parties rely heavily 
on representations both with respect to relationship documentation and 
the transactions themselves. While both standards we proposed for 
comment could be workable in this context, we recognize that neither 
provides the absolute certainty sought by some commenters. As we 
explained in the Proposing Release, under either approach an SBS Entity 
could not ignore information in its possession as a result of which the 
SBS Entity would know that a representation is inaccurate.\192\ Under 
an ``actual knowledge'' standard, however, an SBS Entity can rely on a 
representation unless it knows that the representation is inaccurate. 
This alternative could allow SBS Entities to rely on questionable 
representations insofar as they do not have actual knowledge that the 
representation is inaccurate, even if they have information that would 
cause reasonable persons to question their accuracy. As a result, this 
alternative could potentially reduce the benefits of the verification 
of status, know your counterparty, suitability and special entity 
requirements and result in weaker protections for counterparties to SBS 
Entities. In contrast, the ``reasonable person'' standard under the 
rule as adopted should help ensure that SBS Entities do not disregard 
facts that call into question the validity of the representation.\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \192\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42404, supra note 3.
    \193\ Cf. Exchange Act Rule 3a71-3(4) (permitting reliance on a 
counterparty representation unless the party seeking to rely on the 
representation ``knows or has reason to know that the representation 
is not accurate; . . . a person would have reason to know that the 
representation is not accurate if a reasonable person should know, 
under all of the facts of which the person is aware, that it is not 
accurate''). See also Application of ``Security-Based Swap Dealer'' 
and ``Major Security-Based Swap Participant'' Definitions to Cross-
Border Security-Based Swap Activities; Final Rule; Republication, 
Exchange Act Release No. 72472 (Jun. 25, 2014), 79 FR 47277, 47313 
(Aug. 12, 2014 (republication)) (``Cross-Border Adopting Release'') 
(noting that ``this `known or have reason to know' standard should 
help ensure that potential [SBS Entities] do not disregard facts 
that call into question the validity of the representation'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, this standard also is consistent with the standard adopted 
by the CFTC under which a Swap Entity cannot rely on a representation 
if the Swap Entity has information that would cause a reasonable person 
to question the accuracy of the representation.\194\ This consistency 
will result in efficiencies for entities that have already established 
infrastructure to comply with the CFTC standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9749, supra note 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule as adopted would permit an SBS Entity to reasonably rely 
on the representations of a counterparty or its representative to 
satisfy its due diligence obligations under the business conduct rules, 
including Rules 15Fh-2(a) and (d), 15Fh-3(a), (e) and (f), 15Fh-4 and 
15Fh-5. We are not requiring a specified level of detail for these 
representations but note that they should be detailed enough to permit 
the SBS Entity to form a reasonable basis for believing that the 
applicable requirement is satisfied.\195\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ See AFSCME, supra note 5 (recommending requiring written 
representations that are ``sufficiently detailed and informative to 
permit reliance,'' and requiring SBS Entities to have a reasonable 
basis for believing the representations to be true); CFA, supra note 
5 (recommending requiring that the written representations be 
sufficiently detailed to allow such an assessment).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nothing in our rules would prohibit an arrangement under which the 
parties agree that representations will be provided in counterparty 
relationship documentation, and that they will update such 
representations with any material changes, as suggested by 
commenters.\196\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not accepting the commenter's suggestion that we provide 
that in every instance an SBS Entity that is also registered with the 
CFTC as a Swap Entity will be permitted to rely on a counterparty's 
pre-existing written representations with respect to the CFTC's 
business conduct rules to satisfy its due diligence requirements under 
the Commission's business conduct rules, provided that the SBS Entity 
provides notice of such reliance to the counterparty and the 
counterparty does not object.\197\ Rule 15Fh-1(b) as adopted sets out 
the standard pursuant to which an SBS Entity can rely on 
representations to satisfy its due diligence obligations, and does not 
speak to the process the SBS Entity will need to undertake to meet the 
standard. The question of whether reliance on the representations that 
had been obtained with respect to the CFTC business conduct rules, 
including the process by which the SBS Entity makes that determination, 
would satisfy an SBS Entity's obligations under our business conduct 
rules will depend on the facts and circumstances of the particular 
matter.\198\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \197\ Id. In a subsequent letter, the commenter explained that 
there is a multilateral protocol that has been adopted by most 
market participants as a means of complying with the CFTC rules. See 
SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5. The commenter noted that the 
representations contained in this protocol only expressly address 
market participants' trading in swaps, but asserted that ``the 
factual matters addressed by those representations typically do not 
vary as between trading in swaps and trading in [security-based 
swaps]. As a result, requiring SBS Entities to obtain separate 
representations specifically addressing [security-based swaps] would 
impose additional costs with few, if any, additional benefits.'' Id.
    \198\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; SIFMA (November 
2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not adopting the suggestion of one commenter that ``the 
knowledge test should be applied only to individuals with knowledge of 
the SBS transaction.'' \199\ In some instances it may be appropriate to 
look only to the knowledge of persons involved in a security-based swap 
transaction for purposes of determining whether an SBS Entity 
reasonably relied on representations. However, the determination 
whether to impute to the individuals that are involved in a securities-
based swap transaction knowledge that may be available in other parts 
of the SBS Entity will depend on the facts and circumstances of the 
particular matter. At a minimum, an SBS Entity seeking to rely on 
representations cannot ignore information that would cause a reasonable 
person to question the accuracy of those representations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \199\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (arguing that information 
that may be available to other parts of the SBS Entity organization 
should not be imputed to those individuals involved in the SBS 
transaction).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Policies and Procedures Alternative

1. Proposal
    The Commission solicited comment on whether an SBS Entity should be 
deemed to have complied with a requirement under the proposed rules if 
it has: (1) Established and maintained written policies and procedures, 
and a documented system for applying those policies and procedures, 
that are reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the 
requirement; and (2) reasonably discharged the duties and obligations 
required by the written policies and procedures and documented system, 
and did not have a reasonable basis to believe that the written 
policies and procedures and documented system were not being 
followed.\200\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \200\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42402, supra note 3.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 29977]]

2. Comments on the Proposal
    One commenter addressed the policies and procedures 
alternative.\201\ The commenter opposed the alternative, arguing that 
it would reward the process of achieving compliance more than actually 
achieving compliance.\202\ However, the commenter asserted that SBS 
Entities should be required to establish, maintain, document and 
enforce appropriate policies and procedures, and that the Commission 
should take them into account when determining the sanctions for 
violations.\203\ The commenter argued that the requirement regarding 
policies and procedures should supplement the requirements or 
prohibitions in the rules, not supplant them.\204\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \201\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \202\ Id.
    \203\ Id.
    \204\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After taking into consideration the comment, the Commission is not 
adopting a general policies and procedures safe harbor. The Commission 
acknowledges the importance of policies and procedures as a tool to 
achieving compliance with applicable regulatory and other requirements 
but agrees with the commenter that a general policies and procedures 
safe harbor could have the unintended effect of rewarding the process 
towards achieving compliance more than the result of actually achieving 
compliance.\205\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \205\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed more fully herein, Rule 15Fh-3(h) requires that an SBS 
Entity establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures 
that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of applicable 
securities laws, and rules and regulations thereunder. Rule 15Fh-3(h) 
also provides an affirmative defense to a charge of failure to 
supervise diligently based, in part, on the establishment and 
maintenance of these policies and procedures, where the entity has 
reasonably discharged the duties and obligations required by the 
written policies and procedures and documented system, and did not have 
a reasonable basis to believe that the written policies and procedures 
and documented system were not being followed. In addition, consistent 
with the approach of the CFTC, we are providing targeted 
representations-based safe harbors,\206\ which should result in 
efficiencies for entities that have already established infrastructure 
to comply with the CFTC rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \206\ See, e.g., Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3), discussed in Section II.G.3, 
infra, under which an SBS Dealer can generally satisfy its 
obligations by obtaining representations with respect to certain 
suitability requirements, and Rule 15Fh-5(b), discussed in Section 
II.H.6, infra, under which an SBS Entity can generally satisfy its 
obligations with respect to having a reasonable basis to believe 
that a special entity counterparty has a qualified independent 
representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Definitions

1. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rules 15Fh-2(a), (c), (e) and (f), which would define 
``act as an advisor to a special entity,'' ``independent representative 
of a special entity,'' ``special entity,'' and ``subject to a statutory 
disqualification,'' respectively are discussed in Section II.H below in 
the context of the special entity requirements.
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(b) would define ``eligible contract 
participant'' to mean any person defined in Section 3(a)(66) of the 
Exchange Act.
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(d) would provide that ``security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant'' would include, where 
relevant, an associated person of the SBS Dealer or Major SBS 
Participant.
2. Comments on the Proposed Rule
a. Definitions Relating to the Rules Applicable to Dealings With 
Special Entities
    Comments on paragraphs (a), (c), (e) and (f) of proposed Rule 15Fh-
2 defining ``act as an advisor,'' ``independent representative of a 
special entity,'' ``special entity'' and ``subject to a statutory 
disqualification,'' respectively are addressed below in Section II.H.
b. Eligible Contract Participant
    One commenter addressed proposed Rule 15Fh-2(b) defining ``eligible 
contract participant.'' \207\ The commenter pointed out an error in the 
cross-reference in the rule to the Exchange Act definition and 
recommended adding a reference to applicable rules and interpretations 
of the Commission and the CFTC.\208\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \207\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \208\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. SBS Dealer or Major SBS Participant
    Three commenters addressed proposed Rule 15Fh-2(d) defining SBS 
Dealer or Major SBS Participant.\209\ Two commenters suggested that the 
Commission adopt a broader definition that would apply the business 
conduct rules to any person acting on behalf of the SBS Entity, 
including an associated person, consistent with the CFTC business 
conduct rules.\210\ One commenter asserted that this would prevent SBS 
Entities from ``evad[ing] the business conduct rules by doing through 
third parties what they would not be permitted to do directly.'' \211\ 
The commenter also discouraged the Commission from seeking to identify 
all of the requirements that would apply to an associated person of an 
SBS Entity, suggesting that the rules should apply in any circumstance 
where an SBS Entity acts through or by means of an associated person or 
other party.\212\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \209\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \210\ See CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \211\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \212\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter recommended that the Commission clarify that 
associated persons of an SBS Entity should only be directly responsible 
for complying with the disclosure rules and rules involving 
interactions with counterparties, and should not be responsible for 
complying with internal business conduct standards, such as the rules 
relating to supervision and requiring designation of a CCO.\213\ The 
commenter also suggested that the Commission define ``associated 
person'' as ``an associated person of an [SBS Dealer] or [Major SBS 
Participant] through whom the [SBS Dealer] or [Major SBS Participant] 
acts.'' \214\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \213\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \214\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    The Commission is moving the definition of ``independent 
representative of a special entity'' from Rule 15Fh-2 to Rule 15Fh-5 
and accordingly, re-designating paragraphs (d) through (f) of Rule 
15Fh-2 as paragraphs (c) through (e). The definition of ``independent 
representative of a special entity'' and paragraphs (a), (d) and (e) of 
Rule 15Fh-2 (defining ``act as an advisor,'' ``special entity'' and 
``subject to a statutory disqualification,'' respectively) are 
addressed below in Section II.H.
    The Commission is adopting Rule 15Fh-2(b) with two modifications. 
In response to a suggestion from a commenter,\215\ the Commission is 
correcting a typographical error in the cross-reference to the Exchange 
Act definition of ``eligible contract participant'' in the proposed 
rule. The proposed rule referenced ``Section 3(a)(66)'' of the Exchange 
Act, but should have referenced Section 3(a)(65) of the Exchange Act, 
which defines an

[[Page 29978]]

eligible contract participant. Section 3(a)(65) of the Exchange Act, in 
turn, provides that the term eligible contract participant ``has the 
same meaning as in section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act.'' We have 
also revised the definition in response to the same commenter's request 
that we add a reference to applicable rules and interpretations of the 
Commission and the CFTC to incorporate the joint SEC-CFTC rulemaking 
adopted in May 2012.\216\ In this regard, we note that the Commission 
and the CFTC jointly further defined the term eligible contract 
participant by adopting rules and regulations under the Commodity 
Exchange Act.\217\ Thus, as adopted, the definition of ``eligible 
contract participant'' in Rule 15Fh-2(b) refers to: ``any person as 
defined in Section 3(a)(65) of the Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder and in Section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act and the 
rules and regulations thereunder.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \216\ Section 712(d)(1)(A) of the Dodd-Frank Act provides, among 
other things, that the CFTC and the Commission, in consultation with 
the Board of Governors, shall further define the term ``eligible 
contract participant.'' Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010). 
Moreover, Section 712(d)(4) provides that any interpretation of, or 
guidance by either Commission regarding, a provision of Title VII of 
the Dodd Frank Act shall be effective only if issued jointly by the 
CFTC and the Commission, after consultation with the Board of 
Governors, if this title requires the Commissions to issue joint 
regulations to implement the provision. Id.
    \217\ See Definitions Adopting Release, supra note 115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-2(d) as proposed, re-designated as Rule 15Fh-2(c). The statute 
defines the term ``associated person of a security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant'' to include ``any person 
directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common 
control with'' an SBS Dealer or Major SBS Participant.\218\ While the 
SBS Entity remains ultimately responsible for compliance with the 
business conduct standards, to the extent that an SBS Entity acts 
through, or by means of, an associated person of that SBS Entity, the 
associated person must comply as well with the applicable business 
conduct standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \218\ Section 3(a)(70)(A)(ii) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78c(a)(70)(A)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission declines to modify the definition, as requested by 
some commenters, to apply to persons acting on behalf of the SBS 
Entity.\219\ We believe it unnecessary to expand the definition 
because, as noted above, the SBS Entity remains ultimately responsible 
for compliance with the business conduct standards, whether the SBS 
Entity is acting through, or by means of, an associated person or other 
person.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \219\ See CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the commenter that raised concerns that associated 
persons should not be responsible for complying with ``internal'' 
business conduct standards,\220\ the Commission notes that Rule 15Fh-
2(c) provides that the definition of an SBS Entity includes associated 
persons of the SBS Entity ``where relevant.'' Certain rules, including 
the so-called ``internal'' business conduct rules (e.g., Rule 15Fh-3(h) 
(supervision) and Rule 15Fk-1 (designation of CCO)) may apply to some 
but not all associated persons of an SBS Entity, and the registrant 
remains ultimately responsible for compliance with all of the business 
conduct rules that are the subject of this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \220\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Business Conduct Requirements

1. Counterparty Status
a. Proposed Rule
    Section 15F(h)(3)(A) of the Exchange Act directs that business 
conduct requirements adopted by the Commission shall establish a duty 
for an SBS Entity to verify that any counterparty meets the eligibility 
standards for an ECP.\221\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \221\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) would require an SBS Entity to verify 
that a counterparty whose identity is known to an SBS Entity prior to 
the execution of the transaction meets the eligibility standards for an 
ECP, before entering into a security-based swap with that counterparty 
other than on a registered national securities exchange or SEF.\222\ 
Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2) would require an SBS Entity to verify 
whether a counterparty whose identity is known to the SBS Entity prior 
to the execution of the transaction is a special entity before entering 
into a security-based swap with that counterparty, no matter where the 
transaction is executed.\223\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \222\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1). See Section 6(l) of the 
Exchange Act (making it unlawful to effect a security-based swap 
transaction with or for a person that is not an ECP unless such 
transaction is effected on a registered national securities 
exchange). See also Section 5(e) of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 
U.S.C. 77e(e)) (``unless a registration statement meeting the 
requirements of section 10(a) [of the Securities Act] is in effect 
as to a security-based swap, it shall be unlawful for any person . . 
. to offer to sell, offer to buy or purchase or sell a security-
based swap to any person who is not an eligible contract 
participant''). See also Registration and Regulation of Security-
Based Swap Execution Facilities, Exchange Act Release No. 63825 
(Feb. 2, 2011), 76 FR 10948 (Feb. 28, 2011) (``SEF Registration 
Proposing Release'') (proposed Rule 809 would limit SEF 
participation to registered SBS Dealers, Major SBS Participants, 
brokers and ECPs).
    \223\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2). See generally Section 
15F(h)(1)(D) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(D) 
(authorizing the Commission to prescribe business conduct standards 
that relate to ``such other matters as the Commission determines to 
be appropriate'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Three commenters addressed proposed Rule 15Fh-3(a).\224\ One 
opposed limiting the application of the rule to known counterparties, 
noting that this would invite SBS Entities to promote anonymous off-
exchange transactions that would allow them to avoid obligations 
otherwise owed to special entities.\225\ The commenter asserted that 
the only exemption from the verification requirement should be for 
transactions on a registered exchange or SEF, and that for such 
transactions, if the SBS Entity knows the identity of the counterparty 
prior to the transaction and has reason to believe it may not be an 
ECP, the SBS Entity should be required to undertake an additional 
inquiry to verify the counterparty's status.\226\ The commenter also 
recommended that verification take place before the SBS Entity offers 
to enter into a transaction, rather than before execution.\227\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \224\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \225\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \226\ Id. The commenter also recommended that the Commission 
conform to the CFTC's then-pending proposal, which would have 
required counterparty status verification in any transaction other 
than anonymous transactions on a swap execution facility. We note, 
however, that the CFTC subsequently adopted a rule that clarified 
that the exemption from verification applies to all transactions on 
a designated contract market (``DCM'') and to anonymous transactions 
on a swap execution facility. See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 
9757, supra note 21.
    \227\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters recommended that the exception for transactions on a 
registered exchange or SEF be broadened to apply to the verification of 
special entity status in addition to the verification of ECP 
status.\228\ One commenter also recommended expanding the exception to 
include exempt SEFs, such as a foreign SEF that the Commission 
determines to be subject to a comparable home country regime.\229\ 
Additionally, as part of a series of recommendations to harmonize with 
the CFTC's treatment of employee benefit plans defined in Section 3 of 
ERISA, the commenter suggested requiring an SBS Entity to verify 
whether a counterparty is eligible to

[[Page 29979]]

elect to be a special entity, and if so, to notify such 
counterparty.\230\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \228\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), 
supra note 5.
    \229\ SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \230\ Id. See also discussion in Section III.H.1, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The other commenter also recommended further narrowing the 
application of the rule by excluding transactions in which the identity 
of the counterparty is known just prior to execution, arguing that an 
SBS Entity would have insufficient time to exchange representations 
with the counterparty or otherwise verify the counterparty's status in 
those situations.\231\ Alternatively, the commenter requested that the 
Commission require SEFs to adopt rules that would permit verification 
of the counterparty's status.\232\ The commenter also opposed 
establishing specific documentation requirements regarding counterparty 
status, asserting that it would not allow for flexible risk management 
and investment decisions through private contractual negotiation.\233\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \231\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \232\ Id.
    \233\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(a) with certain modifications.
    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1), as adopted, requires an SBS Entity to verify the 
ECP status of a counterparty before entering into a security-based swap 
with that counterparty other than a transaction executed on a 
registered national securities exchange. We are not adopting the 
further provision of the proposed rule that would have limited the 
application of the verification requirement to a counterparty ``whose 
identity is known to the SBS Entity prior to the execution of the 
transaction.'' We also are not adopting the provision of the proposed 
rule that would have provided that the verification requirement does 
not apply to transactions executed on a SEF. These changes reflect the 
Commission's further consideration of the regulatory framework provided 
by the Dodd-Frank Act.
    In particular, Section 6(l) of the Exchange Act makes it unlawful 
to effect a transaction in a security-based swap with or for a person 
that is not an ECP, unless the transaction is effected on a registered 
national securities exchange.\234\ Section 6(l) of the Exchange Act 
does not provide an exception for transactions effected on SEFs, or for 
transactions where the identity of a counterparty is not known to the 
SBS Entity prior to the execution of the transaction. Thus, upon 
further consideration of the proposed rule in the context of the 
statute, we are not providing an exception for transactions executed 
other than on a registered national securities exchange, and we are not 
limiting the requirement to known counterparties because Section 6(l) 
of the Exchange Act does not contain a similar exception or limitation, 
and we do not wish to suggest to SBS Entities that Section 6(l) is 
similarly limited. In this regard, we note that, even with these 
modifications, the scope of Section 6(l) of the Exchange Act 
(``unlawful to effect a transaction in a security-based swap'') is 
broader than the activity covered by Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) (``before 
entering into a security-based swap''), and that SBS Entities, and 
other market participants, have an independent obligation under Section 
6(l) for any action covered by that section.\235\
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    \234\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42403, supra note 5. 15 
U.S.C. 78f(l) (``[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to effect a 
transaction in a security-based swap with or for a person that is 
not an eligible contract participant, unless such transaction is 
effected on a [registered] national securities exchange'').
    \235\ See also Section 5(e) of the Securities Act, 15 U.S.C. 
77e(e) (``unless a registration statement meeting the requirements 
of [section 10(a) of the Securities Act] is in effect as to a 
security-based swap, it shall be unlawful for any person . . . to 
offer to sell, offer to buy or purchase or sell a security-based 
swap to any person who is not an eligible contract participant''). 
This rulemaking does not address and has no applicability with 
respect to the requirements under the Securities Act applicable to 
security-based swap transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, an SBS Entity that has complied 
with the requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) concerning a counterparty's 
eligibility to enter into a particular security-based swap fulfills its 
obligations under the rule for that security-based swap, even if the 
counterparty subsequently ceases to meet the eligibility standards for 
an ECP during the term of that security-based swap.\236\ However, an 
SBS Entity will need to verify the counterparty's status for any 
subsequent action covered by Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1), (which it could do by 
relying on written representations from the counterparty, as described 
above). An SBS Entity could satisfy this obligation by relying on a 
representation in a master or other agreement that is renewed or 
``brought down'' as of the date of the subsequent action covered by 
15Fh-3(a)(1). In this manner, counterparties will be able to make 
representations about their status at the outset of a relationship, and 
can undertake to ``bring down'' that representation for each relevant 
action involving a security-based swap. In addition, as noted above, 
market participants have an independent obligation under Section 6(l) 
of the Exchange Act for any action covered by that section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \236\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42404, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2), as adopted, requires an SBS Entity to verify 
whether a counterparty is a special entity before entering into a 
security-based swap transaction with that counterparty, unless the 
transaction is executed on a registered or exempt SEF or registered 
national securities exchange and the SBS Entity does not know the 
identity of the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with 
the obligations of the rule. The rule as proposed would have limited 
the verification of special entity status to counterparties whose 
identity is known to the SBS Entity prior to the execution of the 
security-based swap transaction. Because the question of special entity 
status figures most significantly in connection with the application of 
the special entity rules (Rules 15Fh-4, 15Fh-5 and 15Fh-6), we have 
modified the special entity verification rule to track the exceptions 
to those rules.\237\ Accordingly, the verification of special entity 
status requirements will not apply where the transaction is executed on 
a registered or exempt SEF or registered national securities exchange, 
and the SBS Entity does not know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit the SBS Entity to comply with the obligations of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \237\ See Section II.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An SBS Entity that has complied with the requirements of Rule 15Fh-
3(a)(2) concerning verification whether a counterparty is a special 
entity before entering into a particular security-based swap with that 
counterparty fulfills its obligations under the rule for that security-
based swap.\238\ However, an SBS Entity will need to verify the 
counterparty's status for any subsequent action covered by Rule 15Fh-
3(a)(2) (which it could do by relying on written representations from 
the counterparty, as described above). An SBS Entity could satisfy this 
obligation by relying on a representation in a master or other 
agreement that is renewed or ``brought down'' as of the date of the 
subsequent action covered by 15Fh-3(a)(2). In this manner, 
counterparties will be able to make representations about their status 
at the outset of a relationship, and can undertake to ``bring down'' 
that

[[Page 29980]]

representation for each relevant action involving a security-based 
swap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \238\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42404, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Commission is adding a new paragraph (a)(3), 
special entity election, which requires an SBS Entity, in verifying the 
special entity status of a counterparty pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2), 
to verify whether a counterparty is eligible to elect not to be a 
special entity as provided for in the adopted special entity definition 
in Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4), and if so, notify such counterparty. This change 
is intended to provide the greatest protections to the broadest 
categories of special entities, while still allowing them the 
flexibility to elect not to avail themselves of special entity 
protections.\239\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \239\ As explained in Section II.H.1, we are interpreting the 
definition of ``special entity'' to distinguish entities that are 
``defined in'' section 3 of ERISA but not ``subject to'' regulation 
under Title I of ERISA. Our rules as adopted would include within 
the ``special entity'' definition entities such as church plans and 
plans maintained solely for the purpose of complying with applicable 
workmen's compensation laws, unemployment compensation, or 
disability insurance laws but allow them to elect not to be treated 
as ``special entities.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the Dodd-Frank Act does not specifically require an SBS 
Entity to verify whether a counterparty is a special entity or is 
eligible to elect not to be a special entity, the Commission believes 
that such verification will help to ensure the proper application of 
the business conduct rules that apply to SBS Entities dealing with 
special entities.\240\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \240\ See Section II.H, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is not revising the rule, as suggested by a 
commenter,\241\ to require that verification of special entity 
counterparty status take place before an SBS Entity ``offers'' to enter 
into a transaction. We agree with the commenter that it is important 
for an SBS Entity to verify special entity status ``as soon as possible 
. . . to ensure timely compliance with the other obligations that 
accompany transactions with these entities.'' As explained in Section 
II.A, when the rules refer to a ``counterparty'' of the SBS Entity, the 
term ``counterparty'' includes a potential counterparty where 
compliance with the obligation is required before the SBS Entity and 
the ``counterparty'' have actually entered into the security-based 
swap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \241\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is not specifying the manner of documentation or 
procedures required for compliance with Rule 15Fh-3(a).\242\ Among 
other things, an SBS Entity could rely on representations in accordance 
with Rule 15Fh-1(b). For example, an SBS Entity could verify that a 
counterparty is an ECP by obtaining a written representation from the 
counterparty as to specific facts about the counterparty (e.g., that it 
has $100 million in assets) to conclude that the counterparty is an 
ECP, unless the SBS Entity has information that would cause a 
reasonable person to question the accuracy of the representation. 
Similarly, an SBS Entity could seek to verify that a counterparty is 
not a special entity by obtaining a written representation from the 
counterparty that it does not fall within any of the enumerated 
categories of persons that are ``special entities'' for purposes of 
Section 15F of the Exchange Act. The SBS Entity also could seek to 
obtain a representation in writing from the counterparty if it elects 
not to be a special entity, as provided for in the special entity 
definition in Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4). Consistent with Rule 15Fh-1(b), 
however, an SBS Entity cannot disregard information that would cause a 
reasonable person to question the accuracy of the representation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \242\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42403, supra note 3. The 
Commission separately has proposed rules regarding recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements for SBS Entities that would require an SBS 
Entity to keep records of its verification. See Recordkeeping and 
Reporting Requirements for Security-Based Swap Dealers, Major 
Security-Based Swap Participants, and Broker-Dealers; Capital Rule 
for Certain Security-Based Swap Dealers, Exchange Act Release No. 
71958 (Apr. 17, 2014), 79 FR 25193, 25208 and 25217-25218 (May 2, 
2014) (``Recordkeeping Release'') (proposed Rules 18a-5(a)(17) and 
18a-5(b)(13)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Disclosure
    Section 15F(h)(3)(B) of the Exchange Act broadly requires that 
business conduct requirements adopted by the Commission require 
disclosures by SBS Entities to counterparties of information related to 
``material risks and characteristics'' of the security-based swap, 
``material incentives or conflicts of interest'' that an SBS Entity may 
have in connection with the security-based swap, and the ``daily mark'' 
of a security-based swap.\243\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \243\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Disclosure Not Required When the Counterparty is an SBS Entity or a 
Swap Entity
i. Proposed Rules
    Section 15F(h)(3)(B) provides that disclosures under that section 
are not required when the counterparty is ``a security-based swap 
dealer, major security-based swap participant, security-based swap 
dealer, or major security-based swap participant.'' \244\ As explained 
in the Proposing Release, the Commission believes that the repetition 
of the terms ``security-based swap dealer and major security-based swap 
participant'' in this Exchange Act provision is a drafting error, and 
that Congress instead intended an exclusion identical to that found in 
the Commodity Exchange Act, which provides that these general 
disclosures are not required when the counterparty is ``a swap dealer, 
major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-
based swap participant.'' \245\ Accordingly, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(b) 
(information about material risks and characteristics, and material 
incentives or conflicts of interests), proposed Rule 15Fh-3(c) (the 
daily mark), and proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d) (clearing rights) would not 
apply whenever the counterparty is an SBS Entity or Swap Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \244\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(B).
    \245\ 7 U.S.C. 6s(h)(3)(B). See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 
42405, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on the Proposal
    Two commenters submitted comments on the application of the 
disclosure requirements when the counterparty is an SBS Entity or Swap 
Entity.\246\ One commenter asserted that the disclosure requirements 
should apply even when the counterparty is also an SBS Entity.\247\ 
Another commenter agreed with the Commission's interpretation that 
Congress intended the exclusion to apply to transactions with other SBS 
Entities and Swap Entities.\248\ However, in response to a specific 
request for comment, the commenter asserted that the Commission should 
not exempt transactions with other entities (such as banks or broker-
dealers) from the disclosure requirements, or otherwise subject them to 
different disclosure standards, because while more sophisticated banks 
or brokers may benefit, less sophisticated parties would be left 
without adequate protections.\249\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \246\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \247\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \248\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \249\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as discussed in Section II.B, a commenter advocated 
for adding exceptions to the disclosure requirements in Rules 15Fh-3(b) 
and (d) to cover security-based swaps that are intended to be cleared 
and that are either (1) executed on a registered national securities 
exchange or registered or exempt SEF and required to be cleared 
pursuant to Section 3C of the Exchange Act, or (2) anonymous.\250\ The 
commenter argued that this would harmonize the scope of the 
Commission's disclosure requirements with no-action relief provided by 
the

[[Page 29981]]

CFTC with respect to its parallel requirements.\251\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \251\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting, as 
proposed, the exceptions from the disclosure requirements under Rule 
15Fh-3(b) (information about material risks and characteristics, and 
material incentives or conflicts of interests), Rule 15Fh-3(c) (the 
daily mark), and Rule 15Fh-3(d) (clearing rights) for transactions in 
which the counterparty is an SBS Entity or Swap Entity. We are not 
adopting the suggestion that disclosure requirements apply even when 
the counterparty is an SBS Entity or Swap Entity. We believe that an 
SBS Entity would be well-positioned to negotiate with another SBS 
Entity, and nothing in our rules precludes an SBS Entity from 
requesting such disclosures.
    In addition, the exceptions under the rules as adopted parallel the 
exceptions in the analogous CFTC rules. This consistency will result in 
efficiencies for entities that have already established infrastructure 
to comply with the CFTC standard.
    For the reasons discussed in Section II.B, we are not providing 
additional exceptions for transactions that are intended to be 
cleared.\252\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \252\ Id. See Swaps Intended to Be Cleared, CFTC Letter No. 13-
70 (Nov. 15, 2013), available at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@lrlettergeneral/documents/letter/13-70.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Timing and Manner of Certain Disclosures and Scope of Disclosure 
Rules
i. Proposed Rules
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(b) would require that disclosures regarding 
material risks and characteristics and material incentives or conflicts 
of interest be made to potential counterparties before entering into a 
security-based swap, but would not mandate the specific manner in which 
those disclosures are made as long as they are made ``in a manner 
reasonably designed to allow the counterparty to assess'' the 
information being provided.\253\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d) similarly 
would require that disclosures regarding certain clearing rights be 
made before entering into a security-based swap, but would not mandate 
the manner of disclosure. To the extent such disclosures were not 
otherwise provided to the counterparty in writing prior to entering 
into a security-based swap, proposed Rules 15Fh-3(b)(3) and 15Fh-
3(d)(3) would require an SBS Entity to make a written record of the 
non-written disclosures made pursuant to proposed Rules 15Fh-3(b) and 
15Fh-3(d), respectively, and provide a written version of these 
disclosures to the counterparty in a timely manner, but in any case no 
later than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement of the particular 
transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \253\ Section 15F(h)(3)(B) of the Exchange Act is silent 
regarding both form and timing of disclosure. See 15 U.S.C. 78o-
10(h)(3)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on Proposed Rules
Timing and Manner of Certain Disclosures
    Five commenters addressed the timing and manner of required 
disclosures.\254\ One commenter recommended allowing disclosure 
requirements to be satisfied by the execution of a master agreement and 
provision of a trade acknowledgment.\255\ Similarly, another commenter 
urged the Commission to permit all required disclosures to be made 
upfront at the beginning of a trading relationship, rather than on a 
transaction-by-transaction basis.\256\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \254\ See ABC, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \255\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \256\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Alternatively, if the Commission requires disclosure beyond the 
master agreement and trade acknowledgment, the first commenter 
encouraged the Commission to permit the use of standardized 
disclosures.\257\ The commenter also recommended that the Commission 
not dictate the timing of required disclosures and permit SBS Entities 
to make required disclosures in advance, as opposed to immediately 
prior to the execution of a trade, so as not to interfere with the 
parties' desired timing.\258\ However, the commenter noted that advance 
disclosure requirements would be infeasible for transactions executed 
on a SEF or exchange, or where the counterparty is known only 
immediately prior to or after execution.\259\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \257\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \258\ Id.
    \259\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, two commenters advocated for more specific 
requirements with respect to the timing and manner of disclosure.\260\ 
Both recommended that disclosure be required in writing and at a 
``reasonably sufficient time'' prior to the execution of the 
transaction to allow counterparties to evaluate the information before 
deciding whether to enter the transaction.\261\ One commenter also 
asserted that disclosure should be in a clear and intelligible format 
that permits comparison between derivatives offered by different market 
participants.\262\ The other commenter opposed allowing SBS Entities to 
satisfy disclosure requirements through entry into a master agreement 
and provision of a trade acknowledgement, arguing that key information 
could be lost in the fine print of legal documents.\263\ At a minimum, 
if a master agreement is used, the commenter recommended that the 
required disclosures regarding material risks and characteristics and 
material incentives or conflicts of interest be provided in a clearly 
labeled, separate narrative incorporated into the overall document, and 
that all key issues be disclosed before the trade is executed and not 
in a post-trade acknowledgement.\264\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \260\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \261\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \262\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \263\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \264\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter also recommended that disclosure regarding 
material risks and characteristics and material incentives or conflicts 
of interest be required at a ``reasonably sufficient time'' prior to 
the execution of the transaction to harmonize with the CFTC's 
disclosure requirements.\265\ Additionally, as discussed in Section 
II.B, the commenter advocated for adding exceptions to the disclosure 
requirements in Rules 15Fh-3(b) and (d) to cover security-based swaps 
that are intended to be cleared and that are either: (1) Executed on a 
registered national securities exchange or registered or exempt SEF and 
required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the Exchange Act, or 
(2) anonymous.\266\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \265\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \266\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Written Records of Non-Written Disclosure
    One commenter addressed the written record requirements in proposed 
Rules 15Fh-3(b)(3) and 15Fh-3(d)(3).\267\ The commenter opposed 
permitting SBS Entities to make required disclosures orally, asserting 
that oral disclosure fails to promote pre-trade transparency and makes 
enforcement more difficult, and that SBS Entities may minimize 
disclosure of conflicts of interest when making them orally.\268\ The 
commenter also argued that the Commission's approach to permitting oral 
disclosure ``doesn't even have the benefit of saving

[[Page 29982]]

labor, since the Commission proposes to require after-the-fact written 
disclosures of any information not made in writing prior to the 
transaction.'' \269\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \267\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \268\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \269\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scope of Disclosure Rules
    If the Commission requires disclosure beyond the master agreement 
and trade acknowledgment, one commenter encouraged the Commission to 
exclude from such requirements counterparties that are regulated 
entities such as banks, broker-dealers, and investment advisers.\270\ 
Two other commenters argued that Major SBS Participants should not be 
subject to the disclosure requirements because they will be transacting 
with counterparties at arm's length.\271\ Alternatively, one commenter 
suggested exempting transactions between Major SBS Participants and SBS 
Dealers from the disclosure requirements, and allowing all other 
counterparties to opt out of certain disclosure requirements, in 
particular receiving written records of non-written disclosure.\272\ 
Similarly, another commenter suggested that ECPs should have the option 
of opting-out of disclosures.\273\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \270\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \271\ See BlackRock, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5.
    \272\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \273\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting the 
rules substantially as proposed, with certain modifications. In 
response to commenters' concerns, the Commission is requiring that an 
SBS Entity make the disclosures required by Rule 15Fh-3(b) regarding 
material risks and characteristics and material incentives or conflicts 
of interest at a reasonably sufficient time prior to entering into a 
security-based swap to allow the counterparty to assess the 
disclosures. This will also be consistent with the CFTC's timing 
requirement for its parallel disclosures rules, resulting in 
efficiencies for entities that have already established infrastructure 
to comply with the CFTC standard.
    With respect to the manner of disclosure, we are not adopting the 
commenters' suggestion that we impose more specific requirements with 
respect to the timing and manner of disclosure.\274\ Instead, the 
Commission continues to believe it is appropriate to require only that 
disclosures regarding material risks and characteristics and material 
incentives or conflicts of interest be made ``in a manner reasonably 
designed to allow the counterparty to assess'' the information being 
provided pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(b). As noted in the Proposing Release, 
this provision is intended to require that disclosures be reasonably 
clear and informative as to the relevant material risks or conflicts 
that are the subject of the disclosure, and is not intended to impose a 
requirement that disclosures be tailored to a particular counterparty 
or to the financial, commercial or other status of that 
counterparty.\275\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \274\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \275\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42406, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments, the Commission is also adopting as 
proposed the requirements in Rules 15Fh-3(b)(3) and 15Fh-3(d)(3) that 
an SBS Entity make a written record of any non-written disclosures made 
pursuant to Rules15Fh-3(b) and 15Fh-3(d), respectively, and provide a 
written version of these disclosures to the counterparty in a timely 
manner, but in any case no later than the delivery of the trade 
acknowledgement \276\ of the particular transaction. As noted in the 
Proposing Release and suggested by commenters, the Commission 
understands that security-based swaps generally are executed under 
master agreements, with much of the transaction-specific disclosure 
provided over the telephone, in instant messages or in 
confirmations.\277\ The Commission believes that parties should have 
the flexibility to make disclosures by various means, including master 
agreements and related documentation, telephone calls, emails, instant 
messages, and electronic platforms.\278\ Similarly, while we 
acknowledge the commenter's concern that SBS Entities may minimize 
disclosure of conflicts of interest when making them orally, we are not 
persuaded that requiring all disclosures be provided in writing prior 
to the parties' entering into a security-based swap would be necessary 
to provide protections under the rule as adopted. We further note that 
Rule 15Fh-3(b)(3), discussed in Section II.G.2.c, separately requires 
that an SBS Entity provide a written record of non-written disclosures 
no later than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement of the 
particular transaction. Accordingly, the Commission anticipates that 
SBS Entities may elect to make certain required disclosures of material 
information to their counterparties in a master agreement or other 
written document accompanying such agreement. While certain forms of 
disclosure may be highly standardized, certain provisions may need to 
be tailored to the particular transaction, most notably pricing and 
other transaction-specific commercial terms. As noted in the Proposing 
Release, the Commission believes this approach is generally consistent 
with the use of standardized disclosures suggested by industry groups 
and commenters.\279\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ See Trade Acknowledgement and Verification of Security-
Based Swap Transactions, Exchange Act Release No. 63727 (Jan. 14, 
2011), 76 FR 3859 (Jan. 21, 2011) (proposing Rule 15Fi-1(c)(1), 
which would require a trade acknowledgement to be provided within 15 
minutes of execution for a transaction that has been executed and 
processed electronically; within 30 minutes of execution for a 
transaction that is not electronically executed, but that will be 
processed electronically; and within 24 hours of execution for a 
transaction that the SBS Entity cannot process electronically).
    \277\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42406, supra note 3; FIA/
ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \278\ When SBS Entities rely on electronic media, their 
counterparties generally should have the capability to effectively 
access all of the information required by Rule 15Fh-3(b)(3) in a 
format that is understandable but not unduly burdensome for the 
counterparty. See generally Use of Electronic Media by Broker-
Dealers, Transfer Agents and Investment Advisers for Delivery of 
Electronic Information, Securities Act Release No. 7288 (May 9, 
1996), 61 FR 24644 (May 15, 1996). See also Use of Electronic Media, 
Exchange Act Release No. 42728 (Apr. 28, 2000), 65 FR 25843 (May 4, 
2000).
    \279\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42406, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do believe, however, that is it is important that the required 
disclosures be made at a reasonably sufficient time before the 
execution of the transaction to allow the counterparty to assess the 
disclosures. While this time may vary depending on the product and the 
counterparty, we do not believe, as suggested by some commenters, that 
SBS Entities should be able to rely on trade acknowledgements alone to 
satisfy certain disclosure requirements.\280\ As noted in the Proposing 
Release, however, SBS Entities could rely on trade acknowledgements to 
memorialize non-written disclosures they made prior to entering into 
the proposed transaction.\281\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \280\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \281\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42406, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in Section II.B above, the Commission is limiting the 
disclosure requirements in Rules 15Fh-3(b) and (d) to circumstances 
where the identity of the counterparty is known to the SBS Entity at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit the SBS Entity to comply with the obligations of the rule. The 
disclosure requirements in Rules 15Fh-3(b) and (d) will not apply where 
the identity of the counterparty is not discovered until after the 
execution of the transaction, or where the SBS Entity learns the 
identity of the counterparty

[[Page 29983]]

with insufficient time to be able to provide the necessary disclosures 
to satisfy its obligations under the rule without disrupting or 
delaying the execution of the transaction. Similarly, for the reasons 
discussed in Section II.A.3.d, we are not providing additional 
exceptions or ``opt-out'' rights.
    Finally, we are not adopting the suggestion of one commenter that 
the Commission exclude from the disclosure requirements transactions 
with counterparties that are regulated entities such as banks, broker-
dealers, and investment advisers.\282\ Because information asymmetries 
exist in a market for opaque and complex products, even for regulated 
entities, such disclosures may help inform counterparties concerning 
the valuations and material risks and characteristics of security-based 
swaps in the sometimes rapidly changing market environment.\283\ In 
this regard, the external business conduct requirements promulgated 
under Section 15F(h) are intended to provide certain protections for 
counterparties, including information regarding the material risks and 
characteristics of the security-based swap, any material incentives or 
conflicts of interest that the SBS Entity may have, and the daily mark 
of the security-based swap. We believe the rules we are adopting today 
appropriately apply those requirements so that counterparties receive 
the benefit of those protections, and so are not providing counterparty 
exclusions beyond the exception for transactions with SBS Entities and 
Swap Entities discussed in Section II.G.2.a, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \282\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \283\ See Section VI.C, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Material Risks and Characteristics of the Security-Based Swap
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) would require an SBS Entity to disclose 
the material risks and characteristics of the particular security-based 
swap, including, but not limited to, the material factors that 
influence the day-to-day changes in valuation, the factors or events 
that might lead to significant losses, the sensitivities of the 
security-based swap to those factors and conditions, and the 
approximate magnitude of the gains or losses the security-based swap 
would experience under specified circumstances. In the Proposing 
Release, the Commission also solicited comment regarding whether SBS 
Entities should be specifically required to provide scenario analysis 
disclosure.\284\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \284\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42409, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
General
    Seven commenters addressed the disclosure of material risks and 
characteristics of security-based swaps.\285\ One commenter expressed 
support for the proposed disclosure requirements, agreeing that the 
disclosure should include any information for which there is a 
substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider the 
information to be important in making an investment decision.\286\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \285\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \286\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters argued that the Commission should adopt different or 
modified disclosure requirements.\287\ One commenter requested that the 
Commission clarify in the rule that: (1) The rule only requires 
disclosure about the material risks and characteristics of the 
security-based swap itself and not with respect to the underlying 
reference security or index, and (2) the rule does not require 
disclosure in relation to any particular counterparty.\288\ The 
commenter also asked the Commission to eliminate the proposed 
requirement that risk disclosures set forth the approximate magnitude 
of the gains or losses the security-based swap will experience under 
specified circumstances because this is the functional equivalent of a 
requirement to provide a scenario analysis, which the commenter does 
not support (discussed below).\289\ Additionally, the commenter noted 
its view that the Commission should not require an SBS Entity to 
disclose the absence of certain material provisions typically contained 
in master agreements for security-based swap transactions because 
master agreements differ and what is ``typical'' is not clear.\290\ A 
second commenter requested a clarification that only material 
information is required to be disclosed.\291\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), 
supra note 5.
    \288\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \289\ Id.
    \290\ Id.
    \291\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters argued for additional or modified 
requirements.\292\ One asserted that the proposed disclosure 
obligations are too limited in terms of scope, form, and content.\293\ 
The commenter suggested that the disclosure provisions should require 
``more complete, timely, and intelligible disclosure of all the risks, 
costs, and other material information relating to [security-based swap] 
transactions,'' including disaggregated prices and risks, listed hedge 
equivalents, scenario analysis (discussed below), and embedded 
financing costs.\294\ Similarly, another commenter requested 
clarification regarding what material risks and characteristics must be 
disclosed, arguing that the disclosure should include liquidity risks, 
the details of (and separate prices for) the standardized component 
parts of any customized security-based swap, any features of the 
security-based swap that could disadvantage the counterparty (such as 
differences in interest rates paid versus those received), and where 
credit arrangements are built into security-based swaps through 
forbearance of collateral posting, the embedded credit and its 
price.\295\ A third commenter also suggested that the Commission 
clarify what material risks and characteristics must be disclosed, 
proposing that SBS Entities be required to disclose any material risk 
related to the source of a security-based swap's assets and any 
negative view by the SBS Entity itself of the assets' riskiness.\296\ 
The commenter also recommended that SBS Entities be required to 
disclose the material risks and characteristics not just of the 
security-based swap itself, but also of any reference securities, 
indices, or other assets, noting that this disclosure would be 
particularly important when the security-based swap references unique 
pools of assets arranged by the SBS Entity.\297\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \292\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
    \293\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \294\ Id.
    \295\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \296\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \297\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter, writing after the CFTC adopted its final rules, 
recommended that the Commission harmonize with the CFTC's requirement 
to disclose material risks and characteristics.\298\ Specifically, the 
commenter requested that, like the CFTC, the Commission describe the 
material risks and characteristics to be disclosed as including 
``market, credit, liquidity, foreign currency, legal, operational, and 
any other applicable risks,'' and ``the material economic terms of the 
security-based swap, the terms relating to the operation of the

[[Page 29984]]

security-based swap, and the rights and obligations of the parties 
during the term of the security-based swap.'' \299\ The commenter 
argued that harmonization with the CFTC would help support the 
continued development of standard disclosures, reducing compliance 
costs and preventing undue delays in execution, and would reduce the 
likelihood of inconsistent disclosures for similar products and 
resulting counterparty confusion.\300\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \298\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \299\ Id.
    \300\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scenario Analysis
    We sought comment on whether we should require scenario analysis 
and, if so, what standards should apply. Eight commenters addressed the 
disclosure of scenario analysis.\301\ Four commenters supported 
requiring scenario analysis disclosure to some degree.\302\ Of these 
commenters, one suggested that the analysis include specific 
information about the security-based swap's liquidity and 
volatility.\303\ Another recommended only requiring scenario analysis 
disclosure for ``high-risk complex security-based swaps,'' and 
suggested that the Commission provide additional clarification or a 
definition for determining what security-based swaps are high-risk and 
complex.\304\ A third commenter advocated requiring SBS Entities to 
notify counterparties of their right to receive a scenario analysis and 
to provide a scenario analysis at the request of a non-SBS Entity 
counterparty.\305\ To reduce the costs associated with providing 
scenario analyses and to mitigate the disclosure of SBS Entities' 
proprietary information, the commenter suggested that the Commission 
permit SBS Entities to delegate the provision of scenario analyses to 
qualified third-parties.\306\ The commenter explained that requiring 
scenario analysis disclosure on a transaction-by-transaction basis 
would not be necessary because SBS Entity counterparties are generally 
sophisticated enough to create their own, more meaningful, portfolio-
based analyses, but that scenario analyses could help a less 
sophisticated counterparty understand the dynamics and potential 
exposure of security-based swaps on a portfolio-level.\307\ The 
commenter also noted that the Commission should encourage all market 
participants to create or obtain a portfolio-level scenario analysis, 
in keeping with industry best practices.\308\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \301\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Markit, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; MFA, supra 
note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \302\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Markit, supra note 5.
    \303\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \304\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \305\ See Markit, supra note 5.
    \306\ Id.
    \307\ Id.
    \308\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Four commenters opposed requiring disclosure of scenario 
analysis.\309\ One noted that requiring scenario analysis disclosure 
would have potentially significant adverse consequences for special 
entities and other counterparties, and urged the Commission to refrain 
from requiring it.\310\ Specifically, the commenter explained that 
requiring scenario analysis would likely delay execution of 
transactions and expose counterparties to market risk for potentially 
extended periods of time (including at critical times when the 
counterparty is seeking to hedge its positions in volatile markets) 
because the development of scenario analyses depends upon the specific 
terms agreed by the parties and therefore, cannot be performed until 
full agreement on the material terms is reached.\311\ Additionally, the 
commenter noted that the development of such analyses would cause SBS 
Entities to incur substantial costs, which ultimately would be passed 
on to counterparties.\312\ Another commenter opposed a requirement to 
provide scenario analysis and asserted that, if a scenario analysis is 
required, it should only be at the request of the counterparty and only 
with respect to scenarios based on parameters selected by the 
counterparty.\313\ The commenter also expressed concern that providing 
a scenario analysis could be viewed as a ``recommendation'' that 
triggers other requirements under the proposed rules (e.g., suitability 
requirements).\314\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \309\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \310\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \311\ Id.
    \312\ Id.
    \313\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \314\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter, writing after the CFTC adopted final rules,\315\ 
stated that, in its experience, the CFTC's scenario analysis 
requirement has complicated the ability of SBS Dealers to provide 
different pricing scenarios, either voluntarily or at the request of a 
counterparty, because it creates ``uncertainty as to when those 
scenarios must satisfy the requirements for scenario analysis set forth 
in the CFTC EBC rules.'' \316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \315\ The CFTC had proposed to require scenario analysis for 
``high-risk complex bilateral swaps'' but in its final rules 
determined instead to require scenario analysis only when requested 
by the counterparty for any swap not ``made available for trading'' 
on a designated contract market or swap execution facility. To 
comply with the CFTC rule, swap dealers must disclose to 
counterparties their right to receive scenario analysis and consult 
with counterparties regarding design. See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 
FR at 9762-9763, supra note 21. See also 17 CFR 23.431(b).
    \316\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fourth commenter recommended that, to the extent a Major SBS 
Participant is transacting with an ECP at arm's-length, the Commission 
should explicitly exclude scenario analysis from the information that 
the Major SBS Participant is required to disclose pursuant to Rule 
15Fh-3(b).\317\ The commenter asserted that scenario analysis 
disclosure would be costly and redundant since the rule would already 
require Major SBS Participants to undertake a transaction-specific 
analysis, and prepare tailored disclosures of a transaction's loss 
sensitivities to market factors and conditions, and the magnitude of 
gains and losses the transaction may experience under specified 
circumstances.\318\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \317\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \318\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(b)(1) with some modifications requested by commenters to more 
closely align the requirements of our rules with those of the CFTC.
    We have revised the descriptions in Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) of the 
required disclosures of material risks and characteristics of a 
security-based swap to harmonize with the descriptions in the parallel 
CFTC disclosure requirement. As adopted, Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) requires an 
SBS Entity to disclose material information in a manner reasonably 
designed to allow the counterparty to assess the material risks and 
characteristics of the particular security-based swap, which may 
include (1) market risk,\319\ credit risk,\320\ liquidity risk,\321\ 
foreign

[[Page 29985]]

currency risk, legal risk,\322\ operational risk\323\ and any other 
applicable risks, and (2) the material economic terms of the security-
based swap, and the rights and obligations of the parties during the 
term of the security-based swap. These changes are intended to provide 
an illustrative list of material risks and characteristics. In 
addition, these changes will harmonize our rule with the requirements 
of the CFTC rule, which should result in efficiencies for SBS Entities 
that have already established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC 
rules, while still achieving the objectives of the rule to provide 
information to a counterparty to help them assess whether, and under 
what terms, they want to enter into the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \319\ By ``market risk,'' we mean the risk to the value of a 
security-based swap ``resulting from adverse movements in the level 
or volatility of market prices.'' See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 
42408 n.82, supra note 3.
    \320\ By ``credit risk,'' we mean the risk that a counterparty 
to a security-based swap ``will fail to perform on an obligation'' 
under the security-based swap. See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42408 
n.80, supra note 3.
    \321\ By ``liquidity risk,'' we mean the risk that a 
counterparty to a security-based swap ``may not be able to, or 
cannot easily, unwind or offset a particular position at or near the 
previous market price because of inadequate market depth or because 
of disruptions in the marketplace.'' See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 
42408 n.83, supra note 3.
    \322\ By ``legal risk,'' we mean the risk that agreements are 
unenforceable or incorrectly or inadequately documented. See 
Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42408 n.85, supra note 3.
    \323\ By ``operational risk,'' we mean the risk that 
``deficiencies in information systems or internal controls, 
[including human error,] will result in unexpected loss.'' See 
Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42408 n.84, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule as adopted requires disclosure of ``material'' information 
regarding material risks and characteristics and material incentives or 
conflicts of interests. We believe that this modification will provide 
for an appropriate level of disclosure by requiring disclosure of 
``material'' information, that is, the information most relevant to a 
counterparty's assessment of whether and under what terms to enter into 
a security-based swap. In addition, it will harmonize with the CFTC 
approach, promoting regulatory consistency across the swap and 
security-based swap markets, particularly among entities that transact 
in both markets and have already established infrastructure to comply 
with existing CFTC regulations. In response to comment, the Commission 
believes that for purposes of evaluating the material risks and 
characteristics of the particular security-based swap, including its 
economic terms, material information about the referenced security, 
index, asset or issuer should be disclosed.\324\ As one commenter 
suggested, this disclosure would be particularly important when, for 
example, the security-based swap references unique pools of assets 
arranged by the SBS Entity.\325\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \324\ The manner in which and extent of information about the 
referenced security, index, asset or issuer is disclosed would 
depend on the particular facts and circumstances, including the 
public availability of the information.
    \325\ See Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission anticipates that SBS Entities may provide these 
disclosures through various means, including by providing a scenario 
analysis, as noted in the Proposing Release.\326\ We are not, however, 
adopting any requirements that would require an SBS Entity to provide 
scenario analysis. Although scenario analysis may prove a valuable 
analytic tool, it is one means by which information may be conveyed, 
and we acknowledge the concerns of commenters that a scenario analysis 
may not be necessary or appropriate in every situation to ensure that 
appropriate disclosures are made. We note, however, that nothing in our 
rules would preclude parties from requesting such analysis, even if a 
security-based swap is ``made available for trading.'' In this regard, 
our approach differs from that of the CFTC which requires a Swap Dealer 
to provide scenario analysis when requested by a counterparty for any 
swap that is not ``made available for trading'' on a designated 
contract market or swap execution facility. We believe, however, that 
the approaches are consistent because, as noted above, the Commission 
is not prohibiting counterparties from requesting scenario analysis 
disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42408 n.88, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, these disclosures are intended 
to pertain to the material risks and characteristics of the security-
based swap, and not the material risks and characteristics of the 
security-based swap with respect to a particular counterparty.\327\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \327\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42408 n.87, supra note 3. 
However, if an SBS Dealer recommends a security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap, or acts as an 
advisor to a special entity, for example, Rules 15Fh-3(f) and 15Fh-
4, respectively, impose certain counterparty-specific requirements. 
See Rules 15Fh-3(f) and 15Fh-4, discussed infra in Sections II.G.0 
and II.H.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Material Incentives or Conflicts of Interest
 i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(b)(2) would require the SBS Entity to disclose 
any material incentives or conflicts of interest that it may have in 
connection with the security-based swap, including any compensation or 
other incentives from any source other than the counterparty in 
connection with the security-based swap to be entered into with the 
counterparty.\328\ We explained in the Proposing Release that we 
preliminarily believed that the term ``incentives''--which is used in 
Section 15F(h)(3)(b)(ii) of the Dodd-Frank Act--refers not to any 
profit or return that the SBS Entity would expect to earn from the 
security-based swap itself, or from any related hedging or trading 
activities of the SBS Entity, but rather to any other financial 
arrangements pursuant to which an SBS Entity may have an incentive to 
encourage the counterparty to enter into the transaction. This 
disclosure would include, among other things, information concerning 
any compensation (e.g., under revenue-sharing arrangements) or other 
incentives the SBS Entity receives from any source other than the 
counterparty in connection with the security-based swap to be entered 
into with the counterparty, but would not include, for example, 
expected cash flows received from a transaction to hedge the security-
based swap or that the security-based swap is intended to hedge.\329\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \328\ See Section 15F(h)(3)(B)(ii) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(B)(ii) (providing that business conduct 
requirements adopted by the Commission shall require disclosure by 
an SBS Entity of ``any material incentives or conflicts of 
interest'' that the SBS Entity may have in connection with the 
security-based swap).
    \329\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42409, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Seven commenters addressed the disclosure of material incentives or 
conflicts of interest.\330\ One commenter expressed strong support for 
the proposed rule.\331\ A second commenter also supported the proposed 
rule, noting that it is consistent with the CFTC's parallel 
requirement, except for the CFTC's requirement to disclose a pre-trade 
mid-market mark, which the commenter argued is of limited benefit and 
delays execution of transactions.\332\ Three other commenters expressed 
support for the proposed rule but also suggested certain revisions to 
the rule.\333\ One recommended modifying the rule to include specific 
disclosures by SBS Entities of any affiliations or material business 
relationships they may have with any provider of security-based swap 
valuation services.\334\ Another noted that an SBS Entity's biggest 
conflict of interest would likely be the difference in compensation 
between selling a security-based swap (and in particular, a customized 
security-based swap) versus another

[[Page 29986]]

product with similar economic terms.\335\ Accordingly, the commenter 
recommended that SBS Entities be required to include any differential 
compensation in their disclosure.\336\ Additionally, the commenter 
asserted that if an SBS Entity is entering a trade as part of a trading 
strategy to move a position off its books, the SBS Entity should be 
required to disclose that particular conflict of interest and that the 
security-based swap is recommended to effect that strategy.\337\ A 
third commenter suggested coordinating the proposed rule with the 
conflict of interest prohibitions in Sections 619 and 621 of the Dodd-
Frank Act to clarify that those prohibitions cannot be circumvented 
through application of the business conduct disclosure 
requirements.\338\ The commenter also recommended including in these 
required disclosures any otherwise hidden profits or returns that the 
SBS Entity expects to make from a security-based swap, related 
agreement or arrangement, or related hedging or trading activity.\339\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \330\ See Barnard, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; Levin, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \331\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \332\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \333\ See IDC, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra 
note 5.
    \334\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \335\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \336\ Id.
    \337\ Id.
    \338\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \339\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter objected to any requirement that an SBS Entity 
disclose its anticipated profit for the security-based swap.\340\ The 
commenter asserted that the best protection for a counterparty is 
reviewing and selecting the best available pricing.\341\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \340\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \341\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(b)(2) as proposed.
    As noted in the Proposing Release, the Commission believes that the 
term ``incentives''--which is used in Section 15F(h)(3)(b)(ii) of the 
Dodd-Frank Act--refers not to any profit or return that the SBS Entity 
would expect to earn from the security-based swap itself, or from any 
related hedging or trading activities of the SBS Entity, but rather to 
any other financial arrangements pursuant to which an SBS Entity may 
have an incentive to encourage the counterparty to enter into the 
transaction.\342\ Accordingly, the disclosure required pursuant to Rule 
15Fh-3(b)(2) generally should include information concerning any 
compensation (for example, under revenue-sharing arrangements) or other 
incentives the SBS Entity receives from any source other than the 
counterparty in connection with the security-based swap to be entered 
into with the counterparty but will not include, for example, expected 
cash flows received from a transaction to hedge the security-based swap 
or that the security-based swap is intended to hedge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \342\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42409, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, whether a conflict or incentive is material 
depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular matter. 
Although we are not expressly requiring disclosure of differential 
compensation as requested by the commenter, the difference in 
compensation an SBS Entity may receive for selling a security-based 
swap versus another product with similar economic terms may create a 
material incentive or conflict of interest that would need to be 
disclosed under the framework discussed above. Similarly, an SBS Entity 
would need to disclose material information concerning affiliations or 
material business relationships it may have with any provider of 
security-based swap valuation providers if those relationships create a 
material incentive or conflict of interest. Regarding the commenter's 
concern that the conflict of interest prohibitions in Sections 619 and 
621 of the Dodd-Frank Act might be circumvented through application of 
the business conduct disclosure requirements,\343\ nothing in our rules 
limits or restricts the applicability of other relevant laws.\344\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \343\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \344\ For instance, depending on the facts and circumstances, 
failure to disclose material conflicts of interest when there is a 
recommendation by a broker-dealer can be a violation of the 
antifraud rules. See, e.g., Chasins v. Smith, Barney & Co., 438 F.2d 
1167, 1172 (2d Cir. 1970) (explaining that failure to inform a 
customer fully of a possible conflict of interest in the securities 
which the broker recommended for purchase was an omission of 
material fact in violation of Rule 10b-5). See also In the Matter of 
Richmark Capital Corp., Exchange Act Release No. 48758 (Nov. 7, 
2003) (Commission opinion) (``When a securities dealer recommends 
stock to a customer, it is not only obligated to avoid affirmative 
misstatements, but also must disclose material adverse facts of 
which it is aware. That includes disclosure of `adverse interests' 
such as `economic self-interest' that could have influenced its 
recommendation.'') (citations omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Daily Mark
    Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(3)(B)(iii) directs that business 
conduct requirements adopted by the Commission require an SBS Entity to 
disclose to a counterparty (other than to another SBS Entity or Swap 
Entity): (i) For cleared security-based swaps, upon request of the 
counterparty, the daily mark from the appropriate derivatives clearing 
organization;\345\ and (ii) for uncleared security-based swaps, the 
daily mark of the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \345\ As noted in the Proposing Release, although Section 
15F(h)(3)(B)(iii) of the Exchange Act refers to a ``derivatives 
clearing organization,'' the Commission believes that this was a 
drafting error and that Congress intended to refer to a ``clearing 
agency'' because the Dodd-Frank Act elsewhere requires security-
based swaps to be cleared at registered clearing agencies, not 
derivatives clearing organizations. See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 
42410 n.98, supra note 3; Section 17A(g) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78q-1(g).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(c) would require an SBS Entity to disclose to 
its counterparty (other than to another SBS Entity or Swap Entity): (1) 
For a cleared security-based swap, upon the request of the 
counterparty, the daily end-of-day settlement price that the SBS Entity 
receives from the appropriate clearing agency, and (2) for an uncleared 
security-based swap, the midpoint between the bid and offer, or the 
calculated equivalent thereof, as of the close of business, unless the 
parties agree in writing to a different time, on each business day 
during the term of the security-based swap. Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) 
would specify that the daily mark for an uncleared security-based swap 
may be based on market quotations for comparable security-based swaps, 
mathematical models or a combination thereof. Proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(c)(2) also would require disclosure of the data sources and a 
description of the methodology and assumptions used to prepare the 
daily mark for an uncleared security-based swap, as well as any 
material changes to such data sources, methodology or assumptions 
during the term of the security-based swap.
ii. Comments on Proposed Rule
    Ten comment letters addressed the requirement for SBS Entities to 
provide a daily mark.\346\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \346\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; IDC, supra 
note 5; AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), supra 
note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011); SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested modifications to the daily mark requirement 
to harmonize with the CFTC's parallel requirement.\347\ Specifically, 
for cleared security-based swaps, the commenter recommended that an SBS 
Entity simply be required to notify a counterparty of its right to 
receive the daily mark from the appropriate clearing agency upon 
request.\348\ The commenter also argued that the CFTC's description of 
the clearinghouse's mark is less

[[Page 29987]]

prescriptive.\349\ Additionally, the commenter recommended that the 
Commission provide guidance clarifying that an SBS Entity will be 
deemed to satisfy the daily mark requirement for cleared security-based 
swaps if the counterparty has agreed to receive its daily mark from its 
clearing member.\350\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \348\ Id.
    \349\ Id.
    \350\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter asserted that requiring SBS Entities to provide daily 
marks would not further the goal of providing helpful transparency 
because in most transactions marks are typically either based on 
internal models or derived from indices with which the transactions are 
not perfectly matched.\351\ Another commenter asked the Commission to 
carefully review and consider the costs of such a requirement before 
imposing any obligation to provide daily marks, other than those agreed 
upon for collateral purposes or for which midmarket quotations are 
observable.\352\ The commenter also requested that ``sophisticated 
counterparties'' be permitted to opt out of this requirement, and 
recommended that the Commission clarify that where parties have agreed 
upon a basis for margining uncleared security-based swaps, providing 
the daily mark used to make the related margin calculation should 
satisfy the SBS Entity's daily mark disclosure obligations.\353\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \351\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
    \352\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \353\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that the data sources, methodology and 
assumptions used to prepare the daily mark should be required to 
constitute a complete and independently verifiable methodology for 
valuing each security-based swap entered into between the parties, 
noting that this would promote objectivity and transparency, and aid in 
the resolution of disputes.\354\ In this regard, a second commenter 
also expressed support for requiring the provision of a daily mark and 
specifically for requiring disclosure of any material changes to the 
data sources, methodology and assumptions used to prepare the daily 
mark, noting that this should include disclosing if the data sources 
become unreliable or unavailable and any resulting changes to the 
valuations.\355\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \354\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \355\ See Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter recommended requiring disclosure as to how the 
daily mark is calculated, including such information as whether the 
daily mark was calculated based on inputs related to actual trade 
activity, using mathematical models, quotes and prices of other 
comparable securities, and whether those inputs came from third-party 
valuation service providers.\356\ The commenter added, however, that 
the proposed disclosure of the data sources and the description of the 
methodology and assumptions used were not likely to require the 
disclosure of proprietary information and that a general description of 
key valuation inputs should be sufficient.\357\ Likewise, another 
commenter also recommended that the Commission clarify in rule text 
that an SBS Entity is not required to disclose confidential, 
proprietary information about any model it may use to prepare the daily 
mark.\358\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \356\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \357\ Id.
    \358\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This commenter also recommended that an SBS Entity should disclose 
additional information concerning its daily mark to ensure a fair and 
balanced communication, including that: (1) The daily mark may not 
necessarily be a price at which the SBS Entity or counterparty would 
agree to replace or terminate the security-based swap; (2) calls for 
margin may be based on considerations other than the daily mark; and 
(3) the daily mark may not necessarily be the value of the security-
based swap that is marked on the books of the SBS Entity.\359\ 
Additionally, this commenter advocated for eliminating the proposed 
requirement for the SBS Entity to disclose its data sources used to 
prepare the daily mark to harmonize more closely with the CFTC rule, 
which requires disclosure of assumptions and methodologies but not data 
sources.\360\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \359\ Id.
    \360\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter noted that Major SBS Participants, unlike SBS 
Dealers, will not always have access to sufficient market information 
to provide a daily mark, particularly if the security-based swap is not 
actively traded or if there are no current bid and offer quotes.\361\ 
The commenter expressed concern that this could cause Major SBS 
Participants to have to reveal proprietary information about their 
trading book positions, particularly when providing the methodology and 
inputs that they used to prepare the daily mark.\362\ The commenter 
suggested permitting sophisticated counterparties to opt out of 
receiving daily marks.\363\ Another commenter suggested either not 
requiring Major SBS Participants to provide the daily mark to its 
counterparties or in the alternative, to exempt transactions between 
Major SBS Participants and SBS Dealers and allow all other 
counterparties to opt out of receiving such disclosures.\364\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \361\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \362\ Id.
    \363\ Id.
    \364\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters raised potential conflicts of interest concerns 
in connection with providing the daily mark for uncleared security-
based swaps. Two commenters recommended requiring SBS Entities to use 
third-party quotations whenever possible to calculate the daily mark 
for uncleared security-based swaps.\365\ One commenter suggested 
allowing use of the midpoint between an SBS Entity's bid and offer 
prices only when the SBS Entity's internal book value falls within the 
same price range.\366\ Additionally, this commenter suggested that the 
Commission consider requiring the SBS Entity to provide clients with 
actionable quotes or prices at which the SBS Entity would terminate the 
swap or allow the client to buy more, and with actionable quotes at a 
significant size as a means to ensure accuracy.\367\ Another commenter 
noted its view that defining the daily mark for uncleared security-
based swaps as the midpoint between the bid and offer prices, or the 
calculated equivalent thereof, could be problematic because it may 
present a conflict of interest for SBS Entities, particularly when the 
security-based swaps are not actively traded or do not have consistent 
or up-to-date bid and offer quotes.\368\ This commenter also suggested 
requiring SBS Entities and their counterparties to have a clearly 
defined process for resolving any potential valuation disputes. \369\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \365\ See Levin, supra note 5; and IDC, supra note 5.
    \366\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \367\ Id.
    \368\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \369\ See IDC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters addressed the communication of daily marks, 
supporting the use of web-based methods of communication.\370\ One 
commenter advocated for web-based systems to be the preferred method of 
communication, but noted that since some market participants prefer 
more traditional methods of communication, web-based systems should not 
be required.\371\ The commenter recommended requiring SBS Entities to 
have policies and procedures in place that reasonably ensure that any 
non-electronic means of communication is safe and secure and is 
otherwise

[[Page 29988]]

comparable to web-based systems.\372\ Additionally, the commenter 
generally requested that the Commission provide greater clarity on 
permissible methods for delivering daily mark disclosures, establish 
minimum requirements for the communication of daily marks (for 
instance, that the interfaces used provide counterparties with 
appropriate tools to initiate, track and close valuation disputes), and 
require SBS Entities to ensure that the method of communication is 
designed to protect the confidentiality of the data and prevent any 
unintentional or fraudulent addition, modification or deletion of a 
valuation record.\373\ The second commenter suggested that the use of a 
secure Web site or electronic platform should be required to enhance 
data security.\374\ The commenter noted that such a platform could also 
be used to provide transparency into the inputs used to determine the 
daily mark and to initiate inquiries or challenges to the daily 
mark.\375\ The commenter also recommended that the Commission require 
daily mark information to be provided without charge.\376\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \370\ See Markit, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5.
    \371\ See Markit, supra note 5.
    \372\ Id.
    \373\ Id.
    \374\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \375\ Id.
    \376\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(c) as proposed, with modifications.
Cleared Security-Based Swaps
    In response to concerns raised by a commenter,\377\ the Commission 
is modifying the requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(c)(1) concerning delivery 
of the daily mark for cleared security-based swaps. For cleared 
security-based swaps, the proposed rule would have required the SBS 
Entity upon the request of the counterparty to provide the counterparty 
with the end-of-day settlement price the SBS Entity received from the 
clearing agency. As adopted, for cleared security-based swaps, Rule 
15Fh-3(c)(1) requires an SBS Entity upon the request of the 
counterparty to provide to the counterparty the daily mark that the SBS 
Entity receives from the appropriate clearing agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \377\ SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to comments, the Commission is clarifying that to 
fulfill its obligation to provide the daily mark upon request, the SBS 
Entity may agree with the clearing agency, a clearing member or another 
agent, for such clearing agency, clearing member or other agent to 
provide the daily mark directly to the counterparty.\378\ The SBS 
Entity, however, would retain the regulatory responsibility to provide 
the daily mark upon request. We understand that current market practice 
is for a clearing agency to provide access to end-of-day settlement 
prices to the counterparty. We believe that this flexibility is 
appropriate, as we believe errors in transmission are less likely to 
occur if the counterparty receives the information directly from the 
appropriate clearing agency, which is the source of the daily mark for 
cleared security-based swaps. In addition, these changes will align our 
rule more closely with the comparable CFTC rule, which allows for the 
counterparty to receive the daily mark for a cleared swap from access 
to the derivatives clearing organization or futures commodities 
merchant or from the Swap Entity, which should result in efficiencies 
for SBS Entities that have already established infrastructure to comply 
with the CFTC rule.\379\ We note that an SBS Entity's obligation to 
provide the daily mark, if requested by the counterparty, exists for 
the life of the security-based swap between the SBS Entity and the 
counterparty. Depending on the form of clearing that is used to clear 
the security-based swap, the security-based swap between the SBS Entity 
and the counterparty may be terminated upon clearing by the clearing 
agency.\380\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \378\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \379\ See 17 CFR 23.431(d); and CFTC Adopting Release, supra 
note 21.
    \380\ If, for example, the security-based swap between the SBS 
Entity and counterparty is terminated upon novation by the clearing 
agency, the SBS Entity would no longer have any obligation to 
provide a daily mark to the original counterparty because a 
security-based swap no longer exists between them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-3(c)(1), as adopted, also requires that the SBS Entity 
provide the daily mark (as opposed to the end-of-day settlement price) 
upon request to the counterparty to allow clearing agencies the 
flexibility to provide a different calculation of the mark in the 
future. As noted above, we understand that current market practice is 
for the clearing agency to provide an end-of-day settlement price as 
its mark. In addition, this change will conform our rule more closely 
to the parallel CFTC rule described above.
Uncleared Security-Based Swaps
    The Commission is adopting Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) as proposed. The 
Commission agrees with commenters \381\ that the daily mark for 
uncleared security-based swaps will provide helpful transparency to 
counterparties during the lifecycle of a security-based swap by 
providing a useful and meaningful reference point against which to 
assess, among other things, the calculation of variation margin for a 
security-based swap or portfolio of security-based swaps, and otherwise 
inform the counterparty's understanding of its financial relationship 
with the SBS Entity.\382\ We continue to believe that even if the mark 
is calculated based on internal models or such indices, its provision 
by the SBS Entity will further the goal of providing helpful 
transparency into the SBS Entity's pricing and valuation of the 
security-based swap by providing a helpful reference point that the SBS 
Entity's counterparty can take into account when evaluating the pricing 
and valuation of the SBS. Thus, we disagree with the commenter \383\ 
who believes that providing the daily mark will not enhance 
transparency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \381\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; IDC, supra 
note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \382\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42410, supra note 3.
    \383\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, though the daily mark may be 
used as an input to compute the variation margin between an SBS Entity 
and its counterparty, it is not necessarily the sole determinant of how 
such margin is computed. Differences between the daily mark and 
computations for variation margin may result from adjustments for 
position size, position direction, credit reserve, hedging, funding, 
liquidity, counterparty credit quality, portfolio concentration, bid-
ask spreads, or other costs. Moreover, we understand that the actual 
computations may be highly negotiated between the parties. Therefore, 
we decline to implement the commenter's suggestion that the basis for 
margining uncleared security-based swaps would satisfy the daily mark 
disclosure obligations.
    For uncleared security-based swaps, Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) as adopted 
defines the daily mark as the midpoint between the bid and offer prices 
for a particular uncleared security-based swap, or the calculated 
equivalent thereof, as of the close of business unless the parties 
otherwise agree in writing to a different time.\384\ The Commission 
continues to believe that, absent specific agreement by the parties 
otherwise, the rule will

[[Page 29989]]

result in a daily mark that reflects daily changes in valuation and 
that is: (a) The same for all counterparties of the SBS Entity that 
have a position in the uncleared security-based swap, (b) not adjusted 
to account for holding-specific attributes such as position direction, 
size, or liquidity, and (c) not adjusted to account for counterparty-
specific attributes such as credit quality, other counterparty 
portfolio holdings, or concentration of positions.\385\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \384\ As noted in the Proposing Release, parties could agree 
that the daily mark would be computed as of a time other than the 
close of business but could not agree to waive the requirement that 
the daily mark be provided on a daily basis, as required by the 
statute. See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42411 n.103, supra note 3.
    \385\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42411, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, for actively traded security-
based swaps that have sufficient liquidity, computing a daily mark as 
the midpoint between the bid and offer prices for a particular 
security-based swap, known as a ``midmarket value,'' would be 
consistent with Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2).\386\ For security-based swaps that 
are not actively traded, or do not have up-to-date bid and offer 
quotes, the SBS Entity may calculate an equivalent to a midmarket value 
using mathematical models, quotes and prices of other comparable 
securities, security-based swaps, or derivatives, or any combination 
thereof. In this regard, the rule as adopted requires that the SBS 
Entity disclose its data sources and a description of the methodology 
and assumptions used to prepare the daily mark, and promptly disclose 
any material changes to such data sources, methodology and assumptions 
during the term of the security-based swap. One commenter suggested 
that the disclosures should include how the daily mark is calculated, 
including whether the daily mark is calculated based on inputs related 
to actual trade activity or using mathematical models, quotes and 
prices of other comparable securities, and whether those inputs came 
from third-party valuation service providers.\387\ We believe that the 
requirement in the rule to disclose data sources, methodologies and 
assumptions encompasses this commenter's suggestion. On the other hand, 
another commenter has expressed concern that disclosure of data 
sources, methodology and assumptions would require the SBS Entity to 
disclose confidential, proprietary information about its models.\388\ 
We believe achieving the benefits underlying the statutory daily mark 
requirement require that each counterparty knows the data sources, 
methodology and assumptions used to calculate the mark. This 
information is critical for a counterparty to properly understand how 
the daily mark was calculated. The Commission believes that such 
disclosures will provide the counterparty useful context with which it 
can assess the quality of the mark received.\389\ The Commission 
further agrees with the commenter that these disclosures would promote 
objectivity and transparency.\390\ This commenter also suggested that 
this description of data sources, methodologies and assumptions should 
be required to constitute a complete and independently verifiable 
methodology for valuing each security.\391\ To satisfy the duty to 
disclose the data sources, methodology and assumptions used to prepare 
the daily mark, SBS Entities may choose to provide to counterparties 
methodologies and assumptions sufficient to independently validate the 
output from a model generating the daily mark. The Commission does not 
foresee that these disclosures would require SBS Entities to disclose 
confidential, proprietary information about any model it may use to 
prepare the daily mark.\392\ With these disclosures, counterparties 
should not be misled or unduly rely on the daily mark provided by the 
SBS Entities. Therefore, the Commission's final rule requires 
disclosure of the data sources, methodology and assumptions underlying 
the daily mark for uncleared security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \386\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42411, supra note 3. See 
also Improving Counterparty Risk Management Practices, Counterparty 
Risk Management Policy Group (June 1999) at 7 (for use of the term 
``mid-market value''). For a discussion of mid-market value and 
costs, see also ISDA Research Notes, The Value of a New Swap, Issue 
3 (2010), available at http://www.isda.org/researchnotes/pdf/NewSwapRN.pdf.
    \387\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \388\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \389\ The Commission recognizes that different SBS Entities may 
produce somewhat different marks for similar security-based swaps, 
depending on the respective data sources, methodologies and 
assumptions used to calculate the marks. Thus, the data sources, 
methodologies and assumptions would provide a context in which the 
quality of the mark could be evaluated. See Disclosure of Accounting 
Policies for Derivative Financial Instruments and Derivative 
Commodity Instruments and Disclosure of Quantitative and Qualitative 
Information about Market Risk Inherent in Derivative Financial 
Instruments, Other Financial Instruments and Derivative Commodity 
Instruments, Securities Act Release No. 7386 (Jan. 31, 1997), 62 FR 
6044 (Feb. 10, 1997). The Commission understands that industry 
practice is often to include similar disclosures for margin calls in 
swap documentation, such as a credit support annex. See Proposing 
Release, 76 FR at 42411 n.109, supra note 3.
    \390\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \391\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \392\ We also note that methodologies and assumptions with 
respect to various models are disclosed in the context of financial 
statement reporting in footnotes to publicly available financial 
statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis in periodic 
reports under the Exchange Act without disclosing confidential 
proprietary information about models. See FASB Accounting Standards 
Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures; 17 
CFR 229.303; and 17 CFR 229.305.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter suggested that the daily mark disclosures would assist 
in resolving valuation disputes during the term of the security-based 
swap.\393\ Another commenter suggested requiring SBS Entities and their 
counterparties to have a clearly defined process for resolving any 
potential valuation disputes about daily marks for both cleared and 
uncleared security-based swaps.\394\ The Commission notes that many 
market participants separately negotiate a dispute resolution mechanism 
for disagreements regarding valuations or include standardized language 
regarding dispute resolution in their agreements. At this time, the 
Commission declines to require parties to have a process for resolving 
valuation disputes and leaves the parties the flexibility to include 
such dispute resolution mechanisms in their negotiations if desired.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \393\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \394\ See IDC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters suggested that Major SBS Participants should not be 
required to provide the daily mark for uncleared security-based 
swaps.\395\ We believe that the benefits of Rule 15Fh-3(c), as 
discussed above, would inure equally to counterparties that transact 
with SBS Dealers as well as those that transact with Major SBS 
Participants. As we have noted above, even with the use of proprietary 
models to calculate the daily mark, we do not believe that the level of 
detail required to be disclosed would require an SBS Entity to disclose 
confidential proprietary information, whether the SBS Entity is an SBS 
Dealer or a Major SBS Participant. The commenter that expressed 
concerns regarding the reliability of the daily mark illustrates the 
necessity of the disclosure of the data sources, methodologies and 
assumptions underlying the calculation. Counterparties may evaluate the

[[Page 29990]]

calculation and reliability of the daily mark calculation and determine 
for themselves whether or not to rely on the calculation. Furthermore, 
we do not find the arms-length nature of relationships with 
counterparties to be a persuasive argument to eliminate the daily mark 
requirement. To the extent that Major SBS Participants may be better 
informed about the valuations of security-based swaps due to 
significant information asymmetries in a market for opaque and complex 
products, disclosures may help inform counterparties concerning the 
valuations and material risks and characteristics of security-based 
swaps in the sometimes rapidly changing market environment.\396\ The 
commenter also states that the vast majority of transactions by a Major 
SBS Participant would be with an SBS Dealer, in which circumstance, the 
disclosure is not required. As a result, we are not adopting the 
commenters' suggestions to exclude Major SBS Participants from the 
requirement of providing the daily mark disclosure at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \395\ See MFA, supra note 5 (suggesting that Major SBS 
Participants will have to use proprietary models, which will force 
the Major SBS Participants to reveal proprietary information about 
their trading book positions and that such calculations would be 
sufficient to calculate a fund's total asset value but should not be 
relied upon by other market participants) and BlackRock, supra note 
5 (arguing that the security-based swaps are arms-length 
transactions so the Major SBS Participant should not be required to 
develop systems to deliver the daily mark information, particularly 
since most transactions will be with an SBS Dealer). As an 
alternative to eliminating the daily mark requirement for Major SBS 
Participants, these commenters suggest that sophisticated 
counterparties should be permitted to opt out of receiving the daily 
mark. See discussion above regarding the Commission's reasons for 
not permitting counterparties to opt out of receiving the daily mark 
disclosure.
    \396\ See Section II.C., supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has considered the rationale raised by commenters 
and decided not to allow counterparties, even ``sophisticated 
counterparties,'' to opt-out of the protections afforded by the daily 
mark disclosures. It is our understanding that counterparties have a 
range of sophistication and some are unlikely to have their own 
modeling capabilities or access to relevant data to calculate a daily 
mark themselves. We think it is appropriate to apply the rule so that 
counterparties receive the benefits of the daily mark and related 
disclosures, and do not think it appropriate to permit parties to ``opt 
out'' of the benefits of those provisions.
    A commenter suggested modifying the rule text for uncleared 
security-based swaps to require that the SBS Entity disclose additional 
information concerning the daily mark to ensure a fair and balanced 
communication, including, as appropriate, that: (A) The daily mark may 
not necessarily be a price at which either the counterparty or the SBS 
Entity would agree to replace or terminate the security-based swap; (B) 
depending upon the agreement of the parties, calls for margin may be 
based on considerations other than the daily mark provided to the 
counterparty; and (C) the daily mark may not necessarily be the value 
of the security-based swap that is marked on the books of the SBS 
Entity.\397\ While the Commission declines to modify the rule text in 
this way, it does note that Rule 15Fh-3(g) as adopted requires an SBS 
Entity to communicate with its counterparty in a fair and balanced 
manner.\398\ As a result, an SBS Entity may generally wish to consider 
disclosing this information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \397\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5 (requesting that the 
Commission insert additional required disclosures into Rule 15h-3(c) 
to ensure a fair and balanced communication).
    \398\ See Section II.G.5, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Against this background, the Commission is not prescribing the 
means by which an SBS Entity determines the daily mark for an uncleared 
security-based swap. Commenters have made various suggestions as to 
additional requirements as to the inputs used for the daily mark 
calculation, such as requiring independent third-party quotes or 
limiting the context in which an SBS Entity can use its own bid and 
offer prices or requiring the daily mark to be an actionable 
quote.\399\ At this time, the Commission declines to adopt these 
additional requirements. We believe that the rule as adopted will 
provide appropriate flexibility for SBS Entities to determine how to 
calculate the daily mark while providing disclosure of sufficient 
information--data sources, methodologies and assumptions, which are 
designed to allow the counterparty to assess the quality of the marks 
it receives from the SBS Entity. One of these commenters also suggested 
that using its own bid and offer prices for the calculation of the 
daily mark may present a conflict of interest for the SBS Entity.\400\ 
If the SBS Entity is presented with a conflict of interest, we believe 
that the SBS Entity likely would disclose the conflict to the 
counterparty pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(b)(2) if the conflict is material. 
After receiving such disclosures, the counterparty will be able to 
factor that information into its assessment of the quality of the marks 
it receives. Consistent with the considerations outlined above, an SBS 
Entity may choose to do these calculations in-house or to use 
independent third-party valuation services, as suggested by a 
commenter.\401\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \399\ See Levin, supra note 5; and IDC, supra note 5.
    \400\ Id.
    \401\ See IDC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) requires an SBS Entity to 
disclose to the counterparty its data sources and a description of the 
methodology and assumptions used to prepare the daily mark for an 
uncleared security-based swap. Additionally, Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) requires 
an SBS Entity to promptly disclose any material changes to the data 
sources, methodology, or assumptions during the term of the security-
based swap. As noted in the Proposing Release, an SBS Entity is not 
required to disclose the data sources or a description of the 
methodology and assumptions more than once unless it materially changes 
the data sources, methodology or assumptions used to calculate the 
daily mark.\402\ For the purposes of this rule, a material change would 
generally include any change that has a material impact on the daily 
mark provided, such as if the data sources become unreliable or 
unavailable, as requested by one commenter.\403\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \402\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42412, supra note 3.
    \403\ See Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter has requested that we eliminate the requirement to 
disclose data sources to harmonize more closely with the CFTC.\404\ We 
believe that the requirement to disclose data sources is important for 
the counterparty to understand and assess the mark being provided. 
Therefore, we decline to eliminate this requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \404\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Applicable to Both Cleared and Uncleared Security-Based Swaps
    Rule 15Fh-3(c) as adopted, does not mandate the means by which an 
SBS Entity must make the required disclosures and the Commission 
declines to mandate any particular means at this time. The Commission 
believes that SBS Entities are best positioned to determine the most 
appropriate means of communication of the disclosures. Commenters have 
made several specific suggestions for additional requirements regarding 
the means of communication of the daily mark.\405\ One commenter 
suggested that we require the use of a secure Web site or electronic 
platform.\406\ Another commenter requested web-based systems to be the 
preferred method of communication, but noted that since some market 
participants prefer more traditional methods of communication, web-
based systems should not be required.\407\ The commenter recommended 
requiring SBS Entities to have policies and procedures in place that 
reasonably ensure that any non-

[[Page 29991]]

electronic means of communication is safe and secure and is otherwise 
comparable to web-based systems.\408\ Additionally, the commenter 
generally requested that the Commission provide greater clarity on 
permissible methods for delivering daily mark disclosures, establish 
minimum requirements for the communication of daily marks (for 
instance, that the interfaces used provide counterparties with 
appropriate tools to initiate, track and close valuation disputes), and 
require SBS Entities to ensure that the method of communication is 
designed to protect the confidentiality of the data and prevent any 
unintentional or fraudulent addition, modification or deletion of a 
valuation record.\409\ The Commission continues to believe that such a 
method of communication would be an appropriate way for SBS Entities to 
discharge their obligations with respect to daily marks.\410\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \405\ Suggestions include: Requiring interfaces that allow the 
counterparty to initiate, track and close valuation disputes; a 
method of communication designed to protect the confidentiality of 
the data and prevent any unintentional or fraudulent addition, 
modification or deletion of a valuation record; or require the use 
of a secure Web site or electronic platform. See Markit, supra note 
5; IDC, supra note 5.
    \406\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \407\ See Markit, supra note 5.
    \408\ Id.
    \409\ Id.
    \410\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42412, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that we require an SBS Entity to have 
policies and procedures to reasonably ensure the safety and security of 
non-electronic means of communication.\411\ To provide SBS Entities 
with flexibility in the manner of disclosure, we have not specified 
requirements with respect to the safety and security of either 
electronic or non-electronic communication of the daily mark.\412\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \411\ See Markit, supra note 5.
    \412\ See the discussion of Timing and Manner of Certain 
Disclosures above in Section II.G.2.b. SBS Entities have to comply 
with their obligations under Section 15F(j) and Rule 15Fh-3(h). In 
addition, as a practical matter, we believe SBS Entities are likely 
to have such policies and procedures with respect to both electronic 
and non-electronic means of communication in the course of prudent 
business practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Proposing Release, the Commission stated that the daily mark 
for both cleared and uncleared security-based swaps should be provided 
without charge and with no restrictions on internal use by the 
counterparty, although restrictions on dissemination to third parties 
are permissible.\413\ One commenter supported the requirement that the 
daily mark disclosure be provided free of charge.\414\ The daily mark 
disclosures are relevant to a counterparty's ongoing understanding and 
management of its security-based swap positions. We believe that 
counterparties to whom the SBS Entity provides the daily mark should 
have the opportunity to effectively use, retain, and analyze the 
information with respect to such management. Therefore, the Commission 
continues to believe that effective access to the daily mark 
information is necessary to ensure a counterparty's ability to manage 
its security-based swap positions over the life of the security-based 
swaps. Charging for provision of the daily mark, or allowing 
restrictions on the internal use of the daily mark by the counterparty 
with respect to managing their security-based swap positions, could 
undermine this objective. Thus, the Commission continues to believe 
that the daily mark for both cleared and uncleared security-based swaps 
should be provided without charge and with no restrictions on internal 
use by the counterparty, although restrictions on dissemination to 
third parties are permissible.\415\ Accordingly, the Commission has 
included these requirements in a new paragraph (3) to Rule 15Fh-3(c), 
as adopted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \413\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42412, supra note 3.
    \414\ See IDC, supra note 5.
    \415\ For these purposes, providing the daily mark to a third 
party that is the agent of the counterparty, such as the independent 
representative of a special entity, for use consistent with its 
duties to the client, generally should be considered internal use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Clearing Rights
    Section 15F(h)(1)(D) of the Exchange Act authorizes the Commission 
to prescribe business conduct standards that relate to ``such other 
matters as the Commission determines to be appropriate.'' \416\ When an 
SBS Entity enters into a security-based swap with a counterparty that 
is not an SBS Entity or a Swap Entity, Section 3C(g) of the Exchange 
Act establishes a right for the counterparty: (i) To select the 
clearing agency at which the security-based swap will be cleared, if 
the security-based swap is subject to the mandatory clearing 
requirement under Section 3C(a); \417\ and (ii) to elect to require the 
clearing of the security-based swap, and to select the clearing agency 
at which the security-based swap will be cleared, if the security-based 
swap is not subject to the mandatory clearing requirement.\418\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \416\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(D).
    \417\ See Exchange Act 3C(g)(5)(A), 15 U.S.C. 78c-3(g)(5)(A): 
With respect to any security-based swap that is subject to the 
mandatory clearing requirement under subsection (a) and entered into 
by a security-based swap dealer or a major security-based swap 
participant with a counterparty that is not a swap dealer, major 
swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or major security-
based swap participant, the counterparty shall have the sole right 
to select the clearing agency at which the security-based swap will 
be cleared.
    \418\ See Exchange Act Section 3C(g)(5)(B), 15 U.S.C. 78c-
3(g)(5)(B): With respect to any security-based swap that is not 
subject to the mandatory clearing requirement under subsection (a) 
and entered into by a security-based swap dealer or a major 
security-based swap participant with a counterparty that is not a 
swap dealer, major swap participant, security-based swap dealer, or 
major security-based swap participant, the counterparty--(i) may 
elect to require clearing of the security-based swap; and (ii) shall 
have the sole right to select the clearing agency at which the 
security-based swap will be cleared.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d) would require an SBS Entity, before 
entering into a security-based swap with a counterparty, other than an 
SBS Entity or Swap Entity, to disclose to the counterparty its rights 
under Section 3C(g) of the Exchange Act concerning submission of a 
security-based swap to a clearing agency for clearing. The 
counterparty's rights, and thus the proposed disclosure obligations, 
would differ depending on whether the clearing requirement of Section 
3C(a) applies to the relevant transaction.\419\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \419\ Section 3C(a)(1) of the Exchange Act provides that: ``[i]t 
shall be unlawful for any person to engage in a security-based swap 
unless that person submits such security-based swap for clearing to 
a clearing agency that is registered under this Act or a clearing 
agency that is exempt from registration under this Act if the 
security-based swap is required to be cleared.'' 15 U.S.C. 78c-
3(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When the clearing requirements of Section 3C(a) apply to a 
security-based swap, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d)(1)(i) would require the 
SBS Entity to disclose to the counterparty the clearing agencies that 
accept the security-based swap for clearing and through which of those 
clearing agencies the SBS Entity is authorized or permitted, directly 
or through a designated clearing member, to clear the security-based 
swap. Under proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d)(1)(ii), the SBS Entity would also 
be required to notify the counterparty of the counterparty's sole right 
to select which clearing agency is to be used to clear the security-
based swap, provided it is a clearing agency at which the SBS Entity is 
authorized or permitted, directly or through a designated clearing 
member, to clear the security-based swap.
    For security-based swaps that are not subject to the clearing 
requirement under Exchange Act Section 3C(a), proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(d)(2) would require the SBS Entity to determine whether the security-
based swap is accepted for clearing by one or more clearing agencies 
and, if so, to disclose to the counterparty the counterparty's right to 
elect clearing of the security-based swap. Proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(d)(2)(ii) would require the SBS Entity to disclose to the 
counterparty the clearing agencies that accept the security-based swap 
for clearing and whether the SBS Entity is authorized or permitted, 
directly or through a designated clearing member, to clear the 
security-based swap through such

[[Page 29992]]

clearing agencies. Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(d)(2)(iii) would require the 
SBS Entity to notify the counterparty of the counterparty's sole right 
to select the clearing agency at which the security-based swap would be 
cleared, provided it is a clearing agency at which the SBS Entity is 
authorized or permitted, directly or through a designated clearing 
member, to clear the security-based swap.
ii. Comments on Proposed Rule
    Four commenters addressed the required disclosure regarding 
clearing rights.\420\ One commenter requested confirmation that a 
counterparty's clearing elections could affect the price of the 
security-based swap so long as this is disclosed to the counterparty at 
the time of the other disclosures regarding clearing.\421\ 
Additionally, the commenter asked for clarification that standardized 
disclosure could be used to satisfy this requirement.\422\ Another 
commenter recommended that the Commission not impose the clearing 
rights disclosure requirement on Major SBS Participants transacting 
with counterparties at arm's length, or alternatively, that the 
Commission allow ECP counterparties to opt out of receiving such 
disclosures.\423\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \420\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; MFA, 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \421\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \422\ Id.
    \423\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An additional commenter advocated for harmonizing the clearing 
rights disclosure requirement with the CFTC's parallel 
requirement.\424\ Specifically, the commenter recommended eliminating 
the proposed requirements to disclose the names of the clearing 
agencies that accept the security-based swap for clearing, and through 
which the SBS Entity is authorized to clear the security-based 
swap.\425\ The commenter argued that given the limited number of 
security-based swap clearing agencies, such additional disclosure is 
unlikely to be necessary, and that the Commission could always require 
it at a future date if the number increases.\426\ Additionally, as 
discussed in Section II.B, the commenter advocated for adding an 
exception to the requirements regarding the disclosure of clearing 
rights to include security-based swaps that are intended to be cleared 
and that are either (1) executed on a registered national securities 
exchange or registered or exempt SEF and required to be cleared 
pursuant to Section 3C of the Exchange Act, or (2) anonymous.\427\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \424\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \425\ Id.
    \426\ Id.
    \427\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(d) largely as proposed, but with modifications. First, as 
discussed above in Section II.B, we are limiting an SBS Entity's 
disclosure obligations regarding clearing rights pursuant to Rule 15Fh-
3(d) to counterparties whose identity is known to the SBS Entity at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to the execution of the transaction.
    The Commission is also making a second modification to the proposed 
rule. We also added the phrase ``subject to Section 3C(g)(5) of the 
Act,'' to Rule 15Fh-3(d)(1)(ii) to clarify the source of the 
counterparty's right to select which of the clearing agencies described 
in paragraph (d)(1)(i) shall be used to clear the security-based swap.
    A commenter suggested that, due to the limited number of security-
based swap clearing agencies, disclosure of clearing agencies by name 
was unnecessary.\428\ Regardless of the current limited number of 
clearing agencies for security-based swaps, not every security-based 
swap will be accepted for clearing at every clearing agency, so the 
Commission believes that it is still useful for the counterparty to 
know whether the particular security-based swap is able to be cleared 
at a particular clearing agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \428\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-3(d) requires that disclosure be made before a 
transaction occurs. As noted in the Proposing Release, the Commission 
believes that it would be appropriate for a counterparty to exercise 
its statutory right to select the clearing agency at which its 
security-based swaps will be cleared on a transaction-by-transaction 
basis, on an asset-class-by-asset-class basis, or in terms of all 
potential transactions the counterparty may execute with the SBS 
Entity.\429\ While Rule 15Fh-3(d) does not require an SBS Entity to 
become a member or participant of a specific clearing agency, an SBS 
Entity could not enter into security-based swaps that are subject to a 
mandatory clearing requirement without having some arrangement in place 
to clear the transaction.\430\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \429\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42413, supra note 3.
    \430\ See Section 3C(a)(1) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 78c-
3(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the discussion regarding manner of disclosures 
above in Section II.G.2.b, the Commission agrees with the commenter 
that SBS Entities could use standardized disclosure to satisfy Rule 
15Fh-3(d).
    The Commission also recognizes that a counterparty's clearing 
elections could affect the price of the security-based swap and 
recognizes that counterparties may wish to receive disclosures about 
the effect of clearing on the price. Although the rule does not 
explicitly require that the SBS Entity provide specific disclosures 
regarding the effect of clearing on the price of the security-based 
swap, the SBS Entity may wish to consider whether their obligations 
under Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) to disclose the material risks and 
characteristics of the particular security-based swap, as well as their 
obligation pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(g) to communicate with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith (including providing a sound basis for 
evaluating the facts with regard to any particular security-based swap 
or trading strategy involving a security-based swap) may require such 
disclosure given their particular facts and circumstances.
    One commenter recommended that the Commission not impose the 
clearing rights disclosure requirement on Major SBS Participants 
transacting with counterparties at arm's length or as an alternative 
allow ECP counterparties to opt out of receiving the clearing rights 
disclosure.\431\ As explained in the Proposing Release, the required 
disclosure is intended to promote that, wherever possible and 
appropriate, derivatives contracts formerly traded exclusively in the 
OTC market are cleared through a regulated clearing agency.\432\ The 
Commission has considered the concerns raised by commenters and 
determined that it is appropriate to require Major SBS Participants to 
provide such disclosures, and to not to permit counterparties to opt 
out of the protections provided by the business conduct rules. We 
believe that the benefits of Rule 15Fh-3(d), as discussed above, would 
inure equally to counterparties that transact with SBS Dealers as well 
as those that transact with Major SBS Participants.\433\ We further 
believe that allowing counterparties to effectively opt out of the rule 
would deprive them of the express protections that the rules were 
intended to provide. As a result, we are not adopting the commenters' 
suggestions to allow counterparties to opt out of the clearing rights 
disclosure

[[Page 29993]]

requirement when transacting with a Major SBS Participant nor to 
exclude Major SBS Participants from the requirement of providing the 
clearing rights disclosure at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \431\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \432\ See MFA, supra note 5; Proposing Release 76 FR at 42413, 
supra note 3.
    \433\ See Section II.C above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Know Your Counterparty
    Section 15F(h)(1)(D) of the Exchange Act authorizes the Commission 
to prescribe business conduct standards that relate to ``such other 
matters as the Commission determines to be appropriate.'' \434\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \434\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(e) would establish a ``know your 
counterparty'' requirement under which an SBS Dealer would be required 
to establish, maintain and enforce policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to obtain and retain a record of the essential facts that are 
necessary for conducting business with each counterparty that is known 
to the SBS Dealer. For purposes of the proposed rule, ``essential 
facts'' would be defined as: (i) Facts required to comply with 
applicable laws, regulations and rules; (ii) facts required to 
implement the SBS Dealer's credit and operational risk management 
policies in connection with transactions entered into with such 
counterparty; (iii) information regarding the authority of any person 
acting for such counterparty; and (iv) if the counterparty is a special 
entity, such background information regarding the independent 
representative as the SBS Dealer reasonably deems appropriate.\435\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \435\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(e)(1)-(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Four commenters addressed the proposed know your counterparty 
requirement.\436\ Two commenters generally supported the proposed 
rule.\437\ However, one requested clarification that since the 
requirement only applies to ``known'' counterparties, it would not 
apply to an SBS Dealer transacting on a SEF or other electronic 
execution platform where such SBS Dealer only learns the identity of 
the counterparty immediately before the execution and must execute the 
transaction within a limited time frame after learning the 
counterparty's identity.\438\ The other commenter asserted that the 
requirement should apply to Major SBS Participants in addition to SBS 
Dealers.\439\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \436\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; ABC, 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \437\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \438\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \439\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter expressed concern that the proposed rule would 
inappropriately empower SBS Dealers to adopt and enforce rules and to 
collect information about independent representatives.\440\ The 
commenter asserted that the use of the word ``enforce'' in the proposed 
rule suggests that the rule would improperly empower SBS Dealers to 
adopt policies and procedures that have the force of law with respect 
to their counterparties.\441\ Specifically, the commenter asserted that 
the proposed rule authorizes SBS Dealers to collect unlimited 
information about the representatives of special entities, as well as 
proprietary information, which would give dealers an unfair competitive 
advantage.\442\ The commenter argued that SBS Dealers should be 
required to adopt policies that comply with the law, and that these 
policies should not be binding to the extent they require more than the 
law requires.\443\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \440\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \441\ Id.
    \442\ Id.
    \443\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fourth commenter recommended eliminating the proposed requirement 
to collect background information regarding the independent 
representative of a special entity.\444\ First, the commenter asserted 
that this change would harmonize the Commission's rule with the 
parallel CFTC requirement.\445\ Second, the commenter stated that the 
proposed requirement would be duplicative of the requirements imposed 
on SBS Entities acting as counterparties to special entities pursuant 
to Rule 15Fh-5.\446\ Additionally, as discussed in Section II.B, the 
commenter advocated for adding an exception to the know your 
counterparty requirement to cover security-based swaps that are 
intended to be cleared, executed on a registered national securities 
exchange or registered or exempt SEF, and of a type that is, as of the 
date of execution, required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the 
Exchange Act.\447\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \445\ Id.
    \446\ Id.
    \447\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(e) with two modifications. First, in response to a specific 
suggestion from a commenter,\448\ the Commission is eliminating the 
proposed requirement that an SBS Dealer obtain background information 
regarding the independent representative of a special entity 
counterparty, as the SBS Dealer reasonably deems appropriate. The 
Commission agrees with the commenter that the proposed requirement 
would have been duplicative of the requirements imposed on SBS Entities 
acting as counterparties to special entities pursuant to Rule 15Fh-5 
(discussed below in Section II.H).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \448\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the Commission is adding the word ``written'' before 
policies and procedures in the rule text to clarify that the policies 
and procedures required by the rule must be written. The Commission 
believes that this change clarifies the proposal and reflects the 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h), discussed in Section II.G.6 below, that 
an SBS Dealer establish, maintain and enforce written policies and 
procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of the 
applicable federal securities laws and rules and regulations 
thereunder. Thus, as adopted, Rule 15Fh-3(e) requires SBS Dealers to 
``establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to obtain and retain a record of the essential 
facts concerning each counterparty.''
    In response to concerns raised by a commenter,\449\ the Commission 
is clarifying that the provision stating that an SBS Dealer shall 
``establish, maintain and enforce'' policies and procedures does not 
vest such policies and procedures with force of law with respect to 
their counterparties. An SBS Dealer would, however, have an obligation 
to enforce (i.e., follow) its internal policies and procedures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \449\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have determined, as proposed, not to apply the rule where an SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of its counterparty. We are not 
adopting the suggestion of one commenter that we provide an additional 
exception to cover security-based swaps that are intended to be 
cleared, executed on a registered national securities exchange or 
registered or exempt SEF, and of a type that is, as of the date of 
execution, required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the 
Exchange Act, even if not anonymous.\450\ However, we note that Rule 
15Fh-3(e) requires SBS Dealers to establish policies and procedures 
that are ``reasonably designed to obtain and retain a record of the 
essential facts concerning each

[[Page 29994]]

[known counterparty] that are necessary for conducting business with 
such counterparty.'' Reasonably designed policies and procedures 
established pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(e) may address situations in which 
there are few, if any, essential facts that are necessary for 
conducting business with a counterparty. For example, if the only 
security-based swaps that an SBS Dealer enters into with a counterparty 
are intended to be cleared security-based swaps that are executed on a 
registered exchange or SEF and of a type that is, as of the date of 
execution, required to be cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the 
Exchange Act, then there may be few, if any, essential facts that the 
SBS Dealer needs to know about such counterparty in that circumstance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \450\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to a commenter's request for clarification that since 
the requirement only applies to ``known'' counterparties, it would not 
apply to an SBS Dealer transacting on a SEF or other electronic 
execution platform where such SBS Dealer only learns the identity of 
the counterparty immediately before the execution and must execute the 
transaction within a limited time frame after learning the 
counterparty's identity,\451\ the Commission notes that Rule 15Fh-3(e) 
does not contain a specific timing requirement. Rule 15Fh-3(e) requires 
SBS Dealers to establish policies and procedures that are ``reasonably 
designed to obtain and retain a record of the essential facts 
concerning each [known counterparty] that are necessary for conducting 
business with such counterparty.'' To be ``reasonably designed'' such 
policies and procedures generally should provide for the collection of 
counterparty information prior to execution of a transaction with that 
counterparty. However, if the SBS Dealer does not learn a 
counterparty's identity until immediately prior to or subsequent to 
execution, then it would be reasonable for collection to occur within a 
reasonable time after the SBS Dealer learns the identity of the 
counterparty.\452\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \451\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \452\ The application of the know your counterparty requirement 
in these circumstances does not affect the application of the other 
business conduct obligations in Rules 15Fh-3(b) and (d), 15Fh-4(b), 
15Fh-5, and 15Fh-6, including the exceptions to the application of 
those rules where the identity of the counterparty is not known to 
the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of 
the transaction, and, in the case of Rules 15Fh-4(b), 15Fh-5 and 
15Fh-6, executed on a registered national securities exchange or 
registered or exempt SEF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, the ``know your counterparty'' 
obligations under Rule 15Fh-3(e) are a modified version of the ``know 
your customer'' obligations imposed on other market professionals, such 
as broker-dealers, when dealing with customers.\453\ Although the 
statute does not require the Commission to adopt a ``know your 
counterparty'' standard, the Commission continues to believe that such 
a standard is consistent with basic principles of legal and regulatory 
compliance, and operational and credit risk management.\454\ Further, 
the Commission continues to believe that entities that currently 
operate as SBS Dealers typically would already have in place, as a 
matter of their normal business practices, policies and procedures that 
could potentially satisfy the requirements of the rule.\455\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \453\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42414, supra note 3. Cf. 
FINRA Rule 2090 (``[e]very member shall use reasonable diligence, in 
regard to the opening and maintenance of every account, to know (and 
retain) the essential facts concerning every customer and concerning 
the authority of each person acting on behalf of such customer''). 
Supplementary Material .01 to FINRA Rule 2090 defines the 
``essential facts'' for purposes of the FINRA rule to include 
certain information not required by Rule 15Fh-3(e). For purposes of 
FINRA Rule 2090, facts ``essential'' to ``knowing the customer'' are 
those required to (a) effectively service the customer's account, 
(b) act in accordance with any special handling instructions for the 
account, (c) understand the authority of each person acting on 
behalf of the customer, and (d) comply with applicable laws, 
regulations, and rules.
    \454\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42414, supra note 3.
    \455\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is applying the requirements in Rule 15Fh-3(e) to 
SBS Dealers but declines to apply them to Major SBS Participants, as 
suggested by a commenter.\456\ As discussed above in Section II.C, the 
Commission has determined that where a business conduct requirement is 
not expressly addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act, the rules generally will 
not apply to Major SBS Participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \456\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Recommendations by SBS Dealers
    Section 15F(h)(1)(D) of the Exchange Act authorizes the Commission 
to prescribe business conduct standards that relate to ``such other 
matters as the Commission determines to be appropriate.'' \457\ 
Additionally, Section 15F(h)(3)(D) of the Exchange authorizes the 
Commission to establish ``such other standards and requirements as the 
Commission may determine are appropriate in the public interest, for 
the protection of investors, or otherwise in furtherance of the 
purposes of this Act.'' \458\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \457\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(D).
    \458\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Proposed Rule
i. General
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f) generally would require an SBS Dealer that 
recommends a security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap to a counterparty, other than an SBS Entity or Swap 
Entity, to have a reasonable basis for believing that the recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy is suitable. Specifically, 
proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i) would require an SBS Dealer to have a 
reasonable basis to believe, based on reasonable diligence, that the 
recommended security-based swap or trading strategy is suitable for at 
least some counterparties. Additionally, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) 
would require an SBS Dealer to have a reasonable basis to believe that 
the recommended security-based swap or trading strategy is suitable for 
the particular counterparty that is the recipient of the SBS Dealer's 
recommendation (``customer-specific suitability''). Under proposed Rule 
15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii), to establish a reasonable basis to believe that a 
recommendation is suitable for a particular counterparty, an SBS Dealer 
would need to have or obtain relevant information regarding the 
counterparty, including the counterparty's investment profile, trading 
objectives, and its ability to absorb potential losses associated with 
the recommended security-based swap or trading strategy.
ii. Institutional Suitability Alternative
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) would provide an alternative to the 
general suitability requirements, under which an SBS Dealer could 
fulfill its suitability obligations with respect to a particular 
counterparty if: (1) The SBS Dealer reasonably determines that the 
counterparty (or its agent) is capable of independently evaluating 
investment risks with regard to the relevant security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap; (2) the counterparty 
(or its agent) affirmatively represents in writing that it is 
exercising independent judgment in evaluating the recommendations by 
the SBS Dealer; and (3) the SBS Dealer discloses that it is acting in 
the capacity of a counterparty, and is not undertaking to assess the 
suitability of the security-based swap or trading strategy for the 
counterparty.
    The Commission sought comment on whether different categories of 
ECPs should be treated differently for purposes of suitability

[[Page 29995]]

determinations.\459\ The Proposing Release noted that, under our 
proposed rules, an SBS Dealer could rely on the institutional 
suitability alternative when entering into security-based swaps with 
any person that qualified as an ECP, a category that includes persons 
with $5 million or more invested on a discretionary basis that enter 
into the security-based swap ``to manage risks.'' \460\ In contrast, 
under FINRA rules, in order to apply an analogous institutional 
suitability alternative, a broker-dealer must be dealing with a person 
(whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust, or 
otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million.\461\ The 
Proposing Release asked whether the Commission should apply a different 
standard of suitability depending on whether the counterparty would be 
protected as a retail investor under FINRA rules when the SBS Dealer is 
also a registered broker-dealer.\462\ More generally, the Commission 
sought comment on whether the institutional suitability alternative 
available under proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) should be limited to 
counterparties that would not be protected as retail investors under 
FINRA rules or another category of counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42417, supra note 3.
    \460\ See Section 1a(18)(A)(xi) of the Commodity Exchange Act, 7 
U.S.C. 1a(18)(A)(xi).
    \461\ See FINRA Rule 2111(b) (referring to FINRA Rule 4512(c)).
    \462\ Under FINRA rules, institutional suitability is limited to 
transactions with so-called ``institutional'' investors:
    (1) A bank, savings and loan association, insurance company or 
registered investment company;
    (2) an investment adviser registered either with the SEC under 
Section 203 of the Investment Advisers Act or with a state 
securities commission (or any agency or office performing like 
functions); or
    (3) any other person (whether a natural person, corporation, 
partnership, trust or otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 
million.
    See FINRA Rule 4512(c) (regarding definition of ``institutional 
account'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Special Entity Suitability Alternative
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3) would provide another alternative to the 
general suitability requirements for SBS Dealers transacting with 
special entity counterparties. Under proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3), an SBS 
Dealer would be deemed to satisfy its suitability obligations with 
respect to a special entity counterparty if the SBS Dealer either is 
acting as an advisor to the special entity and complies with proposed 
Rule 15Fh-4(b),\463\ or is deemed not to be acting as an advisor to the 
special entity pursuant to proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \463\ As discussed below in Section II.H.2, proposed Rule 15Fh-
4(b) would impose certain requirements on SBS Dealers acting as 
advisors to special entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
i. General
    Six commenters addressed the suitability requirements.\464\ Three 
commenters recommended expanding the suitability requirements.\465\ One 
commenter suggested two changes to the rule: (1) Clarifying that SBS 
Dealers would be prohibited from recommending to investors financial 
products that the dealers believe will fail; and (2) requiring that an 
SBS Dealer making recommendations regarding a certain product or type 
of product have the background necessary to understand the 
product.\466\ Another commenter urged the Commission to consider 
developing suitability standards for the types of financial products 
that can be sold to state and local governments, including those 
products in the swaps arena.\467\ A third commenter suggested that the 
Commission conform its requirements to the CFTC's proposal, noting that 
the CFTC proposal would have required the dealer to obtain information 
through reasonable due diligence concerning the counterparty's 
financial situation and needs, objectives, tax status, ability to 
evaluate the recommendation, liquidity needs, risk tolerance or other 
relevant information.\468\ The commenter also recommended explicitly 
requiring SBS Dealers to: (1) Gather information sufficient to make the 
suitability assessment; and (2) maintain sufficient documents to allow 
the Commission to effectively enforce compliance.\469\ Additionally, 
the commenter asserted that the suitability requirement should apply to 
all SBS Entities, not just SBS Dealers, noting that the suitability 
obligation would only be imposed on a Major SBS Participant if the 
Major SBS Participant makes a recommendation to a non-SBS Entity.\470\ 
While the commenter supported the exclusion from the suitability 
requirement for recommendations to other SBS Entities, it strongly 
opposed any additional exclusions (e.g., for recommendations to broker-
dealers or other market intermediaries who are not SBS Entities). 
Finally, the commenter also strongly opposed limiting the requirement 
to recommendations to retail investors.\471\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \464\ See Levin, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; Barnard, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \465\ See Levin, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \466\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \467\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
    \468\ See CFA, supra note 5. The CFTC subsequently adopted a 
rule that is similar to proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f). See CFTC Adopting 
Release, 77 FR at 9771-9774, supra note 21.
    \469\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \470\ Id.
    \471\ Id. The commenter explained that, under the institutional 
suitability alternative, ``the SBS Dealer wouldn't even have to have 
a reasonable basis to believe that the swap was suitable . . . for 
the particular counterparty to the transaction.'' The commenter 
expressed its concern that:
    Given the profits at stake, SBS Dealer will have strong 
incentives to conclude that the counterparty is capable of 
evaluating the transaction. Counterparties who turn to the 
derivatives markets out of questionable motives will have equally 
strong incentives to assert their capacity to independently evaluate 
investment risk. And even those with purer motives may be reluctant 
to confess to a lack of expertise.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two other commenters recommended narrowing the suitability 
requirements.\472\ One commenter suggested that any suitability 
standard for SBS Dealers be applied at the least granular level (e.g., 
on a transaction-by-transaction basis, on an asset-class-by-asset-class 
basis, or in terms of all potential transactions between the parties, 
as appropriate).\473\ The second commenter opposed the suitability 
requirement more broadly, stating that Congress did not impose such a 
requirement.\474\ The commenter suggested, as an alternative to the 
proposed rule, that any suitability requirement for recommendations to 
counterparties other than special entities be imposed through a 
requirement to adopt and enforce policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to assess the suitability of recommendations, and that the 
proposed rule be incorporated as guidance establishing a safe harbor 
for whether an SBS Dealer's policies are reasonable.\475\ The commenter 
also asserted that the proposed rule could conflict with the specific 
suitability rules of other (unidentified) regulators, and accordingly, 
urged the Commission to clarify that an SBS Dealer that complies with 
suitability requirements of another qualifying regulator will also be 
deemed to have adopted and enforced reasonable suitability policies 
under the Commission's rule.\476\ Finally, the commenter recommended 
allowing sophisticated counterparties to opt out of suitability 
protection, noting that some counterparties will find the suitability 
analysis burdensome and intrusive, and that the costs of the

[[Page 29996]]

proposed suitability rule for those counterparties will likely outweigh 
any benefits.\477\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \472\ See Barnard, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \473\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \474\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \475\ Id.
    \476\ Id.
    \477\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, a sixth commenter advocated for harmonizing the 
suitability requirement in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i) with the 
CFTC's parallel requirement.\478\ Specifically, the commenter 
recommended changing the wording of the suitability requirement in 
proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i) to ``undertake reasonable diligence to 
understand the potential risks and rewards associated with the 
recommended security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap.'' \479\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \478\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \479\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Institutional Suitability Alternative
    Three commenters submitted comments regarding the institutional 
suitability alternative in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2).\480\ Two 
commenters expressed concerns regarding the proposed alternative.\481\ 
One commenter expressed concern that the counterparty representations 
upon which the SBS Dealer would rely may become outdated or boilerplate 
language that is inappropriate for the counterparty to which it is 
directed.\482\ Accordingly, the commenter suggested requiring SBS 
Dealers to conduct routine audits to ensure that these institutional 
level suitability determinations are not over-utilized, that they are 
appropriate for the particular counterparties involved, and that the 
appropriate written documentation was provided and signed in applicable 
transactions.\483\ Additionally, the commenter recommended that as part 
of that audit process, and to prevent inaccurate determinations, SBS 
Dealers should be required to test, perhaps on an annual basis, whether 
counterparties continue to have the personnel and expertise needed to 
conduct independent evaluations of the security-based swap products 
being marketed.\484\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \480\ See Levin, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
    \481\ See Levin, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5.
    \482\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \483\ Id.
    \484\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second commenter strongly opposed the institutional suitability 
alternative, asserting that the complexity and opacity of structured 
finance products has made them impenetrable to all but the most 
sophisticated industry experts.\485\ At a minimum, the commenter 
recommended that if the Commission adopts the institutional suitability 
alternative, it should require an SBS Dealer to have a reasonable basis 
to believe its counterparty has the capacity to absorb potential losses 
related to the security-based swap or trading strategy being 
recommended.\486\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \485\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \486\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter advocated for harmonizing the institutional 
suitability alternative with the CFTC's parallel provision, citing 
potential counterparty confusion.\487\ Specifically, the commenter 
recommended that the Commission: (1) Clarify that the institutional 
suitability alternative only satisfies an SBS Dealer's customer-
specific suitability obligation in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii), not 
its suitability obligation in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i); and (2) 
add a safe harbor providing that an SBS Dealer can satisfy its 
requirement to make a reasonable determination that the counterparty is 
capable of independently evaluating investment risks with regard to the 
security-based swap if the SBS Dealer receives written representations 
from the counterparty regarding the counterparty's compliance with 
appropriate policies and procedures.\488\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \487\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \488\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Special Entity Suitability Alternative
    Four commenters submitted comments regarding the suitability 
alternative for special entity counterparties in proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(3).\489\ Three commenters supported the proposed rule.\490\ 
Another commenter recommended adding a requirement to the institutional 
suitability alternative, in lieu of the special entity suitability 
alternative, that the SBS Dealer comply with the requirements of Rule 
15Fh-4(b) (regarding acting as an advisor to a special entity) if the 
SBS Dealer's recommendation to a special entity would cause it to be 
acting as an advisor to the special entity.\491\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \489\ See BlackRock, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; ABC, 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \490\ See BlackRock, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; ABC, 
supra note 5.
    \491\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
i. General
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(f)(1) with two modifications. The first modification is to 
rephrase the suitability obligation in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i), 
in response to a specific suggestion from a commenter,\492\ to make it 
consistent with the CFTC's parallel suitability requirement in 
Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.434(a)(1), which explicitly requires SBS 
Dealers to understand the risk-reward tradeoff of their 
recommendations. We believe that our proposed formulation and the 
CFTC's formulation would have achieved the same purpose. However, to 
alleviate concerns among commenters that compliance with the two rules 
would require anything different, we are harmonizing the wording of our 
rule with the CFTC's parallel suitability obligation.\493\ As adopted, 
Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i) requires an SBS Dealer that recommends a security-
based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap to a 
counterparty, other than an SBS Entity or Swap Entity, to ``undertake 
reasonable diligence to understand the potential risks and rewards 
associated with the recommended security-based swap or trading strategy 
involving a security-based swap.'' Consistency with the CFTC standard 
will result in efficiencies for entities that have already established 
infrastructure to comply with the CFTC standard. Consistent wording 
will also allow SBS Entities to more easily analyze compliance with the 
Commission's rule against their existing activities to comply with the 
CFTC's parallel suitability rule for Swap Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \492\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. The Commission 
believes this change also responds to another commenter's concern 
that the proposed rules could conflict with the CFTC's suitability 
rule. See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \493\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9771-9774, supra note 
21. The new formulation is also consistent with FINRA's approach to 
this aspect of suitability. See Supplementary Material .05(a) to 
FINRA Rule 2111 (effective July 9, 2012) (``[a] member's or 
associated person's reasonable diligence must provide the member or 
associated person with an understanding of the potential risks and 
rewards associated with the recommended security or strategy'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second modification the Commission is making is to add the 
phrase ``involving a security-based swap'' to the final line of the 
customer-specific suitability obligation in proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(1)(ii) to modify ``trading strategy.'' Accordingly, Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(1)(ii), as adopted, requires an SBS Dealer that recommends a 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap 
to a counterparty, other than an SBS Entity or Swap Entity, to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that a recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap is suitable for the 
counterparty, and to establish a

[[Page 29997]]

reasonable basis for a recommendation, to have or obtain relevant 
information regarding the counterparty, including the counterparty's 
investment profile, trading objectives, and its ability to absorb 
potential losses associated with the recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy ``involving a security-based swap.'' The Commission 
does not believe that this is a substantive change. It simply clarifies 
that the term trading strategy as used in the final line of the rule is 
the same as recommended trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap that is referenced earlier in the rule.
    As noted in the Proposing Release, although suitability is not 
expressly addressed in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act, the 
obligation to make only suitable recommendations is a core business 
conduct requirement for broker-dealers and other financial 
intermediaries.\494\ Municipal securities dealers also have a 
suitability obligation when recommending municipal securities 
transactions to a customer.\495\ Depending on the scope of its 
activities, an SBS Dealer may be subject to one of these other 
suitability obligations, in addition to those under Rule 15Fh-3(f). In 
particular, an SBS Dealer that also is a registered broker-dealer and a 
FINRA member, would be subject to FINRA's suitability requirements in 
connection with the recommendation of a security-based swap or trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap.\496\ Rule 15Fh-3(f) is 
intended to ensure that all SBS Dealers that make recommendations are 
subject to this obligation, tailored as appropriate in light of the 
nature of the security-based swap markets.\497\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \494\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3. See 
also, e.g., FINRA Rules 2090 and 2111 (effective Jul. 9, 2012); 
Charles Hughes & Co. v. SEC, 139 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1943) (enforcing 
suitability obligations under the antifraud provisions of the 
Exchange Act).
    \495\ MSRB Rule G-19(c) provides that:
    In recommending to a customer any municipal security 
transaction, a broker, dealer, or municipal securities dealer shall 
have reasonable grounds: (i) Based upon information available from 
the issuer of the security or otherwise, and (ii) based upon the 
facts disclosed by such customer or otherwise known about such 
customer, for believing that the recommendation is suitable.
    \496\ See FINRA Rule 2111. Under FINRA rules, unless a customer 
is an ``institutional account'' that meets the requirements of the 
institutional account exemption, he or she would be entitled to the 
protections provided by retail suitability obligations in the 
broker-dealer context. An ``institutional account'' means the 
account of a bank, savings and loan association, insurance company, 
registered investment company, registered investment adviser or any 
other person (whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, 
trust, or otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million. See 
FINRA Rule 2111(b) (referring to FINRA Rule 4512(c)).
    \497\ Some dealers have indicated that they already apply 
``institutional suitability'' principles to their swap business. 
See, e.g., Letter from Richard Ostrander, Managing Director and 
Counsel, Morgan Stanley, to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary, 
Securities and Exchange Commission, and David A. Stawick, Secretary, 
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (Dec. 3, 2010) at 5; Report of 
the Business Standards Committee, Goldman Sachs (Jan. 2011), http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/business-standards-committee/report.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission continues to believe that the determination of 
whether an SBS Dealer has made a recommendation that triggers 
suitability obligations should turn on the facts and circumstances of 
the particular situation and, therefore, whether a recommendation has 
taken place is not susceptible to a bright line definition.\498\ This 
follows the FINRA approach to what constitutes a recommendation for 
purposes of FINRA's suitability rule.\499\ In the context of the FINRA 
suitability rule, factors considered in determining whether a 
recommendation has taken place include whether the communication 
``reasonably could be viewed as a `call to action' '' and ``reasonably 
would influence an investor to trade a particular security or group of 
securities.'' \500\ We note that this could include a call to action 
regarding buying, selling, materially amending or early termination of 
a security-based swap. The more individually tailored the communication 
to a specific customer or a targeted group of customers about a 
security or group of securities, the greater the likelihood that the 
communication may be viewed as a ``recommendation.'' The Commission 
continues to believe that this approach to determining whether a 
recommendation has taken place should apply in the context of Rule 
15Fh-3(f) as well.\501\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \498\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3.
    \499\ See FINRA Regulatory Notice 12-25 (May 2012) Q.2 and Q.3 
(regarding the scope of ``recommendation'').
    \500\ See FINRA Notice to Members 01-23 (Mar. 19, 2001), and 
Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change to Adopt FINRA Rules 2090 
(Know Your Customer) and 2111 (Suitability) in the Consolidated 
FINRA Rulebook, Exchange Act Release No. 62718 (Aug. 13, 2010), 75 
FR 51310 (Aug. 19, 2010), as amended, Exchange Act Release No. 
62718A (Aug. 20, 2010), 75 FR 52562 (Aug. 26, 2010) (discussing what 
it means to make a ``recommendation'').
    \501\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, an SBS Dealer typically would 
not be deemed to be making a recommendation solely by reason of 
providing general financial or market information, or transaction terms 
in response to a request for competitive bids.\502\ Again, this follows 
the FINRA approach to determining whether a recommendation has 
occurred.\503\ Furthermore, compliance with the requirements of the 
other business conduct rules, in particular, Rules 15Fh-3(a) 
(verification of counterparty status), 15Fh-3(b) (disclosures of 
material risks and characteristics, and material incentives or 
conflicts of interest), 15Fh-3(c) (disclosures of daily mark), and 
15Fh-3(d) (disclosures regarding clearing rights) would not, in and of 
itself, result in an SBS Dealer being deemed to be making a 
``recommendation.'' \504\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \502\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3.
    \503\ See Supplementary Material .03 to FINRA Rule 2090.
    \504\ Additionally, as discussed in Section I.E, supra, the 
duties imposed on an SBS Dealer under the business conduct rules are 
specific to this context, and are in addition to any duties that may 
be imposed under other applicable law. Thus, an SBS Dealer must 
separately determine whether it is subject to regulation as a 
broker-dealer, an investment adviser, a municipal advisor or other 
regulated entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that the suitability obligation in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i) 
should address one commenter's concerns about the possibility that an 
SBS Dealer will recommend a financial product that it believes will 
fail or that it does not have the necessary background to 
understand.\505\ When making recommendations, SBS Dealers are always 
required to meet their suitability obligation in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i), 
regardless of whether they avail themselves of the institutional 
suitability alternative to meet their customer-specific suitability 
obligations. In that respect, SBS Dealers will always be required to 
undertake reasonable diligence to understand the risks and rewards 
behind any recommended security-based swap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \505\ See Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to another commenter's concerns about SBS Dealers' 
gathering sufficient information to make the customer-specific 
suitability assessment,\506\ the Commission notes that Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(1)(ii) requires an SBS Dealer to ``have a reasonable basis to 
believe'' that a recommended security-based swap or trading strategy is 
suitable for the counterparty. To establish that reasonable basis, the 
rule requires the SBS Dealer to ``have or obtain relevant information 
regarding the counterparty, including the counterparty's investment 
profile, trading objectives, and its ability to

[[Page 29998]]

absorb potential losses associated with the recommended security-based 
swap or trading strategy.'' The list of ``relevant information'' in the 
rule is exemplary, not exhaustive. Whether an SBS Dealer has a 
reasonable basis to believe that a recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy is suitable for the counterparty is a determination 
that depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular 
situation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \506\ See CFA, supra note 5. In response to the commenter's 
other concern regarding the Commission requiring SBS Dealers to 
maintain sufficient documentation to effectively enforce compliance 
with the suitability rule, we note that the Commission has 
separately proposed recordkeeping requirements for SBS Dealers. See 
Recordkeeping Release, 79 FR at 25135, supra note 242.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission declines to apply Rule 15Fh-3(f) to Major SBS 
Participants, as suggested by one commenter.\507\ As discussed above in 
Section II.C, where a business conduct requirement is not expressly 
addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Commission is generally not 
applying such a rule to Major SBS Participants. The Commission 
continues to believe that it is appropriate not to impose suitability 
obligations on Major SBS Participants, given that, by definition, Major 
SBS Participants are not engaged in security-based swap dealing 
activity at levels above the de minimis threshold.\508\ However, if a 
Major SBS Participant is, in fact, recommending security-based swaps or 
trading strategies involving security-based swaps to a counterparty, 
this would indicate that the Major SBS Participant is actually engaged 
in security-based swap dealing activity.\509\ If a Major SBS 
Participant engages in such activity above the de minimis threshold in 
Exchange Act Rule 3a71-2, it would need to register as an SBS Dealer 
and, as such, would need to comply with the suitability obligations 
imposed by Rule 15Fh-3(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \507\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \508\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a61-1(a)(1) (limiting the 
definition of ``major security-based swap participant'' to persons 
that are not security-based swap dealers).
    \509\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42416 n.140, supra note 3. 
See also Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR at 30618, supra note 
115 (``Advising a counterparty as to how to use security-based swaps 
to meet the counterparty's hedging goals, or structuring security-
based swaps on behalf of a counterparty, also would indicate 
security-based swap dealing activity.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, Rule 15Fh-3(f) will not impose suitability obligations on 
an SBS Dealer transacting with an SBS Entity or Swap Entity. The 
Commission continues to believe that these types of counterparties, 
which are professional intermediaries or major participants in the 
swaps or security-based swaps markets, would not need the protections 
that would be afforded by this rule. However, taking into account the 
concerns of one commenter,\510\ the Commission is not adopting any 
additional exclusions to the rule at this time, nor is the Commission 
applying the suitability obligations at the least granular level (e.g., 
on a transaction-by-transaction basis, on an asset-class-by-asset-class 
basis, or in terms of all potential transactions between the parties), 
as suggested by another commenter.\511\ The Commission is also not, as 
suggested by one commenter,\512\ providing an opt out from the rule or 
a policies and procedures alternative. As discussed above in Sections 
II.A.3.d and II.E, the Commission believes that it is appropriate to 
apply the suitability rule so that counterparties receive the benefits 
of the protections provided by the rule; permitting parties to ``opt 
out'' of the benefits of the rule or providing a policies and 
procedures alternative would undermine its core purpose of protecting 
counterparties. However, while we are not adopting an opt out provision 
or a policies and procedures alternative, the Commission has determined 
to permit means of compliance with Rule 15Fh-3(f) that should promote 
efficiency and reduce costs (e.g., reliance on representations pursuant 
to Rule 15Fh-1(b)) and allowing SBS Dealers to take into account the 
sophistication of the counterparty by way of the institutional 
suitability alternative in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) (described below).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \510\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \511\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \512\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is not adopting one commenter's suggestion to impose 
additional standards for the types of financial products that can be 
sold to state and local governments, including security-based 
swaps.\513\ We have determined that additional standards are not needed 
and that the rules we are adopting appropriately regulate the business 
conduct of the professional market intermediaries selling these 
products. We also note that the MSRB is developing a regulatory 
framework for municipal advisors, including detailed standards of 
conduct that municipal advisors owe to municipal entities.\514\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \513\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
    \514\ See, e.g., Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule 
Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1 and Amendment No. 2, 
Consisting of Proposed New Rule G-42, on Duties of Non-Solicitor 
Municipal Advisors, and Proposed Amendments to Rule G-8, on Books 
and Records to be Made by Brokers, Dealers, Municipal Securities 
Dealers, and Municipal Advisors, Exchange Act Release No. 76753 
(Dec. 23, 2015), 80 FR 81614 (Dec. 30, 2015); Order Granting 
Approval of a Proposed Rule Change Consisting of Proposed Amendments 
to Rule G-20, on Gifts, Gratuities and Non-Cash Compensation, and 
Rule G-8, on Books and Records to be Made by Brokers, Dealers, 
Municipal Securities Dealers, and Municipal Advisors, and the 
Deletion of Prior Interpretive Guidance, Exchange Act Release No. 
76381 (Nov. 6, 2015), 80 FR 70271 (Nov. 13, 2015); see also Notice 
of Filing of a Proposed Rule Change Consisting of Proposed 
Amendments to Rule G-37, on Political Contributions and Prohibitions 
on Municipal Securities Business, Rule G-8, on Books and Records, 
Rule G-9, on Preservation of Records, and Forms G-37 and G-37x, 
Exchange Act Release No. 76763 (Dec. 23, 2015), 80 FR 81709 (Dec. 
30, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Institutional Suitability Alternative and Special Entity 
Suitability Alternative
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rules 
15Fh-3(f)(2)-(4) with a number of modifications. First, in response to 
a specific suggestion from a commenter,\515\ the Commission is 
correcting a typographical error in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2). The 
institutional suitability alternative in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) was 
intended to provide SBS Dealers with an alternative method to fulfill 
their customer-specific suitability obligations described in proposed 
Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii), not their suitability obligations described in 
proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i). Accordingly, the cross-reference in the 
proposed rule should have been to ``paragraph (f)(1)(ii),'' not to 
``paragraph (f)(1).'' The Commission is correcting this cross-reference 
in the final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \515\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, in response to concerns raised by a commenter,\516\ the 
Commission is also limiting the availability of the institutional 
suitability alternative to recommendations made to ``institutional 
counterparties.'' This is a change from the proposed rule under which 
the institutional suitability alternative would have been available 
with respect to recommendations made to any counterparty. Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(4), as adopted, defines the term ``institutional counterparty'' 
for these purposes to mean a counterparty that is an eligible contract 
participant as defined in clauses (A)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (viii), 
(ix) or (x), or clause (B)(ii) (other than a person described in clause 
(A)(v)) of Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act and the rules 
and regulations thereunder, or any person (whether a natural person, 
corporation, partnership, trust or otherwise) with total assets of at 
least $50 million. This more closely aligns the treatment of the 
persons who may most need the protections of the suitability 
requirements with their treatment under FINRA rules, which limit the 
application of FINRA's analogous institutional suitability alternative 
to recommendations to persons (whether a natural person, corporation, 
partnership, trust or otherwise) with

[[Page 29999]]

total assets of at least $50 million.\517\ Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2), as 
adopted, generally provides that an SBS Dealer may rely on the 
institutional suitability alternative when making recommendations to 
institutional counterparties. For a counterparty that is not an 
institutional counterparty, an SBS Dealer will need to have or obtain 
relevant information regarding the counterparty to establish a 
reasonable basis to believe that a recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap is suitable for the 
counterparty.\518\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \516\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \517\ See FINRA Rule 2111(b) (referring to FINRA Rule 4512(c)).
    \518\ See Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, in response to specific suggestions from a commenter, the 
Commission is making changes to harmonize the institutional and special 
entity suitability alternatives with the CFTC's parallel 
provisions.\519\ Specifically, the Commission is eliminating the 
separate special entity suitability alternative. Accordingly, an SBS 
Dealer may satisfy its customer-specific suitability obligations in 
Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) with respect to any institutional counterparty, 
including a special entity counterparty that meets the $50 million 
asset threshold described above, by complying with the requirements of 
the institutional suitability alternative in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2). Having 
a single institutional suitability alternative will result in greater 
consistency with the CFTC's parallel rule, which will result in 
efficiencies for entities that have already established infrastructure 
to comply with the CFTC standard.\520\ However, the Commission is not 
adopting the commenter's suggestion to add a new fourth prong to Rule 
15Fh-3(f)(2) that requires an SBS Dealer to comply, in addition to the 
requirements of the first three prongs (as outlined below), with the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-4(b) if the SBS Dealer's recommendation to a 
special entity would cause it to be acting as an advisor to the special 
entity.\521\ The Commission is not making this change because the rules 
impose independent requirements, and the Commission believes that SBS 
Dealers should comply with each rule to the extent applicable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \519\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See also CFTC 
Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9771-9774, supra note 21.
    \520\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5 (noting that 
``[a]lthough conforming to the [parallel CFTC suitability rule] 
would impose additional diligence and compliance requirements on the 
[SBS Dealer], these requirements would not result in material costs 
because [SBS Dealers] are already complying with the same 
requirements under the [parallel CFTC rule]''). However, we note 
that the CFTC does not limit the availability of its institutional 
suitability alternative to recommendations to ``institutional 
counterparties.'' See Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.434(b).
    \521\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. As discussed in 
Section II.H.2 below, Rule 15Fh-4(b) generally requires an SBS 
Dealer that acts as an advisor to a special entity to make a 
reasonable determination that any recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap is in the best 
interests of the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed special entity suitability alternative would have 
provided that an SBS Dealer would be deemed to satisfy its suitability 
obligations with respect to a special entity counterparty if the SBS 
Dealer either (1) is acting as an advisor to the special entity and 
complies with proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b), or (2) is deemed not to be 
acting as an advisor to the special entity pursuant to proposed Rule 
15Fh-2(a).\522\ With respect to the former, the Commission believes 
that when an SBS Dealer is acting as an advisor to a special entity, it 
is appropriate for both the best interests requirements of Rule 15Fh-
4(b) and the suitability requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(f) to apply. As 
discussed in Section II.H.3 below, there is some overlap between the 
requirements, so an SBS Dealer's efforts to satisfy one set of 
requirements may result in satisfaction of the other. With respect to 
the latter, the Commission continues to believe, as noted in the 
Proposing Release, that the standards for determining that an SBS 
Dealer is not acting as an advisor under Rule 15Fh-2(a) are 
substantially the same as the standards that an SBS Dealer must satisfy 
to qualify for the institutional suitability alternative under Rule 
15Fh-3(f)(2) (with the exception of the new institutional counterparty 
limitation described above).\523\ However, the Commission agrees with 
the commenter that having a single institutional suitability 
alternative more consistent with the CFTC's rule will result in 
efficiencies and a lower likelihood of counterparty confusion.\524\ 
Additionally, as we note above, the rules being adopted today are 
intended to provide certain protections for counterparties, including 
certain heightened protections for special entities. In this regard, we 
believe it is important that the rules impose both sets of requirements 
on SBS Dealers that make recommendations to special entities so that 
special entities receive the full range of benefits that the rules are 
intended to provide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \522\ See proposed Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3).
    \523\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42416 n.137, supra note 3.
    \524\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. However, as noted 
above, the CFTC does not limit the availability of its alternative 
to recommendations to ``institutional counterparties.'' See 
Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.434(b). The ``institutional 
counterparty'' limitation is discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fourth, the Commission is adding the words ``with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-
based swap'' to modify ``recommendations of the [SBS Dealer]'' in the 
second prong of the institutional suitability alternative to match the 
language used in the first prong and clarify that those are the only 
recommendations to which the rule refers. The Commission is adopting 
the other two prongs of the institutional suitability alternative as 
proposed. Accordingly, as adopted, Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) provides that when 
an SBS Dealer makes a recommendation, it may fulfill its customer-
specific suitability obligations under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) with 
respect to an institutional counterparty, if: (1) The SBS Dealer 
reasonably determines that the counterparty (or its agent) is capable 
of independently evaluating investment risks with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-
based swap; (2) the counterparty (or its agent) affirmatively 
represents in writing that it is exercising independent judgment in 
evaluating the recommendations of the SBS Dealer with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-
based swap; and (3) the SBS Dealer discloses that it is acting in the 
capacity of a counterparty, and is not undertaking to assess the 
suitability of the security-based swap or trading strategy for the 
counterparty. If an SBS Dealer cannot rely on the institutional 
suitability alternative provided by Rule15Fh-3(f)(2), it would need to 
make an independent determination that the recommended security-based 
swap or trading strategy involving security-based swaps is suitable for 
the counterparty.
    The Commission believes that the SBS Dealer reasonably could 
determine that the counterparty (or its agent) is capable of 
independently evaluating investment risks with regard to the relevant 
security-based swap or trading strategy for purposes of Rule 15Fh-
3(f)(2)(i) through a variety of means. However, in response to specific 
suggestions from a commenter \525\ and to provide additional clarity, 
the Commission is adding a safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3) providing 
that an SBS Dealer can satisfy its requirement under the first prong of 
the institutional suitability alternative in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) to make 
a reasonable determination that the counterparty (or

[[Page 30000]]

its agent) is capable of independently evaluating investment risks with 
regard to the relevant security-based swap or trading strategy if the 
SBS Dealer receives appropriate written representations from its 
counterparty. As discussed above in Section II.D, an SBS Dealer can 
rely on a counterparty's written representations unless the SBS Dealer 
has information that would cause a reasonable person to question the 
accuracy of the representation. Under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3)(i),if the 
counterparty is not a special entity, the representations must provide 
that the counterparty has complied in good faith with written policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the persons 
evaluating the recommendation and making trading decisions on behalf of 
the counterparty are capable of doing so. Under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3)(ii), 
if the counterparty is a special entity, the representations must 
satisfy the terms of the safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-5(b).\526\ If an SBS 
Dealer chooses not to take advantage of the safe harbor provided by 
Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3), the Commission believes that the SBS Dealer 
reasonably could determine that the counterparty (or its agent) is 
capable of independently evaluating investment risks with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy for purposes of Rule 
15Fh-3(f)(2)(i) through a variety of means. For example, an SBS Dealer 
could comply with this requirement by having a counterparty indicate in 
a signed agreement or other document that the counterparty is capable 
of independently evaluating investment risks with respect to 
recommendations or an SBS Dealer could call its counterparty, have that 
discussion, and (if it chooses or circumstances require) document the 
conversation to evidence the counterparty's affirmative indication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \525\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \526\ As discussed in Section II.H.6.i below, Rule 15Fh-5(b) 
provides a safe harbor under which an SBS Entity can comply with its 
obligation to have a reasonable basis to believe that its special 
entity counterparty has a qualified independent representative that, 
among other things, has sufficient knowledge to evaluate the 
transaction and risks and undertakes to act in the best interests of 
the special entity. Rule 15Fh-5(b) specifies the representations 
that the SBS Entity must obtain from its special entity counterparty 
and, in some cases, from such counterparty's representative, to 
satisfy the safe harbor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission continues to believe that parties should be able to 
make the disclosures and representations required by Rules 15Fh-3(f)(2) 
and (3) on a transaction-by-transaction basis, on an asset-class-by-
asset-class basis, or broadly in terms of all potential transactions 
between the parties.\527\ However, where there is an indication that a 
counterparty is not capable of independently evaluating investment 
risks, or does not intend to exercise independent judgment regarding, 
all of an SBS Dealer's recommendations, the SBS Dealer necessarily will 
have to be more specific in its approach to complying with the 
institutional suitability alternative. For instance, in some cases an 
SBS Dealer may be unable to determine that a counterparty is capable of 
independently evaluating investment risks with respect to any security-
based swap. In other cases, the SBS Dealer may determine that a 
counterparty is generally capable of evaluating investment risks with 
respect to some categories or types of security-based swaps, but that 
the counterparty may not be able to understand a particular type of 
security-based swap or its risk. Additionally, the requirements of Rule 
15Fh-1(b) will apply when an SBS Dealer is relying on representations 
from a counterparty or its representative.\528\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \527\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42416, supra note 3.
    \528\ See discussion in Section II.D, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not adopting one commenter's suggestions to require SBS 
Dealers to conduct routine audits to ensure that the institutional 
suitability alternative is used appropriately.\529\ The Commission does 
not believe that routine audits are the sole means through which an SBS 
Dealer could supervise its associated persons' use of the institutional 
suitability alternative. The Commission thinks that the totality of the 
supervisory requirements in Rule 15Fh-3(h) (discussed below) are 
appropriate to promote effective supervisory systems and believes that 
SBS Dealers should have the flexibility to determine what means they 
will use to supervise their associated persons' use of the 
institutional suitability alternative. The Commission notes that in 
supervising the use of the institutional suitability alternative, SBS 
Dealers should generally consider whether their associated persons' 
reliance on representations from counterparties is reasonable. As 
discussed above and in Section II.D, an SBS Dealer (or its associated 
person) can rely on a counterparty's written representations unless the 
SBS Dealer has information that would cause a reasonable person to 
question the accuracy of the representation. In this context, 
information that might be relevant to this determination includes 
whether the counterparty has previously invested in the type of 
security-based swap or been involved in the type of trading strategy 
that the SBS Dealer is now recommending, and whether the counterparty 
(or its representative) appreciates what differentiates the recommended 
security-based swap from a less complex alternative. If the associated 
person knows that the recommended security-based swap or trading 
strategy represents a significant change from the counterparty's prior 
investment strategy or knows that the counterparty (or its 
representative) lacks an appreciation of what differentiates the 
recommended security-based swap from a less complex alternative, the 
associated person should generally consider whether it can reasonably 
rely on the counterparty's representation that it is capable of 
independently evaluating the investment risks.\530\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \529\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \530\ As discussed in Section II.D, under Rule 15Fh-1(b), an SBS 
Dealer can reasonably rely on written representations from a 
counterparty or its representative to satisfy its due diligence 
obligations. Because reliance must be reasonable, the question of 
whether reliance on representations would satisfy an SBS Dealer's 
obligations under our business conduct rules will depend on the 
facts and circumstances of the particular matter. At a minimum, an 
SBS Dealer seeking to rely on representations cannot ignore 
information that would cause a reasonable person to question the 
accuracy of those representations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is also not adopting another commenter's suggestion 
to add a requirement to the institutional suitability alternative that 
an SBS Dealer have a reasonable basis to believe its counterparty has 
the capacity to absorb potential losses related to the recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy.\531\ The Commission believes 
that the requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2)(i) that an SBS Dealer ``have 
a reasonable basis to believe'' that the counterparty is capable of 
evaluating investment risks independently is appropriate to support the 
objectives of the institutional suitability alternative, and does not 
believe it is necessary to specifically require an SBS Dealer to have a 
reasonable basis to believe its counterparty has the capacity to absorb 
potential losses related to the recommended security-based swap or 
trading strategy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \531\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Fair and Balanced Communications
    Section 15F(h)(3)(C) of the Exchange Act requires the Commission to 
adopt rules establishing a duty for SBS Entities to communicate in a 
fair and balanced manner based on principles of fair dealing and good 
faith.\532\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \532\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(3)(C).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30001]]

a. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(g) would require SBS Entities to communicate 
with counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based upon principles 
of fair dealing and good faith. In particular, the rule would require: 
(1) Communications to provide a sound basis for evaluating the facts 
with regard to any particular security-based swap or trading strategy 
involving a security-based swap; (2) communications not to imply that 
past performance will recur or make any exaggerated or unwarranted 
claim, opinion or forecast; and (3) any statement referring to the 
potential opportunities or advantages presented by a security-based 
swap to be balanced by an equally detailed statement of the 
corresponding risks.\533\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \533\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(g)(1)-(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Three commenters addressed the fair and balanced communications 
requirement.\534\ Two commenters expressed support for the proposed 
rule,\535\ and one was opposed.\536\ One of the commenters supporting 
the proposed rule stated that there should not be any exceptions to the 
proposed fair and balanced communications requirement.\537\ The other 
commenter asserted that to be fair and balanced, communications must 
inform investors of both the potential rewards and risks of their 
investments, and also the SBS Entity's involvement and interests in the 
investments, in specific terms.\538\ Specifically, the commenter noted 
that all material adverse interests should be disclosed, and that the 
rule should clarify that it is not enough to inform a customer that the 
SBS Entity ``may'' have an adverse interest if that adverse interest 
already exists.\539\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \534\ See CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; AFGI 
(September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5.
    \535\ See CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
    \536\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
    \537\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \538\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \539\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter in opposition to the proposed rule asserted that a 
fair and balanced communications requirement is unnecessary.\540\ The 
commenter explained that the proposed rule is not relevant in the 
context of SBS Entities' legacy portfolios since the proposed rule 
would generally prohibit puffery used to induce a counterparty to enter 
into new transactions.\541\ Additionally, the commenter noted that due 
to the sophisticated nature of counterparties in the security-based 
swaps market, the fair and balanced communications requirement is not 
critical, particularly where all SBS Entities' communications are 
already subject to the antifraud provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and 
the Exchange Act.\542\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \540\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
    \541\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
    \542\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(g) as proposed. The rule applies in connection with entering 
into security-based swaps, and will continue to apply over the term of 
a security-based swap.\543\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \543\ See Rule 15Fh-1(a). In response to concerns expressed by a 
commenter, the Commission notes that there are no exceptions to Rule 
15Fh-3(g). See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission does not believe any changes to the rule are 
necessary to address a commenter's concern that to be fair and 
balanced, communications must inform investors of both the potential 
rewards and risks of their investments because Rule 15Fh-3(g)(3) 
already provides that ``[a]ny statement referring to the potential 
opportunities or advantages presented by a security-based swap shall be 
balanced by an equally detailed statement of the corresponding risks.'' 
\544\ With respect to the commenter's assertion that fair and balanced 
communications should also include information regarding the SBS 
Entity's involvement and interests in the investments,\545\ the 
Commission notes that although specific disclosure regarding conflicts 
of interest is not required by Rule 15Fh-3(g), it is required by Rule 
15Fh-3(b)(2) (disclosure of material incentives or conflicts of 
interest).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \544\ See Levin, supra note 5.
    \545\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The standard set forth in Rule 15Fh-3(g) is consistent with the 
similarly worded requirement in the FINRA rule on communications.\546\ 
Rule 15Fh-3(g) also includes three specific standards, drawn from the 
FINRA rule, which should clarify the rule requirement. The standards 
are: (1) Communications must provide a sound basis for evaluating the 
facts with respect to any security-based swap or trading strategy 
involving a security-based swap; \547\ (2) communications may not imply 
that past performance will recur, or make any exaggerated or 
unwarranted claim, opinion, or forecast; \548\ and (3) any statement 
referring to the potential opportunities or advantages presented by a 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap 
shall be balanced by an equally detailed statement of the corresponding 
risks.\549\ As noted in the Proposing Release, these standards do not 
represent an exclusive list of considerations that an SBS Entity must 
take into account in determining whether a communication with a 
counterparty is fair and balanced.\550\ In addition to complying with 
Rule 15Fh-3(g), SBS Entities should also keep in mind that all their 
communications with counterparties will be subject to the specific 
antifraud provisions added to the Exchange Act under Title VII of the 
Dodd-Frank Act,\551\ as well as general antifraud provisions under the 
federal securities laws.\552\ The Commission declines to eliminate the 
fair and balanced communications requirement, as suggested by a 
commenter,\553\ because we believe the requirement promotes investor 
protection by prohibiting SBS Entities from overstating the benefits or 
understating the risks to inappropriately

[[Page 30002]]

influence counterparties' investment decisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \546\ FINRA Rule 2210(d). See NASD IM-2210-1(1), Guidelines to 
Ensure That Communications with the Public Are Not Misleading 
(``Members must ensure that statements are not misleading within the 
context in which they are made. A statement made in one context may 
be misleading even though such a statement could be appropriate in 
another context. An essential test in this regard is the balanced 
treatment of risks and potential benefits.'').
    \547\ Cf. FINRA Rule 2210(d)(1)(A) (``All member communications 
with the public shall be based on principles of fair dealing and 
good faith, must be fair and balanced, and must provide a sound 
basis for evaluating the facts in regard to any particular security 
or type of security, industry, or service.'').
    \548\ Cf. FINRA Rule 2210(d)(1)(F) (``Communications may not 
predict or project performance, imply that past performance will 
recur or make any exaggerated or unwarranted claim, opinion or 
forecast.'').
    \549\ Cf. FINRA Rule 2210(d)(1)(D) (``Members must ensure that 
statements are clear and not misleading within the context in which 
they are made, and that they provide balanced treatment of risks and 
potential benefits. Communications must be consistent with the risks 
of fluctuating prices and the uncertainty of dividends, rates of 
return and yield inherent to investments.'') The Commission believes 
that this requirement addresses concerns raised by a commenter that 
to be fair and balanced, communications must inform investors of 
both the potential rewards and risks of their investments. See 
Levin, supra note 5.
    \550\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42418, supra note 3.
    \551\ See Sections 9(j) and 15F(h)(4)(A) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78i(j) and 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(4)(A)). See also Prohibition 
Against Fraud, Manipulation, and Deception in Connection with 
Security-Based Swaps, Exchange Act Release No. 63236 (Nov. 3, 2010), 
75 FR 68560 (Nov. 8, 2010) (proposing Rule 9j-1 to implement the 
antifraud prohibitions of Section 9(j) of the Exchange Act).
    \552\ See, e.g., 15 U.S.C. 77q and 78i, and, if the SBS Entity 
is registered as a broker-dealer, 15 U.S.C. 78o.
    \553\ See AFGI (September 2012), supra note 5; AFGI (July 2013), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Obligation Regarding Diligent Supervision
    Section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act authorizes the Commission 
to adopt rules for the diligent supervision of the business of SBS 
Entities.\554\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \554\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1) would require an SBS Entity to 
establish, maintain and enforce a system to supervise, and to 
diligently supervise, its business and associated persons, with a view 
to preventing violations of applicable federal securities laws, rules 
and regulations relating to its business as an SBS Entity. Proposed 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2) would require an SBS Entity's supervisory system to 
be reasonably designed to achieve compliance with applicable securities 
laws, rules and regulations, and would establish minimum requirements 
for the supervisory system. Specifically, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(i) 
would require an SBS Entity to designate at least one person with 
authority to carry out the supervisory responsibilities of the SBS 
Entity for each type of business in which it engages for which 
registration as an SBS Entity is required. Proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(ii) would require an SBS Entity to use reasonable efforts to 
determine that all supervisors are qualified and meet standards of 
training, experience, and competence necessary to effectively supervise 
the security-based swap activities of the persons associated with the 
SBS Entity.
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) would require an SBS Entity to 
establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures 
addressing the supervision of the types of security-based swap business 
in which the SBS Entity is engaged. The policies and procedures would 
need to be reasonably designed to achieve compliance with applicable 
securities laws, rules and regulations,\555\ and include, at a minimum: 
(1) Procedures for the review by a supervisor of transactions for which 
registration as an SBS Entity is required; \556\ (2) procedures for the 
review by a supervisor of incoming and outgoing written (including 
electronic) correspondence with counterparties or potential 
counterparties and internal written communications relating to the SBS 
Entity's business involving security-based swaps; \557\ (3) procedures 
for a periodic review, at least annually, of the security-based swap 
business in which the SBS Entity engages that is reasonably designed to 
assist in detecting and preventing violations of, and achieving 
compliance with, applicable federal securities laws and regulations; 
\558\ (4) procedures to conduct a reasonable investigation regarding 
the character, business repute, qualifications, and experience of any 
person prior to that person's association with the SBS Entity; \559\ 
(5) procedures to consider whether to permit an associated person to 
establish or maintain a securities or commodities account in the name 
of, or for the benefit of such associated person, at another SBS 
Dealer, broker, dealer, investment adviser, or other financial 
institution, and if permitted, procedures to supervise the trading in 
such account, including the receipt of duplicate confirmations and 
statements related to such account; \560\ (6) a description of the 
supervisory system, including the titles, qualifications and locations 
of supervisory persons and the specific responsibilities of each person 
with respect to the types of business in which the SBS Entity is 
engaged; \561\ (7) procedures prohibiting supervisors from supervising 
their own activities or reporting to, or having their compensation or 
continued employment determined by, a person or persons they are 
supervising; \562\ and (8) procedures preventing the standards of 
supervision from being reduced due to any conflicts of interest of a 
supervisor with respect to the associated person being supervised.\563\ 
Additionally, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iv) would require an SBS 
Entity to include written policies and procedures reasonably designed, 
taking into consideration the nature of the SBS Entity's business, to 
comply with the duties set forth in Section 15F(j) of the Exchange 
Act.\564\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \555\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii).
    \556\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(A).
    \557\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(B).
    \558\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(C).
    \559\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(D).
    \560\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(E).
    \561\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(F).
    \562\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(G).
    \563\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(H).
    \564\ See 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(j).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3), the Commission proposed two 
mechanisms under which an SBS Entity or associated person would not be 
deemed to have failed to diligently supervise any other person. The SBS 
Entity or associated person could demonstrate that: (1) Such person is 
not subject to his or her supervision, or (2) it meets the terms of a 
safe harbor. The safe harbor would require the SBS Entity or associated 
person to satisfy two conditions. The first condition would be that the 
SBS Entity has established and maintained written policies and 
procedures, and a documented system for applying those policies and 
procedures, that would reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, 
insofar as practicable, any violation of the federal securities laws 
and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to security-based 
swaps.\565\ The second condition would be that the SBS Entity or 
associated person has reasonably discharged the duties and obligations 
required by such written policies and procedures and documented system 
and did not have a reasonable basis to believe that such written 
policies and procedures and documented system were not being 
followed.\566\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \565\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3)(i).
    \566\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(4) would require an SBS Entity to 
promptly amend its written supervisory procedures as appropriate when 
material changes occur in either applicable securities laws, rules or 
regulations, or in the SBS Entity's business or supervisory system, and 
to promptly communicate any material amendments to its supervisory 
procedures throughout the relevant parts of its organization.
b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Five commenters addressed the proposed supervision rule.\567\ One 
commenter supported the requirement in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iv) 
that SBS Entities adopt written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to ensure compliance with the duties set forth in Section 
15F(j) of the Exchange Act.\568\ The commenter noted that this 
approach, which does not mandate the inclusion of specific elements or 
prohibitions, will provide SBS Entities flexibility in establishing 
compliance policies appropriate for their management and organizational 
structure.\569\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \567\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; MFA, 
supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 
5.
    \568\ See NABL, supra note 5.
    \569\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued for additional diligent supervision 
requirements.\570\ The commenter recommended requiring supervisory 
personnel to report to upper management or the board, as appropriate, 
if they have reason to believe the SBS Entity's supervisory procedures 
are not proving effective in

[[Page 30003]]

preventing violations.\571\ The commenter also suggested requiring SBS 
Entities to reevaluate their supervisory procedures when they fail to 
detect or deter significant violations, and determine whether revisions 
are needed.\572\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \570\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \571\ Id.
    \572\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, a third commenter requested that the Commission narrow 
the proposed supervision requirements.\573\ The commenter suggested 
that the Commission clarify that when an SBS Entity is already subject 
to, and complies with, comparable requirements of another ``qualifying 
regulator'' (such as risk management standards imposed by a prudential 
regulator), the SBS Entity's supervisory policies and procedures will 
be deemed to be reasonably designed for purposes of the proposed 
rule.\574\ The commenter also requested that the Commission clarify 
that a person committing a violation will not be viewed as being 
subject to the supervision of another person unless the putative 
supervisor knew or should have known that he or she had the authority 
and responsibility to exercise control over the other person that could 
have prevented the violation.\575\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \573\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \574\ Id.
    \575\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fourth commenter opposed the application of the proposed rule to 
Major SBS Participants.\576\ The commenter asserted that the proposed 
rule imposes burdensome and costly supervisory procedures on Major SBS 
Participants that are not appropriate given their non-dealer role in 
the marketplace, and that the potential costs of compliance would be 
without any meaningful offsetting benefit for other market participants 
or the financial markets as a whole.\577\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \576\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \577\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fifth commenter recommended harmonizing the Commission's 
supervision requirements with FINRA Rule 3110 to enable SBS Entities 
that are also broker-dealers to make use of their existing supervisory 
systems and to minimize confusion.\578\ Specifically, the commenter 
suggested eliminating the proposed requirements in proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(1) to ``enforce'' a system to supervise and to diligently 
supervise ``the business'' (as opposed to the associated persons) of 
the SBS Entity, and changing the description of the supervisory system 
from ``with a view to preventing violations of'' to ``reasonably 
designed to ensure compliance with'' the provisions of applicable 
federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder 
relating to its business as an SBS Entity.\579\ The commenter also 
recommended eliminating the redundant description of the supervisory 
system in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2), and making a number of changes to 
the wording of the minimum requirements listed in sub-section (h)(2) to 
align them with FINRA Rule 3110.\580\ The commenter also asked that the 
Commission modify the rule text to reflect that security-based swaps 
are not necessarily traded in an ``account'' but rather pursuant to a 
bilateral trading relationship.\581\ Additionally, the commenter 
recommended adding a provision allowing an SBS Entity that cannot 
comply with the requirement in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(G) 
(preventing a supervisor from supervising his or her own activities or 
reporting to a person he or she is supervising) to document its 
determination that compliance is not possible because of the firm's 
size or a supervisory person's position within the firm and document 
how the supervisory arrangement otherwise complies with proposed Rule 
15Fh-3(h)(1).\582\ The commenter also requested that the Commission 
provide guidance regarding risk-based reviews that is consistent with 
FINRA supplementary material on the topic.\583\ Finally, the commenter 
recommended wording changes to the maintenance of written supervisory 
procedures requirement in proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(4) to harmonize with 
FINRA Rule 3110, including eliminating the proposed requirement to 
update the written supervisory procedures when material changes occur 
to the ``business,'' as opposed to the supervisory system.\584\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \578\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5. Although the 
Commission modeled proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h) in part on NASD Rules 
3010 (Supervision) and 3012 (Supervisory Control System), the 
Commission subsequently approved new consolidated FINRA Rules 3110 
(Supervision) and 3120 (Supervisory Control System), which are 
largely based on and replace NASD Rules 3010 and 3012, and 
corresponding provisions of the NYSE Rules and Interpretations. See 
Order Approving Proposed Rule Change as Modified by Amendment No. 1, 
Exchange Act Release No. 71179 (Dec. 23, 2013), 78 FR 79542 (Dec. 
30, 2013).
    \579\ Id.
    \580\ Id.
    \581\ Id.
    \582\ Id.
    \583\ Id.
    \584\ Id.
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c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-3(h) With certain modifications. In response to commenters' 
concerns regarding SBS Entities that will also be registered as broker-
dealers or Swap Entities being subject to overlapping requirements with 
respect to their supervisory systems,\585\ the modifications (discussed 
below) are primarily intended to make the final rule more consistent 
with FINRA Rule 3110 and the CFTC's supervision rule for Swap Entities 
while continuing to provide protections intended to help ensure that 
SBS Entities have effective supervisory systems.\586\ While, as 
discussed throughout this release, we are making changes to many of the 
business conduct rules that are intended to make the final rules more 
consistent with the parallel CFTC requirements, for the supervision and 
CCO rules, in particular, we agree with a commenter that consistency 
with the parallel FINRA rules is also important because many SBS 
Entities have already established infrastructure to comply with those 
rules in the context of broader supervisory and compliance programs 
across their security-based swap and related securities and swaps 
businesses.\587\ This consistency will result in efficiencies for SBS 
Entities that have already established supervisory systems to comply 
with the FINRA and/or CFTC standards. Consistent wording will also 
allow SBS Entities to more easily analyze compliance with the 
Commission's rule against their existing activities to comply with 
FINRA Rule 3110 and the CFTC's supervision rule for Swap Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \585\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5.
    \586\ As noted above, although the Commission modeled proposed 
Rule 15Fh-3(h) in part on NASD Rules 3010 (Supervision) and 3012 
(Supervisory Control System), the Commission subsequently approved 
new consolidated FINRA Rules 3110 (Supervision) and 3120 
(Supervisory Control System), which are largely based on and replace 
NASD Rules 3010 and 3012, and corresponding provisions of the NYSE 
Rules and Interpretations. Among other changes to the rules, the new 
FINRA rules contain new or modified requirements with respect to: 
(i) Which personnel can supervise other personnel; (ii) which 
personnel are permitted to perform office inspections; (iii) review 
of certain internal communications; and (iv) obligations to monitor 
for insider trading, conduct internal investigations and provide 
reports to FINRA regarding such investigations. The new FINRA rule 
also codified guidance regarding the permissible use of risk-based 
systems for review of transactions and correspondence. See Order 
Approving Proposed Rule Change as Modified by Amendment No. 1, 
Exchange Act Release No. 71179 (Dec. 23, 2013), 78 FR 79542 (Dec. 
30, 2013).
    \587\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, in response to a specific suggestion made by a 
commenter,\588\ the

[[Page 30004]]

Commission is making several wording changes to the description of the 
general requirement to establish a supervisory system in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(1). The Commission is deleting the words ``and enforce'' from the 
description and adding the modifying language ``the activities of'' 
before associated persons so that it requires an SBS Entity to 
``establish and maintain a system to supervise, and [to] diligently 
supervise, its business and the activities of its associated persons.'' 
\589\ Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) (discussed below) includes an express 
requirement to enforce supervisory policies and procedures, making the 
additional language regarding enforcing the system to supervise 
unnecessary. Accordingly, the Commission believes that the rule, as 
adopted with these wording changes, will continue to establish 
requirements to help ensure that SBS Entities have effective 
supervisory systems, consistent with the proposed rule. At the same 
time, the changes will make the wording of the rule more consistent 
with the corresponding FINRA and CFTC requirements, as requested by a 
commenter. This consistency will result in efficiencies for SBS 
Entities that have already established supervisory systems to comply 
with the FINRA and/or CFTC standards, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \588\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \589\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(a) (``Each member shall establish and 
maintain a system to supervise the activities of each associated 
person. . .''); Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.602(a) (``Each [Swap 
Entity] shall establish and maintain a system to supervise, and 
shall diligently supervise, all activities relating to its business 
performed by its partners, members, officers, employees, and agents 
(or persons occupying a similar status or performing a similar 
function) . . .'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the Commission is making further wording changes to the 
descriptions of the required supervisory system in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1) 
and (2) in response to concerns raised by a commenter regarding the 
redundancy of the descriptions.\590\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1) would 
require SBS Entities to ``establish . . . a system to supervise . . . 
with a view to preventing violations of the provisions of applicable 
federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder 
relating to its business [as an SBS Entity],'' and proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2) would specify that the required system be ``reasonably designed 
to achieve compliance with applicable securities laws and the rules and 
regulations thereunder.'' The Commission does not believe that the two 
descriptions (``prevent violations'' and ``achieve compliance'') are 
substantively different, nor did we intend to give the appearance of 
creating two different standards for what is essentially the same 
requirement. Accordingly, the Commission is changing and consolidating 
the description of the supervisory system in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1) to state 
that an SBS Entity's supervisory system ``shall be reasonably designed 
to prevent violations of applicable federal securities laws and the 
rules and regulations thereunder relating to its business [as an SBS 
Entity],'' and eliminating the redundant description in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2).\591\ Additionally, the Commission is making parallel changes 
to Rules 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) and 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(C). Specifically, the 
Commission is changing the requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) that 
the supervisory system provide for the establishment, maintenance and 
enforcement of certain written policies and procedures from policies 
and procedures that are ``reasonably designed to achieve compliance 
with'' to policies and procedures that are ``reasonably designed to 
prevent violations of applicable federal securities laws and the rules 
and regulations thereunder.'' The Commission is also changing the 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(C) that an SBS Entity's 
supervisory policies and procedures include procedures for a periodic 
review of the SBS Entity's security-based swap business by eliminating 
the redundant requirement that the review be reasonably designed to 
assist in ``achieving compliance with'' applicable federal securities 
laws and regulations and conforming the remaining language. 
Accordingly, as adopted, Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(C) requires an SBS 
Entity's written supervisory policies and procedures to include 
``[p]rocedures for a periodic review, at least annually, of the 
security-based swap business in which the [SBS Entity] engages that is 
reasonably designed to assist in detecting and preventing violations of 
applicable federal securities laws and the rules and regulations 
thereunder.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \590\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \591\ This formulation tracks the requirement in Exchange Act 
Rule 15Fb2-1(b) that a senior officer of the SBS Entity certify on 
Form SBSE-C that ``[a]fter due inquiry, he or she has reasonably 
determined that the [SBS Entity] has developed and implemented 
written policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent 
violation of federal securities laws and the rules thereunder.'' Cf. 
FINRA Rule 3110(a) (``Each member shall establish and maintain a 
system to supervise the activities of each associated person that is 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance with applicable securities 
laws and regulations, and with applicable FINRA rules.''); Commodity 
Exchange Act Rule 23.602(a) (``Each [Swap Entity] shall establish 
and maintain a system to supervise . . . Such system shall be 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the requirements of 
the Commodity Exchange Act and [CFTC] regulations.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, in response to concerns raised by a commenter,\592\ the 
Commission is changing the wording of the minimum requirements for a 
supervisory system listed in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2) to more closely align 
the requirements of our rule with those of FINRA Rule 3110, and to 
reflect the fact that security-based swaps are not necessarily traded 
in an ``account'' but rather pursuant to a bilateral trading 
relationship. Specifically, the Commission is: (1) Changing the 
description of the requirement that supervisors be qualified in Rule 
15Fh-3(h)(2)(ii) from ``qualified and meet standards of training, 
experience, and competence necessary to effectively supervise the 
security-based swap activities of the persons associated with the [SBS 
Entity]'' to ``qualified, either by virtue of experience or training, 
to carry out their assigned responsibilities;'' \593\ (2) adding ``and 
the activities of its associated persons'' to the policies and 
procedures requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) so that it requires 
``written policies and procedures addressing the supervision of the 
types of security-based swap business in which the [SBS Entity] is 
engaged and the activities of its associated persons;'' \594\ (3) 
adding ``good'' to the description of the requirement to have 
procedures for background investigations on associated persons in Rule 
15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(D) so that it requires ``procedures to conduct a 
reasonable investigation regarding the good character'' of an 
associated person; \595\ (4) adding ``or a trading relationship'' to 
the description of the requirement to have procedures for considering 
whether to allow an associated person to conduct trading for his or her 
own benefit at another financial institution in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(E) so that it requires ``procedures to consider whether to 
permit an associated person to establish or maintain a securities or 
commodities account or a trading relationship;'' and (5) changing the 
description of the

[[Page 30005]]

requirement to have conflicts of interest procedures in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(H) from ``procedures preventing the standards of 
supervision from being reduced due to any conflicts of interest of a 
supervisor with respect to the associated person being supervised'' to 
``procedures reasonably designed to prevent the supervisory system 
required by paragraph (h)(1) from being compromised due to the 
conflicts of interest that may be present with respect to the 
associated person being supervised, including the position of such 
person, the revenue such person generates for the [SBS Entity], or any 
compensation that the associated person conducting the supervision may 
derive from the associated person being supervised.'' \596\ The 
Commission believes that the rule, as adopted with these changes, will 
continue to provide protections intended to help ensure that SBS 
Entities have effective supervisory systems, consistent with the 
proposed rule. At the same time, the changes will make the wording of 
the rule more consistent with the parallel FINRA requirement, resulting 
in efficiencies for SBS Entities that have already established 
supervisory systems to comply with the FINRA standard, as discussed 
above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \592\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \593\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(a)(6) (``A member's supervisory system 
shall provide . . . for . . . [t]he use of reasonable efforts to 
determine that all supervisory personnel are qualified, either by 
virtue of experience or training, to carry out their assigned 
responsibilities.'').
    \594\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(b)(1) (``Each member shall establish, 
maintain, and enforce written procedures to supervise the types of 
business in which it engages and the activities of its associated 
persons . . .'').
    \595\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(e) (``Each member shall ascertain by 
investigation the good character . . . of an applicant before the 
member applies to register that applicant with FINRA . . .'').
    \596\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(b)(6)(D) (``The supervisory procedures 
. . . shall include . . . procedures reasonably designed to prevent 
the supervisory system required pursuant to paragraph (a) of this 
Rule from being compromised due to the conflicts of interest that 
may be present with respect to the associated person being 
supervised, including the position of such person, the revenue such 
person generates for the firm, or any compensation that the 
associated person conducting the supervision may derive from the 
associated person being supervised, including the position of such 
person, the revenue such person generates for the firm, or any 
compensation that the associated person conducting the supervision 
may derive from the associated person being supervised.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the wording changes described above, the Commission 
is making two other sets of changes to the minimum requirements for a 
supervisory system listed in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2). First, the Commission 
is eliminating the specific requirement in proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(E) that the supervision of trading in an associated 
person's securities or commodities account at another financial 
institution ``includ[e] the receipt of duplicate confirmations and 
statements related to such accounts.'' This change is intended to more 
closely align our requirement with the analogous FINRA rule, which was 
amended after our proposal.\597\ The amended FINRA rule replaced the 
requirement to receive duplicate confirmation and statements with a 
more flexible standard by which firms can determine the data source(s) 
that are the most effective means to review trading activity. Likewise, 
this change is also intended to provide SBS Entities reasonable 
flexibility to craft appropriate supervisory policies and procedures 
relevant to their business model and to ascertain the means to obtain 
the necessary data for effective supervision. The Commission notes that 
the rule, in permitting flexibility, does not limit the SBS Entity's 
discretion to request from the associated person such transaction and 
account information as the SBS Entity deems necessary to fulfill its 
supervisory obligations (including confirmations and statements related 
to the account or trading relationship), and SBS Entities may consider 
the availability of such information and whether activity in the 
account can be properly monitored when determining whether to provide 
consent to an associated person to open or maintain an account or 
trading relationship at another financial institution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \597\ See Order Approving Proposed Rule Change to Adopt FINRA 
Rule 3210 (Accounts at Other Broker-Dealers and Financial 
Institutions), as Modified by Partial Amendment No. 1 and Partial 
Amendment No. 2, in the Consolidated FINRA Rulebook, Exchange Act 
Release No. 77550 (Apr. 7, 2016), 81 FR 21924 (Apr. 13, 2016) 
(``Proposed FINRA Rule 3210(c) would require an executing member, 
upon written request by the employer member, to transmit duplicate 
copies of confirmations and statements, or the transactional data 
contained therein, with respect to an account subject to the 
rule.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, in response to concerns raised by a commenter,\598\ the 
Commission is modifying Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(G) to address 
circumstances where an SBS Entity is unable to comply with the 
supervisory requirements due to the SBS Entity's size or supervisor's 
position within the SBS Entity. Pursuant to final Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(G), an SBS Entity that cannot comply with the requirement 
in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(G) (preventing a supervisor from supervising 
his or her own activities or reporting to a person he or she is 
supervising) will be required to document its determination that 
compliance is not possible because of the firm's size or a supervisory 
person's position within the firm, document how the supervisory 
arrangement otherwise complies with Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1), and include a 
summary of such determination in the annual compliance report prepared 
by the SBS Entity's CCO pursuant to Rule 15Fk-1(c). This change is 
designed to address concerns raised by a commenter that due to the size 
or structure of some SBS Entities, it may not always be possible to 
prohibit an associated person who performs a supervisory function at an 
SBS Entity from supervising his or her own activities or reporting to a 
person whom he or she is supervising.\599\ The Commission believes 
adding the provision described above will make the supervisory 
requirements more operationally workable by providing flexibility, in 
particular for supervision of very senior SBS Entity personnel, while 
still maintaining appropriate investor protection through the 
requirement to document how the supervisory arrangement otherwise 
complies with Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1). The Commission notes that SBS Entities 
relying on this provision will also be subject to the other 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(h), including the requirement in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(H) to have procedures reasonably designed to prevent the 
supervisory system from being compromised due to the conflicts of 
interest that may be present with respect to the associated person 
being supervised, including the position of such person, the revenue 
such person generates for the SBS Entity, or any compensation that the 
associated person conducting the supervision may derive from the 
associated person being supervised.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \598\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \599\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission notes that the minimum requirements for a 
supervisory system listed in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2) are not an exhaustive 
list. SBS Entities should keep in mind their overarching obligation in 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(1) to establish and maintain a supervisory system that 
is reasonably designed to prevent violations of applicable federal 
securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to 
the SBS Entity's business as an SBS Entity. For instance, although Rule 
15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(B) only requires procedures ``for the review by a 
supervisor of incoming and outgoing written (including electronic) 
correspondence with counterparties or potential counterparties and 
internal written communications relating to the [SBS Entity's] business 
involving security-based swaps,'' if an SBS Entity records oral 
communications with counterparties or potential counterparties, the SBS 
Entity generally should consider providing for the supervisory review 
of such communications.\600\ Similarly, if an SBS

[[Page 30006]]

Entity chooses to provide certain disclosures required by Rule 15Fh-
3(b) orally, the SBS Entity should consider how it will supervise these 
oral communications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \600\ Section 15F(g)(1) of the Exchange Act provides that each 
SBS Entity shall maintain daily trading records of the security-
based swaps of the SBS Entity and all related records (including 
related cash or forward transactions) and recorded communications, 
including electronic mail, instant messages, and recordings of 
telephone calls, for such period as may be required by the 
Commission by rule or regulation. See 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(g)(1). To 
implement Section 15F(g)(1) of the Exchange Act, the Commission has 
proposed to amend the preservation requirement in paragraph (b)(4) 
of Exchange Act Rule 17a-4 to include ``recordings of telephone 
calls required to be maintained pursuant to [Section 15F(g)(1) of 
the Exchange Act].'' Under this proposed requirement, a broker-
dealer SBS Entity would be required to preserve for three years 
telephone calls that it chooses to record to the extent the calls 
are required to be maintained pursuant to Section 15F(g)(1) of the 
Exchange Act. The Commission has also proposed a parallel 
requirement for stand-alone SBS Entities. See Recordkeeping Release, 
79 FR at 25213-25214, supra note 242.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to a specific suggestion made by a commenter,\601\ the 
Commission is modifying the maintenance of written supervisory 
procedures requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(4) to harmonize with FINRA 
Rule 3110. Specifically, we are changing the requirement to promptly 
communicate material amendments to an SBS Entity's supervisory 
procedures from ``throughout the relevant parts of its organization'' 
to ``to all associated persons to whom such amendments are relevant 
based on their activities and responsibilities.'' \602\ We believe that 
the new formulation will be more effective at achieving its intended 
result by targeting the communications to the associated persons to 
whom such amendments are relevant. The Commission believes that under 
the proposed formulation, potential interpretations of the phrase 
``relevant parts of its organization'' may have resulted in 
communications to a broader than necessary group. The Commission 
declines to adopt the commenter's suggestion to eliminate the proposed 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(4)(i) for an SBS Entity to update its 
written supervisory procedures when material changes occur to its 
``business,'' in addition to its supervisory system.\603\ Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(1) requires an SBS Entity to diligently supervise its business. 
Implicit in that obligation is a requirement that the SBS Entity update 
its supervisory system as necessary to accommodate changes to its 
business. The Commission does not want to create confusion regarding 
this obligation by eliminating the explicit requirement in Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(4)(i) for an SBS Entity to update its supervisory procedures when 
material changes occur to its business.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \601\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \602\ Cf. FINRA Rule 3110(b)(7) (``Each member shall promptly 
amend its written supervisory procedures to reflect changes in 
applicable securities laws or regulations, including FINRA rules, 
and as changes occur in its supervisory system. Each member is 
responsible for promptly communicating its written supervisory 
procedures and amendments to all associated persons to whom such 
written supervisory procedures and amendments are relevant based on 
their activities and responsibilities.'').
    \603\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the modifications discussed above, the Commission is 
making several clarifying changes to the rule. First, the Commission is 
correcting a typographical error in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2). The cross-
reference in the proposed rule should have been to ``paragraph 
(h)(1),'' not to ``paragraph (g)(1).'' The Commission is correcting 
this cross-reference in the final rule.
    Second, the Commission also is making two other changes to the rule 
to clarify that Rule 15Fh-3(h) does not require multiple sets of 
written supervisory policies and procedures. Specifically, the 
Commission is: (1) Re-designating proposed Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iv) as 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(I); and (2) clarifying that the written policies 
and procedures referred to in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3) are those required by 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii) by adding the modifying language ``as required 
in Sec.  240.15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)'' after ``written policies and 
procedures'' in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3)(i), and by changing the references in 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3)(ii) from ``the written policies and procedures'' to 
``such written policies and procedures.''
    Rule 15Fh-3(h) establishes supervisory obligations that incorporate 
principles from both Exchange Act Section 15(b) and existing SRO rules. 
The concept of diligent supervision in these rules is consistent with 
business conduct standards for broker-dealers that have historically 
been established by SROs for their members, subject to Commission 
approval. As with diligent supervision by a broker-dealer, the 
Commission believes that it generally would be appropriate for an SBS 
Entity to use a risk-based review system to satisfy its supervisory 
obligations under Rule 15Fh-3(h) instead of conducting detailed reviews 
of every transaction or every communication, so long as the SBS Entity 
uses a risk-based review system that is reasonably designed to provide 
the entity with sufficient information to allow it to focus on the 
areas that pose the greatest risks of federal securities law 
violations.\604\ Use of a risk-based system allows SBS Entities the 
flexibility to establish their supervisory systems in a manner that 
reflects their business models, and based on those models, focus on 
areas where heightened concern may be warranted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \604\ This guidance is intended to respond to a request from a 
commenter to provide guidance regarding risk-based reviews that is 
consistent with Supplementary Material .05 and .06 to FINRA Rule 
3110. See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(I), as adopted, requires an SBS Entity to 
adopt written policies and procedures reasonably designed, taking into 
consideration the nature of such SBS Entity's business, to comply with 
the duties set forth in Section 15F(j) of the Exchange Act. Section 
15F(j) of the Exchange Act requires an SBS Entity to comply with 
obligations concerning: (1) Monitoring of trading to prevent violations 
of applicable position limits; (2) establishing sound and professional 
risk management systems; (3) disclosing to regulators information 
concerning its trading in security-based swaps; (4) establishing and 
enforcing internal systems and procedures to obtain any necessary 
information to perform any of the functions described in Section 15F of 
the Exchange Act, and providing the information to regulators, on 
request; (5) implementing conflict-of-interest systems and procedures; 
and (6) addressing antitrust considerations such that the SBS Entity 
does not adopt any process or take any action that results in any 
unreasonable restraint of trade or impose any material anticompetitive 
burden on trading or clearing.\605\ While the requirements of Section 
15F(j) are self-executing, we highlight in particular the duty of an 
SBS Entity under Section 15F(j)(2) to ``establish robust and 
professional risk management systems adequate for managing the day-to-
day business'' of the SBS Entity. Any risk management system 
established by an SBS Entity should be effective to manage the risks of 
the SBS Entity within the risk tolerance limits to be determined for 
each type of risk. We have separately proposed a rule regarding the 
requirement for an SBS Entity for which there is not a prudential 
regulator to establish, document, and maintain controls to assist it in 
managing the risks associated with its business activities, including 
market, credit, leverage, liquidity, legal, and operational risks.\606\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \605\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(j).
    \606\ The Commission has separately proposed to require every 
SBS Entity for which there is not a prudential regulator (``Non-bank 
SBS Dealers'') to comply, with certain exceptions, with the 
requirements of Rule 15c3-4 under the Exchange Act ``as if it were 
an OTC derivatives dealer with respect to all of its business 
activities.'' See Exchange Act Rule 18a-1(g). See also Capital, 
Margin, and Segregation Requirements for Security-Based Swap Dealers 
and Major Security-Based Swap Participants and Capital Requirements 
for Broker-Dealers, Capital, Margin, and Segregation Requirements 
for Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap 
Participants and Capital Requirements for Broker-Dealers, Exchange 
Act Release No. 68071 (Oct. 18, 2012), 77 FR 70214, 70250-70251 
(Nov. 23, 2012), explaining that application of Rule 15c3-4 would 
require a Non-bank SBS Entity to ``establish, document, and maintain 
a system of internal risk management controls to assist in managing 
the risks associated with its business activities, including market, 
credit, leverage, liquidity, legal, and operational risks.'' Rule 
15c3-4 identifies a number of elements that must be part of the risk 
management system including, among other things: A risk control unit 
that reports directly to senior management and is independent from 
business trading units; separation of duties between persons 
responsible for entering into a transaction and those responsible 
for recording the transaction on the dealer's books; and periodic 
reviews (which may be performed by internal audit staff) and annual 
reviews (which must be conducted by independent certified public 
accountants) of the dealer's risk management systems. Id.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30007]]

    We are not adopting a commenter's \607\ suggestion that when an SBS 
Entity is already subject to, and complies with, comparable 
requirements of another ``qualifying regulator'' (such as risk 
management standards imposed by a prudential regulator), the SBS 
Entity's supervisory policies and procedures will be deemed to be 
reasonably designed for purposes of Rule 15Fh-3(h). Exchange Act 
Section 15F(h)(1)(B) directs the Commission to adopt rules relating to 
the diligent supervision of SBS Entities' business. Although we have 
closely conformed our supervision rule to parallel SRO requirements and 
believe it is also consistent with parallel CFTC requirements, we do 
not believe it is appropriate to defer to other regulators' rules, 
other than as discussed below in Section III. In addition, we are not 
excluding Major SBS Participants from the scope of the rule, as one 
commenter suggested.\608\ We note that Exchange Act Section 15Fh(1)(B) 
explicitly contemplates that Major SBS Participants, as well as SBS 
Dealers, will have obligations to supervise diligently their security-
based swap business. As discussed above in Section II.C, where the 
Dodd-Frank Act imposes a business conduct requirement on both SBS 
Dealers and Major SBS Participants, the rules will apply to both 
entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \607\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \608\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3), as adopted, provides that SBS Entities and 
associated persons will not be liable for failure to supervise another 
person if either the other person is not subject to the SBS Entity's or 
associated person's supervision, or if the safe harbor described in the 
rule is satisfied.\609\ The safe harbor contains two conditions. First, 
the SBS Entity must have established policies and procedures, and a 
system for applying those policies and procedures, which would 
reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, to the extent 
practicable, any violation of the federal securities laws and the rules 
and regulations thereunder relating to security-based swaps. Second, 
the SBS Entity or associated person must have reasonably discharged the 
duties and obligations incumbent on it by reason of such procedures and 
system without a reasonable basis to believe that such procedures were 
not being followed.\610\ Both conditions must be met in order for an 
SBS Entity to satisfy the safe harbor. However, as noted in the 
Proposing Release, the inability to rely on the safe harbor would not 
necessarily mean that an SBS Entity or associated person failed to 
diligently supervise any other person.\611\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \609\ One commenter requested clarification that a person 
committing a violation will not be viewed as subject to the 
supervision of another person unless such other person knew or 
should have known that he or she had authority and responsibility to 
exercise control over the violator that could have prevented the 
violation. See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5. The Commission notes 
that if the conditions of the safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3) are 
not met, liability for failure to supervise would be a facts and 
circumstances determination, which would take into account the 
factors described by the commenter.
    \610\ We are not adopting a commenter's recommendation that our 
rules expressly require supervisory personnel to ``report up'' to 
upper management of the board, and require an SBS Entity to 
reevaluate its supervisory procedures if they fail to detect or 
deter significant violations. See CFA, supra note 5. We note that 
Rule 15Fh-3(h) provides a baseline for an effective supervisory 
system, but, as noted in the Proposing Release, a particular system 
may need additional elements to be effective. See Proposing Release, 
76 FR at 42419, supra note 3. For that reason, Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2) 
states that it establishes only minimum requirements. Id.
    \611\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42420, supra note 3. With 
respect to broker-dealers, the Commission's policy regarding failure 
to supervise is well established. See 15 U.S.C. 78o(b)(4)(E) and 15 
U.S.C. 78o(b)(6)(A). As the Commission has explained in other 
contexts:
    The Commission has long emphasized that the responsibility of 
broker-dealers to supervise their employees is a critical component 
of the federal regulatory scheme . . . In large organizations it is 
especially imperative that those in authority exercise particular 
vigilance when indications of irregularity reach their attention. 
The supervisory obligations imposed by the federal securities laws 
require a vigorous response even to indications of wrongdoing. Many 
of the Commission's cases involving a failure to supervise arise 
from situations where supervisors were aware only of ``red flags'' 
or ``suggestions'' of irregularity, rather than situations where, as 
here, supervisors were explicitly informed of an illegal act. Even 
where the knowledge of supervisors is limited to ``red flags'' or 
``suggestions'' of irregularity, they cannot discharge their 
supervisory obligations simply by relying on the unverified 
representations of employees. Instead, as the Commission has 
repeatedly emphasized, ``[t]here must be adequate follow-up and 
review when a firm's own procedures detect irregularities or unusual 
trading activity. . . .'' Moreover, if more than one supervisor is 
involved in considering the actions to be taken in response to 
possible misconduct, there must be a clear definition of the efforts 
to be taken and a clear assignment of those responsibilities to 
specific individuals within the firm.
    John H. Gutfreund, Exchange Act Release No. 31554 (Dec. 3, 1992) 
(report pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Exchange Act) (footnotes 
omitted). See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42419 n.158, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Rules Applicable to Dealings With Special Entities

    Sections 15F(h)(4) and (5) of the Exchange Act provide certain 
additional protections for ``special entities''--such as 
municipalities, federal and state agencies, pension plans, and 
endowments \612\--in connection with security-based swaps.\613\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \612\ See Section II.D.2.a, infra.
    \613\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(4)-(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Special entities, like other market participants, may use swaps and 
security-based swaps for a variety of purposes, including risk 
management and portfolio adjustment. In adopting the special entity 
provisions of the Exchange Act, the Commission seeks to implement the 
statute, while not impeding special entities' access to security-based 
swaps.
1. Scope of Definition of ``Special Entity''
a. Proposed Rule
    Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(2)(C) defines a ``special entity'' as: 
(i) A Federal agency; (ii) a State, State agency, city, county, 
municipality, or other political subdivision of a State; (iii) any 
employee benefit plan, as defined in Section 3 of ERISA; (iv) any 
governmental plan, as defined in Section 3 of ERISA; or (v) any 
endowment, including an endowment that is an organization described in 
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.\614\ Proposed 
Rule 15Fh-2(e) defines a ``special entity'' as: (i) A Federal agency; 
(ii) a State, State agency, city, county, municipality, or other 
political

[[Page 30008]]

subdivision of a State; (iii) any employee benefit plan, as defined in 
Section 3 of ERISA; (iv) any governmental plan, as defined in Section 
3(32) of ERISA; or (v) any endowment, including an endowment that is an 
organization described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue 
Code of 1986.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \614\ Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 
includes, in its list of ``exempt organizations'':
    Corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, 
organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, 
scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational 
purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports 
competition (but only if no part of its activities involve the 
provision of athletic facilities or equipment), or for the 
prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net 
earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder 
or individual, no substantial part of the activities of which is 
carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence 
legislation (except as otherwise provided in subsection (h)), and 
which does not participate in, or intervene in (including the 
publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on 
behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office.
    26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposing Release noted that commenters had raised questions 
about the scope of the ``special entity'' definition. The Commission 
requested comment regarding: (1) Whether to interpret the phrase 
``employee benefit plan, as defined in Section 3'' of ERISA to mean a 
plan that is subject to regulation under ERISA; (2) whether the phrase 
``governmental plan'' should include government investment pools or 
other plans, programs or pools of assets; (3) the definition of the 
term ``endowment;'' (4) the treatment of collective investment vehicles 
in which one or more special entities are invested; (5) the treatment 
of foreign entities; and (6) the treatment of master trusts holding the 
assets of one or more funded plans of a single employer and its 
affiliates.
b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    One commenter argued that the term ``special entity'' was 
adequately defined in the Exchange Act, and that it ``should not 
require extensive clarification.'' \615\ However, most commenters 
requested that the Commission exclude or include specific groups from 
the ``special entity'' designation. These comments are addressed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \615\ See CFA, supra note 5. See also Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(2)(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Federal Agency
    We received no comments regarding the inclusion of federal agencies 
within the special entity definition. In the Proposing Release, we 
noted that the definition of ``security-based swap'' excludes an 
``agreement, contract or transaction a counterparty of which is a 
Federal Reserve bank, the Federal Government, or a Federal agency that 
is expressly backed by the full faith and credit of the United 
States.'' \616\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \616\ Proposing Release, 76 FR 42421, n. 176, supra note 3 
(citing Section 3(a)(68) of the Exchange Act).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. State and Municipal Entities
    One commenter suggested that we modify the description of state and 
municipal entities to include ``any instrumentality, department, or a 
corporation of or established by a State or political subdivision of a 
State.'' \617\ According to the commenter, this modification would 
harmonize the SEC's definition of ``special entity'' with that of the 
CFTC.\618\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \617\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \618\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Employee Benefit Plans and Governmental Plans
    As stated above, Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) defines 
``special entity'' to include ``any employee benefit plan, as defined 
in Section 3 of [ERISA].'' \619\ Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iv) separately 
adds ``any governmental plan, as defined in Section 3 [ERISA]'' to the 
special entity definition. Section 3 of ERISA defines the term 
``employee benefit plan'' to include plans, such as most private sector 
employee benefit plans, that are subject to regulation under Title I of 
ERISA.\620\ However, Section 3 of ERISA also defines the following 
additional categories of employee benefit plans that are not subject 
to'' ERISA regulation: (1) Governmental plans; (2) church plans; (3) 
plans maintained solely for the purpose of complying with applicable 
workmen's compensation laws or unemployment compensation or disability 
insurance laws; (4) plans maintained outside the U.S. primarily for the 
benefit of persons substantially all of whom are nonresident aliens; or 
(5) unfunded excess benefit plans. \621\ These latter categories of 
employee benefit plans, including governmental plans, are therefore 
``defined in'' ERISA, but not ``subject to'' regulation under ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \619\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(2)(C)(iii).
    \620\ See generally 29 U.S.C. 1002(1)-(2).
    \621\ See 29 U.S.C. 1003(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters asked the Commission at the proposing stage to limit the 
scope of Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) to employee benefit plans that are 
subject to regulation under ERISA, and not to extend the definition of 
``special entity'' to plans that are merely ``defined in'' ERISA, 
``unless they are covered by another applicable prong of the ``special 
entity'' definition (e.g., governmental plans).'' \622\ As the 
commenters noted, Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iv) separately 
defines ``special entity'' to include any governmental plan, as defined 
in Section 3 of ERISA. Mindful of the redundancy that would result if 
the statute were interpreted to include governmental plans twice in the 
definition of ``special entity,'' the Commission therefore requested 
comment regarding whether to interpret the phrase ``employee benefit 
plan, as defined in Section 3 of [ERISA]'' in Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(2)(C)(iii), or to mean a plan that is ``subject to'' regulation 
under ERISA.\623\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \622\ SIFMA/ISDA 2010 Letter at 2, supra note 34.
    \623\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42422 n.182, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Seven comment letters addressed this issue. One commenter argued 
that the expansive language of the statute suggested that any employee 
benefit plan ``defined in'' ERISA, including a church plan, should be 
treated as a special entity, and that, as a matter of policy, church 
plans should not be treated differently than ERISA or governmental 
plans when entering into security-based swaps with SBS Entities.\624\ 
This commenter recommended that the Commission revise the proposed 
special entity definition to clarify that church plans are special 
entities, or that the Commission permit church plans to ``opt in'' to 
special entity status, since opting in would provide potential 
counterparties greater certainty regarding whether a church plan was, 
in fact, a special entity.\625\ Another commenter recommended that the 
Commission cover plans ``defined in'' ERISA.\626\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \624\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5. See also 
Church Alliance (October 2011), supra note 5.
    \625\ Id.
    \626\ See CalPERS (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A collective group of three commenters argued that the definition 
of special entity should include only employee benefit plans that are 
``subject to'' ERISA.\627\ This group asserted that, ``[s]ince Congress 
included a separate `governmental plans' prong in the definition of 
special entity, the `employee benefit plan' prong necessarily excludes 
governmental plans (both domestic and foreign) and should be read 
narrowly to include only employee benefit plans ``subject to'' ERISA.'' 
\628\ However, one of these commenters later independently submitted a 
comment after the CFTC adopted business conduct rules, and expressed 
its support for an ``opt in'' approach.\629\ This commenter asserted 
that the special entity definition should be limited to employee 
benefit plans that are ``subject to'' ERISA, although other employee 
benefit plans defined in ERISA, such as church plans, should be allowed 
to opt in to special entity status. According to this commenter, these 
modifications would harmonize the SEC and CFTC special entity 
definitions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \627\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \628\ Id.
    \629\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested treating plans subject to ERISA and 
government plans subject to ERISA similarly, so long as both are acting 
as end-users and are

[[Page 30009]]

otherwise complying with their fiduciary obligations.\630\ Another 
commenter suggested including governmental plans as special entities, 
arguing that ``the taxpayers and government workers who stand behind 
government pensions are precisely the sort of constituents Congress 
sought to protect through the heightened protections of special 
entities.'' \631\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \630\ See CalSTRS, supra note 5.
    \631\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More broadly, one commenter recommended that the business conduct 
standards should only apply to certain governmental special entities, 
and that they should not apply to ERISA plans--since these plans 
already have similar or greater protections under ERISA.\632\ The 
commenter argued that, by applying these standards to all special 
entities, the SEC ``has extended its regulatory reach significantly 
beyond the scope of the statute,'' resulting in ``redundant'' or 
``overlapping'' regulations.\633\ The commenter recommended that the 
proposed rules be modified to exclude ERISA plans with security-based 
swap advisors that are ``already sufficiently regulated.'' \634\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \632\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \633\ Id.
    \634\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv. Master Trusts
    The Commission additionally requested comment regarding whether to 
include a master trust that holds the assets of one or more funded 
plans of a single employer and its affiliates within the special entity 
definition. Three commenters supported the treatment of master trusts 
as special entities.\635\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \635\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; Church Alliance (August 
2011), supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One comment letter suggested that the term ``special entity'' 
should be modified to include master trusts holding the assets of one 
or more funded plans of a single employer.\636\ Another comment letter 
urged the Commission to clarify that master trusts would be treated as 
special entities, noting that, by making this clarification, the SEC 
would harmonize the interpretation of its rules with that of the 
CFTC.\637\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \636\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \637\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter urged the Commission to include church benefit boards 
that hold the assets of multiple church plans, church endowments, and 
other church-related funds on a commingled basis within the special 
entity definition, arguing that the functions of church benefit boards 
are similar to those of tax-exempt trusts, or master trusts established 
by several multiple-employer pension plans, and that such a definition 
would reflect the close relationship--recognized in ERISA--between 
church benefit boards and their constituent church plans.\638\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \638\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

v. Collective Investment Vehicles
    The Commission requested comment regarding whether to interpret 
``special entity'' to include a collective investment vehicle in which 
one or more special entities had invested. All eight commenters that 
commented on this question opposed the designation of collective 
investment vehicles as special entities, even where such collective 
investment vehicles have special entity investors.\639\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \639\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
ABA Committees, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally argued that requiring SBS Entities to 
investigate or ``look through'' their collective investment vehicle 
counterparties to determine whether they held special entity 
investments would create uncertainty in the market, increase compliance 
costs, disrupt the gains of special entity investors, and restrict 
special entities' access to security-based swaps--since collective 
investment vehicle managers may either limit or reject investments by 
special entities to avoid limitations on their security-based swap 
trading activities.\640\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \640\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter asked the Commission to clarify that it would not 
``look through'' collective investment vehicles to align its 
interpretation of the special entity definition with that of the 
CFTC.\641\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \641\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters argued to exclude collective investment vehicles 
because these vehicles are almost always passive investors, and that 
including them within the adopted rules would serve no regulatory 
purpose, since Congress' intent was to protect special entities as 
defined within the statute.\642\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \642\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, two commenters urged the Commission to exclude hedge funds, 
even where a special entity invests in that hedge fund.\643\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \643\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vi. Endowments
    The Commission requested comment regarding how to apply the special 
entity definition to endowments, and whether certain organizations that 
qualify as endowments should be included in that definition. The five 
commenters addressing this issue suggested that the Commission limit 
the definition of endowments in the special entity context, with 
various caveats.\644\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \644\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; 
NACUBO, supra note 5; ABA Committees, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters suggested limiting the definition of 
``endowments'' to endowments that, themselves, enter into swaps.\645\ 
Two of these commenters urged the Commission to clarify that the term 
``endowments'' would not include non-profit organizations whose assets 
might include funds designated as an endowment,\646\ while another 
asked that the Commission exclude organizations that use endowment 
assets to pledge, maintain, enhance or support the organization's 
collateral obligations.\647\ Another commenter similarly requested that 
the Commission interpret the definition of endowment to exclude 
charitable organizations that enter into security-based swaps for which 
their counterparties have recourse to the organizations' 
endowment.\648\ The commenter noted that, by making this clarification, 
the SEC would bring its interpretation of the rules into harmony with 
that of the CFTC.\649\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \645\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; 
NACUBO, supra note 5.
    \646\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5.
    \647\ See NACUBO, supra note 5.
    \648\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \649\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The last commenter requested clarification that private foundations 
would not be included within the special entity definition.\650\ The 
commenter argued that these foundations are, by statute, non-profit 
organizations that are not publicly supported, and that ``no evidence'' 
exists that Congress intended to treat private foundations as 
``endowments'' under Dodd-Frank.\651\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \650\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \651\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, this same commenter suggested that ``institutional 
investor organizations'' (such as large non-profits and 
``sophisticated'' endowments) with over $1 billion of net assets under 
management should be excluded from the special entity definition, since 
large ``sophisticated'' endowments employ professional money managers 
already subject to oversight and review.\652\ The commenter argued that 
a special entity designation for these organizations could reduce the 
number of SBS Entities willing to trade in security-based swaps,

[[Page 30010]]

given the increased compliance costs associated with evaluating the 
qualifications of an independent representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \652\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vii. Foreign Plans, Foreign Entities
    The Commission requested comment on whether to exclude from the 
definition of ``special entity'' any foreign entity. Six commenters 
responded to this issue.\653\ All six commenters asserted that foreign 
entities should not be deemed special entities, although one commenter 
recommended that the U.S. reserve the right to extend application of 
its business conduct standards to foreign entities if international 
regulatory efforts fail.\654\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \653\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
Johnson, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; 
PensionsEurope, supra note 7.
    \654\ See Johnson, supra note 5. This same commenter argued that 
Congress limited the territorial scope of Title VII to activities 
within the United States, and that extraterritorial application of 
these laws should only apply when international activities of U.S. 
firms have a ``direct and significant connection with or effect on 
U.S. commerce,'' or are designed to evade U.S. rules. Id. For 
further discussion, see Cross Border Application and Availability of 
Substituted Compliance, Section III.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Four other commenters objected to the inclusion of foreign pension 
and employee benefit plans within the special entity definition on the 
grounds that the statutory language reflected a lack of Congressional 
intent to provide special protection for such plans under Dodd-Frank, 
and that extending the SEC's authority outside the United States would 
create the potential for conflict with other nations' regulatory 
regimes.\655\ These commenters requested that the Commission revise the 
proposed definition of ``special entity'' to specifically exclude 
foreign entities.\656\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \655\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2011), supra note 5.
    \656\ One commenter urged the Commission to only apply the 
business conduct standards to security-based swap transactions 
involving U.S. counterparties. See PensionsEurope, supra note 7, 
discussed in Section III below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After consideration of all comments, the Commission has determined 
to modify the scope of the special entity definition as described 
below.
i. Federal Agency
    As noted above, the Commission did not receive any comments on the 
inclusion of federal agencies within the special entity definition. The 
Commission continues to believe it is appropriate to include federal 
agencies within the special entity definition, and is therefore 
adopting Rule 15Fh-2(e)(1) as proposed, renumbered as Rule 15Fh-
2(d)(1).
ii. State and Municipal Special Entities
    After further consideration and in light of the comment received, 
the Commission is modifying proposed Rule 15Fh-2(e)(2), adopted as Rule 
15Fh-2(d)(2), to further define state and municipal entities to include 
``any instrumentality, department, or a corporation of or established 
by a State or political subdivision of a State.'' \657\ As the 
Commission explained in another context, states may delegate powers to 
their political subdivisions, including the power to create corporate 
instrumentalities.\658\ Similarly, the Commission believes a department 
or a corporation organized as a municipal corporate instrumentality of 
a state's political subdivision should be considered a municipal 
corporate instrumentality of a state. Corporate instrumentalities, 
departments, or corporations created by states or their political 
subdivisions are therefore taxpayer-backed institutions. Consequently, 
the Commission believes it is important to include ``any 
instrumentality, department, or a corporation of or established by a 
State or political subdivision of a State'' within the special entity 
definition to provide heightened protections for taxpayer-backed 
institutions that transact in security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \657\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; and SIFMA (November 
2015), supra note 5 (asking the Commission to clarify that an 
instrumentality, department, or a corporation of, or established by, 
a State or political subdivision of a State is a special entity). 
This is consistent as well with the ECP definition for governmental 
entities, which includes ``an instrumentality, agency, or 
department'' of a State or political subdivision of a State. See 
Section 3(a)(65) of the Exchange Act, referring to Section 
1a(18)(A)(vii)(III) of the CEA.
    \658\ See Municipal Advisor Registration Release, 78 FR at 
67483, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the inclusion of this language will conform the 
special entity definition to that of a ``municipal entity'' in the 
Exchange Act, as well as to the CFTC's definition of State and 
municipal special entities, thereby providing all categories of 
municipal entities with heightened protections,\659\ as well as 
addressing the commenter's concern regarding the need for a consistent 
definition across the security-based swaps and swaps markets.\660\ This 
consistency should result in efficiencies for entities that transact in 
security-based swaps, particularly where such entities have already 
established a compliance infrastructure that satisfies the requirements 
of the existing CFTC business conduct standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \659\ See Exchange Act Section 15B(e)(8), 15 U.S.C. 78o-4(e)(8) 
(defining ``municipal entity'' to include ``any agency, authority, 
or instrumentality of the States, political subdivision, or 
municipal corporate entity'').
    \660\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; and SIFMA (November 
2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Employee Benefit Plans and Governmental Plans
    Upon further consideration and in light of the comments received, 
the Commission is modifying proposed Rule 15Fh-2(e)(3), which stated 
``any employee benefit plan defined in Section 3 of [ERISA]'' to state 
in adopted Rule 15Fh-2(d)(3) ``any employee benefit plan subject to 
Title I of [ERISA].'' Under this modification, Rule 15Fh(2)(d)(3) only 
includes employee benefit plans that are subject to regulation under 
Title I of ERISA. Furthermore, proposed Rule 15Fh-2(e)(4), renumbered 
as Rule 15Fh-2(d)(5), is being adopted as proposed, to include ``any 
governmental plan, as defined in section 3(32) of [ERISA].''
    In reaching this determination, we believe that Exchange Act 
Sections 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) (employee benefit plans defined in Section 3 
of ERISA) and 15F(h)(2)(C)(iv) (governmental plans defined in Section 3 
of ERISA) should be read together ``to avoid rendering superfluous'' 
any statutory language of the Exchange Act.\661\ As discussed above in 
Section II.H.1.b.3, Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii), read 
literally as any employee benefit plan ``defined in'' Section 3 of 
ERISA, would render Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iv) superfluous, since 
governmental plans ``defined in'' ERISA are specifically designated as 
special entities under Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iv). The Commission 
therefore agrees with the commenter that Congress' separate inclusion 
of governmental plans within the special entity definition supports a 
narrower reading of Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii), such that the definition 
only includes employee benefit plans ``subject to'' regulation under 
ERISA.\662\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \661\ Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104, 
112 (1991).
    \662\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that this interpretation of ``special entity'' would 
exclude other types of employee benefit plans ``defined in'' Section 
4(b) of ERISA, including church plans and workmen's compensation plans. 
Therefore, upon further consideration, and in response to commenters 
who support a broader interpretation of the term ``special entity,'' 
including those commenters who assert that a church plan should be 
treated as a special entity, the

[[Page 30011]]

Commission has determined to include an additional prong to the special 
entity definition.\663\ Specifically, Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4), as adopted, 
defines a special entity to include ``[a]ny employee benefit plan 
defined in Section 3 of [ERISA] and not otherwise defined as a special 
entity, unless such employee benefit plan elects not to be a special 
entity by notifying a security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant of its election prior to entering into a 
security-based swap with the particular security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant.'' The Commission believes that 
the inclusion of this additional provision appropriately resolves any 
tension between Exchange Act Sections 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) and (iv), while 
granting broad coverage under the enhanced business conduct protections 
for special entities provided by the Dodd Frank Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \663\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5; CalPERS 
(August 2011), supra note 5; Church Alliance (October 2011), supra 
note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4), as adopted, an employee benefit plan that 
is ``defined in'' Section 3 of ERISA but not ``subject to'' regulation 
under ERISA is included within the special entity definition, although 
it may elect to opt out of special entity status by notifying an SBS 
Entity counterparty of its election to opt out prior to entering into a 
security-based swap. Therefore, for example, under Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4), 
any church plan, as defined in Section 3(33) of ERISA, would be 
considered a special entity unless it elected to opt out of special 
entity status.\664\ It is also consistent with Rule 15Fh-3(a)(3), which 
requires an SBS Entity to verify whether a counterparty is eligible to 
elect not to be a special entity, and if so, to notify the counterparty 
of its right to make such an election.\665\ Further, by requiring 
employee benefit plans to notify SBS Entities of their decision to opt 
out, the provision will provide SBS Entities greater clarity regarding 
their counterparty's election to be treated as a special entity, as 
requested by a commenter.\666\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \664\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \665\ See Section II.G.1.b, supra.
    \666\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the special entity definition the Commission is 
adopting today differs from the CFTC's special entity definition, which 
instead includes an opt-in provision for plans ``defined in'' 
ERISA.\667\ While we agree with the CFTC's objective of ``providing 
protections broadly,'' \668\ we have determined that inclusion of an 
opt-out provision will afford the maximum protections to the broadest 
categories of special entities, while still allowing them the 
flexibility to elect not to be special entities when they do not wish 
to avail themselves of those protections. In making this determination, 
we acknowledge the commenter's request that we conform our special 
entity definition to that of the CFTC.\669\ However, we believe that 
the practical effect of an opt-out versus an opt-in regime should be 
minimal since, in either case, the SBS Entity will need to advise the 
counterparty of its option to be treated as a special entity. The 
result should be greater clarity for SBS Entities regarding the 
regulatory status of their counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \667\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9774, supra note 21.
    \668\ 77 FR at 9776.
    \669\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, we disagree with the commenter's assertions that the SEC 
``has extended its regulatory reach'' beyond the statute by applying 
the business conduct rules to ERISA plans, and that the resulting 
regulations would overlap with the preexisting regulations established 
under ERISA.\670\ As noted above, the plain language of Exchange Act 
Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(iii) includes ERISA plans within the special 
entity definition, and we continue to believe that such plans are 
deserving of the heightened protections of the business conduct rules 
specific to special entities. Moreover, wherever practical, we have 
adopted bifurcated rules that acknowledge the existing federal 
regulatory framework for ERISA plans, thereby minimizing the tension 
that may arise between that framework and the business conduct 
standards adopted today.\671\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \670\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \671\ See, e.g., Section II.H.2.c.ii, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv. Master Trusts
    The Commission agrees with commenters that master trusts should be 
treated as special entities, where a master trust holds the assets of 
more than one ERISA plan, sponsored by a single employer or by a group 
of employers under common control.\672\ In this regard, the Commission 
clarifies that, if a master trust holds the assets of an ERISA plan, 
the SBS Entity may satisfy the business conduct requirements being 
adopted today by treating the master trust as a special entity, rather 
than applying the business conduct rules to each underlying ERISA plan 
in a master trust. The Commission understands that a single employer or 
a group of employers under common control may sponsor multiple ERISA 
plans that are combined into a master trust to achieve economies of 
scale and other efficiencies. In such cases, the Commission does not 
believe that any individual ERISA plan within the master trust would 
receive any additional protection if the SBS Dealer or Major SBS 
Participant had to separately comply with the final rules with respect 
to each ERISA plan whose assets are held in the master trust.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \672\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; Church Alliance (August 
2011), supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See also 
Section 403(a) of ERISA (in general, ``assets of an employee benefit 
plan shall be held in trust by one or more trustees'') (29 U.S.C. 
1103(a)); DOL Regulation 29 CFR 2520.103-1(e) (requiring the plan 
administrator of a Plan which participates in a master trust to file 
an annual report on IRS Form 5500 in accordance with the 
instructions for the form relating to master trusts); see also IRS 
Form 5500 Instructions, at 9 (``For reporting purposes, a `master 
trust' is a trust . . . in which the assets of more than one plan 
sponsored by a single employer or by a group of employers under 
common control are held.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission similarly agrees with the commenter that, where a 
church benefit board holds the assets of multiple church plans as 
defined in Section 3(33) of ERISA, the function of the church benefit 
board is similar to that of a master trust.\673\ Because church plans 
are recognized in ERISA, and a church benefit board holds only the 
assets of constituent church plans,\674\ a church benefit board that 
holds the assets of church plans will be deemed a special entity under 
final Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4), although it will have the ability to opt out 
of special entity protections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \673\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \674\ See generally 29 U.S.C. 1003(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, this clarification addresses the commenter's request that 
the Commission interpret the special entity definition in harmony with 
the CFTC, as the CFTC also includes master trusts as special entities 
where a master trust holds the assets of more than one ERISA plan, 
sponsored by a single employer or by a group of employers under common 
control.\675\ Such uniformity will help establish regulatory 
consistency across the security-based swap and swap markets, thereby 
creating efficiencies for SBS entities that transact in security-based 
swaps and swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \675\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See also CFTC 
Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9776, supra note 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

v. Collective Investment Vehicles
    The Commission requested comment on whether to interpret ``special 
entity'' to include collective investment vehicles in which one or more 
special entities had invested. After

[[Page 30012]]

consideration of the comments, the Commission has determined not to 
interpret ``special entity'' in that way. The Commission agrees with 
commenters that uniformly urged the Commission not to treat a 
collective investment vehicle as a special entity, solely because the 
collective investment vehicle may have one or more special entity 
investors.\676\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \676\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
ABA Committees, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2011), supra note 5; ABA Committees, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; 
NACUBO, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. For 
clarification, and in response to commenters, the term ``collective 
investment vehicle'' in our discussion includes, but is not limited 
to, hedge funds that hold the assets of special entity investors. 
See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Unlike master trusts, formed for the purpose of holding assets of 
ERISA plans, a collective investment vehicle may be formed for a 
variety of reasons and only incidentally accept investments from 
special entities. We share the concerns of commenters that requiring 
SBS Entities to investigate or ``look through'' their collective 
investment vehicle counterparties to determine whether they held 
special entity investments could create uncertainty in the market, and 
could potentially increase compliance costs, disrupt the gains of 
special entity investors, and restrict special entities' access to 
security-based swaps--since collective investment vehicle managers may 
either limit or reject investments by special entities to avoid 
application of the special entity requirements.\677\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \677\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the same time, we recognize the potential benefits of applying 
heightened protections to special entities that have invested in 
collective investment vehicles, either by applying those protections to 
the collective investment vehicle itself or requiring the SBS Entity to 
``look through'' the collective investment vehicle. After further 
consideration, we have determined that it would neither be appropriate 
to treat the entire collective investment vehicle as a special entity, 
nor to require an SBS Dealer to ``look through'' the collective 
investment vehicle to determine whether any of its investors qualify as 
special entities. While the special entity has made the decision to 
invest in the collective investment vehicle, it is the collective 
investment vehicle that enters into the security-based swap--not the 
special entity. In light of the foregoing, we do not believe that 
collective investment vehicles should be included within the special 
entity definition.
    Lastly, our decision not to include collective investment vehicles 
in the special entity definition will address the commenter's 
suggestion that we harmonize the Commission's special entity definition 
with that of the CFTC to increase regulatory consistency across the 
security-based swap and swap markets.\678\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \678\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vi. Endowments, Non-Profit Organizations, and Private Foundations
    The Commission requested comment regarding application of the 
special entity definition to endowments. After taking into 
consideration the comments, the Commission has determined to interpret 
the term ``endowment,'' as used in Section 15F(h)(2)(C)(v) of the 
Exchange Act, not to include entities or persons other than the 
endowment itself. The Commission therefore agrees with commenters that 
special entity status should be limited to endowments that are, 
themselves, counterparties to security-based swaps.\679\ Accordingly, 
the Commission does not interpret the term ``endowment'' to include 
organizations that use endowment assets to pledge, maintain, enhance or 
support the organization's collateral obligations, or situations where 
a counterparty has recourse to the organization's endowment.\680\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \679\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; 
NACUBO, supra note 5.
    \680\ See NACUBO, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For clarification, and in response to comment,\681\ a private 
foundation will be subject to special entity protections where the 
private foundation qualifies as an endowment under applicable state 
laws, rules, or regulations, including the Uniform Prudent Management 
of Institutional Funds Act. Although we acknowledge the commenter's 
assertion that private foundations typically derive their financial 
support through private donations,\682\ we do not agree that public 
funding is a prerequisite to special entity status, or that private 
funding should necessarily exclude a foundation from qualifying for 
special entity status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \681\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \682\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above in Section II.G.1.b, Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2) generally 
requires an SBS Entity to verify whether its counterparty is a special 
entity before entering into the security-based swap with that 
counterparty. Such verification should generally include a 
determination whether the counterparty may be deemed an endowment under 
applicable state law, as described above. However, as discussed in 
Section II.G.1.b, supra, counterparties may make representations about 
their status as special entities at the outset of a relationship with 
an SBS Entity, and can ``bring down'' that representation for each 
relevant action involving a security-based swap.
    Also, as with collective investment vehicles, we believe that a 
more expansive interpretation of the special entity definition would 
require a burdensome ``look through'' process to determine whether 
endowment funds had, for instance, been invested or used as collateral 
in a particular security-based swap, and could ultimately restrict the 
ability of entities that are neither themselves endowments nor special 
entities (such as organizations described in section 501(c)(3) of the 
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 whose assets merely include funds 
designated as an endowment) to transact in security-based swaps.
    By making the foregoing clarifications, the Commission more closely 
aligns its interpretation of the term ``endowment'' with that of the 
CFTC.\683\ This consistency in the definition will address the 
commenter's concern regarding the need to promote regulatory clarity, 
and result in operational efficiencies for entities that have been 
operating under the CFTC's business conduct regime since 2012.\684\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \683\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9776, supra note 21 
(``The Commission agrees with commenters that the Special Entity 
prong with respect to endowments is limited to the endowment itself. 
Therefore, the endowment prong of the Special Entity definition 
under Section 4s(h)(2)(C)(v) and Sec.  23.401(c)(5) applies with 
respect to an endowment that is the counterparty to a swap with 
respect to its investment funds. The definition would not extend to 
charitable organizations generally. Additionally, where a charitable 
organization enters into a swap as a counterparty, the Special 
Entity definition would not apply where the organization's endowment 
is contractually or otherwise legally obligations to make payments 
on the swap . . . .'').
    \684\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, as discussed in more detail above in Section II.A.2.d., we 
decline the commenter's suggestion to permit endowments to opt out of 
special entity status.\685\ As stated in the Proposing Release, 
Congress created heightened protections to mitigate the potential for 
abuse in SBS transactions with special entities, as the financial 
sophistication of special entities varies greatly.\686\ As discussed 
above in Section II.A, the rules being adopted today are intended to 
provide certain protections for counterparties, including certain

[[Page 30013]]

heightened protections for special entities. We think it is appropriate 
to apply the rules so that counterparties receive the benefits of those 
protections and do not think it is appropriate to permit parties to 
``opt out'' of those provisions. Furthermore, we note that the CFTC's 
adopted rules do not contain such an opt-out provision, and that Swap 
Entities and their special entity counterparties have been operating 
under this regime since 2012. For all of the foregoing reasons, and to 
achieve regulatory consistency across the security-based swap and swap 
markets, we decline to adopt an opt-out provision for endowments in the 
final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \685\ Id.
    \686\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42401, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vii. Foreign Plans and Foreign Entities
    The Commission requested comment on whether to exclude from the 
definition of ``special entity'' any foreign entity. After considering 
the comments, all of which asserted that foreign entities should not be 
deemed special entities, the Commission is declining to include foreign 
entities within the definition of ``special entity.'' The Commission 
believes that, as stated in the Cross-Border Adopting Release, the term 
``special entity'' applies to ``legal persons organized under the laws 
of the United States.'' \687\ This reading addresses the concerns 
raised by commenters regarding the need for clarification concerning 
the application of the rules as they relate to special entity-specific 
provisions.\688\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \687\ See Application of ``Security-Based Swap Dealer'' and 
``Major Security-Based Swap Participant'' Definitions to Cross-
Border Security-Based Swap Activities; Final Rule; Republication, 79 
FR 47278, 47306 n.234 (Aug. 12, 2014) (``Consistent with the 
proposal, `special entities,' as defined in Section 15F(h)(2)(C) of 
the Exchange Act, are U.S. persons because they are legal persons 
organized under the laws of the United States'').
    \688\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5. For a more detailed discussion on the 
cross-border application of U.S. business conduct standards, see 
Section III, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. ``Acts as an Advisor'' to a Special Entity
a. Proposed Rule
    As discussed below in Section II.H.3, Section 15F(h)(4)(B) of the 
Exchange Act imposes a duty on an SBS Dealer acting ``as an advisor'' 
to a special entity to act in the best interests of the special 
entity.\689\ The Dodd-Frank Act does not define the term ``advisor,'' 
nor does it establish specific criteria for determining when an SBS 
Dealer is acting as an advisor within the meaning of Section 15F(h)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \689\ Under proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b), an SBS Dealer that ``acts 
as an advisor'' to a special entity regarding a security-based swap 
must: (1) Act in the best interests of the special entity; and (2) 
make reasonable efforts to obtain such information that the SBS 
Dealer considers necessary to make a reasonable determination that a 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap is in the best interests of the special entity. See Section 
II.H.3, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a), which states that an SBS 
Dealer ``acts as an advisor to a special entity when it recommends a 
security-based swap or a trading strategy that involves the use of a 
security-based swap to the special entity.'' We explained in the 
Proposing Release that, for these purposes, to ``recommend'' has the 
same meaning as that discussed in connection with Rule 15Fh-3(f).\690\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \690\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42424, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the Dodd-Frank Act does not preclude an SBS Dealer from 
acting as both advisor and counterparty, the Commission recognized in 
the Proposing Release that it could be impracticable for an SBS Dealer 
acting as a counterparty to a special entity to meet the ``best 
interests'' standard imposed by Section 15F(h)(4) if it were deemed to 
be acting as an advisor to the special entity.\691\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-
2(a) would therefore provide a three-pronged safe harbor for an SBS 
Dealer to establish that it is not acting as an advisor. To qualify for 
the safe harbor, the SBS Dealer's special entity counterparty must 
first represent in writing that it will not rely on the SBS Dealer's 
recommendations, but that it will instead rely on advice from a 
``qualified independent representative.'' \692\ Second, the SBS Dealer 
must have a ``reasonable basis'' to conclude that the special entity is 
being advised by a qualified independent representative.\693\ Toward 
this end, the SBS Dealer could rely on the special entity's written 
representations unless the SBS Dealer has information that would cause 
a reasonable person to question the accuracy of the 
representation.\694\ Third, the SBS Dealer must disclose that it is not 
undertaking to act in the special entity's best interests, as would 
otherwise be required under Section 15F(h)(4).\695\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \691\ Id.
    \692\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1).
    \693\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2).
    \694\ See also discussion on SBS Entities acting as 
counterparties to special entities, Section II.H.5, infra.
    \695\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received numerous comments in response to the 
definition of ``acts as an advisor'' to a special entity in proposed 
Rule 15Fh-2(a). One commenter asserted that the meaning of the phrase 
``acts as an advisor to a special entity'' was critical to several 
regulatory rulemakings, and that this term should be applied as 
consistently as possible.\696\ That commenter and another recommended 
that, in developing recommendations for the final rules, the Commission 
staff coordinate with the Commission staff working on rules regarding 
municipal advisors, as well as the MSRB and the CFTC.\697\ The 
commenter urged the Commission to work with the CFTC and the MSRB to 
make the definition as consistent as possible across regulatory 
regimes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \696\ See NABL, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the majority of comment letters addressing proposed Rule 
15Fh-2(a) related to: (1) The use of the term ``recommends'' when 
defining the phrase ``acts as an advisor to a special entity;'' and (2) 
the safe harbor from acting as an advisor to a special entity set forth 
in proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(3). These comments are summarized below.
i. ``Recommends'' an SBS or Related Trading Strategy to a Special 
Entity
    Eight comment letters addressed whether an SBS Dealer should be 
deemed to act as an advisor if it ``recommends'' a security-based swap 
or trading strategy to a special entity.\698\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \698\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter argued that the definition of ``acting as an 
advisor'' was too narrow, and should be expanded to include not only 
making recommendations, but also providing ``more general information 
and opinions.'' \699\ That commenter and another recommended that the 
definition of ``act as an advisor'' should parallel that of an 
``investment adviser,'' such that the definition would encompass 
advising special entities as to the value of a security-based swap or 
as to the advisability of a security-based swap or trading strategies 
involving security-based swaps.\700\ The second commenter asserted that 
this definition would more closely conform the definition of ``act as 
an advisor'' to the definition of ``investment adviser'' under the 
Advisers Act, as well as to the definition of ``commodity trading

[[Page 30014]]

advisor'' under the CEA, while preserving the benefits of the 
Commission's proposed safe harbor.\701\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \699\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \700\ Id. Under the commenter's approach, the SBS Dealer need 
not receive compensation for the advice to be deemed acting as an 
advisor. See also FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \701\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter generally supported our proposed approach, noting 
that ``defining recommendations as advice is consistent . . . with 
congressional intent.'' \702\ The commenter, however, would narrow the 
definition of advice to ``recommendations related to a security-based 
swap or a security-based swap trading strategy that are made to meet 
the objectives or needs of a specific counterparty after taking into 
account the counterparty's specific circumstances.'' \703\ Another 
commenter suggested that the term ``recommendation'' exclude 
communications to groups of customers or to investment managers with 
multiple clients, unless the communication was tailored to a member of 
the group or to a specific client known to the SBS Dealer.\704\ 
According to the commenter, the Commission should clarify that a 
recommendation must be tailored to the circumstances of a known 
special-entity counterparty before giving rise to advisor status, 
because, without this clarification, general communications to 
investment advisers (that potentially have special entity clients) 
might result in the SBS Dealer unknowingly ``acting as an advisor.'' 
\705\ In 2015, after the CFTC adopted its final business conduct rules, 
a commenter similarly proposed that the Commission narrow the scope of 
the definition of ``act as an advisor to a special entity'' to include 
only recommendations that are ``tailored to the particular needs or 
characteristics of the special entity.'' \706\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \702\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \703\ Id.
    \704\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \705\ Id.
    \706\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. As the commenter 
stated, these modifications would harmonize the SEC and CFTC 
standards for determining when a Swap Dealer or SBS Dealer is acting 
as an advisor to a special entity. In addition, the commenter argued 
that this modification would align the definition with applicable 
guidance under the Advisers Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that a definition premised on an SBS 
Dealer's ``recommend[ing]'' a security-based swap or related trading 
strategy was ``overly broad and unwise,'' and that acting as an advisor 
``requires a more formal, acknowledged agency, as part of a 
relationship of trust and confidence.'' \707\ This commenter expressed 
concern that a definition based on recommendations could chill 
communications, including informal ``market chatter.'' \708\ Two other 
commenters similarly urged the Commission to adopt a bright line, 
objective standard, where an explicit agreement by the parties would 
determine whether the SBS Dealer acts as advisor to the special 
entity.\709\ Under this approach, unless the special entity and SBS 
Dealer agree that information provided by the SBS Dealer would form the 
primary basis for an investment decision, the SBS Dealer's 
communications would not be considered a ``recommendation'' under 
proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a).\710\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \707\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
    \708\ Id.
    \709\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5 
(arguing that special entities would suffer the economic impact of 
the uncertainty resulting from a ``facts and circumstances'' test).
    \710\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters requested that the Commission clarify whether 
certain communications constitute ``acting as an advisor.'' One 
commenter was concerned that an SBS Dealer could provide a counterparty 
with data, analysis, and opinions that constituted recommendations in 
fact, but were not labeled or characterized as such.\711\ A second 
commenter suggested the Commission clarify that the phrase ``acting as 
an advisor'' does not include providing general transaction, financial 
or market information to the special entity.\712\ A third commenter 
recommended the final rule clarify that an SBS Dealer's ``customary 
product explanations and marketing activities, provision of general 
market information, quotes in response to requests, and information 
pursuant to requirements in the business conduct rules would not 
constitute `acting as an advisor' to a special entity.'' \713\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \711\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \712\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \713\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Safe Harbor
    The Commission received a number of comment letters on the proposed 
rule's safe harbor provisions. Ten comment letters generally supported 
the safe harbor, subject to various suggestions or objections.\714\ 
Three commenters objected to the safe harbor.\715\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \714\ See ABC, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; NABL, supra 
note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; Black Rock, supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 
5.
    \715\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters supporting the adoption of safe harbor provisions that 
would protect an SBS Dealer from being deemed an advisor to a special 
entity, argued that market participants would benefit from greater 
certainty provided by the safe harbor, which would enable contracting 
parties to specify the nature of their relationship.\716\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \716\ See NABL, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A number of commenters, however, expressed concern about the 
possible interaction of the proposed safe harbor with ERISA. One 
commenter, for example, generally agreed with the proposed safe harbor 
but expressed concern that requiring an SBS Dealer to have a 
``reasonable basis'' to believe a special entity was being advised by a 
qualified independent representative could allow the SBS Dealer's 
opinion of an ERISA plan representative to ``trump'' that of the ERISA 
plan fiduciary.\717\ For these reasons, the commenter urged the 
Commission to prohibit an SBS Dealer that acts as a counterparty to an 
ERISA plan from vetoing the plan's choice of representative.\718\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \717\ See ABC, supra note 5. The commenter expressed concern 
that such a veto power could render the Department of Labor's 
Prohibited Transaction Class Exemption 84-14 for Qualified 
Professional Asset Managers (``QPAMs'') unavailable, and make ERISA 
plan representatives hesitant to vigilantly represent the plan's 
interests for fear of a future veto. The commenter also argued that, 
through this same provision, an SBS Dealer acting as an ERISA plan 
counterparty could learn confidential information regarding the plan 
or its representative.
    \718\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter suggested the proposed safe harbor be revised to 
provide that either: (1) The special entity will rely on advice from a 
qualified independent representative, or (2) if the special entity or 
its representative is relying on the Qualified Professional Asset 
Manager (``QPAM'') or In-House Asset Manager (``INHAM'') Exemption, the 
decision to enter into the transaction will be made by a QPAM or 
INHAM.\719\ One commenter expressed concern with the proposed safe 
harbor's requirement that the special entity represent it is not

[[Page 30015]]

``relying'' on recommendations from the SBS Dealer.\720\ As the 
commenter explained, since reliance is one of the essential elements of 
a securities fraud action, an SBS Dealer could seek to rely on the 
special entity's representation that it did not ``rely'' on the SBS 
Dealer's recommendation in defense of a subsequent securities fraud 
action against the SBS Dealer.\721\ Instead, the commenter suggested 
``as a purely technical matter'' that the safe harbor instead require a 
special entity to acknowledge that the SBS Dealer is not acting as 
advisor to the special entity.\722\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \719\ See BlackRock, supra note 5. Section 406(a) of ERISA 
generally prohibits the fiduciary of a plan from causing the plan to 
engage in various transactions with a ``party in interest'' (as 
defined in Section 3(14) of ERISA), unless a statutory or 
administrative exemption applies to the transaction. Prohibited 
Transaction Exemption 84-14 (the ``QPAM Exemption''), an 
administrative exemption, permits certain parties in interest to 
engage in transactions involving plan assets if, among other 
conditions, the assets are managed by a ``qualified professional 
asset manager'' (QPAM), which is independent of the parties in 
interest. Prohibited Transaction Exemption 96-23 (the ``INHAM 
Exemption'') provides similar conditional prohibited transaction 
relief for certain transactions involving plan assets that are 
managed by an in-house asset management affiliate of a plan sponsor.
    \720\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
    \721\ Id.
    \722\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In August 2015, another commenter suggested modifying the proposed 
rule to harmonize with the CFTC's approach by creating a second 
separate safe harbor for employee benefit plans subject to Title I of 
ERISA that ``recognizes the unique fiduciary regime already applicable 
to such special entities.'' \723\ In addition to recommending a safe 
harbor for ERISA plans, the commenter requested two changes to the non-
ERISA safe harbor: (1) Adding a requirement that an SBS Dealer may not 
express an opinion as to whether a special entity should enter into the 
recommended security-based swap or related trading strategy; and (2) 
eliminating the safe harbor condition that an SBS Dealer have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity is advised by a 
qualified independent representative.\724\ The commenter noted that the 
``reasonable basis'' provision is absent from the parallel CFTC 
business conduct rule, and argued that the provision is unnecessary in 
light of the fact that the SBS Dealer will already receive a written 
representation that the special entity will rely on advice from the 
independent representative.\725\ The commenter explained that its 
suggested modifications were generally intended to bring the 
Commission's safe harbor provisions into conformity with those of the 
CFTC.\726\ The same commenter subsequently urged the Commission to 
either (i) permit SBS Entities to reasonably rely on written 
representations that satisfy the CFTC's safe harbor, or (ii) adopt a 
parallel safe harbor.\727\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \723\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \724\ See SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    \725\ Id.
    \726\ Id.
    \727\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters opposed the proposed safe harbor, arguing that it 
would erode the statutory protections for special entities. For 
instance, one commenter argued that the safe harbor would effectively 
allow SBS Dealers to give advice that might not be in the best 
interests of the special entity.\728\ A second commenter opposed the 
safe harbor on the grounds that it would cause special entities to 
waive their right to ``best interest'' recommendations as a condition 
of transacting with SBS Dealers, and force them to rely solely on an 
independent representative that might be ``financially beholden to the 
security-based swap industry.'' \729\ The commenter also expressed 
concern that ``in any transaction involving a customized swap, the 
special entity will by definition be relying on the swap dealer's 
assertion that the customization was designed with the particular needs 
of the special entity in mind,'' and if the SBS Dealer knows or has 
reason to know that the swap is not in the best interests of the 
special entity, the SBS Dealer ``should be precluded from doing the 
transaction regardless of what representations the special entity 
provides about who it may be relying on.'' \730\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \728\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \729\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \730\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, a third commenter characterized the safe harbor as 
permitting ``an SBS Dealer to escape the critical responsibilities 
associated with `acting as an advisor' by having Special Entities waive 
this right,'' and expressed concern that special entities would be 
forced to sign ``boilerplate'' waivers to enter into a security-based 
swap.\731\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \731\ See AFSCME, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    As stated above, proposed Rule 15Fh-2(a) defined what it means for 
an SBS Dealer to act as an advisor to a special entity, and proposed 
Rule 15Fh-4 imposed certain requirements on SBS Dealers acting as 
advisors. Thus, the proposed rules would not impose these obligations 
on Major SBS Participants.\732\ One commenter stated its view that it 
is appropriate to impose Rule 15Fh-4(b)'s heightened standards of 
conduct on professional market participants that are likely to be 
acting as advisors to special entities,\733\ and another commenter 
stated that the ``dealer-like obligations'' of Rule 15Fh-4(b) should 
not be imposed on Major SBS Participants, transacting at arm's-length, 
as they will not likely advise special entities with respect to 
security-based swap transactions.\734\ The Commission continues to 
believe that it is appropriate not to impose the heightened obligations 
when acting as an advisor to a special entity on Major SBS 
Participants, given the nature of their participation in the security-
based swap markets.\735\ However, if a Major SBS Participant is, in 
fact, recommending security-based swaps or trading strategies involving 
security-based swaps to a special entity, this could indicate that the 
Major SBS Participant is actually engaged in security-based swap 
dealing activity.\736\ A Major SBS Participant that engages in such 
activity above the de minimis threshold in Exchange Act Rule 3a71-2 
would need to register as an SBS Dealer and comply with the obligations 
imposed on SBS Dealers, including the obligations imposed by Rule 15Fh-
4(b) when an SBS Dealer is acting as an advisor to a special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \732\ Although Section 15F(h)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act 
generally requires all SBS Entities to comply with the requirements 
of Section 15F(h)(4), the specific requirements of Sections 
15F(h)(4)(B) and (C), by their terms, apply only to SBS Dealers that 
act as advisors to special entities.
    \733\ See CFA, supra note 5 (arguing that the determining factor 
in whether a rule should apply to a Major SBS Participant is whether 
it is engaged in conduct that would appropriately be regulated under 
the relevant standard).
    \734\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \735\ See Section II.C.3 (discussing bases for applying certain 
requirements to SBS Dealers but not to Major SBS Participants).
    \736\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42416 n.140, supra note 3. 
See also Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR at 30618, supra note 
108 (``Advising a counterparty as to how to use security-based swaps 
to meet the counterparty's hedging goals, or structuring security-
based swaps on behalf of a counterparty, also would indicate 
security-based swap dealing activity.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Upon review and consideration of the comments, the Commission is 
adopting Rule 15Fh-2(a) as described below.
i. ``Recommends'' an SBS or Related Trading Strategy to a Special 
Entity
    We are adopting, as proposed, Rule 15Fh-2(a), under which an SBS 
Dealer is defined to ``act as an advisor to a special entity'' when it 
recommends a security-based swap or a trading strategy that involves a 
security-based swap to a special entity.\737\ For these purposes, to 
``recommend'' has the same meaning as discussed in connection with Rule 
15Fh-3(f).\738\ The determination of whether an SBS Dealer has made a 
``recommendation'' turns on the facts and circumstances of the 
particular situation and, therefore, whether a

[[Page 30016]]

recommendation has taken place is not susceptible to a bright line 
definition.\739\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \737\ Although we are adopting Rule 15Fh-2(a), as proposed, we 
are adopting the safe harbor under proposed rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(3) 
with various modifications, as discussed in Section II.H.2.c.ii, 
infra.
    \738\ See Section II.G.4, infra.
    \739\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3. As 
discussed in Section II.G.4, supra, this is consistent with the 
FINRA approach as to what constitutes a recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is not expanding the definition of 
``recommendation'' to encompass ``more general information and 
opinions,'' as suggested by a commenter.\740\ Such a broad definition 
could have the unintended consequence of chilling commercial 
communications, restricting customary commercial interactions, and 
generally reducing market information shared with special entities 
regarding security-based swaps.\741\ As we discussed in Section II.G.4, 
the Commission continues to believe that the meaning of the term 
``recommendation'' is well-established and familiar to intermediaries 
in the financial services industry, including broker-dealers that rely 
on institutional suitability determinations, and we believe that the 
same meaning should be ascribed to the term in this context.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \740\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \741\ See, e.g., Ropes & Gray, supra, note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in Section II.G.4, the factors considered in 
determining whether a recommendation has taken place include whether 
the communication ``reasonably could be viewed as a `call to action' '' 
and ``reasonably would influence an investor to trade a particular 
security or group of securities.'' \742\ The more individually tailored 
the communication to a specific customer or a targeted group of 
customers about a security or group of securities, the greater the 
likelihood that the communication may be viewed as a 
``recommendation.'' \743\ Thus, in response to commenters' requests for 
clarification, an SBS Dealer typically would not be making a 
recommendation--and would therefore not be ``acting as an advisor'' to 
a special entity with a duty to act in the ``best interests'' of a 
special entity--solely by reason of providing general financial or 
market information or transaction terms in response to a request for 
competitive bids.\744\ Furthermore, provision of information pursuant 
to the requirements of the business conduct rules will not, in and of 
itself, result in an SBS Dealer being viewed as making a 
``recommendation,'' as suggested by one commenter.\745\ Rather, as 
stated above, the determination of whether providing information about 
the valuation of a security-based swap, or concerning the advisability 
of a security-based swap or a trading strategy, involving a security-
based swap constitutes a ``recommendation'' turns on the particular 
facts and circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \742\ Our approach here is consistent with that of the CFTC. See 
CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9783, n. 699, supra note 22.
    \743\ Id. at n. 698.
    \744\ See CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5. 
See also Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42415, supra note 3.
    \745\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To avoid unnecessarily narrowing the definition of 
``recommendation,'' we decline to limit the definition of ``act as an 
advisor'' to recommendations that are designed to meet the needs of a 
specific counterparty after taking into account the counterparty's 
individual circumstances.\746\ We also decline to exclude from the 
definition of ``recommendation'' communications to groups of customers 
or to investment managers with multiple clients.\747\ We believe that 
such an exclusion could unnecessarily deprive groups or special entity 
investors of the intended protections of the rules when there are 
communications regarding a particular security-based swap or trading 
strategy to a targeted group of special entities that share common 
characteristics, e.g., school districts. As stated above, such 
communications should be evaluated based on whether, in light of all 
the facts and circumstances, the communications could ``reasonably 
could be viewed as a `call to action' '' and ``reasonably would 
influence an investor to trade a particular security or group of 
securities.'' \748\ We also note that the number of recipients of a 
given communication does not necessarily change the characteristics of 
the communication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \746\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \747\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \748\ See Section II.G.4, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, we are not limiting the definition of ``act as an 
advisor'' to a special entity to situations in which parties 
affirmatively contract or otherwise establish ``more formal, 
acknowledged agency relationships that are part of a relationship of 
trust and confidence'' \749\ We believe this could limit the scope of 
the obligations and corresponding protections for special entities when 
an SBS Dealer ``acts as an advisor'' in a manner that is not consistent 
with the intended objectives of the rule. In short, the rule could be 
stripped of its intended protections if those protections only applied 
when the regulated entity agreed to be regulated.\750\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \749\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra 
note 5; APPA, supra note 5.
    \750\ The CFTC has taken the same approach in its treatment of 
swap dealers. See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9785, supra note 
22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the same reason, SBS Dealers may not avoid making a 
``recommendation'' as defined in this context through disclaimer, or 
simply by not characterizing or labeling a recommendation as such.\751\ 
An interpretation that would permit an SBS Dealer to disclaim its 
``best interests'' duty, irrespective of the SBS Dealer's conduct, 
could essentially relieve SBS Dealers of their obligations and deprive 
special entities of the corresponding protections intended by Rule 
15Fh-4. Rather than require the affirmative agreement of the parties to 
establish an advisory relationship, we are providing a safe harbor, as 
described in Section II.H.2.c.ii, infra, by which the parties can agree 
that an SBS Dealer is not ``acting as an advisor'' to a special entity 
where certain conditions are met--specifically, where the special 
entity agrees to rely on the advice of an ERISA fiduciary or other 
qualified, independent representative with respect to a security-based 
swap transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \751\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We reject the commenters' suggestion that we conform the definition 
of an SBS Dealer that ``acts as an advisor'' to a special entity to the 
definition of ``investment adviser'' under the Advisers Act, or to the 
definition of ``commodity trading advisor'' under the CEA.\752\ We do 
not agree that either definition is necessarily tailored to the 
specific attributes of security-based swap transactions or the unique 
relationships between SBS Dealers and their special entity 
counterparties; therefore we believe that those definitions would not 
necessarily provide special entities that trade in security-based swaps 
with the protections the business conduct rules are intended to 
provide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \752\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission continues to believe that the duties imposed on an 
SBS Dealer that ``acts as an advisor'' (as well as the definition of 
``act as an advisor'' under Rule 15Fh-2(a)) are supplemental to any 
duties that may be imposed under other applicable law.\753\ In 
particular, we acknowledge the commenter's suggestion that the 
Commission coordinate with the MSRB regarding the definition of ``acts 
as an advisor.'' \754\ As explained in Section

[[Page 30017]]

I.E, supra, we have adopted rules that provide an exemption from 
``municipal advisor'' status for persons providing advice with respect 
to municipal financial products or the issuance of municipal securities 
where certain conditions are met, such as where the municipal entity is 
represented by an independent registered municipal advisor.\755\ More 
generally, as discussed in Section I.E, supra, the duties imposed on an 
SBS Dealer under the business conduct rules are specific to this 
context, and are in addition to any duties that may be imposed under 
other applicable law. Thus, an SBS Dealer must separately determine 
whether it is subject to regulation as a broker-dealer, an investment 
adviser, a municipal advisor or other regulated entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \753\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42424, supra note 13.
    \754\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \755\ See Municipal Advisor Registration Release, supra note 54.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, the Commission considered and agrees with the comment that 
the definition of ``acting as an advisor'' to a special entity should 
be applied as consistently as possible across various rulemakings, and 
that the Commission should coordinate with the CFTC with respect to 
this definition.\756\ As noted in Section I.C, the staffs of the 
Commission and the CFTC extensively coordinated and consulted in 
connection with their respective rulemakings in an effort to establish 
a consistent rule regime across the swap and security-based swap 
markets. These efforts are reflected in the rules adopted today.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \756\ See NABL, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the Commission's definition of ``acts as an advisor'' 
to a special entity under Rule 15Fh-2(a) differs slightly from the 
CFTC's parallel rule, under which a swap dealer is deemed to be an 
advisor when it ``recommends a swap or trading strategy involving a 
swap that is tailored to the particular needs or characteristics of the 
Special Entity.'' \757\ While we agree that the more individually 
tailored the communication to a specific counterparty or a targeted 
group of counterparties about a swap, group of swaps or trading 
strategy involving the use of a swap, the greater the likelihood that 
the communication may be viewed as a ``recommendation,'' we do not 
agree that a security-based swap communication must be so tailored to 
constitute a recommendation for purposes of Rule 15Fh-2(a). In adopting 
this more expansive definition of ``acts as an advisor'' to a special 
entity, the Commission believes that it will better provide the 
intended protections of the statute to groups of special entity 
investors that may be treated similarly by SBS Dealers, such as school 
districts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \757\ 17 CFR 23.440(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Safe Harbor
    After the Commission issued the Proposing Release, the CFTC adopted 
final rules that provide two safe harbors from the definition of ``acts 
as an advisor to a special entity.'' The first provides a safe harbor 
for communications between a swap dealer and an ERISA plan that has an 
ERISA fiduciary, and the second provides a safe harbor for 
communications between a swap dealer and any special entity (including 
a special entity that is an ERISA plan). Qualifying for either safe 
harbor requires specified representations in writing by the swap dealer 
and special entity. In response to requests from commenters, and upon 
further consideration, we are adopting an approach that similarly 
recognizes the use of ERISA fiduciaries by ERISA plans, thereby 
avoiding the potential conflict or confusion that may result where the 
existing ERISA rules intersect with the business conduct rules adopted 
today.\758\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \758\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In adopting a separate safe harbor for ERISA plans, we recognize 
that Congress has already established a comprehensive federal 
regulatory framework for ERISA plans. Such recognition of the existing 
federal regulatory framework for ERISA plans maintains statutory 
protections for ERISA plans, while addressing the potential conflict, 
recognized by commenters, between the ERISA rules and the business 
conduct standards we are adopting today.\759\ Lastly, in adopting a 
bifurcated approach that provides a safe harbor specifically for ERISA 
plans and another that is available with respect to all special 
entities, we are responding to the commenter's request that we more 
closely align the Commission's rules with those of the CFTC to promote 
regulatory consistency and operational efficiency for entities that 
have been operating under the CFTC's business conduct regime since 
2012.\760\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \759\ Id.
    \760\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See also CFTC 
Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9784, n. 701, supra note 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1), as adopted, an SBS Dealer may establish 
that it is not acting as an advisor to a special entity that is an 
ERISA plan if the special entity is represented by a qualified 
independent representative that meets the standard for an ERISA 
fiduciary. Specifically, the rule provides that an SBS Dealer will not 
be acting as an advisor to an ERISA special entity if: (i) The ERISA 
plan represents in writing that it has an ERISA fiduciary; (ii) the 
ERISA fiduciary represents in writing that it acknowledges that the SBS 
Dealer is not acting as an advisor; and (iii) the ERISA plan represents 
in writing that: (A) It will comply in good faith with written policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that any recommendation 
the special entity receives from the SBS Dealer involving a security-
based swap transaction is evaluated by an ERISA fiduciary before the 
transaction is entered into; or (B) any recommendation the special 
entity receives from the SBS Dealer involving a security-based swap 
transaction will be evaluated by an ERISA fiduciary before that 
transaction is entered into.
    Allowing the ERISA plan to either make written representations 
about its policies and procedures or represent in writing that the 
security-based swap transaction will be evaluated by an ERISA fiduciary 
provides the ERISA plan greater flexibility in structuring its 
relationship with the SBS Dealer. Moreover, these requirements, taken 
together, are designed to ensure that the ERISA fiduciary, not the SBS 
Dealer, is evaluating the security-based swap transaction on behalf of 
the ERISA plan. As an ERISA fiduciary is already required by statute 
to, among other things, act with prudence and loyalty when evaluating a 
transaction for an ERISA plan,\761\ the Commission believes it is 
appropriate to provide the safe harbor for when an SBS Dealer would not 
be deemed to be acting as an advisor to the ERISA plan for purposes of 
this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \761\ ERISA fiduciaries are required to act with both loyalty 
(see Section 404(a)(1)(A)) and prudence (see Section 404(a)(1)(B)) 
when evaluating a transaction for an ERISA plan. In addition, ERISA 
fiduciaries are subject to statutory prohibitions against entering 
into certain categories of transactions between a plan and a ``party 
in interest'' (see Section 406(a)), and prohibitions against self-
dealing and other conflicts of interest (see Section 406(b)). See 
supra note 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2), as adopted, an SBS Dealer can establish it 
is not acting as an advisor to any special entity (including a special 
entity that is an ERISA plan) when the special entity is relying on 
advice from a qualified independent representative that satisfies 
specific criteria. An SBS Dealer will not be ``acting as an advisor'' 
to any special entity (including a special entity that is an ERISA 
plan) if: (i) The special entity represents in writing that it 
acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor, and that 
the special entity will rely on advice from a qualified independent 
representative; and (ii) the SBS Dealer discloses that it

[[Page 30018]]

is not undertaking to act in the best interests of the special 
entity.\762\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \762\ However, as noted above in Section II.G.4.c.ii, an SBS 
Dealer that makes a recommendation to a special entity will still 
need to have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap is suitable for the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In adopting the safe harbor, the Commission agrees with commenters 
that the provisions in Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2) will reduce uncertainty 
regarding the role of an SBS Dealer when transacting with a special 
entity.\763\ Requiring special entities (or their fiduciaries) to 
affirm in writing that they acknowledge the SBS Dealer is not acting as 
an advisor, and that they will instead obtain advice from a qualified 
independent representative, will help ensure that the parties are aware 
of their respective rights and obligations regarding a security-based 
swap transaction. While our rules would permit an SBS Dealer to rely on 
the special entity's (or its fiduciary's) written representations, the 
SBS Dealer's reliance must still be reasonable, as required under Rule 
15Fh-1(b). Specifically, the SBS Dealer may not rely on a 
representation if the SBS Dealer has information that would cause a 
reasonable person to question the accuracy of the representation.\764\ 
The requirement that a special entity or its fiduciary represents in 
writing that it acknowledges the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor 
differs from the proposed safe harbor, which would have required the 
special entity to represent that it would not rely on the SBS Dealer's 
recommendations. The Commission is making this change in response to a 
commenter's concern.\765\ The Commission does not intend to affect the 
rights of parties in private actions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \763\ See NABL, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; NACUBO, supra note 5.
    \764\ Rule 15Fh-1(b).
    \765\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The safe harbor under 15Fh-2(a)(2), as adopted, also differs from 
the proposed rule, which would have required that an SBS Dealer must 
have a reasonable basis to believe that the special entity is advised 
by a qualified independent representative. Rather, under adopted Rule 
15Fh-2(a)(2)(i), the safe harbor requires written representations from 
the special entity that it will rely on advice from a qualified 
independent representative.\766\ The Commission agrees with the 
commenter that requiring special entities to make representations to 
SBS Dealers in writing that they are relying on advice from a qualified 
independent representatives addresses the proposed rule's underlying 
policy concern--i.e., that the special entity is represented by a 
qualified independent representative.\767\ Moreover, we believe that 
requiring special entities to effectively confirm that they have 
qualified independent representatives addresses the commenter's concern 
that the proposed rule would allow SBS Dealers to evaluate the 
qualifications of a special entity's independent representative and 
vest SBS Dealers with the authority to ``trump'' the special entity's 
choice of representative.\768\ An SBS Dealer could rely on the special 
entity's written representations unless the SBS Dealer has information 
that would cause a reasonable person to question the accuracy of the 
representation, including the representation that the special entity is 
relying on advice from a qualified independent representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \766\ In addition, the safe harbor as adopted continues to 
require that the SBS Dealer disclose to the special entity that it 
is not undertaking to act in the best interest of the special 
entity. See Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2)(ii).
    \767\ See SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    \768\ See ABC, supra note 5. See also Section II.H.5, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While we acknowledge commenters' concerns that the safe harbor 
might erode the statutory protections for special entities,\769\ we 
also have considered the inherent tensions that arise where SBS Dealers 
have concurrent, potentially conflicting roles as advisor and 
counterparty to special entities. On the one hand, the SBS Dealer as 
advisor is subject to a duty to act in the ``best interests'' of the 
special entity. On the other hand, a broad application of the ``best 
interests'' standard could have the unintended consequences of chilling 
commercial communications, restricting customary commercial 
interactions, reducing market information shared with special entities, 
as well as reducing the ability of special entities to engage in 
security-based swaps. In adopting the safe harbor, we acknowledge the 
tension between the SBS Dealer's potentially conflicting roles as 
advisor and counterparty by recognizing that the special entity may be 
separately advised by a fiduciary or other qualified independent 
representative, who will act in the special entity's best interests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \769\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We disagree with commenters that adoption of the safe harbor could 
cause special entities to waive their right to ``best interests'' 
standards or sign ``boilerplate agreements'' as a condition of 
transacting with SBS Entities.\770\ Rather, the safe harbor reflects an 
approach that is conditioned upon the involvement of an ERISA fiduciary 
or other qualified independent representative that is otherwise 
required to act in the best interests of the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \770\ See CFA, supra note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the safe harbor the Commission is adopting today largely 
aligns with that of the CFTC, it differs from that of the CFTC in four 
respects: (1) Rules 15Fh-2(a)(1)(ii) and 15Fh-2(a)(2)(i)(A) require the 
special entity or its fiduciary to represent in writing that it 
acknowledges the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor, whereas the 
CFTC requires the special entity or its fiduciary to represent it will 
not rely on the SBS Dealer's recommendations; \771\ (2) Rules 15Fh-
2(a)(1)(iii)(A) and (B) apply to any recommendation the special entity 
receives from the security-based swap dealer ``involving'' a security-
based swap transaction, while the parallel CFTC rules apply to 
recommendations ``materially affecting'' a security-based swap 
transaction; \772\ (3) Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)(iii) requires a security-based 
swap transaction to be evaluated by a fiduciary before the transaction 
``is entered into,'' whereas the CFTC's safe harbor requires a swap 
transaction to be evaluated by fiduciary before the transaction 
``occurs''; \773\ and (4) the safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-2(a) does not 
prohibit an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor from expressing an opinion 
as to whether a special entity should enter into a recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy.\774\ The Commission believes 
it is appropriate to differ from the CFTC in these three discrete areas 
for the following reasons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \771\ See 17 CFR 23.440(b)(1)(ii), (b)(2)(ii)(A).
    \772\ See 17 CFR 23.440(b)(1)(iii)(A)-(B).
    \773\ See 17 CFR 23.440(b)(1)(iii).
    \774\ Cf. 17 CFR 23.440(b)(2)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, as discussed above, the Commission believes that replacing 
the requirement that the special entity or its fiduciary represent it 
will not ``rely'' on the SBS Dealer's recommendations with the 
requirement that the special entity or its fiduciary represent in 
writing that it acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is not ``acting as an 
advisor'' will afford special entities the same statutory protections. 
As noted above, the Commission is making this change in response to a 
commenter's concern.\775\ The Commission does not intend to affect the 
rights of parties in private actions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \775\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30019]]

    Second, the Commission has determined to replace the phrase 
``materially affecting'' with the word ``involving'' in relation to the 
recommendations that a special entity receives from an SBS Dealer. We 
believe that further clarification is needed in the context of Rule 
15Fh-2(a)(1) to make clear that all recommendations made by the SBS 
Dealer are covered by this provision.
    Third, the Commission has determined to use the phrase ``is entered 
into,'' as it is consistently used throughout the business conduct 
rules being adopted today.\776\ However, because we also believe that 
the CFTC's usage of the word ``occurs'' was intended to have the same 
meaning as the phrase ``is entered into,'' we expect the practical 
effect of CFTC Regulation 23.440(b)(1)(iii) to be substantially the 
same as Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)(iii).\777\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \776\ See, e.g., Rule 15Fh-1 (``Sections 240.15h-1 through 
240.15Fh-6, and 240.15Fk-1 apply, as relevant in connection with 
entering into security-based swaps . . .''); Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1), (2) 
(``. . . before entering into a security-based swap . . .''); Rule 
15Fh-3(b) (``At a reasonably sufficient time prior to entering into 
a security-based swap . . .''); Rule 15Fh-6(b)(1) (``It shall be 
unlawful for a security-based swap dealer to offer to enter into, or 
enter into, a security-based swap . . .'') (emphasis added).
    \777\ See generally CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9784, supra 
note 22.
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    Fourth, the Commission declines to adopt the provision in CFTC 
Regulation 23.440(b)(2)(i), under which Swap Dealers seeking to avail 
themselves of the safe harbor would be precluded from ``expressing an 
opinion'' as to whether the special entity should enter into a 
recommended security-based swap or trading strategy. Under the rules 
adopted today, the determination of whether an SBS Dealer has provided 
advice to a special entity turns on whether a communication is 
considered a ``recommendation,'' not whether the SBS Dealer has 
``expressed an opinion.'' Unlike the word ``recommendation,'' the 
phrase ``express an opinion'' is not defined or described in the 
federal securities laws in this context, and therefore may have other 
meanings that could cause confusion. Further, we also believe the 
concern that underlies the CFTC's provision (i.e., that the special 
entity obtain advice regarding a security-based swap from an ERISA 
fiduciary or other qualified independent representative) is 
sufficiently addressed by the requirement in Rules 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2) 
that the special entity or its fiduciary represent that it acknowledges 
that the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor. It is therefore the 
Commission's view that prohibiting SBS Dealers from ``expressing an 
opinion'' would neither increase regulatory clarity regarding whether 
an SBS Dealer's conduct falls within the safe harbor, nor provide a 
corresponding increase in protection for special entities.
3. Definition of ``Best Interests''
    Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(4)(B) imposes on an SBS Dealer that 
``acts as an advisor'' to a special entity a duty to act in the ``best 
interests'' of the special entity. In addition, Section 15F(h)(4)(C) 
requires the SBS Dealer that ``acts as an advisor'' to a special entity 
to make ``reasonable efforts to obtain such information as is necessary 
to make a reasonable determination'' that any swap recommended by the 
SBS Dealer is in the ``best interests'' of the special entity.\778\ The 
term ``best interests'' is not defined in the Dodd-Frank Act, and the 
Commission did not propose to define ``best interests.'' In the 
Proposing Release, we noted that the ``best interests'' duty for an SBS 
Dealer acting as an advisor to a special entity ``goes beyond and 
encompasses the general suitability requirement of proposed Rule 15Fh-
3(f).'' We sought comment on whether we should define the term ``best 
interests,'' and if so, whether such definition should use formulations 
based on the standards applied to investment advisers,\779\ municipal 
advisors,\780\ ERISA fiduciaries,\781\ or some other formulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \778\ Section 15F(h)(5) of the Exchange Act also requires an SBS 
Entity that is a counterparty to a special entity to have a 
``reasonable basis'' to believe the special entity has an 
independent representative that undertakes to act in the best 
interests of the special entity.
    \779\ We have stated that an adviser must deal fairly with 
clients and prospective clients, seek to avoid conflicts with its 
clients and, at a minimum, make full disclosure of any material 
conflict or potential conflict. See Amendments to Form ADV, 
Investment Advisers Act Release No. 3060 (Jul. 28, 2010), 75 FR 
49234 (Aug. 12, 2010), citing SEC v. Capital Gains Research Bureau, 
Inc., 375 U.S. 180, 191-194 (1963) (holding that investment advisers 
have a fiduciary duty enforceable under Section 206 of the Advisers 
Act, that imposes upon investment advisers the ``affirmative duty of 
`utmost good faith, and full and fair disclosure of all material 
facts,' as well as an affirmative obligation to `employ reasonable 
care to avoid misleading''' their clients and prospective clients).
    \780\ See, e.g., Exchange Act Section 15B(b)(2)(L), 15 U.S.C. 
78o-4(b)(2)(L) (requiring the MSRB to prescribe means reasonably 
designed to prevent acts, practices, and courses of conduct that are 
not consistent with a municipal advisor's fiduciary duty to its 
municipal entity clients). In April 2015, the MSRB filed proposed 
Rule G-42 with the Commission for approval, which rule would 
establish core standards of conduct for municipal advisors when 
engaging in municipal advisory activities, other than municipal 
advisory solicitation activities. The rule was published in the 
Federal Register on May 8, 2015. See Exchange Act Release No. 74860 
(May 4, 2015), 80 FR 26752. See also Exchange Act Release Nos. 75628 
(Aug. 6, 2015), 75737 (Aug. 19, 2015), and 76420 (Nov. 10, 2015). 
The rule was approved, with amendments, on December 23, 2015. See 
Exchange Act Release No. 76753 (Dec. 23, 2015).
    \781\ See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. 1104(a)(1)(A) (``a fiduciary shall 
discharge his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest 
of the participants and beneficiaries and for the exclusive purpose 
of: (i) Providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries; 
and (ii) defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan'') 
and 29 U.S.C. 1104(a)(1)(B) (a fiduciary must act ``with the care, 
skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then 
prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar 
with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a 
like character and with like aims'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Proposed Rules
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1) would generally require an SBS Dealer 
that acts as an advisor regarding a security-based swap to a special 
entity to act in the ``best interests'' of the special entity.
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2) would require the SBS Dealer to make 
``reasonable efforts'' to obtain the information necessary to make a 
reasonable determination that a security-based swap or trading strategy 
involving a security-based swap is in the best interests of the special 
entity, and that such information shall include but not be limited to: 
(i) The authority of the special entity to enter into a security-based 
swap; (ii) the financial status of the special entity, as well as 
future funding needs; (iii) the tax status of the special entity; (iv) 
the investment or financing objectives of the special entity; (v) the 
experience of the special entity with respect to entering into 
security-based swaps, generally, and security-based swaps of the type 
and complexity being recommended; (vi) whether the special entity has 
the financial capability to withstand changes in market conditions 
during the term of the security-based swap; and (vii) such other 
information as is relevant to the particular facts and circumstances of 
the special entity, market conditions and the type of security-based 
swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap being 
recommended.

[[Page 30020]]

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules
    The Commission received six comment letters on the imposition of a 
``best interests'' standard.\782\ One commenter argued that the 
Commission should define what it means to act in the ``best 
interests,'' and proposed that the definition must ``be at least as 
strong as the concept of `best interest' [that] has evolved under the 
fiduciary principles applicable to investment [advisers].'' \783\ The 
commenter additionally requested that the Commission acknowledge ``that 
the best interest standard intended by Congress is a fiduciary concept 
that goes well beyond suitability.'' \784\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \782\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; Johnson, supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra 
note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \783\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5 (noting 
that Congress expressly described the standard as ``best interest'' 
in Exchange Act Sections 15F(h)(2)(A) and (B), 15F(h)(4) and 
15F(h)(5)).
    \784\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, a second commenter supporting a best interests standard 
stated it did not believe it was ``necessary, or even appropriate,'' to 
strictly define best interests.\785\ The commenter asked the Commission 
to provide guidance on how to apply the standard in particular 
circumstances. This commenter asserted that Congress did not intend to 
apply the ERISA fiduciary standard, and argued that the intended model 
for the ``heightened standard'' was the Advisers Act fiduciary 
duty.\786\ The commenter stated that Congress did not seek to eliminate 
all conflicts of interest but to ensure that such conflicts of interest 
would be appropriately managed and fully disclosed.\787\ The commenter 
urged that in providing guidance in this area, it is important for the 
Commission to clarify that not all suitable recommendations would 
satisfy a best interest standard and that the best interest standard 
would impose a ``heightened duty beyond mere suitability'' and would 
require SBS Dealers to ``recommend from among the various suitable 
options the approach they believe to be best for the special entity.'' 
\788\ In addition, the commenter stated that the guidance should 
``clarify that the best interest standard is consistent with various 
different methods of compensation and with proprietary trades, but that 
it requires the full disclosure of any conflicts of interest.'' In the 
context of an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor and serving as a 
counterparty, the commenter suggested that the Commission clarify that 
it would not be inconsistent with the SBS Dealer's duty to act in the 
best interests of the special entity if the SBS Dealer, as principal, 
earned a reasonable profit or fee from transacting with the special 
entity.\789\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \785\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \786\ Id.
    \787\ Id.
    \788\ Id.
    \789\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter asserted that Congress rejected the imposition of 
a fiduciary duty on SBS Dealers as incompatible with their role as 
market makers and asked the Commission to ``respect Congressional 
intent'' to protect the ability of end users and pension plans to 
transact in security-based swaps in a cost-effective manner by 
rejecting such a duty.\790\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \790\ See Johnson, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two additional commenters argued that an SBS Dealer that ``acts as 
an advisor to a special entity'' and complies with the ``best 
interest'' requirements might become an ERISA fiduciary under the DOL's 
proposed redefinition of the term ``fiduciary.'' \791\ Accordingly, one 
of these commenters requested that the Commission clarify that 
compliance with the business conduct standards would not transform an 
SBS Dealer into a fiduciary under ERISA or under the final DOL 
regulation.\792\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \791\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \792\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One of these commenters also opposed the best interest requirement, 
and recommended that it be omitted from the final rules.\793\ The 
commenter expressed its concern that ``[r]equiring that an SBS Dealer 
act in the best interests of a counterparty who is a special entity 
would confuse the roles of the parties and have an adverse impact on 
the flow of information regarding investment and trading strategies.'' 
\794\ Additionally, if the requirement is retained, the commenter 
recommended that the term ``best interests'' be defined as complying 
with proposed Rule 15Fh-3(g) (fair and balanced communications),\795\ 
and NASD Rule 2010(d), which would require that communications be based 
on principles of fair dealing and good faith, be fair and balanced, and 
provide a sound basis for evaluating the transaction.\796\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \793\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \794\ Id.
    \795\ See Section II.G.5, supra.
    \796\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the CFTC adopted its rules in 2012, one commenter asserted 
that ``to promote legal certainty and the ability of SBS dealers to 
continue to trade with special entities, the SEC should provide 
guidance clarifying the nature of an SBS Dealer's `best interests' 
duty.'' \797\ Specifically, the commenter asserted that, to harmonize 
with CFTC guidance, the Commission should clarify that the best 
interest duty is not a fiduciary duty, but is rather a duty for the SBS 
Dealer to: (1) Comply with the requirement to make a reasonable effort 
to obtain necessary information; (2) act in good faith and make full 
and fair disclosure of all material facts and conflicts of interest 
with respect to the recommended security-based swap or related trading 
strategy; and (3) employ reasonable care that any recommendation made 
to the special entity be designed to further the special entity's 
stated objectives.\798\ The commenter also suggested that, consistent 
with the CFTC's guidance, a recommendation need not represent the best 
of all possible alternatives to meet the best interest standard. 
Additionally, the commenter stated that the determination whether a 
recommendation is in a special entity's best interest should be based 
on the information known to the SBS Dealer at the time a recommendation 
was made.\799\ Furthermore, according to the commenter, the best 
interest duty should not impede an SBS Dealer from negotiating the 
terms of a transaction in its own interests, or from making a 
reasonable profit in a transaction; nor should it impose an ongoing 
obligation on the SBS Dealer to act in the best interest of the special 
entity.\800\ This commenter also suggested deleting the requirement 
under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(i) that the SBS Dealer ``make reasonable efforts 
to obtain information regarding `the authority of the special entity to 
enter into a security based swap.' '' \801\ Toward this end, the 
commenter argued that the CFTC eliminated this requirement as it was 
``duplicative'' of the know your customer requirement under the CFTC's 
business conduct rules. As the commenter stated: ``Since proposed Rule 
15Fh3(e)(3) would require an SBS dealer to obtain this information, we 
believe the same considerations support eliminating that requirement 
here.'' \802\ Moreover, the commenter proposed a bifurcated treatment 
of ERISA and non-ERISA special entities under Rule 15Fh-5(a) to 
recognize the ``unique fiduciary regime'' already applicable to ERISA 
special entities, as well as to ``reduce costs for special entities 
since most of them have

[[Page 30021]]

already conformed their relationships with their representatives to 
satisfy the CFTC's qualification criteria.'' \803\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \797\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \798\ Id.
    \799\ Id.
    \800\ Id.
    \801\ Id.
    \802\ Id.
    \803\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    Upon consideration of commenters' views, the Commission is adopting 
Rules 15Fh-4(b)(1) and (2), regarding the ``best interests'' obligation 
for an SBS Dealer that acts as an advisor to a special entity regarding 
a security-based swap, with certain modifications.
    Under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1), as adopted, an SBS Dealer that acts as an 
advisor to a special entity will have a ``duty to make a reasonable 
determination that any security-based swap or trading strategy 
involving a security based swap recommended by the security based swap 
dealer is in the best interests of the special entity.'' We believe 
that this language, suggested by a commenter,\804\ appropriately 
interprets the statutory requirements imposed on an SBS Dealer that is 
acting as an advisor to a special entity.\805\ While the Commission is 
not specifically defining the term ``best interests,'' it is providing 
further guidance below regarding how an SBS Dealer that acts as an 
advisor to a special entity can comply with the duty to make a 
reasonable determination that a security-based swap or security-based 
swap trading strategy is in the ``best interests'' of the special 
entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \804\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \805\ Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1) generally required an SBS 
Dealer to ``act in the best interests of the special entity.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2), as adopted, the advisor will be obligated 
to ``make reasonable efforts to obtain such information that the 
security-based swap dealer considers necessary to make a reasonable 
determination that a security-based swap or trading strategy involving 
a security-based swap is in the best interests of the special entity.'' 
Whether a recommended security-based swap or trading strategy is in the 
best interests of the special entity is based on information known to 
the advisor (after it has employed its reasonable efforts under Rule 
15Fh-4(b)(2)) at the time the recommendation is made.
    Various commenters questioned whether the ``best interest'' duty 
was tantamount to, or would give rise to, a ``fiduciary duty.'' \806\ 
The Commission has considered commenters' views and the legislative 
history in regard to whether Section 15Fh-4 imposes a fiduciary 
duty.\807\ As noted above, Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1), as adopted, requires that 
an SBS Dealer ``make a reasonable determination that any security-based 
swap or trading strategy involving a security based swap recommended by 
the security based swap dealer is in the best interests of the special 
entity.'' In response to comments, and for clarification, the 
determination whether a recommended security-based swap or trading 
strategy is in the ``best interests'' of the special entity will turn 
on the facts and circumstances of the particular recommendation and 
particular special entity. In response to a commenter, and as stated in 
the Proposing Release, we continue to believe that the ``best 
interests'' obligation for an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor to a 
special entity goes beyond and encompasses the general suitability 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(f).\808\ The Commission generally believes 
that it would be difficult for an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor to a 
special entity to fulfill its obligations under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1), as 
adopted, unless the SBS Dealer, at a minimum: (1) Complies with the 
requirement of Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2) that it make a reasonable effort to 
obtain necessary information to make a reasonable determination that a 
security-based swap or related trading strategy is in the best 
interests of the special entity; \809\ (2) acts in good faith and makes 
full and fair disclosure of all material risks and characteristics of 
and any material incentives or conflicts of interest with respect to 
the recommended security-based swap; \810\ and (3) employs reasonable 
care that any recommendation made to a special entity is suitable 
taking into account the information collected by the SBS Dealer 
pursuant to Rules 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) and 15Fh-4(b)(2), including the 
special entity's objectives.\811\ In taking reasonable care that any 
recommendation made to a special entity is suitable, an SBS Dealer 
acting as an advisor to a special entity should consider, among other 
things, the fair pricing and appropriateness of the security-based swap 
or trading strategy, and must act without regard to its own financial 
or other interests in the security-based swap transaction or trading 
strategy.\812\ As discussed below, this does not prevent an SBS Dealer 
from negotiating commercially reasonable terms or earning a profit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \806\ See, e.g., Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; 
CFA, supra note 5; Johnson, supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \807\ In the Senate bill, the business conduct standards 
provision provided that ``a security-based swap dealer that provides 
advice regarding, or offers to enter into, or enters into a 
security-based swap with [a Special Entity] shall have a fiduciary 
duty to the [Special Entity], as appropriate.'' Restoring American 
Financial Stability Act of 2010, H.R. 4173, Section 764 (May 20, 
2010) (Public Print version as passed in the Senate of the United 
States May 27 (legislative day, May 26, 2010) (proposed amendments 
to Section 15F(h)(2)(A) and (B) of the Exchange Act), available at 
https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/4173/text/pp). Instead, Congress adopted the following best interests 
standard: ``Duty.--Any security-based swap dealer that acts as an 
advisor to a Special Entity shall have a duty to act in the best 
interests of the Special Entity.'' H.R. Rep. No. 111-517, 111th 
Cong., 2d Sess., p. 423 (June 29, 2010) (Dodd-Frank Act Conference 
Report). See also Section 15F(h)(4)(B) of the Exchange Act.
    \808\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5. See also Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42417, supra note 3. 
This is the case even if the SBS Dealer is not acting as 
counterparty to the special entity for which it is acting as an 
advisor.
    \809\ Also, as stated above, to comply with its customer-
specific suitability obligations under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii), an SBS 
Dealer must have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap is suitable for the counterparty. To establish a reasonable 
basis for a recommendation, an SBS Dealer must have or obtain 
relevant information regarding the special entity, including its 
investment profile, trading objectives, and its ability to absorb 
potential losses associated with the recommended security-based swap 
or trading strategy involving a security-based swap. Furthermore, 
where an SBS Dealer's reasonable efforts to obtain necessary 
information result in limited or incomplete information, the SBS 
Dealer must assess whether it is able to make a reasonable 
determination that a particular recommendation is in the best 
interests of the special entity.
    \810\ The Commission believes that to ``act in good faith'' in 
this context generally involves taking steps to manage material 
conflicts of interest in addition to disclosing them.
    \811\ See note 809, supra and Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2). An SBS Dealer 
generally should consider evaluating ``best interests'' in 
accordance with policies and procedures that are reasonably designed 
to prevent violations of the requirement that a recommended swap is 
in the best interests of the special entity. See Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii) (requiring SBS Entities to have supervisory policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of 
applicable federal securities laws and the rules and regulations 
thereunder). Furthermore, the Commission has separately proposed 
that SBS Dealers be required to make and keep current a record that 
demonstrates their compliance with Rule 15Fh-4, among others, as 
applicable. See Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements for 
Security-Based Swap Dealers, Major Security-Based Swap Participants, 
and Broker-Dealers; Capital Rule for Certain Security-Based Swap 
Dealers; Proposed Rules, Exchange Act Release No. 34-71958, 79 FR 
25194 at 25208 (May 2, 2014).
    \812\ Exercising reasonable care would also require, among other 
things, undertaking reasonable diligence to understand the potential 
risks and rewards associated with the recommended security-based 
swap or trading strategy. See Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to commenters' requests for clarification, we do not 
believe that, to act in the best interests of a special entity, an SBS 
Dealer acting as an advisor would be required to recommend the ``best'' 
of all possible alternatives that might exist.\813\ The

[[Page 30022]]

determination whether a recommended security-based swap is in the 
``best interests'' of the special entity must be based on information 
known to the SBS Dealer, acting as an advisor, (after it has employed 
its reasonable efforts under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2)) at the time the 
recommendation is made. We believe that a broader requirement could 
introduce legal uncertainty into the determination of what an SBS 
Dealer must do to fulfill its obligation under the rule, given the 
broad range of objectives for which a security-based swap might be 
used, and how such objectives may vary for different transactions. The 
Commission believes, however, that generally an SBS Dealer should 
consider, based on the information about existing alternatives known to 
the SBS Dealer, any reasonably available alternatives in fulfilling its 
best interests obligations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \813\ See CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For further clarification in response to comments, we believe that 
the ``best interests'' duty would not necessarily preclude an SBS 
Dealer from acting as a counterparty.\814\ However, an SBS Dealer 
acting in both capacities would be required to comply with the full 
range of requirements under Rules 15Fh-4 and 15Fh-5, applicable to SBS 
Dealers acting as advisors and as counterparties to special entities. 
In addition to the substantive requirements, Rule 15Fh-5(c) would 
require that the SBS Dealer disclose to the special entity in writing 
the capacities in which is it acting, and the material differences 
between its capacities as advisor and counterparty to the special 
entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \814\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also do not believe that the ``best interests'' duty would 
prevent an SBS Dealer from negotiating commercially reasonable 
security-based swap terms in its own interest,\815\ or that it would 
preclude an SBS Dealer from making a reasonable profit or fee from a 
transaction with a special entity.\816\ We do not believe that the 
profit motive inherent in any security-based swap transaction 
necessarily precludes an SBS Dealer, acting as an advisor, from 
fulfilling its ``best interests'' duty to a special entity, although it 
raises the potential for material conflicts that would need to be 
disclosed--particularly when the SBS Dealer is acting as both an 
advisor and a counterparty to the special entity. A prohibition on 
receipt of reasonable profits or fees would likely reduce SBS Dealers' 
willingness to act as advisors to and transact with special entities at 
the same time, and therefore could limit special entities' access to 
security-based swap transactions that might be necessary to their 
particular objectives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \815\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. For example, the 
SBS Dealer may negotiate appropriate provisions relating to 
collateral and termination rights to manage its risks related to the 
security-based swap.
    \816\ See CFA, supra note 5. Furthermore, as noted throughout 
this release, the duties imposed on an SBS Dealer under these 
business conduct rules are specific to this context, and are in 
addition to any duties that may be imposed under other applicable 
law. Thus, an SBS Dealer must separately determine whether it is 
subject to regulation as a broker-dealer, an investment adviser, a 
municipal advisor or other regulated entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As additional guidance in response to comments,\817\ the ``best 
interests'' duty would not require the SBS Dealer acting as an advisor 
to undertake an ongoing obligation to act in the ``best interests'' of 
the special entity, unless such obligation is established through 
contract or other arrangement or understanding (e.g., a course of 
dealing). As noted above, Rule 15Fh-4(b), as adopted, requires an SBS 
Dealer to make a reasonable determination, after making reasonable 
efforts to obtain the necessary information, that a recommended 
security-based swap or related trading strategy is in the best 
interests of the special entity. Thus, the ``best interests'' duty 
applies only to recommendations by the SBS Dealer. For example, if an 
SBS Dealer makes a recommendation in connection with a material 
amendment to a security-based swap or a recommendation to terminate a 
security-based swap early, the ``best interests'' duty would apply. 
However, we note that an SBS Dealer would have an ongoing ``best 
interests'' duty if it were to assume the additional responsibility of 
monitoring a special entity's security-based swap transaction on an 
ongoing basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \817\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters have suggested that we apply principles applicable to 
investment advisers under the Advisers Act in the ``best interests'' 
standard of Rule 15Fh-4(b).\818\ As noted above in Section II.H.2.c.i., 
we believe that the protections included in the business conduct rules 
address the relationships between SBS Dealers and their special entity 
counterparties for which they act as advisors, so long as their 
activities are limited to those that would not, under the facts and 
circumstances, implicate other applicable law. However, as discussed in 
Section I.E, supra, the duties imposed on an SBS Dealer under the 
business conduct rules are specific to this context, and are in 
addition to any duties that may be imposed under other applicable law. 
Thus, an SBS Dealer must separately determine whether it is subject to 
regulation as a broker-dealer, an investment adviser, a municipal 
advisor or other regulated entity. We also decline to adopt a 
commenter's suggestion that we either omit the term ``best interests'' 
from the final rules, or state that ``best interests'' means complying 
with the fair and balanced communications requirements of Rule 15Fh-
3(g) and FINRA Rule 2010 (Standards of Commercial Honor and Principles 
of Trade).\819\ We do not believe that either approach would be 
consistent with the statute, which uses the terms ``fair and balanced 
communications,'' ``fair dealing,'' and ``good faith'' in separate 
provisions, indicating that they impose duties separate and apart from 
``best interests.'' \820\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \818\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.
    \819\ See BlackRock, supra note 5. We interpret BlackRock's 
comment as referring to FINRA Rule 2010, (or its predecessors, NYSE 
Rule 2010 or NASD Rule 2110) which states: ``A member, in the 
conduct of its business, shall observe high standards of commercial 
honor and just and equitable principles of trade.''
    \820\ Compare Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(3)(C) (requiring 
business conduct requirements to ``establish a duty for security-
based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant to 
communicate in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith'') with Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(4)(B) (``Any security-based swap dealer that acts as an 
advisor to a special entity shall have a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also has modified the information that an SBS Dealer 
must ``make reasonable efforts to obtain'' and consider in making its 
reasonable determination that a security-based swap or security-based 
swap strategy is in the ``best interests of the special entity.'' 
Specifically, Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2) now includes the special entity's 
hedging, investment, financing, or other stated objectives as 
information that shall be considered by the SBS Dealer in making this 
determination. The addition of ``hedging'' and ``other'' objectives in 
Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2)(iii) addresses a commenter's suggestion that these 
terms be included,\821\ and recognizes that there may be a broader set 
of objectives for a special entity to enter into a security-based swap. 
The added language expressly recognizes special entities' use of 
security-based swaps to mitigate risk, as well as other possible uses 
for security-based swaps that might be necessary for a special entity 
to achieve these objectives. We believe that requiring an SBS Dealer to 
make reasonable efforts to obtain information about a wider array of 
possible investment objectives of special entities will allow SBS 
Dealers to more accurately determine a special entity's

[[Page 30023]]

objectives in entering into a security-based swaps, which is one of the 
factors it must consider when making a best interest determination (as 
discussed above). Furthermore, as requested by a commenter, this change 
conforms the obligation under our rules with that under the rules of 
the CFTC.\822\ Such conformity promotes regulatory consistency across 
the swap and security-based swap markets, particularly among entities 
that transact in both markets and have already established 
infrastructure to comply with existing CFTC regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \821\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \822\ Id. CFTC Regulation Sec.  23.440(c)(2)(iii) states that: 
``Any swap dealer that acts as an advisor to a Special Entity shall 
make reasonable efforts to obtain such information as is necessary 
to make a reasonable determination that any swap or trading strategy 
involving a swap recommended by the swap dealer is in the best 
interests of the Special Entity, including . . . information 
relating to . . . the hedging, investment, financing, or other 
objectives of the Special Entity.'' See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR 
at 9825, supra note 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, we reject the commenter's request to delete the 
requirement under proposed Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2)(i) that an SBS Dealer make 
reasonable efforts to obtain ``information regarding the authority of 
the special entity to enter into a security-based swap.'' \823\ In so 
doing, we disagree with the commenter's assertion that the requirement 
under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2)(i) is ``duplicative'' of the ``know your 
counterparty'' requirement of Rule 15Fh-3(e)(3), which, according to 
the commenter, already imposes an obligation on SBS Dealers to obtain 
information about the authority of the special entity to enter into a 
security-based swap. To the contrary, the know your customer 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(e)(3) require an SBS Dealer to learn 
``information regarding the authority of any person acting for such 
counterparty.'' A determination regarding the authority of any person 
acting for a counterparty (under Rule 15Fh-3(e)(3)) is different from a 
determination regarding the authority of the counterparty itself to 
enter into a security-based swap itself (under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2)(i)). 
The SBS Dealer's duty to act in the best interests of a special entity 
would encompass the requirement to ensure that a special entity has the 
requisite authority to enter into an SBS transaction. Moreover, the 
``know your counterparty'' requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(e)(3) only apply 
to known counterparties.\824\ Also, the ``know your counterparty'' 
requirements apply only to counterparties, whereas the requirements 
imposed on SBS Dealers that ``act as an advisor'' to special entities 
are not limited to special entities that are counterparties. 
Accordingly, we continue to believe that requiring SBS Dealers to 
obtain information regarding the authority of a special entity to enter 
into a security-based swap is not duplicative, but is necessary to 
achieving the overarching purpose of the rule: Determining whether a 
recommended security-based swap or related trading strategy is in the 
best interests of the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \823\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra, note 5.
    \824\ See Section II.G.3, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, as noted above, commenters requested that we clarify that 
an SBS Dealer that ``acts as an advisor to a special entity'' and 
complies with the ``best interests'' requirements of these business 
conduct standards will not necessarily become an ERISA fiduciary under 
the DOL's proposed (now final) redefinition of the term ``fiduciary.'' 
\825\ As discussed in Section I.D, supra, DOL staff has provided the 
Commission with a statement that:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \825\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5.

    It is the Department's view that the draft final business 
conduct standards do not require security-based swap dealers or 
major security-based swap participants to engage in activities that 
would make them fiduciaries under the Department's current five-part 
test defining fiduciary investment advice. 29 CFR 2510.3-21(c). The 
standards neither conflict with the Department's existing 
regulations, nor compel security-based swap dealers or major 
security-based swap participants to engage in fiduciary conduct. 
Moreover, the Department's recently published final rule amending 
ERISA's fiduciary investment advice regulation was carefully 
harmonized with the SEC's business conduct standards so that there 
are no unintended consequences for security-based swap dealers and 
major security-based swap participants who comply with the business 
conduct standards. As explained in the preamble to the Department's 
final rule, the disclosures required under the SEC's business 
conduct rules do not, in the Department's view, compel 
counterparties to ERISA-covered employee benefit plans to make 
investment advice recommendations within the meaning of the 
Department's final rule or otherwise compel them to act as ERISA 
fiduciaries in swap and security-based swap transactions conducted 
pursuant to section 4s(h) of the Commodity Exchange Act and section 
15F of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.\826\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \826\ See Letter from Phyllis C. Borzi, Assistant Secretary, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor 
to The Hon. Mary Jo White et al., SEC (Apr. 12, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Antifraud Provisions
a. Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(a)
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-4(a) would track the language of Section 
15F(h)(4)(A) of the Exchange Act, and prohibit an SBS Entity from: (1) 
Employing any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud any special entity 
or prospective customer who is a special entity; (2) engaging in any 
transaction, practice, or course of business that operates as a fraud 
or deceit on any special entity or prospective customer who is a 
special entity; or (3) engaging in any act, practice, or course of 
business that is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative. The first two 
provisions are specific to an SBS Entity's interactions with special 
entities, while the third applies more generally.
b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received two comment letters on this issue.\827\ The 
first commenter argued that the antifraud provisions of proposed Rule 
15Fh-4(a) would be duplicative in light of the general antifraud and 
anti-manipulation provisions of the existing federal securities laws 
and proposed Rule 9j-1.\828\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \827\ See Barnard, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 
5.
    \828\ See Barnard, supra note 5. See also Prohibition Against 
Fraud, Manipulation, and Deception in Connection With Security-Based 
Swaps, Exchange Act Release No. 34-63236, 75 FR 68560 (Nov. 8, 
2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second commenter argued that, because the antifraud 
prohibitions of proposed Rule 15Fh-4(a)(3) were modeled on language in 
the Advisers Act applicable to conduct by investment advisers, and SBS 
Entities do not typically act as advisers to their counterparties, the 
SEC should include an affirmative defense against alleged violations of 
the antifraud prohibitions in its final rules.\829\ Specifically, the 
commenter suggested that the Commission establish an affirmative 
defense for an SBS Entity that: (1) Did not act intentionally or 
recklessly in connection with such alleged violation; and (2) complied 
in good faith with written policies and procedures reasonably designed 
to meet the particular requirement that is the basis for the alleged 
violation.\830\ The commenter noted that the CFTC included such a 
provision in its parallel business conduct rules, and urged the 
Commission to rely on the same considerations that led the CFTC to 
adopt its affirmative defense.\831\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \829\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \830\ Id.
    \831\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-4(a) as proposed. However, we are re-titling Rule 15Fh-4 
``Antifraud provisions and

[[Page 30024]]

special requirements for security-based swap dealers acting as advisors 
to special entities. We also are re-titling Rule 15Fh-4(a) ``Antifraud 
provisions'' and Rule 15Fh-4(b) ``Special requirements for security-
based swap dealers acting as advisors to special entities.''
    Rule 15Fh-4(a) codifies the statutory requirements of Exchange Act 
Section 15F(h)(4)(A).\832\ Inclusion of the rule in the business 
conduct standards will provide SBS Entities and their counterparties 
with easy reference to the antifraud provisions that Congress expressly 
provided under Section 15F(h)(4) of the Exchange Act. These 
requirements, which by their terms are applicable to all SBS Entities, 
apply in addition to those prohibitions imposed by Section 9(j) of the 
Exchange Act--along with any rules the Commission may adopt thereunder, 
and any other applicable provisions of the federal securities laws and 
related rules and regulations. The Commission is not adopting the 
commenter's recommendation that the final rules incorporate an 
affirmative ``policies and procedures defense.'' We recognize that the 
CFTC adopted an express, affirmative defense in its parallel antifraud 
rules, in part in response to concerns that the statute may impose non-
scienter liability for fraud in private rights of action.\833\ The 
Exchange Act, however, does not contain a parallel provision.\834\ 
Moreover, the Commission has considered the concerns raised by 
commenters and determined not to provide a similar safe harbor from 
liability for fraud on behalf of SBS Entities. As discussed throughout 
the release in the context of specific rules, the rules being adopted 
today are intended to provide certain protections for counterparties, 
including certain heightened protections for special entities. We think 
it is appropriate to apply the rules so that counterparties receive the 
benefits of those protections, and therefore we do not think it would 
be appropriate to provide the safe harbor requested by the commenter 
from liability for fraud. While we are not adopting a safe harbor from 
liability for fraud, as discussed below in connection with the relevant 
rules, the Commission has adopted rules that permit reasonable reliance 
on representations (e.g., Rule 15Fh-1(b)) and, where appropriate, allow 
SBS Entities to take into account the sophistication of the 
counterparty (e.g., Rule 15Fh-3(f) (regarding recommendations of 
security-based swaps or trading strategies)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \832\ This language mirrors the language in Sections 206(2) and 
206(4) of the Advisers Act, which does not require scienter to prove 
liability. See SEC v. Steadman, 967 F.2d 636, 647 (D.C. Cir. 1992). 
The court in Steadman analogized Section 206(4) of the Advisers Act 
to Section 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act, which the Supreme Court 
had held did not require a finding of scienter. See id., citing 
Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680 (1980). The Steadman court concluded 
that: ``[S]ection 206(4) uses the more neutral `act, practice, or 
course or business' language. This is similar to [Securities Act] 
section 17(a)(3)'s `transaction, practice, or course of business,' 
which `quite plainly focuses upon the effect of particular conduct . 
. . rather than upon the culpability of the person responsible.' 
Accordingly, scienter is not required under section 206(4), and the 
SEC did not have to prove it in order to establish the appellants' 
liability . . . .'' SEC v. Steadman, 967 F.2d at 647 (internal 
citations omitted). The Steadman court observed that, similarly, a 
violation of Section 206(2) of the Adviser Act could rest on a 
finding of simple negligence. Id. at 642 note 5.
    \833\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9752, supra note 21 
(``Even if the Commission were to limit the rule to require proof of 
scienter and apply the rule only when a swap dealer is acting as an 
advisor to a Special Entity, that would not restrict a court from 
taking a plain meaning approach to the language in Section 4s(h)(4) 
in a private action under Section 22 of the CEA'').
    \834\ See also Proposing Release, 76 FR 42401, fn. 44, supra 
note 3 (``Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act does not, by its terms, 
create a new private right of action or right of rescission, nor do 
we anticipate that the proposed rules would create any new private 
right of action or right of rescission'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. SBS Entities Acting as Counterparties to Special Entities
a. Scope of Qualified Independent Representative Requirement
i. Proposed Rules
    Under Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(5)(A), an SBS Entity that offers 
to enter into or enters into a security-based swap with a special 
entity must comply with any duty established by the Commission 
requiring the SBS Entity to have a ``reasonable basis'' to believe the 
special entity has an ``independent representative'' that meets certain 
qualifications. Proposed Rules 15Fh-2(c) and 15Fh-5(a) would implement 
this provision. In particular, proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c) would define an 
``independent representative,'' and proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a) would 
require an SBS Entity that ``offers to enter into'' or enters into a 
security-based swap with a special entity to have a ``reasonable 
basis'' to believe that the special entity has a ``qualified 
independent representative.''
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
Application to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants
    Under proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a), an SBS Dealer or a Major SBS 
Participant that offers to enter into or enters into an SBS with a 
special entity must have a reasonable basis to believe that the special 
entity has a qualified independent representative. Although Exchange 
Act Section 15F(h)(2)(B) only imposes an express obligation on SBS 
Dealers to comply with the requirements of Section 15F(h)(5), we 
proposed to apply the qualified independent representative requirement 
to Major SBS Participants as well as SBS Dealers because the specific 
requirements under Section 15F(h)(5)(A) apply by their terms to both a 
``security-based swap dealer and major security-based swap participant 
that offers to or enters into a security-based swap with a special 
entity.'' \835\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \835\ See 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(5)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The sole commenter on this issue supported the proposed Rule, and 
agreed that it should apply to both SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants.\836\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \836\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Application to Any Special Entity
    In proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a), we proposed to apply the qualified 
independent representative requirements to transactions with all 
special entities. In the Proposing Release, we explained that while 
Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(5)(A) provides broadly that an SBS Entity 
that offers to or enters into a security-based swap with a special 
entity must comply with the requirements of that section, Section 
15F(h)(5)(A)(i) on its face would apply these requirements only to 
dealings only with ``a counterparty that is an eligible contract 
participant within the meaning of subclause (I) or (II) of clause (vii) 
of section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act.'' A reliance on 
Section 15Fh(5)(A)(i) read in isolation would lead to an anomalous 
result in which special entity obligations could apply with respect to 
entities such as multinational and supranational government entities, 
which are ECPs ``within the meaning of subclause (I) or (II) of clause 
(vii) of section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act,'' but that do 
not fall within the definition of special entity in Section 
15F(h)(2)(C). Conversely, Section 15Fh(5)(A)(i) read in isolation could 
lead to special entity obligations not being applied with respect to 
dealings with state agencies, which are special entities as defined in 
Section 15Fh(2)(C) but are not ECPs as defined in Section 
1a(18)(A)(vii)(I) and (II) of the CEA.\837\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \837\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42426, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To resolve the ambiguity in the statutory language, we proposed to 
apply the qualified independent requirement under Section 15F(h)(5) to

[[Page 30025]]

security-based swap transactions or offers to enter into security-based 
swap transactions between an SBS Entity and any counterparty that is a 
``special entity'' as defined in Section 15F(h)(1)(C). This approach 
would address the statutory ambiguity by including dealings with a 
special entity that is an ECP within the meaning of subclause (I) or 
(II) of clause (vii) of Commodity Exchange Act Section 1a(18).\838\ The 
Proposing Release noted that this reading would be consistent with the 
categories of special entities mentioned in the legislative 
history.\839\ It also would give meaning to the requirement of Section 
15F(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII) concerning ``employee benefit plans subject to 
ERISA,'' that are not ECPs within the meaning of subclause (I) or (II) 
of clause (vii) of section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act but are 
included in the category of retirement plans identified in the 
definition of special entity.\840\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \838\ Id. See also proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a).
    \839\ See H.R. Conf. Rep. 111-517 (June 29, 2010) (``When acting 
as counterparties to a pension fund, endowment fund, or state or 
local government, dealers are to have a reasonable basis to believe 
that the fund or governmental entity has an independent 
representative advising them.'') (emphasis added).
    \840\ See Section 15F(h)(1)(C)(iii) of the Exchange Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received one comment letter that addressed the 
question of whether proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a) should apply to security-
based swap transactions with any special entity.\841\ According to the 
commenter, proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a) was overly broad in scope and 
ignored the limiting language of Section 15F(h)(5)(A). This commenter 
suggested interpreting the requirement as applying to only those 
referenced governmental entities that are special entities.'' \842\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \841\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
    \842\ Id. The commenter suggested two other possible 
alternatives for resolving the statutory ambiguity: ``(i) 
interpreting the de facto independent representative requirements as 
applying to both those referenced governmental entities that are 
special entities and those that are not, (ii) interpreting the 
independent representative requirement to be generally inapplicable 
(as clearly most special entities were not intended to be covered in 
the reference)'' but expressed a preference for including 
governmental entities that are special entities ``absent 
clarification from Congress.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Application to ``Offers''
    As stated above, proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a) would apply to an SBS 
Dealer or Major SBS Participant that ``offers to enter into'' or enters 
into a security-based swap with a special entity. The Commission 
requested comment regarding whether the phrase ``offers to enter into'' 
a security-based swap was sufficiently clear, and if not, how the 
requirement should be clarified.\843\ Three commenters responded to 
this request.\844\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \843\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42426, supra note 3.
    \844\ See APPA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that the ``offer'' stage of a security-
based swap transaction would often be too early for the counterparty to 
ensure that the independent representative requirement was 
satisfied.\845\ Instead, the commenter argued that the independent 
representative requirement should be satisfied if the counterparty had 
an independent representative at the time the transaction was 
executed.\846\ A second commenter recommended that the Commission 
exclude preliminary negotiations from the definition of ``offer,'' and 
that the communication of an interest in trading a security-based swap 
should only be viewed as an ``offer'' when, based on the relevant facts 
or circumstances, the communication was ``actionable'' or ``firm.'' 
\847\ A third commenter asked that the Commission, like the CFTC, 
clarify the term ``offer'' to mean an ``offer to enter into an SBS 
that, if accepted, would result in a binding contract under applicable 
law.'' \848\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \845\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \846\ Id.
    \847\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \848\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

``Reasonable Basis''
    The Commission additionally sought comment regarding the degree of 
inquiry required for an SBS Entity to form a ``reasonable basis'' to 
believe the special entity was represented by a qualified independent 
representative. Three commenters expressed concern with the additional 
duties of inquiry and diligence imposed on SBS Entities under proposed 
Rule 15Fh-5(a).\849\ One of these commenters argued that the CFTC's 
proposed requirement that a Swap Dealer perform substantial diligence 
to confirm a swap advisor's qualifications could pose a serious 
conflict of interest, give the Swap Dealer too much power, and 
ultimately interfere with, prove more costly for, and be problematic to 
state or local governments.\850\ Another commenter similarly argued 
that an inherent conflict of interest existed in granting one party to 
a transaction the authority to effectively determine who has the 
requisite qualifications to represent the other party.\851\ The second 
commenter would impose additional due diligence obligations on SBS 
Entities before they could rely on special entities' representations 
regarding the qualifications of representatives, even where the SBS 
Entity does not have information that would cause a reasonable person 
to question the accuracy of the representations.\852\ The commenter 
conceded that requiring such additional diligence might limit the 
willingness or ability of SBS Entities to provide special entities with 
access to security-based swaps. However, it argued that, in the absence 
of such diligence, special entities' access to security-based swaps 
should be limited to the extent suitability is in question.\853\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \849\ See MFA, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; CalPERS, supra 
note 5.
    \850\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
    \851\ See CalPERS, supra note 5. This commenter therefore 
recommended an approach that would permit a special entity to choose 
between either relying on the Commission's proposed framework, or 
relying on an alternative approach under which it would be permitted 
to enter into off-exchange security-based swap transactions with an 
SBS Entity if the special entity had a representative, whether 
internal or a third party, that had been certified as able to 
evaluate security-based swap transactions. The commenter 
contemplated that the certification process would involve passage of 
a proficiency examination to be developed by the Commission or FINRA 
``or another recognized testing organization.'' A certified 
independent representative would be required to complete periodic 
continuing education. Id.
    \852\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \853\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other commenters expressed a range of views in response to our 
request for comment on whether an SBS Entity should be able to rely on 
representations to form the necessary ``reasonable basis'' for 
believing that a special entity counterparty is represented by a 
qualified independent representative. One commenter argued that no 
particular level of specificity should be required in the 
representations, and that the SBS Dealer should not be required to 
conduct further diligence before relying on the special entity's 
representations, as ``any such diligence would interfere with the 
relationship between the special entity and its independent advisor and 
could result in the SBS Dealer second-guessing the special entity's 
choice of representative.'' \854\ Another commenter argued that an SBS 
Dealer should be required to rely on the representations of a special 
entity concerning the qualifications of its independent representative, 
absent actual knowledge of facts that clearly contradict material 
aspects of the representative's purported qualifications.\855\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \854\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \855\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5. The commenter 
asserted that requiring an SBS Dealer to undertake an independent 
due diligence investigation into representative's qualifications 
would impose upon the SBS Dealer a duty to second-guess the special 
entity's own assessment of its representative and provide the SBS 
Dealer with the ability to trump a special entity's choice of asset 
manager. According to the commenter, this could result in a reduced 
number of security-based swap counterparties for special entities, 
as SBS Dealers would likely limit transactions with special entities 
to avoid the potential liability, cost, delay, and uncertainty 
arising from this added responsibility.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30026]]

    One commenter suggested adopting a presumption that the special 
entity's selection of independent representative was acceptable if the 
special entity represents to the SBS Entity that the representative 
satisfies the criteria in Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(5)(A)(i).\856\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \856\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5. That presumption would 
be voidable only if one or more senior representatives of the SBS 
Entity with expertise in security-based swap transactions possessed 
actual knowledge that a representation regarding the independent 
representative's qualifications was false. In that situation, the 
Special Entity's senior representative must present his or her 
determination promptly in writing to the special entity's Chief 
Investment Officer and Chair of the Board, or equivalent person.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two other commenters supported the actual knowledge standard 
because they believe the reasonable person standard in practice could 
require an SBS Entity to perform substantial due diligence to rely on 
representations.\857\ One commenter noted that this additional due 
diligence could reduce the number of SBS Entities willing to contract 
with special entities, and could increase the cost of security-based 
swaps for those persons.\858\ The other expressed concern that 
additional due diligence, in the context of the qualifications of a 
special entity's independent representative, would be intrusive, time 
consuming and unnecessary, and would ``come very close to having the 
SBS Dealer `approve' the special entity's representative.'' \859\ A 
third commenter expressed similar concerns, noting that absent actual 
knowledge that a representation is incorrect, SBS Dealers should not be 
able to second-guess a special entity's selection of a 
representative.\860\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \857\ See APPA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \858\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \859\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \860\ See ABC, supra note 5. According to the commenter, without 
such a bright-line rule, SBS Dealers might face litigation initiated 
by ERISA plans for approving a representative who is subsequently 
determined to lack needed expertise, or by the representatives whom 
they have chosen to disqualify. This potential liability would 
ultimately discourage SBS Dealers from transacting with ERISA plans 
altogether.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter supported permitting an SBS Dealer to rely on a 
special entity's representation that its independent representative met 
the statutory and regulatory requirements, unless the SBS Dealer had 
reason to believe that the special entity's representations with 
respect to its independent representative were inaccurate.\861\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \861\ See CCMR, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the adoption of the CFTC's final rules, one commenter urged 
the Commission to adopt the CFTC's reasonable person approach, under 
which an SBS Entity would be deemed to have a reasonable basis to 
believe the special entity has a qualified independent representative 
when it relies on written representations that the special entity's 
representative meets the criteria for a qualified independent 
representative.\862\ Alternatively, in the ERISA context, the commenter 
suggested that an SBS Entity be deemed to have a reasonable basis to 
believe a special entity subject to ERISA has a representative that 
satisfies the requirements for a qualified independent representative 
when it relies on written representations that the representative is a 
fiduciary as defined in Section 3 of ERISA.\863\ The commenter's 
suggested modifications were intended to harmonize the SEC's standard 
with that adopted by the CFTC.\864\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \862\ Id.
    \863\ Id.
    \864\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter requested that the Commission clarify that any 
representations made by a special entity or its representative to 
satisfy the rules do not give any party any additional rights, such as 
rescission or monetary compensation (e.g., if the representations turn 
out to be incorrect).\865\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \865\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After consideration of the comments, we are adopting Rule 15Fh-
5(a), subject to the modifications described below.
Application to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants
    As a preliminary matter, we continue to believe and agree with the 
commenter that Rule 15Fh-5(a) should apply to both SBS Dealers and 
Major SBS Participants.\866\ As discussed in Section II.C. above, in 
making this determination, the Commission recognizes that the statutory 
language of the business conduct standards generally does not 
distinguish between SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants. Where the 
statute does make that distinction, the Commission also makes that 
distinction in the corresponding rule.\867\ Here, we believe Congress 
intended to impose the independent representative requirement equally 
with respect to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants, since the 
specific requirements under Section 15F(h)(5)(A) of the Exchange Act 
apply by their terms to both ``security-based swap dealer[s] and major 
security-based swap participant[s] that offer[ ] to or enter[ ] into a 
security-based swap with a special entity.'' \868\ We also believe that 
the protections of Rule 15Fh-5 should inure equally to those special 
entities that transact with SBS Dealers as well as those that transact 
with Major SBS Participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \866\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \867\ For example, the requirements under Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(4)(B) apply only to an SBS Dealer that acts as an advisor to 
a special entity, a distinction that is reflected in Rule 15Fh-4(b).
    \868\ See 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(5)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Application to Any Special Entity
    Moreover, the Commission continues to believe that the qualified 
independent representative requirements in Rule 15Fh-5 should apply 
whenever an SBS Entity acts as a counterparty to any special entity. We 
acknowledge the commenter's suggestion that the Commission ``give 
appropriate effect to the limiting language in Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(5)(A)'' regarding the types of special entities to which the 
independent representative requirement applies.\869\ However, given the 
ambiguity between the language of Sections 15F(h)(2)(C) and 
15F(h)(5)(A)(i), we believe that our interpretation is appropriate and 
promotes a more consistent reading of both provisions of the statute, 
providing protections to all special entities.\870\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \869\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
    \870\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42426, supra note 3. See 
also H.R. Conf. Rep. 111-517 (Jun. 29, 2010) (``When acting as 
counterparties to a pension fund, endowment fund, or state or local 
government, dealers are to have a reasonable basis to believe that 
the fund or governmental entity has an independent representative 
advising them.'') (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This interpretation also gives meaning to the requirement of 
Section 15F(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII) concerning ``employee benefit plans 
subject to ERISA.'' Although these benefit plans are not ECPs within 
the meaning of subclause (I) or (II) of clause (vii) of section 1a(18) 
of the Commodity Exchange Act, they are included in the category of 
plans identified as special entities in Exchange Act section 
15F(h)(2)(C). For these reasons, we believe Rule 15Fh-5(a) should apply 
to any special entity as counterparty.

[[Page 30027]]

Application to Offers
    The Commission continues to believe that, consistent with statutory 
language, the independent representative requirement of the business 
conduct rules should be triggered when an ``offer'' to enter into a 
security-based swap is made. We disagree with the commenter that 
applying Rule 15Fh-5(a) at the offer stage is premature.\871\ The rules 
are intended to provide benefits to special entities by, among other 
things, requiring that a special entity has a qualified independent 
representative that undertakes a duty to act in its best interests in 
determining whether to enter into a security-based swap. The benefits 
of these protections could be lost if the rule were to require only 
that the special entity counterparty have an independent representative 
at the time the transaction is executed.\872\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \871\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \872\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters argued that the appropriate definition of the term 
``offer'' should be consistent with contract law, and that a 
communication should only be considered an offer when, based on the 
relevant facts and circumstances, it is ``actionable'' or ``firm.'' 
\873\ The Commission agrees with the commenter that the term ``offer'' 
for purposes of the independent representative requirement of these 
business conduct rules means an ``offer to enter into a security-based 
swap that, if accepted, would result in a binding contract under 
applicable law.'' \874\ Given that the relationship between the SBS 
Entity and the counterparty is defined and shaped by contract (e.g., 
generally a master agreement and credit documents), we believe that the 
contractual interpretation is the appropriate interpretation in this 
context. This interpretation is also the same as the CFTC's 
interpretation of an offer to enter into a swap and would harmonize the 
scope of the term offer for purposes of the independent representative 
requirement of these business conduct rules.\875\ We believe that this 
harmonization will result in efficiencies for entities that have 
already established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \873\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra, note 5. See also SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
    \874\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \875\ See CFTC Adopting Release at 9741.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Whether preliminary negotiations would be deemed an ``offer'' will 
depend upon the facts and circumstances and details of the 
communication.\876\ For example, if the preliminary communication 
contains enough details (or if taken in the context of several 
communications) that, if accepted, would result in a binding contract, 
it likely may be an ``offer'' under the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \876\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra, note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reasonable Basis
    The Commission recognizes and believes it appropriate that Rule 
15Fh-5(a) imposes on SBS Entities a duty of inquiry to form a 
reasonable basis to believe the special entity has a qualified 
independent representative. The amount of due diligence the SBS Entity 
must perform to form a reasonable basis to believe the independent 
representative meets a particular qualification will depend upon the 
particular facts and circumstances. For example, if the SBS Entity has 
no prior dealings or familiarity with the particular independent 
representative, it will likely require more diligence on the part of 
the SBS Entity than a transaction with an independent representative 
that the SBS Entity has had numerous recent dealings in various 
different contexts. Furthermore, if the SBS Entity has dealt with the 
independent representative in other contexts, but not necessarily in 
the context of a security-based swap, it may require some limited 
diligence to form a reasonable basis regarding the requisite 
qualifications.
    The Commission agrees, however, with the concerns of commenters 
that requiring SBS Entities to perform substantial due diligence 
regarding the qualifications of independent representatives may provide 
SBS Entities with the ability to second guess or negate the special 
entity's choice of independent representative, which may generally 
increase transaction costs for security-based swaps with special 
entities, and allow SBS Entities to exert undue influence over the 
special entity's selection of an independent representative.\877\ To 
address these concerns, final Rule 15Fh-1(b), as discussed in Section 
II.D, allows SBS Entities to reasonably rely on written representations 
regarding the qualifications and independence of special entities' 
representatives.\878\ This generally comports with an SBS Entity's 
heightened standard of care when transacting with special entities, 
while avoiding the potential conflict of interest and increased 
transaction costs that could result if SBS Entities effectively second-
guessed special entities' choice of independent representatives. In 
addition, we are adopting safe harbors as discussed below, pursuant to 
which an SBS Entity will be deemed to have a reasonable basis to 
believe that the special entity has a representative that meets the 
qualification and independence requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a). We 
believe the availability of the safe harbor also addresses the concerns 
of certain commenters that SBS Entities not exert undue influence on 
the special entity's selection of representative.\879\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \877\ See MFA, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5.
    \878\ See Rule 15Fh-1(b).
    \879\ See e.g., CalPERS (August 2011) supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission acknowledges one commenter's recommended approach 
that would permit a special entity to choose between either: (1) 
Relying on the Commission's proposed framework regarding a reasonable 
basis to believe the qualifications of the independent representative; 
or (2) relying on an alternative approach under which it would be 
permitted to enter into off-exchange security-based swap transactions 
with an SBS Entity if the special entity had a representative, whether 
internal or a third party, that had been certified as able to evaluate 
security-based swap transactions. The commenter contemplated that the 
certification process would involve the development and implementation 
of a proficiency examination by the Commission or FINRA ``or another 
recognized testing organization,'' and that a certified independent 
representative would be required to complete periodic continuing 
education.\880\ We do not believe that this suggested alternative would 
appropriately provide the protections to special entities that the 
statute and our proposed Rule 15Fh-5 were designed to provide. First, 
we believe that this alternative would effectively permit special 
entities to opt out of the express protections that the rules are 
intended to provide. In addition, we are not aware of the existence of 
a certification process as described by the commenter, and we did not 
propose and are not adopting such a process.\881\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \880\ See CalPERS, supra note 5.
    \881\ However, to the extent that such a proficiency examination 
were created, the results of the examination could inform the SBS 
Entity's assessment of the qualifications of the independent 
representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As with final Rule 15Fh-2(a), we have determined to adopt Rule 
15Fh-5(a) in a bifurcated format to avoid potential conflict with ERISA 
and DOL regulations, as well as to more closely harmonize with existing 
CFTC business conduct rules. Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), as adopted, requires an 
SBS Entity that offers to enter into or enters into a security-based 
swap with a special entity other than an ERISA special entity to form a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity has a

[[Page 30028]]

qualified independent representative. Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), as adopted, 
requires an SBS Entity that offers to enter into or enters into a 
security-based swap with an ERISA special entity to have a reasonable 
basis to believe that the special entity has a fiduciary, as defined in 
Section 3 of ERISA. By adopting separate criteria for the independent 
representatives of ERISA and non-ERISA special entities, the Commission 
is addressing the concerns of numerous commenters that the business 
conduct standards, if adopted without regard for the potential 
regulatory intersections of ERISA, could cause confusion and unintended 
consequences for SBS Entities dealing with ERISA plans.\882\ In 
addition, this change will provide greater consistency with the 
parallel CFTC rule, which will result in efficiencies for SBS Entities 
that have already established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \882\ See Section I.D., supra. See also ABC, supra note 5; FIA/
ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Johnson, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The newly bifurcated rule, detailing the requisite criteria for an 
SBS Entity to form a reasonable basis to believe that ERISA and non-
ERISA special entities have qualified independent representatives, is 
discussed in greater detail below.
b. Qualified Independent Representative
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(6) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that, in the case of a special entity that 
is an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA, the independent 
representative was a ``fiduciary'' as defined in section 3(21) of that 
Act (29 U.S.C. 1002).\883\ The proposed rule was not intended to limit, 
restrict, or otherwise affect the fiduciary's duties and obligations 
under ERISA.\884\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \883\ See Section 15F(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII). See note 225, supra and related text 
regarding an SBS Entity's reliance on a representation from the 
special entity to form this reasonable basis.
    \884\ See notes 99, 198 and 189, supra regarding the DOL's 
proposal to amend definition of ``fiduciary'' for purposes of ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposing Release solicited feedback regarding any specific 
requirements that should be imposed on SBS Entities with respect to 
this obligation, as well as what other independent representative 
qualifications might be deemed satisfied if an independent 
representative of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA, is a 
fiduciary as defined in section 3 of ERISA.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received six comment letters advocating a 
presumption of qualification for ERISA plan fiduciaries, since ERISA 
already imposes fiduciary duties upon the person who decides whether to 
enter into a security-based swap on behalf of an ERISA plan, and 
imposes on this person a statutory duty to act in the best interests of 
the plan and its participants, thereby prohibiting certain self-dealing 
transactions.\885\ According to these commenters, the Commission's 
proposed standards would be unnecessary, redundant, would overlap with 
ERISA's standards, and would only serve to increase the administrative 
burden and cost on SBS Entities without any corresponding benefit.\886\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \885\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \886\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address the potential conflict with ERISA standards, one 
commenter suggested that the Commission's definition of ``independent 
representative'' should be inapplicable to ERISA plans, and that the 
Commission should merely cross-reference the requirements under ERISA 
for ERISA representatives.\887\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \887\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter supported the presumptive qualification for ERISA 
plan fiduciaries, provided that the plan satisfied a minimum $1 billion 
net asset requirement for institutional investor organizations.\888\ 
The commenter asserted that no public policy objective would be 
achieved by permitting an SBS Entity to reject a risk manager fiduciary 
selected by a sophisticated institutional investor organization with 
over $1 billion in net assets, which did not require the protections of 
the rules.\889\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \888\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \889\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since the adoption of the CFTC's final rules, another commenter 
recently advocated for the separate treatment of independent 
representatives of special entities subject to ERISA.\890\ Under this 
commenter's proposal, an SBS Entity that transacts with a special 
entity subject to Title I of ERISA must have a reasonable belief that 
the qualified independent representative is a fiduciary, as defined in 
Section 3 of ERISA.\891\ An SBS Entity that transacts with a non-ERISA 
special entity would be required to form a reasonable belief that the 
special entity has a qualified independent representative, defined by 
specific criteria. The commenter's proposed modification recognizes 
``the unique fiduciary regime already applicable to such special 
entities,'' and harmonizes the Commission's criteria for qualified 
independent representatives with those of the CFTC.\892\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \890\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \891\ Id.
    \892\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After consideration of the comments, the Commission is 
reformulating the rules to reflect a separate treatment for 
transactions with special entities subject to ERISA, and transactions 
with special entities other than those subject to ERISA. Toward this 
end, we have bifurcated Rule 15Fh-5(a) into parts (a)(1) (applicable to 
dealings with special entities other than those subject to ERISA), and 
(a)(2) (applicable to dealings with special entities subject to ERISA).
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), as adopted, an SBS Entity that transacts 
with a special entity that is not subject to ERISA must have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity has a qualified 
independent representative. As defined in the rule, a qualified 
independent representative is a representative who: Has sufficient 
knowledge to evaluate the transaction and risks; is not subject to a 
statutory disqualification; undertakes a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity; makes appropriate and timely 
disclosures to the special entity of material information concerning 
the security-based swap; will provide written representations to the 
special entity regarding fair pricing and the appropriateness of the 
security-based swap; in the case of a special entity defined in 15Fh-
2(2) or (5), is subject to pay to play rules of the Commission, the 
CFTC, or a SRO subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the 
CFTC; and is independent of the SBS Entity. These qualifications are 
addressed, separately, in Section II.H.7, infra.
    Under new Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), (formerly proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(6)), 
an SBS Entity that transacts with a special entity subject to ERISA 
must have a reasonable basis to believe that the special entity has a 
representative that is a fiduciary, as defined in Section 3 of 
ERISA.\893\ In this regard, the SBS Entity need not undertake further 
inquiry into the ERISA fiduciary's qualifications. Such a presumption 
is based on the pre-existing,

[[Page 30029]]

comprehensive federal regulatory regime governing ERISA 
fiduciaries.\894\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \893\ 29 U.S.C. 1002.
    \894\ See 29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.; History of EBSA and ERISA, 
available at http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/aboutebsa/history.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission agrees with commenters that ERISA fiduciaries should 
be presumptively deemed qualified as special entity 
representatives,\895\ particularly because an ERISA fiduciary is 
already required by statute and regulations to, among other things, act 
with prudence and loyalty when evaluating a transaction for an ERISA 
plan.\896\ Moreover, as several commenters noted, to overlap existing 
ERISA standards with the business conduct standards would be 
unnecessary, redundant, and would unnecessarily increase administrative 
costs for SBS Entities.\897\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \895\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \896\ See supra notes 786 and 799 and accompanying text.
    \897\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This bifurcated rule is designed to address the commenter's 
concerns regarding the need to align the Commission's treatment of 
ERISA plans with that of the CFTC,\898\ and will reflect the potential 
intersection of the business conduct rules with the comprehensive 
framework of regulation under ERISA. Specifically, as discussed above 
in Section I.D., supra, the bifurcated format of the rule addresses the 
concerns of numerous commenters that the intersection between ERISA's 
existing fiduciary regulation and the business conduct standards could 
lead to conflict and unintended consequences for SBS Entities 
transacting with ERISA special entities, up to and including the 
preclusion of ERISA plans from participating in security-based swap 
markets in the future.\899\ By providing separate means for SBS 
Entities to comply with the rules when transacting with ERISA and non-
ERISA special entities, the final rule will avoid the potential 
conflict between the comprehensive framework of regulation under ERISA 
and business conduct rule regimes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \898\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \899\ See, e.g., ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 
5; IDC, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; 
Johnson, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the Commission declines the commenter's suggestion to 
exclude ERISA plans with a minimum net asset requirement from the 
requirements of the rule.\900\ Rule 15Fh-5 is designed to ensure that 
special entities are represented by a qualified independent 
representative pursuant to the statutory requirement. The Commission 
does not believe that it is appropriate in this context to provide an 
exception to ERISA plans from the protections of representation by a 
qualified and independent representative based on a net asset 
threshold. Different entities will have differing levels of 
understanding of the security-based swap market, which may or may not 
be impacted by the amount of their net assets. More generally, the 
rules are intended to provide certain protections to special entities, 
and we think it appropriate to apply the rules so that special entities 
receive the benefits of those rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \900\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Definition of ``Independent Representative''
i. Proposed Rule
    As noted above, an SBS Entity must have a reasonable basis to 
believe that a special entity has a ``qualified independent 
representative.'' Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c) would establish parameters 
for the term ``independent representative'' of a special entity.
    For instance, proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(1) would generally require 
that a representative of a special entity be ``independent'' of the SBS 
Entity that is the counterparty to a proposed security-based swap. 
Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(2) would provide that a representative of a 
special entity is ``independent'' of an SBS Entity if the 
representative does not have a relationship with the SBS Entity, 
whether compensatory or otherwise, that reasonably could affect the 
independent judgment or decision-making of the representative. In the 
Proposing Release, the Commission noted that the SBS Entity should 
obtain the necessary information to determine if, in fact, a 
relationship existed between the SBS Entity and the independent 
representative that could impair the independence of the representative 
in making decisions that affect the SBS Entity.
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(3) would deem a representative of a special 
entity to be independent of an SBS Entity where two conditions are 
satisfied: (i) The representative is not and, within one year, was not 
an associated person of the SBS Entity; and (ii) the representative had 
not received more than ten percent of its gross revenues over the past 
year, directly or indirectly, from the SBS Entity. This latter 
restriction would apply, for example, with respect to revenues received 
as a result of referrals by the SBS Entity. It was intended to 
encompass situations where a representative was hired by the special 
entity as a result of a recommendation by the SBS Entity. The 
restriction would also apply to revenues received, directly or 
indirectly, from associated persons of the SBS Entity.
    In order for an SBS Entity to reasonably believe that the 
independent representative received less than ten percent of its gross 
revenue over the past year from the SBS Entity, the Commission noted 
that the SBS Entity would likely need to obtain information regarding 
the independent representative's gross revenues from either the special 
entity or independent representative.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule Independence From the Special Entity
    The Commission requested comment on whether an independent 
representative must be independent of the special entity entering into 
the security-based swap, or whether the representative need only be 
independent of the SBS Entity. All five commenters agreed that the 
independent representative need only be independent from the SBS 
Entity, and emphasized that the intent of the proposed rule was to 
ensure a special entity received advice from someone in no way 
affiliated with an SBS Entity.\901\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \901\ See APPA, supra note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; ABA Committees, supra 
note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter, representing two trade associations for municipal 
power producers, argued that the intended benefit of the proposed 
independent representative requirement was to ensure that a special 
entity receives security-based swap advice from a person other than the 
SBS Entity--not to force special entities to hire third-parties as 
independent representatives.\902\ The commenter noted that although 
many municipal power producers rely on third-party advisors when 
entering interest-rate swaps, they have internal experts to advise them 
on energy contracts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \902\ See APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter asserted that the legislative history for Dodd-
Frank indicated that a representative's ``independence'' referred to 
its independence from the dealer or broker--not its independence from 
the special entity.\903\ The commenter pointed out that Congress 
specifically recognized the possibility that special entities would use 
an in-house risk specialist, and that the proposed rules

[[Page 30030]]

seemed to incorporate this assumption.\904\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \903\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \904\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standards for ``Independence''
    The Commission solicited comment regarding whether to adopt a 
different test for a representative's independence, or whether the 
definition of ``independent representative'' should exclude certain 
categories of associated persons. Eleven comment letters addressed the 
independence test in proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(2)-(3).\905\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \905\ See ABC, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra 
note 5; AFSCME, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra 
note 5; CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; APPA, supra 
note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Four commenters argued that the proposed rule would not 
sufficiently ensure a representative's independence.\906\ For instance, 
one commenter suggested that the one-year prohibition on a 
representative being an associated person of the SBS Entity be extended 
to two years.\907\ This commenter also recommended that representatives 
who receive any compensation of any kind, directly or indirectly, from 
an SBS Entity during the prior year be disqualified.\908\ According to 
this commenter, representatives and associated persons should be barred 
from, directly or indirectly, working for or receiving compensation 
from any SBS Entities for one year to act as an independent 
representative for any special entity.\909\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \906\ See AFSCME, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \907\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \908\ Id.
    \909\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that under the proposed rule, a 
representative might be deemed to be independent even if he or she 
``worked with the SBS Entity as recently as a year ago, was recommended 
by the SBS Entity, has a direct business relationship with the SBS 
Entity that makes the representative highly financially dependent on 
that entity, and earns more of its revenues from the SBS Entity than 
from the Special Entity he or she purports to represent.'' \910\ This 
commenter also noted that, under the proposed rule, a representative 
could earn virtually all of its gross revenues from various SBS 
Entities, so long as no more than ten percent originated from the 
entity on the other side of the transaction. For these reasons, the 
commenter urged the Commission to adopt instead the version of the 
independence standard proposed by the CFTC, under which a 
representative would be deemed to be independent if: ``(1) the 
representative is not and, within one year, was not an associated 
person of the swap dealer or major swap participant, within the meaning 
of Section 1a(4) of the Act; (2) there is no principal relationship 
between the representative of the Special Entity and the swap dealer or 
major swap participant; and (3) the representative does not have a 
material business relationship with the swap dealer or major swap 
participant, provided however, that if the representative received any 
compensation from the swap dealer or major swap participant, the swap 
dealer or major swap participant must ensure that the Special Entity is 
informed of the compensation and the Special Entity agrees in writing, 
in consultation with the representative, that the compensation does not 
constitute a material business relationship.'' \911\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \910\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \911\ See Business Conduct Standards for Swap Dealers and Major 
Swap Participants With Counterparties, 75 FR 80638, 80660 (Dec. 22, 
2010) (``CFTC Proposing Release'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, since the adoption of the CFTC's final business conduct 
rules, one commenter has argued that the Commission should harmonize 
its standards of independence with those of the CFTC, replacing the 
SEC's restriction on revenues received by the independent 
representative from the SBS Entity with the following qualifications: 
(1) The representative is not, and within one year of representing the 
special entity in connection with the security-based swap, was not an 
associated person of the SBS Entity; (2) there is no principal 
relationship between the special entity's representative and the SBS 
Entity; (3) the representative provides timely and effective 
disclosures to the special entity of all material conflicts of 
interest, complies with policies and procedures designed to mitigate 
conflicts of interest, is not directly or indirectly controlled by the 
SBS Entity, and does not receive referrals, recommendations, or 
introductions from the SBS Entity within one year of representing the 
special entity in connection with the security-based swap.\912\ As the 
commenter asserted, ``the CFTC's standard has, in our members' 
experiences, proved sufficient to ensure the independence of special 
entity representatives and mitigate possible conflicts of interest, 
while also establishing an objective standard that special entities can 
apply in practice. As a result, we believe harmonization would achieve 
the proposed rules' intended objective while also minimizing the extent 
to which SBS Entities and special entities need to incur significant 
additional costs.'' \913\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \912\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \913\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter suggested that the Commission revise the 
independence test for special entity representatives by: (1) Using 
ERISA standards in assessing the independence of a representative (but 
rejecting the DOL's fiduciary standard, under which a fiduciary may not 
derive more than 1% of its annual income from a party in interest and 
its affiliates); (2) considering a representative's relationships with 
an SBS Entity on behalf of multiple special entities, including the 
representative's relationships with an SBS Entity outside of the 
security-based swap transaction at issue; (3) including the revenues of 
an independent representative's affiliates in applying the gross 
revenues test; (4) decreasing the ten-percent gross revenue threshold; 
and (5) adopting a two-year timeframe (rather than one year) to 
determine whether a representative is independent of the SBS 
Entity.\914\ The commenter argued that an independent representative 
should be permitted to receive compensation from the proceeds of a 
security-based swap, so long as the compensation was authorized by, and 
paid at the written direction of, the special entity.\915\ However, the 
commenter did not believe that a special entity should be allowed to 
consent to an independent representative's conflicts of interest, even 
if fully disclosed, as such conflicts might still affect the 
independence of the representative.\916\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \914\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \915\ Id.
    \916\ Id. Nor did the commenter believe that an SBS Entity 
should be required to have a reasonable basis to believe that the 
representative would make the appropriate and timely disclosures of 
any potential conflicts of interest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The sole commenter that supported the independence test as proposed 
did so on the grounds that market participants would benefit from the 
certainty of its safe harbor.\917\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \917\ See NABL, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that the proposed rules' definition of 
``independent representative'' should not apply to ERISA plans, as 
ERISA already defines the criteria for ``independence'' of a 
representative.\918\ According to this commenter, if a plan's 
representative is not independent of the plan's counterparty, the 
transaction violates the prohibited transaction rules under ERISA 
section 406(b). Rather than

[[Page 30031]]

adopt such overlapping regulations, the commenter suggested cross-
referencing the independence requirements under ERISA. Otherwise, the 
prohibition on investment managers who receive revenues from SBS 
Dealers from serving as independent representatives could cause plans 
to lose their best investment managers and counterparties. Moreover, 
the commenter argued that ``the administrative burden of applying the 
gross revenue test could in many cases be enormous at best and simply 
unworkable at worst.'' \919\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \918\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \919\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the majority of commenters urged the Commission to modify 
the proposed independence standards. For instance, while one commenter 
supported the Commission's one-year prohibition on associated persons 
of SBS Entities serving as special entity representatives, the 
commenter suggested four changes to the gross revenues component of the 
proposed rule: (1) Only payments by or on behalf of the SBS Entity (not 
by or on behalf of any affiliates or other associated persons) should 
be taken into account; (2) the revenue computations should be based on 
the representative's prior fiscal year rather than a rolling twelve-
month look-back to simplify the calculations and reduce compliance 
costs; (3) payments to any affiliate (other than a wholly-owned 
subsidiary) of the representative should not be taken into account for 
purposes of this test; and (4) an SBS Entity should be able to rely on 
representations from the representative as to its gross revenues and 
whether payments that have been made to the representative equal or 
exceed the ten percent threshold.\920\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \920\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter proposed reducing the one year disqualification 
period for association with the SBS Entity to six months.\921\ This 
commenter also suggested excluding from the gross revenue test: (1) 
Income from referrals from the gross revenue test, because referrals 
``can be difficult to track;'' and (2) income paid by an SBS Entity on 
behalf of the special entity.\922\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \921\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \922\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter generally opposed the proposed rule on the basis 
that it was unclear, would require costly enhancements to compliance 
systems, and ``would be particularly problematic in instances where a 
corporate transaction changes the identity of associated persons during 
the look-back year.'' \923\ With respect to the first prong of the 
proposed rule, this commenter supported eliminating the one-year look 
back period, as it believed the costs of compliance with that provision 
would outweigh any benefits. Instead, the commenter argued that 
``independence'' should be established if the representative is not an 
associated person of an SBS Entity at the time of the transaction.\924\ 
With respect to the gross revenue test, the commenter argued that the 
term ``indirect compensation'' was vague, and that ``determining what 
would comprise indirect compensation and establishing a compliance 
system to track that indirect compensation represents a significant and 
time consuming burden,'' the expense of which would likely be passed on 
to special entities.\925\ The commenter therefore suggested limiting 
the gross revenue test to direct revenue received by the representative 
from the SBS Dealer--and not its affiliates.\926\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \923\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
    \924\ Id.
    \925\ Id.
    \926\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fourth commenter objected to the compliance burdens raised by the 
proposed rule, as well as various implementation concerns on the 
grounds that both prongs of the test were ``moving targets'' that would 
substantially complicate compliance and impose additional burdens and 
costs on advisors and special entities.\927\ The commenter recommended 
that the Commission eliminate the twelve-month ``look-back'' provision 
altogether, but argued that if the Commission retained this provision, 
it should apply only where a continuing agreement exists between the 
representative and the SBS Entity (such as an ongoing corporate 
services agreement), that the one-year period be defined as a calendar 
year rather than a rolling twelve-month period, and that it should only 
be triggered by the SBS Entity and the representative--not by any 
associated persons of the SBS Entity or the representative.\928\ This 
commenter additionally urged the Commission to eliminate the gross 
revenue test on the grounds that it was unduly restrictive and 
difficult to apply. However, if the Commission retained the gross 
revenue test, the commenter requested that the final rule clarify how 
gross revenues are to be calculated.\929\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \927\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \928\ Id.
    \929\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that the final version of proposed Rule 
15Fh-2(c) clarify that the ten percent gross revenue test would not 
apply to any independent representative employed by the special entity, 
as such a prohibition would be inappropriate.\930\ The commenter also 
suggested that the prohibition on independent representatives who have 
worked for an SBS Entity within the past year should not apply if the 
independent representative is an employee of the special entity, who 
owes the special entity a fiduciary duty.\931\ The commenter asserted 
that if an independent representative is an employee of and owes a 
fiduciary duty to an institutional investor organization, an SBS Entity 
should have no authority to assess the representative's qualifications. 
The commenter pointed out that, as a fiduciary, the employee's prior 
employment by an SBS Entity would be irrelevant--since any actual 
breach of fiduciary duty would be governed by the special entity's 
charter, state law or other applicable legal requirements, rather than 
the Dodd-Frank Act.\932\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \930\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \931\ Id.
    \932\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After consideration of the comments, the Commission is adopting 
Rule 15Fh-2(c), with certain modifications. First, we moved the rule 
defining the ``independence'' of a special entity's representative from 
Rule 15Fh-2 to Rule 15Fh-5 in an effort to minimize confusion, and to 
consolidate the requirements of the qualified independent 
representative into Rule 15Fh-5. Specifically, the Commission is 
renumbering proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c) as Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii). In doing 
so, we have subsumed the requirement that a representative be 
independent of the SBS Entity under the criteria for a special entity's 
qualified independent representative.
    Consistent with our proposal and with comments received, we 
continue to believe that a qualified independent representative should 
be independent of the SBS Entity, but need not be independent of the 
special entity itself.\933\ We do not believe that special entities 
would receive any greater protection by being required to incur the 
cost of retaining a representative that was independent of the special 
entity; in fact, the special entity may be better served by someone who 
has an ongoing relationship with it and is more familiar with the uses 
of the proceeds of the swap and other needs of the special entity. 
Although the Dodd-Frank Act is

[[Page 30032]]

silent concerning the question of independence from the special entity, 
nothing in the Dodd-Frank Act precludes the use of a qualified 
independent representative that is affiliated with the special entity. 
Accordingly, Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) only requires that the independent 
representative be independent of the SBS Entity to be a qualified 
independent representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \933\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42426, supra note 3. See 
also APPA; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; and BlackRock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii) (formerly proposed Rules 
15Fh-2(c)(1) and (2)) with one modification. Proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(1) 
defined an independent representative of a special entity, in part, as 
``independent of the security-based swap dealer or major security-based 
swap participant that is the counterparty to a proposed security-based 
swap.'' Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii) as adopted eliminates the phrase ``that 
is the counterparty to a proposed security-based swap'' from the 
definition. As described immediately below, this change is intended to 
reconcile the use of the term ``qualified independent representative'' 
in Rules 15Fh-5(a)(1) and 15Fh-2(a)(2) as adopted.
    Specifically, Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2) as proposed and as adopted, under 
which an SBS Dealer may seek to establish that it is not acting as an 
advisor to a special entity, refers to the definition of ``qualified 
independent representative'' as defined in Rule 15Fh-5(a).\934\ 
However, although the relevant part of the definition of the term 
``independent representative of a special entity'' in proposed Rule 
15Fh-2(c)(1) included the phrase ``that is a counterparty to a proposed 
security-based swap,'' the requirements in Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2) (as 
proposed and as adopted) are not limited to transactions in which the 
SBS Dealer is a counterparty to the special entity with respect to the 
security-based swap. Thus, as noted, we are eliminating the phrase 
``that is the counterparty to a proposed security-based swap'' in Rule 
15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii) as adopted to reconcile the cross reference to the 
term ``qualified independent representative'' in Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \934\ Specifically, Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2) requires, among other 
things, a written representation by the special entity that it 
``will rely on advice from a qualified independent representative as 
defined in [Rule] 15Fh-5(a)'' (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This change will not alter the scope of Rule 15Fh-5(a) as adopted, 
because that rule is only applicable to an SBS Entity acting as 
counterparty to a special entity. It will, however, align the 
definition of qualified independent representative with the scope of 
Rule 15Fh-2(a), which applies to recommended transactions whether or 
not the SBS Dealer is a counterparty to the recommended security-based 
swap. As a result, there must always be someone independent of the SBS 
Dealer reviewing any recommended security-based swap transaction on 
behalf of the special entity, whether or not the SBS Dealer making the 
recommendation is the counterparty to the transaction. Furthermore, the 
elimination of the phrase ``that is the counterparty to a proposed 
security-based swap'' in the rule as adopted will harmonize the rule 
more closely with the parallel CFTC requirement.
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(A) as adopted, a representative of a 
special entity is independent of an SBS Entity if the representative 
does not have a relationship with the SBS Entity, ``whether 
compensatory or otherwise, that reasonably could affect the independent 
judgment or decision-making of the representative.'' Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(1)(vii)(B) (as adopted) modifies the criteria for determining the 
independence of the representative that was proposed in proposed Rule 
15Fh-2(c)(3) by replacing the ten percent gross revenues test with 
requirements for timely disclosures of all material conflicts of 
interest and a prohibition against referrals, recommendations or 
introductions by the SBS Entity within one year of the representative's 
representation of the special entity. Under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(B) 
as adopted, a representative of a special entity will be deemed to be 
independent of an SBS Entity if three conditions are met: (1) The 
representative is not and, within one year of representing the special 
entity in connection with the security-based swap, was not an 
associated person of the SBS Entity; (2) the representative provides 
timely disclosures to the special entity of all material conflicts of 
interest that could reasonably affect the judgment or decision making 
of the representative with respect to its obligations to the special 
entity and complies with policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
manage and mitigate such material conflicts of interest; and (3) the 
SBS Entity did not refer, recommend, or introduce the representative to 
the special entity within one year of the representative's 
representation of the special entity in connection with the security-
based swap.
    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(B)(1) (formerly proposed Rule 15Fh-2(c)(2)) 
requires that the independent representative is not and was not an 
associated person of the SBS Entity ``within one year of representing 
the special entity in connection with the security-based swap.'' One 
commenter agreed with the one-year time frame in this provision.\935\ 
One commenter suggested that one year was not long enough and suggested 
a two-year look back \936\ and another commenter suggested that one 
year was too long and suggested a six-month look back.\937\ After 
consideration of the comments, the Commission continues to believe that 
an appropriate amount of time is necessary to ``cool off'' any 
association with an SBS Entity before being considered independent of 
the SBS Entity, and believes that a one-year period between being an 
associated person of an SBS Entity and functioning as an independent 
representative is an appropriate amount of time. We disagree with the 
commenter that a shorter six-month look back would be appropriate, as 
we believe that a one-year cooling off period provides greater 
assurances of independence. At the same time, we do not want to 
unnecessarily place lengthy restrictions on a representative's ability 
to work as an independent representative or unnecessarily restrict a 
special entity's access to qualified independent representatives. For 
this reason, we believe that a one year restriction strikes an 
appropriate balance. In addition to the comments received, we note that 
many market participants have established compliance policies and 
procedures to address a one-year look-back to comply with the CFTC rule 
that requires that the independent representative was not an associated 
person of the Swap Entity within the preceding twelve months or the 
independent representative complied with policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage and mitigate the conflict of being an 
associated person within the last twelve months.\938\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \935\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \936\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \937\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \938\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9795, supra note 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(B)(2) adds the new requirement that a 
representative must provide timely disclosures to the special entity of 
all material conflicts of interest that could reasonably affect the 
judgment or decision making of the representative regarding its 
obligations to the special entity, and the representative must comply 
with policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage and mitigate 
such material conflicts of interest. This requirement establishes a 
standard that is designed to support the development of an SBS Entity's 
reasonable belief regarding the independence of the representative 
advising a special entity. One commenter recommended adopting

[[Page 30033]]

such a requirement, asserting that the CFTC standard, including the 
requirement for timely disclosures has, in their ``members' experiences 
proved sufficient to ensure the independence of special entity 
representatives and mitigate possible conflicts of interest, while also 
establishing an objective standard that special entities can apply in 
practice.'' \939\ In addition, harmonization with the parallel CFTC 
rule will result in efficiencies for SBS Entities that have already 
established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \939\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Commission's view, to be ``timely,'' a representative's 
disclosures must allow the special entity sufficient opportunity to 
assess the likelihood or magnitude of a conflict of interest prior to 
entering into the security-based swap.
    To determine which conflicts of interest disclosures are required, 
an SBS Entity generally would need a reasonable basis to believe that 
the representative reviewed its relationships with the SBS Entity and 
its affiliates, including lines of business in which the representative 
solicits business. Additionally, where applicable, the SBS Entity 
generally would also need a reasonable basis to believe the 
representative reviewed the relationships of its principals and 
employees, who could affect the judgment or decision making of the 
representative on behalf of the special entity.
    Lastly, Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(B)(3) replaces the proposed ``gross 
revenues'' test with a standard under which a representative will not 
be deemed independent if the SBS Entity refers, recommends, or 
introduces the representative to the special entity within one year of 
the representative's representation of the special entity in connection 
with the security-based swap. The change is intended to provide a 
simpler standard for achieving the policy goal that a special entity's 
choice of representative and the advice the representative provides 
should be made without any influence or input from the SBS Entity.
    In making this modification to the rule as adopted, the Commission 
seeks to address commenters' concerns about cost, clarity, and 
practicality.\940\ Commenters had expressed concerns regarding the 
gross revenues test and an SBS Entity's ability to accurately track the 
revenues.\941\ One commenter suggested eliminating the gross revenues 
standard altogether.\942\ After consideration of the comments, the 
Commission believes that the disclosures provided and the prohibition 
against referrals, recommendations or introductions adequately 
addresses concerns regarding independence more simply and directly than 
the proposed ``gross revenues'' test.\943\ Furthermore, this 
prohibition harmonizes the Commission's standards for the independence 
of the representative with those of the CFTC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \940\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; and SIFMA 
(August 2015), supra note 5.
    \941\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5 (expressing concerns 
about calculating a rolling twelve months of revenues and arguing 
that the ten percent threshold would create a revenue ceiling that 
is unduly restrictive and difficult to apply (e.g., a representative 
to multiple collective investment vehicles would be required to 
consider each of its multiple distributors for each collective 
investment vehicle as a source of indirect revenue)); FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5 (arguing for clarification that (1) payments to 
or from affiliates of the SBS Entity or representative would not be 
taken into account; (2) revenue computations should be determined as 
of the end of the prior fiscal year; and (3) the SBS Entity may rely 
on representations from the representative as to its gross revenues 
and whether payments equal or exceed the ten percent threshold); 
APPA, supra note 5 (suggesting (1) elimination of income from 
referrals from the gross revenue test because referrals are 
difficult to track; and (2) gross revenues test should not take into 
account income paid by an SBS Entity on behalf of the special 
entity); BlackRock, supra note 5 (expressing concerns regarding what 
would comprise ``indirect compensation'' and the compliance systems 
to track it and arguing that revenue received from affiliates of the 
SBS Dealer should not be considered); and SIFMA (August 2015), supra 
note 5 (arguing for the replacement of the gross revenues test with 
the CFTC standard).
    \942\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; and SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
    \943\ Although the independence safe harbor under Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(vii)(B) does not include a gross revenues test, SBS Entities 
should consider whether the sources of revenues of a representative 
create a conflict of interest that must be disclosed pursuant to 
Rule 15Fh-5(a)(vii)(B)(2) or 15Fh-5(b) or otherwise impede the 
independence of the representative. Depending on the facts and 
circumstances, failure to disclose material conflicts of interest 
when there is a recommendation by a broker-dealer can be a violation 
of the antifraud rules. See, e.g., Chasins, 438 F.2d at 1172.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Qualifications of the Independent Representative
    Proposed Rules 15Fh-5(a)(1)(i)-(vii) would list the required 
qualifications of a special entity's independent representative. The 
qualifications would be that the independent representative: (1) Has 
sufficient knowledge to evaluate a security-based swap and its risks; 
(2) is not subject to statutory disqualification; (3) will undertake a 
duty to act in the best interests of the special entity; (4) makes 
appropriate and timely disclosures to the special entity of material 
information concerning the security-based swap; (5) will provide 
written representations to the special entity regarding fair pricing 
and the appropriateness of the security-based swap; (6) (in the case of 
employee benefit plans subject to ERISA) is a fiduciary as defined in 
ERISA; and (7) is subject to the pay to play prohibitions of the 
Commission, the CFTC, or an SRO that is subject to the jurisdiction of 
the Commission or the CFTC. Each of these proposed qualifications is 
discussed in turn below.
    As discussed above in Section II.H.5.a.iii.B and more fully below, 
the rules as adopted will distinguish between transactions with special 
entities subject to ERISA, and transactions with special entities other 
than those subject to ERISA. Specifically, Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) as adopted 
addresses the qualifications for the independent representatives of 
special entities other than those subject to regulation under ERISA, 
and Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2) as adopted addresses the qualifications for 
independent representatives of special entities subject to regulation 
under ERISA.
a. Written or Other Representations Regarding Qualifications
i. Proposal
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission also requested comment 
regarding whether independent representatives must furnish written 
representations about their qualifications, or whether the rules should 
permit other means of establishing that a special entity's independent 
representative possessed the requisite qualifications.
ii. Comments on the Proposal
    The Commission received three comment letters on this point, all in 
favor of a written representation requirement.\944\ Although one such 
commenter agreed that written representations should be sufficient to 
ensure that a qualified independent swap advisor had been hired, the 
commenter proposed that the written representations include a 
verification that the external swap advisor had registered with and met 
professional standards set by the appropriate regulatory body 
overseeing swap advisors.\945\ According to the commenter, this would 
provide for independent verification that was not associated with the 
SBS Dealer or the

[[Page 30034]]

special entity, thereby minimizing any potential conflict of 
interests.\946\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \944\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; APPA, supra 
note 5.
    \945\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
    \946\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter suggested that, in the case of an internal 
representative, written representations should be obtained either from 
the representative or from the special entity, or a combination of the 
two, depending on the circumstances.\947\ In the case of third-party 
representatives, the commenter suggested that the third-party 
representative provide the statement either directly to the SBS Entity 
or to the special entity acknowledging that the statement would be 
relied on by SBS Entities for purposes of the business conduct 
rules.\948\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \947\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \948\ Id. See also SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5 (asserting 
that an SBS Entity should be deemed to have formed a reasonable 
basis to believe that a special entity has a qualified independent 
representative by relying on written representations that the 
representative is either an ERISA fiduciary, or that the 
representative satisfies the criteria for a qualified independent 
representative).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission has determined not 
to mandate a manner of compliance with the requirements of Rule 15Fh-
5(a). As discussed above, the obligation is on the SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis for believing that an independent representative has 
the necessary qualifications. An SBS Entity may use various means, such 
as reliance on representations from the special entity or its 
representative or due diligence, to form its reasonable basis to 
believe the special entity's independent representative meets the 
qualifications outlined in Rule 15Fh-5(a).
    When an SBS Entity is relying on representations from a special 
entity or its representative to satisfy the requirements of the rule, 
the requirements of Rule 15Fh-1(b) will apply.\949\ Consistent with our 
approach to representations used to make institutional suitability 
determinations, we believe that parties should be able to make 
representations regarding the knowledge and qualifications of the 
independent representative on a transaction-by-transaction basis, on an 
asset-class-by-asset-class basis, or broadly in terms of all potential 
transactions between the parties. However, where there is an indication 
that the independent representative is not capable of independently 
evaluating investment risks, or does not intend to exercise independent 
judgment regarding all of an SBS Entity's recommendations, the SBS 
Entity necessarily will have to be more specific in its approach. For 
instance, in some cases, an SBS Entity may be unable to determine that 
an independent representative is capable of independently evaluating 
investment risks with respect to any security-based swap. In other 
cases, the SBS Entity may determine that the independent representative 
is generally capable of evaluating investment risks with respect to 
some categories or types of security-based swaps, but that the 
independent representative may not be able to understand a particular 
type of security-based swap or its risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \949\ See discussion in Section II.D, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Sufficient Knowledge To Evaluate Transaction and Risks
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the independent representative has 
sufficient knowledge to evaluate the security-based transaction and 
related risks.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Proposing Release solicited comment regarding what 
circumstances, if any, would give rise to a presumption of 
qualification for certain independent representatives other than ERISA 
fiduciaries.
Presumptive Qualification
    Two commenters supported a finding of presumptive qualification for 
sophisticated, professional advisers, such as banks, Commission-
registered investment advisers, registered municipal advisors, or other 
similarly qualified professionals.\950\ The commenter stated its view 
that applicable federal and/or state regulations governing these 
entities already impose requirements that ensure a minimum 
qualification level, and any additional evaluation of such 
representatives' qualifications would add little or no value to a 
special entity's representative selection process.\951\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \950\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \951\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other commenters supported the presumption of qualification for in-
house representatives of a special entity, since those representatives 
should presumably act in the best interests of the special entity by 
virtue of their employment with the special entity.\952\ More 
specifically, one commenter supported this presumption on the grounds 
that the representative had been hired by the special entity to perform 
a hedging and risk control function, that he or she would be subject to 
direct control by his or her employer, and that he or she would be 
subject to regular review.\953\ Another commenter supported this 
presumption so long as the in-house representative met established 
requirements for qualification, testing and continuing education.\954\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \952\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5; 
CalPERS, supra note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 
5; GFOA, supra note 5.
    \953\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \954\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5. NAIPFA did not support a 
presumption of qualification for ``a sophisticated, professional 
adviser such as a bank, Commission-registered investment adviser, 
insurance company or other qualifying QPAM or INHAM for Special 
Entities subject to ERISA, a registered municipal advisor, or a 
similar qualified professional.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, one commenter supported the presumption of qualification 
for independent representatives where a governmental entity had 
verified the qualifications of its independent representative employee 
through the hiring process.\955\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \955\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Registration of Representative as Municipal Advisor or Investment 
Adviser
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission asked whether to require 
that an independent representative be registered as a municipal advisor 
or an investment adviser or otherwise subject to regulation, such as 
banking regulation.\956\ Three commenters expressed some support for 
the proposed registration requirement for independent 
representatives,\957\ while one commenter opposed it.\958\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \956\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42429, supra note 3. Such 
registration would subject independent representatives to rules such 
as MSRB rules (for example, Notice 2011-04 Pay to Play Rules for 
Municipal Advisors) or other regulation (for example, 17 CFR 
275.206(4)-5). See also Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42431 n.245-247, 
supra note 3.
    \957\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5; GFOA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \958\ See APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The first commenter supporting the registration requirement 
suggested that the written representations regarding a representative's 
qualifications include a verification that the external swap advisor 
had registered with and met professional standards set by the 
appropriate regulatory body overseeing swap advisors.\959\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \959\ See GFOA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter supported the requirement that independent 
representatives be registered with the Commission as municipal advisors 
or

[[Page 30035]]

investment advisers, or that they otherwise be subject to regulation, 
such as banking regulations, under which the independent representative 
would be bound by a fiduciary duty of loyalty and care at all 
times.\960\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \960\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third commenter requested that the Commission establish a safe 
harbor permitting an SBS Entity to conclude that the special entity's 
representative was ``qualified'' (but not necessarily ``independent'') 
if the representative was a registered municipal advisor or an SEC-
registered investment adviser that provides investment advice with 
respect to security-based swaps (or a foreign entity having an 
equivalent status abroad).\961\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \961\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, one commenter opposed requiring employees of a 
special entity to register in any capacity, and suggested that any 
requirement to register third-party representatives should first be 
issued in the form of a notice of proposed rulemaking.\962\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \962\ See APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proficiency Examination
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission requested comment 
regarding whether a proficiency examination should be developed to 
assess the qualifications of independent representatives. Four 
commenters supported the development and usage of a proficiency 
examination,\963\ while one commenter opposed any proficiency 
examination for in-house representatives.\964\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \963\ See CFA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), supra note 
5; GFOA, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \964\ See APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter, advocating for a proficiency examination, argued 
that such testing should be mandatory for both in-house and third-party 
representatives.\965\ Another commenter suggested that the proficiency 
examination could be developed by the Commission, an SRO (e.g., FINRA), 
or another recognized testing organization.\966\ Furthermore, after 
passing the examination, this commenter suggested that an independent 
representative be required to complete periodic continuing 
education.\967\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \965\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \966\ See CalPERS (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \967\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On the other hand, one commenter opposed any proficiency 
examination for in-house representatives, and argued that a proficiency 
exam for third-party representatives might provide a false sense of 
expertise.\968\ This commenter also expressed concern that an 
examination requirement might, directly or indirectly, impose 
additional costs or burdens on special entities or SBS Entities.\969\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \968\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \969\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Periodic Re-Evaluation of Qualifications
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission asked whether an SBS 
Entity should be required to reevaluate (or, as applicable, require a 
new written representation regarding) the qualifications of the 
independent representative on a periodic basis.
    The Commission received three comment letters in response to the 
request for comment.\970\ The first commenter viewed the reevaluation 
of a representative's qualifications as unnecessary if independent 
representatives were subject to continuing education and periodic 
testing requirements.\971\ Another commenter suggested that the 
Commission permit the representations regarding a representative's 
qualifications to be set forth in a letter that could be relied on for 
the duration of a swap master agreement.\972\ However, this commenter 
acknowledged a value in requiring periodic re-certification for third-
party representatives, and recommended that such re-certification occur 
every two years.\973\ The third commenter was concerned that trade-by-
trade documentation of the independent representative criteria could 
reduce the speed of trade execution for special entities and add 
compliance burdens to each transaction.\974\ This commenter requested 
that the Commission clarify that an SBS Dealer may meet its burden of 
confirming the qualifications of an independent representative through 
appropriate representations provided by the special entity no more 
frequently than annually.\975\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \970\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; Ropes & 
Gray, supra note 5.
    \971\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \972\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \973\ Id.
    \974\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5.
    \975\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    Upon consideration of the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-5(a)(1)(i) (formerly proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)), as proposed.
    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(i) as adopted requires that SBS Entities have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the independent representative has 
sufficient knowledge to evaluate the transaction and risks. The 
independent representative may be required to register by the statutes 
and rules of another regulatory regime, such as municipal advisor or 
investment adviser, and nothing in the business conduct standards 
modifies or otherwise alters those registration requirements. Whether 
or not an independent representative is otherwise registered under a 
different regulatory regime may inform the SBS Entity's view of the 
independent representative's knowledge and qualifications, but would 
not automatically satisfy the qualification requirements of the 
independent representative. For example, an independent representative 
registered as an investment adviser may be very knowledgeable with 
respect to a variety of asset classes that do not include security-
based swaps.
    While some commenters supported the development of a proficiency 
examination, we are neither developing nor requiring that a proficiency 
examination be developed to assess the qualifications of independent 
representatives.\976\ As noted above, an SBS Entity may reasonably rely 
on written representations about the qualifications of the independent 
representative to satisfy this obligation. In this regard, the 
Commission believes that the framework of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) provides an 
appropriate criteria for assessing the qualifications of special entity 
representatives.\977\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \976\ See CFA, supra note 5; CalPERS (August 2011), supra note 
5; GFOA, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \977\ However, as noted above in Section II.H.5., supra, to the 
extent a proficiency examination or certification process develops 
in the future, such examination or certification may inform an SBS 
Entity's reasonable basis to believe the qualifications of the 
independent representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed below, we are separately providing in new Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(2) that the qualified independent representative requirement will 
be satisfied if a special entity that is subject to regulation under 
ERISA has a representative that is a fiduciary as defined in Section 3 
of ERISA. We recognize that Congress has established a comprehensive 
federal regulatory framework that applies to plans subject to 
regulation under ERISA.\978\ Such recognition of the federal regulatory 
framework for ERISA plans maintains statutory protections for ERISA 
plans, while addressing the potential conflict, recognized by 
commenters, between the

[[Page 30036]]

ERISA rules and business conduct standards adopted today.\979\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \978\ See 29 U.S.C. 1104 and 1106.
    \979\ See Section I.D. supra; see also CFTC Adopting Release, 
supra note 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters have suggested various time frames in which an 
independent representative's qualifications should be confirmed or 
recertified.\980\ Whether or not an independent representative's 
qualifications should be periodically re-evaluated will likely be 
dependent on whether it is reasonable for the SBS Entity to continue to 
rely on the representations regarding the independent representative's 
qualifications. The Commission recognizes the potential benefit of 
requiring periodic re-evaluation, but is also mindful of the costs of 
doing so. The Commission has determined that it is appropriate to allow 
the SBS Entity to determine the necessity for a re-evaluation based on 
the reasonableness of its reliance on the representations it receives 
from the special entity regarding the qualifications of the independent 
representatives, which will provide the SBS Entities and the special 
entities with flexibility to address their particular facts and 
circumstances while still affording the special entities the 
protections of the rules.\981\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \980\ See Ropes & Gray, supra note 5 (no more frequently than 
annually); and APPA, supra note 5 (recertified every two years).
    \981\ As discussed above in Section II.D, the question of 
whether reliance on representations would satisfy an SBS Entity's 
obligations under our business conduct rules will depend on the 
facts and circumstances of the particular matter. An SBS Entity can 
rely on a counterparty's written representations unless the SBS 
Entity has information that would cause a reasonable person to 
question the accuracy of the representation. Similar to our approach 
to the reasonableness of reliance of representations with respect to 
institutional suitability in Section II.G.4, information that might 
be relevant to this determination includes whether the independent 
representative has previously advised with respect to this type of 
security-based swap or been involved in the type of trading 
strategy, and whether the independent representative has a basic 
understanding of what makes the security-based swap distinguishable 
from a less complex alternative. If the SBS Entity knows that the 
security-based swap or trading strategy represents a significant 
change from prior security-based swaps that the independent 
representative has evaluated or knows that the representative lacks 
a basic understanding of what distinguishes the security-based swap 
from a less complex alternative, the SBS Entity generally should 
consider whether it can reasonably rely on the representations 
regarding the qualifications of the independent representative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. No Statutory Disqualification
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that an independent representative is not 
subject to a statutory disqualification. Although Exchange Act Section 
15F(h) does not define ``subject to a statutory disqualification,'' the 
term has an established meaning under Section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange 
Act,\982\ which defines circumstances that would subject a person to a 
statutory disqualification with respect to membership or participation 
in, or association with a member of, an SRO. While Section 3(a)(39) 
would not literally apply here, the Commission proposed to define 
``subject to a statutory disqualification'' for purposes of proposed 
Rule 15Fh-5 by reference to Section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \982\ 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(39).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission solicited comment 
regarding whether it should require an SBS Entity to check publicly 
available databases, such as FINRA's BrokerCheck and the Commission's 
Investment Adviser Public Disclosure program, to determine whether an 
independent representative was subject to a statutory disqualification.
    The Commission received two comment letters on this issue. To 
minimize the degree of diligence imposed on SBS Dealers, one commenter 
suggested requiring third-party representatives to affirm that they are 
not subject to statutory disqualification, are not under investigation, 
and are not listed on the publicly available databases described 
above.\983\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \983\ See APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the adoption of the CFTC's final rules, the Commission 
received one comment letter addressing the definition of ``statutory 
disqualification in the Proposing Release.'' \984\ This commenter 
stated that, although the statutory disqualification standards under 
the Exchange Act and the CEA differ somewhat, both cover comparable 
types of disqualifying events.\985\ Therefore, requiring a dual 
registrant to apply different standards for statutory disqualification 
``would impose substantial and duplicative diligence documentation, 
without material countervailing benefits.'' \986\ To avoid this 
conflict, the commenter suggested including language to accommodate 
dually registered SBS Entities by establishing a safe harbor where they 
are deemed to have a reasonable basis to believe that a person is not 
subject to statutory disqualification under the Exchange Act if the 
dually registered SBS Entity has a reasonable basis to believe that the 
person is not subject to statutory disqualification under the CEA.\987\ 
According to the commenter, this would allow dually registered SBS 
Entities to determine whether a special entity's representative is 
subject to statutory disqualification based on the information it 
obtained to ensure compliance with the parallel CFTC business conduct 
rule.\988\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \984\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \985\ Id.
    \986\ Id.
    \987\ Id.
    \988\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    The Commission is adopting proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), renumbered 
as Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(ii), as proposed, with one modification. The 
Commission is incorporating the definition of ``statutory 
disqualification'' under Section 3(a)(39)(A)-(F) of the Exchange Act, 
whereas the proposed rule incorporated the definition under Section 
3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act.
    Exchange Act Section 15F(h) does not define ``subject to a 
statutory disqualification,'' however Exchange Act Section 3(a)(39) 
defines the term ``statutory disqualification.'' As discussed in the 
SBS Entity Registration Adopting Release, the definition in Exchange 
Act Section 3(a)(39) specifically relates to persons associated with an 
SRO. In recognition of the fact that an independent representative of a 
special entity may not be associated with an SRO, we have modified the 
text of proposed Rule 15Fh-2(f) to reference Sections 3(a)(39)(A)-(F) 
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This updated cross-reference 
incorporates the underlying issues that give rise to statutory 
disqualification without reference to SRO membership.\989\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \989\ See Registration Process for Security-Based Swap Dealers 
and Major Security-Based Swap Participants, Exchange Act Release No. 
75611 (Aug. 5, 2015), 80 FR 48964 (Aug. 14, 2015) (``Registration 
Adopting Release'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In defining the phrase ``subject to statutory disqualification,'' 
the Commission declines to reference any parallel provisions of the 
CEA.\990\ The CFTC defines ``statutory disqualification'' under 
relevant sections of the CEA, without reference to parallel provisions 
of the Exchange Act. Therefore the inclusion of references to the CEA 
might lead to greater confusion and less certainty among market 
participants regarding

[[Page 30037]]

what persons would be subject to statutory disqualification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \990\ In determining whether an SBS Entity has a reasonable 
basis to believe an independent representative is not subject to a 
statutory disqualification, the SBS Entity may reasonably rely on 
representations regarding the absence of a statutory 
disqualification. See Sections II.D. and II.H.6.a above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission declines to adopt a commenter's suggestion to 
require third-party representatives to provide specific affirmations 
that they are not subject to statutory disqualifications, are not under 
investigation, and are not listed on publicly available databases as 
subject to a statutory disqualification. We do not believe that it is 
necessary or appropriate to prescribe in Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(ii) how an 
SBS Entity must form its reasonable basis to believe that the 
independent representative is not subject to a statutory 
disqualification; rather, the rule provides SBS Entities the 
flexibility to determine how best to meet their obligation. The SBS 
Entity may reasonably rely on representations regarding the 
qualifications of the independent representative to form its reasonable 
basis, but it is not required to do so. Nor is it required to obtain 
any specific representations or affirmations.
d. Undertakes a Duty To Act in the Best Interests of the Special Entity
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(3) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the independent representative would 
undertake a duty to act in the best interests of the special entity.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission requested comment regarding what circumstances, if 
any, would give rise to a presumption that an independent 
representative was acting in the best interests of the special entity. 
The Commission received seven comment letters supporting the 
presumption that certain representatives would act in the best 
interests of the special entity by virtue of their employment with the 
special entity or their status as fiduciaries.\991\ According to these 
commenters, in-house representatives of a special entity should 
presumably act in the best interests of their special entity employer, 
particularly where their performance would be subject to the special 
entity's review and evaluation.\992\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \991\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5; 
CalPERS, supra note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 
5; GFOA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \992\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5; 
CalPERS, supra note 5; Ropes & Gray, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 
5; GFOA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    As discussed in Section I.D., supra, the Commission has modified 
Rule 15Fh-5 to address the intersection of Dodd-Frank and ERISA 
regulation by distinguishing between non-ERISA special entities and 
ERISA special entities. With respect to non-ERISA special entities, 
under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), an SBS Entity must have a reasonable basis for 
believing that a non-ERISA special entity counterparty has a qualified 
independent representative that, among other things, undertakes a duty 
to act in the ``best interests'' of the special entity.\993\ With 
respect to ERISA special entities, under Rule 15Fh-5(b)(2), the SBS 
Entity must have a reasonable basis to believe a special entity 
counterparty that is ``subject to'' regulation under ERISA has a 
representative that is a ``fiduciary'' as defined in Section 3 of 
ERISA. This bifurcated treatment of ERISA and non-ERISA special 
entities under Rule 15Fh-5(a) addresses the commenter's recommendation 
that the business conduct rules recognize the comprehensive federal 
regulatory framework that applies to plans that are subject to 
regulation under ERISA, as well as creates efficiencies for special 
entities that have already conformed their relationships with their 
representatives to satisfy the CFTC's qualification criteria.\994\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \993\ Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(iii).
    \994\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is adopting proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(3), renumbered 
as Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(iii), as proposed. The Commission agrees with 
commenters that an SBS Entity may rely on information about legal 
arrangements between the special entity and its representative to 
establish that the representative is obligated to act in the best 
interests of the special entity, including by contract, employment 
agreement, or other requirements under state or federal law. In 
addition, Rule 15Fh-5(b) provides safe harbors for forming a reasonable 
basis regarding the qualifications of the independent 
representative.\995\ Specifically, part of the safe harbor is satisfied 
if the independent representative provides a written representation 
that it is legally obligated to comply with the applicable requirements 
in Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) that describe the qualifications of the 
independent representative--including that it undertakes to act in the 
best interests of the special entity--by agreement, condition of 
employment, law, rule, or other enforceable duty. Given the relief 
provided by the safe harbor, at this time, the Commission does not 
believe a presumption is necessary regarding the reasonable belief of 
the SBS Entity relating to the undertaking of the independent 
representative to act in the best interests of the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \995\ See Section II.H.6.g. below for a more detailed discussion 
of the safe harbor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Makes Appropriate and Timely Disclosures to Special Entity
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(4) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity's independent 
representative would make ``appropriate and timely'' disclosures to the 
special entity of material information concerning the security-based 
swap.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Proposing Release solicited comment regarding whether to impose 
specific requirements with respect to the content of the disclosures in 
proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(4). The Commission received six letters 
addressing this provision of the proposed rule. Two commenters 
supported the use of specific disclosures to satisfy this 
requirement.\996\ In contrast, two commenters argued that the 
Commission should not require specific content disclosures.\997\ One 
commenter appeared to argue that the standard of the proposed rule was 
too low,\998\ and two commenters cautioned against reading this portion 
of the proposed rule as requiring the disclosure of information before 
the execution of each trade.\999\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \996\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \997\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \998\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \999\ See BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra 
note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter recommended that the final rules expressly state that 
the appropriate and timely disclosure requirement would be satisfied if 
the SBS Entity received a written representation affirming that the 
representative is ``obligated by law and/or agreement or undertaking to 
provide appropriate and timely disclosures to the special entity.'' 
\1000\ However, this commenter additionally believed that, because this 
provision of the proposed rule could be read to mandate pre-execution 
disclosure on a transaction-by-transaction basis, it could cause delays 
in the execution of security-based swaps, interfere with special 
entities' ability to hedge positions and

[[Page 30038]]

portfolio risks, and deprive them of trading opportunities.\1001\ 
Another commenter requested that the Commission clarify that proposed 
Rule 15Fh-5(a)(4) would not require the disclosure of information 
before a trade is executed.\1002\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1000\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1001\ Id.
    \1002\ See BlackRock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A third commenter urged the Commission not to impose specific 
requirements regarding the content of the disclosures.\1003\ According 
to this commenter, there are too many types of swaps and circumstances 
to allow for a uniform set of mandated disclosures.\1004\ After the 
adoption of the CFTC's final rules, a commenter argued against the 
specific requirement that the qualified independent representative 
disclose ``material information concerning the security-based swap.'' 
\1005\ The commenter requested that the Commission instead make the 
requirement a general requirement to make appropriate and timely 
disclosures to the special entity to harmonize this provision with the 
parallel CFTC requirement, ``which would reduce costs for special 
entities since most of them have already conformed their relationships 
with their representatives to satisfy the CFTC's qualification 
criteria.'' \1006\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1003\ See APPA, supra note 5.
    \1004\ Id.
    \1005\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1006\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    As noted above, the SBS Entity may reasonably rely on 
representations regarding the independent representative making 
appropriate and timely disclosures to the special entity to form its 
reasonable basis to believe that the independent representative will 
comply with Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(iv). As with Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(iii), an 
SBS Entity may rely on appropriate legal arrangements between a special 
entity and its representative to form a reasonable basis to believe the 
representative will make appropriate and timely disclosures to the 
special entity of material information regarding the security-based 
swap--such as an existing contract or employment agreement.
    In response to the comments arguing that pre-trade disclosure 
should not be required, we believe the necessity of pre-trade 
disclosure will depend on the facts and circumstances of the particular 
security-based swap in the context of the special entity and 
independent representative. The SBS Entity is required to have a 
reasonable basis to believe the independent representative will provide 
the appropriate and timely disclosures. To the extent that any 
disclosures from the independent representative are necessary for the 
special entity to make an investment decision with respect to the 
security-based swap, the disclosure would not be timely if it was given 
after the investment decision was made. Similarly, the CFTC rule also 
requires that the Swap Entity have a reasonable basis to believe that 
the independent representative will make ``appropriate and timely'' 
disclosures. Although the language of the Commission's rule narrows the 
requirement found in the parallel CFTC rule to appropriate and timely 
disclosures of ``material information concerning the security-based 
swap,'' the timing requirement is the same.\1007\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1007\ See Section II.H.5., supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Pricing and Appropriateness
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(5) would require an SBS Entity to form a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity's independent 
representative would provide written representations to the special 
entity regarding fair pricing and the appropriateness of the security-
based swap.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Four commenters addressed this proposed rule. Two commenters 
supported the Commission's proposal that it ``should be sufficient if 
the representation states that the representative is obligated, by law 
and/or contract, to review pricing and appropriateness with respect to 
any swap transaction in which the representative serves as such with 
respect to the plan.'' \1008\ Both commenters urged the Commission to 
incorporate this approach into the adopted rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1008\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third commenter suggested that an independent representative 
should be required to disclose the basis on which it determined that a 
particular transaction was fairly priced, and that the underlying 
documentation should be sufficiently detailed to enable a third party 
to evaluate the representative's conclusion.\1009\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1009\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the adoption of the CFTC's business conduct rules, the fourth 
commenter urged the Commission to harmonize with the CFTC and require 
that the qualified independent representative ``evaluate[ ], consistent 
with any guidelines provided by the special entity, regarding fair 
pricing and the appropriateness of the security-based swap.'' \1010\ 
The commenter asserted that this harmonization would reduce compliance 
costs for special entities that have already conformed their 
relationships with their representatives to satisfy the CFTC's 
qualification criteria.\1011\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1010\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1011\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    Upon consideration of the comments, the Commission is modifying 
proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(5), renumbered as Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(v). The 
Commission agrees with the commenter's suggestion that the Commission 
should harmonize with the language of the CFTC's parallel provision, 
which requires an SBS Entity to form a reasonable basis that the 
special entity's independent representative will ``evaluate'' fair 
pricing and the appropriateness of the security-based swap, 
``consistent with any guidelines provided by the special entity.'' In 
the Commission's view, requiring an SBS Entity to form a reasonable 
basis to believe that an independent representative will evaluate, 
consistent with any guidelines provided by the special entity, fair 
pricing and the appropriateness of the security-based swap will achieve 
the purpose of the proposed rule to ensure the special entity receives 
advice specifically with respect to pricing and whether or not to enter 
into the security-based swap. The rule will also provide the special 
entity the flexibility to provide parameters to its independent 
representative regarding the pricing and appropriateness of its 
security-based swap. The Commission therefore agrees with the 
commenter's suggestion that the special entity's guidelines, to the 
extent a special entity provides them, should establish the criteria 
for assessing the fair pricing and appropriateness of a security-based 
swap. In addition, this change will harmonize the rule with the 
parallel CFTC rule, thus creating efficiencies for entities that have 
already established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC standard. In 
the absence of any guidelines provided by the special entity, Rule 
15Fh-5(a)(1)(v) requires the SBS Entity to form a reasonable basis to 
believe that the independent representative will evaluate the fair 
pricing and appropriateness of the security-based swap.

[[Page 30039]]

    An SBS Entity also could form a reasonable basis for its 
determination by relying on a written representation that the 
independent representative will document the basis for its conclusion 
that the transaction was fairly priced and appropriate in accordance 
with any guidelines provided by the plan, and that the independent 
representative or the special entity will maintain that documentation 
in its records for an appropriate period of time, and make such records 
available to the special entity upon request.\1012\ In response to 
commenters' concerns, the Commission clarifies that this provision does 
not necessarily require that a representative provide the special 
entity transaction-by-transaction documentation with respect to fair 
pricing and appropriateness of each security-based swap. For example, 
where the representative is given trading authority, the representative 
could consider undertaking in its agreement with the special entity to 
ensure that the representative will evaluate the pricing and 
appropriateness of each swap consistent with any guidelines provided by 
the Special Entity prior to entering into the swap. In such a 
situation, the independent representative could prepare and maintain 
adequate documentation of its evaluation of pricing and appropriateness 
to enable both the representative and the special entity to confirm 
compliance with any such agreement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1012\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. Subject to ``Pay to Play'' Prohibitions
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(7) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that a special entity's independent 
representative is subject to rules of the Commission, the CFTC, or an 
SRO subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the CFTC that 
prohibit it from engaging in specified activities if certain political 
contributions have been made, unless the independent representative is 
an employee of the special entity.
    While not addressed in the Dodd-Frank Act, the Commission proposed 
to include this ``pay-to-play'' provision among the qualifications for 
independent representatives.\1013\ As discussed more fully in Section 
II.H.10, infra, pay-to-play practices in connection with security-based 
swap transactions could result in significant harm to special 
entities--particularly where, as here, the independent representative 
is intended to act in the best interests of special entities.\1014\ The 
pay-to-play provisions of the proposed rules were intended to deter 
independent representatives from participating, even indirectly, in 
such practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1013\ See Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(1)(C) (authorizing the 
Commission to prescribe business conduct standards that relate to 
``such other matters as the Commission determines to be 
appropriate''). For a discussion of abuses associated with pay to 
play practices, see Section II.D.5, infra. See note 213, supra, and 
related text regarding an SBS Entity's reliance on a representation 
from the special entity to form this reasonable basis.
    \1014\ See note 32, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received one comment letter addressing the inclusion 
of a pay-to-play restriction among the qualifications for independent 
representatives. This commenter supported the exception to the pay-to-
play restrictions for advisors who are employees of the special 
entity.\1015\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1015\ See APPA, supra note 5. See also ``Certain Political 
Contributions by SBS Dealers: Proposed Rule 15Fh-6'' at Section 
II.D.4.a., infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comment and Final Rule
    The Commission is adopting proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(7), renumbered 
as Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi), as proposed. Accordingly, an SBS Entity must 
have a reasonable basis for believing that the independent 
representative is subject to rules of the Commission, the CFTC or an 
SRO subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the CFTC that 
prohibit it from engaging in specified activities if certain political 
contributions have been made, unless the independent representative is 
an employee of the special entity.\1016\ As stated in the Proposing 
Release, the Commission continues to believe that an independent 
representative in these circumstances would likely be either a 
municipal advisor or an investment adviser that is already subject to 
the MSRB's or the Commission's pay-to-play prohibitions. The Commission 
does not, however, intend to prohibit other qualified persons from 
acting as independent representatives, so long as those persons are 
similarly subject to pay-to-play restrictions. The Commission believes 
that Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi) will sufficiently deter SBS Entities from 
participating, even indirectly, in such unlawful practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1016\ See Exchange Act Section 15B(e)(4), 15 U.S.C 78o-4(e)(4) 
(defining ``municipal advisor'' as a person ``other than a municipal 
entity or an employee of a municipal entity'' that engages in the 
specified activities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

h. ERISA Fiduciary
i. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(6) would require an SBS Entity to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that, in the case of a special entity that 
is an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA, the independent 
representative was a ``fiduciary'' as defined in section 3(21) of that 
Act (29 U.S.C. 1002).\1017\ The proposed rule was not intended to 
limit, restrict, or otherwise affect the fiduciary's duties and 
obligations under ERISA.\1018\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1017\ See Section 15F(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(5)(A)(i)(VII). See note 225, supra, and related 
text regarding an SBS Entity's reliance on a representation from the 
special entity to form this reasonable basis.
    \1018\ See notes 99, 198 and 189, supra, regarding the DOL's 
proposal to amend definition of ``fiduciary'' for purposes of ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposing Release solicited feedback regarding any specific 
requirements that should be imposed on SBS Entities with respect to 
this obligation, as well as what other independent representative 
qualifications might be deemed satisfied if an independent 
representative of an employee benefit plan subject to ERISA, is a 
fiduciary as defined in section 3 of ERISA.
ii. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received six comment letters advocating for a 
presumption of qualification for ERISA plan fiduciaries, since ERISA 
already imposes fiduciary duties upon the person who decides whether to 
enter into a security-based swap on behalf of an ERISA plan, and 
imposes on this person a statutory duty to act in the best interests of 
the plan and its participants, thereby prohibiting certain self-dealing 
transactions.\1019\ According to these commenters, the Commission's 
proposed standards would be unnecessary, redundant, would overlap with 
ERISA's standards, and would only serve to increase the administrative 
burden and cost on SBS Entities without any corresponding 
benefit.\1020\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1019\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1020\ See ABC, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; Mason, 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address the potential conflict with ERISA standards, one 
commenter suggested that the Commission's definition of ``independent 
representative'' should be inapplicable to ERISA plans, and that the 
Commission should merely cross-

[[Page 30040]]

reference the requirements under ERISA.\1021\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1021\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter supported the presumptive qualification for ERISA 
plan fiduciaries, provided that the plan satisfied a minimum $1 billion 
net asset requirement for institutional investor organizations.\1022\ 
The commenter asserted that no public policy objective would be 
achieved by permitting an SBS Entity to reject a risk manager fiduciary 
selected by a sophisticated institutional investor organization with 
over $1 billion in net assets, which did not require the protections of 
the rules.\1023\ Another commenter advocated for the separate treatment 
of independent representatives of special entities subject to 
ERISA.\1024\ Under this commenter's proposal, an SBS Entity that 
transacts with a special entity subject to Title I of ERISA must have a 
reasonable belief that the qualified independent representative is a 
fiduciary, as defined in Section 3 of ERISA.\1025\ The commenter's 
proposed modification for ERISA special entities was intended to 
recognize ``the unique fiduciary regime already applicable to such 
special entities,'' and to harmonize the Commission's criteria for 
qualified independent representatives with those of the CFTC.\1026\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1022\ See ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \1023\ Id.
    \1024\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1025\ Id.
    \1026\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter asserted that, for ERISA plans, the determination 
whether a disclosure was ``appropriate'' and ``timely'' should be made 
with reference to ERISA.\1027\ However, in the event the Commission 
imposed its own, separate requirements on such disclosures, the 
commenter requested that the Commission allow the following 
representations to satisfy this provision of the proposed rule: (1) 
That the representative shall provide the special entity with such 
information, at such times, as the special entity may reasonably 
request regarding any swap trade (either individually or in the 
aggregate) entered into by such representative on behalf of the special 
entity; and (2) that, in the absence of specific instruction to the 
contrary by the special entity regarding swap trade disclosure, the 
representative shall comply with the disclosure requirements imposed on 
the representative under other applicable law (e.g., ERISA) and by the 
special entity under the special entity's investment management 
agreement and investment guidelines.\1028\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1027\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \1028\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    As discussed in Section II.H.5.b.iii, we are adopting a new Rule 
15Fh-5(a)(2) that expressly addresses dealings with special entities 
subject to ERISA.
    Under new Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), (formerly proposed Rule 15Fh-5(a)(6)), 
an SBS Entity that acts as a counterparty to an employee benefit plan 
subject to Title I of ERISA must have a reasonable basis to believe 
that the special entity has a representative that is a fiduciary as 
defined in Section 3 of ERISA. In this regard, an ERISA fiduciary will 
be presumed to be a qualified independent representative, and the SBS 
Entity need not undertake further inquiry into the ERISA fiduciary's 
qualifications. Such a presumption acknowledges the pre-existing, 
comprehensive federal regulatory regime governing ERISA fiduciaries and 
the importance of harmonizing the Dodd-Frank Act requirements with 
ERISA to avoid unintended consequences.\1029\ This formulation also 
will align the Commission's treatment of ERISA plans with that of the 
CFTC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1029\ See Section I.D., supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Safe Harbor
i. Summary of Comments
    Although not included in the proposed rules, after adoption of the 
CFTC's final rules, one commenter requested that the Commission adopt 
separate safe harbors for transactions with ERISA and non-ERISA special 
entities regarding the requirement that an SBS Entity form a reasonable 
basis to believe that the special entity has a qualified independent 
representative.\1030\ According to this commenter, the adoption of 
separate safe harbors for ERISA and non-ERISA special entities would 
align the Commission's requirements with those of the CFTC by 
recognizing the ``unique fiduciary regime already applicable to'' ERISA 
special entities, and, for transactions with non-ERISA special 
entities, the safe harbor would ``help speed implementation, reduce 
costs, and mitigate counterparty confusion, because most special entity 
representatives have already taken steps to ensure that they can 
provide the representations contained in the CFTC's safe harbor.'' 
\1031\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1030\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1031\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After consideration of the comments, the Commission has determined 
to add a new bifurcated safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-5(b), similar to that 
adopted by the CFTC. The Commission believes the safe harbor will 
provide SBS Entities an efficient manner with which to comply with the 
requirement to have a reasonable basis to believe an independent 
representative meets certain enumerated qualifications while meeting 
the purposes of the rule.
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(b)(1) as adopted, an SBS Entity shall be deemed 
to have a reasonable basis to believe that a non-ERISA special entity 
has a representative that satisfies the requirements of Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(1) if: (i) The special entity represents in writing to the SBS 
Entity that it has complied in good faith with written policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it has selected a 
representative that satisfies the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), 
and that such policies and procedures provide for ongoing monitoring of 
the performance of such representative consistent with Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(1); and (ii) the representative represents in writing to the 
special entity and the SBS Entity that the representative: Has policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it satisfies the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1); meets the independence test of Rule 
15Fh-f(a)(1)(vii); has the knowledge required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) 
of this section; is not subject to a statutory disqualification under 
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section; undertakes a duty to act in the 
best interests of the special entity as required under paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section; and is subject to the requirements 
regarding political contributions, as applicable, under paragraph 
(a)(1)(vi) of this section; and is legally obligated to comply with the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) by agreement, condition of 
employment, law, rule, regulation, or other enforceable duty.\1032\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1032\ SBS Entities should keep in mind that reliance on these 
representation must be reasonable. As discussed in Section II.D, 
supra, reliance on a representation would not be reasonable if the 
SBS Entity has information that would cause a reasonable person to 
question the accuracy of the representation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-5(b)(2) as adopted, an SBS Entity shall be deemed 
to have a reasonable basis to believe that an ERISA special entity has 
a representative that satisfies the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), 
provided that the special entity provides in writing to the SBS Entity 
the

[[Page 30041]]

representative's name and contact information, and represents in 
writing that the representative is a fiduciary as defined in Section 3 
of ERISA. Obtaining the name and contact information provides the SBS 
Entity with basic information to investigate further if it becomes 
questionable whether it can reasonably rely on the special entity's 
representation or if the need arises for it to further investigate any 
of the representatives qualifications. In addition, it is highly likely 
that the SBS Entity will have the information in the ordinary course of 
negotiating the security-based swap if the independent representative 
is advising or negotiating the security-based swap on behalf of the 
special entity.
    The Commission believes that the safe harbor will better enable an 
SBS Entity to fulfill its obligations under Rule 15Fh-5(a), while at 
the same time appropriately providing protections for special entities. 
The Commission also agrees with commenters that the safe harbor will 
increase the efficiency of SBS transactions, reduce costs, and mitigate 
counterparty confusion. We believe that although SBS Entities will need 
to obtain additional representations relating to meeting certain of the 
standards in Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), most SBS Entities and special entity 
representatives will still be able to leverage any existing compliance 
infrastructure established pursuant to the CFTC's safe harbor.\1033\ 
Additionally, as discussed above, the bifurcated nature of the safe 
harbor appropriately recognizes existing ERISA regulations.\1034\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1033\ See Section VI.C.4.iv., infra. However, the CFTC safe 
harbor does not require the representative to represent that it has 
the knowledge required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section; is 
not subject to a statutory disqualification under paragraph 
(a)(1)(ii) of this section; undertakes a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity as required under paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section; and is subject to the requirements 
regarding political contributions, as applicable, under paragraph 
(a)(1)(vi) of this section.
    \1034\ See Section II.H.6.g., supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Disclosure of Capacity
a. Proposed Rule
    Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(b) would require that, before initiation of a 
security-based swap with a special entity, an SBS Dealer must disclose 
in writing the capacity or capacities in which it is acting, and, if 
the SBS Dealer engages in business or has engaged in business within 
the last twelve months with the counterparty in more than one capacity, 
the SBS Dealer must disclose the material differences between such 
capacities in connection with the security-based swap and any other 
financial transaction or service involving the counterparty.\1035\ 
Therefore, an SBS Dealer that is acting as a counterparty but not an 
advisor to a special entity would need to make clear to the special 
entity the capacity in which it is acting (i.e., that it is acting as a 
counterparty, but not as an advisor).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1035\ See Section 15F(h)(5)(A)(2)(i) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(5)(A)(2)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Proposing Release, a firm might act in multiple 
capacities in relation to a special entity. For example, the firm might 
act as an underwriter in a bond offering, as well as a counterparty to 
a security-based swap used to hedge the financing transaction.\1036\ 
Because the SBS Dealer's duty to the special entity might vary 
according to the capacity in which it is acting, the special entity and 
its independent representative should understand the SBS Dealer's roles 
in any transaction.\1037\ The proposed rule would therefore require an 
SBS Dealer that engages in business, or has engaged in business within 
the last twelve months, with the counterparty in more than one capacity 
to disclose the material differences between such capacities in 
connection with the security-based swap and any other financial 
transaction or service involving the counterparty.\1038\ The 
requirements of the proposed rule would apply to SBS Dealers, but not 
Major SBS Participants, because the statutory requirement, by its 
terms, requires disclosure in writing of ``the capacity in which the 
security-based swap dealer is acting'' (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1036\ See Swap Financial Group Presentation at 55.
    \1037\ In the case of special entities that are municipal 
entities, MSRB Rule G-23 generally prohibits dealer-financial 
advisors from acting in multiple capacities in the same municipal 
securities transactions. See also MSRB Notice 2011-29 (May 31, 2011) 
(discussing rule amendment and interpretive notice). Similarly, 
Section 206(3) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 governs 
disclosure to a client when acting in certain capacities.
    \1038\ See proposed Rule 15Fh-5(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    The Commission received five comment letters on this proposed rule. 
Three commenters expressed concern over the burden imposed on large 
institutions, which would have to identify and disclose a myriad of 
possible relationships with special entities.\1039\ Conversely, one 
commenter suggested broadening the rule to apply to Major SBS 
Participants in addition to SBS Dealers.\1040\ The last commenter 
suggested conforming the disclosure of capacity requirement to that of 
the CFTC.\1041\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1039\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABC, supra note 5; 
FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1040\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1041\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The first commenter argued that the Commission's proposed capacity 
disclosure requirement was problematic for two reasons.\1042\ First, it 
might conflict with some SBS Dealers' obligations to keep certain lines 
of business separated from one another. In this commenter's view, to 
comply with this requirement, large, multifaceted SBS Dealers that have 
different relationships with the same special entity could be forced to 
review activities throughout their entire organizations--in some cases, 
across informational walls that separate the different business lines 
of the firm. Second, the requirement might cause execution delays for 
special entities, since the SBS Dealer would need time to determine the 
disclosures it must make to the special entity. The commenter asked the 
Commission to clarify in the final rule that this disclosure 
requirement applied only to the SBS Dealer and the special entity, and 
that it would not apply to any associated persons of either the SBS 
Dealer or the special entity. The commenter additionally argued that 
the twelve-month look back period constituted a ``moving target,'' and 
suggested that the Commission define the period as a calendar year, 
rather than a rolling twelve-month period.\1043\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1042\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1043\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter urged the Commission to allow SBS Entities to 
represent the capacity in which they were acting with respect to an 
ERISA plan in a schedule or amendment to an ISDA Master Agreement, 
other transactional document, or in an annual disclosure document 
provided by the SBS Entity to the special entity, which could be 
changed if the SBS Entity were to act in a different capacity.\1044\ 
Because ERISA plans generally deal with SBS Entities as counterparties, 
the commenter believed this would be an effective and non-burdensome 
way to make such representations. The commenter additionally asserted 
that it might be harmful to a special entity to require an SBS Entity 
to disclose the myriad different capacities in which the SBS Entity has 
acted with respect to the special entity--since requiring SBS Dealers 
with diverse global operations to disclose every relationship with a 
plan (which often has multiple investment managers and service

[[Page 30042]]

providers), then requiring the plan manager to review such disclosures 
would pose a significant administrative burden and result in high costs 
and delayed trades. These costs would likely be passed on to special 
entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1044\ See ABC, supra note 5. Some commenters referenced both 
SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants although the Commission only 
proposed to apply the requirement to SBS Dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that it ``would be impossible for an SBS 
Entity to ascertain and disclose every other relationship it may have 
with its counterparties'' because large financial institutions have 
multiple points of contact with counterparties, making it impossible to 
systematically collect and disclose the required information.\1045\ 
This commenter argued that the Proposing Release did not include an 
analysis of the costs associated with the requirement to disclose 
capacity. The commenter recommended that the Commission narrow this 
requirement to cover only disclosure of the material differences 
between the capacities in which the SBS Entity itself (and not any of 
its affiliates or other associated persons) acted in connection with 
the relevant security-based swap transaction. In the alternative, the 
commenter suggested that the Commission require disclosure regarding 
the capacities in which the SBS Entity has acted with respect to the 
counterparty other than in connection with the relevant security-based 
swap transaction, and that the SBS Entity should be permitted to 
satisfy that requirement with a generic disclosure of the general types 
of capacities in which it may act or have acted with respect to the 
counterparty (along with a statement distinguishing those capacities 
from the capacity in which the SBS Entity is acting with respect to the 
present security-based swap).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1045\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that the capacity disclosure requirement be 
applied equally to SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants, as it would 
maximize the protection for special entities.\1046\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1046\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the adoption of the CFTC's final rules, a commenter 
subsequently recommended deleting this twelve-month ``look back'' 
period, as well as the requirement that SBS Dealers disclose the 
material differences between such capacities ``in connection with the 
security-based swap and any other financial transaction or service 
involving the counterparty.'' \1047\ According to the commenter, these 
modifications would harmonize the Commission's rule with the parallel 
CFTC rule, and reduce confusion among counterparties regarding the 
nature of their relationship with an SBS Dealer.\1048\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1047\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1048\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    Upon consideration of the foregoing comments, the Commission is 
adopting proposed Rule 15Fh-5(b), renumbered as Rule 15Fh-5(c), with 
several modifications in response to comments. Proposed Rule 15Fh-5(b) 
would require that, before initiation of a security-based swap with a 
special entity, an SBS Dealer must disclose in writing the capacity or 
capacities in which it is acting, and, if the SBS Dealer engages in 
business or has engaged in business within the last twelve months with 
the counterparty in more than one capacity, the SBS Dealer must 
disclose the material differences between such capacities in connection 
with the security-based swap and any other financial transaction or 
service involving the counterparty. As discussed below, in response to 
comments, the Commission is amending the first part of the rule to 
clarify that the disclosure of the capacity in which the SBS Dealer is 
acting is ``in connection with the security-based swap.'' The 
Commission also is amending the second part of the rule to clarify the 
capacities between which material differences must be disclosed. In 
addition, we are deleting the 12 month look-back period. Specifically, 
under the rule, as adopted (renumbered as Rule 15Fh-5(c)), before 
initiation of a security-based swap, an SBS Dealer must disclose to the 
special entity in writing the capacity in which the SBS Dealer is 
acting ``in connection with the security-based swap,'' and, if the SBS 
Dealer engages in business \1049\ with the counterparty in more than 
one capacity, the SBS Dealer must disclose the material differences 
between the capacity in which the SBS Dealer is acting with respect to 
the security-based swap and the capacities in which it is acting with 
respect to any other financial transaction or service involving the 
counterparty to the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1049\ As discussed below, the rule is designed to help ensure 
that the special entity understands the SBS Dealer's role in the 
security-based swap transaction that is being initiated, and to 
distinguish that role, if applicable, from its role with respect to 
any other services the SBS Dealer is providing or transactions in 
which it is involved with the special entity. The term ``engages 
in'' should be interpreted broadly to achieve that goal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters argued that the proposed requirement that the 
SBS Dealer disclose the capacity in which it was acting was too broad 
and would require the disclosure of a myriad of possible 
relationships.\1050\ Some commenters suggested that the relevant 
disclosure should be the capacity in which the SBS Dealer is acting 
``in connection with the security-based swap'' and suggested the rule 
should be narrowed accordingly.\1051\ A commenter also suggested that 
the Commission revise the disclosure of different capacities to 
eliminate the language that requires such disclosures to be ``in 
connection with the security-based swap and any other financial 
transaction or service involving the counterparty.'' \1052\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1050\ SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra 
note 5; and ABC, supra note 5.
    \1051\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1052\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission agrees with commenters that the disclosure of 
capacity in the first part of the rule should be limited to the 
capacity in which the SBS Dealer is acting in connection with the 
security-based swap, and has amended the rule to clarify this 
limitation. However, the Commission declines the commenter's suggestion 
to eliminate the disclosure of material differences between or among 
the different capacities in which the SBS Dealer is acting ``in 
connection with the security-based swap and any other financial 
transaction or service involving the counterparty.'' \1053\ The 
proposed rule was designed to provide the counterparty with sufficient 
information about the capacity in which the SBS Dealer is acting, and 
any material differences between its capacity in connection with the 
security-based swap and any other financial transaction or service 
involving the counterparty, to help ensure that the counterparty 
understands the SBS Dealer's role in the security-based swap 
transaction that is being initiated, and to distinguish that role, if 
applicable, from its role with respect to any other services it is 
providing or transactions in which it is involved with the 
counterparty. Eliminating the requirement that the SBS Dealer disclose 
the material differences in the different capacities in which it is 
acting would not address potential counterparty confusion that could 
arise when a SBS Dealer changes status from transaction to transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1053\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; and SIFMA (August 
2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters expressed concerns regarding the burden and 
practical issues relating to having to apply this disclosure 
requirement to the activities of associated persons of the SBS

[[Page 30043]]

Dealer \1054\ and associated persons of the special entity.\1055\ The 
Commission recognizes the practical and operational difficulties 
described in the comment letters in determining the capacity in which 
associated persons, including affiliates, are acting or have acted with 
respect to the special entity. The Commission also recognizes the role 
of the independent representative in advising the special entity with 
respect to these transactions. Given these considerations, the 
Commission agrees with the commenter it would be appropriate for the 
SBS Dealer to use generalized disclosures regarding the other 
capacities in which the SBS Dealer and its associated persons, 
including affiliates, have acted or may act with respect to the special 
entity and its associated persons, along with a statement 
distinguishing those capacities from the capacity in which the SBS 
Dealer is acting with respect to the present security-based swap.\1056\ 
Such disclosure would require consideration of the SBS Dealer's 
business and the types of capacities in which it and its associated 
persons has acted or may act with respect to the particular special 
entity. We believe that this generalized disclosure of other capacities 
will help ensure that the counterparty understands the SBS Dealer's 
role in the security-based swap transaction that is being initiated, 
and to distinguish that role, if applicable, from its role with respect 
to any other services it is providing or transactions in which it is 
involved with the counterparty.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1054\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1055\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1056\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After consideration of the comments, the Commission also 
acknowledges the commenters' concerns regarding the workability and 
potential delay in execution of transactions and increased costs the 
twelve month look back may cause. Accordingly, the Commission has also 
modified the adopted rule to eliminate the 12-month look back period 
for business in which the SBS Dealer has engaged.
    As discussed in Section II.G.2.b. above, the Commission does not 
prescribe the manner in which these disclosure must be made. In 
response to comments received,\1057\ the Commission notes that the 
required disclosures could be made in a transactional document or an 
annual disclosure document, depending on the number of capacities in 
which the SBS Dealer is acting and whether such capacities have 
changed. In any event, the disclosure must be sufficient to meet the 
requirements of the rule, which is designed to ensure that the special 
entity understands the SBS Dealer's role in the security-based swap 
transaction that is being initiated, and to distinguish that role, if 
applicable, from its role with respect to any other services the SBS 
Dealer is providing or transactions in which it is involved with the 
special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1057\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the Commission declines to apply Rule 15Fh-5(c) to Major 
SBS Participants, since the statutory requirement, by its terms, 
requires disclosure in writing of ``the capacity in which the security-
based swap dealer is acting.'' Furthermore, as discussed in Section 
II.C., supra, we have not sought to impose the full range of business 
conduct requirements on these Major SBS Participants. We note that our 
approach in this regard largely mirrors that of the CFTC, under whose 
rules Swap Entities have operated for some time.
8. Exceptions for Anonymous, Special Entity Transactions on an Exchange 
or SEF
a. Proposed Rules
    As previously discussed in Section II.B, supra, Section 15F(h)(7) 
of the Exchange Act provides that ``[t]his subsection shall not apply 
with respect to a transaction that is (A) initiated by a special entity 
on an exchange or security-based swap execution facility; and (B) one 
in which the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant does not know the identity of the counterparty to the 
transaction.'' \1058\ We proposed to read Section 15F(h)(7) to apply to 
any transaction with a special entity on a SEF or an exchange where the 
SBS Entity does not know the identity of its counterparty.\1059\ We 
further proposed exceptions from the requirement of proposed Rules 
15Fh-4 (special requirements for SBS Dealers acting as advisors to 
special entities) and 15Fh-5 (special requirements for SBS Entities 
acting as counterparties to special entities) for such transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1058\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(7).
    \1059\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42421, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules
    The Commission received five comments that generally addressed the 
exception for anonymous or SEF and exchange-traded security-based 
swaps,\1060\ and five comments that specifically addressed the 
exception for anonymous, exchange or SEF-traded security-based swaps 
with special entities.\1061\ The comment letters that generally address 
this exception are discussed above, in Section II.B, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1060\ See CFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5; BlackRock, supra 
note 5.
    \1061\ See ABC, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5; 
CFA, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/
ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the specific context of security-based swap transactions with 
special entities, one commenter suggested that the business conduct 
standards should only apply to non-SEF and non-exchange traded 
transactions, regardless whether the transaction is anonymous.\1062\ 
This commenter urged the Commission to clarify that the proposed rules 
would not apply to any security-based swap transaction that is entered 
into by a special entity on a designated contract market or SEF.\1063\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1062\ See ABC, supra note 5.
    \1063\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters addressed the Commission's proposal to apply the 
statutory exception to any anonymous transaction with a special entity 
on a registered exchange or SEF.\1064\ One commenter supported this 
proposal as a ``reasonable approach which is consistent with 
Congressional intent that the enhanced protections apply to 
transactions where there is a degree of reliance by the special entity 
on the dealer or major swap participant.'' \1065\ The second commenter 
argued that the exception in Section 15Fh(7) was intended to apply to 
all external business conduct requirements promulgated under subsection 
(h), and not merely those requirements relating to SBS Dealers acting 
as advisors or counterparties to special entities.\1066\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1064\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1065\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \1066\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter argued that Congress did not intend for the 
exception to apply when SBS Entities initiate transactions on a SEF or 
an exchange.\1067\ According to this commenter, SBS Entities seeking to 
conduct business on a SEF or exchange should bear the risk that their 
counterparties are special entities, as the risk would incentivize SBS 
Entities to determine the identity of their counterparties when they 
initiate security-based swap transactions on an SEF or exchange. The 
commenter recommended that the Commission adopt a ``clear test'' for 
determining when a special entity ``initiates'' a security-based swap 
transaction, and that the test differentiate between

[[Page 30044]]

initiating a negotiation and initiating a transaction.\1068\ After 
adoption of the CFTC's business conduct standards, another commenter 
urged the Commission to adopt an exception for exchange-traded 
security-based swaps that are intended to be cleared if: (1) The 
transaction is executed on a registered or exempt security-based swap 
execution facility or registered national security exchange; and (2) is 
of a type that is, as of the date of execution, required to be cleared 
pursuant to Section 3C of the Exchange Act; or (3) the SBS Dealer does 
not know the identity of the counterparty, at any time up to and 
including execution of the transaction.\1069\ The commenter argued that 
these modifications would harmonize the scope of the SEC's special 
entity requirements with the parallel CFTC requirements set forth under 
the relief provided by CFTC No-Action Letter 13-70.\1070\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1067\ See Better Markets (Aug. 2011), supra note 5.
    \1068\ Id.
    \1069\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1070\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rules
    After consideration of the comments, the Commission is adopting 
Rule 15Fh-4(b)(3) and Rule 15Fh-5(c) (the latter renumbered as 15Fh-
5(d)) with several modifications. Under the rules as adopted, the 
business conduct requirements of Rules 15Fh-4 and 15Fh-5 will not apply 
to a security-based swap with a special entity if: (1) The transaction 
is executed on a registered SEF, exempt SEF, or registered national 
securities exchange; and (2) the SBS Dealer and/or Major SBS 
Participant does not know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to the execution of the transaction to 
permit the SBS Dealer and/or Major SBS Participant to comply with the 
obligations of the rule.\1071\ The language of these exceptions, as 
adopted, differs from the language of the proposed rules, which would 
have applied the exceptions where the SBS Dealer or Major SBS 
Participant did not know the identity of its counterparty ``at any time 
up to and including'' execution of the transaction, and only to 
transactions executed on a registered SEF or national exchange.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1071\ As noted above, Rule 15Fh-4 applies only to SBS Dealers, 
whereas Rule 15Fh-5 applies to both SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants. See Sections II.H.2 and II.H.5.a.iii.A, respectively, 
supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in Section II.B, by limiting the scope of the business 
conduct standards to situations where the counterparty's identity is 
known at a reasonably sufficient time prior to the execution of a 
transaction to permit the SBS Dealer and/or Major SBS Participant to 
comply with the obligations of the rule, the Commission seeks to 
relieve SBS Dealers and/or Major SBS Participants of the duty to comply 
with the rules' requirements where the counterparty's identity is 
learned immediately prior to the execution of a transaction, so that 
the SBS Entity would be able to comply with the requirements of the 
rules in a manner that would not be disruptive to the counterparties to 
the transaction. This change is intended to address commenters' 
concerns that compliance with the rules might be unreasonable or 
impractical where a counterparty's identity is learned immediately 
prior to the transaction, and compliance could result in the delay or 
disruption of the transaction.\1072\ Such delay or disruption would 
negate a primary advantage of electronic trading and discourage market 
participants from executing security-based swaps on electronic 
platforms. By only applying the rules' requirements to situations where 
the counterparty's identity is known ``at a reasonably sufficient time 
prior to'' the execution of a transaction, the rules' requirements are 
limited to situations where an SBS Entity has sufficient time before 
the execution of the transaction to comply with its obligations under 
the rules. For this reason, we decline to adopt language, suggested by 
a commenter, which would apply the exception to circumstances where the 
identity of the counterparty ``is not known at any time up to and 
including execution of the transaction.'' \1073\ For clarification, and 
in response to commenters,\1074\ the exception would encompass 
transactions that are executed by an SBS Entity on a registered or 
exempt SEF or registered national securities exchange via a request for 
quote method, as long as the identity of the counterparty is not known 
to the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient time prior to the 
execution of a transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with the 
obligations of the rules.\1075\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1072\ See CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1073\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1074\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; MFA, supra note 5.
    \1075\ The rule will apply to situations where an SBS Entity 
negotiates or pre-arranges a security-based swap transaction with a 
special entity and routes such a pre-arranged transaction through a 
SEF or registered national securities exchange. In such instances, 
we believe the SBS Entity would have known the identity of the 
counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to the execution 
of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with the 
obligations of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also, as explained in Section II.B, the exception would apply with 
respect to transactions on exempt as well as registered SEFs. We 
believe that including transactions on exempt SEFs is appropriate 
since, as discussed in Section II.B, the practical considerations that 
underlie the exception are not affected by whether a SEF is registered 
or not.
    We believe that the exceptions under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(3) and 15Fh-
5(d), as adopted, appropriately interpret the intended statutory carve-
outs for SBS Entities engaged in anonymous, registered exchange-traded, 
registered or exempt SEF transactions with special entities, while 
avoiding the ambiguity inherent in determining which party 
``initiated'' the security-based swap. The final rule therefore 
obviates the need to differentiate between initiating a negotiation and 
initiating a transaction, as one commenter had requested.\1076\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1076\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We acknowledge the commenter's suggestion that the exception should 
apply irrespective of which party initiates a transaction,\1077\ as 
well as another commenter's suggestion that Congress may have intended 
to deny the exception in situations in which an SBS Entity initiates a 
transaction, so that SBS Entities would be incentivized to determine 
the identities of their counterparties when they initiate security-
based swap transactions.\1078\ As explained in Section II.B, we 
understand there may be practical difficulties in determining which 
counterparty ``initiates'' a transaction on a SEF or an exchange. 
However, we believe the rules adopted today avoid the ambiguity 
inherent in determining which party ``initiated'' the security-based 
swap, while appropriately interpreting the intended statutory carve-
outs for SBS Entities that execute anonymous, security-based swap 
transactions with special entities on a registered or exempt SEF or 
registered national securities exchange.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1077\ See CFA, supra, note 5.
    \1078\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not accepting the commenter's suggestion that we revise the 
exceptions under 15Fh-4(b)(3) and 15Fh-5(d) to include transactions 
that are intended or required to be cleared, which are either executed 
on a registered national securities exchange or SEF, regardless of 
whether the transaction is anonymous.\1079\ Similarly, we reject 
commenters' more general assertion that

[[Page 30045]]

the exceptions should apply to all SEF or exchange traded transactions, 
even where the identity of the counterparty is known.\1080\ Rather, we 
agree with the commenter that it is appropriate to apply the 
protections of the business conduct rules to all security-based swap 
transactions with special entities other than anonymous transactions 
executed on a registered national securities exchange or SEF.\1081\ The 
rules adopted today are intended to provide certain protections for 
special entities, and we think it is appropriate to apply the rules, to 
the extent practicable, so that special entities receive the benefits 
of those protections. Where the identity of the special entity is 
known, we believe that it is appropriate to apply the rules so that the 
special entity receives the benefits of the protections provided by the 
rules, including the assistance of an advisor or qualified independent 
representative acting in the best interests of that special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1079\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1080\ See ABC, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1081\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, we acknowledge the improbability that an SBS Dealer who is 
acting as an advisor to a special entity and is therefore subject to 
the requirements of Rule 15Fh-4 would not know the identity of its 
special entity counterparty. Consequently, we also acknowledge that the 
circumstances where the exception under Rule 15Fh-4(b)(3) would apply 
are unlikely, and, in any event, we would question the appropriateness 
of an SBS Dealer making a recommendation to an unknown special entity. 
Nevertheless, we believe there is value is providing legal certainty 
for SBS Dealers that seek to transact on a registered national 
securities exchange or a registered or exempt SEF without regard to the 
regulatory status of their counterparty.
9. Certain Political Contributions by SBS Dealers
a. Proposed Rule
    As proposed, Rule 15Fh-6(b)(1) would generally make it unlawful for 
an SBS Dealer to offer to enter into, or enter into, a security-based 
swap, or a trading strategy involving a security-based swap, with a 
``municipal entity'' within two years after any ``contribution'' to an 
``official of such municipal entity'' has been made by the SBS Dealer 
or any of its ``covered associate[s].'' Proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(3)(i) 
would also prohibit an SBS Dealer from paying a third party to 
``solicit'' municipal entities to offer to enter into, or enter into, a 
security-based swap, unless the third party is a ``regulated person'' 
that is itself subject to a pay to play restriction under applicable 
law. Proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(3)(ii) would prohibit an SBS Dealer from 
coordinating or soliciting a third party, including a political action 
committee, to make any: (a) Contribution to an official of a municipal 
entity with which the SBS Dealer is offering to enter into, or has 
entered into, a security-based swap, or (b) payment to a political 
party of a state or locality with which the SBS Dealer is offering to 
enter into, or has entered into, a security-based swap. Finally, 
proposed Rule 15Fh-6(c) would make it unlawful for an SBS Dealer to do 
indirectly or through another person or means anything that would, if 
done directly, result in a violation of the prohibitions contained in 
the proposed rule.
    As proposed, Rule 15Fh-6(b) included three main exceptions. First, 
proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(i) would permit an individual who is a 
covered associate to make aggregate contributions without being subject 
to the two-year time out period, of up to $350 per election, to any one 
official for whom the individual was entitled to vote at the time of 
the contributions, and up to $150 per election, to any one official for 
whom the individual was not entitled to vote at the time of the 
contributions.\1082\ Second, proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(ii) would not 
apply the proposed pay to play rules to contributions made by an 
individual more than six months prior to becoming a covered associate 
of the SBS Dealer, unless such individual solicits the municipal entity 
after becoming a covered associate. Third, proposed Rule 15Fh-
6(b)(2)(iii) would not apply the proposed pay to play rules to a 
security-based swap that is initiated by a municipal entity on a 
registered national securities exchange or SEF, for which the SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty at any time up to 
and including the time of execution of the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1082\ As discussed below, we are modifying the text of this 
rule to clarify that the de minimis contribution exception is 
limited to contributions made by individuals so that the rule text 
tracks the explanation of the exception that was outlined in the 
Proposing Release and in the CFTC's Adopting Release for its 
analogous exception, as well as the text of the Advisers Act Rule, 
upon which the exception is modeled and is intended to complement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the above exceptions, proposed Rule 15Fh-6(e)(1) 
would provide an automatic exception to allow an SBS Dealer a limited 
ability to cure the consequences of an inadvertent political 
contribution where: (i) The SBS Dealer discovered the contribution 
within four months (120 calendar days) of the date of the contribution; 
(ii) the contribution made did not exceed $350; and (ii) the 
contribution was returned to the contributor within 60 calendar days of 
the date of discovery. However, an SBS Dealer would not be able to rely 
on this exception more than twice in any 12-month period, or more than 
once for any covered associate, regardless of the time between 
contributions.
    Furthermore, under proposed Rule 15Fh-6(d) an SBS Dealer may apply 
to the Commission for an exemption from the two-year ban. In 
determining whether to grant the exemption, the Commission would 
consider, among other factors: (i) Whether the exemption is necessary 
or appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the 
protection of investors and the purposes of the Exchange Act; (ii) 
whether the SBS Dealer, (a) before the contribution resulting in the 
prohibition was made, had adopted and implemented policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to prevent violations of the proposed 
rule, (b) prior to or at the time the contribution was made, had any 
actual knowledge of the contribution, and (c) after learning of the 
contribution, had taken all available steps to cause the contributor to 
obtain return of the contribution and such other remedial or 
preventative measures as may be appropriate under the circumstances; 
(iii) whether, at the time of the contribution, the contributor was a 
covered associate or otherwise an employee of the SBS Dealer, or was 
seeking such employment; (iv) the timing and amount of the 
contribution; (v) the nature of the election (e.g., state or local); 
and (vi) the contributor's intent or motive in making the contribution, 
as evidenced by the facts and circumstances surrounding the 
contribution.
b. Comments on the Proposed Rule
    Six commenters addressed proposed Rule 15Fh-6.\1083\ One commenter, 
who supported the proposal as applied to SBS Dealers, stated that pay-
to-play is an appropriate area for the Commission to exercise its 
authority and suggested that this proposal ``would help to eliminate 
what would otherwise be a serious gap in protections.'' \1084\ However, 
this same commenter does not believe the Commission should exempt Major 
SBS Participants from the proposed pay-to-play rules based on what this 
commenter claims ``may turn out to be a false `assumption' that they

[[Page 30046]]

will not be engaged in the type of activity that would make them 
appropriate.'' \1085\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1083\ See APPA, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; NAIPFA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), 
supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1084\ CFA, supra note 5.
    \1085\ CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter agreed that the prohibition timeframe should be 
two years, consistent with proposed Rule 15Fh-6(b)(1).\1086\ That same 
commenter also believed that there are no circumstances where an 
independent representative that is advising a special entity that is a 
State, State agency, city, county, municipality, or other political 
subdivision of a State, or a governmental plan, as defined in Section 
3(32) of ERISA, other than an employee of the special entity, would not 
be subject to pay to play rules.\1087\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1086\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \1087\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter recommended that, with respect to the proposal that 
independent representatives be subject to ``pay to play'' limitations, 
an exception is needed ``for advisors that are employees of the special 
entity, given the employer-employee relationship.'' \1088\ That same 
commenter also urged the Commission to delay imposing the proposed pay 
to play rule until after the ``dealer'' definitions are 
finalized.\1089\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1088\ APPA, supra note 5.
    \1089\ APPA, supra note 5 (stating in support of that suggestion 
that ``[w]hile financial institutions that deal with municipal 
entities are more likely to have compliance procedures in place to 
deal with pay-to-play rules, other entities that may ultimately be 
considered SBS Dealers are much less likely to have such systems in 
place or to be familiar with these types of rules'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter suggested, as a general matter, that because the 
Dodd-Frank Act did not mandate any restrictions on political 
contributions by SBS Dealers it is not clear to that commenter that the 
Commission needs to impose such a requirement on a discretionary 
basis.\1090\ This same commenter, however, recommended that the 
Commission revise the language of the proposed rule to, at least in the 
commenter's view, parallel the following aspects of MSRB's regulations: 
(1) Replace as the triggering occasion for the application of the 
proposed rule an ``offer to enter into or enter into a security-based 
swap or a trading strategy involving a security-based swap'' with a 
term--``engage in municipal security-based swap business''--which they 
suggest is ``more akin to the terms used in the relevant MSRB Rules''; 
(2) define ``municipal security-based swap business'' in the proposed 
rule to mean ``the execution of a security-based swap with a municipal 
entity''; (3) narrow the definition of ``solicit'' in the proposed rule 
to include only ``any direct communication by any person with a 
municipal entity for the purpose of obtaining or retaining municipal 
security-based swap business,'' so that the term ``solicit'' does not 
``implicate communication by employees of a financial institution that 
do not have a role in the security-based swap business and who are 
already regulated by the MSRB or the SEC''; (4) clarify the definition 
of ``solicit'' in the proposed rule to ``exclude[s] any communication 
by any person with a municipal entity for the sole purpose of obtaining 
or retaining any other type of business covered under pay to play 
restrictions, such as municipal securities business or municipal 
advisory business''; and (5) modify the proposed rule to allow for up 
to three exemptions for inadvertent contributions, depending on the 
number of SBS Dealer employees.\1091\ The same commenter also 
recommended that the Commission include a provision specifying ``an 
operative date of the rule such that it only applies to contributions 
made on or after its effective date.'' \1092\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1090\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (stating that MSRB rules 
``on political contributions made in connection with municipal 
securities business will already cover most [SBS Dealers] doing 
business with municipal entities, and, there may not be much 
marginal benefit to imposing additional restrictions on SBSDs 
generally''). See also id. (``Because the Commission's proposal is 
nearly identical to the CFTC Proposal, our comments generally track 
those we made in response to the CFTC Proposal.'').
    \1091\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1092\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, one commenter suggested that the Commission create a safe 
harbor from the pay to play rule for a special entity that is 
represented by a qualified independent representative that 
affirmatively selects the SBS Dealer.\1093\ That commenter also 
suggests excluding state-established plans that are managed by a third-
party, such as 529 college savings plans, from the pay to play 
provisions because otherwise, the provisions would deter SBS Dealers 
from transacting with the plans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1093\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the adoption of the CFTC's rules in 2015, this same commenter 
subsequently proposed that the Commission expressly except from the 
prohibitions of Rule 15Fh-6(b)(1) contributions that were ``made before 
the security-based swap dealer registered with the Commission as 
such.'' \1094\ According to the commenter, these changes would be 
consistent with CFTC No-Action relief, which clarified that the ``look 
back'' period would not include any time period before an SBS Dealer is 
required to register as such, and would therefore prevent retroactive 
application of the rule.\1095\ The commenter further suggested that the 
Commission modify the exception under 15Fh-6(b)(2)(B)(iii), such that 
it would apply to a security-based swap that was ``executed'' by a 
municipal entity on a registered national securities exchange or 
registered or an ``exempt'' security-based swap execution facility, and 
was of a ``type that is, as of the date of execution, required to be 
cleared pursuant to Section 3C of the Act.'' \1096\ In the alternative, 
the commenter suggested that the exception should apply where the SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty to the 
transaction at any time up to and including execution of the 
transaction.\1097\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1094\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1095\ Id.
    \1096\ Id.
    \1097\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fh-6 with six modifications. First, after the Proposing Release was 
published, an inadvertent omission was identified in the definition of 
``contribution'' in proposed Rule 15Fh-6(a)(1)(i). The Proposing 
Release inadvertently omitted the word ``federal'' in subsection (i) of 
the proposed definition of ``contribution'' in Rule 15Fh-6(a)(1). 
Although the Commission did not receive any comments noting this 
omission, we are modifying the rule text to include the word 
``federal'' in subsection (i) of the final definition of 
``contribution'' in Rule 15Fh-6(a)(1)).\1098\ Furthermore, and as 
stated in the Proposing Release, the Commission explained that ``Rule 
15Fh-6 is modeled on, and intended to complement, existing restrictions 
on pay to play practices under Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 . . . and 
under MSRB Rules G-37 and G-38.'' \1099\ Importantly, both Advisers Act 
Rule 206(4)-5(f)(1)(i) and MSRB Rule G-37(g)(i)(A)(1) include the word 
``federal'' in their largely identical definitions of the term 
``contribution.'' The Commission is correcting this inadvertent 
omission to make the definition of ``contribution'' in Rule 15Fh-
6(a)(1)(i) consistent with the

[[Page 30047]]

Commission's existing definition of ``contribution'' under Advisers Act 
Rule 206(4)-5(f)(1)(i).\1100\ Correcting this omission also will make 
the definition of ``contribution'' in Rule 15Fh-6(a)(1) consistent with 
the existing definition of ``contribution'' under CFTC Regulation 
23.451(a)(1)(i) and, therefore, create a harmonized regulatory 
framework that complements and is comparable to Advisers Act Rule 
206(4)-5, MSRB Rules G-37 and CFTC Regulation 23.451.\1101\ Based on 
the foregoing, the Commission believes that correcting this inadvertent 
omission in a rule that was, as set forth in the Proposing Release, 
``modeled on, and intended to complement, existing restrictions on pay 
to play practices'' \1102\ will eliminate an unintentional gap in pay 
to play protections across regulatory regimes that would otherwise be 
created. In light of cross-market participation and expected dual 
registration of some entities, substantial consistency across pay to 
play regulatory regimes, including having largely consistent 
definitions of ``contribution,'' will also be helpful for those 
entities that have already established a regulatory infrastructure to 
comply with pay to play standards under existing rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1098\ As such, Final Rule 15Fh-6(a)(1)(i) will read ``[f]or the 
purpose of influencing any election for federal, state or local 
office.'' In light of this modification, and for purposes of 
internal consistency with a parenthetical reference to this rule 
text elsewhere in the rule, a parallel modification is being made to 
Final Rule 15Fh-6(d)(5), which will read: ``The nature of the 
election (e.g., federal, state or local).''
    \1099\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42433, supra note 3.
    \1100\ See Political Contributions by Certain Investment 
Advisers, Advisers Act Release No. 3043 (Jul. 1, 2010), 75 FR 41018 
(Jul. 14, 2010) (``Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release'') (adopting 
Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 and stating, among other things, that the 
definition of ``contribution'' in Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 ``is 
the same as . . . the one used in MSRB rule G-37'').
    \1101\ Although subsection (iii) of CFTC Regulation 23.451(a)(1) 
also includes the term ``federal'' in the definition of 
``contribution''--``[f]or transition or inaugural expenses incurred 
by the successful candidate for federal, state, or local office.''--
as explained by the Commission in the Advisers Act Pay-to-Play 
Release, neither Rule 206(4)-5 nor MSRB Rule G-37 includes the 
transition or inaugural expenses of a successful candidate for 
federal office in the definition of ``contribution.'' See Advisers 
Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 FR at 41030, n.154, supra note 1100. 
Therefore, because this rule is modeled on, and intended to 
complement, existing restrictions on pay to play practices under 
Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 and MSRB Rules G-37, we also do not 
include the term ``federal'' in subsection (iii) of Rule 15Fh-
6(a)(1) for the same reasons stated by the Commission when adopting 
the Advisers Act pay-to-play rules.
    \1102\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42433, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the Commission is correcting another inadvertent omission 
in the text of Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(i). As outlined in the Proposing 
Release, the de minimis contribution exception found in Rule 15Fh-
6(b)(2)(i) is intended to be limited to contributions made by 
individuals that are covered associates to track and complement the 
similar de minimis contribution exception found in Advisers Act Rule 
206(4)-5(b)(1), upon which this exception was modeled.\1103\ Because 
this exception is conditioned on whether the covered associate was 
entitled to vote for the official at the time of the contribution, we 
believe it was implicit in the proposed rule text that this exception 
only applies to contributions made by a natural person since other 
legal persons are not entitled to vote. However, we are modifying the 
text of Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(i) to clarify that this exception only 
applies to contributions made by a natural person. With that 
modification, the rule text as adopted will track the explanation 
behind this exception, as explained in the Proposing Release, as well 
as the text of Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5(b)(1). This modification will 
also make Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(i) consistent with the CFTC's analogous de 
minimis contribution exception, which the CFTC described as similarly 
intended to be limited to individuals that are covered 
associates.\1104\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1103\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42434, supra note 3 
(``The proposed rule would permit an individual who is a covered 
associate to make aggregate contributions without being subject to 
the two-year time out period, of up to $350 per election, for any 
one official for whom the individual is entitled to vote, and up to 
$150 per election, to an official for whom the individual is not 
entitled to vote.'') (emphases added).
    \1104\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9799, supra note 21 
(explaining that CFTC's ``proposed rule permitted an individual that 
is a covered associate to make aggregate contributions up to $350 
per election, without being subject to the two-year time out period, 
to any one official for whom the individual is entitled to vote, and 
up to $150 per election to an official for whom the individual is 
not entitled to vote.'') (emphases added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, as discussed in Section II.B, the Commission is modifying 
the exception under Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(iii) so as to apply when the SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty with reasonably 
sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS 
Dealer to comply with the obligations of the rule. This language 
differs from the language used in the proposal, which would apply the 
exception when the dealer does not know the identity of the 
counterparty ``at any time up to and including execution of the 
transaction.'' The adoption of this language will comport with the 
language used in the verification of counterparty status and disclosure 
requirements of final Rule 15Fh-3, as well as the exceptions to the 
special entity requirements under Rules 15Fh-4(b)(3) and 15Fh-5(d). As 
discussed in those sections, this language is intended to exclude 
situations where the identity of the counterparty is not discovered 
until after execution of a transaction, or where the SBS Dealer learns 
the identity of the counterparty with insufficient time to be able to 
satisfy its obligations under the rule without delaying the execution 
of the transaction.
    Fourth, as discussed above in Section II.H.8, the Commission is 
also modifying the exception under Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(iii) to apply to 
all security-based swap transactions executed on a registered or exempt 
SEF or registered national securities exchange, rather than just with 
respect to transactions ``initiated by a municipal entity'' on such 
exchange or SEF (as long as the other conditions of Rule 15Fh-
6(b)(2)(iii) are met). We are revising the rule to be consistent with 
the adopted Rules 15Fh-4(b)(3) and 15Fh-5(d), and avoid the ambiguity 
inherent in determining which party ``initiated'' the security-based 
swap.\1105\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1105\ See supra Section II.H.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fifth, we are also modifying Rule 15Fh-6(e)(2), as one commenter 
suggested,\1106\ to allow for up to three exemptions for inadvertent 
contributions per calendar year, depending on the number of natural 
person covered associates at the SBS Dealer. Specifically, we are 
modifying the text of Rule 15Fh-6(e)(2), as suggested by this same 
commenter,\1107\ to provide that an SBS Dealers that has more than 50 
covered associates would be able to rely on this exception no more than 
three times per calendar year, while an SBS Dealer that has 50 or fewer 
covered associates would be able to rely on this exception no more than 
two times per calendar year. This modification will parallel the 
provision in Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5, which also allows ``larger'' 
investment advisers to avail themselves of three automatic exceptions, 
instead of two, in any calendar year. As the Commission noted when 
modifying its Advisers Act rule proposal to include three automatic 
exceptions for larger firms, we agree that inadvertent violations of 
the rule are more likely at firms with greater numbers of covered 
associates, and we believe that the twice per year limit is appropriate 
for smaller firms and that the three times per year limit is 
appropriate for larger firms.\1108\

[[Page 30048]]

Although we recognize that this modification will create an additional 
exception not found in the CFTC's analogous rule,\1109\ we believe that 
harmonization across the Commission's regulatory regimes will help to 
create regulatory efficiencies for entities that have already 
established a regulatory infrastructure based on the Commission's 
analogous exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1106\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (suggesting that the 
Commission modify proposed rule to allow for up to three exemptions 
for inadvertent contributions, depending on the number of SBS Dealer 
employees).
    \1107\ See id. (suggesting that the Commission modify proposed 
rule to parallel the provisions in SEC Rule 206(4)-5, relating to 
contributions from certain covered associates of investment 
advisers).
    \1108\ See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 FR at 41035-36, 
n. 238, supra note 1100 (``We do not believe it is appropriate for 
there to be greater variation in the number of times advisers may 
rely on the exception than that based either on their size or on 
other characteristics. We are seeking to encourage robust monitoring 
and compliance.'').
    \1109\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9828, supra note 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the Commission is also correcting in the final rule the 
following typographical errors: (1) Revising an internal cross-
reference in Rule 15Fh-6(a)(2)(iii) to cross-reference ``paragraphs 
(a)(2)(i) and (a)(2)(ii) of this section'' rather than ``paragraphs 
(c)(2)(i) and (c)(2)(ii) of this section''; (2) revising an internal 
cross-reference in Rule 15Fh-6(d) to cross-reference ``paragraph (b) of 
this section'' rather than ``paragraph (a)(1) of this section''; (3) 
revising Rule 15Fh-6(b)(3)(ii)(A) to delete a phrase that was 
inadvertently repeated ``a security-based swap security-based swap''; 
and (4) revising Rule 15Fh-6(b)(3)(ii)(B) to also delete a phrase that 
was inadvertently repeated ``a security-based swap security-based 
swap.''
    With respect to the balance of Rule 15Fh-6, after considering the 
comments submitted, the Commission is adopting the Rule as proposed. 
The Commission disagrees with certain commenters' view that Rule 15Fh-6 
is not an appropriate area for the Commission to exercise its authority 
to prescribe business conduct standards.\1110\ The Commission also 
disagrees with one commenter's suggestion that there may not be much 
marginal benefit to imposing additional restrictions on SBS Dealers 
generally.\1111\ We proposed the rule in the context of security-based 
swaps because pay to play practices may result in municipal entities 
entering into transactions not because of hedging needs or other 
legitimate purposes, but rather because of campaign contributions given 
to an official with influence over the selection process. Where pay to 
play exists, SBS Dealers may compete for security-based swap business 
based on their ability and willingness to make political contributions, 
rather than on their merit or the merit of a proposed transaction. We 
believe these practices may result in significant harm to 
municipalities and others in connection with security-based swap 
transactions, just as they do in connection with other municipal 
securities transactions.\1112\ We note that SBS Dealers may have an 
incentive to participate in pay to play practices out of concern that 
they may be overlooked if they fail to make such contributions. These 
concerns, coupled with the furtive nature of pay to play practices and 
the inability of markets to properly address them, strongly support the 
need for prophylactic measures to address them in the context of 
security-based swaps.\1113\ Furthermore, and as the same commenter 
concedes, there would still be a regulatory gap as only ``most'' SBS 
Dealers would be covered and, as another commenter observed, this rule 
would help to eliminate that gap in protection.\1114\ We made this same 
point in the Proposing Release, noting that while Rule 15Fh-6 is 
consistent with and would complement the pay to play prohibition 
adopted by the MRSB and CFTC, there are no existing federal pay to play 
rules that would apply to all SBS Dealers in their dealings with 
municipal entities.\1115\ Therefore, this rule was proposed to help 
eliminate that regulatory gap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1110\ See, e.g., FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (suggesting that 
because Dodd-Frank did not mandate any restrictions on political 
contributions by SBS Dealers it is not clear that the Commission 
needs to impose such a requirement on a discretionary basis). But 
see CFA, supra note 5.
    \1111\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1112\ See id. See SEC v. Larry P. Langford, Litigation Release 
No. 20545 (Apr. 30, 2008) and SEC v. Charles E. LeCroy, Litigation 
Release No. 21280 (Nov. 4, 2009) (charging Alabama local government 
officials and J.P. Morgan employees with undisclosed payments made 
to obtain municipal bond offering and swap agreement business from 
Jefferson County, Alabama). See also J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., 
Securities Act Release No. 9078 (Nov. 4, 2009) (settled order 
instituting administrative and cease-and-desist proceedings and 
imposing remedial sanctions against a broker-dealer that the 
Commission alleged was awarded bond underwriting and interest rate 
swap agreement business by Jefferson County in connection with 
undisclosed payments by employees of the firm).
    \1113\ Cf. Blount v. SEC, 61 F.3d 938, 945 (D.C. Cir. 1995), 
cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 1351 (1996) (``no smoking gun is needed 
where, as here, the conflict of interest is apparent, the likelihood 
of stealth great, and the legislative purpose prophylactic'').
    \1114\ CFA, supra note 5 (supporting the proposal as applied to 
SBS Dealers and stating that this proposal ``would help to eliminate 
what would otherwise be a serious gap in protections'').
    \1115\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42433, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission continues to believe and a commenter also agrees 
that the two-year time out provided for in Rule 15Fh-6 is 
appropriate.\1116\ As explained in the Proposing Release, Rule 15Fh-
6(b)(1) would prohibit an SBS Dealer from offering to enter into, or 
entering into, a security-based swap or a trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap, with a municipal entity within two years after a 
contribution to an official of such municipal entity has been made by 
the SBS Dealer or any of its covered associates. We believe the two-
year time out requirement strikes an appropriate balance, as it is 
sufficiently long to act as a deterrent but not so long as to be 
unnecessarily onerous. The two-year time out is generally consistent 
with the time out provisions in Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5, MSRB Rule 
G-37 and CFTC Regulation 23.451.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1116\ See NAIPFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As we also explained in the Proposing Release, because the rule 
would attribute to an SBS Dealer those contributions made by a person 
even prior to becoming a covered associate of the SBS Dealer, SBS 
Dealers need to ``look back'' in time to determine whether the two-year 
time out applies when an employee becomes a covered associate.\1117\ 
Given that one commenter suggested further specificity as to whether 
the rule applies only to contributions made on or after the rules 
effective date,\1118\ we are interpreting the prohibition in Rule 15Fh-
6(b)(1) and its exceptions in Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2), as well as the 
restrictions on soliciting or coordinating contributions found in Rule 
15Fh-6(b)(3), to not be triggered for an SBS Dealer or any of its 
covered associates by contributions made before the SBS Dealer 
registered with the Commission as such. This interpretation is, as one 
commenter noted, also consistent with CFTC No-Action relief.\1119\ 
However, such prohibitions will apply to contributions made on or after 
the SBS Dealer is required to register with the Commission. We also 
note that these prohibitions do not apply to contributions made before 
the compliance date of this rule by new covered associates to which the 
rule's ``look back'' applies (i.e., a person who becomes a covered 
associate within two years after the contribution is made).

[[Page 30049]]

This interpretation is similar to the approach taken by the Commission 
in connection with Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5.\1120\ For example, if an 
individual who becomes a covered associate on or after the effective 
date of the rule made a contribution before the effective date of the 
rule, that new covered associate's contribution would not trigger the 
two-year time out. On the other hand, if an individual who later 
becomes a covered associate made the contribution on or after the 
compliance date of this rule, the contribution would trigger the two-
year time out if it were made less than, as applicable, six months or 
two years before the individual became a covered associate.\1121\
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    \1117\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42434, supra note 3. In 
the Proposing Release, we explained, as an example, that if the 
contribution at issue was made less than two years (or six months, 
as applicable under Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(ii)) before an individual 
becomes a covered associate, the rule would prohibit the firm from 
entering into a security-based swap with the relevant municipal 
entity until the two-year time out period has expired. As noted 
above, Rule 15Fh-6(b)(2)(ii) provides an exception to the 
prohibition in Rule 15Fh-6(b)(1) such that the prohibition would not 
apply to contributions made by an individual more than six months 
prior to becoming a covered associate of the SBS Dealer, unless such 
individual solicits the municipal entity after becoming a covered 
associate.
    \1118\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (requesting 
clarification that ``the rule would not unintentionally ban SBS 
activity as a result of contributions made during the pre-
effectiveness period''). See also SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1119\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5. See also CFTC 
Letter No. 12-33 (November 29, 2012).
    \1120\ See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 FR at 41051, 
n.434, supra note 1100 (noting, similarly, that the prohibitions in 
Rule 206(4)-5 also do not apply to contributions made before the 
compliance date established for Rule 206(4)-5 by new covered 
associates to which the look back applies).
    \1121\ See id. (providing similar examples in connection with 
Rule 206(4)-5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the comment recommending amending the proposed rule 
to include Major SBS Participants in the prohibitions of Rule 15Fh-
6,\1122\ the Commission does not believe that it is necessary or 
appropriate to do so. We have considered how the differences between 
the definitions of SBS Dealer and Major SBS Participant may be relevant 
in formulating the business conduct standards applicable to these 
entities.\1123\ The Commission does not believe it is necessary to 
revisit its assumption, outlined in the Proposing Release, that Major 
SBS Participants are unlikely to give rise to the pay-to-play concerns 
that this rule is intended to address.\1124\ As discussed above, SBS 
Dealers may have an incentive to compete for security-based swap 
business based on their ability and willingness to participate in pay 
to play activity, rather than on their merit or the merit of a proposed 
transaction, out of concern that they may be overlooked if they fail to 
make such contributions. However, we believe the incentives for Major 
SBS Participants to engage in pay to play activity are unlikely to be 
as strong as the incentives for SBS Dealers given that, by definition, 
Major SBS Participants are not engaged in security-based swap dealing 
activity at levels above the de minimis threshold.\1125\ As such, Major 
SBS Participants are less likely than SBS Dealers to be acting as 
dealers in the security-based swap market and, like any other person 
whose dealing activity does not exceed the dealer de minimis 
thresholds, should therefore be less susceptible to the types of 
competitive pressures that may create an incentive to participate in 
pay to play activity. We further note that, if a Major SBS Participant 
is, in fact, engaged in security-based swap dealing activity above the 
de minimis threshold, it would need to register as an SBS Dealer and, 
as such, would need to comply with the pay to play rules imposed by 
Rule 15Fh-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1122\ CFA, supra note 5.
    \1123\ See, e.g., Section II.B (explaining that, unlike the 
definition of ``security-based swap dealer,'' which focuses on the 
way a person holds itself out in the market and whose function is to 
serve as the point of connection in those markets, the definition of 
``major security-based swap participant,'' focuses on the market 
impacts and risks associated with an entity's security-based swap 
positions).
    \1124\ See, e.g., MFA, supra note 5 (urging the Commission to 
consider separate regulatory regimes for SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants, arguing that they are different, and there are 
``different reasons why the Dodd-Frank Act requires additional 
oversight of each'').
    \1125\ See Exchange Act rule 3a61-1(a)(1) (limiting the 
definition of ``major security-based swap participant'' to persons 
that are not security-based swap dealers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, SBS Dealers, unlike Major SBS Participants, may have an 
incentive to participate in pay to play practices out of concern that 
they may be overlooked if they fail to make such contributions which, 
in turn, would necessitate application of pay to play prohibitions. 
Furthermore, the exclusion of Major SBS Participants from Rule 15Fh-6 
will also be consistent with the pay to play prohibition adopted by the 
CFTC.\1126\ Substantial consistency across pay to play regulatory 
regimes will be helpful for those entities that have already 
established a regulatory infrastructure to comply with existing rules. 
One commenter suggested that, with respect to the proposal that 
independent representatives be subject to pay to play limitations, an 
exception is needed ``for advisors that are employees of the special 
entity, given the employer-employee relationship.'' \1127\ However, the 
Commission notes that the rules already include such an exception. As 
explained previously, Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi) as adopted requires an SBS 
Entity to have a reasonable basis for believing that the independent 
representative is a person that is subject to rules of the Commission, 
the CFTC or an SRO subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the 
CFTC prohibiting it from engaging in specified activities if certain 
political contributions have been made, unless the independent 
representative is an employee of the special entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1126\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9800, supra note 21.
    \1127\ APPA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The same commenter also urged the Commission, in a comment letter 
dated August 2011, to delay imposing the proposed pay to play rule 
until after the ``dealer'' definitions are finalized.\1128\ As 
explained in Section IV.B below, the Commission is adopting a 
compliance date for final Rules 15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6 and Rule 15Fk-1 
that is the same as the compliance date of the SBS Entity registration 
rules.\1129\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1128\ APPA, supra note 5.
    \1129\ The Commission explained in the Registration Adopting 
Release that persons determined to be SBS Dealers or Major SBS 
Participants under those rules need not register as such until the 
dates provided for in the Commission's final rules regarding SBS 
Entity registration requirements, ``and will not be subject to the 
requirements applicable to those dealers and major participants 
until the dates provided in the applicable final rules.'' 
Registration Adopting Release, supra note 989.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission declines to revise Rule 15Fh-6, as one commenter 
suggested, by limiting the triggering event for the application of the 
pay to play rules to ``engag[ing] in municipal security-based swap 
business'' or ``the execution of a security-based swap with a municipal 
entity.'' \1130\ As explained in the Proposing Release, pay to play 
occurs when persons seeking to do business with municipal entities make 
political contributions, or are solicited to make political 
contributions, to elected officials or candidates to influence the 
selection process.\1131\ Hence, pay to play could occur when an SBS 
Dealer is merely offering to enter into a security-based swap with a 
municipal entity, before that SBS Dealer has yet to actually enter 
into, engage in, or execute any such transaction. Rather, the SBS 
Dealer is seeking to influence the selection process to generate 
business. Therefore, the Commission believes that further parsing of 
the trigging event applicable to this rule, as suggested by the 
commenter, would create an unintended regulatory gap that would not 
capture those who offer to enter into a security-based swap transaction 
with a municipal entity with the hope that their contributions or 
payments will influence the selection process so that they may later 
enter into, engage in, or execute security-based swaps with that 
municipal entity. As one court noted,''[w]hile the risk of corruption 
is obvious and substantial, actors in this field are presumably shrewd 
enough to structure their relations rather indirectly.'' \1132\ 
Furthermore, this same suggestion was

[[Page 30050]]

raised to and declined by the CFTC.\1133\ As a result, the triggering 
event for the application of Rule 15Fh-6 is consistent with the CFTC's 
rule and substantially consistent with the trigging event for certain 
prohibitions found in the Commission's Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-
5.\1134\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1130\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (suggesting that the 
Commission consider replacing the proposed ``triggering occasion for 
the application of the rule'').
    \1131\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42432, supra note 3.
    \1132\ Id. (citing Blount, 61 F.3d at 945).
    \1133\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 77 FR at 9799-800, supra note 
21.
    \1134\ See Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5(2)(ii) (including, among 
other triggering activities, when the investment adviser is 
``providing or seeking to provide investment advisory services to a 
government entity'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter that addressed the definition of ``solicit'' in the 
proposed rule generally urged us to adopt a narrower definition.\1135\ 
However, the Commission declines to revise Rule 15Fh-6 to further parse 
the definition of ``solicit.'' We believe that it is unnecessary, as 
the commenter suggested, for the definition to cover only direct 
communications or to state what communications are not covered by the 
term ``solicit.'' \1136\ The proposed definition makes clear that to 
fall within its scope the communication, whether direct or indirect, 
must be ``with a municipal entity for the purpose of obtaining or 
retaining an engagement related to a security-based swap.'' Further 
parsing and thus narrowing of the definition of ``solicit'' is 
unwarranted given the covert and secretive nature of pay to play 
practices where, as noted above, ``actors in this field are presumably 
shrewd enough to structure their relations rather indirectly.'' \1137\ 
Rule 15Fh-6 is intended to deter SBS Dealers from participating, even 
indirectly, in pay to play practices. The Commission believes that the 
definition of ``solicit'' is clear as to what communications are 
covered by the pay to play rule, and the definition is also consistent 
with the CFTC's rule and the Commission's definition of ``solicit'' in 
Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5 \1138\ which, as noted above, Rule 15Fh-6 
was modeled on and intended to complement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1135\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (recommending that the 
Commission clarify the definition of ``solicit'' include only ``any 
direct communication by any person with a municipal entity for the 
purpose of obtaining or retaining municipal security-based swap 
business'').
    \1136\ See id. (suggesting that the rule should exclude any 
communication with a municipal entity for the sole purpose of 
obtaining or retaining any other type of business covered under pay-
to-play restrictions because, in that commenter's view, such 
communications would already trigger pay-to-play restrictions under 
other regulations).
    \1137\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42432, supra note 3 (citing 
Blount, 61 F.3d at 945).
    \1138\ 17 CFR 275.206(4)-5(f)(10)(i) (defining ``solicit,'' in 
part, to mean ``to communicate, directly or indirectly, for the 
purpose of obtaining or retaining a client for . . . an investment 
adviser'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter suggested that the Commission revise Rule 15Fh-6 
to create a safe harbor from the pay to play rule for a special entity 
that is represented by a ``qualified independent representative'' that 
affirmatively selects the SBS Dealer.\1139\ However, the Commission 
declines to create a safe harbor as the commenter suggested. For one, 
the commenter's argument that such a safe harbor would ``assist 
municipal entities and their advisors by preserving their ability to 
execute security-based swap transactions'' is not persuasive to support 
this suggested modification when, for example, one of the purposes 
behind this rule is the need for prophylactic measures to address 
stealthy pay to play practices.\1140\ As stated in the Proposing 
Release and noted above, by its nature, pay to play is covert and 
secretive because participants do not broadcast that contributions or 
payments are made or accepted for the purpose of influencing the 
selection of a financial services provider. The Commission believes 
that adopting such a safe harbor, as suggested, could create a means 
for would-be wrongdoers to covertly and secretively engage in pay to 
play practices by, among other things, using situations where the 
special entity, represented by a qualified independent representative, 
selects the SBS Dealer as a way to evade or otherwise circumvent the 
rule's prohibitions. The commenter's suggestion would also create a 
material difference between the regulatory regimes established by the 
Commission under the Advisers Act as well as the CFTC's rules and would 
decrease regulatory efficiencies for market participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1139\ SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1140\ Cf. Blount, 61 F.3d at 945 (noting that, with respect to 
pay to play practices ``the likelihood of stealth great,'' while 
``the legislative purpose prophylactic'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we are not expressly excluding, as one commenter 
suggested, state-established plans that are managed by a third-party, 
such as 529 college savings plans, from the pay to play 
provisions.\1141\ We do not find the commenter's unsupported claim that 
pay to play provisions will deter SBS Dealers from transacting business 
with such plans persuasive. More importantly, even if we were to accept 
this argument, the same concerns, outlined above, that we are 
attempting to address with these pay to play restrictions, including 
but not limited to the furtive nature of pay to play practices, are 
also applicable for state-established plans that are managed by a 
third-party. As noted above, we believe that SBS Dealers may have an 
incentive to participate in pay to play practices, even in connection 
with state-established plans that are managed by a third-party, out of 
concern that they may be overlooked for business if they fail to make 
such contributions. We further believe these practices may result in 
significant harm to municipalities and others, including state-
established plans, in connection with security-based swap transactions. 
Rule 15Fh-6(b)(3)(i) is intended to deter SBS Dealers from 
participating, even indirectly, in such practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1141\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Chief Compliance Officer

    Section 15F(k) of the Exchange Act requires an SBS Entity to 
designate a CCO, and imposes certain duties and responsibilities on 
that CCO.\1142\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1142\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(k).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Proposed Rule
a. Designation, Reporting Line, Compensation and Removal of the CCO
    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(a) would require an SBS Entity to designate a 
CCO on its registration form. Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(1) would require 
that the CCO report directly to the board of directors or to the senior 
officer of the SBS Entity.\1143\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(e)(1) would 
define ``board of directors'' to include a body performing a function 
similar to the board of directors. Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(e)(2) would 
define ``senior officer'' to mean the chief executive officer or other 
equivalent officer. Finally, proposed Rule 15Fk-1(d) would require that 
the compensation and removal of the CCO be approved by a majority of 
the board of directors of the SBS Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1143\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Duties of the CCO
    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b) would impose certain duties on the CCO. 
Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) would require the CCO to review the 
compliance of the SBS Entity with respect to the requirements in 
Section 15F of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder.\1144\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) would further require 
that, as part of the CCO's obligation to review compliance by the SBS 
Entity, the CCO establish, maintain, and review policies and procedures 
that are reasonably designed to achieve compliance by the SBS Entity 
with

[[Page 30051]]

Section 15F of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1144\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(3) would require that the CCO, in 
consultation with the board of directors or the senior officer of the 
organization, promptly resolve conflicts of interest that may 
arise.\1145\ Under proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4), the CCO would be 
responsible for administering each policy and procedure that is 
required to be established pursuant to Section 15F of the Exchange Act 
and the rules and regulations thereunder.\1146\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(5) would require the CCO to establish, maintain and review 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure compliance with 
the provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to the SBS Entity's business as an SBS 
Entity.\1147\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(6) would require the CCO to 
establish, maintain and review policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to remediate promptly non-compliance issues identified by the 
CCO through any compliance office review, look-back, internal or 
external audit finding, self-reporting to the Commission and other 
appropriate authorities, or complaint that can be validated.\1148\ 
Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(e)(3) would define ``complaint that can be 
validated'' to mean any written complaint by a counterparty involving 
the SBS Entity or an associated person that can be supported upon 
reasonable investigation. Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(7) would require the 
CCO to establish and follow procedures reasonably designed for prompt 
handling, management response, remediation, retesting, and resolution 
of non-compliance issues.\1149\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1145\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(C) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(C).
    \1146\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(D) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(D).
    \1147\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(E) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(E).
    \1148\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(F) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(F).
    \1149\ See Section 15F(k)(2)(G) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(2)(G).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Annual Compliance Report
    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1) would require that the CCO annually 
prepare and sign a report describing the SBS Entity's compliance 
policies and procedures (including the code of ethics and conflicts of 
interest policies) and the compliance of the SBS Entity with the 
Exchange Act and rules and regulations thereunder relating to its 
business as an SBS Entity.\1150\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2) would 
require that each compliance report also contain, at a minimum, a 
description of: (1) The SBS Entity's enforcement of its policies and 
procedures relating to its business as an SBS Entity; (2) any material 
changes to the policies and procedures since the date of the preceding 
compliance report; (3) any recommendation for material changes to the 
policies and procedures as a result of the annual review, the rationale 
for such recommendation, and whether such policies and procedures were 
or will be modified by the SBS Entity to incorporate such 
recommendation; and (4) any material compliance matters identified 
since the date of the preceding compliance report. Proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(e)(4) would define ``material compliance matter'' to mean any 
compliance matter about which the board of directors of the SBS Entity 
would reasonably need to know to oversee the compliance of the SBS 
Entity, and that involves, without limitation: (1) A violation of the 
federal securities laws relating to its business as an SBS Entity by 
the SBS Entity or its officers, directors, employees or agents; (2) a 
violation of the policies and procedures of the SBS Entity relating to 
its business as an SBS Entity by the SBS Entity or its officers, 
directors, employees or agents; or (3) a weakness in the design or 
implementation of the policies and procedures of the SBS Entity 
relating to its business as an SBS Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1150\ See Section 15F(k)(3)(A) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(k)(3)(A). As noted in the Proposing Release, the Commission 
believes there is a drafting error in the reference to compliance of 
the ``major swap participant'' in Section 15F(k)(3)(A) of the 
Exchange Act, and accordingly, proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1) would 
apply the requirement with respect to the compliance of the ``major 
security-based swap participant.'' See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 
42436 n.288, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(D) would require the compliance 
report to include a certification, under penalty of law, that the 
compliance report is accurate and complete.\1151\ Proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(ii)(A) would require that the compliance report accompany each 
appropriate financial report of the SBS Entity that is required to be 
furnished or filed with the Commission pursuant to Exchange Act Section 
15F and the rules and regulations thereunder.\1152\ To allow the 
compliance report to accompany each appropriate financial report within 
the required timeframe, proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(B) would require 
the compliance report to be submitted to the board of directors, the 
audit committee and the senior officer of the SBS Entity at the earlier 
of their next scheduled meeting or within 45 days of the date of 
execution of the certification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1151\ See Section 15F(k)(3)(B)(ii) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(k)(3)(B)(ii).
    \1152\ See Section 15F(k)(3)(B)(i) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(k)(3)(B)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(C) would require the compliance 
report to include a written representation that the chief executive 
officer(s) (or equivalent officer(s)) has/have conducted one or more 
meetings with the CCO in the preceding 12 months, the subject of which 
addresses the SBS Entity's obligations as set forth in the proposed 
rules and in Exchange Act Section 15F. The subject of the meeting(s) 
must include: (1) The matters that are the subject of the compliance 
report; (2) the SBS Entity's compliance efforts as of the date of such 
meeting; and (3) significant compliance problems and plans in emerging 
business areas relating to its business as an SBS Entity.\1153\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1153\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iii), if compliance reports are 
separately bound from the financial statements, the compliance reports 
shall be accorded confidential treatment to the extent permitted by 
law.
2. Comments on the Proposed Rule
a. Designation, Reporting Line, and Compensation and Removal of the CCO
    Five commenters addressed the designation, reporting line and 
compensation and removal of the CCO.\1154\ Two commenters argued for 
greater flexibility for SBS Entities with respect to these 
requirements.\1155\ The first commenter objected to the mandated line 
of reporting of the CCO in the proposed rule (which would require the 
CCO to report directly to the board of directors or to the senior 
officer of the SBS Entity) and recommended allowing SBS Entities 
greater flexibility in determining the most effective reporting 
framework in light of their individual structure and 
circumstances.\1156\ The commenter noted that, particularly in large 
institutions where security-based swap transactions are one of many 
lines of business, the proposed rule would prohibit the CCO from 
reporting to other senior management who may be more familiar with the 
security-based swap activities of the SBS Entity.\1157\ Accordingly, 
the commenter recommended that the Commission

[[Page 30052]]

define the term ``senior officer'' to include a more senior officer 
within the SBS Entity's compliance, risk, legal or other control 
function as the SBS Entity shall reasonably determine to be 
appropriate.\1158\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1154\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; 
Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better Markets (October 
2013), supra note 5; Barnard, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), 
supra note 5.
    \1155\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), 
supra note 5.
    \1156\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1157\ Id.
    \1158\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the second commenter asked the Commission to provide 
guidance specifying that if a division of a larger company is an SBS 
Entity, then the CCO of such entity could report to the senior officer 
of that division.\1159\ Additionally, the commenter requested guidance: 
(1) Regarding the supervisory liability of compliance and legal 
personnel employed by SBS Entities that is consistent with the guidance 
it has issued for broker-dealers' legal and compliance personnel; and 
(2) clarifying that the CCO may share additional executive 
responsibilities within the SBS Entity.\1160\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1159\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1160\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Both commenters objected to the proposed requirement that the 
compensation and removal of the CCO be approved by a majority of the 
SBS Entity's board of directors.\1161\ The first commenter recommended 
eliminating the requirement, noting that the provision is not mandated 
by the Dodd-Frank Act, is not consistent with other requirements 
applicable to similarly situated employees, and would impose 
organizational inefficiencies and other unwarranted costs while 
offering minimal benefits.\1162\ The second commenter recommended 
allowing either the board of directors or the senior officer of the SBS 
Entity to approve the compensation or removal of the CCO to be 
consistent with the parallel CFTC requirement, asserting that this 
change would reasonably ensure the independence and effectiveness of 
the CCO while providing for greater flexibility.\1163\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1161\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), 
supra note 5.
    \1162\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1163\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Three commenters argued for more stringent requirements with 
respect to the designation, reporting line and compensation and removal 
of the CCO.\1164\ The first commenter asserted that ensuring market 
participants have CCOs with real authority and autonomy to police a 
firm from within is one of the most efficient and effective tools 
available to regulators, and accordingly, recommended adopting 
additional measures to protect the authority and independence of 
CCOs.\1165\ Specifically, the commenter suggested: (1) Requiring the 
CCO to meet competency standards, including a lack of disciplinary 
history and criteria demonstrating relevant knowledge and experience; 
(2) prohibiting the CCO from serving as General Counsel or a member of 
the legal department of the SBS Entity; (3) appointing a senior CCO 
with overall responsibility for compliance by a group of affiliated or 
controlled entities; (4) vesting authority in independent board members 
to oversee the hiring, compensation, and termination of the CCO; (5) 
requiring the CCO to have direct access to the board; and (6) 
prohibiting attempts by officers, directors, or employees to coerce, 
mislead, or otherwise interfere with the CCO.\1166\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1164\ See CFA, supra note 5; Better Markets (August 2011), 
supra note 5; Better Markets (October 2013), supra note 5; Barnard, 
supra note 5.
    \1165\ See Better Markets (October 2013), supra note 5.
    \1166\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the second commenter recommended that the authority and 
responsibility to appoint or remove the CCO, or to materially change 
its duties and responsibilities, be vested only in the independent 
directors and not the full board.\1167\ Additionally, the commenter 
suggested that the CCO have only a compliance role and no other role or 
responsibility that could create conflicts of interest or threaten its 
independence, and that the CCO's compensation be designed in a way that 
avoids conflicts of interest.\1168\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1167\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
    \1168\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third commenter asserted that firms should not be permitted to 
allow the CCO to report to a senior officer of the firm as a substitute 
for reporting to the board.\1169\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1169\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Duties of the CCO
    Three commenters addressed the duties of the CCO.\1170\ The first 
commenter supported the Commission's approach in the proposal regarding 
the role and responsibilities of the CCO, but recommended the following 
modifications: (1) Changing the phrase ``ensure compliance'' in 
proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(5) to ``achieve compliance,'' (2) confirming 
that the relevant conflicts of interest under proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(3) would be those which are reasonably identified by the SBS 
Entity's policies and procedures, taking into consideration the nature 
of the SBS Entity's business, and (3) clarifying that a CCO's 
responsibility under proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4) to ``administer'' a 
firm's policies and procedures is limited to coordinating supervisors' 
administration of the relevant policies and procedures.\1171\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1170\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5.
    \1171\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second commenter recommended harmonizing the Commission's CCO 
requirements with FINRA Rule 3130 and the CFTC's CCO requirements for 
Swap Entities to enable SBS Entities that are also broker-dealers and/
or Swap Entities to make use of their existing infrastructure and to 
minimize confusion.\1172\ Specifically, the commenter recommended a 
number of changes to proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b) to align the description 
of the duties of an SBS Entity's CCO with those of a broker-dealer CCO, 
as described in applicable FINRA and SEC guidance, and guidance in the 
Proposing Release regarding the supervisory responsibilities of an SBS 
Entity's CCO.\1173\ In particular, the commenter sought clarification 
that the SBS Entity has the responsibility, and not the CCO in his or 
her personal capacity, to establish, maintain and review required 
policies and procedures.\1174\ The recommended changes include: (1) 
Replacing the requirement in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) to ``establish, 
maintain and review'' written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to achieve compliance with Section 15F of the Act and the 
rules and regulations thereunder with a requirement to ``prepare the 
registrant's annual assessment of'' such policies and procedures; (2) 
qualifying the requirement in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(3) to promptly 
resolve conflicts of interest in consultation with the board of 
directors or the senior officer of the SBS Entity with the qualifying 
language ``take reasonable steps to'' resolve; (3) clarifying that the 
requirement in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4) to administer required 
policies and procedures involves ``advising on the development of, and 
reviewing, the registrant's processes for (i) modifying those policies 
and procedures as business, regulatory and legislative changes and 
events dictate, (ii) evidencing supervision by the personnel 
responsible for the execution of those policies and procedures, and 
(iii) testing the registrant's compliance with those policies and 
procedures;'' (4) qualifying the requirements in proposed Rules 15Fk-
1(b)(5)-(7) to establish, maintain and review certain policies and 
procedures with the qualifying language ``take reasonable steps to 
ensure that the

[[Page 30053]]

registrant'' establishes, maintains and reviews such policies and 
procedures; and (5) eliminating the timing requirements in proposed 
Rules 15Fk-1(b)(6) and (7) that the CCO ``promptly'' take the required 
actions.\1175\ Finally, the commenter requested that the Commission 
provide guidance explaining that resolution of a conflict of interest 
encompasses both elimination and mitigation of the conflict, and that 
the CCO's role in resolving conflicts may involve actions other than 
making the ultimate decision with regard to such conflict.\1176\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1172\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1173\ Id.
    \1174\ Id.
    \1175\ Id.
    \1176\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, the third commenter recommended mandating that CCOs 
have greater authority to resolve and mitigate conflicts of interest 
that may cause compliance problems.\1177\ At a minimum, the commenter 
suggested requiring the CCO to highlight in the compliance report any 
recommendations it made with regard to resolution or mitigation of 
conflicts of interest that were not adopted.\1178\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1177\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \1178\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Annual Compliance Report
    Four commenters addressed the annual compliance report 
requirements.\1179\ One commenter noted several concerns with the 
annual compliance report requirement.\1180\ First, the commenter 
requested that the Commission permit the consolidation of annual 
compliance reporting requirements for SBS Entities under common control 
(including those that are also registered broker-dealers) to avoid 
forcing a consolidated financial institution to submit separate 
compliance reports for each SBS Entity and broker-dealer within the 
corporate structure.\1181\ Second, the commenter expressed concern 
regarding the requirement in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1)(i) that the 
compliance report contain a description of the compliance of the SBS 
Entity, as well as a description of the SBS Entity's compliance 
policies and procedures, as required under proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(1)(ii).\1182\ The commenter requested that the Commission clarify 
that proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1)(i) would be satisfied by a description 
of the particular matters set forth in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i), 
noting that a requirement to describe an SBS Entity's ``compliance'' in 
an absolute sense is so broad and so vague as to be incapable of being 
fulfilled in practice.\1183\ Third, the commenter recommended that the 
Commission amend its Freedom of Information Act regulations in a manner 
consistent with proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iii), which would provide 
that compliance reports bound separately from financial statements 
shall be accorded confidential treatment to the extent permitted by 
law.\1184\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1179\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; 
Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better Markets (October 
2013), supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1180\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1181\ Id.
    \1182\ Id.
    \1183\ Id.
    \1184\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter also had several concerns regarding the required 
certification of the compliance report in proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(ii)(D).\1185\ The commenter noted that the Dodd-Frank Act does 
not explicitly require the CCO to be the individual responsible for 
certifying the compliance report and recommended that the CEO or other 
relevant senior officer, not the CCO, be responsible for the 
certification.\1186\ Alternatively, if the CCO is required to certify, 
the commenter requested that the CEO also be required to do so.\1187\ 
Additionally, the commenter requested that the Commission clarify that 
the liability standard for the certification is the same as that which 
applies to other documents filed with the Commission, including 
liability under Section 32 of the Exchange Act for willfully and 
knowingly making false or misleading material statements or omissions 
to the Commission.\1188\ The commenter also asserted that the certifier 
should, as in other contexts, be responsible solely for stating that 
the documents were prepared under his or her direction or supervision 
in accordance with a system designed to ensure that qualified personnel 
would properly gather and evaluate the documents, and that based on his 
or her inquiry of those persons who were responsible for gathering the 
documents, to the best of his or her knowledge, the documents are 
accurate in all material respects.\1189\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1185\ Id.
    \1186\ Id.
    \1187\ Id.
    \1188\ Id.
    \1189\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the second commenter requested that the Commission 
provide guidance clarifying that if a certifying officer has complied 
in good faith with policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
confirm the accuracy and completeness of annual compliance report, both 
the SBS Entity and the certifying officer would have a basis for 
defending accusations of false, incomplete, or misleading statements or 
representations made in the report.\1190\ The commenter also requested 
a number of changes to the annual compliance report requirements in 
proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c) to harmonize them with the CFTC's parallel 
requirements.\1191\ The commenter argued that alignment of the content 
requirements for annual compliance reports ``would allow SBS Entities 
to leverage the extensive and rigorous procedures they have adopted to 
comply with the CFTC CCO Rule and related guidance.'' \1192\ 
Specifically, the recommended changes include: (1) Eliminating the 
proposed requirement to include a ``description of compliance'' in the 
annual compliance report, asserting that this requirement would add 
unnecessary ambiguity; (2) specifying that the report need only contain 
a description of the ``written'' compliance policies and procedures of 
the SBS Entity; (3) changing the proposed description requirement in 
proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(A) from ``enforcement'' of the SBS 
Entity's policies and procedures to an ``assessment of the 
effectiveness'' of such policies and procedures; (4) specifying that 
the requirement to describe material changes to policies and procedures 
in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(B) refers to the ``registrant's'' 
policies and procedures; (5) changing the proposed description 
requirement in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(C) from ``any 
recommendation for material changes to the policies and procedures'' to 
``areas for improvement, and recommended potential or prospective 
changes or improvements to its compliance program and resources devoted 
to compliance;'' (6) changing the proposed description requirement in 
proposed Rule 15F-1(c)(2)(i)(D) from ``any material compliance 
matters'' to ``any material non-compliance matters'' identified since 
the date of the preceding report (and eliminating the definition of 
material compliance matter); (7) aligning the deadline for filing of 
the compliance report with the CFTC's 90 day deadline; (8) allowing for 
submission of the compliance report to either the board of directors or 
the senior officer, as opposed to requiring submission to both the 
board of directors (and audit committee) and the senior officer, as 
proposed; (9) eliminating the proposed requirement that the report 
contain a written representation regarding the required annual meeting 
between the CEO and the CCO; (10) eliminating the proposed 
specifications for what topics such

[[Page 30054]]

meeting must cover; (11) allowing either the CCO or the senior officer 
to certify the annual compliance report to the best of his or her 
knowledge; and (12) providing for amendments to, extensions of filing 
deadlines for, and incorporation of other reports by reference in the 
annual compliance report.\1193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1190\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1191\ Id.
    \1192\ Id.
    \1193\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third commenter suggested: (1) Requiring the CCO to meet 
quarterly with the Audit Committee in addition to annual meetings with 
the board of directors and senior management; and (2) requiring the 
board to review and comment on, but not edit, the compliance 
report.\1194\ Similarly, the fourth commenter expressed support for 
requiring the audit committee to review and the CCO to certify the 
compliance report, and argued that the CCO should not be permitted to 
qualify its report.\1195\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1194\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5.
    \1195\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    Rule 15Fk-1, as adopted, is designed to be generally consistent 
with the current compliance obligations applicable to CCOs of other 
Commission-regulated entities,\1196\ as well as with the CFTC's CCO 
rules applicable to Swap Entities. As noted in the Proposing Release, 
the requirements of Rule 15Fk-1 underscore the central role that sound 
compliance programs play to help ensure compliance with the Exchange 
Act and rules and regulations thereunder applicable to security-based 
swaps.\1197\ The Commission believes that these requirements will help 
foster sound compliance programs.\1198\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1196\ See, e.g., FINRA Rule 3130; Rule 38a-1(a) under the 
Investment Company Act of 1940, 17 CFR 270.38a-1(a)(1); Rule 206(4)-
7(a) under the Advisers Act, 17 CFR 275.206(4)-7(a); Rule 13n-11 
under the Exchange Act, 17 CFR 240.13n-11.
    \1197\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42435, supra note 3.
    \1198\ See Exchange Act Sections 15F(h)(1)(B) (authorizing the 
Commission to prescribe duties for diligent supervision), and 
15F(h)(3)(D) (providing authority to prescribe business conduct 
standards). 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B) and 78o-10(h)(3)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Designation, Reporting Line, and Compensation and Removal of the CCO
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fk-1(a) (designation of the CCO), Rule 15Fk-1(b)(1) (reporting line 
of the CCO), Rule 15Fk-1(d) (compensation and removal of the CCO), and 
the associated definitions of ``board of directors'' and ``senior 
officer'' in Rule 15Fk-1(e)(1) and (2) as proposed. To address concerns 
that an SBS Entity's commercial interests might have undue influence on 
a CCO's ability to make forthright disclosure to the board of directors 
or the senior officer about any compliance failures, the rule is 
designed to help promote CCO independence and effectiveness by 
establishing a direct reporting line to the board or senior officer, 
and by requiring compensation and removal decisions to be made by a 
majority of the board of directors. Accordingly, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(1) 
requires the CCO to report directly to the board or senior officer of 
the SBS Entity.\1199\ In addition, pursuant to Rule 15Fk-1(d) any 
decision to remove the CCO from his or her responsibilities or approve 
his or her compensation must be made by a majority of the board. The 
Commission is not eliminating the requirement that only a majority of 
the board can approve the compensation or removal of the CCO, as 
suggested by one commenter,\1200\ nor is the Commission broadening the 
rule to allow an SBS Entity's senior officer to approve the 
compensation and removal of the CCO, as suggested by another 
commenter.\1201\ The Commission believes that eliminating the 
requirement that only a majority of the board can approve the 
compensation or removal of the CCO, or allowing an SBS Entity's senior 
officer to approve the compensation and removal of the CCO could 
undermine the CCO's independence and effectiveness, particularly if the 
CCO is responsible for reviewing the senior officer's compliance with 
the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.\1202\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1199\ One commenter recommended that the Commission define the 
term ``senior officer'' to include a more senior officer within the 
SBS Entity's compliance, risk, legal or other control function as 
the SBS Entity shall reasonably determine to be appropriate. See 
FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5. The Commission declines to make this 
change because it could potentially undercut the independence of the 
CCO, and as noted above, the Commission believes it is important for 
the CCO to be independent to mitigate potential conflicts for the 
CCO in reporting or addressing compliance failures. Another 
commenter requested that the Commission provide guidance specifying 
that if a division of a larger company is an SBS Entity, then the 
CCO of such entity could report to the senior officer of that 
division. See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5. The Commission 
has not yet addressed a process through which firms could submit an 
application for limited designation as an SBS Entity, such as for a 
division within a larger company. See Registration Adopting Release, 
80 FR at 48966 n.13, supra note 989 (addressing limited designation 
and registration).
    \1200\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1201\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1202\ This is consistent with the position the Commission took 
in adopting CCO requirements for security-based swap data 
repositories (``SDRs''). See Security-Based Swap Data Repository 
Registration, Duties, and Core Principles, Exchange Act Release No. 
74246 (Feb. 11, 2015), 80 FR 14438, 14507 (Mar. 19, 2015) (``SDR 
Registration Release'') (``The Commission is not extending the 
applicability of this rule to an SDR's senior officer because the 
Commission believes that this may unnecessarily create conflicts of 
interest for the CCO, particularly if the CCO is subsequently 
responsible for reviewing the senior officer's compliance with the 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.''). The 
Commission also declines to narrow the reporting line requirement to 
specify that the CCO must report only to the board of directors (and 
not the senior officer), as suggested by one commenter. See CFA, 
supra note 5. Exchange Act Section 15F(k)(2)(A) gives SBS Entities 
the flexibility of allowing the CCO to report to either the board or 
senior officer, and the Commission believes that requiring a 
majority of the board to approve the compensation or removal of the 
CCO is sufficient to promote the independence of the CCO, allowing 
for greater flexibility in the reporting line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In promoting a CCO's independence and effectiveness, the Commission 
does not believe that it is necessary to adopt additional requirements 
suggested by commenters prohibiting a CCO from having additional roles 
or responsibilities outside of compliance, such as being a member of 
the SBS Entity's legal department or from serving as the SBS Entity's 
general counsel.\1203\ To the extent that this poses a potential or 
existing conflict of interest, the Commission believes that an SBS 
Entity's written policies and procedures can be designed to adequately 
identify and mitigate any such conflict.\1204\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1203\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5; Barnard, supra note 5. Cf. 
SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5 (requesting clarification that 
the CCO may share additional executive responsibilities within the 
SBS Entity). The Commission is also not adopting a commenter's 
suggestion to require the appointment of a senior CCO with overall 
responsibility for compliance by a group of affiliated or controlled 
entities. See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5. The Commission believes 
entities should have the flexibility to design their organizational 
structure to meet their business needs.
    \1204\ As discussed in Section II.G.6, supra, Rule 15Fh-
3(h)(2)(iii)(H) requires SBS Entities to establish, maintain, and 
enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
prevent the supervisory system from being compromised due to the 
conflicts of interest that may be present with respect to the 
associated person being supervised. This is consistent with the 
position the Commission took in adopting CCO requirements for SDRs. 
See SDR Registration Release, 80 FR at 14507, supra note 1202 (``In 
promoting a CCO's independence and effectiveness, the Commission 
does not believe that it is necessary to adopt, as two commenters 
suggested, a rule prohibiting a CCO from being a member of the SDR's 
legal department or from serving as the SDR's general counsel. To 
the extent that this poses a potential or existing conflict of 
interest, the Commission believes that an SDR's written policies and 
procedures can be designed to adequately identify and mitigate any 
associated costs.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also is not adopting rules requiring independent 
board members to oversee the hiring, compensation and termination of 
the

[[Page 30055]]

CCO or any material changes to the CCO's duties, requiring the CCO to 
have direct access to the board, or expressly prohibiting attempts by 
officers, directors, or employees to coerce, mislead or otherwise 
interfere with the CCO, as suggested by commenters.\1205\ The 
Commission continues to believe that requiring a majority of the board 
to approve the compensation and removal of the CCO is appropriate to 
promote the CCO's independence and effectiveness, and believes that it 
is appropriate not to provide for additional requirements such as those 
suggested by the commenters.\1206\ With this approach, the Commission 
intends to promote the independence and effectiveness of the CCO while 
also providing SBS Entities flexibility in structuring their businesses 
and directing their compliance resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1205\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5; Barnard, supra note 5.
    \1206\ The Commission also believes that requiring a majority of 
the board to approve the compensation of the CCO will address a 
commenter's concern regarding designing the compensation of the CCO 
in a way that avoids conflicts of interest. See Barnard, supra note 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested requiring the CCO to meet certain 
competency standards, including criteria demonstrating relevant 
knowledge and experience.\1207\ Given the critical role that a CCO is 
intended to play in helping to ensure an SBS Entity's compliance with 
the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, the 
Commission believes that an SBS Entity's CCO generally should be 
competent and knowledgeable regarding the federal securities laws, 
empowered with full responsibility and authority to develop appropriate 
policies and procedures for the SBS Entity, as necessary, and 
responsible for monitoring compliance with the SBS Entity's policies 
and procedures adopted pursuant to rules under the Exchange Act.\1208\ 
However, we believe that such considerations are properly vested in the 
SBS Entity, based on the particulars of its business, and thus, the 
Commission is not adopting specific requirements concerning the 
background, training or business experience for a CCO.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1207\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5.
    \1208\ This is generally consistent with the position the 
Commission took in adopting CCO requirements for SDRs. See SDR 
Registration Release, 80 FR at 14510, supra note 1202 (``Given the 
critical role that a CCO is intended to play in ensuring an SDR's 
compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder, the Commission believes that an SDR's CCO should be 
competent and knowledgeable regarding the federal securities laws, 
should be empowered with full responsibility and authority to 
develop and enforce appropriate policies and procedures for the SDR, 
as necessary, and should be responsible for monitoring compliance 
with the SDR's policies and procedures adopted pursuant to rules 
under the Exchange Act. However, the Commission will not 
substantively review a CCO's competency, and is not requiring any 
particular level of competency or business experience for a CCO.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter asked that the Commission provide guidance 
regarding the supervisory liability of compliance and legal personnel 
employed by SBS Entities to reflect the guidance Commission staff has 
issued for broker-dealers' legal and compliance personnel.\1209\ The 
Commission recognizes that compliance and legal personnel play a 
critical role in efforts by regulated entities to develop and implement 
effective compliance systems, including by providing advice and counsel 
to business line personnel. As noted in the Proposing Release, the 
title of CCO does not, in and of itself, carry supervisory 
responsibilities, and a CCO does not become a ``supervisor'' solely 
because he or she has provided advice or counsel concerning compliance 
or legal issues to business line personnel, or assisted in the 
remediation of an issue. Consistent with current industry practice, the 
Commission generally would not expect a CCO appointed in accordance 
with Rule 15Fk-1 to have supervisory responsibilities outside of the 
compliance department.\1210\ Accordingly, absent facts and 
circumstances that establish otherwise, the Commission generally would 
not expect that a CCO would be subject to a sanction by the Commission 
for failure to supervise other SBS Entity personnel.\1211\ Moreover, a 
CCO with supervisory responsibilities could rely on the provisions of 
Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3), under which a person associated with an SBS Entity 
shall not be deemed to have failed to reasonably supervise another 
person if the conditions in the rule are met.\1212\ The fact that the 
Exchange Act does not presume that compliance or legal personnel are 
supervisors solely because of their compliance or legal functions does 
not in any way diminish the compliance duties of the CCO pursuant to 
Rule 15Fk-1(b), as discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1209\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5 (referencing 
Division of Trading and Markets Frequently Asked Questions about 
Liability of Compliance and Legal Personnel at Broker-Dealers under 
Sections 15(b)(4) and 15(b)(6) of the Exchange Act (Sept. 30, 2013), 
available at: http://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/faq-cco-supervision-093013.htm).
    \1210\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42436, supra note 3.
    \1211\ Id. Regardless of their status as supervisors, compliance 
and legal personnel who otherwise violate the federal securities 
laws or aid and abet or cause a violation may independently be held 
liable for such violations.
    \1212\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42436, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Duties of the CCO
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fk-1(b)(2)-(4) (duties of the CCO) with a number of modifications. In 
response to a commenter's concerns,\1213\ the modifications (discussed 
below) are primarily intended to provide certainty regarding the CCO's 
duties under the final rule, consistent with the duties in FINRA Rule 
3130 and the CFTC's CCO requirements for Swap Entities, and to clarify 
the role of the CCO generally. To the extent our requirements are 
consistent with FINRA and/or CFTC standards, this consistency should 
result in efficiencies for SBS Entities that have already established 
infrastructure to comply with the FINRA and/or CFTC standards. 
Consistent wording regarding expectations for CCOs will also allow such 
SBS Entities to more easily analyze compliance with the Commission's 
rule against their existing activities to comply with FINRA Rule 3130 
and the CFTC's CCO rule for Swap Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1213\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, we are reorganizing Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) to provide additional 
clarity and certainty as to the obligations of the CCO. Specifically, 
our modifications are designed to make clear that in taking reasonable 
steps to ensure that the SBS Entity establishes, maintains and reviews 
written policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve 
compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as an SBS Entity, the CCO must 
satisfy the three specific obligations enumerated in Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(2)(i)-(iii), discussed below.
    Second, in addition to the reorganization described above, we are 
making some changes to the descriptions of the duties listed in Rule 
15Fk-1(b)(2). As described above, we are making changes to the duty 
that now appears in Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2). Specifically, the Commission 
agrees with a commenter that it is the responsibility of the SBS 
Entity, not the CCO in his or her personal capacity, to establish and 
enforce required policies and procedures.\1214\ Accordingly, to reflect 
that, the Commission is qualifying the proposed requirement to 
establish, maintain and review policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to ensure compliance with the Exchange Act and rules and 
regulations thereunder with the qualifying language

[[Page 30056]]

``take reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant'' establishes, 
maintains and reviews such policies and procedures. The Commission is 
also changing the requirement in Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) from a requirement 
to ``ensure compliance'' to a requirement to ``achieve compliance'' 
with the Exchange Act and rules and regulations thereunder relating to 
the SBS Entity's business as an SBS Entity in response to a specific 
suggestion from a commenter,\1215\ and adding the word ``written'' 
before policies and procedures to clarify that the policies and 
procedures required by the rule must be written. Similar to the 
qualifying language with respect to the registrant's policies and 
procedures, the Commission is making the change from ``ensure 
compliance'' to ``achieve compliance'' to clarify that it is not the 
role of the CCO to ``ensure'' compliance. The Commission believes the 
formulation ``take reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant 
establishes, maintains and reviews written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance'' (as opposed to the proposed 
formulation of ``establish, maintain and review policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to ensure compliance'') more appropriately 
describes the CCO's role. The Commission also notes that the policies 
and procedures referred to in Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) include those required 
by Rules 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii), 15Fk-1(b)(2)(ii) and 15Fk-1(b)(2)(iii), and 
any other policies and procedures the SBS Entity deems necessary to 
achieve compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as an SBS Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1214\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1215\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are also modifying the three specific obligations of the CCO now 
enumerated in Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(i)-(iii) that the CCO must perform to 
satisfy his or her duty to take reasonable steps to ensure that the 
registrant establishes, maintains and reviews policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance. As adopted, Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(2)(i) requires the CCO to ``revie[w] the compliance of the [SBS 
Entity] with respect to the [SBS Entity] requirements described in 
[S]ection 15F of the [Exchange Act], and the rules and regulations 
thereunder, where the review shall involve preparing the registrant's 
annual assessment of its written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to achieve compliance with [S]ection 15F of the [Exchange Act] 
and the rules and regulations thereunder, by the [SBS Entity].'' The 
requirement that the CCO ``prepare the registrant's annual assessment 
of its'' written policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve 
compliance with Section 15F of the Exchange Act and the rules and 
regulations thereunder represents a change from the proposed 
requirement that the CCO ``establish, maintain and review'' such 
policies and procedures. We are making this change in response to a 
specific suggestion from a commenter.\1216\ As discussed above, the 
Commission agrees with the commenter that it is the responsibility of 
the SBS Entity, not the CCO in his or her personal capacity, to 
establish and enforce required policies and procedures, and believes 
that this change clarifies that point.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1216\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(ii) requires the CCO to ``tak[e] 
reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant establishes, maintains 
and reviews policies and procedures reasonably designed to remediate 
non-compliance issues identified by the [CCO] through any means, 
including any: (A) Compliance office review; (B) Look-back; (C) 
Internal or external audit finding; (D) Self-reporting to the 
Commission and other appropriate authorities; or (E) Complaint that can 
be validated.'' This represents a change from the proposed 
requirements: (1) That the CCO ``establish, maintain and review'' such 
policies and procedures, and (2) that such policies and procedures be 
reasonably designed to remediate ``promptly'' non-compliance issues. 
Additionally, as adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(iii) requires the CCO to 
``tak[e] reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant establishes and 
follows procedures reasonably designed for the handling, management 
response, remediation, retesting, and resolution of non-compliance 
issues.'' This also represents a change from the proposed requirements: 
(1) That the CCO ``establish and follow'' such procedures, and (2) that 
such procedures be reasonably designed for the ``prompt'' handling, 
management response, remediation, retesting, and resolution of non-
compliance issues.'' We are making these changes in response to 
specific suggestions from a commenter.\1217\ As discussed above, the 
Commission agrees with the commenter that it is the responsibility of 
the SBS Entity, not the CCO in his or her personal capacity, to 
establish and enforce required policies and procedures, and believes 
that the first change to each provision clarifies that point. 
Additionally, as discussed above, eliminating the proposed timing 
requirements with respect to the ``prompt'' remediation and handling of 
non-compliance issues provides greater consistency with the parallel 
CFTC requirements. With this change, the Commission intends to focus 
the CCO's efforts on the effective remediation and handling of non-
compliance issues, without placing undue emphasis on speed at the 
expense of other factors. We believe, however, that the remediation and 
handling of non-compliance issues generally should occur within a 
reasonable timeframe.
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    \1217\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the changes described above, the Commission is 
making one more modification to the duty to remediate non-compliance 
issues in final Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(ii). The proposed rule referred only 
to non-compliance issues ``identified by the [CCO] through any: (A) 
Compliance office review; (B) Look-back; (C) Internal or external audit 
finding; (D) Self-reporting to the Commission and other appropriate 
authorities; or (E) Complaint that can be validated.'' However, as 
noted above, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(iii) requires that the CCO ``tak[e] 
reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant establishes and follows 
procedures reasonably designed for the handling, management response, 
remediation, retesting, and resolution of non-compliance issues'' 
(emphasis added). Because this requirement is not limited to non-
compliance issues identified by the CCO through a specific means, the 
Commission believes it is appropriate to clarify that final Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(2)(ii) covers non-compliance issues identified by the CCO through 
any means, including the means specifically listed in sub-paragraphs 
(A)-(E) of the rule.
    Third, the Commission is modifying the duties of the CCO now 
enumerated in Rules 15Fk-1(b)(3) and (4). As adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(3) 
requires the CCO to ``[i]n consultation with the board of directors or 
the senior officer of the [SBS Entity], take reasonable steps to 
resolve any material conflicts of interest that may arise.'' This 
represents a change from the proposed requirement, which would have 
required the CCO to ``[i]n consultation with the board of directors or 
the senior officer of the [SBS Entity], promptly resolve any conflicts 
of interest that may arise.'' The Commission is adding the ``take 
reasonable steps'' language and materiality qualifier to further 
clarify and qualify the role of the CCO in resolving conflicts of 
interest in response to concerns raised by commenters.\1218\ Such 
conflicts of

[[Page 30057]]

interest could include conflicts between the commercial interests of an 
SBS Entity and its statutory and regulatory responsibilities, and 
conflicts between, among, or with associated persons of the SBS Entity. 
As noted in the Proposing Release and consistent with the discussions 
of the CCO's role above, the Commission understands that the primary 
responsibility for the resolution of conflicts generally lies with the 
business units within SBS Entities because the business line personnel 
are those with the power to make decisions regarding the business of 
the SBS Entity.\1219\ As a result, the Commission anticipates that the 
CCO's role with respect to such resolution and mitigation of conflicts 
of interest would include the recommendation of one or more actions, as 
well as the appropriate escalation and reporting with respect to any 
issues related to the proposed resolution of potential or actual 
conflicts of interest, rather than responsibility to execute the 
business actions that may be associated with the ultimate resolution of 
such conflicts. Furthermore, the Commission recognizes that a CCO 
typically will not exercise the supervisory authority to resolve 
conflicts of interest, and the revisions to the rule are intended to 
clarify that CCOs are not required to actually resolve such 
conflicts.\1220\ Finally, in response to a specific suggestion made by 
a commenter,\1221\ the Commission is eliminating the proposed timing 
requirement with respect to the ``prompt'' resolution of conflicts of 
interest to harmonize with the parallel CFTC requirement. With this 
change, the Commission intends to focus the CCO's efforts on the 
effective resolution of conflicts of interest, without placing undue 
emphasis on speed at the expense of other factors. We believe, however, 
that the resolution of conflicts of interest generally should occur 
within a reasonable timeframe.
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    \1218\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (requesting confirmation 
that the relevant conflicts of interest under proposed Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(3) would be those which are reasonably identified by the SBS 
Entity's policies and procedures, taking into consideration the 
nature of the SBS Entity's business); SIFMA (September 2015), supra 
note 5 (recommending qualifying the requirement to promptly resolve 
conflicts of interest in consultation with the board or senior 
officer with the qualifying language ``take reasonable steps to'' 
resolve, and requesting guidance explaining that resolution of a 
conflict of interest encompasses both elimination and mitigation of 
the conflict and that the CCO's role in resolving conflicts may 
involve actions other than making the ultimate decision with regard 
to such conflict).
    \1219\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42436, supra note 3.
    \1220\ This is consistent with the position the Commission took 
in adopting a similar requirement for CCOs of SDRs. See SDR 
Registration Release, 80 FR at 14510, supra note 1202. The 
Commission is not, as suggested by one commenter, expressly 
requiring the CCO to highlight in the annual compliance report any 
recommendations he or she made with regard to resolution or 
mitigation of conflicts of interest that were not adopted. See CFA, 
supra note 5. The Commission believes the requirement in Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(i)(C) to include a description in the annual compliance 
report of areas for improvement, and recommended potential or 
prospective changes or improvements to its compliance program and 
resources, as discussed below, will adequately cover such issues. 
The requirement is broadly framed and will allow the CCO the 
flexibility to include in the annual compliance report a description 
of any areas where the CCO thinks the compliance program needs to be 
improved, including, as appropriate, any recommendations the CCO 
made with regard to the resolution or mitigation of conflicts of 
interest that have not yet been adopted.
    \1221\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4) requires the CCO to ``[a]dminister 
each policy and procedure that is required to be established pursuant 
to [S]ection 15F of the [Exchange Act] and the rules and regulations 
thereunder.'' This represents a change from the proposed requirement 
that the CCO ``be responsible for'' administering such policies and 
procedures. The Commission is eliminating the words ``be responsible 
for'' because we believe they are unnecessary and could cause 
confusion. The CCO is responsible for complying with all of the duties 
listed in Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)-(4). Commenters requested clarifications as 
to what the CCO's administration of the required policies and 
procedures would entail.\1222\ The Commission recognizes that the CCO 
cannot be a guarantor of the SBS Entity's conduct. The Commission 
believes that such administration generally should involve: (1) 
Reviewing, evaluating, and advising the SBS Entity and its risk 
management and compliance personnel on the development, implementation 
and monitoring of the policies and procedures of the SBS Entity, 
including procedures reasonably designed for the handling, management 
response, remediation, retesting and resolution of non-compliance 
issues as required by Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2)(iii); and (2) reviewing, 
evaluating, following and reasonably responding to the development, 
implementation and monitoring of the SBS Entity's processes for (a) 
modifying its policies and procedures as business, regulatory and 
legislative changes dictate; (b) evidencing supervision by the 
personnel responsible for the execution of its policies and procedures; 
(c) testing the SBS Entity's compliance with, and the adequacy of, its 
policies and procedures; and (d) resolving, escalating and reporting 
issues or concerns. In carrying out this administration, the Commission 
believes that the CCO generally should consult, as appropriate, with 
business lines, management and independent review groups regarding 
resolution of compliance issues.
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    \1222\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5 (requesting the 
addition of rule text explaining that ``such administration shall 
involve advising on the development of, and reviewing, the 
registrant's processes for (i) modifying those policies and 
procedures as business, regulatory and legislative changes and 
events dictate, (ii) evidencing supervision by the personnel 
responsible for the execution of those policies and procedures, and 
(iii) testing the registrant's compliance with those policies and 
procedures''); FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (requesting 
clarification that a CCO's responsibility to administer a firm's 
policies and procedures is limited to coordinating supervisors' 
administration of the relevant policies and procedures).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Annual Compliance Report
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting Rule 
15Fk-1(c) (annual compliance report) with a number of modifications, as 
discussed below. In response to concerns raised by a commenter,\1223\ 
these changes are primarily intended to harmonize the annual compliance 
report requirements with the CFTC's parallel requirements. As discussed 
above, this consistency will result in efficiencies for SBS Entities 
that have already established infrastructure to comply with the CFTC 
requirements. Consistent wording regarding expectations for the annual 
compliance report will also allow such SBS Entities to more easily 
analyze compliance with the Commission's rule against their existing 
activities to comply with the CFTC's parallel rule for Swap Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1223\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, the Commission is making a clarifying change to Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(1) to consistently refer to the annual report required by Rule 
15Fk-1(c) as the ``compliance report.'' This wording change will not 
alter the substantive requirements of the rule. It is only meant to 
clarify that the rule refers to a single annual compliance report. 
Second, the Commission is eliminating the proposed requirement to 
include a description of ``the compliance'' of the SBS Entity in the 
annual compliance report in response to concerns raised by 
commenters,\1224\ and specifying that the requirement to include a 
description of the compliance policies and procedures only requires a 
description of the ``written'' compliance policies and procedures of 
the SBS Entity pursuant to Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1), in response to a specific 
suggestion from a commenter.\1225\ The Commission agrees

[[Page 30058]]

with commenters that the proposed requirement to describe ``the 
compliance'' of the SBS Entity was vague and believes these clarifying 
changes will facilitate SBS Entities' compliance with the rule, which 
will still require an SBS Entity to provide information demonstrating 
how the SBS Entity complies with the applicable requirements of the 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder in the form of 
the SBS Entity's written compliances policies and procedures. As 
adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(c)(1) requires the CCO to ``annually prepare and 
sign a compliance report that contains a description of the written 
policies and procedures of the [SBS Entity] described in paragraph (b) 
(including the code of ethics and conflict of interest policies).'' The 
Commission believes that SBS Entities can fulfill this requirement by 
either providing copies or summaries of their written compliance 
policies and procedures in the annual compliance report. These changes 
will also harmonize the annual compliance report requirements with the 
CFTC's parallel requirements, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1224\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5.
    \1225\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5. Cf. Commodity 
Exchange Act Rule 3.3(e)(1) (``The annual report shall, at a minimum 
. . . [c]ontain a description of the written policies and 
procedures, including the code of ethics and conflicts of interest 
policies, of the futures commission merchant, swap dealer, or major 
swap participant.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is also making certain modifications to the required 
content of the annual compliance report in Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2) in 
response to specific suggestions from a commenter.\1226\ First, the 
Commission is specifying that the requirement to describe material 
changes to policies and procedures since the date of the preceding 
compliance report in Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(B) refers to the 
``registrant's'' policies and procedures. This is a clarification and 
does not change the substance of the requirement. The phrase ``since 
the date of the preceding compliance report'' in the rule refers to the 
coverage date of the prior year's compliance report, not the date on 
which it was prepared. Accordingly, pursuant to Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(i)(B), as adopted, an SBS Entity must describe in its annual 
compliance report any material changes to the SBS Entity's policies and 
procedures for the time period covered by the report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1226\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the Commission is making a number of changes to harmonize 
the content requirements for the annual compliance report with the 
CFTC's parallel requirements for the annual compliance reports of Swap 
Entities. The Commission agrees with the commenter that alignment of 
the content requirements will allow SBS Entities that are also 
registered as Swap Entities to leverage the procedures they have 
adopted to comply with the CFTC's parallel CCO rule.\1227\ 
Specifically, the Commission is changing the proposed requirement in 
Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(A) that the annual compliance report contain a 
description of the ``enforcement'' of the SBS Entity's policies and 
procedures to an ``assessment of the effectiveness'' of such policies 
and procedures.\1228\ The Commission believes that an ``assessment of 
the effectiveness'' of the SBS Entity's policies and procedures is a 
more appropriate description because the Commission is looking for a 
self-evaluation in the annual compliance report, not a detailed 
description of the mechanisms through which the SBS Entity's policies 
and procedures are enforced. Additionally, the Commission believes that 
providing consistency with the parallel CFTC requirement will allow SBS 
Entities to leverage any existing procedures, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1227\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1228\ Cf. Commodity Exchange Act Rule 3.3(e)(2)(ii) (``The 
annual report shall, at a minimum . . . [r]eview each applicable 
requirement under the Act and Commission regulations, and with 
respect to each . . . [p]rovide an assessment as to the 
effectiveness of these policies and procedures.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is also changing the proposed requirement in Rule 
15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(C) that the annual compliance report contain a 
description of ``any recommendation for material changes to the 
policies and procedures'' to a requirement to describe ``areas for 
improvement, and recommended potential or prospective changes or 
improvements to its compliance program and resources devoted to 
compliance.'' \1229\ As discussed above, this change is in response to 
a specific suggestion from a commenter.\1230\ A description of ``areas 
for improvement, and recommended potential or prospective changes or 
improvements to [an SBS Entity's] compliance program and resources 
devoted to compliance'' is broader and would include any 
recommendations made by the CCO with respect to material changes to the 
SBS Entity's compliance policies and procedures. Accordingly, the 
Commission does not believe this wording change diminishes the scope of 
the required content of the annual compliance report. At the same time, 
however, this wording change makes the rule consistent with the 
parallel CFTC requirements and thus will allow SBS Entities to leverage 
any existing procedures, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1229\ Cf. Commodity Exchange Act Rule 3.3(e)(2)(iii) (``The 
annual report shall, at a minimum . . . [r]eview each applicable 
requirement under the Act and Commission regulations, and with 
respect to each . . . [d]iscuss areas for improvement, and recommend 
potential or prospective changes or improvements to its compliance 
program and resources devoted to compliance.'').
    \1230\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Commission is changing the proposed requirement 
that the annual compliance report contain a description of ``any 
material compliance matters identified since the date of the preceding 
compliance report'' to a requirement to describe ``any material non-
compliance matters identified'' in Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i)(D).\1231\ The 
change from ``material compliance matter'' to ``material non-compliance 
matter'' is in response to a specific suggestion from a 
commenter.\1232\ It is not a substantive change and is simply intended 
to provide consistency with the parallel CFTC requirement to allow SBS 
Entities to leverage any existing procedures, as discussed above. The 
Commission is also otherwise adopting the definition of material non-
compliance matter in Rule 15Fk-1(e)(4), as proposed.\1233\ The 
elimination of the phrase ``since the date of the preceding compliance 
report'' in the final rule is also intended to harmonize with the 
parallel CFTC requirement and respond to commenters' general concerns 
regarding consistency with parallel CFTC requirements.\1234\ 
Additionally, with this change, the Commission intends to clarify that 
the annual compliance report should describe both material non-
compliance matters that are newly identified during the time period 
covered by the report and previously identified material non-compliance 
matters that have not yet been resolved as of the end of the time 
period covered by the report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1231\ Cf. Commodity Exchange Act Rule 3.3(e)(5) (``The annual 
report shall, at a minimum . . . [d]escribe any material non-
compliance issues identified, and the corresponding action 
taken.'').
    \1232\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1233\ The Commission declines to eliminate the definition of 
material non-compliance matter to be consistent with the CFTC's 
parallel requirement (which does not contain a definition), as 
suggested by a commenter. See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5. 
The Commission believes it is important to provide an explanation in 
the rule of what should be included in the annual compliance report.
    \1234\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Nomura, supra note 5.
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    Finally, the Commission is adding a requirement in Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(i)(E) for an SBS Entity to include a description in its annual 
compliance report of the ``financial, managerial, operational, and 
staffing resources set aside for compliance with the [Exchange Act] and 
the rules and regulations

[[Page 30059]]

thereunder relating to [the SBS Entity's] business as [an SBS Entity], 
including any material deficiencies in such resources.'' \1235\ The 
Commission is adding this requirement to harmonize with the CFTC's 
parallel content requirement for the annual compliance reports of Swap 
Entities, and to respond to commenters' general concerns regarding 
consistency with parallel CFTC requirements.\1236\ The Commission 
believes that a description of an SBS Entity's compliance resources and 
any deficiencies in such resources will be useful in assessing the 
compliance of the SBS Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1235\ Cf. Commodity Exchange Act Rule 3.3(e)(4) (``The annual 
report shall, at a minimum . . . [d]escribe the financial, 
managerial, operational, and staffing resources set aside for 
compliance with respect to the [Commodity Exchange Act] and [CFTC] 
regulations, including any material deficiencies in such 
resources.'').
    \1236\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; Nomura, supra note 5.
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    The Commission is also making a number of changes with respect to 
the submission of the annual compliance report. First, the Commission 
is aligning the deadline for submitting the report with the CFTC's 
deadline of 90 days after the end of the Swap Entity's fiscal year in 
response to concerns raised by a commenter.\1237\ As adopted, Rule 
15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(A) will require an SBS Entity's compliance report to 
``be submitted to the Commission within 30 days following the deadline 
for filing the [SBS Entity's] annual financial report with the 
Commission pursuant to Section 15F of the Act and rules and regulations 
thereunder.'' \1238\ This represents a change from the proposed 
requirement that the compliance report ``[a]ccompany each appropriate 
financial report of the [SBS Entity] that is required to be furnished 
to or filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 15F of the Act and 
rules and regulations thereunder.'' In response to concerns raised by a 
commenter, this change will provide SBS Entities with additional time 
to prepare their annual compliance reports after they have filed their 
annual financials.\1239\ The Commission proposed a 60 day deadline from 
the end of the SBS Entity's fiscal year for the filing of an SBS 
Entity's annual financials, so to the extent the Commission adopts its 
proposed deadline for the annual financials, this change should also 
result in consistency with the CFTC's 90 day deadline for furnishing 
the annual compliance report.\1240\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1237\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5; No-Action 
Relief for Futures Commission Merchants, Swap Dealers, and Major 
Swap Participants from Compliance with the Timing Requirements of 
Commission Regulation 3.3(f)(2) Relating to Annual Reports by Chief 
Compliance Officers, CFTC Letter No. 15-15 (Mar. 27, 2015), 
available at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@lrlettergeneral/documents/letter/15-15.pdf.
    \1238\ Section 15F(k)(3)(B)(i) of the Exchange Act provides that 
a compliance report shall ``accompany each appropriate financial 
report of the [SBS Entity] that is required to be furnished to the 
Commission pursuant to this section.'' 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(k)(3)(B)(i). 
The Commission is interpreting ``accompany'' in Section 
15F(k)(3)(B)(i) to mean follow within 30 days.
    \1239\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1240\ See Recordkeeping Release, 79 FR at 25135, supra note 
242.
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    Second, in connection with the change described above, the 
Commission is eliminating the proposed provision that ``[i]f compliance 
reports are separately bound from the financial statements, the 
compliance reports shall be accorded confidential treatment to the 
extent permitted by law.'' The Commission believes this provision is no 
longer necessary in light of the changes we are making to Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(ii)(A), discussed above, which will no longer require the 
compliance report to accompany the SBS Entity's financial report. SBS 
Entities may request confidential treatment for their annual compliance 
reports pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 24b-2.\1241\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1241\ See 17 CFR 240.24b-2. The change to the rule renders moot 
a commenter's request that the Commission amend its FOIA regulations 
in a manner consistent with proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iii). See 
FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, in response to comment,\1242\ the Commission is adding a new 
Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iii) allowing an SBS Entity to request from the 
Commission an extension of the deadline for submitting its annual 
compliance report to the Commission. The Commission agrees with the 
commenter that it is appropriate to establish a framework for when an 
SBS Entity is unable to meet the deadline. Pursuant to Rule 15Fk-
1(c)(2)(iii), an SBS Entity may request an extension, provided that the 
SBS Entity's failure to timely submit the report could not be 
eliminated without unreasonable effort or expense. Extensions of the 
deadline will be granted at the discretion of the Commission. Rule 
15Fk-1(c)(2)(iii) will also be consistent with CFTC rules regarding 
extensions of deadlines for compliance reports by Swap Entities.\1243\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1242\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1243\ See Swap Dealer and Major Swap Participant Recordkeeping, 
Reporting, and Duties Rules; Futures Commission Merchant and 
Introducing Broker Conflicts of Interest Rules; and Chief Compliance 
Officer Rules for Swap Dealers, Major Swap Participants, and Futures 
Commission Merchants, 77 FR 20128, 20201 (Apr. 3, 2012) (``CFTC CCO 
Adopting Release'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fourth, the Commission is changing the required timing of 
submission of the compliance report to the board of directors, audit 
committee and senior officer of the SBS Entity. The timing requirement 
in proposed Rule 15Fk-1(c)(3)(ii)(B) (``at the earlier of their next 
scheduled meeting or within 45 days of the date of execution of the 
required certification'') was based on the timeframe provided in the 
FINRA rule regarding annual certification of compliance and supervisory 
processes.\1244\ The FINRA rule allows for submission of the compliance 
report to the board of directors either before or after execution of 
the required certification.\1245\ The Commission understands, however, 
that prudent corporate governance generally would require submission to 
the board of directors and senior officer before the execution of the 
certification. Accordingly, as adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(B) 
requires that the compliance report be submitted to the board of 
directors, audit committee and senior officer of the SBS Entity ``prior 
to submission to the Commission.'' This timing requirement will be 
consistent with both Commission rules regarding compliance reports by 
SDRs and CFTC rules regarding compliance reports by Swap 
Entities.\1246\ This consistency with CFTC requirements will allow SBS 
Entities to leverage any existing procedures, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1244\ See FINRA Rule 3130(c).
    \1245\ Id.
    \1246\ See SDR Registration Release, 80 FR at 14512, supra note 
1202; CFTC CCO Adopting Release, 77 FR at 20201, supra note 1243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission declines to modify this provision, as suggested by a 
commenter, to allow for submission of the compliance report to either 
the board or the senior officer.\1247\ The Commission believes that 
requiring submission to the board, audit committee and senior officer 
will promote an effective compliance system by ensuring that all of 
these groups, not just the senior officer, have the opportunity to 
review the report. The Commission believes it is important for the 
board, the audit committee and the senior officer to all have the 
opportunity to receive the compliance report so that they remain 
informed regarding the SBS Entity's compliance system in the context of 
their overall responsibility for governance and internal controls of 
the SBS Entity. However, the Commission declines to explicitly require 
the board to review and comment on the compliance report, require the 
audit committee to review the compliance report, or require the CCO to 
meet quarterly with the audit committee, as

[[Page 30060]]

suggested by other commenters.\1248\ The Commission does not think it 
is necessary to explicitly require the board, audit committee or senior 
officer to review or comment on the compliance report that they 
receive, or to require the CCO to meet with the audit committee because 
we believe the goals of the rule can be achieved without such a 
requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1247\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1248\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; Better 
Markets (October 2013), supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, in response to concerns raised by a commenter \1249\ 
and to harmonize with the parallel CFTC requirement and FINRA Rule 
3130, the Commission is eliminating: (1) The proposed requirement that 
the report contain a written representation regarding the required 
annual meeting between the senior officer and the CCO, and (2) the 
proposed specifications for what topics such meeting must cover. The 
Commission agrees with the commenter that since the purpose of the 
required annual meeting between the senior officer and CCO is to 
discuss the annual compliance report and since the contents of the 
annual compliance report are already specified in Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(i), 
it is unnecessary to also specify the topics that should be discussed 
in the annual meeting. Additionally, this consistency with CFTC and 
FINRA requirements will allow SBS Entities to leverage any existing 
procedures, as discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1249\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address concerns raised by commenters,\1250\ we also are 
modifying Rule15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(D) to provide that either the senior 
officer or CCO can execute the compliance report certification and to 
add knowledge and materiality qualifiers to the certification 
requirement. The proposed rule would have required the compliance 
report to include a certification that, under penalty of law, the 
compliance report is accurate and complete, without specifying who must 
execute the certification. As adopted, Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(D) 
requires the compliance report to include a certification ``from the 
senior officer or Chief Compliance Officer that, to the best of his or 
her knowledge and reasonable belief, under penalty of law, the 
compliance report is accurate and complete in all material respects.'' 
The Commission believes that allowing either the senior officer or CCO 
to execute the certification is appropriate because both the senior 
officer and the CCO should be in a position to certify the accuracy and 
completeness of the compliance report. As noted by a commenter,\1251\ 
Exchange Act Section 15F(k)(3)(B)(ii) requires that the compliance 
report include a certification but does not specify who must execute 
the certification.\1252\ The FINRA rule regarding annual certification 
of compliance and supervisory processes requires the CEO (or an 
equivalent officer) to execute the certification.\1253\ In contrast, 
Commission rules regarding compliance reports by SDRs require the CCO 
to execute the certification.\1254\ CFTC rules regarding compliance 
reports by Swap Entities allow either the CEO or the CCO to execute the 
required certification.\1255\ Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(ii)(D) will be 
consistent with the parallel CFTC rule and will allow flexibility for 
SBS Entities who might also be registered broker-dealers and FINRA 
members, and therefore, subject to the FINRA rule regarding annual 
certification of compliance and supervisory processes. As discussed 
above, consistency with CFTC requirements will allow SBS Entities to 
leverage any existing procedures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1250\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5 (requesting that the CEO 
or other relevant senior officer be the individual responsible for 
executing the certification, or in the alternative, if the CCO is 
required to certify, that the CEO also be required to do so); CFA, 
supra note 5 (requesting that the CCO be the individual responsible 
for executing the certification); SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 
5 (requesting that either the senior officer or CCO be permitted to 
execute the certification).
    \1251\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1252\ See Section 15F(k)(3)(B)(ii) of the Exchange Act, 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(k)(3)(B)(ii).
    \1253\ See FINRA Rule 3130(c).
    \1254\ See SDR Registration Release, 80 FR at 14511-14512, supra 
note 1202.
    \1255\ See CFTC CCO Adopting Release, 77 FR at 20201, supra note 
1243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Commission believes it is appropriate to add the 
knowledge and materiality qualifiers described above to the required 
certification to address commenters' concerns regarding the liability 
standard for the certification.\1256\ The Commission believes that a 
certification to the best of the knowledge and reasonable belief of the 
certifying officer that the compliance report is accurate and complete 
in all material respects is appropriate to ensure effective reporting 
with respect to the compliance of the SBS Entity.\1257\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1256\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (September 2015), 
supra note 5. Contra. CFA, supra note 5 (arguing that the CCO should 
not be permitted to qualify its report).
    \1257\ Cf. General Rule of Practice 153(b)(1)(ii), 17 CFR 
201.153(b)(1)(ii) (requiring an attorney who signs a filing with the 
Commission to certify that ``to the best of his or her knowledge, 
information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry, the filing 
is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good 
faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of 
existing law'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to a specific suggestion from a commenter,\1258\ the 
Commission is also adding a new Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iv) allowing an SBS 
Entity to incorporate by reference sections of a compliance report that 
have been submitted within the current or immediately preceding 
reporting period to the Commission. The rule allows an SBS Entity to: 
(1) Incorporate by reference items from a previous year's compliance 
report, or (2) for an SBS Entity that is registered in more than one 
capacity with the Commission and required to submit more than one 
compliance report,\1259\ incorporate by reference into its compliance 
report required by Rule 15Fk-1(c) sections in another compliance report 
submitted to the Commission by it in its capacity as another type of 
registered entity within the current or immediately preceding reporting 
period.\1260\ The Commission is limiting incorporation by reference to 
reports submitted within the current or immediately preceding reporting 
period, which will be the fiscal year of the SBS Entity, because we 
want to ensure that compliance reports do not simply continue to refer 
back to prior year's reports. Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(iv) will also be 
consistent with CFTC rules regarding compliance reports by Swap 
Entities.\1261\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1258\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1259\ See SDR Registration Release, 80 FR at 14510-14512, supra 
note 1202.
    \1260\ The Commission declines to permit the consolidation of 
annual compliance reporting requirements for SBS Entities under 
common control, as suggested by one commenter. See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, 
supra note 5. The Commission believes it is appropriate to require 
an SBS Entity to submit a separate compliance report, as 
contemplated by Section 15F(k)(3)(B) of the Exchange Act. However, 
as discussed above, the Commission has made a number of changes to 
Rule 15Fk-1 to further harmonize the requirements of the rule with 
FINRA Rule 3130 and the CFTC's CCO requirements for Swap Entities so 
that SBS Entities that are also registered broker-dealers that are 
FINRA members and/or Swap Entities can leverage their existing 
procedures to comply with the rule.
    \1261\ See CFTC CCO Adopting Release, 77 FR at 20201, supra note 
1243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in response to a specific suggestion from a 
commenter,\1262\ the Commission is adding a new Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(v) 
requiring an SBS Entity to submit an amended compliance report if 
material errors or omissions in the report are identified. The amended 
report must contain the required certification by the CCO or senior 
officer, described above. The Commission is adding this rule to promote 
accurate and complete compliance reports. When an SBS Entity discovers 
a material error or omission in its annual compliance report subsequent 
to submitting the

[[Page 30061]]

report to the Commission, we believe it is appropriate for an SBS 
Entity to be required to submit an amended report. This does not 
include a situation where an SBS Entity's annual compliance report 
becomes inaccurate or incomplete due to events occurring after the 
coverage date of the report. Material errors or omissions should be 
judged as of the coverage date of the report. Rule 15Fk-1(c)(2)(v) will 
also be consistent with CFTC rules regarding amended compliance reports 
by Swap Entities.\1263\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1262\ See SIFMA (September 2015), supra note 5.
    \1263\ See CFTC CCO Adopting Release, 77 FR at 20201, supra note 
1243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Prime Brokerage Transactions

    One commenter recommended that the Commission adopt a new rule that 
would, in connection with security-based swaps executed under a prime 
brokerage arrangement, permit the executing dealer and prime broker to 
allocate responsibility for compliance with certain external business 
conduct obligations in a manner consistent with CFTC No-Action Letter 
13-11.\1264\ The commenter noted that the Commission staff has 
previously addressed circumstances in which the executing broker and 
prime broker in a securities prime brokerage arrangement allocate 
certain responsibilities between themselves in different 
contexts.\1265\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1264\ See SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
    \1265\ See Letter to Mr. Jeffrey C. Bernstein, Prime Broker 
Committee, from Brandon Becker, Director, Division of Market 
Regulation, Commission, dated January 25, 1994.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter described a particular situation in which a 
counterparty (``Prime Broker Client'') enters into an agreement with a 
registered SBS Dealer (``Prime Broker''). That agreement establishes 
parameters under which the Prime Broker Client, acting as agent of the 
Prime Broker, can negotiate and enter into security-based swaps with 
certain registered SBS Dealers (collectively, the ``Executing 
Dealer''). If a security-based swap negotiated by the Prime Broker 
Client with the Executing Dealer is accepted by the Prime Broker, the 
Prime Broker will enter into a corresponding security-based swap with 
the Prime Broker Client, the terms of which mirror the terms of the 
security-based swap between the Executing Dealer and the Prime Broker, 
subject to associated prime brokerage fees agreed by the parties.
    In these circumstances, the Prime Broker Client may have entered 
into a security-based swap with the Prime Broker based not only on 
communications with the Prime Broker but also on communications 
including disclosure of material terms and other representations, and 
possibly on the basis of a recommendation by the Executing Dealer. 
According to this commenter, in these circumstances, the Prime Broker 
is in the best position to take responsibility for compliance with the 
external business conduct standards that relate to the general 
relationship between the Prime Broker and the Prime Broker Client, 
whereas the Executing Dealer is in the best position to take 
responsibility for compliance with business conduct standards that are 
transaction-specific. The commenter expressed the view that unless SBS 
Dealers are permitted to allocate compliance with the external business 
conduct standards between the Prime Broker and the Executing Dealer, it 
would be impossible to continue existing prime brokerage 
arrangements.\1266\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1266\ We recognize that there may be other ways that parties 
structure their prime brokerage arrangements. The above discussion 
is based on the description of the arrangement in the proposed rule 
text provided by the commenter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter proposed a rule under which the Prime Broker and the 
Executing Dealer would have the full range of business conduct 
obligations that they would allocate between themselves. The 
commenter's request is beyond the scope of this rulemaking although we 
acknowledge the concerns raised by the commenter, and may consider them 
in the future.

K. Other Comments

    The CFTC proposed rules regarding best execution and front running 
that it did not ultimately adopt. One commenter urged the Commission to 
adopt a best execution requirement similar to the CFTC's 
proposal.\1267\ Another commenter urged the Commission not to adopt a 
prohibition on front running.\1268\ Although the Commission is not 
adopting such rules, we note that SBS Entities remain subject to the 
antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws, including the 
antifraud provisions of Exchange Act Section 15H(h)(4)(A) and Rule 
15Fh-4(a), as discussed in Section II.H.4, with respect to their 
dealings with counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1267\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \1268\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5. Front running 
refers to an entity entering into a transaction for its own benefit 
ahead of executing a counterparty transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission did not propose rules regarding portfolio 
reconciliation and compression. Four commenters generally supported 
portfolio reconciliation and compression requirements.\1269\ A fifth 
commenter asserted that inter-affiliate swaps should not trigger 
portfolio reconciliation and compression requirements.\1270\ The 
Commission is not adopting rules regarding portfolio reconciliation and 
compression at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1269\ See Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; Markit, 
supra note 5; MarkitSERV, supra note 5.
    \1270\ See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Cross-Border Application and Availability of Substituted 
Compliance

A. Cross-Border Application of Business Conduct Requirements

1. Proposed Rule
    The Commission proposed generally to apply all requirements in 
Section 15F of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations 
thereunder, to all SBS Entities, whether U.S. persons or non-U.S. 
persons.\1271\ The Commission also proposed to classify each 
requirement that applies to SBS Entities either as a transaction-level 
requirement, which applies to specific transactions, or as an entity-
level requirement, which applies to the dealing entity as a 
whole.\1272\ In this taxonomy, entity-level requirements would include 
most requirements applicable to SBS Entities, including those relating 
to the CCO requirements under Section 15F(k) of the Exchange Act, the 
supervision requirement under Section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act, 
and the requirement to establish procedures to comply with the duties 
set forth in Section 15F(j) of the Exchange Act, including conflict of 
interest systems and procedures.\1273\ Transaction-level requirements 
would include primarily business conduct standards under Section 15F(h) 
of the Exchange Act (except for the diligent supervision requirement 
under Section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act).\1274\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1271\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31009, 31035, 
supra note 6. The Commission noted in the Cross-Border Proposing 
Release its longstanding ``view that an entity that has registered 
with the Commission subjects itself to the entire regulatory system 
governing such registered entities.'' Id. at 30986.
    \1272\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31009, 31035, 
supra note 6.
    \1273\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31014-15, 
31035, supra note 6.
    \1274\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31010, 31035, 
supra note 6. See also U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27473, 
supra note 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposed approach, the entity-level requirements would 
apply to all transactions of an SBS Entity, regardless of the U.S.-
person status of the SBS Entity or its counterparty to any particular 
transaction.\1275\ With respect to the business conduct standards under 
Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act (except for the diligent supervision 
requirement under Section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act), however, 
the

[[Page 30062]]

Commission proposed to provide an exception from these requirements for 
certain transactions of SBS Entities, proposing slightly different 
approaches for SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1275\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31026-27, 
31035, supra note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to SBS Dealers, the Commission proposed a rule that 
would have provided that registered foreign SBS Dealers and registered 
U.S. SBS Dealers, with respect to their foreign business, would not be 
subject to the requirements relating to business conduct standards 
described in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act,\1276\ and the rules 
and regulations thereunder, other than the rules and regulations 
prescribed by the Commission pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B).\1277\ 
The proposed rule would define ``foreign business'' for both foreign 
SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS Dealers to mean any security-based swap 
transactions entered into, or offered to be entered into, by or on 
behalf of the SBS Dealer that do not include its U.S. business.\1278\ 
The proposed definition of ``U.S. business,'' however, would differ for 
foreign SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS Dealers. For a foreign SBS Dealer, 
``U.S. business'' would mean (i) any transaction entered into, or 
offered to be entered into, by or on behalf of such foreign SBS Dealer, 
with a U.S. person (other than with a foreign branch), or (ii) any 
transaction conducted within the United States.\1279\ For a U.S. SBS 
Dealer, ``U.S. business'' would mean any transaction by or on behalf of 
such U.S. SBS Dealer, wherever entered into or offered to be entered 
into, other than a transaction conducted through a foreign branch with 
a non-U.S. person or another foreign branch of a U.S. person.\1280\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1276\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h). See proposed Rule 3a71-3(c) 
(providing a partial exception from certain transaction-level 
business conduct standards for foreign SBS Dealers in connection 
with their foreign business); see also Cross-Border Proposing 
Release, 78 FR 31016-18, supra note 6.
    \1277\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31016, supra 
note 6. Section 15F(h)(1)(B) requires registered SBS Dealers to 
conform with such business conduct standards relating to diligent 
supervision as the Commission shall prescribe. See 15 U.S.C. 78o-
10(h)(1)(B).
    \1278\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31016, supra 
note 6.
    \1279\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31016, supra 
note 6. Whether the activity in a transaction involving a registered 
foreign SBS Dealer occurred within the United States or with a U.S. 
person for purposes of identifying whether security-based swap 
transactions are part of U.S. business would have turned on the same 
factors used in that proposal to determine whether a foreign SBS 
Dealer is engaging in dealing activity within the United States or 
with U.S. persons and whether a U.S. person was conducting a 
transaction through a foreign branch. See Cross-Border Proposing 
Release, 78 FR 31016, supra note 6.
    \1280\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31016, supra 
note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In April 2015, the Commission re-proposed the rule defining the 
application of business conduct rules to SBS Dealers to incorporate the 
modified approach to U.S. activity proposed in that release and to make 
certain technical changes to the ``foreign business'' definition 
relating to transactions conducted through a foreign branch.\1281\ 
Under the modified approach, ``U.S. business'' of a foreign SBS Dealer 
would have been defined to mean (i) any transaction entered into, or 
offered to be entered into, by or on behalf of such foreign SBS Dealer, 
with a U.S. person (other than a transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch of that person), or (ii) any security-based swap 
transaction that is arranged, negotiated, or executed by personnel of 
the foreign SBS Dealer located in a U.S. branch or office, or by 
personnel of its agent located in a U.S. branch or office.\1282\ With 
respect to a U.S. SBS Dealer, ``U.S. business'' would have been defined 
to mean ``any transaction by or on behalf of such U.S. SBS Dealer, 
entered into or offered to be entered into, other than a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch with a non-U.S. person or with a 
U.S.-person counterparty that constitutes a transaction conducted 
through a foreign branch of the counterparty.'' \1283\ The definitions 
of ``U.S. security-based swap dealer,'' \1284\ ``foreign security-based 
swap dealer,'' \1285\ and ``foreign business'' \1286\ remained 
unchanged from the initial proposal, as did the text of re-proposed 
Rule 3a71-3(c), which would create the exception to the business 
conduct requirements for the foreign business of registered security-
based swap dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1281\ U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27475, supra note 
9. See also proposed Rule 3a71-3(c) and proposed Rules 3a71-3(a)(6), 
(7), (8), and (9).
    \1282\ Proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i). The Commission explained 
in the U.S. Activity Proposing Release that it intended the proposed 
rule to indicate the same type of activity by personnel located in 
the United States as it proposed to use in the de minimis context. 
Moreover, for purposes of proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i)(B), the 
Commission explained that it would interpret the term ``personnel'' 
in a manner consistent with the definition of ``associated person of 
a security-based swap dealer'' contained in section 3(a)(70) of the 
Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(70), regardless of whether such non-
U.S. person or such non-U.S. person's agent is itself a security-
based swap dealer. See U.S. Activity Proposing Release 80 FR at 
27469 n.193, supra note 9.
    \1283\ Proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(ii).
    \1284\ See proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(6).
    \1285\ See proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(7).
    \1286\ See proposed Rule 3a71-3(a)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to Major SBS Participants, the Commission proposed to 
provide an exception from the business conduct standards as described 
in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations 
thereunder (other than the rules and regulations prescribed by the 
Commission pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B)), only for foreign Major 
SBS Participants, with respect to their transactions with non-U.S. 
persons.\1287\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1287\ See proposed Rule 3a67-10(b) (providing that a Major SBS 
Participant ``shall not be subject, with respect to its security-
based swap transactions with counterparties that are not U.S. 
persons, to the requirements relating to business conduct 
standards'' in Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act and the rules and 
regulations thereunder, other than rules and regulations prescribed 
pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act); proposed Rule 
3a67-10(a)(1) (defining ``foreign major security-based swap 
participant'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments on the Proposed Application of Business Conduct 
Requirements to SBS Entities
    In response to the U.S. Activity Proposing Release, commenters 
focused on the proposal to impose business conduct standards on a 
transaction of a registered foreign SBS Dealer with other non-U.S. 
persons when the SBS Dealer uses personnel located in the United States 
to arrange, negotiate, or execute the transaction. Several commenters 
expressed general support for the Commission's proposed test to 
determine when various Title VII requirements should apply to 
transactions between two non-U.S. persons based on U.S. activity.\1288\ 
Moreover, although these commenters generally urged that the Commission 
not impose business conduct requirements (or impose only certain of the 
requirements, as described below) on a registered foreign SBS Dealer 
solely based on U.S. activity, they indicated that they support the 
tailoring of the Commission's test (``U.S. Activity Test'') from the 
initial proposal, if the Commission ultimately determines that the 
business conduct requirements should apply to such transactions.\1289\ 
One commenter urged the Commission to return to its initially proposed 
approach to the definition of

[[Page 30063]]

``transactions conducted within the United States,'' which would have 
looked to the location of relevant activity of both 
counterparties.\1290\ Such an approach would thus apply the business 
conduct requirements fully to any transactions involving activity in 
the United States, not just dealing activity in the United States but 
also relevant activity carried out by a non-dealing counterparty in the 
United States.\1291\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1288\ See, e.g., SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10; IIB 
(July 2015), supra note 10.
    \1289\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2; SIFMA/FSR (July 
2015), supra note 10, at 3, 10. One commenter supported the 
proposal's use of the same U.S. Activity Test for business conduct 
as for de minimis calculations because applying the business conduct 
standards solely based on the use of a U.S. fund manager is not 
dealing activity, would be inconsistent with investor expectations, 
and is unnecessary to protect the U.S. markets. See ICI Global (July 
2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5.
    \1290\ See Better Markets (July 2015), supra note 10, at 3, 6.
    \1291\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters that objected to the Commission's proposed approach 
argued that none of the business conduct requirements should apply to 
transactions between non-U.S. persons, even if these transactions 
involve U.S. activity and therefore constitute ``U.S. business'' under 
the proposed definition.\1292\ These commenters explained that the non-
U.S. counterparties of foreign SBS Dealers do not expect these 
protections; the dealer is likely to be subject to similar requirements 
in its home jurisdiction; and application is unlikely to protect the 
U.S. market and is inconsistent with international comity.\1293\ In a 
related comment, one commenter explained that the business conduct 
requirements, as well as other requirements related to reporting and 
dealer registration, should not apply to transactions that are executed 
on an anonymous electronic platform or other means that ``involve[s] no 
human contact within the United States,'' because the parties would 
have no expectation that the rules would apply to such a 
transaction.\1294\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1292\ See ICI Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5-6; 
SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5 (stating that non-U.S. 
clients do not expect U.S. protections to apply to transactions 
between two non-U.S. persons). See also ISDA (July 2015), supra note 
10, at 2 (urging that the Commission not apply the business conduct 
requirements to transactions solely because the transaction involves 
U.S. activity); ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8 (arguing that 
the Commission does not have a supervisory interest in imposing 
entity-level requirements in connection with security-based swap 
transactions between two non-U.S. persons that are cleared outside 
the United States, even if they are arranged, negotiated, or 
executed by personnel located in the United States).
    \1293\ See ICI Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 5-6; SIFMA-
AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5; IIB (July 2015), supra note 
10, at 11; SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9. See also ISDA 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, n.7 (recommending that the final 
business conduct rules be consistent with the CFTC's business 
conduct rules); Barnard (July 2015) at 2, supra note 10 
(recommending that the rules proposed in the U.S. Activity Proposing 
Release be consistent with the rules proposed by the CFTC); MFA 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 4 (emphasizing need for Commission 
and its U.S. counterparts to develop a single, harmonized approach 
to cross-border derivatives regulation).
    \1294\ See ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters taking this view also explained that U.S. asset 
managers may face challenges in servicing non-U.S. client accounts 
under the proposed approach, noting that non-U.S. clients may be 
reluctant to deal with Dodd-Frank-related documentation or to make 
required representations and describing the significant burdens these 
requirements would impose on asset managers.\1295\ One of these 
commenters argued that the U.S. Activity Proposing Release considered 
only the costs of the SBS Dealers that would be directly subject to the 
business conduct requirements but not the costs borne by buy-side 
market participants, such as asset managers.\1296\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1295\ Specifically, the commenters expressed concern that, 
under the proposal, the U.S. asset manager executing a trade on 
behalf of a non-U.S. client would need to know whether the 
transaction involved U.S. activity and would also need to verify 
that the non-U.S. client satisfies the business conduct 
requirements. See SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4; ICI 
Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 6 (explaining that regulated 
fund parties would need appropriate documentation and 
representations in place to execute such trades and would face 
interruptions in investment activities in doing so).
    \1296\ See SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4-5. This 
commenter specifically argued that the proposed rules would 
effectively require asset managers to verify the eligibility of a 
non-U.S. client as having satisfied the Commission's business 
conduct requirements, imposing costs on asset managers and, through 
impeding block trades on behalf of U.S. persons and non-U.S. 
persons, negatively affecting liquidity and execution price. See 
SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4. The commenter also 
argued that the proposed approach has ``no ascertainable benefit'' 
to non-U.S. counterparties who would not expect the protections and 
would instead look to the law of the dealer's jurisdiction or its 
own jurisdiction. See SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters that objected to the Commission's proposed 
application of business conduct requirements to transactions between 
two non-U.S. persons solely on the basis of activity in the United 
States urged the Commission to limit the application to specific 
requirements that, in the commenters' views, address regulatory 
concerns directly related to the relevant activity in the United 
States. These commenters supported dividing the business conduct 
requirements into two separate categories of ``relationship-based'' 
requirements and ``transaction-specific'' or ``communication-based'' 
requirements.\1297\ Commenters argued that relationship-based 
requirements--which they identified as requirements related to 
counterparty status, disclosure of daily marks, know your counterparty, 
and counterparty suitability--should not apply to transactions between 
two non-U.S. persons solely on the basis of U.S. activity for reasons 
similar to those described above.\1298\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1297\ See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8-10; IIB 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 11-13.
    \1298\ For example, one commenter argued that non-U.S. 
counterparties would not expect such protections and that the 
requirements may duplicate requirements in the counterparty's home 
jurisdiction. See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8-9. 
Commenters also argued that the non-U.S. counterparty would not 
expect to provide any representations as to its status or to 
complete questionnaires to comply with U.S. relationship-level 
requirements, particularly at the beginning of a trading 
relationship when neither counterparty may expect the relationship 
to involve U.S. activity and that such burdens have no benefit. See 
SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8-9; IIB (July 2015), supra 
note 10, at 11-12 (arguing that non-U.S. counterparties would not 
expect the ``trade-relationship'' requirements to apply in their 
trades with non-U.S. persons and would be surprised to be required 
to agree to covenants or fill out questionnaires related to U.S. 
requirements); SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4 
(explaining that non-U.S. clients of asset managers would be 
surprised to need to verify eligibility under the business conduct 
requirements after instructing asset managers to trade only with 
non-U.S. dealers). See also ICI Global (July 2015), supra note 10, 
at 6 (noting that, even though the registered dealer (and not the 
non-U.S. person) is subject to the business conduct requirements, 
the non-U.S. fund counterparty would likely need to have in place 
appropriate documentation and representations if its dealer is 
subject to business conduct requirements, which may cause 
interruptions in their investment activities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On the other hand, commenters explained that application of 
business conduct requirements that are ``communication-based'' or 
transaction-specific--which they identified as including disclosure of 
material risks and characteristics and material incentives or conflicts 
of interest and related recordkeeping, disclosures regarding clearing 
rights and related recordkeeping, product suitability, and fair and 
balanced communications and supervision--to such transactions would be 
simpler and less costly to implement.\1299\ These commenters, however, 
urged the Commission, if it does apply the transaction-specific 
requirements to these transactions, to harmonize FINRA's existing sales 
practice requirements with the ``communication-based'' or transaction-
specific rules applicable under Title VII to avoid unnecessary 
duplication or conflicts, as the U.S. activity in many of these 
transactions may be carried out by registered broker-dealers subject to

[[Page 30064]]

FINRA requirements.\1300\ One commenter requested that if the 
Commission does apply relationship-based requirements to transactions 
involving U.S. activity, it make substituted compliance available to 
foreign registered SBS Dealers in such transactions.\1301\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1299\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 12-13 (noting that 
compliance with these requirements would not require ``wholesale 
modifications'' to the relationship documentation or onboarding 
processes as long as the non-U.S. security-based swap dealer is able 
to satisfy the requirements under the rules of the relevant non-U.S. 
jurisdictions and that there may be benefits to applying these rules 
uniformly to front office personnel in the United States as a 
supplement to generally applicable antifraud and anti-manipulation 
rules); SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9-10 (explaining 
that the application of these rules would be consistent with the 
parties' expectations).
    \1300\ See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9-10; IIB 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 13. Commenters also urged the 
Commission to work toward a harmonized approach to all the business 
conduct rules with the CFTC and FINRA to ensure that security-based 
swap dealers and swap dealers are not subject to two different sets 
of business conduct requirements. See ISDA (July 2015), supra note 
10, at 2, n.7; IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 6, 7. See also 
ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9 (asking the Commission to 
evaluate whether imposing business conduct requirements adds value 
if the intermediary is already subject to broker-dealer regime).
    \1301\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters suggested that, if the Commission does apply the 
business conduct requirements as proposed, it offer an ``opt-out'' for 
sophisticated non-U.S. person counterparties that would allow them to 
trade under their existing documentation rather than develop new 
documentation pursuant to U.S. rules.\1302\ One commenter explained 
that, because the requirements are for the benefit of the non-U.S. 
counterparty, that counterparty should be able to waive them.\1303\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1302\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 13; SIFMA/FSR 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 10-11 (requesting the non-U.S. 
counterparty have option to opt-out of ``transaction-specific'' 
rules if they apply solely as a result of U.S. activity).
    \1303\ See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 10-11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters argued that the Commission should not allow concern 
about special entity protections to influence its consideration of 
whether U.S. activity alone should trigger business conduct 
requirements. These commenters noted that the Commission has previously 
explained that only U.S. persons would be special entities and, as 
such, a registered foreign SBS Dealer would already be subject to the 
full range of business conduct requirements in transactions with 
special entities, because such transactions would constitute ``U.S. 
business'' under the proposed approach even if the Commission were to 
eliminate U.S. Activity from the definition of ``U.S. business.'' 
\1304\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1304\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 12; SIFMA/FSR 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments, the Commission is adopting final 
Rule 3a71-3(c) and amendments to the definitions in Rule 3a71-3(a) 
largely unchanged from the April 2015 re-proposal.\1305\ The Commission 
is also adopting amendments to Rule 3a67-10 to incorporate an exception 
from these requirements for registered Major SBS Participants, modified 
slightly from the initial proposal. Consistent with the Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, the Commission is not providing any exception from 
the entity-level requirements being adopted in this release.\1306\
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    \1305\ The final rules incorporate minor conforming edits. The 
definition of U.S. business for U.S. security-based swap dealers 
(Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(ii)) is modified for consistency with the 
surrounding rules by moving the phrase ``entered into or offered to 
be entered into'' and deleting the word ``wherever'' to further 
clarify that the definition of U.S. business for a U.S. security-
based swap dealer does not depend on the location of personnel 
arranging, negotiating, or executing the transaction. Rule 3a71-
3(a)(9) defining foreign business and Rule 3a71-3(c) contain minor 
edits to simplify the rule text primarily by eliminating unnecessary 
separate references to U.S. and foreign security-based swap dealers.
    \1306\ The Commission does not believe that these final rules 
apply Title VII to persons that are ``transact[ing] a business in 
security-based swaps without the jurisdiction of the United 
States,'' within the meaning of section 30(c) of the Exchange Act. A 
final rule that did not treat security-based swaps that a registered 
foreign security-based swap dealer has arranged, negotiated, or 
executed using its personnel or personnel of its agent located in 
the United States as the ``U.S. business'' of that dealer for 
purposes of proposed Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(c) would, in our view, 
reflect an understanding of what it means to conduct a security-
based swap dealing business within the jurisdiction of the United 
States that is divorced both from Title VII's statutory objectives 
and from the various structures that non-U.S. persons use to engage 
in security-based swap dealing activity. But in any event we also 
believe that the final rule is necessary or appropriate as a 
prophylactic measure to help prevent the evasion of the provisions 
of the Exchange Act that were added by the Dodd-Frank Act, and thus 
help prevent the relevant purposes of the Dodd-Frank Act from being 
undermined. See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47291-92, supra 
note 193 (interpreting anti-evasion provisions of Exchange Act 
Section 30(c)). Without this rule, non-U.S. persons could simply 
carry on a dealing business within the United States with non-U.S. 
persons. Permitting this activity could allow these firms to retain 
full access to the benefits of operating in the United States while 
avoiding compliance with business conduct requirements, which could 
increase the risk of misconduct. See U.S. Activity Proposing 
Release, 80 FR 27477 n.255, supra note 9.
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a. Entity-Level Requirements for SBS Entities
    The Commission continues to believe that the rules and regulations 
prescribed by the Commission relating to diligent supervision pursuant 
to Section 15F(h)(1)(B), those relating to the CCO under Section 15F(k) 
of the Exchange Act, and those relating to requirements under Section 
15F(j) of the Exchange Act should be treated as entity-level 
requirements that apply to the entire business of the registered 
foreign or U.S. SBS Entity.\1307\ Accordingly, the following 
requirements would apply to all security-based swap transactions of an 
SBS Entity, regardless of the U.S.-person status of the SBS Entity or 
that of its counterparty in any particular transaction: \1308\ 
Supervision requirements under Rule 15Fh-3(h), including the 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(I) that SBS Entities establish 
procedures reasonably designed to comply with the duties set forth in 
Section 15F(j) of the Exchange Act; and CCO requirements under Rule 
15Fk-1. The Commission, however, is adopting a rule that would 
potentially make substituted compliance available for these 
requirements for registered foreign SBS Entities as discussed 
below.\1309\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1307\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31013-15, supra 
note 6 (classifying these requirements, among others, as entity-
level). But see ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8 (arguing that 
the Commission does not have a supervisory interest in imposing 
entity-level requirements in connection with security-based swap 
transactions between two non-U.S. persons that are cleared outside 
the United States, even if they are arranged, negotiated, or 
executed by personnel located in the United States).
    \1308\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31026-27, 
31035, supra note 6.
    \1309\ See Section III.B, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Commission has previously stated, it is appropriate to 
subject a registered SBS Entity to the diligent supervision 
requirements regardless of the status or location of its counterparties 
to ensure that the SBS Entity is adequately supervising its business 
and its associated persons to ensure compliance with the full range of 
its obligations under the federal securities laws.\1310\ Similarly, the 
Commission continues to believe that Rule 15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)(I), which 
requires SBS Entities to establish procedures to comply with the duties 
set forth in Section 15F(j) of the Exchange Act, including conflict of 
interest systems and procedures, should apply to all of an SBS Entity's 
security-based swap transactions, as such systems and procedures cannot 
be effective unless so applied.\1311\ As we have previously noted, to 
prevent conflicts of interest from biasing the judgment or supervision 
of these entities, application to only a portion of an SBS Entity's 
security-based swap transactions would not be effective at addressing 
conflicts that may arise as a result of transactions that arise out of 
an SBS Entity's foreign business.\1312\ Each of the remaining duties 
under section 15F(j) \1313\ would

[[Page 30065]]

not be effective if not applied at the entity level.\1314\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1310\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31014, 31017, 
supra note 6.
    \1311\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31013-14, supra 
note 6.
    \1312\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31014, supra 
note 6.
    \1313\ Section 15F(j) of the Exchange Act requires an SBS Entity 
to comply ``at all times'' with obligations concerning: (1) 
Monitoring of trading to prevent violations of applicable position 
limits; (2) establishing sound and professional risk management 
systems; (3) disclosing to regulators information concerning its 
trading in security-based swaps; (4) establishing and enforcing 
internal systems and procedures to obtain any necessary information 
to perform any of the functions described in Section 15F of the 
Exchange Act, and providing the information to regulators, on 
request; (5) implementing conflict-of-interest systems and 
procedures; and (6) addressing antitrust considerations such that 
the SBS Entity does not adopt any process or take any action that 
results in any unreasonable restraint of trade or impose any 
material anticompetitive burden on trading or clearing. See 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(j).
    \1314\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31014, supra 
note 6 (explaining that the purpose of the diligent supervision 
requirements is to prevent violations of applicable federal 
securities laws, and the rules and regulations thereunder, relating 
to an entity's entire business as a security-based swap dealer, 
which is not limited to either its foreign business or its U.S. 
business, but rather is comprised of its entire global security-
based swap dealing activity, and as such, to be effective, the 
requirements should apply at the entity level).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CCO requirements under Rule 15Fk-1 also raise entity-wide 
concerns. CCO's responsibilities include establishing, maintaining, and 
reviewing policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure 
compliance with applicable Exchange Act requirements.\1315\ Because 
such responsibilities apply to the entity as a whole and many of the 
requirements that the CCO oversees are entity-level requirements, the 
Commission believes that it is necessary to treat the CCO requirement 
as an entity-level requirement applicable to all of an SBS Entity's 
security-based swap business.\1316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1315\ See Section II.I, supra.
    \1316\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31014-15, supra 
note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Transaction-Level Requirements for SBS Dealers
    As noted above, the Commission is adopting final Rule 3a71-3(c) and 
amendments to the definitions in Rule 3a71-3(a) largely unchanged from 
the proposal. Accordingly, the final rule provides that registered SBS 
Dealers, with respect to their foreign business, shall not be subject 
to the requirements relating to business conduct standards described in 
Section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act,\1317\ and the rules and regulations 
thereunder,\1318\ other than the rules and regulations prescribed by 
the Commission pursuant to Section 15F(h)(1)(B).\1319\ The final rule 
defines ``foreign business'' for both foreign SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS 
Dealers to mean any security-based swap transactions entered into, or 
offered to be entered into, by or on behalf of the SBS Dealer that do 
not include its U.S. business.\1320\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1317\ 15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h).
    \1318\ These rules and regulations are Rules 15Fh-1 through 
15Fh-6. With the exception of Rule 15Fh-3(h), which prescribes 
certain entity-level requirements pursuant to Exchange Act Section 
15F(h)(1)(B), these rules are transaction-level requirements, which 
is consistent with the proposed approach. See, supra, Section III.0.
    \1319\ See Rule 3a71-3(c).
     Section 15F(h)(1)(B) requires registered security-based swap 
dealers to conform with such business conduct standards relating to 
diligent supervision as the Commission shall prescribe. See 15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B). The rules being prescribed pursuant to 
Exchange Act Section 15F(h)(1)(B) are those in Rule 15F-3(h), which 
are entity-level requirements, as discussed above. See, supra, 
Section III.0. The exception as adopted applies to Section 
15F(h)(1)(A) of the Exchange Act, and any rules and regulations 
thereunder. However, this exception does not affect applicability of 
the general antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws to 
the activity of a foreign SBS Dealer. See Cross-Border Proposing 
Release, 78 FR 31016 n.476, supra note 6.
    \1320\ See Rule 3a71-3(a)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the final rule defines ``U.S. business'' differently for 
foreign SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS Dealers. The final rule defines ``U.S. 
business'' of a foreign SBS Dealer to mean (i) any transaction entered 
into, or offered to be entered into, by or on behalf of such foreign 
SBS Dealer, with a U.S. person (other than a transaction conducted 
through a foreign branch of that person), or (ii) any security-based 
swap transaction that is arranged, negotiated, or executed by personnel 
of the foreign SBS Dealer located in a U.S. branch or office, or by 
personnel of its agent located in a U.S. branch or office.\1321\ For a 
U.S. SBS Dealer, the final rule defines ``U.S. business'' to mean ``any 
transaction entered into or offered to be entered into by or on behalf 
of such U.S. security-based swap dealer, other than a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch with a non-U.S. person or with a 
U.S.-person counterparty that constitutes a transaction conducted 
through a foreign branch of the counterparty.'' \1322\ The Commission 
also is adopting, unchanged from the proposals, the definitions of 
``U.S. security-based swap dealer,'' \1323\ and ``foreign security-
based swap dealer.'' \1324\ The Commission also is adopting the 
definition of ``foreign business,'' \1325\ with minor edits to simplify 
the rule text primarily by eliminating unnecessary separate references 
to foreign SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS Dealers. Finally, the Commission is 
adopting Rule 3a71-3(c), which creates the exception from the 
application of the business conduct requirements to foreign business, 
again, unchanged from the proposal except for minor edits eliminating 
separate references to foreign SBS Dealers and U.S. SBS Dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1321\ See Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i).
    \1322\ Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(ii).
    \1323\ See Rule 3a71-3(a)(6).
    \1324\ See Rule 3a71-3(a)(7).
    \1325\ See Rule 3a71-3(a)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule reflects the Commission's continuing view that all 
registered SBS Dealers should be required to comply with the 
transaction-level elements of the business conduct standards with 
respect to their U.S. business.\1326\ The Dodd-Frank counterparty 
protection mandate focuses on the U.S. markets and participants in 
those markets.\1327\ The business conduct standards are intended to 
bring professional standards of conduct to, and increase transparency 
in, the security-based swap market and to require registered SBS 
Dealers to treat parties to these transactions fairly.\1328\ 
Accordingly, with respect to both foreign and U.S. SBS Dealers, we are 
adopting a definition of ``U.S. business'' that encompasses those 
transactions that appear particularly likely to affect the integrity of 
the security-based swap market in the United States and the U.S. 
financial markets more generally or that raise concerns about the 
protection of participants in those markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1326\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27475, supra 
note 9.
    \1327\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31017-018, 
supra note 6.
    \1328\ See id. The rules require, among other things, that 
registered SBS Dealers communicate in a fair and balanced manner 
with potential counterparties and that they disclose conflicts of 
interest and material incentives to potential counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to foreign SBS Dealers, the Commission continues to 
believe that the final definition of ``U.S. business'' should generally 
encompass transactions with U.S. persons and transactions that the 
foreign SBS Dealer arranges, negotiates, or executes using personnel 
located in a U.S. branch or office.\1329\ As we have previously noted, 
this approach would both preserve customer protections for U.S. 
counterparties that would expect to benefit from the protection 
afforded to them by Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act and help maintain 
market integrity by subjecting the large number of transactions that 
involve relevant dealing activity in the United States to these 
requirements, even if both counterparties are non-U.S. persons.\1330\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1329\ We also note that relying on the same approach to U.S. 
activity that is used in the de minimis context should simplify 
implementation of Title VII for market participants. See U.S. 
Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27473, supra note 9.
    \1330\ The exception from the definition for transactions 
involving the foreign branch of a U.S. person reflects our view that 
transactions between the foreign branch of a U.S. person and a non-
U.S. person, in which the personnel arranging, negotiating, and 
executing the transaction are all located outside the United States, 
are less likely to affect the integrity of the U.S. market and 
reflects our consideration of the role of foreign regulators in non-
U.S. markets. See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31017, supra 
note 6.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30066]]

    With respect to U.S. SBS Dealers, the Commission continues to 
believe that the definition of ``U.S. business'' should encompass all 
of their transactions, regardless of the U.S.-person status of the 
counterparty, except for transactions that a U.S. SBS Dealer arranges, 
negotiates, or executes through a foreign branch with another foreign 
branch or with a non-U.S. person. As noted above, Title VII is 
concerned with the protection of U.S. markets and participants in those 
markets, and it remains our view that imposing these requirements on a 
U.S.-person dealer when it arranges, negotiates, or executes through 
its foreign branch with another foreign branch or a non-U.S. person 
would produce little or no benefit to U.S. market participants.\1331\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1331\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31018, supra 
note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter urged the Commission to return to its initially 
proposed approach to the definition of ``transactions conducted within 
the United States,'' which would have looked to the location of 
relevant activity of both counterparties.\1332\ Such an approach would 
thus apply the business conduct requirements fully to any transactions 
involving activity in the United States, not just dealing activity in 
the United States but also relevant activity carried out by a non-
dealing counterparty in the United States. Given the structure of the 
security-based swap market and the concentration of security-based swap 
dealing among a small group of firms, the Commission believes the final 
rules are appropriately tailored to apply the business conduct 
requirements to dealing activity, including dealing activity in the 
United States, that is likely to raise market integrity and 
transparency concerns.\1333\ Further, as the Commission discussed in 
the U.S. Activity Adopting Release, the final rules adopted in that 
release should mitigate some commenters' concerns regarding the costs 
associated with the initially proposed application of the de minimis 
exception to ``transactions conducted within the United States.'' 
\1334\ The initially proposed approach supported by the commenter would 
have required a dealer engaged in dealing activity to consider both the 
location of its personnel and the personnel of its counterparty in 
determining whether to include transactions in its de minimis 
calculation thresholds.\1335\ The final rules in the U.S. Activity 
Adopting Release and the final rule being adopted here focus on the 
location of relevant personnel of only the dealer (or its agent), which 
should impose lower costs on market participants than the initially 
proposed approach, while applying the business conduct requirements to 
dealing activity in the United States that is likely to raise the types 
of concerns addressed by the business conduct requirements.\1336\ 
Moreover, given the Commission's action in the U.S. Activity Adopting 
Release, taking a different approach in the definition of ``U.S. 
business'' would mean using a different test to identify relevant U.S. 
activity from the test used in the de minimis context. The Commission 
believes that this would present unnecessary implementation and 
compliance challenges.\1337\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1332\ See note 1291, supra (citing Better Markets (July 2015), 
supra note 10).
    \1333\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8624, n.241 
(explaining that the U.S. activity test is appropriately tailored to 
capture dealing activity that raises the types of concerns addressed 
by the Title VII dealer regime).
    \1334\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8627.
    \1335\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31000-01, supra 
note 6.
    \1336\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8627.
    \1337\ See also U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27467, 
supra note 9 (discussing the change in approach in the context of 
the de minimis calculation from the Cross-Border Proposing Release, 
which proposed to focus both on the dealing and non-dealing 
counterparty, to the U.S. Activity Proposing Release, which proposed 
to focus only on the activity of personnel in the United States of 
the dealing counterparty).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters have argued that the business conduct standards 
should not apply to any transactions between two non-U.S. persons 
because the foreign counterparties may not expect to receive such 
protections, or to any such transactions where expectations of 
receiving such protections are likely to be particularly low.\1338\ The 
Commission has determined not to limit the application of the business 
conduct standards in this way. Counterparty expectations are not 
particularly relevant in determining whether a transaction that 
involves relevant activity in the United States has the potential to 
affect the integrity of the U.S. markets, particularly given that all 
of the registered foreign SBS Dealers subject to these requirements 
will have, by definition, a sufficient level of activity in the U.S. 
security-based swap market to exceed the de minimis threshold, many by 
an order of magnitude.\1339\ Given the significant role registered SBS 
Dealers play in the market, applying the business conduct requirements 
to their U.S. business should help protect the integrity of the U.S. 
market.\1340\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1338\ See ICI Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5-6; 
SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 5 (stating that non-U.S. 
clients do not expect U.S. protections to apply to transactions 
between two non-U.S. persons). See also ISDA (July 2015), supra note 
10, at 2 (urging that the Commission not apply the business conduct 
requirements to transactions solely because the transaction involves 
U.S. activity); ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 7 (arguing that 
business conduct requirement, as well as other requirements, should 
not apply to transactions that are executed on an anonymous 
electronic platform or other means that ``involve[s] no human 
contact within the United States,'' because the parties would have 
no expectation that the rules would apply to such a transaction).
    \1339\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8623 (rejecting 
commenter concerns that counterparties would not expect automated 
electronic trades to be subject to de minimis counting).
    \1340\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8616 and n.166 
(explaining that overwhelming majority of transactions captured by 
U.S. Activity Test are likely to be inter-dealer transactions 
carried out between non-U.S. persons whose dealing activity likely 
exceeds the de minimis threshold by at least an order of magnitude).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the approach to identifying relevant dealing activity in 
the United States reflects the Commission's determination that focusing 
solely on the location of the personnel arranging, negotiating, or 
executing the transaction on behalf of the foreign SBS Dealer 
appropriately balances the regulatory objectives of the business 
conduct standards with concerns about workability of an activity-based 
test. To create additional exceptions, particularly for activity 
occurring in the United States, based on the expectations of the non-
dealing counterparty or the mode of its interaction with the foreign 
SBS Dealer would unnecessarily complicate this approach in a manner, as 
noted above, that would not advance the regulatory objectives served by 
these standards.\1341\
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    \1341\ To the extent that anonymously executed transactions 
raise specific challenges or concerns, these are not unique to 
transactions between two non-U.S. persons involving relevant dealing 
activity in the United States. The Commission has separately 
addressed this issue above. See Section II.B, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters have urged the Commission to harmonize any 
standards that the Commission does impose on these transactions with 
requirements that may separately apply to the foreign registered SBS 
Dealer's U.S.-person intermediary to avoid unnecessary duplication or 
conflicts.\1342\ The Commission

[[Page 30067]]

recognizes that business conduct standards could apply to transactions 
arising from relevant dealing activity in the United States, including 
Title VII and home jurisdiction requirements on the registered SBS 
Dealer and SRO requirements on the U.S. intermediary. As discussed 
above, the rules being adopted today are generally designed to be 
consistent with the relevant SRO requirements (and to harmonize with 
CFTC requirements), taking into account the nature of the security-
based swap market and the statutory requirements for SBS 
Entities.\1343\ The Commission does not believe that the commenters' 
concerns warrant a complete or partial exception from Title VII 
requirements for the registered SBS Dealer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1342\ Commenters urged the Commission to harmonize FINRA's 
existing sales practice requirements with the ``communication-
based'' or transaction-specific rules applicable under Title VII. 
See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9-10; IIB (July 2015), 
supra note 10, at 13. Commenters also urged the Commission to work 
toward a harmonized approach to all the business conduct rules with 
the CFTC and FINRA to ensure that security-based swap dealers and 
swap dealers are not subject to two different sets of business 
conduct requirements. See also ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 
2, n.7; IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 6, 7.
    \1343\ See Sections I.C and I.F, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, as discussed below, the Commission is adopting a rule that 
potentially would make substituted compliance available for the 
business conduct requirements following a substituted compliance 
determination by the Commission.\1344\ Accordingly, substituted 
compliance, if available, could mitigate the commenters' concerns 
regarding home country regulation.\1345\ A person relying on 
substituted compliance would remain subject to the applicable Exchange 
Act requirements, but could comply with those requirements in an 
alternative fashion.\1346\ In practice, however, we recognize that 
there will be limits to the availability of substituted compliance. For 
example, it is possible that substituted compliance may be permitted 
with regard to some requirements and not others with respect to a 
particular jurisdiction. For certain jurisdictions, moreover, 
substituted compliance may not be available with respect to any 
requirements depending on our assessment of the comparability of the 
relevant foreign requirements, as well as the availability of 
supervisory and enforcement arrangements among the Commission and 
relevant foreign financial regulatory authorities. Although 
comparability assessments will focus on regulatory outcomes rather than 
rule-by-rule comparisons, the assessments will require inquiry 
regarding whether foreign regulatory requirements adequately reflect 
the interests and protections associated with the particular Title VII 
requirement. In some circumstances, such a conclusion may be difficult 
to achieve.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1344\ See Rule 3a71-6. See also note 1301, supra (citing IIB 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 12).
    \1345\ See note 1338, supra (citing ICI Global (July 2015), 
supra note 10, at 5-6; SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 2, 
5; IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 11; SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), 
supra note 10, at 9).
    \1346\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31085, supra 
note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the event that we are unable to determine that an entity may 
satisfy certain Title VII requirements via substituted compliance, we 
recognize that such persons may, as a result, be subject to 
requirements that are duplicative of particular Title VII requirements. 
While we recognize the significance of such a result, in our view 
compliance with the Title VII requirements is necessary to advance the 
policy objectives of Title VII. This would be undermined by permitting 
foreign dealers to comply with their Title VII obligations by 
satisfying foreign requirements, unless the alternative route provided 
by substituted compliance has been made available.
    Second, although the Commission is mindful that the U.S. 
intermediary of a registered foreign SBS Dealer may be subject to 
business conduct requirements under the Exchange Act and relevant SRO 
rules and that such requirements may be similar in certain respects to 
those in Title VII,\1347\ the Commission continues to believe that 
notwithstanding any requirements that may apply to such intermediaries, 
it is appropriate to impose the Title VII business conduct standards 
directly on registered foreign SBS Dealers when they use personnel 
located in the United States to arrange, negotiate, or execute 
security-based swaps, even with counterparties that are also non-U.S. 
persons.\1348\ The Commission continues to believe that it is 
appropriate to subject all registered SBS Dealers engaged in U.S. 
business to the same business conduct framework, rather than 
encouraging a patchwork of business conduct protections under U.S. law 
that may offer counterparties varying levels of protections and limit 
the Commission's ability to pursue enforcement actions against the 
registered SBS Dealer for violation of Title VII depending on the 
business model that the registered SBS Dealer has chosen to use in its 
U.S. business.\1349\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1347\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27476 n.249, 
supra note 9 (stating that the agent of a foreign SBS Dealer would 
need to consider whether it separately would need to register as a 
security-based swap dealer (if, for example, the agent acted as 
principal in a security-based swap with the counterparty, and then 
entered into a back-to-back transaction with the booking entity), a 
broker (e.g., by soliciting or negotiating the terms of security-
based swap transactions), or other regulated entity); Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, 78 FR 31027 n.574, supra note 6 (same).
     Commenters urged the Commission to harmonize FINRA's existing 
sales practice requirements with the ``communication-based'' or 
transaction-specific rules applicable under Title VII. See SIFMA/FSR 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 9-10; IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, 
at 13. Commenters also urged the Commission to work toward a 
harmonized approach to all the business conduct rules with the CFTC 
and FINRA to ensure that security-based swap dealers and swap 
dealers are not subject to two different sets of business conduct 
requirements. See ISDA (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9; IIB (July 
2015), supra note 10, at 6, 7.
    \1348\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27476, supra 
note 9. Consistent with the Commission's position in the Cross-
Border Proposing Release, the dealer and its agent(s) may choose to 
allocate the responsibility for compliance with all U.S. business 
conduct requirements in a manner consistent with its business 
structure, although the foreign security-based swap dealer would 
remain responsible for ensuring that all relevant Title VII 
requirements applicable to a given security-based swap transaction 
are fulfilled. See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27476 
n.249, supra note 9; Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31026-27, 
supra note 6. This allocation, however, would not affect the non-
U.S. person's responsibilities with respect to performing the de 
minimis calculations required under Rules 3a71-2 and 3a71-3(b). See 
U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27476 n.249, supra note 9; 
Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31026-27 n.574, supra note 6.
    \1349\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27476, supra 
note 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, as we have previously discussed, Congress established a 
comprehensive framework of business conduct standards in Title VII that 
applies to registered SBS Dealers, and we continue to believe that the 
transactional requirements we adopt to implement this framework should 
govern their transactions with counterparties when such transactions 
raise market integrity, transparency, and counterparty protection 
concerns that are addressed by these requirements.\1350\ As we have 
already noted, SBS Dealers are involved in an overwhelming majority of 
SBS transactions in the U.S., meaning that business conduct standards 
intended to achieve market

[[Page 30068]]

integrity, transparency, and counterparty protection across the U.S. 
market in security-based swaps are more likely to achieve these 
objectives if they apply to all transactions that SBS dealers arrange, 
negotiate, or execute using personnel located in a U.S. branch or 
office.\1351\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1350\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, Sections IV.B.2, 
IV.B.3, and n.162 (describing regulatory concerns raised by 
security-based swap dealing activity carried out in the U.S., 
including risk, market integrity and transparency, and counterparty 
protection). See Section II.G.3, supra (explaining that the ``know 
your counterparty'' standard would be consistent with basic 
principles of legal and regulatory compliance, and operational and 
credit risk management); Section II.G.2.e, supra (explaining that 
the daily mark disclosure requirement is directly relevant to a 
counterparty's understanding of its financial relationship under a 
security-based swap transaction and ensures a counterparty's ability 
to monitor the transaction during the relationship); Section II.G.4, 
supra (explaining that the suitability requirement enables security-
based swap dealers to understand the risk-reward tradeoff of their 
security-based swap transactions).
    \1351\ Firms that act as dealers play a central role in the 
security-based swap market. Based on an analysis of 2014 single name 
CDS data in TIW, dealer accounts of those firms that are likely to 
exceed the de minimis thresholds and trigger registration 
requirements intermediated transactions with a gross notional amount 
of approximately $8.5 trillion, over 60% of which was intermediated 
by top 5 dealer accounts. Commission staff analysis of TIW 
transaction records indicates that approximately 99% of single name 
CDS price-forming transactions in 2014 involved an ISDA-recognized 
dealer. See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8606 n.77.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters supported dividing the business conduct standards 
into two categories, one of which they argued should not apply to 
transactions between two non-U.S. persons. These commenters urged the 
Commission not to impose ``relationship-based'' requirements (which 
they defined to include rules relating to the counterparty's ECP 
status, ``know your counterparty'' requirements, daily mark disclosure, 
and suitability requirements) on these transactions but suggested that 
imposing ``trade-specific'' or ``communication-based'' requirements 
(which they which they identified as including disclosure of material 
risks and characteristics and material incentives or conflicts of 
interest and related recordkeeping, disclosures regarding clearing 
rights and related recordkeeping, product suitability, and fair and 
balanced communications and supervision) could be a reasonable 
approach, particularly if they were made more consistent with similar 
FINRA rules that may apply to the U.S. intermediary.\1352\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1352\ See notes 1297-1299, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission does not agree with commenters who argue that the 
foreign SBS Dealers should be excepted from the ``relationship-based'' 
requirements when entering into transactions with other non-U.S. 
persons.\1353\ The Commission believes that applying each of these 
requirements should improve market integrity and enhance transparency 
and counterparty protections, even if that dealing activity is entirely 
with non-U.S.-person counterparties, particularly given that the 
foreign SBS Dealers that engage in the relevant dealing activity in the 
United States at levels above the de minimis threshold account for a 
significant proportion of transactions in the U.S. market. Moreover, 
certain underlying substantive requirements may require SBS Dealers to 
obtain representations from counterparties (or to otherwise confirm 
their status) even absent these business conduct requirements, meaning 
that, as a practical matter, for example, we would not expect that the 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) to verify ECP status would increase 
the burden on market participants.\1354\ Accordingly, the Commission 
does not believe it would be appropriate to provide an exception from 
these ``relationship-based'' requirements for foreign SBS Dealers when 
they are required to comply with the business conduct standards in a 
security-based swap transaction with a non-U.S.-person counterparty 
because they have used personnel located in the United States to 
arrange, negotiate, or execute the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1353\ See note 1298, supra.
    \1354\ The Exchange Act prohibits any person from effecting a 
security-based swap with a non-ECP unless the security-based swap is 
effected on a national securities exchange and the Securities Act 
makes it unlawful to offer to sell, offer to buy or purchase or sell 
a security-based swap to any person who is not an eligible contract 
participant unless a registration is in effect. See Section 
II.G.1.c, supra. See also Section 6(l) of the Exchange Act; Section 
5(e) of the Securities Act. Accordingly, section 6(l) is broader 
than the activity covered by Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1), and the SBS Dealer 
has an independent obligation under section 6(l) even absent the 
requirement in Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1), to perform some due diligence in 
confirming that its counterparty is an ECP. The requirement to 
verify the ECP-status of a counterparty pursuant to Rule 15Fh-
3(a)(1) simply provides a means for complying with certain of the 
relevant substantive statutory provisions. See id. See Section 
II.G.1.c, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission recognizes that some non-U.S. person counterparties 
may express reservations about making certain representations or 
completing questionnaires to comply with the ``relationship-based'' 
business conduct requirements when they have no intention of 
interacting with the dealer's personnel located in the United 
States.\1355\ At the same time, nothing in the rule requires a 
registered SBS Dealer to comply with these requirements if it intends 
to engage in transactions with a counterparty solely as part of its 
foreign business. If the relationship later develops in such a way that 
future transactions may be expected to be part of the SBS Dealer's U.S. 
business, under the final rules the SBS Dealer then would be required 
to comply with these business conduct standards, including these 
``relationship-based'' requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1355\ See SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 8-9. See 
also ICI Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 6 (noting that, even 
though the registered dealer (and not the non-U.S. person) is 
subject to the business conduct requirements, the non-U.S. person 
counterparty would likely need to have in place appropriate 
documentation and representations if its dealer is subject to 
business conduct requirements, which may cause interruptions in 
their investment activities); IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 11-
12 (arguing that non-U.S. counterparties would not expect the 
``trade-relationship'' requirements to apply in their trades with 
non-U.S. persons and would be surprised to be required to agree to 
covenants or fill out questionnaires related to U.S. requirements). 
See note 1298, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, some commenters acknowledged that the 
``communication-based'' or ``trade-specific'' requirements likely would 
advance regulatory objectives, such as the prevention of fraud or 
manipulation, even in connection with SBS transactions between two non-
U.S. persons where one counterparty is using personnel located in the 
United States to arrange, negotiate, or execute transactions.\1356\ 
They urged, however, that the Commission harmonize its Title VII 
business conduct standards to existing FINRA rules to the extent that 
it chooses to impose Title VII requirements on these 
transactions.\1357\ As discussed above, the rules being adopted today 
are generally designed to be consistent with the relevant SRO 
requirements (and to harmonize with CFTC requirements), taking into 
account the nature of the security-based swap market and the statutory 
requirements for SBS Entities.\1358\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1356\ See note 1299, supra.
    \1357\ See note 1300, supra.
    \1358\ See Sections I.C and I.F, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission recognizes that application of these requirements 
may impose costs on asset managers servicing non-U.S. clients and 
impede their ability to execute certain block trades.\1359\ However, we 
believe that the rules appropriately balance the regulatory objectives 
of the business conduct rules with concerns for a workable approach. 
The rules adopted here are generally applicable to transactions of 
registered SBS Dealers; the rules do not apply directly to asset 
managers, and asset managers will incur no liability under these rules. 
We recognize that SBS Dealers may arrange their business in a variety 
of ways and may have certain expectations of asset managers in 
connection with the transactions involving funds. The entities involved 
in the transaction may

[[Page 30069]]

allocate these costs in the manner most efficient for the 
counterparties to the transactions. Although the Commission recognizes 
that, depending on how the SBS Dealer and the asset manager choose to 
allocate these responsibilities, the asset manager may incur certain 
costs, neither these private allocation issues nor the potential 
liquidity or execution price concerns change the Commission's view that 
the U.S. business of SBS Dealers should be subject to these business 
conduct requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1359\ See notes 1295 and 1296, supra. Specifically, the 
commenters expressed concern that, under the proposal, the U.S. 
asset manager executing a trade on behalf of a non-U.S. client, 
including in the context of a block trade, would need to know 
whether the transaction involved U.S. activity and would also need 
to verify that the non-U.S. client satisfies the business conduct 
requirements. See SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4; ICI 
Global (July 2015), supra note 10, at 6 (explaining that regulated 
fund parties would need appropriate documentation and 
representations in place to execute such trades and would face 
interruptions in investment activities in doing so).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also disagrees with the commenters that urged the 
Commission to permit sophisticated counterparties to ``opt-out'' 
completely from the business conduct standards and with commenters that 
requested that the U.S. Activity Test not be applied to transactions 
with special entities.\1360\ The Commission has considered the concerns 
raised by commenters and determined, on balance, not to permit 
counterparties to opt out of the protections provided by the business 
conduct rules. The rules are intended to provide certain protections 
for counterparties, including certain heightened protections for 
special entities. We think it is appropriate to apply the rules so that 
counterparties receive the benefits of those protections and so do not 
think it appropriate to permit parties to ``opt out'' of the benefits 
of those provisions.\1361\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1360\ See IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, at 13; SIFMA/FSR 
(July 2015), supra note 10, at 10-11 (requesting the non-U.S. 
counterparty have option to opt-out of ``transaction-specific'' 
rules if they apply solely as a result of U.S. activity). See note 
1302, supra. See note 1304 (citing IIB (July 2015), supra note 10, 
at 12; SIFMA/FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, at 9-10).
    \1361\ See Section II.A.3, supra. We also explained above that, 
while we are not adopting an opt out provision, as discussed in 
connection with the relevant rules, the Commission has determined to 
permit means of compliance with the final rules that should promote 
efficiency and reduce costs (e.g., Rule 15Fh-1(b) (reliance on 
representations)) and, where appropriate, allow SBS Entities to take 
into account the sophistication of the counterparty (e.g., Rule 
15Fh-3(f) (regarding recommendations of security-based swaps or 
trading strategies)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Transaction-Level Requirements for Major SBS Participants
    As noted above, the Commission is also adopting amendments to Rule 
3a67-10 to incorporate a modified exception from the business conduct 
standards for registered foreign Major SBS Participants.\1362\ The 
Commission received no comments in response to the proposed exception 
from the business conduct requirement for registered foreign Major SBS 
Participants in their transactions with non-U.S. persons. However, the 
final rule is slightly modified from the proposal to address the 
concerns that non-U.S. persons would limit or stop trading with foreign 
branches of U.S. banks that led us to adopt a similar exception in the 
Cross-Border Adopting Release for certain transactions from the 
position threshold calculations to determine whether one is a Major SBS 
Participant.\1363\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1362\ Rule 3a67-10(d).
    \1363\ See Rule 3a67-10. See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 
FR 47343, supra note 193 (explaining the Commission's view that an 
exclusion from the counting requirement for positions that arise 
from transactions conducted through foreign branches of registered 
security-based swap dealers appropriately accounts for the risk in 
the U.S. financial system created by such positions).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, Exchange Act Rule 3a67-10(c), which addressed cross-
border application of the definition of ``major security-based swap 
participant,'' would require non-U.S. persons to count toward the Major 
SBS Participant thresholds only their security-based swap transactions 
with U.S. persons and would have permitted no exception from that 
requirement. As adopted, however, in the Cross-Border Adopting Release, 
the relevant rule (Exchange Act Rule 3a67-10(b)) provides that a non-
U.S. person need not include in these threshold calculations its 
security-based swap positions with a U.S. person to the extent that the 
positions ``arise from transactions conducted through a foreign branch 
of the counterparty, when the counterparty is a registered SBS 
Dealer.'' \1364\ This change to the final rule made the Commission's 
approach to the threshold calculations for Major SBS Participant 
consistent with its final approach to the SBS Dealer de minimis 
calculation thresholds under Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(b)(1)(iii)(A)(1), 
which also permitted non-U.S. persons to exclude such transactions with 
U.S. persons from their de minimis threshold calculations.\1365\ The 
Commission noted that this expanded exception from counting certain 
security-based swap positions towards a non-U.S. person's Major SBS 
Participant thresholds should help mitigate concerns that non-U.S. 
persons will limit or stop trading with foreign branches of U.S. 
banks.\1366\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1364\ See Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(b)(3)(i)(A).
    \1365\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47343, supra 
note 193.
    \1366\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes similar concerns about the ability of 
foreign branches of U.S. banks to do business with non-U.S. persons 
apply in the context of application of the business conduct requirement 
to these transactions. This exception from the application of the 
business conduct requirements adopted in the final rules today should 
address concerns that non-U.S. persons would limit or stop trading with 
foreign branches of U.S. banks. The Commission is therefore amending 
Exchange Act rule 3a67-10 to incorporate exceptions for transactions 
through the foreign branch of a U.S. person modeled on those that are 
available in the final rule as it applies to registered SBS 
Dealers.\1367\ Accordingly, the final rules except registered foreign 
Major SBS Participants from the business conduct standards described in 
section 15F(h) of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations 
thereunder (other than the rules and regulations prescribed by the 
Commission pursuant to section 15F(h)(1)(B)) \1368\ with respect to any 
transaction with a non-U.S. person, as proposed, or with a U.S. person 
in a transaction conducted through the foreign branch of the U.S. 
person.\1369\ The final rules also except a registered U.S. Major SBS 
Participant from the business conduct standards described in section 
15F(h) of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder 
(other than the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission 
pursuant to section 15F(h)(1)(B)) \1370\ with respect to any 
transaction of the registered U.S. Major SBS Participant that is a 
transaction conducted through a foreign branch with a non-U.S. person, 
or with a U.S.-person counterparty that constitutes a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch of the counterparty.\1371\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1367\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i)(A) (excluding from 
the definition of ``U.S. business'' of a foreign SBS Dealer any 
transaction with U.S. persons that constitutes a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch of that U.S. person); Exchange 
Act rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(ii) (excluding from the definition of ``U.S. 
business'' of U.S. SBS Dealers any transaction of the U.S. SBS 
Dealer that is a transaction conducted through a foreign branch with 
a non-U.S. person or with a U.S.-person counterparty that 
constitutes a transaction conducted through a foreign branch of the 
counterparty).
    \1368\ See, supra, notes 1318-1319.
    \1369\ See Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(d)(1). Consistent with the 
Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission is also amending 
Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(a) to define ``foreign major security-
based swap participant.'' See Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(a)(6).
    \1370\ See, supra, notes 1318-1319.
    \1371\ See Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(d)(2). The Commission is 
also amending Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(a) to define ``U.S. major 
security-based swap participant.'' See Exchange Act rule 3a67-
10(a)(5).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30070]]

B. Availability of Substituted Compliance

1. Proposed Substituted Compliance Rule
    As part of the Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission 
proposed to make substituted compliance potentially available in 
connection with the requirements applicable to SBS Dealers pursuant to 
Exchange Act Section 15F, other than the registration requirements 
applicable to dealers.\1372\ Because the business conduct requirements 
being adopted today are grounded in Section 15F, substituted compliance 
generally would have been available for those requirements under the 
proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1372\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31088, 
31207-08, supra note 6 (proposed Exchange Act Rule 3a71-5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal would have specifically provided that a foreign SBS 
Dealer \1373\ could satisfy applicable requirements under Section 15F 
by complying with comparable regulatory requirements of a foreign 
jurisdiction.\1374\ The Commission explained that a person relying on 
substituted compliance would remain subject to the applicable Exchange 
Act requirements, but could comply with those requirements in an 
alternative fashion. Failure to comply with the applicable foreign 
requirement would mean that the person would be in violation of the 
requirement in the Exchange Act.\1375\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1373\ In the Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission 
proposed to define a ``foreign security-based swap dealer'' as a 
security-based swap dealer that is not a U.S. person. See 78 FR at 
31206, supra note 6 (proposed Exchange Act Rule 3a71-3(a)(3)).
    \1374\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31207, supra 
note 6 (proposed Exchange Act Rule 3a71-5(b), providing that a 
security-based swap dealer may comply with Section 15F requirements 
by complying with certain corresponding foreign requirements).
    \1375\ See id. at 31085.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission further explained that allowing substituted 
compliance for the dealer requirements would have the goal of 
increasing the efficiency of the security-based swap market and 
promoting competition ``by helping to avoid subjecting foreign 
security-based swap dealers to potentially conflicting or duplicative 
compliance obligations, while still achieving the policy objectives of 
Title VII.'' The Commission also stated that such an approach would be 
consistent with the global nature of the security-based swap market, 
and may be less disruptive of business relationships than not 
permitting substituted compliance.\1376\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1376\ See id. at 31089-90.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposal, the Commission would not permit dealer 
requirements to be satisfied by substituted compliance unless the 
Commission determined that the foreign regime's requirements were 
comparable to the otherwise applicable requirements, after taking into 
account such factors as the Commission determines are appropriate, 
including the scope and objectives of the relevant foreign regulatory 
requirements and the effectiveness of the supervisory compliance 
program administered, and the enforcement authority exercised, by the 
foreign financial regulatory authority in support of its 
oversight.\1377\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1377\ See id. at 31086-88.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also stated that in making a substituted compliance 
determination, it would focus on the similarities in regulatory 
objectives, rather than requiring that the foreign jurisdiction's rules 
be identical. Moreover, depending on the assessment of comparability, 
the Commission could condition the substituted compliance determination 
by limiting it to a particular class or classes of registrants in the 
foreign jurisdiction.\1378\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1378\ See id. at 31088. The Commission added that it intended 
to take a category-by-category approach toward substituted 
compliance under the proposal, and that ``certain requirements are 
interrelated such that the Commission would expect to make a 
substituted compliance determination for the entire group of related 
requirements.'' See id. at 31088-89 (further stating that the 
Commission anticipated considering substituted compliance related to 
capital and margin requirements in connection with requirements 
related to risk management, recordkeeping and reporting, and 
diligent supervision).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal would have required that, prior to making a 
substituted compliance determination, the Commission must have entered 
into a supervisory and enforcement memorandum of understanding 
(``MOU'') or other arrangement with the foreign authority addressing 
the oversight and supervision of security-based swap dealers subject to 
the substituted compliance determination.\1379\ The proposal further 
provided for the potential withdrawal of substituted compliance orders, 
after notice and comment.\1380\ In addition, the proposal would have 
required that a foreign security-based swap dealer could not submit a 
substituted compliance request unless it is directly supervised by the 
foreign financial regulatory authority, and the security-based swap 
dealer provides a certification and opinion of counsel that the 
security-based swap dealer can provide the Commission with prompt 
access to its books and records, and that the security-based swap 
dealer as a matter of law can submit to onsite inspection and 
examination by the Commission.\1381\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1379\ See id. at 31088.
    \1380\ See id. at 31089 (citing as an example changes in the 
foreign regulatory regime or a foreign regulator's failure to 
exercise its supervisory or enforcement authority in an effective 
manner).
    \1381\ See id. at 31089 & n.1126.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposal, substituted compliance would not have been 
available to Major SBS Participants. In this regard, the Commission 
particularly noted ``the limited information currently available to us 
regarding what types of foreign entities may become major security-base 
swap participants, if any, and the foreign regulation of such 
entities.'' \1382\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1382\ See id. at 31035-36.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments on the Proposal
    Commenters raised issues in connection with a variety of aspects 
regarding the proposed substituted compliance rule:
     Basis for substituted compliance. One commenter to the 
Cross-Border Proposing Release questioned the Commission's authority to 
grant substituted compliance,\1383\ and expressed skepticism regarding 
the policy basis for permitting the use of substituted compliance to 
satisfy Title VII requirements.\1384\ That commenter further suggested 
that any Commission relief should be used sparingly, and should be 
predicated on a finding that

[[Page 30071]]

there is an actual conflict between Title VII and foreign 
requirements.\1385\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1383\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 24 
(``Nowhere does the SEC address its authority for adopting such a 
framework, nor does it explain how the possibility of `conflicting 
or duplicative compliance obligations' [justifies] supplanting 
Congress's determination that, to protect the American taxpayer and 
economy, those subject to the Commission's jurisdiction must comply 
with the actual provisions of the Dodd-Frank financial reform 
law.'').
     This commenter particularly described the use of substituted 
compliance as constituting an impermissible exemption from the Title 
VII requirements, stating: ``Had Congress intended the SEC to permit 
compliance with foreign regulation to suffice for all Title VII 
regulation of entities under U.S. jurisdiction, directly or by way 
of anti-evasion regulations, it certainly could have done so.'' In 
support, the commenter cited Exchange Act section 17A(k), 15 U.S.C. 
78q-1(k), added by Dodd-Frank, which specifically permits the 
Commission to exempt clearing agencies from registration when they 
are subject to comparable and comprehensive oversight by the CFTC or 
by foreign regulators. See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 
7, at 25.
    \1384\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 24-25 
(``The SEC's duty is to protect investors and the public consistent 
with congressional policy, not to minimize the costs, burdens, or 
inconvenience that regulation imposes on industry. This is 
particularly important when any claimed industry burden is not only 
self-serving, but without basis and entirely speculative.''). The 
commenter also alluded to potential loopholes associated with 
opportunities for regulatory arbitrage, encouraging ``a race to the 
regulatory bottom so that financial firms can increase profits by 
avoiding regulations that protect the American people and 
taxpayers,'' and that the ``financial industry is among the most 
notorious business sectors for searching the globe to exploit such 
loopholes.'' See id.
    \1385\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 26 
(``Rather than following a substituted compliance approach, the SEC 
should use its exemptive authority sparingly, and only upon a 
finding of actual conflict with a particular foreign regulation.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Availability to U.S. persons. One commenter suggested that 
substituted compliance for the dealer requirements should be available 
to foreign branches of U.S. persons,\1386\ while another commenter 
opposed the availability of substituted compliance to U.S. 
persons.\1387\ One commenter expressed the view that substituted 
compliance should be made available to U.S. persons in connection with 
transactions with non-U.S. persons,\1388\ while another stated that 
substituted compliance should be made available to U.S. persons in 
connection with all transaction-level requirements.\1389\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1386\ See SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7, at A-33 (stating 
that not allowing substituted compliance for foreign branches in 
connection with confirmation requirements and certain other 
requirements would put foreign branches at a competitive 
disadvantage to foreign dealers, although foreign branches ``are, in 
most cases, subject to extensive supervision and oversight in their 
host country''; further noting that the Commission proposed to allow 
substituted compliance for foreign branches in connection with 
regulatory reporting, public dissemination and trade execution 
requirements).
    \1387\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, 
(generally opposing substituted compliance for U.S. persons, 
including foreign branches, and stating that allowing substituted 
compliance in those circumstances would constitute ``carve-outs'' 
that would ``essentially nullify U.S. law in favor of foreign 
regulatory requirements'').
    \1388\ See ESMA, supra note 8, at 3-4 (expressing the view that 
``substituted compliance should apply when a counterparty to the 
derivative transaction is established in an equivalent jurisdiction 
and is a non-U.S. person. In such case, substituted compliance 
should be possible whatever the status of the other party is, 
including if it is a U.S. person, and whatever the place out of 
which the transaction is conducted or executed.'').
    \1389\ See MFA/AIMA, supra note 8 (stating the Commission should 
extend substituted compliance to ``to all transaction-level 
requirements that apply to U.S. and non-U.S. persons,'' and that 
``by extending the scope of substituted compliance to all market 
participants, irrespective of their `U.S. person' status, and to all 
regulatory categories . . . the Commission would mitigate the risk 
of duplicative and/or conflicting regulatory requirements, without 
curtailing the reasonable application of Title VII of Dodd-Frank to 
relevant market participants'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Availability in connection with U.S. business. One 
commenter expressed the view that substituted compliance generally 
should not be available in connection with transactions involving U.S. 
counterparties, or in connection with transactions that occur within 
the U.S.\1390\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1390\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 26-27 
(``The SBS activities of a U.S. person directly and immediately 
impact the United States and endanger the U.S. taxpayer if 
improperly regulated . . . . Substituted compliance is simply 
impermissible for transactions with U.S. persons or for transactions 
that occur within the United States, regardless of the status of the 
counterparty.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Comparability criteria. Certain commenters opposed the 
proposed holistic approach toward assessing comparability based on 
regulatory outcomes, and instead expressed the view that any 
assessments should be done on a requirement-by-requirement basis.\1391\ 
Conversely, a number of commenters supported the proposed 
approach.\1392\ Some commenters requested further clarity regarding the 
assessment criteria and regarding the information that should be 
submitted in support of applications,\1393\ while one commenter 
challenged the proposal's lack of particularized elements for assessing 
comparability in connection with certain requirements.\1394\ One 
commenter questioned how the Commission would be notified of material 
changes to foreign law that underpins a substituted compliance 
determination.\1395\ Commenters also expressed the views that 
regulatory comparisons should focus on common principles associated 
with shared G-20 Leaders goals,\1396\ urged the need for consistency 
and coordination with the work of other regulators and IOSCO,\1397\ and 
supported building on existing cooperative initiatives.\1398\ 
Commenters

[[Page 30072]]

also stated that the Commission should coordinate substituted 
compliance determinations with the CFTC.\1399\ One commenter expressed 
concern regarding operational complexities that may be associated with 
``partial'' substituted compliance determinations, and suggested that 
there be presumptions against such partial determinations.\1400\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1391\ See AFR (stating that an ```outcomes-based' assessment of 
regulation is thus likely to be far more subjective than a careful, 
point-by-point comparison of the actual substance of the rules,'' 
and that ``a hypothesized similarity in outcomes for sets of rules 
that are quite different in substance should not suffice to certify 
comparability''; further stating that an outcomes-based assessment 
may not be consistent with the need for different sets of 
requirements to be standardized); Better Markets, supra note 7, 
(August 2013) at 3, 30 (stating that the SEC must abandon the 
regulatory outcomes test and must ensure that foreign regulation is 
comparable in substance, form, over time, and as enforced,'' and 
also questioning whether ``one can ever predict whether regulatory 
outcomes will be comparable'').
     A legislative comment letter to the CFTC in connection with the 
CFTC's own cross-border initiative, on which the SEC Chair and 
Commissioners were copied, also took the view that there should be a 
presumption against comparability for substituted compliance 
purposes and that any assessment be made on a requirement-by-
requirement basis. See U.S. Senators, supra note 8 (``However, the 
`substituted compliance' determination must be made through a 
judicious process, on a country-by-country and requirement-by-
requirement basis, and subject to a presumption that other 
jurisdictions do not comply unless proven otherwise.'').
    \1392\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7, at A-30 
(the proposed approach ``is consistent with the goal of 
international comity and is preferable to a rule-by-rule 
comparison''); IIB (August 2013), supra note 8, at 18 (``We agree 
with the Commission that requirements related to internal controls 
(such as risk management, recordkeeping and reporting, internal 
systems and controls, diligent supervision and chief compliance 
officer requirements) should generally be evaluated holistically. 
These requirements are commonly overseen and administered by a 
single prudential regulator.''); EC, supra note 8 (``We support the 
consideration of regulatory outcomes as the standard for permitting 
substituted compliance, as well as the consideration of particular 
market practices and characteristics in individual jurisdictions. 
This flexible approach recognises the differing approaches that 
regulators and legislators may take to achieving the same regulatory 
objectives in the derivatives markets.''); ABA (October 2013), supra 
note 8.
    \1393\ See SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7 (requesting that 
the Commission provide a ``more granular and detailed framework'' 
for clarity regarding the assessment process, including the factors 
relevant to the determination and the method and metrics for 
comparing regulatory outcomes); CDEU, supra note 8 (addressing 
vagueness in criteria); ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7, at 3 
(``Without a more concrete definition of the outcomes-based 
standard, applicants will face uncertainty in determining what 
information should be supplied in connection with an application. 
ISDA proposes that the appropriate `outcomes' to guide substituted 
compliance determinations should be the common principles based on 
the consensus G-20 goals as described above, rather than details of 
domestic legislation; in other words, a substituted compliance 
determination should be an assessment that the non-US regulatory 
approach under consideration adheres to the common principles.''); 
FOA, supra note 8 (requesting additional detail regarding relevant 
regulatory outcomes).
    \1394\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 30 
(noting that the Commission proposed particularized comparability 
elements in connection with regulatory reporting and public 
dissemination requirements, and stating that the lack of such 
elements for other requirements would be confusing and would create 
``the opportunity for the Commission to approve much more relaxed 
foreign regulations based on more vague standards''; further stating 
that it would be arbitrary and capricious not to make use of 
``consistently robust and publicly disclosed'' standards to guide 
substituted compliance determinations for each requirement).
    \1395\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 29 
(``Any entity making use of substituted compliance must be held 
responsible for immediately informing the SEC if either the relevant 
regulation or the factors that qualified the entity for substituted 
compliance change in any material way.'').
    \1396\ See ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7 (stating that ``the 
Commission could consider and adopt a regime-based approach, whereby 
comparability would exist if a jurisdiction has implemented 
regulations to meet the G-20 commitments. The Commission's rejection 
of this approach based on its `responsibility to implement the 
specific statutory provisions . . . added by Title VII' overlooks 
the principle that comity should inform the extraterritorial 
application of statutory directives''; citation omitted).
    \1397\ See II.F, supra note 8 (``Nevertheless, the proposed 
approach (and any similar approaches used in other jurisdictions) 
will be even more effective and beneficial if they are consistent 
with, and coordinated with, the work and approaches of other 
authorities in the same jurisdiction (particularly in the case where 
multiple supervisors have responsibility for swaps regulation), 
national authorities in other jurisdictions and international 
standard setters such as the International Organization of 
Securities Commissions (IOSCO).'').
    \1398\ See JSDA, supra note 8 (noting that the CFTC and the 
European Union had announced a ``Path Forward'' regarding their 
joint understandings for how to approach cross-border derivatives, 
and stating ``[w]e expect that the SEC and CFTC will jointly adopt 
the same approach regarding application of substituted compliance to 
Japan'').
    \1399\ See, e.g., CDEU, supra note 8 (``The SEC should also work 
closely with the CFTC when determining whether substituted 
compliance is applicable with respect to a particular jurisdiction. 
With respect to substituted compliance, the regulatory requirements 
of end-users operating globally depend on whether the SEC has made a 
comparability determination for the relevant non-U.S. jurisdiction. 
Conflicting regimes will lead to increased costs and unnecessary 
duplicative regulations which may be directly or indirectly imposed 
on derivatives end users.''); ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7 
(``Differences in the Commission's and CFTC's approaches to 
derivatives regulation produce uncertainties and confusion for 
market participants. Moreover, the lack of coordination severely 
limits potential efficiencies in the substituted compliance process. 
We note here some of the significant differences between the 
Proposal and the CFTC July 2013 Guidance. We respectfully urge the 
agencies to prioritize harmonization of their approaches to 
substituted compliance.''). But see ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7 
(commending the Commission's proposal ``to allow substituted 
compliance by bona fide non-U.S. SBS dealers for external business 
conduct standards and conflicts of interest duties in transactions 
with U.S. persons,'' in contrast to the approach set forth in the 
CFTC's cross-border guidance).
    \1400\ FOA, supra note 8 (urging the Commission to be sensitive 
to ``the possible consequences of `partial' substituted compliance 
determination for market participants and, wherever possible, to 
presume that where a significant portion of a jurisdiction's 
regulatory regime is determined to be comparable to Title VII of the 
Dodd-Frank Act, the remainder of the jurisdiction's regulatory 
regime should also be deemed to be comparable'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Enforcement and supervisory practices. One commenter 
expressed the view that a substituted compliance assessment must 
address a foreign regime's supervisory and enforcement capabilities in 
practice.\1401\ Another commenter expressed the view that differences 
among the supervisory and enforcement regimes should not be assumed to 
reflect flaws in one regime or another.\1402\ One commenter requested 
guidance regarding how the Commission would consider such enforcement 
and supervisory practices.\1403\
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    \1401\ This commenter also highlighted particular factors for 
analysis of foreign supervision and enforcement. See Better Markets 
(August 2013), supra note 7, at 29-31 (stating that the ``foreign 
regulatory regime must incorporate strong investigative tools and 
meaningful penalty provisions, and the foreign regulator must have a 
demonstrable commitment to enforcement and the resources to carry 
out such a commitment,'' that the Commission ``must evaluate a host 
of factors regarding the foreign regulatory system, including staff 
expertise, agency funding, agency independence, technological 
capacity, supervision in fact, and enforcement in fact,'' and that 
the Commission ``must determine that there is a track record of 
robust enforcement by the foreign jurisdiction before making or 
renewing any such finding'').
    Another commenter more generally supported the Commission's 
ability to not grant substituted compliance due to the substantive 
enforcement of foreign regulatory regimes. See AFR, supra note 8 
(also supporting withdrawal of substituted compliance due to a 
foreign regulator's failure to exercise its supervisory or 
enforcement authority).
    \1402\ See ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7 (``While the G-20 
commitments for the reform of derivatives markets are globally 
shared, supervisory practices vary significantly among 
jurisdictions. Supervisory practices established in one jurisdiction 
will be adapted to the facts of that jurisdiction. This lack of 
commonality should not be assumed to be a defect in supervisory 
standards; common objectives may be reached through differing means. 
Moreover, commonality may not present meaningful benefits beyond 
those already achieved by virtue of the Commission and its 
counterpart regulators negotiating and entering into memoranda of 
understanding, a process that is separately a predicate for 
substituted compliance.'').
    \1403\ See ABA, supra note 8 (``In addition, we believe that the 
Commission's comparability analysis should extend to the existence 
and effectiveness of the foreign jurisdiction's supervisory 
examination and enforcement programs. However, we urge the 
Commission to provide further guidance as to how these factors will 
be analyzed in particular scenarios.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Multi-jurisdictional issues. One commenter raised 
questions regarding the application of substituted compliance in 
connection with third-country branches of non-U.S. dealers,\1404\ while 
another commenter raised issues regarding which sets of rules apply to 
transactions between parties in different markets, and whether the 
parties to cross-jurisdiction transactions may choose which rules 
apply.\1405\ Commenters also raised issues regarding the assessment of 
substituted compliance in the context of the European Union, stating 
that certain rules are adopted at a European level and are applied 
directly in individual member states.\1406\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1404\ See FOA, supra note 8 (``However, multi-jurisdictional 
scenarios are quite common and the SEC must provide additional 
guidance on how it intends to address substituted compliance when a 
bank headquartered in one country (e.g., the UK) may have a swap 
dealing branch that operates in another country (e.g., Hong Kong). 
Any substituted compliance determination by the SEC must account for 
the interplay of the regulatory regimes in the relevant non-U.S. 
jurisdictions.'').
    \1405\ See IIF, supra note 8 (``A further general observation is 
that while the rule proposal provides for substituted compliance 
covering significant aspects of entity-level and transaction-level 
requirements, it does not seem to address the issue of whose rules 
govern when the transaction is between two or more parties in 
different markets. It is important that the SEC provide guidance as 
to how one determines the applicable requirements in such cases. We 
suggest that the final rule should clarify that if the SEC has 
concluded on the basis of its outcomes-based assessment that the 
rules of the host country where the counterparties are located 
produce comparable outcomes to those in the United States, then 
either the parties should be free to choose which rules apply or the 
rules where the [transaction] occurs should be the default 
position.'').
    \1406\ See ESMA, supra note 8 (``ESMA considers it is important 
that substituted compliance is assessed at the level of the 
jurisdiction, i.e. at the level of the Union, for Europe. EMIR rules 
are adopted at European level and apply directly in each Member 
State''); FOA, supra note 8, at 5 (``It is not clear how the SEC 
intends to approach situations where more than one non-U.S. 
jurisdiction's rules may be relevant. To some extent, these risks 
may be mitigated in the European Union to the extent that the SEC 
makes a substituted compliance determination on an EU-wide 
basis.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Deference and coordination. One commenter suggested that 
the Commission should defer to non-U.S. oversight when possible.\1407\ 
Commenters further questioned the proposed requirement that an 
applicant for substituted compliance certify that the Commission can 
access the firm's books and records and conduct onsite inspections of 
the firm.\1408\ One commenter expressed the view that the Commission's 
ability to access the books and records of, and inspect, a dealer 
relying on substituted compliance should be subject to agreement with a 
foreign jurisdiction.\1409\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1407\ See ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7, at 6-7 (``In order 
to minimize the burden of duplicative inspection requests, the 
Commission should defer to the maximum extent possible to oversight 
by the non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Such an approach would 
recognize the inherent limitations on the Commission's capability to 
interpret non-U.S. regulation and determine whether conduct is 
compliant.'').
    \1408\ See ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7, at 6 (``ISDA 
requests that the Commission articulate a clear rationale for the 
inspection powers stipulated in footnote 1126 of the Proposal, as 
well as a set of principles setting forth how such powers would be 
used.''); ESMA, supra note 8 (``The objective of substituted 
compliance and the necessary cooperation of the non-U.S. authorities 
that accompany such a determination should not be pre-empted by an 
invasive approach based on direct access to all books and records 
and on-site inspections which are not conducted in a coordinated 
manner with the home jurisdiction competent authority.''). The 
underlying part of the Cross-Border Proposing Release discussed how 
the proposing release for the registration requirement would require 
that nonresident security-based swap dealers provide the Commission 
with an opinion of counsel concurring that as a matter of law the 
firm may provide the Commission with prompt access to the firm's 
books and records, and submit to onsite inspection and examination 
by the Commission. See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 
31089 n.1126, supra note 6. The Commission has since adopted that 
requirement. See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48981, 
supra note 989.
    \1409\ See FOA, supra note 8 (``The FOA believes that the SEC's 
access to the books and records of, and the right to conduct on-site 
examinations and inspections of, a non-U.S. security-based swap 
dealer relying on a substituted compliance determination should be 
subject to the terms of the relevant Memorandum of Understanding (or 
other agreement) governing such substituted compliance arrangements. 
The FOA therefore urges the SEC to clarify in its final cross-border 
rules that, as part of a substituted compliance determination, the 
SEC agrees to access books and records, and conduct on-site 
examinations and inspections, of non-U.S. security-based swap 
dealers through the cooperative arrangements entered into with the 
relevant non-U.S. regulator(s).'').

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[[Page 30073]]

     Implementation and phase-in periods. Some commenters 
suggested that certain requirements be deferred pending action on 
related substituted compliance determinations.\1410\ Commenters also 
stated that any withdrawal or modification of a substituted compliance 
determination by the Commission should also be subject to a phase-in 
period.\1411\
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    \1410\ See, e.g., FOA, supra note 8 (suggesting that the 
Commission consider ``a phased implementation process'' for 
substituted compliance, whereby the Commission would ``consider 
delaying the effectiveness of the compliance obligations applicable 
to non-U.S. security-based swap dealers and major security-based 
swap participants until such time as the SEC has been able to make 
substituted compliance determinations in respect of those 
jurisdictions that are most active in the international derivatives 
markets''; also supporting a ``temporary'' substituted compliance 
regime whereby, following submission of a substituted compliance 
request, ``market participants from that jurisdiction would be 
permitted to continue to comply with home country regulations until 
such time as the SEC determines that it will not permit substituted 
compliance in respect of some, or all, of such home country's 
regulatory requirements''); ABA, supra note 8 (``However, we 
recommend that the Commission further clarify the details of its 
proposed substituted compliance analysis; for example, by indicating 
that it will consider deferring the application of relevant entity-
level requirements pending final action on a particular request.''); 
SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7 (``[W]e believe that Foreign SBSDs 
should be provided relief from compliance with Entity-Level 
Requirements until the Commission has had the opportunity to provide 
substituted compliance determinations. We believe that this is 
preferable to requiring Foreign SBSDs to have to build the 
technological, operational and compliance systems required to comply 
with U.S. law for a short, interim period. This should be the case 
so long as that period of time is anticipated to be reasonably brief 
and the Commission anticipates a possibility that the finalized 
regulations will be sufficiently comparable.'').
    \1411\ See SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7, at A-36-37 
(``[M]arket participants are likely to design systems and processes 
to comply with an approved substituted regulatory regime after the 
Commission has made such a determination. Withdrawal or modification 
of such a determination could cause significant operational 
difficulties for market participants, that may have to realign their 
internal infrastructure to be in compliance with the Commission's 
requirements.''); FOA, supra note 8 (``any decision by the SEC to 
modify or withdraw a substituted compliance determination should be 
subject to an appropriate phased timetable to permit market 
participants sufficient time to adjust their systems and operations 
to the new compliance obligations'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Availability to major participants. Two commenters 
disagreed with the proposal that substituted compliance not be 
available to major security-based swap participants.\1412\ In contrast, 
one commenter expressed opposition to the possibility of making 
substituted compliance available to major participants.\1413\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1412\ See SIFMA (August 2013), supra note 7, at A-34 (``Without 
this allowance, MSBSPs subject to comparable regulation in their 
home jurisdiction would be forced to comply with duplicative or 
potentially conflicting regulatory regimes.''); IIB (August 2013), 
supra note 8, at 22 (``We see no reason why such institutions, if 
they exceed one of the MSBSP thresholds, should be no less eligible 
for substituted compliance than a foreign SBSD.'').
    \1413\ See Better Markets (August 2013), supra note 7, at 29 
(supporting proposed approach, citing lack of data and limited 
information, and adding that the Commission should not consider 
substituted compliance for major participants ``until and unless 
industry participants provide reliable and comprehensive data 
proving that it would be otherwise prudent to do so'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Other. In response to questions posed by the Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, certain commenters opposed certain potential 
limitations to the availability of substituted compliance.\1414\ One 
commenter supported a standard timeframe for the review of substituted 
compliance applications.\1415\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1414\ See, e.g., ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7, at 7 
(opposing potential conditions requiring that U.S. counterparties be 
qualified institutional buyers or qualified investors, and opposing 
any use of a threshold requirement that non-U.S. security-based swap 
dealers predominantly engage in non-U.S. business); ABA, supra note 
8 (opposing limiting substituted compliance to qualified 
institutional buyers or qualified investors); see also Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31091-92, supra note 6 (soliciting 
comment on those potential limitations to the availability of 
substituted compliance).
    \1415\ See FOA, supra note 8 (``The FOA recognises that the 
timeline for reviewing a request for substituted compliance and 
reaching an informed decision will likely vary, for example due to 
the nature of the regulatory regime in a given jurisdiction or the 
SEC staff's lack of familiarity with a particular jurisdiction's 
approach. Nevertheless, the FOA believes that it is essential that 
there be a standard timeframe for the SEC to reach a substituted 
compliance determination. Any uncertainty regarding the timeline for 
compliance with regulatory obligations creates a significant amount 
of additional complexity for market participants that are already 
faced with substantial operational and compliance burdens in 
preparing for the compliance dates of new regulations.'').
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3. Response to Comments and Final Rule
    After considering the comments received, the Commission is adopting 
Rule 3a71-6 to make substituted compliance potentially available in 
connection with the business conduct requirements being adopted 
today.\1416\ The final rule has been modified from the proposal in a 
number of ways, including, as discussed below: Consistent with the 
scope of the current rulemaking, the final rule solely addresses the 
use of substituted compliance to satisfy those business conduct 
requirements (rather than addressing the availability of substituted 
compliance more generally in connection with section 15F requirements 
other than registration requirements, as proposed); \1417\ and the 
final rule makes substituted compliance potentially available to 
registered Major SBS Participants (rather than limiting the potential 
availability of substituted compliance to registered SBS Dealers, as 
proposed).\1418\
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    \1416\ The final rule has been renumbered from the proposal.
    \1417\ See Section III.B.3.b, infra.
    \1418\ See Section III.B.3.c, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Basis for Availability of Substituted Compliance in Connection With 
Business Conduct Requirements
    As discussed elsewhere, the security-based swap market is global, 
with a prevalence of cross-border transactions within that 
market.\1419\ The cross-border nature of this market poses special 
regulatory challenges in connection with the rules we are adopting 
today, in that the Title VII business conduct requirements applicable 
to SBS Dealers or Major SBS Participants have the potential to lead to 
requirements that are duplicative of or in conflict with applicable 
foreign business conduct requirements, even when the two sets of 
requirements implement similar goals and lead to similar results. Such 
results have the potential to disrupt existing business relationships 
and, more generally, to reduce competition and market efficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1419\ See Section VI.B.3, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission accordingly proposed to implement a substituted 
compliance framework ``to address the effect of conflicting or 
duplicative regulations on competition and market efficiency and to 
facilitate a well-functioning global security-based swap market.'' 
\1420\ In the Commission's view, under certain circumstances it may be 
appropriate to allow for substituted compliance whereby market 
participants may satisfy certain of the Title VII business conduct 
requirements by complying with comparable foreign requirements. In this 
manner, registered entities could comply with a single set of 
requirements where substituted compliance is deemed appropriate, while 
remaining subject to robust oversight. Accordingly, substituted 
compliance may be expected to help achieve the goals of Title VII in a 
way that promotes market efficiency, enhances competition and 
facilitates a well-functioning global security-based swap market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1420\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31086, supra 
note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In reaching this conclusion, the Commission notes that one 
commenter has questioned the Commission's authority to grant 
substituted compliance and has expressed skepticism regarding the 
policy basis for

[[Page 30074]]

permitting the use of substituted compliance to satisfy Title VII 
requirements.\1421\ In contrast to the suggestion of that comment, 
however, substituted compliance does not constitute exemptive relief 
and does not excuse registered SBS Entities from having to comply with 
the Exchange Act business conduct requirements. Instead, substituted 
compliance provides an alternative method of satisfying those 
requirements under Title VII.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1421\ See notes 1383 and 1384, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the same commenter's view that substituted compliance 
would lead to a lowering of regulatory standards is addressed by the 
provision that any grant of substituted compliance would be predicated 
on there being comparable requirements in the foreign jurisdiction. 
Indeed, in the Commission's view, the potential for substituted 
compliance will help to promote the effective application of Title VII 
requirements, by making it less likely that certain market participants 
that are complying with comparable foreign requirements will determine 
that they need to choose between modifying their business conduct 
systems to reflect the requirements of U.S. rules, or else limiting or 
ceasing their participation in the U.S. market.\1422\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1422\ The Commission further notes that section 752(a) of the 
Dodd-Frank Act in part requires that the Commission consult with the 
foreign regulatory authorities on the establishment of consistent 
regulatory standards with respect to the regulation of security-
based swaps. The use of substituted compliance to help mitigate the 
impacts of inconsistent and duplicative requirements is consistent 
with that statutory direction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This commenter also expressed the view that any Commission action 
of this nature at a minimum should be predicated on a finding that 
there is an actual conflict between Title VII and foreign 
requirements.\1423\ In the Commission's view, however, requiring a 
showing of actual conflict as a condition to substituted compliance 
should not be necessary as substituted compliance is intended to 
promote compliance efficiencies in connection with potentially 
duplicative requirements (as well as conflicting requirements).\1424\
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    \1423\ See note 1385, supra.
    \1424\ In light of the benefits associated with substituted 
compliance, the final rule also does not include potential 
limitations, for which the proposing release solicited comment, that 
would have conditioned substituted compliance on a non-U.S. entity 
not transacting with U.S. counterparties that are not qualified 
institutional buyers or qualified investors, or that would have 
required that non-U.S. entities receiving substituted compliance 
predominantly engage in non-U.S. business. See note 1414, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Structure and Scope of the Final Rule
i. In General
    As noted, the final rule has been revised from the proposal to 
reflect that until other Title VII rules are adopted, substituted 
compliance will be available only with respect to the business conduct 
rules. The Commission expects to assess the potential availability of 
substituted compliance in connection with other requirements when the 
Commission considers final rules to implement those requirements.
    To implement this revised approach, paragraph (a)(1) of Rule 3a71-6 
as adopted provides that the Commission may, conditionally or 
unconditionally, by order, make a determination with respect to a 
foreign financial regulatory system that compliance with specified 
requirements under that foreign financial regulatory system by a 
registered SBS Dealer and/or by a registered Major SBS Participant--
each a ``security-based swap entity'' under the rule--or class thereof, 
may satisfy the corresponding requirements identified in paragraph (d) 
of rule 3a71-6 that would otherwise apply.\1425\ Paragraph (d), 
discussed below, is an addition from the proposal that specifies the 
business conduct requirements that the Commission is adopting.\1426\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1425\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(a)(1). The proposed rule 
would have made substituted compliance potentially available for all 
of the section 15F dealer requirements other than registration 
requirements. The structure of the final rule implements a more 
targeted approach whereby the Commission will assess the 
availability of substituted compliance when the Commission considers 
the applicable substantive rules. Consistent with this approach, the 
final rule does not include proposed paragraph (a)(3), which would 
have specified that substituted compliance would not be available in 
connection with the registration requirements of section 15F. See 
generally Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48972-73, supra 
note 989 (determining that substituted compliance would not be 
available in connection with the registration requirements for 
security-based swap dealers, and stating that ``[p]ermitting a 
foreign SBS Dealer to satisfy these requirements through compliance 
with the relevant requirements in its home jurisdiction, even with 
appropriate notice of such compliance to the Commission, may deprive 
the Commission of the necessary information, including information 
resulting from inspection and examination of the books and records 
of a firm engaged in dealing activity at levels above the de minimis 
threshold.'').
    Paragraph (a)(1) of the final rule also has been modified from 
the proposal to remove language limiting substituted compliance to 
``foreign'' entities. Substituted compliance for the business 
conduct standards at issue here will be available only to foreign 
security-based swap dealers and foreign major security-based swap 
participants, and the Commission expects to assess whether 
substituted compliance should be limited to foreign entities in 
connection with other section 15F requirements.
    \1426\ Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (a)(2) of the final rule provides that the Commission 
will not make a substituted compliance determination unless it 
determines that the foreign requirements applicable to the SBS Entity 
(or class thereof), or to the activities of such entity (or class 
thereof), are comparable to the otherwise applicable requirements, 
after taking into account such factors as the Commission determines are 
appropriate, such as the scope and objectives of the relevant foreign 
regulatory requirements (taking into account applicable criteria set 
forth in paragraph (d)), as well as the effectiveness of the 
supervisory compliance program administered, and the enforcement 
authority exercised, by the foreign authority to support its oversight 
of the SBS Entity (or class thereof) or of the activities of the entity 
(or class thereof). This provision has been revised from the proposal 
in part to make the rule more flexible, by permitting substituted 
compliance to be predicated either on foreign regulation of the entity 
(or class), or, alternatively, on foreign regulation of the entity's 
(or class's) activities. In this way, the rule can account for 
situations in which a foreign regulatory regime does not specifically 
provide for the registration of a particular category of market 
participant, but nonetheless effectively regulates the activities of 
members of that category.\1427\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1427\ In other words, for example, under the final rule the 
Commission may make substituted compliance available in connection 
with a foreign regulatory regime that does not make use of a 
specific registration category for dealers in security-based swaps, 
but that nonetheless regulates such dealers in a manner that is 
comparable to the section 15F requirements.
    As proposed, paragraph (a)(2) made no mention of particular 
criteria associated with a substituted compliance determination. 
Paragraph (a)(2) of the final rule, however, specifies that in 
considering the scope and objectives of the relevant foreign 
requirements, the Commission intends to consider applicable criteria 
that are set forth in new paragraph (d). See Section III.B.3.e, 
infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (a)(2) of the rule further provides that the Commission 
will not make a substituted compliance determination unless the 
Commission has entered into a supervisory and enforcement memorandum of 
understanding and/or other arrangement with the relevant foreign 
financial regulatory authority addressing supervisory and enforcement 
cooperation and other matters arising under the substituted compliance 
determination.\1428\ This provision

[[Page 30075]]

should help ensure that both regulators will cooperate with each other 
within the substituted compliance framework, such that both regulators 
have information that will assist them in fulfilling their respective 
regulatory mandates. Moreover, the Commission may, on its own 
initiative, by order, modify or withdraw a substituted compliance 
determination after appropriate notice and opportunity for 
comment.\1429\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1428\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(a)(2)(ii). Paragraph 
(a)(2)'s reference to supervisory and enforcement cooperation and 
other matters further has been revised from the proposal, which 
addressed the ``oversight and supervision'' of applicable security-
based swap dealers. This change is to help ensure that enforcement 
cooperation is encompassed within those arrangements, given the 
importance of enforcement in promoting compliance with applicable 
requirements. The change parallels comparable language in the 
substituted compliance rules applicable to Regulation SBSR. See 
Regulation SBSR 908(c)(2)(iv).
    \1429\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(a)(3).
     Commenters stated that any withdrawal or modification of a 
substituted compliance determination by the Commission should also 
be subject to a phase-in period. See note 1411, supra. The final 
rule does not contain any such provision for a phase-in period, 
however, given that substituted compliance is predicated on the 
relevant foreign requirements being comparable to the Title VII 
requirements, and on the adequacy of the relevant foreign 
authority's supervision and enforcement in connection with those 
foreign requirements. Subject to that principle, the Commission in 
practice would expect to consider such timing and operational issues 
in the event that it were to reconsider a previous grant of 
substituted compliance. The particular facts and circumstances 
surrounding such a reconsideration would be relevant to how long 
substituted compliance would remain available after Commission 
action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (b) of the final rule specifies that a registered SBS 
Entity may satisfy the Exchange Act requirements identified in 
paragraph (d) of the rule by complying with corresponding law, rules 
and regulations under a foreign financial regulatory system, provided 
that: (1) The Commission has made a determination providing that 
compliance with specified requirements under the foreign financial 
regulatory system by such registered security-based swap entity (or a 
class thereof) may satisfy the corresponding requirements, and (2) such 
entity satisfies any conditions set forth in the Commission's 
determination.\1430\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1430\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(b). This paragraph has been 
changed from the proposal in certain ways consistent with the 
changed scope of the rule (i.e., deleting the word ``foreign'' and 
replacing ``dealer'' with ``entity'') or for clarifying purposes. 
This paragraph also has been changed from the proposal, which 
referred to ``legislative requirements, rules and regulations,'' to 
more flexibly account for the variety of potential sources of 
applicable requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (c) of the final rule addresses requests for substituted 
compliance determinations. As discussed below, those application 
provisions have been revised from the proposal in certain 
respects.\1431\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1431\ See Section III.B.3.h, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To implement the final rule's targeted approach toward substituted 
compliance, paragraph (d) of rule 3a71-6 states that substituted 
compliance will be available in connection with the business conduct 
and supervision requirements of sections 15F(h) and 15F(j) and rules 
15Fh-3 through 15Fh-6, and the CCO requirements of section 15F(k) and 
rule 15Fk-1, subject to exceptions discussed below.\1432\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1432\ The business conduct requirements that are the subject of 
this rulemaking in large part are derived from Exchange Act section 
15F(h). As discussed above, however, Exchange Act section 15F(j) 
imposes on SBS Entities a series of self-executing duties with 
regard to trade monitoring, risk management systems, regulatory 
disclosures, information access systems and procedures, conflict-of-
interest systems and procedures, and antitrust considerations. Rule 
15h-3(h)(2)(iii)(I) requires SBS Entities to adopt written policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to comply with those duties. See 
note 605, supra, and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed below, moreover, paragraph (d) specifies that prior to 
making these substituted compliance determinations, the Commission 
intends to consider whether the information required to be provided to 
counterparties pursuant to the requirements of the foreign 
jurisdiction, the counterparty protections of the foreign jurisdiction, 
the mandates for supervisory systems under the requirements of the 
foreign jurisdiction, the duties imposed by the foreign jurisdiction, 
and the CCO requirements of the foreign jurisdiction, are comparable to 
the Exchange Act requirements.\1433\ Those factors are relevant to the 
comparability analysis, and their inclusion in the final rule also 
responds to commenters that expressed the view that the rules should 
provide more guidance regarding comparability criteria.\1434\ At the 
same time, as discussed below, substituted compliance does not require 
that there be requirement-by-requirement comparability between Exchange 
Act requirements and foreign requirements, as the operative question is 
whether there is the comparability of the associated regulatory 
outcomes.\1435\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1433\ See note 1458, infra, and accompanying text.
    \1434\ See notes 1393 and 1394, supra.
    \1435\ See Section III.B.3.e, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the Commission is not persuaded by commenter requests that 
we provide phase-in periods or other means to link the timing of the 
substantive requirements under the Exchange Act with the availability 
of substituted compliance.\1436\ The effective dates and compliance 
dates for these business conduct requirements reflect the need to 
implement those requirements in a timely manner, regardless of whether 
the alternative route provided by substituted compliance is 
available.\1437\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1436\ See note 1410, supra.
    \1437\ Given the facts and circumstances nature of the 
substituted compliance assessment, the Commission also does not 
believe that it would be practicable to provide a standard timeframe 
for reaching substituted compliance determinations. See note 1415, 
supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Unavailability in Connection With Antifraud Prohibitions and 
Certain Other Requirements
    Paragraph (d)(1) of the final rule provides that substituted 
compliance is not available in connection with Exchange Act section 
15F(h)(4)(A), which in relevant part prohibits SBS Dealers from 
engaging in fraudulent activities in connection with special entities 
and more generally. The rule also provides that substituted compliance 
is not available in connection with Exchange Act rule 15Fh-4(a), which 
implements that statutory antifraud provision.
    In the Commission's view, substituted compliance is not appropriate 
in connection with those explicit statutory prohibitions of fraudulent 
conduct, given the central role of the antifraud provisions of the 
securities laws in protecting the integrity and reputation of U.S. 
financial markets. The Commission also notes that concerns regarding 
regulatory duplication do not arise in the context of such antifraud 
prohibitions in the same way they may arise with respect to other 
provisions.
    Paragraph (d)(1) further provides that substituted compliance is 
not available in connection with Exchange Act sections 15F(j)(3) and 
(j)(4)(B). Section 15F(j)(3) requires that SBS Entities disclose, to 
the Commission and the applicable prudential regulators, information 
concerning: The terms and conditions of the entity's security-based 
swaps; security-based swap trading operations, mechanisms and 
practices; financial integrity protections relating to security-based 
swaps; and other information relevant to the entity's trading in 
security-based swaps. Section 15F(j)(4)(B) provides that the SBS Entity 
upon request shall provide the Commission and any applicable prudential 
regulator with information necessary to perform statutory functions 
under Section 15F. In our view, the Commission's oversight of SBS 
Entities requires that the Commission be able to directly access 
relevant information from those entities. Accordingly, the Commission 
does not believe that those requirements that SBS Entities provide 
information to the Commission are reasonably amenable to being 
satisfied

[[Page 30076]]

via compliance with the requirements of a foreign jurisdiction.\1438\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1438\ In addition, Exchange Act Section 15F(j)(7) authorizes 
the Commission to prescribe rules governing the duties of SBS 
Entities. While the Commission is not excluding that provision from 
the potential availability of substituted compliance, the Commission 
expects to separately consider whether substituted compliance may be 
available in connection with any future rules promulgated pursuant 
to that provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Application to Particular Requirements
    It is possible that substituted compliance may be granted with 
regard to some of these requirements but not others. As discussed 
below, the Commission intends to assess the comparability of foreign 
requirements using a holistic approach that focuses on regulatory 
outcomes rather than predicating substituted compliance on requirement-
by-requirement similarity.\1439\ At the same time, however, the 
business conduct requirements being adopted today encompass a range of 
distinct categories (e.g., supervision, counterparty protection, 
special entity protection) such that those individual categories may be 
subject to differing conclusions regarding the comparability of 
regulatory outcomes and/or the associated foreign enforcement and 
supervisory practices. Thus, for example, it may be possible that the 
Commission would make substituted compliance available with regard to a 
particular foreign regulatory regime in connection with certain 
counterparty protections required by these rules but not the 
supervision requirements, or vice versa. Ultimately, this would depend 
on the relevant facts and circumstances, and their impact upon specific 
assessments of comparability,\1440\ and of supervision and enforcement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1439\ See Section III.B.3.e, infra.
    \1440\ As discussed below, substituted compliance is predicated 
on the comparability of regulatory outcomes, and does not mandate 
rule-by-rule equivalence between specific requirements under Title 
VII and analogous foreign requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission further anticipates that certain categories of the 
requirements we are adopting today--related to ECP verification, 
special entities and political contributions--will raise special issues 
with regard to comparability, and with regard to whether adequate 
supervision and enforcement is available under the foreign regulatory 
regime. Such issues are likely to arise with regard to those particular 
requirements because each of those requirements address protections 
that may have no foreign law analogues, as those requirements reflect 
heightened concerns under U.S. law regarding potential abuses involving 
particular categories of persons. Indeed, those categories and the 
protections afforded to them under U.S. law may not correspond with any 
specified categories of persons or protections under relevant foreign 
law. As a result, substituted compliance assessments in connection with 
those categories will require inquiry regarding whether foreign 
regulatory requirements adequately reflect the same particular 
interests and protections.
c. Availability to Major SBS Participants
    Under the proposed rule, substituted compliance would have been 
available only to registered SBS Dealers, and would not have been 
available to registered Major SBS Participants. In taking that proposed 
position, the Commission noted a lack of information regarding the 
types of entities that may become Major SBS Participants, and the 
foreign regulation of those entities.\1441\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1441\ See note 1382, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters disagreed with that aspect of the proposal, with one 
commenter expressing concern regarding major participants being forced 
to comply with duplicative or potentially conflicting regulatory 
regimes, and the other commenter suggesting there would be no reason to 
distinguish between SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants in this 
regard.\1442\ One commenter, in contrast, opposed the possibility of 
substituted compliance for Major SBS Participants by citing the lack of 
relevant information, and stated that the Commission should not 
consider substituted compliance for Major SBS Participants unless the 
industry provided data proving that this step would be prudent.\1443\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1442\ See note 1412, supra.
    \1443\ See note 1413, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After further consideration of the issues, the final rule provides 
that substituted compliance is potentially available in connection with 
these business conduct requirements for registered Major SBS 
Participants as well as for registered SBS Dealers. This decision 
reflects the fact that the business conduct standards apply to 
registered Major SBS Participants as well as to registered SBS Dealers, 
and recognizes that the market efficiency goals that underpin 
substituted compliance also can apply when substituted compliance is 
granted to registered Major SBS Participants.
    To implement this approach, the final rule has been revised from 
the proposal to specify that the Commission may determine that 
compliance by a registered SBS Dealer and/or by a registered Major SBS 
Participants--each a ``security-based swap entity'' under the rule--may 
satisfy the business conduct requirements through substituted 
compliance.\1444\ The remainder of the final rule refers to a security-
based swap ``entity'' rather than a security-based swap ``dealer.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1444\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter had expressed the view that more information is 
needed before substituted compliance is made available to Major SBS 
Participants.\1445\ In the Commission's view, however, those concerns 
are adequately addressed by the fact that any grant of substituted 
compliance in connection with the business conduct requirements 
applicable to Major SBS Participants would be predicated on a 
determination that the Major SBS Participants is subject to comparable 
regulation in a foreign jurisdiction. Absent such a determination--and 
consistent with the Commission's previously noted concerns regarding 
the need for information regarding the types of entities that may 
become Major SBS Participants, and the foreign regulation of those 
entities--the Commission would not grant substituted compliance in 
connection with registered Major SBS Participants, even if the 
Commission were to grant substituted compliance in connection with 
registered SBS Dealers in the same jurisdiction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1445\ See note 1413, supra, and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Availability of Substituted Compliance With Regard to U.S. and 
Foreign Entities, Counterparties and Activity
    Under the final rule, substituted compliance in connection with the 
business conduct requirements is not available to entities that are 
U.S. persons.\1446\ On the other hand, entities that are not U.S. 
persons may rely on substituted compliance to satisfy the business 
conduct requirements with regard to the entirety of their security-
based swap business, regardless of whether their counterparty for a 
particular transaction is a U.S. person, or whether any of the 
associated activity occurs in the U.S.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1446\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(d). For these purposes, the 
term ``U.S. person'' has the meaning set forth in Exchange Act rule 
3a71-3(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. No Availability to U.S. Security-Based Swap Dealers or U.S. Major 
Security-Based Swap Participants
    Consistent with the proposal, the final rule does not make 
substituted compliance available to U.S. security-based swap dealers or 
U.S. major

[[Page 30077]]

security-based swap participants in connection with these business 
conduct requirements.
    Certain commenters had suggested that substituted compliance for 
these dealer requirements should be available to foreign branches of 
U.S. persons,\1447\ or to U.S. persons in certain circumstances in 
connection with transaction-level requirements.\1448\ One commenter 
further expressed the view that foreign branches of U.S. banks may be 
subject to extensive host country supervision, and that concerns 
regarding duplicative or inconsistent regulation may arise in 
connection with the security-based swap activities of U.S. entities. 
Conversely, one commenter argued that such an extension of the proposed 
scope of substituted compliance would be inconsistent with the 
application of U.S. law.\1449\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1447\ See note 1386, supra.
    \1448\ See notes 1388 and 1389, supra.
    \1449\ See note 1387, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission concludes on balance that it is appropriate to limit 
the availability of substituted compliance such that only entities that 
are not U.S. persons may take advantage of that alternative route for 
satisfying the Title VII business conduct requirements. In part, this 
conclusion accounts for the fact that concerns regarding duplication 
and inconsistency in connection with transaction-level business conduct 
requirements should be mitigated by the amendment we are adopting to 
Exchange Act rule 3a71-3, to provide an exception from the business 
conduct requirements under Exchange Act section 15F(h)--other than 
supervision requirements pursuant to Exchange Act section 
15F(h)(1)(B)--for registered U.S. SBS Dealers in connection with 
foreign business conducted through their foreign branches.\1450\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1450\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(c); see also Section 
III.A.3.b, supra. There is a similar exception from the section 
15F(h) business conduct requirements (other than supervision) for 
registered U.S. Major SBS Participants with respect to security-
based swap transactions that constitute transactions through a 
foreign branch of the registered U.S. Major SBS Participant, that 
are either with a non-U.S. person or with a U.S.-person counterparty 
that constitutes a transaction conducted through a foreign branch of 
that counterparty. See Exchange Act rule 3a67-10(d)(2). These 
exceptions are not available in connection with the CCO 
requirements, which are promulgated pursuant to Exchange Act section 
15F(k).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission recognizes that the above exception would not 
mitigate the possibility that U.S. entities may face duplication or 
inconsistency in certain circumstances. For example, for non-U.S. 
business that U.S. SBS Dealers and U.S. Major SBS Participants conduct 
through their foreign branches, such duplication or inconsistency may 
still arise in connection with the entity-level supervision and CCO 
regulations being adopted today. For the other security-based swap 
business of those U.S. SBS Entities, such duplication or inconsistency 
potentially may arise in connection with any of the business conduct 
requirements being adopted today.
    The Commission nonetheless believes that substituted compliance 
should not be available to registered entities that are U.S. persons. 
This conclusion reflects a number of policy considerations. 
Fundamentally, this approach acknowledges that dealers and major 
participants that fall within the ``U.S. person'' definition have a 
heightened connection to the U.S. market.\1451\ As a result of that 
heightened connection, it is the Commission's judgment that a U.S. SBS 
Entity's compliance with the business conduct requirements of Title 
VII, and the Commission's associated oversight of that entity's 
security-based swap business, should occur without the potential 
availability of substituted compliance. Although substituted compliance 
is predicated on there being comparability with Title VII requirements, 
and does not exempt or otherwise excuse compliance with Title VII, in 
the Commission's view direct compliance with the Title VII business 
conduct requirements by U.S. SBS Entities will efficiently facilitate 
the Commission's regulatory oversight of entities that have a 
heightened connection to the U.S. market. That warrants such limits to 
substituted compliance in our view, notwithstanding the general 
considerations that support the availability of substituted compliance 
in connection with the business conduct requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1451\ The definition of ``U.S. person'' is designed to 
encompass persons that have a significant portion of their financial 
and legal relationships within the U.S. ``[T]he definition of `U.S. 
person' in [17 CFR 240.3a71-3] is intended, in part, to identify 
those persons for whom it is reasonable to infer that a significant 
portion of their financial and legal relationships are likely to 
exist within the United States and that it is therefore reasonable 
to conclude that risk arising from their security-based swap 
activities could manifest itself within the United States, 
regardless of the location of their counterparties, given the 
ongoing nature of the obligations that result from security-based 
swap transactions.'' ``Application of `Security-Based Swap Dealer' 
and `Major Security-Based Swap Participant' Definitions to Cross-
Border Security-Based Swap Activities,'' Exchange Act Release No. 
72472 (Jun. 25, 2014), 79 FR 47278, 47289 (Aug. 12, 2014) (``SBS 
Entity Definitions Adopting Release'').
     Moreover, the definition of ``U.S. person'' does not carve out 
the foreign branches of U.S. persons. In part this reflects the fact 
that ``a person does not hold itself out as a security-based swap 
dealer as anything other than a single person even when it enters 
into transactions through its foreign branch or office.'' See id.
     Based on the direct nature of this link between the U.S. market 
and those persons that fall within the ``U.S. person'' definition, 
Title VII applies to the security-based swap activities of U.S. 
persons in a manner that is more comprehensive than its application 
to the activities of other persons. See generally id. at 47288-91 
(addressing how dealer and major participant definitions account for 
all security-based swap activity of U.S. persons because all such 
activity occurs in the U.S., but account for a more limited subset 
of the activity of foreign entities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This conclusion also reflects our view that U.S. market 
participants generally would have a reasonable expectation that the 
business conduct requirements of Title VII would apply directly, and 
that the activities of such U.S. persons would be subject to Commission 
oversight with a degree of directness that may not be present in 
connection with substituted compliance.
ii. Availability in Connection With U.S. Counterparties and U.S. 
Activity
    Consistent with the proposal, the final rule does not contain any 
provisions that would limit the ability of foreign registered entities 
to use substituted compliance to satisfy the business conduct 
requirements in connection with transactions involving U.S. 
counterparties or U.S. activity.
    One commenter had expressed the view that substituted compliance 
should not be available in connection with activities involving U.S. 
persons or U.S. activity, arguing that the security-based swap activity 
of U.S. persons directly and immediately impacts the U.S., and would 
endanger U.S. taxpayers if improperly regulated.\1452\ We concur with 
that commenter regarding the need for proper regulation of SBS Entities 
in connection with their security-based swap business involving U.S. 
counterparties and activity (as well as more generally). At the same 
time, however, we note that substituted compliance is not an 
alternative to rigorous regulation, but instead is predicated on there 
being business conduct regulation comparable with the rules we are 
adopting today. So long as the Commission determines that corresponding 
foreign requirements are comparable with those Title VII business 
conduct requirements, the use of substituted compliance accordingly 
would uphold the interests associated with those Title VII 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1452\ See note 1390, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also, following alternative approaches--such as an approach whereby 
substituted compliance would not be available to a foreign SBS Entity 
in connection with transactions involving U.S. counterparties or U.S.

[[Page 30078]]

activity, but would be available in connection with other 
transactions--in practice may have the effect of forcing the foreign 
SBS Entity to choose between modifying its business conduct systems, 
including its supervisory and CCO arrangements to reflect the 
requirements of U.S. rules, or else exiting the U.S. market and thereby 
generally reducing competition and market efficiency.\1453\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1453\ Other alternative approaches for addressing the 
application of substituted compliance could be, for example, to 
permit substituted compliance in connection with U.S. activity that 
does not involve U.S. counterparties, or allowing substituted 
compliance for transaction with U.S. counterparties only so long as 
no U.S. activity is involved. Reducing the availability of 
substituted compliance in such a manner, however, would be expected 
to be accompanied by a corresponding reduction to the competition 
and market efficiency benefits associated with substituted 
compliance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Comparability Criteria
    As discussed in the Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission 
will endeavor to take a holistic approach in considering whether 
regulatory requirements are comparable for purposes of substituted 
compliance, and will focus on the comparability of regulatory outcomes 
rather than predicating substituted compliance on requirement-by-
requirement similarity. The Commission also continues to recognize that 
foreign regulatory systems differ in their approaches to achieving 
particular regulatory outcomes, and that foreign requirements that 
differ from those adopted by the Commission nonetheless may achieve 
regulatory outcomes comparable with those of Title VII. The Commission 
further continues to recognize that different regulatory systems may be 
able to achieve some or all of those regulatory outcomes by using more 
or fewer specific requirements than the Commission, and that in 
assessing comparability the Commission may need to take into account 
the manner in which other regulatory systems are informed by business 
and market practices in those jurisdictions.\1454\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1454\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31085-86, 
supra note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, in considering whether the requirements of a foreign 
regulatory regime are comparable with the various categories of 
requirements being adopted today (such as the supervision and 
counterparty protection requirements we are adopting) the Commission 
will evaluate whether the foreign requirements provide for regulatory 
outcomes that are consistent with the regulatory outcomes of the 
applicable category of requirements. Moreover, as noted above, in 
application the Commission may determine that for a particular 
jurisdiction, the prerequisites for substituted compliance have been 
met in connection with certain categories of requirements but not 
others.
    In reaching this conclusion, the Commission notes that certain 
commenters opposed the proposed holistic approach toward assessing 
comparability based on regulatory outcomes, and that instead expressed 
the views that any assessments should be done on a requirement-by-
requirement basis. Those views at least in part reflected the reasoning 
that an outcomes-based approach would be subjective and would lead to a 
``hypothesized similarity in outcomes for sets of rules that are quite 
different in substance.'' \1455\ In this regard, the Commission 
recognizes that a requirement-by-requirement approach would be easier 
to implement and simpler to translate into objective criteria than an 
alternative approach that focuses on regulatory outcomes. Such a 
requirement-by-requirement approach, however, could foreclose any 
grants of substituted compliance, because even highly similar 
regulatory regimes are likely to have technical differences in the 
implementing rules. More generally, the Commission believes that the 
proper focus for analyzing substituted compliance should address 
regulatory outcomes, because a standard that turns upon the 
comparability of regulatory outcomes can promote regulatory efficiency 
in a way that preserves the key protections associated with the 
business conduct rules, and in a manner that reflects the cross-border 
nature of the market and helps to curb fragmentation, while 
facilitating the ability of U.S. persons to participate in the global 
security-based swap market.\1456\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1455\ See note 1391, supra.
    \1456\ A requirement-by-requirement standard, in contrast, 
similarly would promote key protections, but would not adequately 
address the cross-border nature of the market and the ability of 
U.S. persons to participate in the global market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, the Commission foresees that there will be 
difficult questions connected with comparability assessments for Dodd-
Frank requirements related to ECP verification, special entities and 
political contributions, given that those particular requirements all 
address activities involving certain classes of U.S. persons, and 
reflect heightened concerns regarding potential abuses involving such 
persons.\1457\ Recognizing that the comparability assessments will 
focus on regulatory outcomes rather than rule-by-rule comparisons, the 
assessments will require inquiry regarding whether foreign regulatory 
requirements adequately reflect those particular interests and 
protections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1457\ See Section III.B.3.b.iii, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, paragraph (d) of the final rule (which as discussed above 
has been added to the rule to specify the requirements for which 
substituted compliance potentially is available), provides that prior 
to making these substituted compliance determinations, the Commission 
intends to consider whether the information required to be provided to 
counterparties pursuant to the requirements of the foreign 
jurisdiction, the counterparty protections of the foreign jurisdiction, 
the mandates for supervisory systems under the requirements of the 
foreign jurisdiction, the duties imposed by the foreign jurisdiction, 
and the CCO requirements of the foreign jurisdiction, are comparable to 
the Exchange Act requirements.\1458\ Those provisions have been 
included as part of new paragraph (d) in response to commenters to the 
Cross-Border Proposing Release that requested specific guidance 
regarding the criteria the Commission will consider in making 
comparability assessments,\1459\ or that challenged the rule's lack of 
particularized elements for assessing comparability.\1460\ While 
recognizing those commenters' wish for additional guidance to assist in 
making applications for substituted compliance, and for assessment 
criteria that are as specific and objective as possible, in this 
circumstance the Commission believes that the comparability assessments 
will turn upon relevant facts and circumstances in a manner such that 
it would not be practicable to include more specific criteria in the 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1458\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(d)(1). The rule further 
provides that prior to making a substituted compliance determination 
in connection with the CCO requirements of section 15F(k), the 
Commission intends to consider whether the requirements of the 
foreign jurisdiction regarding CCO requirements are comparable to 
those required pursuant to the applicable Exchange Act requirements. 
See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(d)(2).
    \1459\ See note 1393, supra.
    \1460\ See note 1394, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter questioned how the Commission would be notified of 
material changes to foreign law that underpins a substituted compliance 
determination.\1461\ The Commission expects to address those issues in 
connection with considering specific applications for substituted 
compliance, and notes that, potentially, the requirement that the 
Commission be notified of material changes in foreign law could be 
incorporated as conditions

[[Page 30079]]

to substituted compliance orders, or as part of memoranda of 
understanding or other arrangements between the Commission and the 
relevant foreign financial regulators.\1462\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1461\ See note 1395, supra.
    \1462\ Substituted compliance orders further may be conditioned 
on security-based swap dealers and major security-based swap 
participants that rely on substituted compliance notifying the 
Commission of that reliance. In that respect, the forms that the 
Commission has adopted for use by applicants for registration as 
security-based swap dealers or major security-based swap 
participants provides for applicants to notify the Commission 
regarding intended reliance on substituted compliance. See 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 49049, supra note 989 
(questions 3A, B and C of Form SBSE-A, addressing potential reliance 
on substituted compliance determinations).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also expressed the views that regulatory comparisons 
should focus on common principles associated with shared G-20 Leaders 
goals,\1463\ urged the need for consistency and coordination with the 
work of other regulators and IOSCO,\1464\ and with the CFTC,\1465\ and 
also supported building on existing cooperative initiatives,\1466\ and 
supported deference to non-U.S. oversight when possible.\1467\ While 
the Commission intends to be mindful of those various goals and 
principles as part of its comparability analyses, the decision whether 
to grant substituted compliance ultimately must focus on whether a 
foreign regime produces regulatory outcomes consistent with the 
applicable provisions of the Exchange Act. That type of assessment 
necessarily must focus on Exchange Act requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1463\ See note 1396, supra.
    \1464\ See note 1397, supra.
    \1465\ See note 1399, supra.
    \1466\ See note 1398, supra.
    \1467\ See note 1407, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, one commenter argued that to help manage operational 
complexities, the entirety of a regulatory regime should be deemed 
comparable with the Exchange Act requirements if a significant portion 
of that regime is found to be comparable.\1468\ In the Commission's 
view, however, such an approach would be inconsistent with the 
predicate for substituted compliance that there be the comparability of 
regulatory outcomes. If a foreign regulatory regime does not achieve a 
regulatory outcome that is comparable to the regulatory outcome 
associated with particular Exchange Act requirements, then the basis 
for substituted compliance will not have been satisfied. In that case, 
substituted compliance would not be appropriate with regard to such 
requirements, notwithstanding its potential availability in connection 
with other requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1468\ See note 1400, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Consideration of Supervision and Enforcement Practices
    Assessment of a foreign regulatory regime's supervisory and 
enforcement practices is expected to be a critical component of any 
Commission decision to permit substituted compliance. As discussed in 
the Cross-Border Proposing Release, when the Commission assesses a 
foreign regulatory regime's oversight for purposes of making a 
substituted compliance determination, the Commission expects to 
consider not only overall oversight activities, but also oversight 
specifically directed at conduct and activity that would be relevant to 
the substituted compliance determination.\1469\ For example, it would 
be difficult for the Commission to make a comparability determination 
in support of substituted compliance if oversight is directed solely at 
the local activities of foreign security-based swap dealers, as opposed 
to the cross-border activities of such dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1469\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31088 
n.1117, supra note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In making this consideration a prerequisite for substituted 
compliance, the Commission in no way should be interpreted as 
minimizing the significance of the Commission's own independent 
obligation to supervise the compliance of registered entities with 
Title VII requirements, even when requirements may be satisfied via 
substituted compliance. Registered entities are subject to the 
requirements of Title VII, and the Commission retains its full 
authority to inspect, examine and supervise those entities' compliance 
with Title VII, and take enforcement action as appropriate, regardless 
of the availability of substituted compliance.
    One comment emphasized that the assessment must address a foreign 
regulatory regime's supervisory and enforcement capabilities in 
practice, not merely on paper.\1470\ Another comment stated that 
differences among the supervisory and enforcement regimes should not be 
assumed to reflect flaws in one regime or another.\1471\ The Commission 
expects that its consideration of the effectiveness of a foreign 
regulatory regime's practices will account for those factors in 
conjunction with other relevant factors.\1472\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1470\ See note 1401, supra.
    \1471\ See note 1402, supra.
    \1472\ In this regard, the Commission notes that one commenter 
requested further guidance regarding the Commission's consideration 
of the effectiveness of foreign supervision and enforcement. See 
note 1403, supra. In the Commission's view, however, consideration 
of foreign supervisory and enforcement effectiveness will turn upon 
relevant facts and circumstances in a manner such that it would not 
be practicable to provide more specific guidance regarding specific 
factors that may be included within that analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applying those principles here, the Commission notes that the 
difficult questions noted above with respect to requirements regarding 
ECP verification, special entities and political contributions also can 
be expected to manifest themselves in connection with our consideration 
of a foreign regulatory regime's supervisory and enforcement practices. 
That is, as the Commission evaluates the foreign regulatory regime's 
supervisory and enforcement practices in connection with substituted 
compliance, the Commission necessarily will seek to evaluate whether 
those supervisory and enforcement practices will adequately support 
regulatory outcomes consistent with those particular requirements (as 
well as the other business conduct requirements).
    More generally, the scope of any grant of substituted compliance 
may be linked to the scope of foreign regulatory regime's supervision 
and enforcement practices. For example, if a foreign regulatory regime 
closely oversees the security-based swap business that an SBS Entity 
conducts through an office located in that non-U.S. jurisdiction, but 
does not exercise the same degree of regulatory oversight over a branch 
of that entity that is located in the U.S., it is possible that any 
grant of substituted compliance would not extend to activities 
conducted through the entity's U.S. branch.
g. Multi-Jurisdictional Issues
    Commenters further have raised certain issues--that were not 
addressed in the Cross-Border Proposing Release--regarding how the 
substituted compliance rule would apply to certain special 
circumstances involving multi-jurisdictional activities of foreign 
security-based swap dealers. While recognizing the facts-and-
circumstances nature of the application of substituted compliance under 
the final rule, the Commission anticipates that the final rule would 
apply generally to such circumstances in the following manner:
i. Third-Country Branches
    One commenter particularly raised questions regarding the 
application of substituted compliance in connection with third-country 
branches of foreign security-based swap dealers, and requested further 
guidance regarding how substituted compliance would apply to 
circumstances where an entity

[[Page 30080]]

located in one country has a branch located in another country that 
engages in dealing activity.\1473\ The potential availability of 
substituted compliance under the final rule will reflect the scope of 
any relevant substituted compliance order, including, for instance, 
whether an order for a particular jurisdiction extends to third-country 
branches of entities domiciled within that jurisdiction. The scope of 
any such order--and hence the potential availability of substituted 
compliance for a third-country branch--necessarily will turn upon the 
applicable facts and circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1473\ See note 1404, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Substituted Compliance and the European Union
    Commenters also raised issues regarding the assessment of 
substituted compliance in the context of the European Union, stating 
that certain rules are adopted at a European level and are applied 
directly by individual member states.\1474\ In the Commission's view, 
such issues may be expected to affect analyses of substantive 
comparability in a manner that differs from the way they may apply to 
consideration of the adequacy of a foreign regulatory regime's 
enforcement and supervisory system. In particular, to the extent that 
substantive requirements are promulgated at a multi-state level, the 
Commission's analysis may consider whether those multi-state 
requirements are comparable to the corresponding Exchange Act 
requirements. In contrast, to the extent that the enforcement and 
supervision of those requirements is conducted at the member state 
level, then the Commission necessarily would assess the adequacy of a 
foreign regulatory regime's enforcement and supervisory system at the 
member state level. Any grant of substituted compliance necessarily 
would take into account both the substantive requirements and the 
adequacy of the relevant enforcement and supervisory system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1474\ See note 1406, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Additional Cross-Jurisdictional Issues
    Another commenter raised issues regarding which sets of 
requirements would apply to transactions between parties in different 
markets, and whether the parties to cross-jurisdiction transactions may 
choose which rules apply.\1475\ As discussed above, substituted 
compliance is intended to help promote efficiency, enhance competition 
and facilitate a well-functioning market by helping SBS Entities avoid 
regulatory conflicts or duplication. Substituted compliance is not 
mandatory, moreover, so when it is available a non-U.S. SBS Entity may 
elect whether to rely on comparable foreign requirements with regard to 
its security-based swap business or some discrete portion of that 
business. However, the policies and procedures of non-U.S. SBS Entities 
generally should address with particularity when the entity will rely 
on substituted compliance with regard to particular requirements (e.g., 
with regard to particular portions of their security-based swap 
business and/or particular counterparties).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1475\ See note 1405, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

h. Applications for Substituted Compliance and Related Prerequisites
    Paragraph (c)(1) of the final rule provides that a party or group 
of parties that potentially would rely on substituted compliance, or 
any foreign financial regulatory authority or authorities supervising 
such a party or its security-based swap activities, may file an 
application, pursuant to the procedures set forth in Exchange Act Rule 
0-13 requesting that the Commission make a substituted compliance 
determination.\1476\ Exchange Act Rule 0-13 is a procedural rule that 
the Commission has adopted regarding the submission of substituted 
compliance applications, and provides for the opportunity for public 
comment on completed applications.\1477\ Paragraph (c)(1) has been 
revised from the proposal (which only referred to applications by 
security-based swap dealers) to reflect the fact that Rule 0-13 
provides for applications by foreign financial authorities.\1478\ Also, 
to avoid duplicating the requirements of Rule 0-13, paragraph (c)(1) 
also has been revised from the proposal by removing references to the 
need for the applicant to provide the reasons for the request and 
provide supporting documentation as the Commission may request.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1476\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(c)(1). The final rule 
accordingly provides that a foreign financial regulatory authority 
may submit a substituted compliance application if that authority 
supervises a party that would rely on substituted compliance, or 
supervises that party's activities. A regulatory authority that does 
not possess such supervisory responsibilities would not be eligible 
to submit a substituted compliance application, even if that 
authority promulgates rules or other requirements applicable to such 
parties' security-based swap activities.
    \1477\ Among other respects, Rule 0-13 provides that 
applications must include any supporting documents necessary to make 
the application complete, ``including information regarding 
applicable requirements established by the foreign financial 
regulatory authority or authorities, as well as the methods used by 
the foreign financial regulatory authority or authorities to monitor 
and enforce compliance with such rules.'' Rule 0-13 further provides 
that Commission staff will review the application after the filing 
is complete, and that completed applications will be published for 
public comment.
    \1478\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47358, supra 
note 193 (concluding, in adopting Rule 0-13, that ``allowing foreign 
regulators to submit such requests would promote the completeness of 
requests and promote efficiency in the process for considering such 
requests'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, paragraph (c)(1) has been revised from the proposal to 
provide that applications may be made by parties or groups of parties 
that potentially would rely on substituted compliance, in lieu of the 
proposed reference to applications by foreign security-based swap 
dealers or groups of dealers ``of the same class.'' This change in part 
accommodates the possibility that market participants may seek approval 
to rely on substituted compliance prior to their being deemed to be 
``security-based swap dealers'' or ``major security-based swap 
participants'' under the applicable definitions. The final rule also 
does not limit joint applications to those that come from persons ``of 
the same class,'' to facilitate the Commission's ability to consider 
applications jointly submitted by multiple entities notwithstanding 
differences in their businesses.\1479\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1479\ Paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) also have been changed to 
reflect the possibility that the foreign regulators may supervise 
the party, or the party's activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In connection with applications submitted by such parties, Rule 
3a71-6(c)(2)(i) states that such a party (or group of parties) may make 
a substituted compliance request only if the party or the party's 
activities are ``directly supervised by the foreign financial 
regulatory authority or authorities with respect to the foreign 
regulatory requirements relating to the applicable requirements.'' 
\1480\ This condition should help promote the principles that condition 
substituted compliance on the effectiveness of the supervision and 
enforcement exercised by the foreign authority, by reflecting the fact 
that substituted compliance will not be allowed for entities that are 
not subject to foreign oversight in connection with their security-
based swap business.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1480\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(c)(2)(i). This provision has 
been changed from the proposal to reflect the fact that potential 
applicants will not be limited to security-based swap dealers. This 
provision also has been changed from the proposal by removing a 
redundant reference to the foreign authorities being ``under the 
system.'' In addition, the introductory part of paragraph (c)(2) has 
been modified from the proposal to refer to requests made ``pursuant 
to paragraph (c)(1)'' (rather than ``pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)'' 
as set forth in the proposal), consistent with the revised structure 
of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule further provides that to make a request for 
substituted

[[Page 30081]]

compliance, each such party must provide the certification and opinion 
of counsel that is described in Exchange Act rule 15Fb2-4(c), as if the 
party were subject to that requirement at the time of the 
request.\1481\ Rule 15Fb2-4(c) requires that nonresident security-based 
swap dealers and major security-based swap participants must certify, 
and provide an associated opinion of counsel, that the entity can as a 
matter of law, and will, provide the Commission with prompt access to 
the entity's books and records and submit to onsite inspection and 
examination by the Commission.\1482\ This part of the final rule is 
generally consistent with the proposal, with one change to permit an 
entity to apply for substituted compliance before the entity registers 
with the Commission.\1483\
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    \1481\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(c)(2)(ii).
    \1482\ See Exchange Act rule 15Fb2-4(c). Under that rule, the 
certification must state that the entity ``can, as a matter of law, 
and will'' provide such access to the Commission, while the opinion 
of counsel only says that the entity ``can, as a matter of law'' 
provide such a certification.
    As noted, although commenters to the Cross-Border Proposing 
Release had questioned such direct access on deference-related 
grounds, the Commission subsequently adopted a final rule requiring 
those certifications and opinions of counsel as prerequisites to 
registration by nonresident entities. See notes 1408 and 1409, 
supra. In adopting that prerequisite, we noted our belief that 
``significant elements of an effective regulatory regime are the 
Commission's abilities to access registered SBS Entities' books and 
records and to inspect and examine the operations of registered SBS 
Entities.'' See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48981, supra 
note 989.
    \1483\ The final rule, in contrast to the proposal, states that 
the party must provide the certification and opinion of counsel ``as 
if the party were subject to that requirement at the time of the 
request.'' Because the requirements of rule 15Fb2-4(c) are imposed 
on an entity applying for registration with the Commission, the 
addition of that language should facilitate the ability of an entity 
to apply for substituted compliance before the entity is required to 
register with the Commission as a security-based swap dealer or as a 
major security-based swap participant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule also has been revised from the proposal to implement 
an analogous requirement in connection with substituted compliance 
applications by foreign financial regulatory authorities.\1484\ In 
particular, the final rule provides that foreign financial regulatory 
authorities may make substituted compliance requests only if each such 
authority provides adequate assurances that no law or policy of any 
relevant foreign jurisdiction would impede the ability of any entity 
that is directly supervised by the foreign financial regulatory 
authority, and that may register with the Commission as a security-
based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant, to provide 
prompt access to the Commission to such entity's books and records or 
to submit to onsite inspection or examination by the Commission.\1485\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1484\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-6(c)(3). As noted above, the 
final rule has been modified from the proposal to permit foreign 
financial regulatory authorities to submit substituted compliance 
applications, necessitating the addition of this prerequisite to 
applications by such authorities.
    \1485\ While applications by foreign financial regulatory 
authorities must include such adequate assurances, the rule does not 
specifically require those applications to be accompanied by 
opinions of counsel (in contrast to applications submitted by 
entities that seek to rely on substituted compliance). Opinions of 
counsel, however, provide one possible way in which such authorities 
may provide the necessary adequate assurances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In general, those prerequisites to the submission of substituted 
compliance applications by entities or by foreign financial authorities 
should promote efficiency in the substituted compliance assessment 
process. The prerequisites particularly will help focus such 
assessments upon those jurisdictions that would not effectively 
prohibit entities from registering as dealers or major participants as 
a result of blocking statutes or other laws or policies that otherwise 
would impede the Commission's ability to exercise its supervisory 
authority and responsibilities over registered entities. In other 
words, if a jurisdiction has blocking statutes or other laws or 
policies that would preclude the registration of such dealers and major 
participants with the Commission, there would be no purpose to the 
Commission considering a substituted compliance application in 
connection with that jurisdiction.
    Exchange Act rule 0-13, which addresses the submission of 
substituted compliance applications, states that the Commission will 
not consider hypothetical requests for substituted compliance 
orders.\1486\ Consistent with that limitation, when the Commission 
reviews substituted compliance applications, it would take into account 
whether particular jurisdictions contain entities that reasonably may 
be expected to register with the Commission as security-based swap 
dealers or major security-based swap participants based on their level 
of security-based swap activity connected with U.S. persons or the U.S. 
market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1486\ See Exchange Act rule 0-13(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Explanation of Dates

A. Effective Date

    These final rules will be effective 60 days following publication 
in the Federal Register.

B. Compliance Date

    The Commission believes it appropriate not to apply these rules 
until entities are required to register as SBS Dealers or Major SBS 
Participants. Therefore, with the exception of the application of 
customer protection requirements described in final Rule 3a71-3(c) to 
transactions described under final Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i)(B), the 
Commission is adopting a compliance date for final Rules 15Fh-1 through 
15Fh-6 \1487\ and Rule 15Fk-1 that is the same as the compliance date 
of the SBS Entity registration rules (``Registration Compliance 
Date'').\1488\
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    \1487\ See Section II.H.9 (Certain Political Contributions by 
SBS Dealers), supra, discussing, among other things, how Rule 15Fh-6 
applies to contributions made before the SBS Dealer registered with 
the Commission as such as well as how the rule's ``look back'' 
provision will not apply to contributions made before the compliance 
date of the rule by newly covered associates to which the look back 
applies.
    \1488\ See Registration Adopting Release, supra note 989.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Registration Adopting Release, the Commission provided that 
the Registration Compliance Date will be the later of: Six months after 
the date of publication in the Federal Register of final rules 
establishing capital, margin and segregation requirements for SBS 
Entities; \1489\ the compliance date of final rules establishing 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements for SBS Entities; \1490\ the 
compliance date of final rules establishing business conduct 
requirements under Sections 15F(h) and 15F(k) of the Exchange Act; or 
the compliance date for final rules establishing a process for a 
registered SBS Entity to make an application to the Commission to allow 
an associated person who is subject to a statutory disqualification to 
effect or be involved in effecting security-based swaps on the SBS 
Entity's behalf.\1491\
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    \1489\ The Commission previously has proposed rules to establish 
capital, margin and segregation requirements for SBS Entities. See 
Capital, Margin, and Segregation Requirements for Security-Based 
Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap Participants and Capital 
Requirements for Broker-Dealers, Exchange Act Release No. 68071 
(Oct. 18, 2012), 77 FR 70213 (Nov. 23, 2012).
    \1490\ The Commission previously has proposed rules to establish 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements for SBS Entities. See 
Recordkeeping Release, 79 FR 25193, supra note 242.
    \1491\ See Registration Adopting Release, supra note 989.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has previously noted the potential complexities 
associated with identifying transactions of a dealer that it arranges, 
negotiates, or executes by personnel located in the United States under 
Rule 3a71-3(b)(1)(iii)(C),\1492\ which requires a non-

[[Page 30082]]

U.S.-person dealer to include such transactions in its de minimis 
threshold calculations. In the U.S. Activity Adopting Release, the 
Commission specified that the compliance date for that rule is ``the 
later of (a) 12 months following publication in the Federal Register, 
or (b) the SBS Entity Counting Date.'' \1493\ Because the Commission 
believes similar potential complexities exist with respect to such 
transactions that are included in ``U.S. business'' as defined in final 
Rule 3a71-3(a)(8)(i)(B), the Commission is adopting a compliance date 
for application of customer protection requirements described in final 
Rule 3a71-3(c) to transactions described under final Rule 3a71-
3(a)(8)(i)(B) that is the later of (a) 12 months following publication 
in the Federal Register, or (b) the Registration Compliance Date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1492\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8636-37.
    \1493\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that these timing requirements should 
provide firms with adequate time to review the business conduct rules 
being adopted today and make appropriate business decisions before 
being required to comply with the requirements of the rules.

C. Application to Substituted Compliance

    For the substituted compliance provisions of Rule 3a71-6, the 
Commission similarly is adopting an effective date of 60 days following 
publication in the Federal Register. There will be no separate 
compliance date in connection with that rule, as the rule does not 
impose obligations upon entities separate and apart from the underlying 
business conduct requirements. As discussed above, security-based swap 
dealers and major security-based swap participants will not be required 
to comply with the business conduct requirements until they are 
registered, and the registration requirement for those entities will 
not be triggered until a number of regulatory benchmarks have been met.
    In practice, the Commission recognizes that if the requirements of 
a foreign regime are comparable to Title VII requirements, and the 
other prerequisites to substituted compliance also have been satisfied, 
then it may be appropriate to permit a security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant to rely on substituted compliance 
commencing at the time that entity is registered with the Commission. 
Accordingly, the Commission would consider substituted compliance 
requests that are submitted prior to the compliance date for the entity 
registration requirements.

V. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Certain provisions of the Rules impose new ``collection of 
information'' requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (``PRA'').\1494\ In accordance with 44 U.S.C. 
3507 and 5 CFR 1320.11, the Commission submitted the provisions to the 
Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') for review when it issued the 
Proposing Release. The titles for these collections are ``Business 
Conduct Standards for Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-
Based Swap Participants,'' and ``Designation of Chief Compliance 
Officer of Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap 
Participants.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1494\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Compliance with collection of information requirements is 
mandatory. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 
required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays 
a currently valid OMB control number. OMB assigned control number 3235-
0732 to the new collections of information.
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission requested comment on the 
collection of information requirements contained therein, as well as 
the accuracy of the Commission's related estimates and statements 
regarding the associated costs and burdens of the proposed rules. As 
noted above, the Commission received 43 comment letters addressing the 
Proposing Release, as well as those portions of the Cross-Border 
Proposing Release that referenced the proposed rules governing business 
conduct standards for security-based swap dealers. Although none of the 
comment letters specifically addressed the Commission's estimates for 
the proposed collection of information requirements, the views of 
commenters relevant to the Commission's analysis of burdens, costs, and 
benefits of the proposed rules are discussed in Section IV.C, below.
    The Commission continues to believe that the methodology used for 
calculating the burdens set forth in the Proposing Release is 
appropriate. However, where noted, certain estimates have been 
modified, as necessary, to conform to the adopted rules and to reflect 
the most recent data available to the Commission. Other than these 
changes, the Commission's estimates remain unchanged from those in the 
Proposing Release.
    As a part of this release, the Commission also is adopting Rule 
3a67-10(d) and Rule 3a71-3(c), which among other things, provide an 
exception to certain of the business conduct standards described in 
section 15F(h) of the Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, to 
registered Major SBS Participants and registered SBS Dealers in certain 
transactions conducted through the foreign branch of their U.S.-person 
counterparty. As part of the process of availing themselves of this 
exception, registered Major SBS Participants (in the case of Rule 3a67-
10(d)) and registered SBS Dealers (in the case of Rule 3a71-3(c)) would 
be permitted to rely on certain representations provided to them by 
their counterparties regarding whether a transaction is conducted 
through a foreign branch. The requirements regarding those 
representations are contained in Rule 3a71-3(a)(3)(ii). The Commission 
previously published a notice requesting comment on the collection of 
information requirements in Rule 3a71-3 as part of the Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, and submitted those proposed collection of 
information requirements to OMB for review in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 
3507 and 5 CFR 1320.11. The title of the collection of information 
related to the representation in Rule 3a71-3 is ``Reliance on 
Counterparty Representations Regarding Activity Within the United 
States.'' OMB has not yet assigned a control number to this collection.
    The Commission also is adopting Rule 3a71-6 to provide for 
substituted compliance in connection with the business conduct 
requirements. As proposed, the title of the information collection 
associated with that rule was ``Rule 3a71-5 Substituted Compliance for 
Foreign Security-Based Swap Dealers.'' \1495\ The OMB assigned control 
number 3235-0715 to the new collection of information. In the Cross-
Border Proposing Release, the Commission solicited comment on the 
collection of information requirements associated with the substituted 
compliance rule and on the accuracy of the Commission's related 
statements. The Commission received no comments on those proposed 
information collection requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1495\ Consistent with the renumbering of the rule and the 
potential availability of substituted compliance to Major SBS 
Participants, the revised title of the collection of information is 
``Rule 3a71-6 Substituted Compliance for Foreign Security-Based Swap 
Entities.''

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[[Page 30083]]

A. Summary of Collections of Information

1. Definitions
    Rule 15Fh-2(d) defines a ``special entity'' as: (1) A Federal 
agency; (2) a State, State agency, city, county, municipality, other 
political subdivision of a State, or any instrumentality, department, 
or a corporation of or established by a State or political subdivision 
of a State; (3) any employee benefit plan subject to Title I of ERISA; 
(4) any employee benefit plan defined in Section 3 of ERISA, not 
otherwise defined as a special entity, unless such employee benefit 
plan elects not to be a special entity by notifying an SBS dealer or 
Major SBS Participant of its election prior to entering into a 
security-based swap; (5) any governmental plan, as defined in Section 
3(32) of ERISA; or (6) any endowment, including organizations described 
in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
    The proposed rule included employee benefit plans ``defined in'' 
ERISA within the special entity definition. The final rule similarly 
includes employee benefit plans ``defined in'' ERISA that are not 
otherwise ``subject to'' ERISA within the special entity definition, 
although it provides such benefit plans with the ability to opt out of 
special entity status.
2. Verification of Status
    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) requires an SBS Entity to verify that a 
counterparty meets the eligibility standards for ECP status before 
entering into a security-based swap with that counterparty other than 
with respect to a transaction executed on a registered national 
securities exchange.
    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2) requires an SBS Entity to verify whether a 
counterparty is a special entity before entering into a security-based 
swap transaction with that counterparty, unless the transaction is 
executed on a registered or exempt SEF or registered national 
securities exchange, and the SBS Entity does not know the identity of 
the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to the 
transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with the obligations of 
the rule.
    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(3) requires an SBS Entity, in verifying the special 
entity status of a counterparty pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2), to 
verify whether a counterparty is eligible to elect not to be a special 
entity as provided for in the adopted special entity definition in Rule 
15Fh-2(d)(4), and if so, to notify such counterparty of its right to 
make such an election. An SBS Entity may satisfy these verification 
requirements through any reasonable means including, among other 
things, by obtaining written representations from the counterparty as 
to specific facts about the counterparty.\1496\
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    \1496\ The Commission separately has proposed rules regarding 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements for SBS Entities that would 
require an SBS Entity to keep records of its verification. See 
Recordkeeping Release, 79 FR 25193, 25208 and 25217-25218, supra 
note 242.
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3. Disclosures by SBS Entities
    Rule 15Fh-3(b) generally requires an SBS Entity at a reasonably 
sufficient time prior to entering into a security-based swap to 
disclose to a counterparty (other than an SBS Entity or Swap Entity) 
material information concerning the security-based swap in a manner 
reasonably designed to allow the counterparty to assess: (1) The 
material risks and characteristics of a particular security-based swap; 
and (2) any material incentives or conflicts of interest that the SBS 
Entity may have in connection with the security-based swap. These 
disclosure requirements do not apply unless the identity of the 
counterparty is known to the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient time 
prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to 
comply with the obligations of the rule. The rule also requires the SBS 
Entity to make a written record of any non-written disclosures made 
pursuant to this provision, and timely provide a written version of 
these disclosures to counterparties no later than the delivery of the 
trade acknowledgement of the particular transaction.
    Rule 15Fh-3(c)(1), for cleared security-based swaps, requires an 
SBS Entity to, upon request of the counterparty, disclose the daily 
mark to the counterparty (other than an SBS Entity or Swap Entity). The 
daily mark that the SBS Entity receives from the appropriate clearing 
agency. Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2), for uncleared security-based swaps, requires 
an SBS Entity to disclose the daily mark to the counterparty, which is 
the midpoint between the bid and offer, or the calculated equivalent 
thereof, as of the close of business, unless the parties agree in 
writing to a different time, on each business day during the term of 
the security-based swap. Rule 15Fh-3(c)(2) also requires disclosure of 
the data sources and a description of the methodology and assumptions 
used to prepare the daily mark for an uncleared security-based swap, as 
well as disclosure of any material changes to such data sources, 
methodology or assumptions during the term of the security-based swap. 
Rule 15Fh-3(c)(1) and (2) also require an SBS Entity to provide the 
daily mark without charge to the counterparty and without restrictions 
on the internal use of the daily mark by the counterparty.
    Rule 15Fh-3(d) requires an SBS Entity to disclose information 
regarding clearing rights to its counterparties (other than an SBS 
Entity or Swap Entity), so long as the identity of the counterparty is 
known to the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with 
the obligations of the rule. Pursuant to the rule, before entering into 
a security-based swap that is subject to the clearing requirements of 
Section 3C(a) of the Exchange Act, the SBS Entity shall disclose to the 
counterparty the names of the clearing agencies that accept the 
security-based swap for clearing, and through which of those clearing 
agencies the SBS Entity is authorized or permitted, directly or through 
a designated clearing member, to clear the security-based swap; 
disclose to the counterparty whether any of the named clearing agencies 
satisfy the standard for clearing under Section 3C(a)(1) of the 
Exchange Act; and notify the counterparty that it shall have the sole 
right to select which clearing agency shall be used to clear the 
security-based swap. For security-based swaps, not subject to the 
clearing requirements of Section 3C(a) of the Exchange Act, before 
entering into a security-based swap, the SBS Entity shall determine 
whether the security-based swap is accepted for clearing by one or more 
clearing agencies; disclose to the counterparty the names of the 
clearing agencies that accept the security-based swap for clearing, and 
whether the SBS Entity is authorized or permitted, directly or through 
a designated clearing member, to clear the security-based swap through 
such clearing agencies; and notify the counterparty that it may elect 
to require clearing of the security-based swap and shall have the sole 
right to select the clearing agency at which the security-based swap 
will be cleared, provided it is a clearing agency at which the SBS 
Entity is authorized or permitted, directly or through a designated 
clearing member, to clear the security-based swap. To the extent that 
the disclosures required by Rule 15Fh-3(d) are not provided in writing 
prior to the execution of the transaction, the SBS Entity is required 
to make a written record of the non-written disclosures and provide the 
counterparty with a written version of these disclosure no later than 
the delivery of the trade acknowledgement for the transaction.

[[Page 30084]]

4. Know Your Counterparty and Recommendations
    Rule 15Fh-3(e) requires an SBS Dealer to establish, maintain and 
enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to obtain 
and retain a record of the essential facts concerning each counterparty 
whose identity is known to the SBS Dealer that are necessary for 
conducting business with such counterparty. The essential facts are: 
(1) Facts required to comply with applicable laws, regulations and 
rules; (2) facts required to implement the SBS Dealer's credit and 
operational risk management policies in connection with transactions 
entered into with such counterparty; and (3) information regarding the 
authority of any person acting for such counterparty.
    Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1) requires an SBS Dealer recommending a security-
based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap to a 
counterparty (other than an SBS Entity or a Swap Entity) to: (i) 
Undertake reasonable diligence to understand the potential risks and 
rewards associated with the recommendation; and (ii) have a reasonable 
basis to believe that the recommendation is suitable for the 
counterparty. To establish a reasonable basis for a recommendation, an 
SBS Dealer must have or obtain relevant information regarding the 
counterparty, including the counterparty's investment profile, trading 
objectives, and its ability to absorb potential losses associated with 
the recommended security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap.
    Under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2), an SBS Dealer may also fulfill its 
suitability obligations under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) with respect to an 
institutional counterparty (defined as a counterparty that is an 
eligible contract participant as defined in clauses (A)(i), (ii), 
(iii), (iv), (viii), (ix) or (x), or clause (B)(ii) (other than a 
person described in clause (A)(v)) of Section 1a(18) of the Commodity 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, or any person 
(whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust or 
otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million) if: (i) The SBS 
Dealer reasonably determines that the counterparty (or its agent) is 
capable of independently evaluating the investment risks with regard to 
the relevant security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap; (ii) the counterparty (or its agent) affirmatively 
represents in writing that it is exercising its independent judgment in 
evaluating the recommendations of the SBS Dealer with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy; and (iii) the SBS 
Dealer discloses to the counterparty that it is acting in its capacity 
as a counterparty and is not undertaking to assess the suitability of 
the security-based swap or trading strategy for the counterparty. Under 
Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3), an SBS Dealer will be deemed to have satisfied the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2)(i) if it receives written 
representations, as provided in Rule 15Fh-1(b), that: (i) In the case 
of a counterparty that is not a special entity, the counterparty has 
complied in good faith with written policies and procedures that are 
reasonably designed to ensure that the persons responsible for 
evaluating the recommendation and making trading decisions on behalf of 
the counterparty are capable of doing so; and (ii) in the case of a 
counterparty that is a special entity, satisfy the terms of the safe 
harbor in Rule 15Fh-5(b).
5. Fair and Balanced Communications
    Rule 15Fh-3(g) requires an SBS Entity to communicate with its 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith. The rule requires that: (1) Communications 
provide a sound basis for evaluating the facts with regard to a 
particular security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap; (2) communications not imply that past performance 
will recur or make any exaggerated or unwarranted claim, opinion, or 
forecast; and (3) any statement referring to potential opportunities or 
advantages presented by a particular security-based swap be balanced by 
an equally detailed statement of the corresponding risks.
6. Supervision
    Rule 15Fh-3(h) requires an SBS Entity to establish and maintain a 
system to supervise, and to diligently supervise, its business and the 
activities of its associated persons. Such a system shall be reasonably 
designed to prevent violations of the provisions of applicable federal 
securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to 
its business as an SBS Entity. At a minimum, the supervisory system 
must: (i) Designate at least one person with authority to carry out 
supervisory responsibilities for each type of business in which the SBS 
Entity engages for which registration as an SBS Entity is required; 
(ii) use reasonable efforts to determine all such supervisors are 
qualified, either by virtue of experience or training, to carry out 
their assigned responsibilities; and (iii) establish, maintain and 
enforce written policies and procedures addressing the supervision of 
the types of security-based swap business in which the SBS Entity is 
engaged and the activities of it associated persons that are reasonably 
designed to prevent violations of applicable securities laws and rules 
and regulations thereunder.
    Such written policies and procedures must include, at a minimum, 
procedures: (a) For the review by a supervisor of transactions for 
which registration as an SBS Entity is required; (b) for the review by 
a supervisor of incoming and outgoing written (including electronic) 
correspondence with counterparties or potential counterparties and 
internal written communications relating to the SBS Entity's security-
based swap business; (c) for a periodic review, at least annually, of 
the security-based swap business in which the SBS Entity engages that 
is reasonably designed to assist in detecting and preventing violations 
of applicable federal securities laws and regulations; (d) to conduct a 
reasonable investigation regarding the good character, business repute, 
qualifications, and experience of any person prior to that person's 
association with the SBS Entity; (e) to consider whether to permit an 
associated person to establish or maintain a securities or commodities 
account or a trading relationship in the name of, or for the benefit 
of, such associated person at another financial institution, and if 
permitted, to supervise the trading at such institution; (f) describing 
the supervisory system, including the titles, qualifications and 
locations of supervisory persons and the responsibilities of each 
supervisory person with respect to the types of business in which the 
SBS Entity is engaged; (g) prohibiting an associated person who 
performs a supervisory function from supervising his or her own 
activities or reporting to, or having his or her compensation or 
continued employment determined by, a person or persons he or she is 
supervising; provided that if the SBS Entity determines, with respect 
to any of its supervisory personnel, that compliance with this 
requirement is not possible because of the firm's size or a supervisory 
person's position within the firm, then the SBS Entity must document 
the factors used to reach such determination and how the supervisory 
arrangement otherwise complies with this rule, and include a summary of 
such determination in the annual compliance report prepared by the SBS 
Entity's CCO pursuant to Rule 15Fk-1(c); (h) reasonably designed to 
prevent the supervisory system from being

[[Page 30085]]

compromised due to conflicts of interest that may be present with 
respect to the associated person being supervised, including the 
position of such person, the revenue such person generates for the SBS 
Entity, or any compensation that the associated person conducting the 
supervision may derive from the associated person being supervised; and 
(i) reasonably designed, taking into consideration the nature of the 
SBS Entity's business, to comply with the duties set forth in Section 
15F(j) of the Exchange Act.
    Rule 15Fh-3(h)(3) provides that an SBS Entity (or associated person 
of an SBS Entity) will not be deemed to have failed to diligently 
supervise another person if that person is not subject to his or her 
supervision, or if: (i) The SBS Entity has established and maintained 
written policies and procedures (as required in Rule15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii)), 
and a documented system for applying those policies and procedures that 
would reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, insofar as 
practicable, any violation of the federal securities laws and the rules 
and regulations thereunder relating to security-based swaps; and (ii) 
the SBS Entity or associated person has reasonably discharged the 
duties and obligations required by such written policies and procedures 
and documented system and did not have a reasonable basis to believe 
that such written policies and procedures and documented system were 
not being followed.
    Rule 15Fh-3(h)(4) provides that an SBS Entity must also promptly 
amend its written supervisory procedures as appropriate when material 
changes occur in applicable securities laws, rules, or regulations 
thereunder, as well as when material changes occur in its business or 
supervisory system, and promptly communicate any material amendments to 
its supervisory procedures to all associated persons to whom such 
amendments are relevant based on their activities and responsibilities.
7. SBS Dealers Acting as Advisors to Special Entities
    Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1) imposes the duty on an SBS Dealer that acts as an 
advisor to a special entity regarding a security-based swap to make a 
reasonable determination that any security-based swap or trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap recommended by the SBS Dealer 
is in the best interests of the special entity. Paragraph (b)(2) also 
requires an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor to a special entity to make 
reasonable efforts to obtain such information as it considers necessary 
to make a reasonable determination that a security-based swap or 
related trading strategy is in the best interests of the special 
entity. The information that must be obtained to make this reasonable 
determination includes, but is not limited to: (i) The authority of the 
special entity to enter into a security-based swap; (ii) the financial 
status and future funding needs of the special entity; (iii) the tax 
status of the special entity; (iv) the hedging, investment, financing 
or other objectives of the special entity; (v) the experience of the 
special entity with respect to security-based swaps, generally, and 
security-based swaps of the type and complexity being recommended; (vi) 
whether the special entity has the financial capability to withstand 
changes in market conditions during the term of the security-based 
swap; and (vii) such other information as is relevant to the particular 
facts and circumstances of the special entity, market conditions and 
the type of security-based swap or trading strategy being recommended. 
However, the requirements of Rule 15Fh-4(b) do not apply to a security-
based swap if: (i) The transaction is executed on a registered or 
exempt SEF or a registered national securities exchange; and (ii) the 
SBS Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit the SBS Dealer to comply with the obligations of this rule.
    Rule 15Fh-2(a) generally provides that an SBS Dealer acts as an 
advisor to a special entity when it recommends a security-based swap or 
security-based swap trading strategy to that special entity. Rule 15Fh-
2(a)(1) provides a safe harbor under which an SBS Dealer will not be 
deemed to act as an advisor to a special entity that is subject to 
Title I of ERISA if: (i) The special entity represents in writing that 
it has a fiduciary as defined in Section 3 of ERISA that is responsible 
for representing the special entity in connection with the security-
based swap; (ii) the fiduciary represents in writing that it 
acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor; and (iii) 
the special entity represents in writing that (a) it will comply in 
good faith with written policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
ensure that any recommendation the special entity receives from the SBS 
Dealer involving a security-based swap transaction is evaluated by a 
fiduciary before it is entered into; or (b) that any recommendation the 
special entity receives from the SBS Dealer involving a security-based 
swap transaction will be evaluated by a fiduciary before the 
transaction is entered into.\1497\
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    \1497\ Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2) provides a safe harbor for transactions between 
an SBS Dealer and any special entity. Under this rule, an SBS Dealer 
that recommends a security-based swap or security-based swap trading 
strategy to any special entity (other than a special entity subject to 
Title I of ERISA) will not be deemed to act as an advisor to that 
special entity if the special entity represents in writing that it 
acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is not acting as an advisor, and that 
it will rely on advice from a qualified independent representative, as 
defined in Rule 15Fh-5(a). The SBS Dealer must also disclose to the 
special entity that it is not undertaking to act in the best interests 
of the special entity, as otherwise required by Section 15F(h)(4) of 
the Exchange Act.\1498\
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    \1498\ Rule 15Fh-2(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. SBS Entities Acting as Counterparties to Special Entities
    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) requires an SBS Entity that offers to enter into 
or enters into a security-based swap with a special entity (other than 
a special entity that is an employee benefit plan subject to Title I of 
ERISA), to have a reasonable basis to believe that the special entity 
has a qualified independent representative that meets certain specified 
qualifications. For purposes of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), a qualified 
independent representative must: (i) Have sufficient knowledge to 
evaluate the transaction and related risks; (ii) not be subject to a 
statutory disqualification; (iii) undertake a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity; (iv) make appropriate and timely 
disclosures to the special entity of material information concerning 
the security-based swap; (iv) evaluate, consistent with any guidelines 
provided by the special entity, the fair pricing and appropriateness of 
the security-based swap; (v) in the case of a special entity defined in 
Rule 15Fh-2(d)(2) or (5), be subject to the pay-to-play prohibitions of 
the Commission, the CFTC, or a self-regulatory organization that is 
subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the CFTC (unless the 
independent representative is an employee of the special entity); and 
(vii) be independent of the SBS Entity that is the counterparty to a 
proposed security-based swap.\1499\
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    \1499\ Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) also provides that a representative of a special 
entity will be ``independent'' of an SBS Entity if the

[[Page 30086]]

representative does not have a relationship with the SBS Entity, 
whether compensatory or otherwise, that reasonably could affect the 
independent judgment or decision-making of the representative.\1500\ In 
addition, a special entity's representative will be deemed to be 
``independent'' of an SBS Entity if: (1) The representative is not and 
was not an associated person of the SBS Entity within one year of 
representing the special entity in connection with the security-based 
swap; (2) the representative provides timely disclosures to the special 
entity of all material conflicts of interest that could reasonably 
affect the judgment or decision making of the representative with 
respect to its obligations to the special entity, and complies with 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage and mitigate such 
material conflicts of interest; and (3) the SBS Entity did not refer, 
recommend, or introduce the representative to the special entity within 
one year of the representative's representation of the special entity 
in connection with the security-based swap.\1501\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1500\ Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(A).
    \1501\ Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2) provides that an SBS Entity that offers to enter 
into or enters into a security-based swap with a special entity as 
defined in Rule 15Fh-2(d)(3) (any employee benefit plan that subject to 
Title I of ERISA) must have a reasonable basis to believe the special 
entity has a representative that is a fiduciary as defined in Section 3 
of ERISA.
    Rule 15Fh-5(b) provides safe harbors for SBS Dealers seeking to 
form a reasonable basis regarding the qualifications of the independent 
representative. Under Rule 15Fh-5(b)(1), an SBS Entity shall be deemed 
to have a reasonable basis to believe that a special entity (other than 
an ERISA special entity) has a representative that satisfies the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) if: (i) The special entity represents 
in writing to the SBS Entity that it has complied in good faith with 
written policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it 
has selected a representative that satisfies the requirements of Rule 
15Fh-5(a)(1), and that such policies and procedures provide for ongoing 
monitoring of the performance of such representative consistent with 
Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1); and (ii) the representative represents in writing to 
the special entity and the SBS Entity that the representative: (a) Has 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that it satisfies 
the applicable requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1); (b) meets the 
independence requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vii); and (c) is legally 
obligated to comply with the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) by 
agreement, condition of employment, law, rule, regulation, or other 
enforceable duty.
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(b)(2), an SBS Entity shall be deemed to have a 
reasonable basis to believe that an ERISA special entity has a 
representative that satisfies the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), 
provided that the special entity provides in writing to the SBS Entity 
the representative's name and contact information, and represents in 
writing that the representative is a fiduciary as defined in Section 3 
of ERISA.
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(c), before initiation of a security-based swap, 
an SBS Dealer must disclose to the special entity in writing the 
capacity in which the SBS Dealer is acting in connection with the 
security-based swap, and, if the SBS Dealer engages in business with 
the counterparty in more than one capacity, the SBS Dealer must 
disclose the material differences between such capacities and any other 
financial transaction or service involving the counterparty to the 
special entity.
    Under Rule 15Fh-5(d), formerly Rule 15Fh-5(c), the provisions of 
Rule 15Fh-5 do not apply when two conditions are satisfied: (1) The 
transaction is executed on an registered or exempt SEF or registered 
national securities exchange; and (2) the SBS Entity is unaware of the 
counterparty's identity, at a reasonably sufficient time prior to the 
execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to comply with 
the obligations of the rule.
9. Political Contributions
    Rule 15Fh-6(b) prohibits an SBS Dealer from offering to enter into, 
or entering into a security-based swap, or a trading strategy involving 
a security-based swap, with a municipal entity within two years after 
any contribution by the SBS Dealer or its covered associates to an 
official of such municipal entity, subject to certain exceptions. These 
prohibitions do not apply to certain contributions made by an SBS 
Dealer's covered associate if the SBS Dealer discovered the 
contribution within 120 calendar days of the date of such contribution, 
the contribution did not exceed $350, and the covered associate 
obtained a return of the contribution within 60 calendar days of the 
date of discovery of the contribution by the SBS Dealer. However, a SBS 
dealer may not rely on that provision more than three times in any 12-
month period if it has more than 50 covered associated, and no more 
than twice if it has 50 or fewer covered associates. The Commission may 
also, upon application, exempt a security-based swap dealer from the 
prohibitions of the rule after consideration of several factors.
    The provisions of Rule 15Fh-6 do not apply when two conditions are 
satisfied: (1) The transaction is executed on an registered or exempt 
SEF or registered national securities exchange; and (2) the SBS Dealer 
is unaware of the counterparty's identity, at a reasonably sufficient 
time prior to the execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Dealer 
to comply with the obligations of the rule.
10. Chief Compliance Officer
    Rule 15Fk-1 requires an SBS Entity to designate an individual to 
serve as CCO on its registration form. Under Rule 15Fk-1(b)(1) the CCO 
must report directly to the board of directors or senior officer of the 
SBS Entity. Under Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2), the CCO must take reasonable steps 
to ensure that the SBS Entity establishes, maintains, and reviews 
written policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve 
compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as an SBS Entity by: (1) Reviewing 
the SBS Entity's compliance with the SBS Entity requirements described 
in Section 15F of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder (where such review shall involve preparing the SBS Entity's 
annual assessment of its written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to achieve compliance with Section 15F of the Exchange Act and 
the rules and regulations thereunder); (2) taking reasonable steps to 
ensure the SBS Entity establishes, maintains, and reviews policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to remediate non-compliance issues 
identified by the CCO through any means, including any compliance 
office review, look-back, internal or external audit finding, self-
reporting to the Commission and other appropriate authorities, or 
complaint that can be validated; and (3) taking reasonable steps to 
ensure that the SBS Entity establishes and follows procedures 
reasonably designed for the handling, management response, remediation, 
retesting, and resolution of non-compliance issues. Under Rule 15Fk-
1(b)(3), the CCO must take reasonable steps to resolve any material 
conflicts of interest that may arise, in consultation with the board or 
the senior officer of the SBS Entity. Under Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4), the CCO 
must

[[Page 30087]]

administer each policy and procedure that is required to be established 
pursuant to Section 15F of the Exchange Act and the rules and 
regulations thereunder.
    Under Rule 15Fk-1(c), the CCO must also prepare and sign an annual 
compliance report that must be submitted to the Commission within 30 
days following the deadline for filing the SBS Entity's annual 
financial report with the Commission pursuant to Section 15F of the 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. This annual 
compliance report must contain a description of the written policies 
and procedures of the SBS Entity described in Rule 15Fk-1(b), outlined 
above, including the code of ethics and conflict of interest policies. 
The compliance report must also include, at a minimum, a description 
of: (1) The SBS Entity's assessment of the effectiveness of its 
policies and procedures relating to its business as an SBS Entity; (2) 
any material changes to the policies and procedures since the date of 
the preceding compliance report; (3) any areas for improvement and 
recommended potential or prospective changes or improvements to its 
compliance program and resources devoted to compliance; (4) any 
material non-compliance matters identified; and (5) the financial, 
managerial, operational, and staffing resources set aside for 
compliance with the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as an SBS Entity, including any 
material deficiencies in such resources. The report must be submitted 
to the board of directors and audit committee (or equivalent bodies) 
and the senior officer of the SBS Entity prior to submission to the 
Commission. The report also must be discussed in one or more meetings 
(addressing the obligations of this rule) that were conducted by the 
senior officer with the CCO in the preceding 12 months, and must 
include a certification by the CCO or senior officer that, to the best 
of his or her knowledge and reasonable belief and under penalty of law, 
the information contained in the compliance report is accurate and 
complete in all material respects.
    The final rule allows an SBS Entity to incorporate by reference 
sections of a compliance report that has been submitted with the 
current or immediately preceding reporting period to the Commission, 
and allows an SBS Entity to request from the Commission an extension of 
time to submit its compliance report, provided that the SBS Entity's 
failure to timely submit the report could not be eliminated by the SBS 
Entity without unreasonable effort or expense. Extensions of the 
deadline will be granted at the discretion of the Commission. The final 
rule also requires an SBS Entity to promptly submit an amended 
compliance report if material errors or omissions in the report are 
identified.
    Under Rule 15k-1(d), the compensation and removal of the CCO shall 
require the approval of a majority of the board of directors of the SBS 
Entity.
11. Foreign Branch Exception
    Rule 3a67-10(d), as adopted, provides that registered major 
security-based swap participants shall not be subject to business 
conduct standards described in section 15F(h) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 
78o-10(h)), and the rules and regulations thereunder, other than rules 
and regulations prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 
15F(h)(1)(B) of the Act, in certain transactions conducted through the 
foreign branch of their U.S.-person counterparty. Rule 3a71-3(c), as 
adopted, provides a similar exception for registered security-based 
swap dealers. The previously adopted definition of ``transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch'' permits a person to rely on its 
U.S. bank counterparty's representation that the transaction ``was 
arranged, negotiated, and executed on behalf of the foreign branch 
solely by persons located outside the United States, unless such person 
knows or has reason to know that the representation is not accurate.'' 
\1502\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1502\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(a)(3)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Substituted Compliance Rule
    Rule 3a71-6, as adopted, provides that the Commission may, 
conditionally or unconditionally, by order, make a determination with 
respect to a foreign financial regulatory system that compliance with 
specified requirements under such foreign financial regulatory system 
by a registered non-U.S. SBS Entity, or class thereof, may satisfy 
certain business conduct requirements by complying with the comparable 
foreign requirements. The availability of substituted compliance would 
be predicated on a determination by the Commission that the relevant 
foreign requirements are comparable to the requirements that otherwise 
would be applicable, taking into account the scope and objectives of 
the relevant foreign requirements,\1503\ and the effectiveness of 
supervision and enforcement under the foreign regulatory regime.\1504\ 
The availability of substituted compliance further would be predicated 
on there being a supervisory and enforcement MOU or other arrangement 
between the Commission and the relevant foreign authority addressing 
supervisory and enforcement cooperation and other matters arising under 
the substituted compliance determination.\1505\
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    \1503\ In the specific context of substituted compliance for the 
business conduct requirements, prior to making any comparability 
determination the Commission intends to consider whether the 
information that is required to be provided to counterparties 
pursuant to the requirements of the foreign jurisdiction, the 
counterparty protections under the requirements of the foreign 
jurisdiction, the mandates for supervisory systems under the 
requirements of the foreign jurisdiction, and the CCO requirements 
under the foreign jurisdiction are comparable with the applicable 
Exchange Act provisions. See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(d).
    \1504\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(a)(2)(i).
    \1505\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(a)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requests for substituted compliance may come from parties or groups 
of parties that may rely on substituted compliance, or from foreign 
financial authorities supervising such parties or their security-based 
swap activities.\1506\ Under the final rule, the Commission would make 
any determinations with regard to the applicable business conduct 
requirements, rather than on a firm-by-firm basis. Once the Commission 
has made a substituted compliance determination, other similarly 
situated market participants would be able to rely on that 
determination to the extent applicable and subject to any corresponding 
conditions. Accordingly, the Commission expects that requests for a 
substituted compliance determination would be made only where an entity 
seeks to rely on particular requirements of a foreign jurisdiction that 
has not previously been the subject of a substituted compliance 
request. The Commission believes that this approach would substantially 
reduce the burden associated with requesting substituted compliance 
determinations for an entity that relies on a previously issued 
determination, and, therefore, complying with the Commission's rules 
and regulations more generally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1506\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(c)(1). Such parties or 
groups of parties may make requests only if each such party or its 
activities is directly supervised by the foreign financial 
authority. See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6(c)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As provided by Exchange Act Rule 0-13, which the Commission adopted 
in 2014, applications for substituted compliance determinations in 
connection with these requirements must be accompanied by supporting 
documentation necessary for the Commission to make the determination, 
including information regarding applicable requirements established by 
the foreign financial regulatory

[[Page 30088]]

authority or authorities, as well as the methods used by the foreign 
financial regulatory authority or authorities to monitor and enforce 
compliance with such rules, and to cite to and discuss applicable 
precedent.\1507\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1507\ See Exchange Act Rule 0-13(e). Rule 0-13 also specifies 
other prerequisites for the filing of substituted compliance 
applications (e.g., requirements regarding the use of English, the 
use of electronic or paper requests, contact information, and public 
notice and comment in connection with complete applications).
    In adopting Rule 0-13, the Commission also noted that because 
Rule 0-13 was a procedural rule that did not provide any substituted 
compliance rights, ``collections of information arising from 
substituted compliance requests, including associated control 
numbers, [would] be addressed in connection with any applicable 
substantive rulemakings that provide for substituted compliance.'' 
See SBS Entity Definitions Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47366 n.778, 
supra note 1451.
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B. Use of Information

1. Verification of Status
    Rule 15Fh-3(a) requires an SBS Entity to verify that a counterparty 
meets the eligibility standards for ECP status before offering to enter 
into or entering into a security-based swap other than with respect to 
a transaction executed on a registered national securities exchange. 
The SBS Entity will use this information to comply with Section 6(l) of 
the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78(f)(l)), which prohibits a person from 
entering into a security-based swap with a counterparty that is not an 
ECP other than on a registered national securities exchange. The rule 
also requires the SBS Entity to verify, for non-anonymous transactions, 
whether a counterparty is a special entity before entering into a 
security-based swap transaction with that counterparty, unless the 
transaction is executed on a registered or exempt security-based swap 
execution facility or registered national securities exchange. The SBS 
Entity will use this information to assess its need to comply with the 
requirements applicable to dealings with special entities under Rules 
15Fh-4(b) and 15Fh-5. In addition, the Commission staff may review this 
information in connection with examinations and investigations.
2. Disclosures by SBS Entities
    The disclosures that SBS Entities must provide to a counterparty 
(other than an SBS Entity or a Swap Entity) will help the counterparty 
understand the material risks and characteristics of a particular 
security-based swap, as well as the material incentives or conflicts of 
interest that the SBS Entity may have in connection with the security-
based swap. As a result, these disclosures will assist the counterparty 
in assessing the transaction by providing them with a better 
understanding of the expected performance of the security-based swap 
under various market conditions. The disclosures will also give 
counterparties additional transparency and insight into the pricing and 
collateral requirements of security-based swaps.
    Rule 15Fh-3(d) requires SBS Entities, before entering into a 
security-based swap with a counterparty (other than an SBS Entity or 
Swap Entity), to determine whether the security-based swap is subject 
to the clearing requirements of Section 3C(a) of the Exchange Act and 
to disclose its determination to counterparties, along with certain 
information regarding the clearing alternatives available to them. In 
addition to assisting the SBS Entity and its CCO in supervising and 
assessing internal compliance with the statute and rules, the 
Commission staff may also review this information in connection with 
examinations and investigations.
3. Know Your Counterparty and Recommendations
    These collections of information will help SBS Dealers comply with 
applicable laws, regulations and rules, as well as assist SBS Dealers 
in effectively dealing with counterparties. For example, these 
collections of information may better enable SBS Dealers to make 
appropriate recommendations for counterparties, and to gather from the 
counterparty any information that the SBS Dealer needs for credit and 
risk management purposes. Furthermore, these collections of information 
will assist SBS Dealers in determining whether it is reasonable to rely 
on various representations from a counterparty, and in evaluating the 
risks of trading with that counterparty. The information will also 
assist a CCO in determining whether the SBS Entity has written policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to obtain and retain a record of the 
essential facts concerning each known counterparty, and to make 
suitable recommendations to its counterparties. The Commission staff 
may also review this information in connection with examinations and 
investigations.
4. Fair and Balanced Communications
    The collection of information concerning the risks of a security-
based swap will assist an SBS Entity in communicating with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner by requiring, among other 
things, that communications provide a sound basis for evaluating the 
facts with regard to a particular security-based swap and, if a 
statement refers to potential opportunities or advantages presented by 
a particular security-based swap, that statement must be balanced by an 
equally detailed statement of corresponding risks. It will also help 
the CCO in ensuring that the SBS Entity is communicating with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith by establishing certain express 
requirements with which these communications must comply. Acting on the 
basis of fair and balanced information, the counterparty will also be 
better equipped to make more informed investment decisions. The 
Commission staff may also review this information in connection with 
examinations and investigations.
5. Supervision
    The requirement to establish and maintain a reasonably designed 
system to supervise, and to diligently supervise, the business and the 
activities of associated persons will assist an SBS Entity in 
preventing violations of the applicable securities laws, rules and 
regulations related to the business of an SBS Entity. The CCO may use 
this information in discharging his or her duties under Rule 15Fk-1 and 
in determining whether remediation efforts are required. The collection 
of information will also be useful to supervisors in understanding and 
carrying out their supervisory responsibilities. The Commission staff 
may also review this information in connection with examinations and 
investigations.
6. SBS Dealers Acting as Advisors to Special Entities
    Certain information collected under Rule 15Fh-4(b) will help SBS 
Dealers that act as advisors to special entities to make a reasonable 
determination that they are acting in the best interests of those 
special entities.
    Other information collected under Rule 15Fh-2(a) will help SBS 
Dealers establish that they are not acting as advisors to special 
entities.
    These collections of information will also assist CCOs in 
determining whether an SBS Dealer has complied with relevant provisions 
of the Exchange Act, as well as the rules and regulations thereunder. 
The Commission staff may also review this information in connection 
with examinations and investigations.
7. SBS Entities Acting as Counterparties to Special Entities
    The information collected under Rule 15Fh-5(a) will assist an SBS 
Entity in

[[Page 30089]]

forming a reasonable basis to believe that a special entity has a 
qualified independent representative that meets the requirements of the 
rule.
    The written representations required under Rule 15Fh-5(b) will 
assist in, and provide a safe harbor for, an SBS Entity forming a 
reasonable basis as to the qualifications of the independent 
representative, including representations that: (i) The special entity 
has complied in good faith with written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to ensure its representative satisfies the 
requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1), and that such policies and 
procedures provide for ongoing monitoring of the performance of such 
representative consistent with Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1); and that (ii) the 
representative has policies and procedures designed to ensure that it 
satisfies the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1); meets the requirements 
of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(i), (ii), (iii), (vi) and (vii); and is legally 
obligated to comply with the requirements of Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) by 
agreement, condition of employment, law, rule, regulation, or other 
enforceable duty.
    Disclosures under Rule 15Fh-5(c) regarding the capacity in which an 
SBS Dealer is acting in connection with a security-based swap will 
provide additional transparency to special entities as to any material 
differences between the SBS Dealer's capacities and any other financial 
transaction or service involving the counterparty to the special 
entity, such as when an SBS Dealer is acting as a counterparty or 
principal on the other side of a transaction with potentially adverse 
interests.
    These collections of information will also assist a CCO in 
assessing the SBS Entity's compliance with relevant provisions of the 
Exchange Act. The Commission staff may also review this information in 
connection with examinations and investigations.
8. Political Contributions
    Rule 15Fh-6 will deter SBS Dealers from participating, even 
indirectly, in pay to play practices. In addition to assisting the SBS 
Dealer and its CCO in supervising and assessing internal compliance 
with the pay to play prohibitions, the Commission staff may also review 
this information in connection with examinations and investigations.
9. Chief Compliance Officer
    The information collected under Rule 15Fk-1 will assist the CCO in 
overseeing and administering an SBS Entity's compliance with the 
provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder 
relating to its business as an SBS Entity. The Commission staff may 
also review this information in connection with examinations and 
investigations.
10. Foreign Branch Exception
    Under the final rules, a registered major security-based swap 
participant or registered security-based swap dealer is not subject to 
the requirements relating to business conduct standards described in 
section 15F(h) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)), and the rules and 
regulations thereunder, other than the rules and regulations prescribed 
by the Commission pursuant to section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the Act, in 
certain transactions conducted through the foreign branch of their 
U.S.-person counterparty. For these purposes, the foreign branch of a 
U.S. bank must be the counterparty to the security-based swap 
transaction, and the transaction must be arranged, negotiated, and 
executed on behalf of the foreign branch solely by persons located 
outside the United States.\1508\
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    \1508\ See Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(a)(3)(i).
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    As discussed in the Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission 
acknowledges that verifying whether a security-based swap transaction 
falls within the definition of ``transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch'' could require significant due diligence. The 
definition's representation provision would mitigate the operational 
difficulties and costs that otherwise could arise in connection with 
investigating the activities of a counterparty to ensure compliance 
with the corresponding rules.\1509\
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    \1509\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31107, supra 
note 6.
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11. Substituted Compliance Rule
    The Commission would use the information collected pursuant to 
Exchange Act Rule 3a71-6, as adopted, to evaluate requests for 
substituted compliance with respect to the business conduct 
requirements applicable to security-based swap entities. The requests 
for substituted compliance determinations are required when a person 
seeks a substituted compliance determination.
    Consistent with Exchange Act Rule 0-13(h), the Commission will 
publish in the Federal Register a notice that a complete application 
has been submitted, and provide the public the opportunity to submit to 
the Commission any information that relates to the Commission action 
requested in the application.

C. Respondents

    In the Proposing Release, the Commission stated its belief that 
approximately fifty entities may fit within the definition of SBS 
Dealer and that up to five entities may fit within the definition of 
Major SBS Participant.\1510\ Further, the Commission understands swap 
and security-based swap markets to be integrated, and continues to 
estimate that approximately thirty-five firms that may register as SBS 
Entities will also be registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities.\1511\ 
As a result, these entities will also be subject to the business 
conduct standards applicable to Swap Entities, which the CFTC adopted 
in 2012. In addition, the Commission continues to estimate that 
approximately sixteen registered broker-dealers will also register as 
SBS Dealers.\1512\ In the Proposing Release, the Commission estimated 
that fewer than eight firms not otherwise registered with the CFTC or 
the Commission would register as SBS Entities. Based on an analysis of 
updated DTCC data, the Commission now estimates that four registrants 
would not otherwise be registered with the CFTC or the 
Commission.\1513\
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    \1510\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3. See also 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48990, supra note 965.
    \1511\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3. See also 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48990, supra note 989.
    \1512\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3. See also 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48990, supra note 1129.
    \1513\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48990, supra 
note 1129.
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    In the Proposing Release, the Commission estimated that there were 
approximately 8,500 market participants, including approximately 1,200 
special entities in the security-based swap markets.\1514\ Based on an 
analysis of more recent DTCC data and our understanding of security-
based swap markets, we currently believe that there are approximately 
10,900 market participants in the security-based swap market, of which 
1,141 are special entities.\1515\ Of the 10,900 market participants, we 
estimate approximately 68% of them (7,412) are also swap

[[Page 30090]]

market participants.\1516\ Based upon the number of registered 
municipal advisors, we estimate that there are approximately 385 third-
party independent representatives for special entities.\1517\ In the 
Proposing Release, we estimated that approximately 95% of special 
entities would use a third-party independent representative.\1518\ 
Based on additional data from DTCC through 2014, the Commission 
currently estimates that approximately 98% of special entities would 
use a third-party independent representative in their security-based 
swap transactions.\1519\ For purposes of calculating reporting burdens, 
in the Proposing Release, we estimated that 60 special entities (the 
remaining 5% of special entities), had employees who could serve as an 
in-house independent representative.\1520\ The Commission currently 
estimates that the remaining 2% of special entities, or 25 special 
entities, have employees who currently negotiate on behalf of and 
advise the special entity regarding security-based swap transactions, 
and who could likely fulfill the qualifications and obligations of the 
independent representative.\1521\ Consequently, the Commission 
estimates a total of 410 potential independent representatives.\1522\ 
We received no comments on any of the foregoing estimates or our basis 
for the estimates.
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    \1514\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3.
    \1515\ As discussed in the economic baseline, estimates of the 
number and type of market participants are based on hand 
classifications of TIW data for 2006-2014. Our classifications are 
not sufficiently granular to distinguish between ERISA special 
entities, and special entities defined in, but not subject to ERISA, 
and our estimates include both. Therefore, our estimates reflect 
both ERISA special entities, and entities that may choose to opt out 
of the special entity status under these final rules. See Sections 
VI.B and Section VI.C.4.i, infra.
    \1516\ This estimation assumes that the proportion of single 
name CDS market participants that also use index CDS is 
representative of the proportion of security-based swap market 
participants that are swap market participants in 2014. See Section 
VI.B.6, infra.
    \1517\ As of January 1, 2016 there were 665 municipal advisors 
registered with the Commission (http://www.sec.gov/help/foia-docs-muniadvisorshtm.html), of which 381 indicated that they expect to 
provide advice concerning the use of municipal derivatives or advice 
or recommendations concerning the selection of other municipal 
advisors or underwriters with respect to municipal financial 
products or the issuance of municipal securities. We expect that 
many of these municipal advisors will also act as independent 
representatives for other special entities. The Commission therefore 
estimates that approximately 385 municipal advisors will act as 
independent representatives to special entities with respect to 
security-based swaps.
    \1518\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3.
    \1519\ The estimate is based on available market data for 
November 2006-December 2014 provided by DTCC that indicates 
approximately 98% of special entities used registered or 
unregistered third-party investment advisers in connection with 
security-based swaps transactions.
    \1520\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3.
    \1521\ The estimate is based on available market data for 
November 2006-December 2014 provided by DTCC.
    \1522\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: 385 
third-party independent representatives + 25 in-house independent 
representatives.
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    In the Cross-Border Proposing Release, the Commission preliminarily 
estimated that 50 entities may include a representation that a 
security-based swap is a ``transaction conducted through a foreign 
branch'' in their trading relationship documentation.\1523\ We estimate 
that, consistent with the proposal, a total of 50 entities may incur 
burdens under this collection of information, whether solely in 
connection with the business conduct requirements being adopted in this 
release or also in connection with the application of the de minimis 
exception.\1524\
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    \1523\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31108, supra 
note 6.
    \1524\ See id. See also Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 
47366, supra note 193.
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    Under the final rule related to substituted compliance, 
applications for substituted compliance may be filed by foreign 
financial authorities, or by non-U.S. SBS Entities. Based on the 
analysis of recent data, the Commission staff expects that there may be 
approximately 22 non-U.S. entities that potentially may register as SBS 
Dealers, out of approximately 50 total entities that may register as 
SBS Dealers.\1525\ Potentially, all such non-U.S. SBS Dealers, or some 
subset thereof, may seek to rely on substituted compliance in 
connection with these business conduct requirements.\1526\
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    \1525\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR at 8605, supra 
note 17.
    \1526\ Consistent with prior estimates, the Commission staff 
further believes that there may be zero to five major security-based 
swap participants. See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 
31103, supra note 6. It is possible that some subset of those 
entities will be non-U.S. major security-based swap participants 
that will seek to rely on substituted compliance in connection with 
the business conduct requirements.
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    In practice, the Commission expects that the greater portion of any 
such substituted compliance requests will be submitted by foreign 
financial authorities, given their expertise in connection with the 
relevant substantive requirements, and in connection with their 
supervisory and enforcement oversight with regard to security-based 
swap dealers and their activities.

D. Total Annual Reporting and Recordkeeping Burdens

    As discussed in Section I.C., above, aspects of Rules 15Fh-1 to 
15Fh-6 conform, to the extent practicable, to the business conduct 
standards applicable to Swap Dealers or Major Swap Participants 
promulgated by the CFTC.\1527\ Therefore, to the extent an SBS Entity 
already complies with the CFTC's business conduct standards, the 
Commission believes there will be minimal additional burden in 
complying with the requirements under the Commission's business conduct 
standards, as adopted.\1528\
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    \1527\ See CFTC Adopting Release, supra note 21.
    \1528\ Notably, the CFTC adopted its final rules in 2012. 
Current estimates reflect the fact that the CFTC rules have been in 
place since that time, and that registrants will not incur a de novo 
burden in complying with the Commission's rules, which largely 
conform to those of the CFTC. In addition, as noted in the Proposing 
Release, some banks will register as SBS Dealers. Banking agencies, 
such as the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, have issued 
guidance to national banks that engage in financial derivatives 
transactions regarding business conduct procedures, and, 
accordingly, the banks that may register as SBS Entities are also 
likely already complying with similar requirements. See e.g., Risk 
Management of Financial Derivatives, Office of Comptroller of the 
Currency Banking Circular No. 277 (Oct. 27, 1993).
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    Furthermore, a number of these rules are based on existing FINRA 
rules. Accordingly, the Commission expects that the estimated 16 SBS 
Entities that are also registered as broker-dealers are already 
complying with a number of these requirements in the context of their 
equities businesses.
1. Verification of Status
    As discussed above, the Commission estimates that approximately 55 
SBS Entities (of which we expect approximately 35 will be dually 
registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities) will be required to verify 
whether a counterparty is an ECP or special entity, as required by Rule 
15Fh-3(a). These verification requirements are the same under the 
business conduct standards adopted by the CFTC.\1529\ We understand 
that industry has developed protocols and questionnaires that allow the 
counterparty to indicate its status, whether or not it is a special 
entity and whether it elects to be treated as a special entity.\1530\ 
As a result of these protocols and questionnaires, the Commission 
continues to believe that these dually registered SBS Entities will not 
incur any start-up or ongoing burdens in complying with the rules, as 
adopted, because they already adhere to the relevant protocols to 
obtain the information under the CFTC's business conduct standards. The 
remaining 20 SBS Entities will each incur $500 in start-up burdens to 
adhere to the protocols. In addition, each

[[Page 30091]]

counterparty that does not already adhere to the protocols will incur 
$500 in start-up burdens to adhere to the protocols. In addition to the 
$500 fee to adhere to the protocol, in order to adhere to the protocol, 
an adherence letter must also be submitted, the form of which is 
provided online. Accordingly, we conservatively estimate that one hour 
will be needed to input the data required to generate the adherence 
letter.\1531\ We do not anticipate any ongoing burdens with respect to 
this rule. We anticipate that the parties will adhere to the protocol. 
We also anticipate that in connection with each transaction, SBS 
Entities will require counterparties to provide a certificate 
indicating that there are no changes to the representations included in 
the protocol and that reliance on those representations would be 
reasonable.
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    \1529\ See CFTC Adopting Release, 75 FR at 80658, supra note 21. 
Accordingly, the SBS Entities that would also be registered as a 
Swap Dealer or Major Swap Participant with the CFTC would have 
verification procedures for engaging in swaps.
    \1530\ See ISDA August 2012 DF Protocol at http://www2.isda.org/functional-areas/protocol-management/protocol/8 (``ISDA August 2012 
DF Protocol'').
    \1531\ In lieu of adhering to the protocol, market participants 
may engage in bilateral negotiations either to obtain 
representations regarding the status of the counterparty or the SBS 
Entity may conduct due diligence to determine the status of the 
counterparty. However, given the relatively low cost and time burden 
to adhere to the protocol, we estimate that market participants will 
choose to adhere to the protocol rather than pay counsel to 
negotiate representations or conduct the necessary due diligence in 
the absence of any indications that reliance on such representations 
would not be reasonable. For the purposes of this estimate, we have 
assumed that reliance on the representations in the protocol would 
be reasonable.
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    As noted above, the Commission believes that approximately 7,412 of 
the 10,900 security-based swap market participants (which include SBS 
Entities and counterparties) are also swap market participants and 
likely already adhere to the relevant protocol.\1532\ These 7,412 
market participants would not have any start-up burdens or ongoing 
burdens with respect to verification. The remaining 3,488 market 
participants would incur $500 each to adhere to the protocol for an 
aggregate total of $1,744,000 and one hour for the adherence letter for 
an aggregate total of 3,488 hours.\1533\
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    \1532\ See supra Section V.C. regarding the estimate for the 
number of market participants.
    \1533\ Although we understand that ISDA offers bulk pricing for 
multiple entities that are part of the same corporate group or for 
fund families, we do not have the data as to how many of the 3,488 
market participants are related entities that would be able to take 
advantage of this bulk pricing. As a result, we have conservatively 
estimated that each of the 3,488 market participants would incur the 
$500 fee and the hour for the adherence letter.
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2. Disclosures by SBS Entities
    Pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(b), (c), and (d), SBS Entities would be 
required to provide certain disclosures to market participants. Based 
on the Commission's experience with burden estimates for similar 
disclosure requirements,\1534\ as well as our discussions with market 
participants,\1535\ we understand that the SBS Entities that are dually 
registered with the CFTC already provide their counterparties with 
disclosures similar to those required under Rules 15Fh-3(b) and (c). To 
the extent that the material characteristics required by Rule 15Fh-
3(b)(1) are included in the documentation of a security-based swap, 
such as the master agreement, credit support annex, trade confirmation 
or other documents, the Commission does not believe that any additional 
burden will be required for the disclosure of material characteristics. 
For other required disclosures relating to material risks required by 
Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) or disclosures relating to material incentives or 
conflicts of interest required by Rule 15Fh-3(b)(2), the Commission 
understands that certain market participants have developed 
standardized disclosures for some of these requirements.\1536\ For 
example, many SBS Dealers already provide a statement of potential 
risks related to investing in certain security-based swaps to their 
counterparties. However, to the extent that an SBS Entity and 
counterparty engage in a highly bespoke transaction, the standardized 
disclosure may not satisfy all of the SBS Entities disclosure 
requirements. In those cases, the SBS Entity will likely use a 
combination of standardized disclosures and de novo disclosures to 
fulfill its obligations under Rules 15Fh-3(b)(1) and (2).
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    \1534\ For disclosures similar to the disclosure of 
methodologies and assumptions of daily mark, see Disclosure of 
Accounting Policies for Derivative Financial Instruments and 
Derivative Commodity Instruments and Disclosure of Quantitative and 
Qualitative Information about Market Risk Inherent in Derivative 
Financial Instruments, Other Financial Instruments and Derivative 
Commodity Instruments, Securities Act Release No. 7386 (Jan. 31, 
1997), 62 FR 6044 (Feb. 10, 1997).
    \1535\ See Proposing Release n. 14, 76 FR at 42398, supra note 
3. See also, supra note 19 regarding a list of Commission staff 
meetings with interested parties.
    \1536\ See e.g., ISDA General Disclosure Statement for 
Transactions (August 2015). To the extent that disclosures of 
material risks and characteristics under Rule 15Fh-3(b)(1) or 
disclosures of material incentives and conflicts of interest under 
Rule 15Fh-3(b)(2) are initially provided orally, the additional 
burden of providing a written version of the disclosure at or before 
delivery of the trade confirmation pursuant to Rule 15Fh-3(b)(3) 
will be considered in connection with the overall reporting and 
recordkeeping burdens of the SBS Entity. See Recordkeeping Release, 
supra note 242.
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    In some cases, such as disclosures about the daily mark for a 
cleared security-based swap, the SBS Entity is obligated to provide the 
daily mark upon request. We understand that in the current model of 
clearing security-based swaps, the security-based swap between the SBS 
Entity and counterparty is terminated upon novation by the clearing 
agency. The SBS Entity would no longer have any obligation to provide a 
daily mark to the original counterparty because a security-based swap 
no longer exists between them. Therefore, there would not be any 
ongoing burden on the SBS Entity. Depending on how quickly the 
security-based swap is cleared, there may not be an initial burden on 
the SBS Entity either. Unlike the CFTC's rule, Rule 15Fh-3(c)(1) does 
not require a pre-trade daily mark. So if the security-based swap is 
cleared before the end of the next day and the clearing results in 
novation of the original swap, the SBS Entity would not have any daily 
mark obligations for the cleared swap.
    For uncleared security-based swaps, the Commission believes that 
SBS Entities may need to slightly modify the models used for 
calculating variation margin to calculate the daily mark. In addition, 
the SBS Entity will need to provide the counterparty with a description 
of the methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the daily mark.
    Nevertheless, existing accounting standards and other disclosure 
requirements under the Exchange Act, such as FASB Accounting Standards 
Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, or 
Item 305 of Regulation S-K, require disclosures similar to the 
description of the methodologies and assumptions of the daily mark. To 
the extent that the model it uses and methodologies and assumptions are 
not already prepared, the SBS Entity may need to prepare the initial 
description of the data sources, methodologies and assumptions. In 
addition, the SBS Entity will have an ongoing burden of updating the 
disclosure for any material changes to the data sources, methodologies 
and assumptions.
    The Commission continues to believe that SBS Entities will use 
internal staff to revise existing disclosures to comply with Rules 
15Fh-3(b) and (c), and to assist in preparing language to comply with 
Rule 15Fh-3(d) regarding the clearing options available for a 
particular security-based swap. In addition, the requirements of Rule 
15Fh-3(d) are not the same as the CFTC requirements to disclose 
clearing choices, so SBS Entities will need to develop new disclosures.
    The Commission estimates that in 2014 there has been approximately 
740,700 security-based swap transactions between an SBS Dealer and a 
counterparty that is not an SBS Dealer. Of these, the Commission 
estimates that approximately 428,000 were new or

[[Page 30092]]

amended trades requiring these disclosures.\1537\ In view of the 
factors discussed in the Economic Analysis section and elsewhere in 
this release, the Commission recognizes that the time required to 
develop an infrastructure to provide these disclosures will vary 
significantly depending on, among other factors, the complexity and 
nature of the SBS Entity's security-based swap business, its market 
risk management activities, its existing disclosure practices, whether 
the security-based swap is cleared or uncleared and other applicable 
regulatory requirements. Under the rule, as adopted, SBS Entities could 
make the required disclosures to their counterparties through 
standardized documentation, such as a master agreement or other written 
agreement, if the parties so agree. The Commission recognizes that it 
will likely be necessary to prepare some disclosures that are 
particular to a transaction to meet all of an SBS Entity's disclosure 
obligations under Rules 15Fh-3(b), (c) and (d). The Commission also 
believes that, because the reporting burden will generally require 
refining or revising an SBS Entity's existing disclosure processes, the 
disclosures will be prepared internally.
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    \1537\ Available DTCC-TIW data for 2014 indicated approximately 
740,700 transactions between SBS Entities and non-SBS Entities 
during that time period. Of these, approximately 240,000 were new 
trades, and 188,000 were amendments. Of the approximately 240,000 
new trades between likely SBS Dealers and non-dealers, only 1,000 
trades or approximately 0.5% were voluntarily cleared bilateral 
trades in 2014.
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    Given the foregoing, the Commission continues to conservatively 
estimate that on average, SBS Entities will initially require three 
persons from trading and structuring, three persons from legal, two 
persons from operations, and four persons from compliance, for 100 
hours each, to comply with the rules.\1538\ This team will analyze the 
changes necessary to comply with the new disclosure requirements, 
including the redesign of current compliance systems, if necessary, as 
well as the creation of functional requirements and system 
specifications for any systems development work that may be needed to 
automate the disclosure process.\1539\ This will amount to an aggregate 
initial burden of 66,000 hours.\1540\
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    \1538\ In the Proposing Release, the Commission used this 
estimate and it recognizes the development of market practice to 
comply with very similar CFTC rules. It also recognizes that given 
the current model used for clearing security-based swaps, daily mark 
disclosures in that context are unlikely to be required. 
Furthermore, no comments were received on these estimates. As a 
result, the Commission conservatively continues to use these 
estimates.
    \1539\ Some SBS Entities may choose to utilize in-house counsel 
to review, revise and prepare these disclosures.
    \1540\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (55 
SBS Entities) x (12 persons) x (100 hours).
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    Following the initial analysis and development of specifications, 
the Commission continues to estimate that half of these persons will 
still be required to spend 20 hours annually to re-evaluate and modify 
the disclosures and system requirements as necessary, amounting to an 
ongoing annual burden of 6,600 hours.\1541\ In addition, the Commission 
estimates that on average, the SBS Entities will require one burden 
hour per security-based swap to evaluate whether more particularized 
disclosures are necessary for the transaction and to develop the 
additional disclosures for an aggregate ongoing burden of 428,000 
hours.\1542\
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    \1541\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (55 
SBS Entities) x (6 persons) x (20 hours).
    \1542\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: 
(428,000 security-based swaps that require these disclosures) x (1 
hour). The Commission realizes that some assessments may take less 
time and some may take more. In addition, to the extent that 
additional disclosures are required, drafting the disclosure is 
likely to take more than an hour, but we expect the vast majority of 
transactions will not require additional disclosures so that an 
average of one hour per transaction is a reasonable estimate.
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    The Commission also continues to estimate that, to create and 
maintain an information technology infrastructure to the specifications 
identified by the team of persons from trading and structuring, legal, 
operations and compliance described above, each SBS Entity will 
require, on average, eight full-time persons for six months of systems 
development, programming and testing, amounting to a total initial 
burden of 440,000 hours.\1543\ The Commission continues to estimate 
that maintenance of this system will require two full-time persons for 
a total ongoing burden of 220,000 hours annually.\1544\
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    \1543\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (55 
SBS Entities) x (4 persons) x (2000 hours).
    \1544\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (55 
SBS Entities) x (2 persons) x (2000 hours).
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3. Know Your Counterparty and Recommendations
    As noted in the Proposing Release, the estimates in this paragraph 
reflect the Commission's experience with and burden estimates for 
similar collections of information, as well as our discussions with 
market participants.\1545\ The Commission continues to believe that 
most SBS Dealers already have policies and procedures in place for 
knowing their counterparties, to comply with existing CFTC and FINRA 
standards. The Commission estimates that, on average, the rules will 
require each SBS Dealer to initially spend approximately five hours to 
review existing policies and procedures and to document the collection 
of information necessary to comply with its ``know your counterparty'' 
obligations--for a total initial burden of 250 hours. The Commission 
also continues to estimate that an SBS Dealer will spend an average of 
approximately 30 additional minutes each year per unique non-SBS Dealer 
counterparty to assess whether the SBS Dealer is in compliance with the 
rules' know your counterparty requirements--a total ongoing burden of 
approximately 11,500 hours annually,\1546\ or an average of 230 hours 
annually per SBS Dealer.\1547\
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    \1545\ See Proposing Release n. 14, 76 FR at 42398, supra note 
3. See also supra note 19 regarding a list of Commission staff 
meetings with interested parties.
    \1546\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: 
(23,000 unique SBS Dealer--non-dealer counterparty pairs) x 30 
minutes / 60 minutes. In the Proposing Release, the Commission 
estimated 47,000 unique SBS Dealer--non-dealer counterparty pairs. 
Based on updated DTCC-TIW data, we now estimate 23,000 SBS Dealer--
non-dealer counterparty pairs.
    \1547\ To the extent that the SBS Dealer is unfamiliar with the 
counterparty, the Commission would expect a greater time burden and 
as an SBS Dealer becomes more familiar with the particular 
counterparty, the Commission would expect a lesser time burden. As a 
result, we use 30 minutes as an average estimate.
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    In addition, the Commission estimates that the counterparties will 
require approximately ten hours for each counterparty or its agent to 
collect and provide essential facts to the SBS Dealer for a total 
initial burden of 109,000 hours.\1548\
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    \1548\ The estimate is based on 10,900 market participants x 10 
hours.
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    The Commission expects that, given the institutional nature of the 
participants involved in security-based swaps, most SBS Dealers will 
obtain the representations in Rules 15Fh-3(f)(2) and (3) to comply with 
Rule 15Fh-3(f).\1549\ For the 1,141 special entities, we expect SBS 
Entities will not act as an advisor pursuant to Rule 15Fh-2(a) and 
accordingly, the burden estimates for the SBS Entities and special 
entities are included in the context of the discussion for that rule, 
infra. For the 7,412 security-based swap market participants that are 
also swap market participants, including the thirty-five firms that we 
expect to be dually registered as Swap Dealers and SBS Dealers, most of 
the requisite

[[Page 30093]]

representations have been drafted for the swaps context.\1550\ We 
understand that swap market participants are currently utilizing 
standardized representations that are currently in Schedule 3 of the 
ISDA August 2012 DF Protocol. The $50 million institutional suitability 
threshold is consistent with the institutional suitability exception in 
FINRA standards, but may require SBS Dealers to obtain an additional 
representation or conduct due diligence to determine the counterparty 
has total assets of at least $50 million. To the extent that any 
modifications are necessary to adapt those representations to the 
security-based swap context, we conservatively estimate that market 
participants will each require two hours to assess the necessity and 
make any necessary modifications for the security-based swap context 
for an aggregate initial burden of 12,542 hours for the market 
participants that participate in both the security-based swaps market 
and the swaps market.\1551\ We do not anticipate any ongoing burden 
with respect to the requisite representations because the 
representations in the swaps context are deemed repeated ``as of the 
occurrence of each Swap Communication Event'' and we would anticipate a 
similar construction in the security-based swap context. For the 
remaining 3,488 market participants, we expect that they will draft the 
requisite representations to comply with the institutional suitability 
analysis in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2). We also anticipate that these 3,488 
market participants are likely to model their representations on the 
representations included in the ISDA August 2012 DF Protocol because 
the SBS Entity is already familiar with those particular 
representations. Accordingly, we estimate that the remaining 3,488 
market participants will each require five hours to review and agree to 
representations similar to those included in such protocol for an 
aggregate initial burden of 17,440 hours.\1552\ Again, we do not 
anticipate an ongoing burden for these representations for the reasons 
set forth above.
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    \1549\ The Commission bases its expectation on its observation 
and experience in the context of transactions by broker-dealers with 
institutional clients and the use of FINRA's institutional 
suitability exception in that context.
    \1550\ Of the 7,412 market participants that engage in both 
swaps and security-based swaps, a proportion of them will also be 
special entities. This calculation assumes all of the special 
entities are engaged in transactions in both markets, leaving 6,271 
market participants (7,412 market participants -1,141 special 
entities) to adapt the representations in the ISDA August 2012 DF 
Protocol to the security-based swap context, as necessary.
    \1551\ This calculation is based on the assumption that all of 
the special entities are engaged in both the swaps market and the 
security-based swaps market and that the special entities will 
choose to comply with the safe harbor of Rule 15Fh-5(b). (7,412 
market participants -1,141 special entities) x (2 hours).
    \1552\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: 
(3,488 market participants) x (5 hours).
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4. Fair and Balanced Communications
    Rule 15Fh-3(g) requires SBS Entities to communicate with 
counterparties ``in a fair and balanced manner, based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith.'' The three specific standards of Rule 
15Fh-3(g) require that: (1) Communications must provide a sound basis 
for evaluating the facts with respect to any security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap; (2) communications 
may not imply that past performance will recur, or make any exaggerated 
or unwarranted claim, opinion, or forecast; and (3) any statement 
referring to the potential opportunities or advantages presented by a 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap 
shall be balanced by an equally detailed statement of the corresponding 
risks.\1553\ We expect that a discussion of material risks of the 
transaction will be included in the documentation for the security-
based swap. The Commission believes that all 55 SBS Entities will be 
required to comply with Rule 15Fh-3(g), and that they will likely send 
their existing marketing materials to outside counsel for review and 
comment. Accordingly, the Commission continues to believe that each SBS 
Entity will likely incur $6,000 in legal costs, or $330,000 in the 
aggregate initial burden, to draft or review statements of potential 
opportunities and corresponding risks in the marketing materials for 
single name and narrow based index credit default swaps, total return 
swaps and other security-based swaps.\1554\
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    \1553\ To the extent that the 16 registered broker-dealers that 
are expected to register as SBS Entities are also FINRA members, 
they are already subject to these similar FINRA requirements in the 
non-security based swap context. Cf. FINRA Rule 2210(d)(1)(D) 
(``Members must ensure that statements are clear and not misleading 
within the context in which they are made, and that they provide 
balanced treatment of risks and potential benefits. Communications 
must be consistent with the risks of fluctuating prices and the 
uncertainty of dividends, rates of return and yield inherent to 
investments.'') The Commission believes that this requirement 
addresses concerns raised by a commenter that to be fair and 
balanced, communications must inform investors of both the potential 
rewards and risks of their investments. See Levin, supra note 5.
    \1554\ The Commission estimates that the review of marketing 
materials for these three categories of security-based swaps would 
require 5 hours of outside counsel time, at an average cost of $400 
per hour. This estimate also assumes that each SBS Entity engages in 
all three categories of security-based swaps.
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    The Commission additionally believes that compliance with Rule 
15Fh-3(g) would require a review of SBS Entities' other communications 
to their counterparties, such as emails and Bloomberg messages. 
However, we believe that such additional communications would likely be 
reviewed internally, by in-house legal counsel or an SBS Entity's CCO. 
We estimate that the initial internal burden hours associated with this 
review would be approximately six hours, for an aggregate total of 330 
hours.\1555\
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    \1555\ The Commission estimates that the review of additional 
communications for these three categories of security-based swaps 
would require internal burden hours for each of the 55 SBS Entities. 
This estimate also assumes that each SBS Entity engages in all three 
categories of security-based swaps.
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    For more bespoke transactions, the cost for outside counsel to 
review the marketing materials will depend on the complexity, novelty 
and nature of the product, but the Commission expects a higher cost 
associated with the review for more novel products. The Commission 
accordingly estimates an initial, aggregate compliance cost for the 
marketing materials relating to bespoke single name and narrow based 
index credit default swaps, total return swaps and other security-based 
swaps at $462,000.\1556\
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    \1556\ The Commission estimates the review of the marketing 
materials for each of these categories would require seven hours of 
outside counsel time at a cost of $400 per hour. This estimate also 
assumes that each SBS Entity engages in all three categories of 
transactions.
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    As stated above in Section II.G.5, Rule 15Fh-3(g) applies to 
communications made before the parties enter into a security-based 
swap, and continues to apply over the term of a security-based swap. 
The Commission believes that the ongoing compliance costs associated 
with the rule will likely be limited to a review of SBS Entities' email 
communications sent to counterparties, which we believe will likely be 
done by in-house counsel. We estimate that the ongoing compliance costs 
of the rule will be approximately two burden hours, for an aggregate 
total of 330 hours.\1557\
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    \1557\ The Commission estimates that the review of additional 
communications for these three categories of security-based swaps 
would require two internal burden hours for each of the 55 SBS 
Entities. This estimate also assumes that each SBS Entity engages in 
all three categories of security-based swaps.
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5. Supervision
    As outlined above, Rule 15Fh-3(h) requires an SBS Entity to 
establish and maintain a system to supervise, and to diligently 
supervise, its business and the activities of its associated persons. 
Such a system shall be reasonably designed to prevent violations of the 
provisions of applicable federal

[[Page 30094]]

securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to 
its business as an SBS Entity. The written policies and procedures 
required by Rule 15Fh-3(h) must include, at a minimum, procedures for 
nine specific areas of supervision.
    As for the number of SBS Entities respondents, the Commission 
continues to estimate that approximately 55 SBS Entities (of which we 
expect approximately 35 will be dually registered with the CFTC as Swap 
Entities) will be required to comply with analogous supervision rules 
like those required by Rule 15Fh-3(h).\1558\ The supervision 
requirements in Rule 15Fh-3(h) are largely the same under the business 
conduct standards and related rules adopted by the CFTC.\1559\
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    \1558\ Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42442, supra note 3. See also 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48990, supra note 1129.
    \1559\ See Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.602. See also 
Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.402(a) (policies and procedures to 
ensure compliance); Commodity Exchange Act Rule 3.3(d)(1) 
(administration of compliance policies and procedures). Accordingly, 
the SBS Entities that would also be registered as a swap dealer or 
major swap participant with the CFTC would have supervision policies 
and procedures for engaging in swaps.
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    The estimates in this paragraph reflect the foregoing information, 
as well as the Commission's general experience with and understanding 
of the burden estimates in similar contexts, including, but not limited 
to, FINRA's analogous supervision rules. While each of the nine written 
policies and procedures required, at a minimum, by Rule 15Fh-3(h) will 
vary in cost, the Commission continues to estimate that such policies 
and procedures will require, on average, 210 hours per respondent, per 
policy and procedure to initially prepare written policies and 
procedures in order to establish a system to diligently supervise those 
policies and procedures, or an average of 1,890 burden hours per SBS 
Entity--resulting in an initial aggregate burden of 103,950 
hours.\1560\ The Commission also continues to expect that many SBS 
Entities will primarily rely on outside counsel for the collection of 
information required under this rule at a rate of $400 per hour, for an 
average of 450 hours per respondent, with a minimum of nine policies 
and procedures, resulting in an outside initial cost burden of $180,000 
per respondent--or an aggregate initial cost of $9,900,000.\1561\ Once 
these policies and procedures are established, the Commission continues 
to estimate that, on average, each SBS Entity will spend approximately 
540 hours (approximately 60 hours per policy and procedure) each year 
to maintain these policies and procedures, yielding a total ongoing 
annual burden of approximately 29,700 internal burden hours (55 SBS 
Entities x 540 hours).\1562\ The Commission believes that the 
maintenance of these policies and procedures will be conducted 
internally.
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    \1560\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42446, supra note 3. The 
estimate is based on the following calculation: (210 hours) x (9 
policies and procedures) x (55 SBS Entities). The estimates 
reflected do not include the burden and cost of actually complying 
with the underlying substance of these written policies and 
procedures as that is beyond the scope of the PRA analysis.
    \1561\ Some SBS Entities may choose to utilize in-house counsel 
to initially prepare these policy and procedure, which would 
mitigate the aggregate initial cost, but the Commission's estimate 
of $9,900,000 reflects a conservative assumption of SBS Entities 
primarily relying on outside counsel to prepare these materials.
    \1562\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42446, supra note 3.
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6. SBS Dealers Acting as Advisors to Special Entities
    As discussed above, Rule 15Fh-4 imposes on SBS Dealers that act as 
advisors to special entities a duty to make a reasonable determination 
that any security-based swap or related trading strategy that the SBS 
Dealer recommends is in the ``best interests'' of the special entity. 
Rule 15Fh-2(a) states that an SBS Dealer ``acts as an advisor'' to a 
special entity when it recommends a security-based swap or related 
trading strategy to the special entity. However, the rule provides a 
safe harbor whereby an SBS Entity will not be deemed an ``advisor'' if 
an ERISA special entity counterparty relies on advice from an ERISA 
fiduciary, or where any special entity counterparty relies on advice 
from a qualified independent representative that acts in its best 
interests.\1563\
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    \1563\ Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Proposing Release, the Commission recognized the inherent 
tensions that arise where SBS Dealers recommend a security-based swap 
or related transaction to special entity counterparties.\1564\ Given 
the parties' incentive to transact in security-based swaps, the 
Commission believes that the parties are likely to resolve these 
tensions by providing the necessary representations and disclosures to 
meet the requirements of the safe harbor under Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2), 
such that an SBS Dealer will not be deemed to act as an advisor to a 
special entity, particularly for transactions in which the SBS Dealer 
is the counterparty to the transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1564\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42424, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Among swap dealers operating under the CFTC's parallel safe 
harbor,\1565\ parties have generally included representations in 
standard swap documentation that both counterparties are acting as 
principals, and that the counterparty is not relying on any 
communication from the swap dealer as investment advice. We believe 
that SBS Dealers and their special entity counterparties will similarly 
include the requisite representations in standard security-based swap 
documentation. These representations will need to be reviewed and 
revised to ensure that they comply with the rules the Commission adopts 
today.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1565\ See CFTC Regulation Sec.  23.440(b)(1)-(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated in the Proposing Release, the Commission continues to 
believe that the 50 SBS Dealers will primarily rely on in-house counsel 
for compliance with this rule, each of which will need approximately 
five internal burden hours to draft, review and revise the 
representations in its standard security-based swap documentation to 
comply with Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2), for an initial aggregate burden of 
250 hours.\1566\ The Commission also believes that, once an SBS Dealer 
revises the language of the representations to meet the requirements of 
Rule 15Fh-2(a)(1)-(2), such language will become part of the SBS 
Dealer's standard security-based swap documentation and, accordingly, 
there will be no further ongoing burden associated with this rule. For 
transactions in which an SBS Dealer is not a counterparty and chooses 
to act as an advisor, the Commission estimates that an SBS Entity will 
require approximately 20 internal burden hours to collect the requisite 
information from each special entity, for an aggregate initial burden 
of approximately 1,700 hours.\1567\
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    \1566\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42446, supra note 3. This 
estimate is based on multiplying the number of SBS Dealers (50) by 
the number of estimated internal burden hours (5).
    \1567\ This estimate is based on available market data for 
November 2006-September 2014 provided by DTCC that indicates 85 
unique pairs of SBS Dealers and U.S. special entities without a 
third-party investment adviser. Based on 2014 single name CDS data 
in DTCC-TIW, there were 2 unique trading relationships between 
likely SBS Dealers and special entities without a third party 
investment adviser, which entered into 272 new trades and 200 
terminations, representing 0.039% of all transactions in 2014.
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7. SBS Entities Acting as Counterparties to Special Entities
    Where a special entity is a counterparty to a security-based swap, 
Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1) requires an SBS Entity to have a reasonable basis for 
believing that the special entity has a qualified independent 
representative

[[Page 30095]]

that meets specified requirements. Where the special entity 
counterparty is an ERISA plan, under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(2), the SBS Entity 
must have a reasonable basis to believe that the ERISA plan is 
represented by an ERISA fiduciary. The Commission believes that written 
representations will likely provide the basis for establishing an SBS 
Entity's reasonable belief regarding the qualifications of the 
independent representative.
    As stated in the Proposing Release, the Commission continues to 
believe that the burden for determining whether an independent 
representative is independent of the SBS Entity will depend on the size 
of the independent representative, the size of the SBS Entity, and the 
volume of transactions with which each is engaged. The Commission 
further believes that each SBS Entity would initially require written 
representations regarding the qualifications of a special entity's 
independent representative, but would only require updates to the 
independent representative's qualifications in subsequent dealings with 
the same independent representative throughout the duration of the swap 
term, provided the volume and nature of the security-based swap 
transaction remain the same.
    Regarding the initial burden estimates for SBS Entities, the 
Commission's updated estimates reflect that each SBS Entity will 
interact with and be required to form a reasonable basis regarding the 
qualifications of approximately 385 independent, third-party 
representatives and 25 in-house independent representatives, for a 
total of 410 independent representatives. In the Proposing Release, the 
Commission estimated an average internal burden of 15 hours for each 
SBS Entity per independent representative. We have increased this 
estimate based on changes to the representations that SBS Entities will 
have to obtain and now estimate that each SBS Entity, on average, will 
initially require approximately 15.5 internal burden hours from the SBS 
Entity's own in-house counsel per independent representative to collect 
the information necessary to comply with this requirement. This will 
result in an aggregate initial burden of 349,525 internal hours (15.5 
hours x 410 independent representatives x 55 SBS Entities).\1568\ We do 
not believe there will be any external burdens associated with this 
rule.
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    \1568\ While the Commission does not believe that every SBS 
Entity is likely to deal with every independent representative, we 
do not have data on the average number of independent 
representatives with whom each SBS Entity would deal. Accordingly, 
for the purposes of these calculations, we have assumed that each 
SBS Entity will deal with each independent representative.
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    With regard to SBS Entities' ongoing burden, the Commission 
believes that such burden would be minimal, since, once an SBS Entity 
forms a reasonable basis to believe that a given independent 
representative meets the qualifications of Rule 15Fh-5, the SBS Entity 
will not likely need to reaffirm that independent representative's 
qualifications anew, but could instead rely on past representations 
regarding the representative's qualifications. We estimate that SBS 
Entities will incur an ongoing, aggregate burden of 22,500 hours (1 
hour x 55 SBS Entities x 410 independent representatives) per year as a 
result of this rule.
    In addition to the burdens imposed on SBS Entities, Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(1) will also impose a burden on special entities' independent 
representatives to collect the necessary information regarding their 
relevant qualifications, and provide that information to the SBS Entity 
and/or the special entity. The Commission continues to believe that the 
reporting burden for the independent representative will consist of 
providing written representations to the SBS Entity and/or the special 
entity it represents. The Commission believes that the burden 
associated with an independent representative's obligation to assess 
its independence from the SBS Entity will likely depend on the size of 
the independent representative, the size of the SBS Entity, the 
interactions between the independent representative and the SBS Entity, 
the policies and procedures of the independent representative and 
depend less on the number of transactions in which the independent 
representative is engaged. The policies and procedures of the 
independent representative will facilitate its ability to quickly 
assess, disclose, manage and mitigate any potential material conflicts 
of interest. We now believe the number of transactions in which the 
independent representative engages is less likely to impact this 
assessment. Accordingly, we have updated our estimates.
    We anticipate that independent representatives will rely on in-
house counsel to collect and submit the relevant documentation and 
information regarding its qualifications. The Commission also estimates 
that each independent representative, on average, will initially 
require approximately 16 internal burden hours from its in-house 
counsel per SBS Entity to collect the information necessary to comply 
with this requirement.\1569\ This will result in an aggregate initial 
burden of 360,800 internal hours (16 hours x 410 independent 
representatives x 55 SBS Entities).
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    \1569\ While the Commission does not believe that every 
independent representative is likely to deal with every SBS Entity, 
we do not have data on the average number of SBS Entities with whom 
each independent representative would deal. Accordingly, for the 
purposes of these calculations, we have assumed that each SBS Entity 
will deal with each independent representative.
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    As with SBS Entities' ongoing burden associated with this rule, the 
Commission believes that the ongoing burden imposed on independent 
representatives would be minimal, since, once the independent 
representative has provided information regarding its qualifications to 
the SBS Entity, the independent representative will not likely need to 
collect or provide that information again, but could instead rely on a 
bring down certificate that reflects past representations regarding its 
qualifications. We estimate that independent representatives will incur 
an ongoing, aggregate burden of 22,500 hours (1 hour x 55 SBS Entities 
x 410 independent representatives) per year as a result of this 
rule.\1570\ We do not believe there will be external burdens associated 
with this rule.
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    \1570\ We note that, in the Proposing Release, we based our 
burden estimates for evaluating an independent representative's 
qualifications on the underlying assumption that representations 
regarding an independent representative's qualifications must be 
provided prior to every transaction, and therefore the associated 
burden calculations were transaction-specific. See Proposing 
Release, 76 FR 42446-7, supra note 3. However, based on the observed 
practices of swap market participants, we now believe that 
representations regarding an independent representative's 
qualifications need only be provided in the context of each 
relationship with an SBS Entity. Our revised calculations, which are 
now relationship-specific, reflect this shift in our underlying 
assumption.
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8. Political Contributions
    As noted above, the Commission believes that there will be 
approximately 50 SBS Dealers subject to these rules, and estimates that 
all of them will provide, or will seek to provide, security-based swap 
services to municipal entities. SBS Dealers, in order to supervise and 
assess internal compliance with the pay to play rules, will need to 
collect information regarding the political contributions of SBS 
Dealers and their covered associates. In addition, SBS Dealers' covered 
associates will also need to collect and provide the information 
required by these rules to SBS Dealers.
    The Commission's estimates in this paragraph take into account the 
burden of the covered associates and the SBS Dealers. These estimates 
also reflect the

[[Page 30096]]

Commission's experience with and burden estimates for similar 
requirements, as well as our discussions with market 
participants.\1571\ Based on the foregoing, the Commission estimates 
that it will take, on average, approximately 185 hours per SBS Dealer--
resulting in a total initial burden of 9,250 hours \1572\ to collect 
the information regarding the political contributions of SBS Dealers 
and their covered associates to assist SBS Dealer in their compliance 
with the rule. The Commission believes that many SBS Dealers will 
primarily rely on in-house counsel for the collection of information 
required under this rule.
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    \1571\ See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 FR 41018, 41061-
65, supra note 1100. See also supra note 19 regarding a list of 
Commission staff meetings with interested parties.
    \1572\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (185 
hours x 50 SBS Dealers).
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    Additionally, we expect some SBS Dealers to incur one-time costs to 
establish or enhance current systems to assist in their compliance with 
the rule. These costs will vary widely among firms. Similar to the 
estimates made by the Commission in connection with the Advisers Act 
pay to play rule, we have also estimated that some small and medium 
firms will incur start-up costs, on average, of $10,000, and larger 
firms will incur, on average, $100,000. Assuming all SBS Dealers will 
be larger firms, the initial cost to establish or enhance current 
systems to assist in their compliance with the rule is estimated at 
$5,000,000 for all SBS Dealers.\1573\ Nevertheless, we note that some 
SBS Dealers may not incur any system costs if they determine a system 
is unnecessary due to their limited number of employees, or their 
limited number of municipal entity counterparties. Furthermore, like 
other large firms, SBS Dealers have likely devoted significant 
resources to automating compliance and reporting with respect to 
regulations concerning certain political contributions. This rule 
could, therefore, cause them to enhance the existing systems that had 
originally been designed to comply with MSRB Rules G-37 and G-38 and 
Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5.
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    \1573\ The initial cost is estimated at: 50 SBS Dealers x 
$100,000 = $5,000,000. See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 FR 
at 41061, supra note 1100 (estimating that larger firms will incur, 
on average, $100,000, in start-up costs).
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    The final rules also allow SBS Dealers to file applications for 
exemptive relief, and outline a list of items to be addressed, 
including, whether the SBS Dealer has developed policies and procedures 
to monitor political contributions; the steps taken after discovery of 
the contribution; and the apparent intent in making the contribution 
based on the facts and circumstances of each case. The incidence of 
exemptive relief related to MSRB Rule G-37 and the number of 
applications the Commission has received under the Advisers Act Rule 
206(4)-5 may be indicative of the possible applications for exemptive 
relief under these final rules. Consistent with the Commission's 
estimates in connection with Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5, we also 
estimate that a firm that applies for an exemption will hire outside 
counsel to prepare an exemptive request, and estimate that the number 
of hours counsel will spend preparing and submitting an application 
between 16 hours to 32 hours, at a rate of $400 per hour. Recognizing 
that this is an estimate, we conservatively estimate that the 
Commission may receive up to two applications for exemptive relief per 
year with respect to pay to play rules.\1574\ at a total ongoing cost 
of $25,600 per year, assuming conservatively 32 hours for outside 
counsel to prepare an exemptive request.\1575\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1574\ FINRA has granted 17 exemptive letters related to Rule G-
37 between 1/05 and 12/15 (11 years) http://www.finra.org/industry/exemptive-letters. In addition, the Commission has received 13 
applications under the Adviser's act (since the compliance date, 
approximately 4 years).
    \1575\ Ongoing: (Outside counsel at $400 per hour x 32 hours per 
application x 2) = $25,600. See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play Release, 75 
FR at 41065, supra note 1100 (making similar estimates in connection 
with Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5).
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9. Chief Compliance Officer
    Under Rule 15Fk-1, an SBS Entity's CCO is responsible for, among 
other things, taking reasonable steps to ensure that the SBS Entity 
establishes and maintains policies and procedures reasonably designed 
to ensure compliance by the SBS Entity with the Exchange Act and the 
rules and regulations thereunder relating to its business as an SBS 
Entity. The Commission continues to estimate that, on average, the 
establishment and administration of the policies and procedures 
required under Rule 15Fk-1 (e.g., preparing an annual compliance report 
and the SBS Entity's annual assessment of its written policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with Section 15F 
and the rules and regulations thereunder) will require 630 hours to 
create and 180 hours to administer per year per respondent, for a total 
burden of 34,650 initial hours, and 9,900 hours per year on average, on 
an ongoing basis.\1576\ The Commission also continues to estimate that 
a total of $60,000 in outside legal costs will be incurred to, among 
other things, assist in the preparation of the annual compliance report 
and the SBS Entity's annual assessment of its written policies and 
procedures, as a result of this burden per respondent, for a total 
initial outside cost burden of $3,300,000.\1577\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1576\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42448, supra note 3.
    \1577\ See id. This figure is the result of an estimated $400 
per hour cost for outside legal services times 150 hours for 3 
policies and procedures for 55 respondents. See SDR Registration 
Release, supra note 1202.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A CCO will also be required to prepare and submit annual compliance 
reports to the Commission and the SBS Entity's board of directors. In 
the Proposing Release, the Commission estimated that these reports 
would require on average 92 hours per respondent per year for an 
ongoing annual burden of 5,060 hours. As a result of additional 
descriptions that some CCOs will have to include in their annual 
compliance reports, we now estimate that these reports will require on 
average 93 hours per respondent per year for an ongoing annual burden 
of 5,115.\1578\ Because the report will be submitted by an internal 
CCO, the Commission does not expect any external costs associated 
therewith.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1578\ The estimate is based on the following calculation: (93 
hours) x (55 SBS Dealers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Foreign Branch Exception
    The Commission estimates the one-time paperwork burden associated 
with developing representations under this collection of information 
would be, for each U.S. bank counterparty that may make such 
representations to its registered Major SBS Participant or registered 
SBS Dealer counterparty, no more than five hours, and up to $2,000 for 
the services of outside professionals, for an estimate of approximately 
250 hours and $100,000 across all security-based swap counterparties 
that may make such representations.\1579\ This estimate assumes little 
or no reliance on standardized disclosure language.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1579\ See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31108, supra 
note 6 (explaining that the Commission estimated that 50 entities 
may include a representation that security-based swap is a 
``transaction conducted through a foreign branch'' in their trading 
relationship documentation).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, as the Commission has previously noted in connection with 
this collection of information, in most cases, the representations 
associated with the definition of ``transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch'' are likely to be made through amendments to the 
parties' existing trading documentation (e.g., the schedule to a

[[Page 30097]]

master agreement).\1580\ Because these representations relate to new 
regulatory requirements, the Commission anticipates that U.S. bank 
counterparties may elect to develop and incorporate these 
representations in trading documentation soon after the effective date 
of the Commission's security-based swap regulations, rather than 
incorporating specific language on a transactional basis. The 
Commission believes that parties would be able to adopt, where 
appropriate, standardized language across all of their security-based 
swap trading relationships.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1580\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47366, supra 
note 193. See also Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31108, 
supra note 6 (noting that entities may include the representation in 
their trading relationship documentation). The Commission believes 
that because trading relationship documentation is established 
between two counterparties, the question of whether one of those 
counterparties is able to represent that it is entering into a 
``transaction conducted through a foreign branch'' would not change 
on a transaction-by-transaction basis and, therefore, such 
representations would generally be made in the schedule to a master 
agreement, rather than in individual confirmations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission expects that the majority of the burden associated 
with the new disclosure requirements will be experienced during the 
first year as language is developed and trading documentation is 
amended. After the new representations are developed and incorporated 
into trading documentation, the Commission continues to believe that 
the on-going paperwork burden associated with this requirement will be 
10 hours per U.S. bank counterparty for verifying representations with 
existing counterparties, for a total of approximately 500 hours across 
all applicable U.S. bank counterparties.\1581\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1581\ The Commission staff estimates that this burden would 
consist of 10 hours of in-house counsel time for each security-based 
swap market participant that may make such representations. See 
Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47367 (estimating 10 hours per 
counterparty for verification), supra note 193; Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, 78 FR 31108 (same), supra note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Substituted Compliance Rule
    Rule 3a71-6 under the Exchange Act would require submission of 
certain information to the Commission to the extent that foreign 
financial authorities or security-based swap dealers or major security-
based swap participants elect to request a substituted compliance 
determination with respect to the Title VII business conduct 
requirements. Consistent with Exchange Act Rule 0-13, such applications 
must be accompanied by supporting documentation necessary for the 
Commission to evaluate the request, including information regarding 
applicable foreign requirements, and the methods used by foreign 
authorities to monitor and enforce compliance.
    The Commission expects that registered security-based swap dealers 
and major security-based swap participants will seek to rely on 
substituted compliance upon registration, and that it is likely that 
the majority of such requests will be made during the first year 
following the effective date of this substituted compliance rule. 
Requests would not be necessary with regard to applicable rules and 
regulations of a foreign jurisdiction that have previously been the 
subject of a substituted compliance determination in connection with 
the applicable rules.
    In light of the provisions of the final rule and rule 0-13, 
permitting substituted compliance applications to be made by foreign 
regulatory authorities, the Commission expects that the great majority 
of substituted compliance applications will be submitted by foreign 
authorities, and that very few substituted compliance requests will 
come from SBS Entities. For purposes of this assessment, the Commission 
estimates that three such SBS Entities will submit such 
applications.\1582\ The Commission estimates that the total one-time 
paperwork burden incurred by such entities associated with preparing 
and submitting a request for a substituted compliance determination in 
connection with the business conduct requirements will be approximately 
240 hours, plus $240,000 for the services of outside professionals for 
all three requests.\1583\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1582\ This estimate differs from the Cross-Border Proposing 
Release estimate, that there would be no more than 50 requests for 
substituted compliance determinations pursuant to proposed Rule 
3a71-5. See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31110, supra 
note 6. The revised estimate reflects our expectation that the large 
majority of substituted compliance requests will be made by foreign 
regulatory authorities, rather than by market participants.
    \1583\ Consistent with the per-request estimates in the Cross-
Border Proposing Release, the Commission estimates that the 
paperwork burden associated with making each such substituted 
compliance request would be approximately 80 hours of in-house 
counsel time, plus $80,000 for the services of outside professionals 
(based on 200 hours of outside time * 400). See Cross-Border 
Proposing Release, 78 FR at 31110, supra note 6.
    In practice, those amounts may overestimate the costs of 
requests pursuant to Rule 3a71-6 as adopted, as such requests would 
solely address business conduct requirements, rather than the 
broader proposed scope of substituted compliance set forth in that 
proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Collections of Information are Mandatory

    With the exception of the collection of information related to the 
foreign branch exception, compliance with collection of information 
requirements under these rules is mandatory for all SBS Dealers and SBS 
Entities. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 
required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays 
a currently valid OMB control number.
    Compliance with the collection of information requirements 
associated with rule 3a71-6, regarding the availability of substituted 
compliance, is mandatory for all foreign financial authorities or non-
U.S. SBS Entities that seek a substituted compliance determination.

F. Confidentiality

    The forms that the Commission has adopted for use by applicants for 
registration as security-based swap dealers or major security-based 
swap participants provide for applicants to notify the Commission 
regarding intended reliance on substituted compliance.\1584\ Also, the 
Commission generally will make requests for substituted compliance 
determination public, subject to requests for confidential treatment 
being submitted pursuant to any applicable provisions governing 
confidentiality under the Exchange Act.\1585\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1584\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 49049, supra 
note 989 (questions 3A, B and C of Form SBSE-A, addressing potential 
reliance on substituted compliance determinations)
    \1585\ See SBS Entity Definitions Adopting Release, 79 FR at 
47359, supra note 1451 (discussing confidentiality provisions under 
the Exchange Act in connection with adopting Rule 0-13, governing 
applications for substituted compliance).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The representations provided in connection with the foreign branch 
exception would be provided voluntarily by certain U.S. bank 
counterparties to their registered SBS Dealer counterparties; 
therefore, the Commission would not typically receive confidential 
information as a result of this collection of information. However, to 
the extent that the Commission receives confidential information 
contained in a representation document through our examination and 
oversight program, an investigation, or some other means, such 
information would be kept confidential, subject to the provisions of 
applicable law.

G. Retention Period of Recordkeeping Requirements

    SBS Dealers will be required to retain records and information 
relating to

[[Page 30098]]

these rules for the required retention periods specified in Exchange 
Act Rule 17a-4.

VI. Economic Analysis

A. Introduction and Broad Economic Considerations

    The Commission is sensitive to the costs and benefits imposed by 
its rules. This section presents an analysis of the particular economic 
effects--including costs, benefits and impact on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation--that may result from our final 
rules. Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act requires the Commission, when 
engaging in rulemaking that requires the Commission to consider or 
determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public 
interest, to consider, in addition to the protection of investors, 
whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital 
formation. Further, Section 23(a)(2) of the Exchange Act requires the 
Commission, when adopting rules under the Exchange Act, to consider the 
impact that any new rule would have on competition and to not adopt any 
rule that would impose a burden on competition that is not necessary or 
appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Exchange Act. In the 
Proposing Release, the Commission solicited comments on all aspects of 
the costs and benefits associated with the proposed rules, including 
any effect the proposed business conduct rules may have on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation.\1586\ The Commission has considered 
these comments and has modified some of the rules being adopted as 
discussed in sections I, II and III, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1586\ See Proposing Release, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The business conduct rules as adopted implement the requirements 
under Sections 15F(h) and 15F(k) of the Exchange Act as added by 
Section 764(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act. As discussed in Section VI.C, 
infra, the final rules include both requirements expressly addressed by 
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as discretionary rules 
designed to further the principles which underlie the statutory 
requirements. These discretionary rules include requirements to make 
certain additional disclosures; certain ``know your counterparty'' 
obligations; suitability obligations for SBS Dealers; prohibitions 
against certain ``pay to play'' activities; and a requirement of board 
approval for decisions related to the compensation or removal of the 
CCO.
    SBS Entities play a central role in intermediating transactions in 
complex and opaque security-based swaps, and enjoy significant 
informational advantages compared to their less sophisticated 
counterparties. For instance, SBS Dealers observe quote solicitations 
and order flow. SBS Dealers may also act as lenders, placement agents, 
underwriters, structurers or securitizers of the securities underlying 
security-based swaps. As a result of operating in such additional 
capacities, SBS Dealers may have superior information about the quality 
of security-based swaps and of securities underlying security-based 
swaps. Major SBS Participants may have lower volumes of dealing 
activity than SBS Dealers, but may hold large concentrated positions in 
security-based swaps,\1587\ and may have specialized expertise in 
pricing and trading security-based swaps. At the same time, less 
informed and less sophisticated counterparties do not observe order 
flow, may have less information concerning the risks and expected 
returns of security-based swaps and reference securities, and may have 
less expertise in valuing complex security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1587\ See Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR at 30751-30756, 
supra note 115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, SBS Dealers are for-profit entities with business 
incentives that may be competing with those of their counterparties. 
Due to the nature of their market making and intermediation roles, SBS 
Dealers purchase security-based swaps from counterparties seeking to 
sell them, and sell security-based swaps to counterparties seeking to 
buy them. When SBS Dealers transact as principal risk holders and do 
not hedge their exposures, they benefit from directional market moves 
that result in losses for their counterparties. When SBS Dealers hedge 
their exposures and do not carry balance sheet risk, they may be 
indifferent to directional price moves of the security-based swap, but 
profit from charging high fees to their counterparties, whereas their 
counterparties benefit from low fees and transaction costs. If SBS 
Dealers recommend security-based swaps to counterparties, such 
recommendations may be influenced by the above business incentives. 
Counterparties of SBS Dealers may be aware of these competing 
incentives, and SBS Dealers generally benefit from intermediating a 
greater volume of trades, potentially mitigating these effects. 
However, informational asymmetries between SBS Dealers and their 
counterparties outlined above may limit the ability of counterparties 
to decouple the potential biases and information components of SBS 
Dealer recommendations, and to evaluate the merits of each security-
based swap.
    Broadly, these external business conduct rules as adopted may 
decrease informational asymmetries between SBS Entities and their less 
sophisticated counterparties and strengthen counterparty protections. 
This may enable market participants to make better informed investment 
decisions, and enhance allocative efficiency in security-based swap 
markets.
    The baseline for our economic analysis reflects rules adopted as 
part of the SBS Entity Definitions Adopting Release, the Cross-Border 
Adopting Release, Regulation SBSR and SDR Rules,\1588\ as well as SBS 
Entity registration rules. We also recognize that final U.S. Activity 
rules have been adopted, and affect the scope of cross-border 
transactions that will become subject to various substantive Title VII 
requirements, including those related to business conduct standards. 
While these rules are not yet in effect, to perform a meaningful 
analysis of the business conduct requirements being adopted and their 
cross-border application, our baseline includes the final U.S. Activity 
rules.\1589\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1588\ 17 CFR 232.11, 232.101, 232.305, and 232.407; 17 CFR 
240.13n-1 to 240.13n-12 (``SDR Rules''). See SDR Registration 
Release, supra note 1202.
    \1589\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR at 8598.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Title VII provides a statutory framework for the OTC derivatives 
market and divides authority to regulate that market between the CFTC 
(which regulates swaps) and the Commission (which regulates security-
based swaps). We note that many entities expected to register with the 
Commission as SBS Entities are currently intermediating large volumes 
of transactions across swap, security-based swap and reference security 
markets. The Commission has previously estimated that of the total 55 
entities expected to register with the Commission as SBS Entities, up 
to 35 entities are registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities, and up to 
16 entities are registered with the Commission as broker-dealers.\1590\ 
Since broker-dealers registered with the Commission and Swap Entities 
registered with the CFTC are required to join an SRO, the majority of 
SBS Entities may already be subject to CFTC and SRO oversight. 
Therefore, we anticipate that many of the entities

[[Page 30099]]

expected to register as SBS Entities and become subject to the 
Commission's final business conduct rules may have already brought 
their business into compliance with CFTC business conduct requirements 
and SRO rules, among others. The Commission has sought to harmonize, to 
the extent practicable, the final business conduct requirements with 
existing requirements applicable to SBS Dealers and broker-dealers. 
Obligations imposed on SBS Entities in this rulemaking are modeled on, 
and largely similar to, obligations applicable to Swap Entities and 
registered broker-dealers. These obligations include disclosure, know-
your-customer, suitability, pay-to-play, supervision, and compliance 
responsibilities. The Commission has also considered the implications 
of certain business conduct rules regarding special entities subject to 
ERISA. DOL staff has stated that the final business conduct standards 
neither conflict with DOL regulations nor compel SBS Entities to engage 
in fiduciary conduct, as discussed in Section II.D supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1590\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 49000, supra 
note 989. Also see U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR at 27458, 
supra note 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the economic baseline, extensive cross-market 
participation of dealers and non-dealer counterparties in swap, 
security-based swap and reference security markets points to a high 
degree of market integration. The Commission has sought to harmonize, 
to the extent practicable, final business conduct requirements with 
other existing rules, which may result in efficiencies and lower 
incremental economic costs for cross-registered SBS Entities and their 
counterparties than might have otherwise resulted.\1591\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1591\ A number of commenters recommended the Commission to 
harmonize external business conduct rules with those of the CFTC. 
See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; APPA, supra 
note 5; BlackRock, supra note 5; NABL, supra note 5; Nomura, supra 
note 5; AFGI (July 2013), supra note 5; ISDA (July 2013), supra note 
5; Barnard (July 2015), supra note 10; and SIFMA (August 2015), 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nonetheless, the Commission recognizes--as reflected in the 
economic analysis--that the final rules establish new requirements 
applicable to SBS Entities, and that complying with these requirements 
will entail costs to SBS Entities. In considering the economic 
consequences of these final rules we have been mindful of the direct 
and indirect costs these rules will impose on market participants, as 
well as the effect of various business conduct requirements on the 
ability of counterparties to transact with SBS Entities. We have 
considered the likely costs and benefits of the final business conduct 
requirements for SBS Entities, counterparties in security-based swap 
markets, investors in reference security markets, as well as 
stakeholders in special entities, such as taxpayers, pension holders, 
endowment beneficiaries, and investors in municipal securities. We have 
also considered how various types of market participants may respond to 
the obligations and safe harbors in these final rules.
    Some of these final rules impose requirements on SBS Dealers only, 
whereas others apply to transactions by both SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants. These final rules have considered potential differences 
between the roles SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants in security-
based swap markets. As discussed in the sections that follow, 
registered SBS Dealers are expected to intermediate large volumes of 
security-based swaps and to transact with many hundreds or thousands of 
counterparties, whereas Major SBS Participants will be holding 
significant positions in SBS without intermediating significant volumes 
of deals.\1592\ As discussed in Regulation SBSR, SBS Dealers manage 
large changes in exposure to reference entities (inventory risk).\1593\ 
Large CDS transactions on a particular reference entity create large 
inventory positions that affect SBS Dealers' exposure to the credit 
risk of reference assets. SBS Dealers may actively manage inventory 
risks that they do not want to bear by entering into offsetting 
contracts that diversify or hedge new risk exposures. Doing so requires 
finding market participants, typically in the interdealer market, who 
are willing to act as counterparties to these offsetting 
contracts.\1594\ Further, as discussed above, SBS Dealers observe order 
flow and may be involved in arranging or structuring security-based 
swaps, enjoying informational advantages relative to their non-dealer 
counterparties. In contrast, participants required to register as Major 
SBS Participants will have accumulated large positions in security-
based swaps but have dealing activity below the de minimis threshold. 
As a result of their substantial positions, Major SBS Participants may 
be susceptible to market risks. We have considered these differences in 
risks arising from the security-based swap activity of the two types of 
SBS Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1592\ See Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR at 30751-30756, 
supra note 115.
    \1593\ See Regulation SBSR Adopting Release, 80 FR at 14617, 
infra note 1602.
    \1594\ See ``Inventory risk management by dealers in the single-
name credit default swap market'' (October 17, 2014) at 5, available 
at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-34-10/s73410-184.pdf. The analysis 
uses DTCC-TIW data to describe how SBS Dealers manage inventory risk 
by hedging. Also see FN14 citing to Hansch, Oliver, Narayan Y. Naik, 
and S. Viswanathan. ``Do inventories matter in dealership markets? 
Evidence from the London Stock Exchange.'' The Journal of Finance 
53, no. 5 (1998): 1623-1656.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have also taken into account comments regarding the different 
application of various business conduct requirements to SBS Dealers and 
Major SBS Participants,\1595\ including one comment that imposition of 
``dealer-like'' obligations on Major SBS Participants may undermine 
market development, and reduce competition and counterparty 
choice.\1596\ The Commission recognizes that SBS Dealers serve as the 
points of connection in security-based swap markets, whereas Major SBS 
Participants may have greater market impacts and risks associated with 
holding larger security-based swap positions. As discussed in Section 
II, these final rules are intended to provide counterparty protections 
and reduce information asymmetries. The Commission is imposing 
counterparty status verification, disclosure, fair and balanced 
communications, supervision, antifraud, CCO rules and rules related to 
counterparties of special entities on both SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants. The final rules limit the scope of ``know your 
counterparty'', suitability, pay to play and certain special entity 
rules to SBS Dealers. Therefore, counterparties of Major SBS 
Participants, as well as counterparties of SBS Dealers, may benefit 
from counterparty protections and information benefits of these final 
rules. At the same time, Major SBS Participants will not be subject to 
the full range of business conduct obligations where business conduct 
requirements are not expressly addressed by the Dodd-Frank Act or the 
statute applies a requirement only to SBS Dealers. We further discuss 
these considerations in the sections that follow.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1595\ See, e.g., MFA, supra note 5; Blackrock, supra note 5; 
CFA, supra note 5.
    \1596\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that costs of rules imposed on Major SBS Participants 
may be passed on to counterparties in the form of transaction costs or 
a decreased willingness to intermediate transactions with non-SBS or 
Swap Entity counterparties. As reflected in the economic baseline, the 
Commission estimates that of the 55 SBS Entities that may register with 
the Commission, between zero and five entities may be Major SBS 
Participants. The

[[Page 30100]]

Commission also estimates that non-SBS Entity counterparties may 
transact with a median of three and an average of four SBS Dealers per 
year. Should Major SBS Participants become less willing to transact 
with non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties, SBS Dealers are likely to 
step in to intermediate OTC trades. As articulated in prior sections, 
the Commission believes that imposing certain final business conduct 
rules on both SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants may reduce 
information asymmetries and enhance counterparty protections in 
security-based swap markets.
    Final business conduct rules reflect the informational advantage of 
SBS Entities relative to other market participants. SBS Dealers enjoy 
informational advantages over their non-SBS Entity counterparties. As 
we quantify in the economic baseline, inter-dealer transactions play a 
significant role in security-based swap markets, and security-based 
swap activity is highly concentrated among a small number of dealers. 
SBS Dealers observe deal flow, and may act in other capacities, such as 
in the capacity of underwriters or arrangers, in relation to reference 
securities underlying security-based swaps. Major SBS Participants may 
also be better informed about the risks and valuations of security-
based swaps due to their large positions in security-based swaps. 
Therefore, compared to other counterparties, both SBS Dealers and Major 
SBS Participants may be better informed and better able to assess 
material risks and characteristics of security-based swaps. Final 
disclosure and suitability rules are limited to security-based swap 
activities between SBS Entities and counterparties that are not 
themselves SBS or Swap Entities. Other external business conduct rules 
explicitly address conduct of SBS Entities when they act as 
counterparties or advisors to special entities, such as employee 
benefit plans, municipalities and endowments.
    The Commission has considered counterparty protections, information 
asymmetries and risks arising from arm's length and inter-affiliate 
transactions. Inter-affiliate transactions may be conducted for the 
purposes of internal risk management within a commonly controlled 
corporate group with generally aligned incentives and few informational 
asymmetries, and may involve the same personnel acting in or on behalf 
of both parties. Imposing business conduct requirements on transactions 
among various control affiliates of the same SBS Entity is less likely 
to result in counterparty protections, informational benefits or 
improvements in allocative efficiency, but would result in additional 
costs and execution delays for SBS Entities.\1597\ Similar to the 
CFTC's adopted approach, the final business conduct rules 240.15Fh-
3(a)-(f), 240.15Fh-4(b), and 240.15F-5 will apply to arm's length 
transactions and exclude transactions that SBS Entities enter into with 
their majority-owned affiliates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1597\ As discussed in Section II.A, supra, all commenters 
recommended not applying these final rules to inter-affiliate 
transactions. See ABA Securities Association, supra note 5; FIA/
ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2015), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission notes that, where possible, it has attempted to 
quantify the costs, benefits, and effects on efficiency, competition, 
and capital formation expected to result from adopting these rules. In 
many cases, however, the Commission is unable to quantify the economic 
effects. Crucially, many of the relevant economic effects, such as 
counterparty protections, information asymmetry, the ability of less 
informed market participants to overcome information asymmetries, and 
the value of Commission enforcement and oversight, are inherently 
difficult to quantify. In other cases, we lack the information 
necessary to provide reasonable estimates. For example, we lack data on 
business conduct practices of U.S. SBS Entities' foreign branches; 
profitability of SBS Dealer and Major SBS Participant transactions at 
various volume levels, by type (SEF execution versus OTC/bespoke) and 
by counterparty (other SBS and Swap Entities, special entities, all 
other counterparties); the magnitude of the conflicts of interest 
related to the ``pay to play'' practices by SBS Entities with respect 
to special entities and the degree of reliance of dually registered SBS 
Entities on covered associates already subject to similar prohibitions; 
and how SBS Entities, new entrants, and counterparties, including those 
currently not transacting in security-based swap markets, may react to 
specific business conduct rules. To the best of our knowledge, no such 
data are publicly available and commenters have not provided data to 
allow such quantification.

B. Baseline

    To assess the economic impact of the final rules described in this 
release, we are using as our baseline the security-based swap market as 
it exists at the time of this release, including applicable rules we 
have already adopted but excluding rules that we have proposed but not 
yet finalized.\1598\ The analysis includes the statutory provisions 
that currently govern the security-based swap market pursuant to the 
Dodd-Frank Act, and rules adopted in the Definitions Adopting Release, 
the Cross-Border Adopting Release,\1599\ the SDR Registration 
Release,\1600\ the SBS Entity Registration Adopting Release,\1601\ and 
the Regulation SBSR Adopting Release,\1602\ along with U.S. Activity 
rules,\1603\ as these final rules--even if compliance is not yet 
required--are part of the existing regulatory landscape that market 
participants expect to govern their security-based swap activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1598\ We also considered, where appropriate, the impact of 
rules and technical standards promulgated by other regulators, such 
as the CFTC and the European Securities and Markets Authority, on 
practices in the security-based swap market.
    \1599\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, supra note 684.
    \1600\ See SDR Registration Release, supra note 1202.
    \1601\ See Registration Adopting Release, supra note 989.
    \1602\ See ``Regulation SBSR-Reporting and Dissemination of 
Security-Based Swap Information,'' Exchange Act Release No. 74244 
(Feb. 11, 2015), 80 FR 14563 (Mar. 19, 2015) (``Regulation SBSR 
Adopting Release'').
    \1603\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release 81 FR 8598.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The business conduct rules include a variety of standards for 
conduct by SBS Entities when they transact with counterparties. While 
certain requirements apply to SBS Entity transactions with all 
counterparties, some requirements will affect only SBS Entity 
transactions with non-SBS or Swap Entities, others distinguish between 
SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants, and yet others offer relief for 
anonymous transactions. The following sections describe current 
security-based swap market activity, participants, common dealing 
structures, counterparties, and patterns of cross-border and cross-
market participation.
1. Available Data Regarding Security-Based Swap Activity
    Our understanding of the market is informed in part by available 
data on security-based swap transactions, though we acknowledge that 
limitations in the data limit the extent to which we can quantitatively 
characterize the market.\1604\ Because these data do not cover the 
entire market, we have developed an understanding of market activity 
using a sample of transactions data that includes only certain portions

[[Page 30101]]

of the market. We believe, however, that the data underlying our 
analysis here provide reasonably comprehensive information regarding 
single-name CDS transactions and the composition of participants in the 
single-name CDS market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1604\ We also rely on qualitative information regarding market 
structure and evolving market practices provided by commenters, both 
in letters and in meetings with Commission staff, and knowledge and 
expertise of Commission staff.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Specifically, our analysis of the state of the current security-
based swap market is based on data obtained from the DTCC Derivatives 
Repository Limited Trade Information Warehouse (``TIW''), especially 
data regarding the activity of market participants in the single-name 
CDS market during the period from 2008 to 2014. According to data 
published by the Bank for International Settlements (``BIS''), the 
global notional amount outstanding in single-name CDS was approximately 
$9.04 trillion,\1605\ in multi-name index CDS was approximately $6.75 
trillion, and in multi-name, non-index CDS was approximately $611 
billion. The total gross market value outstanding in single-name CDS 
was approximately $366 billion, and in multi-name CDS instruments was 
approximately $227 billion.\1606\ The global notional amount 
outstanding in equity forwards and swaps as of December 2014 was $2.50 
trillion, with total gross market value of $177 billion.\1607\ As these 
figures show (and as we have previously noted), although the definition 
of security-based swaps is not limited to single-name CDS, single-name 
CDS contracts make up a majority of security-based swaps, and we 
believe that the single-name CDS data are sufficiently representative 
of the market to inform our analysis of the state of the current 
security-based swap market.\1608\
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    \1605\ The global notional amount outstanding represents the 
total face amount used to calculate payments under outstanding 
contracts. The gross market value is the cost of replacing all open 
contracts at current market prices.
    \1606\ See semi-annual OTC derivatives statistics at December 
2014, Table 19, available at http://www.bis.org/statistics/dt1920a.pdf (accessed Jul. 29, 2015).
    \1607\ These totals include both swaps and security-based swaps, 
as well as products that are excluded from the definition of 
``swap,'' such as certain equity forwards.
    \1608\ While other repositories may collect data on transactions 
in total return swaps on equity and debt, we do not currently have 
access to such data for these products (or other products that are 
security-based swaps). Consistent with the Cross-Border Proposing 
Release, we believe that data related to single-name CDS provide 
reasonably comprehensive information for purposes of this analysis, 
as such transactions appear to constitute roughly 74 percent of the 
security-based swap market as measured on the basis of gross 
notional outstanding. See Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 
31120 n.1301.
    Also consistent with our approach in that release, with the 
exception of the analysis regarding the degree of overlap between 
participation in the single-name CDS market and the index CDS market 
(cross-market activity), our analysis below does not include data 
regarding index CDS as we do not currently have sufficient 
information to classify index CDS as swaps or security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the data available to us from TIW do not encompass 
those CDS transactions that both: (i) Do not involve U.S. 
counterparties; \1609\ and (ii) are based on non-U.S. reference 
entities. Notwithstanding this limitation, the TIW data should provide 
sufficient information to permit us to identify the types of market 
participants active in the security-based swap market and the general 
pattern of dealing within that market.\1610\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1609\ Following publication of the Warehouse Trust Guidance on 
CDS data access, TIW surveyed market participants, asking for the 
physical address associated with each of their accounts (i.e., where 
the account is organized as a legal entity). This physical address 
is designated the registered office location by TIW. When an account 
reports a registered office location, we have assumed that the 
registered office location reflects the place of domicile for the 
fund or account. When an account does not report a registered office 
location, we have assumed that the settlement country reported by 
the investment adviser or parent entity to the fund or account is 
the place of domicile. Thus, for purposes of this analysis, we have 
classified accounts as ``U.S. counterparties'' when they have 
reported a registered office location in the United States. We note, 
however, that this classification is not necessarily identical in 
all cases to the definition of ``U.S. person'' under Exchange Act 
rule 3a71-3(a)(4).
    \1610\ The challenges we face in estimating measures of current 
market activity stem, in part, from the absence of comprehensive 
reporting requirements for security-based swap market participants. 
The Commission has adopted rules regarding trade reporting, data 
elements, and public reporting for security-based swaps that are 
designed to, when fully implemented, provide the Commission with 
additional measures of market activity that will allow us to better 
understand and monitor activity in the security-based swap market. 
See Regulation SBSR Adopting Release, 80 FR at 14699-14700, supra 
note 1602.
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2. Security-Based Swap Market: Market Participants and Dealing 
Structures
a. Security-Based Swap Market Participants
    Activity in the security-based swap market is concentrated among a 
relatively small number of entities that act as dealers in this market. 
In addition to these entities, thousands of other participants appear 
as counterparties to security-based swap contracts in our sample, and 
include, but are not limited to, investment companies, pension funds, 
private (hedge) funds, sovereign entities, and industrial companies. We 
observe that most non-dealer users of security-based swaps do not 
engage directly in the trading of swaps, but trade through banks, 
investment advisers, or other types of firms acting as dealers or 
agents. Based on an analysis of the counterparties to trades reported 
to the TIW, there are 1,875 entities that engaged directly in trading 
between November 2006 and December 2014.\1611\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1611\ These 1,875 entities, which are presented in more detail 
in Table 1, below, include all DTCC-defined ``firms'' shown in TIW 
as transaction counterparties that report at least one transaction 
to TIW as of December 2014. The staff in the Division of Economic 
and Risk Analysis classified these firms, which are shown as 
transaction counterparties, by machine matching names to known 
third-party databases and by manual classification. See, e.g., 
Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 31120, n. 1304, supra note 6. 
Manual classification was based in part on searches of the EDGAR and 
Bloomberg databases, the SEC's Investment Adviser Public Disclosure 
database, and a firm's public Web site or the public Web site of the 
account represented by a firm. The staff also referred to ISDA 
protocol adherence letters available on the ISDA Web site.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in Table 1, below, close to three-quarters of these 
entities (DTCC-defined ``firms'' shown in TIW, which we refer to here 
as ``transacting agents'') were identified as investment advisers, of 
which approximately 40 percent (about 30 percent of all transacting 
agents) were registered as investment advisers under the Advisers 
Act.\1612\ Although investment advisers comprise the vast majority of 
transacting agents, the transactions they executed account for only 
11.5 percent of all single-name CDS trading activity reported to the 
TIW, measured by number of transaction-sides (each transaction has two 
transaction sides, i.e., two transaction counterparties). The vast 
majority of transactions (83.7 percent) measured by number of 
transaction-sides were executed by ISDA-recognized dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1612\ See 15 U.S.C. 80b1-80b21. Transacting agents participate 
directly in the security-based swap market, without relying on an 
intermediary, on behalf of principals. For example, a university 
endowment may hold a position in a security-based swap that is 
established by an investment adviser that transacts on the 
endowment's behalf. In this case, the university endowment is a 
principal that uses the investment adviser as its transacting agent.

[[Page 30102]]

 Table 1--The Number of Transacting Agents by Counterparty Type and the Fraction of Total Trading Activity, From
                November 2006 Through December 2014, Represented by Each Counterparty Type \1613\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    Transaction
                       Transacting agents                             Number          Percent          share
                                                                                                     (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment advisers.............................................           1,425            76.0            11.5
    --SEC registered............................................             571            30.5             7.7
Banks...........................................................             252            13.4             4.3
Pension Funds...................................................              27             1.4             0.1
Insurance Companies.............................................              38             2.0             0.2
ISDA-Recognized Dealers \1614\..................................              17             0.9            83.7
Other...........................................................             116             6.2             0.2
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
        Total...................................................           1,875            99.9             100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Principal holders of CDS risk exposure are represented by 
``accounts'' in the TIW.\1615\ The staff's analysis of these accounts 
in TIW shows that the 1,875 transacting agents classified in Table 1 
represent 10,900 principal risk holders. Table 2, below, classifies 
these principal risk holders by their counterparty type and whether 
they are represented by a registered or unregistered investment 
adviser.\1616\ For instance, banks in Table 1 allocated transactions 
across 327 accounts, of which 23 were represented by investment 
advisers. In the remaining 304 instances, banks traded for their own 
accounts. Meanwhile, ISDA-recognized dealers in Table 1 allocated 
transactions across 75 accounts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1613\ Adjustments to these statistics reflect updated 
classifications of counterparties and transactions classification 
resulting from further analysis of the TIW data.
    \1614\ For the purpose of this analysis, the ISDA-recognized 
dealers are those identified by ISDA as belonging to the G14 or G16 
dealer group during the period: JP Morgan Chase NA (and Bear 
Stearns), Morgan Stanley, Bank of America NA (and Merrill Lynch), 
Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank AG, Barclays Capital, Citigroup, UBS, 
Credit Suisse AG, RBS Group, BNP Paribas, HSBC Bank, Lehman 
Brothers, Soci[eacute]t[eacute] G[eacute]n[eacute]rale, Credit 
Agricole, Wells Fargo and Nomura. See, e.g., http://www.isda.org/c_and_a/pdf/ISDA-Operations-Survey-2010.pdf.
    \1615\ ``Accounts'' as defined in the TIW context are not 
equivalent to ``accounts'' in the definition of ``U.S. person'' 
provided by Exchange Act rule 3a71-3(a)(4)(i)(C). They also do not 
necessarily represent separate legal persons. One entity or legal 
person may have multiple accounts. For example, a bank may have one 
DTCC account for its U.S. headquarters and one DTCC account for one 
of its foreign branches.
    \1616\ Unregistered investment advisers include all investment 
advisers not registered under the Investment Advisers Act and may 
include investment advisers registered with a state or a foreign 
authority.

   Table 2--The Number and Percentage of Account Holders--by Type--Who Participate in the Security-Based Swap
Market Through a Registered Investment Adviser, an Unregistered Investment Adviser, or Directly as a Transacting
                             Agent, From November 2006 Through December 2014.\1617\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                  Represented by
                                                                  Represented by        an        Participant is
             Account holders by type                  Number       a registered    unregistered     transacting
                                                                    investment      investment     agent \1618\
                                                                      adviser         adviser
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Funds...................................           3,168       1,569 50%       1,565 49%           34 1%
DFA Special Entities............................           1,141       1,088 95%           33 3%           20 2%
Registered Investment Companies.................             800         768 96%           30 4%            2 0%
Banks (non-ISDA-recognized dealers).............             327           17 5%            6 2%         304 93%
Insurance Companies.............................             232         150 65%           21 9%          61 26%
ISDA-Recognized Dealers.........................              75            0 0%            0 0%         75 100%
Foreign Sovereigns..............................              72          53 74%            3 4%          16 22%
Non-Financial Corporations......................              61          43 70%            3 5%          15 25%
Finance Companies...............................              13           6 46%            0 0%           7 54%
Other/Unclassified..............................           5,011       3,327 66%       1,452 29%          232 5%
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    All.........................................          10,900       7,021 64%       3,113 29%          766 7%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Among the accounts, there are 1,141 Dodd-Frank Act-defined special 
entities \1619\ and 800 investment companies registered under the 
Investment Company Act of 1940.\1620\ Private funds comprise the 
largest type of account holders that we were able to classify, and 
although not verified through a recognized database, most of the funds 
we were not able to classify appear to be private funds.\1621\
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    \1617\ Adjustments to these statistics reflect updated 
classifications of counterparties and transactions classification 
resulting from further analysis of the TIW data.
    \1618\ This column reflects the number of participants who are 
also trading for their own accounts.
    \1619\ Our manual classification does not distinguish between 
special entities subject to ERISA and special entities defined in, 
but not subject to ERISA, and this estimate includes both groups of 
entities. Therefore, our analysis includes entities that may opt out 
of the special entity status under these final rules. If many such 
entities opt out, this figure may overestimate the number of market 
participants subject to business conduct standards with regards to 
special entities. See Section VI.C.4.
    \1620\ See 15 U.S.C. 80a1-80a64. There remain approximately 
5,000 DTCC ``accounts'' unclassified by type. Although unclassified, 
each was manually reviewed to verify that it was not likely to be a 
special entity within the meaning of the Dodd-Frank Act and instead 
was likely to be an entity such as a corporation, an insurance 
company, or a bank.
    \1621\ For the purposes of this discussion, ``private fund'' 
encompasses various unregistered pooled investment vehicles, 
including hedge funds, private equity funds, and venture capital 
funds.

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[[Page 30103]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13MY16.000

b. Participant Domiciles
    As depicted in Figure 1 above, domiciles of new accounts 
participating in the market have shifted over time. It is unclear 
whether these shifts represent changes in the types of participants 
active in this market, changes in reporting or changes in transaction 
volumes in particular underliers. For example, the increased percentage 
of new entrants that are foreign accounts may reflect an increase in 
participation by foreign account holders in the security-based swap 
market, and the increased percentage of the subset of new entrants that 
are foreign accounts managed by U.S. persons also may reflect more 
specifically the flexibility with which market participants can 
restructure their market participation in response to regulatory 
intervention, competitive pressures, and other stimuli.\1623\ On the 
other hand, apparent changes in the percentage of new accounts with 
foreign domiciles may reflect improvements in reporting by market 
participants to TIW, an increase in the percentage of transactions 
between U.S. and non-U.S. counterparties, and/or increased transactions 
in single-name CDS on U.S. reference entities by foreign persons.\1624\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1622\ See Section VI.B.1, supra (explaining how domiciles for 
firms were identified for purposes of this analysis).
    \1623\ See Charles Levinson, ``U.S. banks moved billions in 
trades beyond the CFTC's reach,'' Reuters (Aug. 21, 2015), available 
at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/21/usa-banks-swaps-idUSL3N10S57R20150821.
    \1624\ As noted above, the available data do not include all 
security-based swap transactions but only transactions in single 
name CDS that involve either (1) at least one account domiciled in 
the United States (regardless of the reference entity) or (2) 
single-name CDS on a U.S. reference entity (regardless of the U.S.-
person status of the counterparties).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Market Centers
    A market participant's domicile, however, does not necessarily 
correspond to where it engages in security-based swap activity. In 
particular, financial groups engaged in security-based swap dealing 
activity operate in multiple market centers and carry out such activity 
with counterparties around the world.\1625\ Several commenters noted 
that many market participants that are engaged in dealing activity 
prefer to use traders and manage risk for security-based swaps in the 
jurisdiction where the underlier is traded. Thus, although a 
significant amount of the dealing activity in security-based swaps on 
U.S. reference entities involves non-U.S. dealers, we understand that 
these dealers tend to carry out much of the security-based swap trading 
and related risk-management activities in these security-based swaps 
within the United States.\1626\ Some dealers have explained that being 
able to centralize their trading, sales, risk management and other 
activities related to U.S. reference entities in U.S. operations (even 
when the resulting transaction is booked in a foreign entity) improves 
the efficiency of their dealing business.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1625\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27449-27452, 
supra note 9.
    \1626\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with these operational concerns and the global nature of 
the security-based swap market, the available data appear to confirm 
that participants in this market are in fact active in market centers 
around the globe. Although, as noted above, the available data do not 
permit us to identify the location of personnel in a

[[Page 30104]]

transaction, TIW transaction records indicate that firms that are 
likely to be security-based swap dealers operate out of branch 
locations in key market centers around the world, including New York, 
London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Chicago, Sydney, Toronto, Frankfurt, 
Singapore and the Cayman Islands.\1627\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1627\ TIW transaction records contain a proxy for the domicile 
of an entity, which may differ from branch locations, which are 
separately identified in the transaction records.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given these market characteristics and practices, participants in 
the security-based swap market may bear the financial risk of a 
security-based swap transaction in a location different from the 
location where the transaction is arranged, negotiated, or executed, or 
where economic decisions are made by managers on behalf of beneficial 
owners. Market activity may also occur in a jurisdiction other than 
where the market participant or its counterparty books the transaction. 
Similarly, a participant in the security-based swap market may be 
exposed to counterparty risk from a counterparty located in a 
jurisdiction that is different from the market center or centers in 
which it participates.
d. Common Business Structures for Firms Engaged in Security-Based Swap 
Dealing Activity
    A financial group that engages in a global security-based swap 
dealing business in multiple market centers may choose to structure its 
dealing business in a number of different ways. This structure, 
including where it books the transactions that constitute that business 
and how it carries out market-facing activities that generate those 
transactions, reflects a range of business and regulatory 
considerations, which each financial group may weigh differently.
    A financial group may choose to book all of its security-based swap 
transactions, regardless of where the transaction originated, in a 
single, central booking entity. That entity generally retains the risk 
associated with that transaction, but it also may lay off that risk to 
another affiliate via a back-to-back transaction or an assignment of 
the security-based swap.\1628\ Alternatively, a financial group may 
book security-based swaps arising from its dealing business in separate 
affiliates, which may be located in the jurisdiction where it 
originates the risk associated with the security-based swap, or, 
alternatively, the jurisdiction where it manages that risk. Some 
financial groups may book transactions originating in a particular 
region to an affiliate established in a jurisdiction located in that 
region.\1629\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1628\ See U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27463, supra 
note 9; Cross-Border Proposing Release, 78 FR 30977-78, supra note 
6.
    \1629\ There is some indication that this booking structure is 
becoming increasingly common in the market. See, e.g., ``Regional 
swaps booking replacing global hubs,'' Risk.net (Sep. 4, 2015), 
available at: http://www.risk.net/risk-magazine/feature/2423975/regional-swaps-booking-replacing-global-hubs. Such a development may 
be reflected in the increasing percentage of new entrants that have 
a foreign domicile, as described above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regardless of where a financial group determines to book its 
security-based swaps arising out of its dealing activity, it is likely 
to operate offices that perform sales or trading functions in one or 
more market centers in other jurisdictions. Maintaining sales and 
trading desks in global market centers permits the financial group to 
deal with counterparties in that jurisdiction or in a specific 
geographic region, or to ensure that it is able to provide liquidity to 
counterparties in other jurisdictions,\1630\ for example, when a 
counterparty's home financial markets are closed. A financial group 
engaged in a security-based swap dealing business also may choose to 
manage its trading book in particular reference entities or securities 
primarily from a trading desk that can take advantage of local 
expertise in such products or that can gain access to better liquidity, 
which may permit it to more efficiently price such products or to 
otherwise compete more effectively in the security-based swap market. 
Some financial groups prefer to centralize risk management, pricing, 
and hedging for specific products with the personnel responsible for 
carrying out the trading of such products to mitigate operational risk 
associated with transactions in those products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1630\ These offices may be branches or offices of the booking 
entity itself, or branches or offices of an affiliated agent, such 
as, in the United States, a registered broker-dealer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The financial group affiliate that books these transactions may 
carry out related market-facing activities, whether in its home 
jurisdiction or in a foreign jurisdiction, using either its own 
personnel or the personnel of an affiliated or unaffiliated agent. For 
example, the financial group may determine that another affiliate in 
the financial group employs personnel who possess expertise in relevant 
products or who have established sales relationships with key 
counterparties in a foreign jurisdiction, making it more efficient to 
use the personnel of the affiliate to engage in security-based swap 
dealing activity on its behalf in that jurisdiction. In these cases, 
the affiliate that books these transactions and its affiliated agent 
may operate as an integrated dealing business, each performing distinct 
core functions in carrying out that business.
    Alternatively, the financial group affiliate that books these 
transactions may in some circumstances, determine to engage the 
services of an unaffiliated agent through which it can engage in 
dealing activity. For example, a financial group may determine that 
using an interdealer broker may provide an efficient means of 
participating in the interdealer market in its own, or in another, 
jurisdiction, particularly if it is seeking to do so anonymously or to 
take a position in products that trade relatively infrequently.\1631\ A 
financial group may also use unaffiliated agents that operate at its 
direction. Such an arrangement may be particularly valuable in enabling 
a financial group to service clients or access liquidity in 
jurisdictions in which it has no security-based swap operations of its 
own.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1631\ We understand that interdealer brokers may provide voice 
or electronic trading services that, among other things, permit 
dealers to take positions or hedge risks in a manner that preserves 
their anonymity until the trade is executed. These interdealer 
brokers also may play a particularly important role in facilitating 
transactions in less-liquid security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We understand that financial group affiliates (whether affiliated 
with U.S.-based financial groups or not) that are established in 
foreign jurisdictions may use any of these structures to engage in 
dealing activity in the United States, and that they may seek to engage 
in dealing activity in the United States to transact with both U.S.-
person and non-U.S.-person counterparties. In transactions with non-
U.S.-person counterparties, these foreign affiliates may affirmatively 
seek to engage in dealing activity in the United States because the 
sales personnel of the non-U.S.-person dealer (or of its agent) in the 
United States have existing relationships with counterparties in other 
locations (such as Canada or Latin America) or because the trading 
personnel of the non-U.S.-person dealer (or of its agent) in the United 
States have the expertise to manage the trading books for security-
based swaps on U.S. reference securities or entities. We understand 
that some of these foreign affiliates engage in dealing activity in the 
United States through their personnel (or personnel of their 
affiliates) in part to ensure that they are able to provide their own 
counterparties, or those of financial group affiliates in other 
jurisdictions, with access to liquidity (often in non-U.S. reference 
entities) during U.S. business hours, permitting them to meet

[[Page 30105]]

client demand even when the home markets are closed. In some cases, 
such as when seeking to transact with other dealers through an 
interdealer broker, these foreign affiliates may act, in a dealing 
capacity, in the United States through an unaffiliated, third-party 
agent.
e. Current Estimates of Number of SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants
    As discussed above, security-based swap activity is concentrated in 
a relatively small number of dealers, which already represent a small 
percentage of all market participants active in the security-based swap 
market. Based on analysis of 2014 data, our earlier estimates of the 
number of entities likely to register as security-based swap dealers 
remain largely unchanged.\1632\ Of the approximately 50 entities that 
we estimate may potentially register as security-based swap dealers, we 
believe it is reasonable to expect 22 to be non-U.S. persons.\1633\ 
Under the rules as they currently exist, we identified approximately 
170 entities engaged in single-name CDS activity, with all 
counterparties, of $2 billion or more. Of those entities, 155 would be 
expected to incur assessment costs to determine whether they meet the 
``security-based swap dealer'' definition. Approximately 57 of these 
entities are non-U.S. persons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1632\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 49000, supra 
note 989.
    \1633\ These estimates are based on the number of accounts in 
TIW data with total notional volume in excess of de minimis 
thresholds, increased by a factor of two, to account for any 
potential growth in the security-based swap market, to account for 
the fact that we are limited in observing transaction records for 
activity between non-U.S. persons to those that reference U.S. 
underliers, and to account for the fact that we do not observe 
security-based swap transactions other than in single-name CDS. See 
U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27452, supra note 9. See also 
Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR 30725, n.1457, supra note 115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many of these dealers are already subject to other regulatory 
frameworks under U.S. law based on their role as intermediaries or on 
the volume of their positions in other products, such as swaps. 
Available data supports our prior estimates, based on our experience 
and understanding of the swap and security-based swap market that of 
the 55 firms that might register as SBS Dealers or Major SBS 
Participants, approximately 35 would also be registered with the CFTC 
as Swap Dealers or Major Swap Participants.\1634\ Based on our analysis 
of TIW data and filings with the Commission, we estimate that 16 market 
participants expected to register as SBS Dealers have already 
registered with the Commission as broker-dealers and are thus subject 
to Exchange Act and FINRA requirements applicable to such entities. 
Finally, as we discuss below, some dealers may be subject to similar 
requirements in one or more foreign jurisdictions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1634\ Based on our analysis of 2014 TIW data and the list of 
swap dealers provisionally registered with the CFTC, and applying 
the methodology used in the Definitions Adopting Release, we 
estimate that substantially all registered security-based swap 
dealers would also be registered as swap dealers with the CFTC. See 
U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR 27458, supra note 9; 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 49000, supra note 989. See also 
CFTC list of provisionally registered swap dealers, available at: 
http://www.cftc.gov/LawRegulation/DoddFrankAct/registerswapdealer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Security-Based Swap Market: Levels of Security-Based Swap Trading 
Activity
    As already noted, firms that act as dealers play a central role in 
the security-based swap market. Based on an analysis of 2014 single 
name CDS data in TIW, accounts of those firms that are likely to exceed 
the SBS Dealer de minimis thresholds and trigger registration 
requirements intermediated transactions with a gross notional amount of 
approximately $8.5 trillion, over 60 percent of which was intermediated 
by top 5 dealer accounts.\1635\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1635\ Commission staff analysis of TIW transaction records 
indicates that approximately 99 percent of single name CDS price-
forming transactions in 2014 involved an ISDA-recognized dealer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These dealers transact with hundreds or thousands of 
counterparties. Approximately 35 percent of accounts of firms expected 
to register as SBS Dealers and observable in TIW have entered into 
security-based swaps with over 1,000 unique counterparty accounts as of 
year-end 2014. \1636\ Approximately 9 percent of these accounts 
transacted with 500-1,000 unique counterparty accounts; another 35 
percent transacted with 100-500 unique accounts, and only 22 percent of 
these accounts intermediated swaps with fewer than 100 unique 
counterparties in 2014. The median dealer account transacted with 453 
unique accounts (with an average of approximately 759 unique accounts). 
Non-dealer counterparties transact almost exclusively with these 
dealers. The median non-dealer counterparty transacted with 3 dealer 
accounts (with an average of approximately 4 dealer accounts) in 2014.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1636\ Many dealer entities and financial groups transact 
through numerous accounts. Given that individual accounts may 
transact with hundreds of counterparties, we may infer that entities 
and financial groups, which may have multiple accounts, transact 
with at least as many counterparties as the largest of their 
accounts in terms of number of counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Figure 2 below describes the percentage of global, notional 
transaction volume in North American corporate single-name CDS reported 
to the TIW between January 2008 and December 2014, separated by whether 
transactions are between two ISDA-recognized dealers (interdealer 
transactions) or whether a transaction has at least one non-dealer 
counterparty.
    Figure 2 also shows that the portion of the notional volume of 
North American corporate single-name CDS represented by interdealer 
transactions has remained fairly constant and that interdealer 
transactions continue to represent a significant majority of trading 
activity even as notional volume has declined over the past six 
years,\1637\ from more than $6 trillion in 2008 to less than $3 
trillion in 2014.\1638\ The high level of interdealer trading activity 
reflects the central position of a small number of dealers, each of 
which intermediates trades with many hundreds of counterparties. While 
we are unable to quantify the current level of trading costs for 
single-name CDS, those dealers appear to enjoy market power as a result 
of their small number and the large proportion of order flow they 
privately observe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1637\ The start of this decline predates the enactment of the 
Dodd-Frank Act and the proposal of rules thereunder, which is 
important to note for the purpose of understanding the economic 
baseline for this rulemaking.
    \1638\ This estimate is lower than the gross notional amount of 
$8.5 trillion noted above as it includes only the subset of single-
name CDS referencing North American corporate documentation, as 
discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Figure 2: Global, notional trading volume in North American 
corporate single-name CDS by calendar year and the fraction of volume 
that is interdealer.

[[Page 30106]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13MY16.001

    Against this backdrop \1639\ of declining North American corporate 
single-name CDS activity, about half of the trading activity in North 
American corporate single-name CDS reflected in the set of data we 
analyzed was between counterparties domiciled in the United States and 
counterparties domiciled abroad, as shown in Figure 3 below. Using the 
self-reported registered office location of the TIW accounts as a proxy 
for domicile, we estimate that only 12 percent of the global 
transaction volume by notional volume between 2008 and 2014 was between 
two U.S.-domiciled counterparties, compared to 48 percent entered into 
between one U.S.-domiciled counterparty and a foreign-domiciled 
counterparty and 40 percent entered into between two foreign-domiciled 
counterparties.\1640\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1639\ Adjustments to these statistics from the proposal reflect 
additional analysis of TIW data. Cf. Registration Adopting Release, 
80 FR 49001, supra note 989 (showing slightly different values for 
2012 through 2014). For the purposes of this analysis, we assume 
that same-day cleared transactions reflect inter-dealer activity.
    \1640\ For purposes of this discussion, we have assumed that the 
registered office location reflects the place of domicile for the 
fund or account, but we note that this domicile does not necessarily 
correspond to the location of an entity's sales or trading desk. See 
U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8607.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If we consider the number of cross-border transactions instead from 
the perspective of the domicile of the corporate group (e.g., by 
classifying a foreign bank branch or foreign subsidiary of a U.S. 
entity as domiciled in the United States), the percentages shift 
significantly. Under this approach, the fraction of transactions 
entered into between two U.S.-domiciled counterparties increases to 32 
percent, and to 51 percent for transactions entered into between a 
U.S.-domiciled counterparty and a foreign-domiciled counterparty.
    By contrast, the proportion of activity between two foreign-
domiciled counterparties drops from 40 percent to 17 percent. This 
change in respective shares based on different classifications suggests 
that the activity of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. firms and foreign 
branches of U.S. banks accounts for a higher percentage of security-
based swap activity than U.S. subsidiaries of foreign firms and U.S. 
branches of foreign banks. It also demonstrates that financial groups 
based in the United States are involved in an overwhelming majority 
(approximately 83 percent) of all reported transactions in North 
American corporate single-name CDS.
    Financial groups based in the United States are also involved in a 
majority of interdealer transactions in North American corporate 
single-name CDS. Of transactions on North American corporate single-
name CDS between two ISDA-recognized dealers and their branches or 
affiliates, 65 percent of transaction notional volume involved at least 
one account of an entity with a U.S. parent.
    In addition, we note that a significant majority of North American 
corporate single-name CDS transactions occur in the interdealer market 
or between dealers and non-U.S.-person non-dealers, with the remaining 
(and much smaller) portion of the market consisting of transactions 
between dealers and U.S.-person non-dealers. Specifically, 79.5 percent 
of North American corporate single-name CDS transactions involved 
either two ISDA-recognized dealers or an ISDA-recognized dealer and a 
non-U.S.-person non-dealer. Approximately 20 percent of such

[[Page 30107]]

transactions involved an ISDA-recognized dealer and a U.S.-person non-
dealer.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13MY16.002

4. Global Regulatory Efforts
    In 2009, leaders of the G20--whose membership includes the United 
States, 18 other countries, and the European Union (``EU'')--addressed 
global improvements in the OTC derivatives markets. They expressed 
their view on a variety of issues relating to OTC derivatives 
contracts. In subsequent summits, the G20 leaders have returned to OTC 
derivatives regulatory reform and encouraged international consultation 
in developing standards for these markets.\1641\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1641\ See, e.g., G20 Leaders' Final Declaration, November 2011, 
para. 24 available at: https://g20.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Declaration_eng_Cannes.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many SBS Dealers likely will be subject to foreign regulation of 
their security-based swap activities that are similar to regulations 
that may apply to them pursuant to Title VII, even if the relevant 
foreign jurisdictions do not classify certain market participants as 
``dealers'' for regulatory purposes. Some of these regulations may 
duplicate, and in some cases conflict with, certain elements of the 
Title VII regulatory framework.
    Foreign legislative and regulatory efforts have focused on five 
general areas: Moving OTC derivatives onto organized trading platforms, 
requiring central clearing of OTC derivatives, requiring post-trade 
reporting of transaction data for regulatory purposes and public 
dissemination of anonymized versions of such data, establishing or 
enhancing capital requirements for non-centrally cleared OTC 
derivatives transactions, and establishing or enhancing margin and 
other risk mitigation requirements for non-centrally cleared OTC 
derivatives transactions. Foreign jurisdictions have been actively 
implementing regulations in connection with each of these categories of 
requirements. Regulatory transaction reporting requirements are in 
force in a number of jurisdictions including the EU, Hong Kong SAR, 
Japan, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, South Korea, 
Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore; other jurisdictions are in 
the process of proposing legislation and rules to implement these 
requirements.\1642\ In addition, a number of major foreign 
jurisdictions have initiated the process of implementing margin and 
other risk mitigation requirements for non-centrally cleared OTC 
derivatives transactions.\1643\ Several jurisdictions have also taken 
steps to implement the Basel III recommendations governing capital 
requirements for financial entities, which include enhanced capital 
charges for non-centrally cleared OTC derivatives transactions.\1644\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1642\ Information regarding ongoing regulatory developments 
described in this section was primarily obtained from progress 
reports on implementation of OTC derivatives market reforms 
published by the Financial Stability Board. These are available at: 
http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/publications/progress-reports/?policy_area[]=17.
    \1643\ In November 2015, the Financial Stability Board reported 
that 12 member jurisdictions participating in its tenth progress 
report on OTC derivatives market reforms had in force a legislative 
framework or other authority to require exchange of margin for non-
centrally cleared transactions and had published implementing 
standards or requirements for consultation or proposal. A further 11 
member jurisdictions had a legislative framework or other authority 
in force or published for consultation or proposal. See Financial 
Stability Board, OTC Derivatives Market Reforms Tenth Progress 
Report on Implementation (November 2015), available at http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/wp-content/uploads/OTC-Derivatives-10th-Progress-Report.pdf.
    \1644\ In November 2015, the Financial Stability Board reported 
that 18 member jurisdictions participating in its tenth progress 
report on OTC derivatives market reforms had in force standards or 
requirements covering more than 90% of transactions that require 
enhanced capital charges for non-centrally cleared transactions. A 
further three member jurisdictions had a legislative framework or 
other authority in force and had adopted implementing standards or 
requirements that were not yet in force. An additional three member 
jurisdictions had a legislative framework or other authority in 
force or published for consultation or proposal. See Financial 
Stability Board, OTC Derivatives Market Reforms Tenth Progress 
Report on Implementation (November 2015), available at http://www.financialstabilityboard.org/wp-content/uploads/OTC-Derivatives-10th-Progress-Report.pdf.

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[[Page 30108]]

5. Dually Registered Entities
    We expect the magnitude of the above economic costs, benefits, and 
effects on efficiency, competition and capital formation to depend on 
the extent to which SBS Entities are already complying with similar 
business conduct rules. As discussed extensively in the baseline and in 
the sections that follow, most entities expected to register with the 
Commission and become subject to these final business conduct standards 
have registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities or with the Commission 
as broker-dealers. Therefore, they have already become subject to 
CFTC's adopted external business conduct rules and/or FINRA rules 
related to, among others, suitability, communications with the public, 
supervision, and compliance. The Commission has sought to harmonize the 
regulatory regimes in recognition of swap and security-based swap 
market integration and extensive cross-market participation. As a 
result, some SBS Entities may have already restructured their 
activities to comply with many of the substantive business conduct 
standards being adopted. Dually registered SBS Entities that have 
already restructured their systems and activities to comply with 
parallel CFTC and FINRA rules may incur lower costs relative to non-
dually registered SBS Entities. The specific economic costs, benefits, 
and effects on efficiency, competition, and capital formation of 
various business conduct rules and requirements are discussed in 
further detail in the sections that follow. Wherever practicable, we 
also evaluate the economic effects of the various rules being adopted 
against these parallel rules, and other reasonable alternatives.
6. Cross-Market Participation
    As noted above, persons registered as SBS Dealers and Major SBS 
Participants are likely also to engage in swap activity, which is 
subject to regulation by the CFTC.\1645\ This overlap reflects the 
relationship between single-name CDS contracts, which are security-
based swaps, and index CDS contracts, which may be swaps or security-
based swaps. A single-name CDS contract covers default events for a 
single reference entity or reference security. Index CDS contracts and 
related products make payouts that are contingent on the default of 
index components and allow participants in these instruments to gain 
exposure to the credit risk of the basket of reference entities that 
comprise the index, which is a function of the credit risk of the index 
components. A default event for a reference entity that is an index 
component will result in payoffs on both single-name CDS written on the 
reference entity and index CDS written on indices that contain the 
reference entity. Because of this relationship between the payoffs of 
single-name CDS and index CDS products, prices of these products depend 
upon one another,\1646\ creating hedging opportunities across these 
markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1645\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8609; 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 49000, supra note 989.
    \1646\ ``Correlation'' typically refers to linear relationships 
between variables; ``dependence'' captures a broader set of 
relationships that may be more appropriate for certain swaps and 
security-based swaps. See, e.g., Casella, George and Roger L. 
Berger, ``Statistical Inference'' (2002), at 171.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These hedging opportunities mean that participants that are active 
in one market are likely to be active in the other. Commission staff 
analysis of approximately 4,500 TIW accounts that participated in the 
market for single-name CDS in 2014 revealed that approximately 3,000 of 
those accounts, or 67 percent, also participated in the market for 
index CDS. Of the accounts that participated in both markets, data 
regarding transactions in 2014 suggest that, conditional on an account 
transacting in notional volume of index CDS in the top third of 
accounts, the probability of the same account landing in the top third 
of accounts in terms of single-name CDS notional volume is 
approximately 64 percent; by contrast, the probability of the same 
account landing in the bottom third of accounts in terms of single-name 
CDS notional volume is only 10 percent.\1647\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1647\ The Commission recently revised its methodology for 
estimating cross-market participation of TIW accounts. This has 
resulted in an increase in the reported number of accounts that 
participated in both markets relative to previous Commission 
releases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, since the payoffs of security-based swaps are dependent 
upon the value of underlying securities, activity in the security-based 
swap market can be correlated with activity in underlying securities 
markets. Security-based swaps may be used in order to hedge or 
speculate on price movements of reference securities or the credit risk 
of reference securities. For instance, prices of both CDS and corporate 
bonds are sensitive to the credit risk of underlying reference 
securities. As a result, trading across markets may sometimes result in 
information and risk spillovers between these markets, with 
informational efficiency, pricing and liquidity in the security-based 
swap market affecting informational efficiency, pricing, and liquidity 
in markets for related assets, such as equities and corporate 
bonds.\1648\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1648\ See the Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 49003, supra 
note 989. Empirical evidence on the direction and significance of 
the CDS-bond market spillover is mixed. See also Massa and Zhang 
(2012) Massa & L. Zhang, CDS and the Liquidity Provision in the Bond 
Market (INSEAD Working Paper No. 2012/114/FIN, 2012), available at 
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2164675 
(considering whether the presence of CDS improves pricing and 
liquidity of investment grade bonds in 2001-2009); S. Das, M. 
Kalimipalli & S. Nayak, Did CDS Trading Improve the Market for 
Corporate Bonds?, 111 J. Fin. Econ. 495 (2014) (considering the 
effects of CDS trading on the efficiency, pricing error and 
liquidity of corporate bond markets); M. Oehmke & A. Zawadowski, The 
Anatomy of the CDS Market, Rev. of Fin. Studies (forthcoming), 
available at https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/moehmke/papers/OehmkeZawadowski_CDS.pdf (suggesting a standardization and liquidity 
role of CDS markets and documenting cross-market arbitrage links 
between the CDS market and the bond market); and Boehmer, S. Chava, 
& H. Tookes, Related Securities and Equity Market Quality: The Cases 
of CDS, 50(3) J. Fin. & Quant. Analysis (2015), pp 509-541 
(providing evidence that firms with traded CDS contracts on their 
debt experience significantly lower liquidity and price efficiency 
in equity markets when these firms are closer to default and in 
times of high market volatility).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Pay to Play Prohibitions
    The baseline against which we are assessing the potential effects 
of the pay to play prohibitions in these final business conduct rules 
reflects MSRB Rules G-37 and G-38, SEC Rule 206(4)-5 under the Advisers 
Act, as well as CFTC Regulation 23.451. First, we note that MSRB rules 
G-37 and G-38 are currently effective and are part of the economic 
baseline. Second, Rule 206(4)-5 prohibits an adviser and its covered 
associates from providing or agreeing to provide, directly or 
indirectly, payment to any third party for solicitation of advisory 
business from any government entity on such adviser's behalf unless 
such third party is a ``regulated person,'' defined in Rule 206(4)-5 as 
(i) an SEC-registered investment adviser, (ii) a registered broker or 
dealer subject to pay-to-play rules adopted by a registered national 
securities association, or (iii) a registered municipal advisor that is 
subject to pay-to-play rules adopted by the MSRB (``third-party 
solicitor ban''). Although the compliance date for the third-party 
solicitor ban was July 31, 2015, the Division of Investment Management 
stated that it will not

[[Page 30109]]

recommend enforcement action to the Commission with respect to the 
third-party solicitor ban until the later of (1) the effective date of 
a FINRA pay-to-play rule or (2) the effective date of an MSRB pay-to-
play rule for registered municipal advisors.\1649\ Therefore, certain 
parts of Rule 206(4)-5--the prohibition from receiving compensation for 
advising government entities for two years after certain contributions 
are made, and the prohibition from coordinating and soliciting 
contributions to government officials and parties--enter into our 
economic baseline.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1649\ See ``Staff Responses to Questions About the Pay to Play 
Rule,'' Question I.4, updated as of Jun. 25, 2015. Available at: 
http://www.sec.gov/divsions/investment/pay-to-play-faq.htm, last 
accessed 4/6/2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, Commodity Exchange Act Rule 23.451 prohibits Swap Dealers 
from offering to enter or entering into a swap with governmental 
special entities within two years of any contribution to an official of 
such entity by the Swap Dealer or any covered associate. The CFTC has 
similarly stated that the rule is intended to deter fraud and undue 
influence that harms the public, and to promote consistency in the 
business conduct standards that apply to financial market professionals 
dealing with municipal entities. However, CFTC Letter No. 12-33 
provided no-action relief from Regulation 23.451 to Swap Dealers and 
their covered associates with respect to ``governmental plans'' defined 
in Section 3 of ERISA, to the extent that such plans are not otherwise 
covered by SEC and/or MSRB rules. The CFTC has also clarified that the 
two year ``look-back'' period does not include any time period that 
precedes the date on which an entity is required to register as a Swap 
Dealer.\1650\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1650\ See CFTC 77 FR at 9827. See also: CFTC No-Action Letter 
No. 12-33 Amended, available at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@lrlettergeneral/documents/letter/12-33.pdf, last accessed 8/
27/2015.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As indicated above, we estimate that up to 35 of 55 entities 
seeking to register as SBS Entities may be registered with the CFTC as 
Swap Entities. Additionally, based on an analysis of 2014 TIW data on 
accounts likely to trigger SBS Dealer registration requirements, we 
have identified 18 entities belonging to a corporate group with at 
least one MSRB registered broker-dealer or bank-dealer.\1651\ Finally, 
as discussed in section V, the Commission continues to estimate that 
the overwhelming majority of independent representatives of special 
entities subject to these final rules are likely already registered as 
municipal advisors.\1652\ As a result of the pay to play rules 
currently in effect, some SBS Entities and third-party independent 
advisers of special entities may have restructured their business 
practices in various markets to comply with certain restrictions 
imposed by pay to play rules on investment advisers, municipal 
advisors, and SBS Entities discussed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1651\ See ``Broker-Dealers and Bank Dealers Registered with the 
MSRB'', available at http://www.msrb.org/BDRegistrants.aspx, last 
accessed 2/8/2016.
    \1652\ As of January 1, 2016 there were 665 municipal advisors 
registered with the Commission (http://www.sec.gov/help/foia-docs-muniadvisorshtm.html). Of those, 381 indicated that they expect to 
provide advice concerning the use of municipal derivatives or advice 
or recommendations concerning the selection of other municipal 
advisors or underwriters with respect to municipal financial 
products or the issuance of municipal securities. We expect that 
many of these municipal advisors will also act as independent 
representatives for other special entities. As discussed in Section 
V, the Commission estimates that approximately 385 municipal 
advisors will act as independent representatives to special entities 
with respect to security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Costs and Benefits of Business Conduct Rules

1. Verification of Status and Know Your Counterparty Rules
    Rule 15Fh-3(a)(1) requires an SBS Entity to verify that a 
counterparty meets the standards for an eligible contract participant 
before entering into a security-based swap with the counterparty, 
except for transactions executed on a registered national securities 
exchange. Rule 15Fh-3(a)(2) requires SBS Entities to verify whether a 
known counterparty is a special entity before entering into a security-
based swap with that counterparty, except for transactions executed on 
a registered or exempt SEF or registered national securities exchange, 
where the SBS Entity does not know the identity of the counterparty at 
a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit compliance with obligations of the rule. Rule 15Fh-3(a)(3) 
requires SBS Entities to verify whether a counterparty is eligible to 
elect not to be a special entity under Rule 15Fh-2(d)(4) and, if so, 
notify such counterparty of its right to make such an election.\1653\ 
Finally, Rule 15Fh-3(e) requires that SBS Dealers establish, maintain 
and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
obtain and retain records of the essential facts concerning each known 
counterparty necessary for conducting business with such 
counterparties. The scope of such essential facts includes facts 
required to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules; facts 
required to implement the SBS Dealer's credit and operational risk 
management policies; and information regarding the authority of persons 
acting for such counterparties.\1654\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1653\ See Section II.H supra.
    \1654\ The ability of SBS Entities to rely on representations to 
comply with these and other business conduct rules is discussed in 
detail in the section VI.C.4 below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that many SBS Entities, in the course of business, 
already may be conducting due diligence and fact gathering concerning 
their security-based swap counterparties, which may reduce the economic 
effects of this rule.
    The scope of the ``know your counterparty'' rule reflects 
differences in the roles of entities likely to register as SBS Dealers 
and entities that may register as Major SBS Participants. The 
Commission believes that entities that will register as SBS Dealers 
will intermediate a large volume of security-based swap transactions as 
both principal risk holders and agents transacting on behalf of 
principal risk holders, such as special entities. As discussed in the 
economic baseline, we understand that entities currently operating as 
dealers in security-based swap markets play a central intermediation 
role, transacting with hundreds and thousands of non-dealer 
counterparties and accounting for large activity volumes. At the same 
time, the Commission expects that Major SBS Participants will hold 
large positions in security-based swaps, but have low volumes of 
security-based swap activity. Hence, we expect Major SBS Participants 
may not play the central intermediation role fulfilled by SBS Dealers.
    These rules limit the scope of application of the ``know your 
counterparty'' requirement to SBS Dealers, and exclude Major SBS 
Participants. As a result, entities that may register as Major SBS 
Participants will not bear the costs of compliance with this rule. At 
the same time, SBS Dealers will be required to comply and bear related 
compliance costs. We note that this approach is substantially similar 
to the CFTC's final external business conduct rules, which limit the 
scope of ``know your counterparty'' requirements to Swap Dealers. This 
results in a consistent treatment of entities that may trigger both 
Major Swap Participant and Major SBS Participant registration 
requirements, and will enable Major Swap Participants to enter into 
security-based swap positions without bearing additional compliance 
costs to comply with our ``know your counterparty'' requirement.

[[Page 30110]]

    To the extent that SBS Dealers do not already collect and retain 
essential facts about their counterparties as a part of their normal 
course of business, this requirement will increase the cost to SBS 
Dealers of entering into security-based swaps. Specifically, SBS 
dealers will incur costs of complying with the verification 
requirements and costs of establishing, maintaining, and enforcing 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to obtain and retain 
essential facts about each known counterparty that are necessary for 
conducting business with such counterparty. We note that the ability to 
rely on counterparty representations to fulfill the SBS Dealer 
diligence requirement partly lowers compliance burdens, as reflected in 
our estimates. Further, to the extent that the majority of SBS Entities 
have already cross-registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities and have 
become subject to substantially similar verification and ``know your 
counterparty'' requirements, and to the extent the majority of their 
counterparties transact across swap and security-based swap markets and 
have already benefited from existing CFTC rules, the economic effects 
of these final rules may be partly mitigated.
    Direct costs of compliance with verification of status requirements 
related to adherence to standardized protocols by SBS Entities that are 
not dually registered as Swap Entities are estimated at, approximately, 
$17,600.\1655\ As discussed in Section V, these estimates include costs 
related to verification of counterparty's eligibility to elect not to 
be a special entity and notification of counterparties of their right 
to make such an election. In addition, SBS Dealers will also be 
required to comply with ``know your counterparty'' obligations, which 
will require a review of existing policies and procedures and related 
documentation, involving an estimated initial cost of $95,000 for all 
SBS Dealers.\1656\ Further, direct ongoing costs of ``know your 
counterparty'' obligations are estimated at approximately $4,370,000 
per year for all SBS Dealers.\1657\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1655\ Initial outside counsel cost: $500 * (20 non-CFTC 
registered SBS Entities) = $10,000. Initial adherence letter burden: 
(In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 20 hours = $7,600.
    \1656\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 250 
hours = $95,000.
    \1657\ (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 11,500 hours = 
$4,370,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Increases in SBS Entity costs due to these obligations may be 
reflected in the terms offered to counterparties, and increases in 
counterparty costs may affect their willingness to transact in 
security-based swaps. Further, counterparties of SBS Entities that are 
not also participating in swap markets and relying on the above 
protocols may incur costs associated with the verification of status 
requirement and related adherence letters, estimated at approximately 
$3,051,840.\1658\ As estimated in Section V, counterparties or their 
agents will also be required to collect and provide essential facts to 
the SBS Dealer to comply with the ``know your counterparty'' 
obligations for an initial total cost estimate of approximately 
$41,420,000.\1659\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1658\ Initial costs of disclosure of essential facts: $500 x 
(3,468 counterparties) = $1,734,000. Initial costs of adherence 
letters: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 3,468 counterparties 
= $1,317,840. Total initial costs: $1,734,000 + $1,317,840 = 
$3,051,840.
    \1659\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
109,000 hours = $41,420,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the eligible contract participant status verification 
requirement does not apply to transactions executed on a registered 
national securities exchange. In addition, the special entity status 
verification requirement does not apply to transactions where the SBS 
Entity does not know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably 
sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to permit 
compliance. This limits the scope of the transactions covered by final 
rules, therefore potentially reducing the expected benefits. However, 
since anonymous transactions will not be subject to these requirements, 
the rule imposes lower costs, delays and implementation challenges with 
respect to anonymous trades. This approach to anonymous transactions 
executed on registered exchanges or SEFs may incentivize SBS Entities 
to trade through these venues, to avoid imposition of these obligations 
under final business conduct rules. The compliance costs imposed on SBS 
Entities by these and other business conduct requirements (excluding 
anonymous transactions executed on a registered exchange or SEF) may 
lead to a decrease in the volume of OTC bilateral security-based swap 
trades, and an increase in the volume of transactions executed on 
exchanges or SEFs. This may facilitate liquidity, price discovery and 
risk mitigation in these transparent venues, which may attract greater 
market participation. The overall effects will depend on the value of 
disclosure and suitability requirements, customization and bilateral 
relationships in OTC transactions, compared with the standardization, 
liquidity and execution quality of contracts in SEFs and exchanges, 
among others.
    As an alternative to the approach taken in the final rules, the 
Commission has considered imposing specific requirements as to the form 
and manner of documentation. Specific documentation requirements could 
result in greater information gathering and documentation by SBS 
Entities fulfilling their status verification and ``know your 
counterparty'' obligations, which may further strengthen counterparty 
protections and reduce evasion. However, we recognize commenter 
concerns regarding costs and loss of flexibility from imposing specific 
documentation requirements, and the importance of private contractual 
negotiation, as well as the need to impose effective verification and 
documentation requirements to facilitate enforcement.\1660\ We 
therefore declined to adopt this approach.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1660\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is adopting a ``know your counterparty'' requirement 
based on a policies and procedures approach. However, the final rules 
explicitly delineate certain items that the Commission believes are 
essential facts concerning the counterparty that are necessary for 
conducting business with such counterparty. The CFTC has adopted a 
substantially similar requirement for swap dealers to implement 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to obtain and retain a 
record of the essential facts about each known counterparty that are 
necessary for conducting business with such counterparty. As noted 
earlier, in light of extensive cross-market participation between swap 
and security-based swap markets, and expected cross-registration of SBS 
Entities already complying with CFTC's business conduct rules, 
harmonization with the CFTC regime may facilitate continued integration 
between these markets and may potentially reduce duplicative compliance 
costs for some dual registrants.
2. Disclosures and Communications
    The Commission is adopting rules concerning SBS Entity disclosures 
of material risks, characteristics, incentives, conflicts of interest 
and daily mark of security-based swaps to their counterparties. The 
final rules also require SBS Entities to make a written record of the 
non-written disclosures and provide a written version of these 
disclosures to counterparties no later than the delivery of the trade 
acknowledgement for a particular transaction. We note that the scope of 
the final disclosure requirements is

[[Page 30111]]

limited to counterparties that are not themselves SBS or Swap Entities, 
the economic effects of which are discussed below.
    Broadly, these disclosure rules may mitigate information 
asymmetries between more informed SBS Entities and less informed 
counterparties, and may allow them to make more informed decisions 
about capital allocation and counterparty selection. At the same time, 
SBS Entities profit from information rents \1661\ and, to the extent 
that disclosures will inform their counterparties, SBS Entities may 
forgo profits on security-based swaps with counterparties as a result 
of these requirements. In addition, SBS Entities will incur direct 
compliance costs. As discussed in Section V and consistent with our 
analysis in the Proposing Release, compliance with disclosure rules 
will involve an initial cost burden of which has been estimated at 
approximately $25,080,000, with the ongoing burden estimated at 
$2,508,000 for all SBS Entities.\1662\ Similarly, the Commission 
estimates that information technology infrastructure required to comply 
with final disclosure rules will require will cost approximately 
$124,520,000 initially, and an additional $62,260,000 per year for all 
SBS Entities.\1663\ In addition, the Commission estimates that SBS 
Entities will incur costs of evaluating whether more particularized 
disclosures are necessary for each transaction and of developing the 
additional disclosures for an ongoing aggregate estimated cost of 
$121,124,000.\1664\ These and other costs less amenable to 
quantification and discussed below may be passed on to counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1661\ Rents refer to profits that SBS Entities earn by trading 
with counterparties who are less informed. In a market with 
competitive access to information, there is no informational 
premium; SBS Entities only earn a liquidity premium. The difference 
between the competitive liquidity premium and the actual profits 
that SBS Entities earn is the economic rent. See Cross-Border 
Adopting Release, 79 FR 47283.
    As the Commission articulated in other releases, transparency 
stemming from the SDR Rules and Regulation SBSR should reduce the 
informational advantage of SBS dealers and promote competition among 
SBS dealers and other market participants. See SDR Registration 
Release 80 FR at 14528, supra note 1202; Regulation SBSR Adopting 
Release, supra note 1602.
    \1662\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
66,000 hours = $25,080,000. Ongoing cost: (In-house attorney at $380 
per hour) x 6,600 hours = $2,508,000.
    \1663\ Initial cost: (Compliance manager at $283 per hour) x 
440,000 hours = $124,520,000. Ongoing cost: (Compliance manager at 
$283 per hour) x 220,000 hours = $62,260,000.
    \1664\ Ongoing cost: (Compliance manager at $283 per hour) x 
428,000 hours = $121,124,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These rules may enhance transparency and protect counterparties, 
but may also adversely affect the willingness of SBS Entities to 
intermediate OTC security-based swaps with non-SBS or Swap Entity 
counterparties, and the costs of entering OTC security-based swaps for 
non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties may increase. This fundamental 
tradeoff is discussed in more detail in the sections below with respect 
to individual disclosure requirements, their scope and implementation. 
The overall economic effects of the final disclosure requirements will 
depend on the severity of informational asymmetries and conflicts of 
interest in security-based swap markets, the ability of some 
counterparties of SBS Entities to obtain similar information 
independently without the required disclosures and the costs of doing 
so,\1665\ and the information content of the required disclosures, and 
the extent to which market participants have already learned from 
similar disclosures pertaining to swap transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1665\ See Table 2 of the economic baseline, which shows the 
overwhelming majority of most groups of non-dealer market 
participants are represented by investment advisers in security-
based swap transactions. See also, e.g., MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the SBS Entities will not be required to comply with 
pre-transaction disclosure requirements if the identity of the 
counterparty is not known to the SBS Entity at a reasonably sufficient 
time prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to 
comply with these obligations.
a. Risks, Characteristics, and Conflicts of Interest
    Rule 15Fh-3(b) requires SBS Entities to make disclosures concerning 
a security based swap's material risks and characteristics, and the SBS 
Entity's material incentives or conflicts of interest before entering 
into a security-based swap. In addition to implementing the statutory 
requirements, the rule also requires SBS Entities to make a written 
record of the non-written disclosures and provide a written version of 
these disclosures to counterparties in a timely manner, but no later 
than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement for a particular 
transaction.
    In evaluating the economic effects of this rule, we note that 
security-based swaps are complex products, and security-based swap 
markets are more opaque than markets for regular equity or fixed income 
products. Security-based swap markets are characterized by a high 
degree of informational asymmetry among various groups of 
counterparties. As described in the economic baseline, dealers 
intermediate large volumes of security-based swaps, observe quote 
solicitations and order flow. In addition, SBS Dealers may serve in a 
variety of capacities such as placement agents, underwriters, 
structurers, securitizers, and lenders in relation to security-based 
swaps and the securities underlying them. Further, as outlined above, 
SBS Dealers generally have business incentives that may be competing 
with those of their counterparties as a result of taking on the 
opposite side of the transactions, and may have specific conflicts of 
interest due to their advisory, market making, trader and other roles. 
As discussed in Section VI.A, Major SBS Participants may also be better 
informed about the risks and valuations of security-based swaps due to 
their large positions in security-based swaps, compared with their non-
SBS Entity counterparties.
    At the same time, counterparties that are not SBS or Swap Entities 
do not observe quote solicitations or order flow, and are less likely 
to arrange or structure security-based swaps and their underlying 
securities. Such counterparties may also be generally less informed 
about the nature and risks of security-based swaps due to their low 
volume of activity, as indicated by the low transaction share of non-
dealers in Table 1 of the economic baseline. Many non-dealer 
counterparties transact in security-based swaps through investment 
advisers; however approximately 7% transact in security-based swaps 
directly. If the required disclosures are informative to non-SBS 
Entities, these final rules may help less informed market participants 
make more informed counterparty and capital allocation choices. The 
records requirement may facilitate the implementation of the disclosure 
requirement, enabling counterparties to reference the non-written 
disclosures made prior to entering into the swap during the life of the 
security-based swap.
    As we have recognized,\1666\ informational asymmetry can negatively 
affect market participation and decrease the amount of trading--a 
problem commonly known as adverse selection.\1667\ When information 
about security-based swap risks, liquidity, pricing and counterparty 
incentives is scarce, market participants may be less willing to enter 
into transactions and the overall level of trading may fall. To

[[Page 30112]]

the extent that adverse selection costs are currently present in 
security-based swap markets, if market participants become better 
informed as a result of these final rules, they may increase their 
activity in security-based swaps, which may facilitate greater 
informational efficiency and liquidity in security-based swap markets. 
Disclosures may inform counterparties of SBS Entities about security-
based swap markets, and counterparties may learn from repeatedly 
accessing these markets. Hence, most of the benefits are expected to be 
incurred by existing participants when the first disclosures are made, 
and by new market participants when they first enter the market. 
However, to the extent that disclosures will contain transaction-
specific information concerning risks, incentives, pricing and clearing 
of individual security-based swaps, the informational benefits 
described above may persist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1666\ See, e.g., Registration Adopting Release 80 FR at 49004, 
supra note 989.
    \1667\ See George A. Akerlof, The Market For ``Lemons'': Quality 
Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism, 84 Q.J. Econ. 488 (1970).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the same time, disclosures required under these proposed rules 
will involve costs to SBS Entities and their counterparties. As 
discussed in Section V, SBS Entities will bear direct compliance 
burdens related to the disclosures, which are reflected in our 
compliance cost estimates above. In addition, since SBS Entities are 
more informed about security-based swaps, they are able to extract 
information rents in the form of higher markups and fees charged to 
non-dealer counterparties. If SBS Entity disclosures better inform 
counterparties concerning characteristics and risks of security-based 
swaps, these rules may reduce the informational advantage of SBS 
Entities relative to their counterparties and decrease profitability of 
transactions with non-SBS Entity counterparties, which may reduce 
incentives for dealers to provide liquidity to these 
counterparties.\1668\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1668\ For instance, Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) showed that 
because information is costly, prices cannot perfectly reflect the 
information which is available, since if it did, those who spent 
resources to obtain it would receive no compensation. In other 
words, informational efficiency reduces incentives of economic 
agents to expend resources to acquire information, and there is an 
equilibrium amount of ``disequilibrium''. See Sanford J. Grossman 
and Joseph E. Stiglitz, On the Impossibility of Informationally 
Efficient Markets, 70 American Economic Review 393-408 (1980).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that the above costs may be passed on to 
counterparties through more adverse price and non-price terms of 
security-based swaps. To the extent that SBS Entities may be unable to 
recover these costs, they may become less likely to intermediate 
transactions with non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties and decrease 
participation in U.S. security-based swap markets. Further, since final 
business conduct rules require these disclosures to be made prior to 
entering into the security-based swap, the disclosure requirements may 
involve some delays in execution and may affect liquidity in security-
based swaps, to the extent that these disclosures are not already being 
made in master agreements or post trade acknowledgements. We have 
considered how the timing, manner and content of disclosures may affect 
these competing considerations. First, we recognize that the ability to 
rely on master agreements, standardized disclosures and ex post trade 
acknowledgements of oral disclosures may significantly reduce ongoing 
transaction specific costs and potential execution delays, as 
recognized by a commenter,\1669\ but may reduce the specificity and 
information content of disclosures. As the Commission discussed in the 
Proposing Release,\1670\ security-based swaps are executed under master 
agreements and SBS Entities may elect to make required disclosures in a 
master agreement or accompanying standardized document. However, as 
stated in the Proposing Release and discussed in Section II, supra, 
standardized disclosures will not be sufficient in all circumstances 
and certain provisions may need to be tailored to the particular 
transaction, most notably pricing and other transaction-specific 
commercial terms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1669\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1670\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42406, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have considered commenter concerns that oral disclosures may not 
satisfy the goal of pre-trade transparency, may make enforcement more 
difficult, and may allow SBS Entities to obscure conflicts of interest 
and misrepresent risks until after trade confirmation.\1671\ However, 
we are sensitive to the fact that alternative requirements to provide 
extensive written disclosures of risks, characteristics, incentives and 
conflicts of interest before an SBS Entity enters into a transaction 
with a counterparty may increase transaction costs or impose execution 
delays, which may be particularly significant in periods of high market 
volatility. We have received comments that a requirement to provide 
these disclosures ``at a reasonably sufficient time'' prior to entering 
the security-based swap transaction, in writing may better inform 
unsophisticated counterparties,\1672\ however it may further raise the 
risks discussed above. These could result in potentially significant 
execution delays, decreases in liquidity and SBS Entity willingness to 
intermediate transactions with non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties. 
We also note that, as proposed, under the final rules, standardized 
disclosure will not be sufficient in all circumstances: Some forms of 
disclosure may be highly standardized, but certain provisions will need 
to be tailored to reflect material characteristics of individual 
transactions, most notably pricing and other transaction-specific 
commercial terms. The CFTC's approach to manner and form of disclosures 
is substantially similar to the proposed requirements and to the rule 
being adopted. In the Proposing Release, the Commission interpreted the 
statutory requirement to disclose material risks and characteristics of 
the security-based swap itself, and not of the underlying reference 
security or index.\1673\ As an alternative, the Commission could 
include underliers in the scope of required disclosures. Compared to 
the approach being adopted, the alternative may help better inform less 
sophisticated investors and enable them to make better tailored 
investment decisions. However, it may increase transactional costs and 
execution delays, which are particularly costly during times of high 
market volatility. Further, information about many underliers, such as 
corporate, municipal and sovereign bonds, is more likely to be publicly 
available.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1671\ See CFA, supra note 5.
    \1672\ See Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5 and CFA, 
supra note 5.
    \1673\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42407, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have received mixed comments on the relative balance of these 
competing considerations with respect to underlier disclosures.\1674\ 
Under the CFTC's approach, disclosures regarding underlying assets are 
not generally required, but to the extent that payments or cash-flows 
of the swap are materially affected by the performance of an underlying 
asset for which publicly available information is not available, the 
Swap Entity is required to provide disclosure about the material risks 
and characteristics of the underlying asset to enable the counterparty 
to assess the material risks of the swap. As described in Section II, 
our final rules require disclosure regarding the referenced security, 
index, asset or issuer if it would be considered material to investors 
in evaluating the

[[Page 30113]]

security-based swap, including any related payments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1674\ See, e.g., Better Markets (2011) Letter; SIFMA (2011) 
Letter; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5; Markit, 
supra note 5; Barnard, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5. Also see 
Section II.G.2 supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we have considered the alternatives of adopting more 
prescriptive requirements of characteristics to be disclosed, an 
explicit risk taxonomy, requirements concerning volatility and 
liquidity metrics, and scenario analysis regarding political, economic 
events and underlying market factors. These approaches also present a 
tradeoff between informing investors and protecting counterparties, and 
costs and willingness of SBS Entities to intermediate trades with non-
SBS or Swap Entity counterparties, similar to the effects described 
above.
    For instance, disclosure of a scenario analysis may inform 
counterparties, but may be particularly costly since such analysis may 
depend on the specific terms of the agreement. To the extent that the 
provision of scenario analysis will impose costs on SBS Entities, a 
requirement to include scenario analysis as part of mandated 
disclosures may result in bundling research and advice, with SBS 
intermediation functions for all affected transactions. This would 
increase costs to SBS Entities, and these costs are likely to be passed 
on to counterparties. Further, one commenter suggested that the 
requirement to produce and disclose scenario analysis for each 
transaction may delay execution and expose counterparties to market 
risk in times of market volatility.\1675\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1675\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As an alternative, the CFTC's approach allows counterparties to opt 
in to receive the scenario analysis for swaps that are not available 
for trading on a SEF, and requires Swap Dealers to disclose to 
counterparties their right to receive the scenario analysis. The CFTC's 
external business conduct rules do not prescribe whether and how swap 
dealers may be able to charge for such analysis and we do not have data 
regarding whether any counterparties are taking advantage of the rule 
provision. We understand that counterparties already privately 
negotiate terms of over-the-counter derivatives with SBS Dealers, which 
may also serve in advisory and other capacities. As discussed in the 
economic baseline, non-dealer market participants are typically 
institutional investors, the overwhelming majority of which rely on 
investment advisers in their security-based swap activities. It is 
unclear that a requirement to disclose the right to receive a scenario 
analysis would affect the demand for such analyses or inform 
counterparties.
    The Commission has also considered an alternative of adopting 
prescriptive risk taxonomies, and requiring disclosure of volatility 
and liquidity metrics. While these requirements may reveal additional 
information to counterparties, they may be less informative for 
customized over-the counter security-based swaps, may fail to capture 
risks of new products, and would increase costs. To the extent that 
these requirements would increase SBS Entity costs of transacting with 
non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties, these costs would also adversely 
affect terms of security-based swaps for non-SBS or Swap Entity 
counterparties. Rule 15Fh-3(b)(2) also requires SBS Entities to 
disclose any material incentives or conflicts of interest that an SBS 
Entity may have in connection with the security swap, including any 
compensation or other incentives from any source other than the 
counterparty. As articulated in Section II, this rule will not require 
SBS Entities to report all profits or expected returns from the swap or 
related hedging or trading activities, but will require reporting of 
incentives, such as revenue sharing arrangements, from any source other 
than the counterparty in connection with the swap. To the extent that 
disclosure informs counterparties regarding SBS Entity conflicts of 
interest, counterparties of SBS Entities may become better able to make 
informed decisions about security-based swaps and the SBS Entities they 
transact with. When SBS Entity conflicts of interest are severe, 
disclosure of such conflicts may lead counterparties to renegotiate the 
terms of a transaction or select another counterparty with fewer 
conflicts of interest, contributing to more efficient capital 
allocation by non-dealer counterparties. Importantly, this requirement 
does not prohibit material conflicts of interest. Instead, the rule 
focuses on disclosure of material incentives and conflicts of interest, 
which may help counterparties better evaluate the terms and risks of 
transacting with an SBS Entity. The severity of these conflicts of 
interest in security-based swaps, the awareness of non-SBS or Swap 
Entity counterparties about these conflicts, the similarity between 
disclosures of conflicts already made by SBS Entities cross-registered 
as Swap Entities under CFTC rules with disclosures that will be made 
under these final rules, and the informativeness of the newly required 
disclosures will influence the magnitude of the benefits described 
above.
    We recognize that final external business conduct rules for Swap 
Entities are already in place and include a similar set of conflict of 
interest disclosure rules. Swap Entities are already disclosing 
incentives and conflicts of interest in swap transactions, which enters 
into our economic baseline and is reflected in current market activity. 
Non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties that are transacting with the 
same dealers in both swap and security-based swap markets have 
benefited from such disclosures in swap markets, and may have already 
become familiar with standardized disclosures by Swap Dealer 
counterparties. To the extent that disclosures by the same dealers 
related to, for instance, index CDS and single name CDS may be similar, 
such counterparties may enjoy fewer benefits of these final rules. 
However, we note that the rules being adopted require disclosures 
specific to security-based swap transactions, and certain disclosures 
will need to be tailored to a particular security-based swap.
    In addition to direct costs of compliance born by SBS Entities, to 
the extent that disclosures will provide new and relevant information 
about SBS Entity conflicts of interest, SBS Entities with significant 
conflicts of interest may lose business to SBS Entities that do not 
have such conflicts. While this requirement may impose costs on those 
SBS Entities with the most acute conflicts, such disclosures may 
benefit less conflicted SBS Entities, enhance protections of 
counterparties, and improve the ability of market participants to make 
informed counterparty decisions.
    We have considered the costs and benefits of an alternative 
requiring a disclosure of the difference in compensation between 
selling a security-based swap versus another product with similar 
economic terms, or expected profit of the SBS Entity from the 
transaction, as suggested by some commenters.\1676\ We do not believe 
that disclosure of SBS Entity profits to counterparties would protect 
counterparties or improve their ability to make suitable investment 
decisions, relative to the approach being adopted, and are not adopting 
this alternative. SBS Entities compete for business on price, execution 
quality, underlier and counterparty risks, among others. We understand 
that counterparties need information about price, non-price terms and 
risks of the security-based swap and conflicts of interest of the SBS 
Entity to be able to assess the relative

[[Page 30114]]

merits of a particular transaction. The final business conduct rules 
being adopted will require SBS Entities to disclose to their non SBS 
Entity counterparties material characteristics and risks of the 
transaction, as well as any compensation or incentives from any source 
other than the counterparty in connection with the security-based swap. 
Rules 15Fh-3(c) and 15Fh-3(d), the economic effects of which are 
discussed below, will also require disclosure of the daily mark and 
clearing rights. We also note that SDR Rules and Regulation SBSR 
adopted by the Commission will introduce post-trade transparency to 
security-based markets, and counterparties will have access to more 
extensive and more accurate information upon which to make trading and 
valuation determinations when compliance with these rules is required.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1676\ See CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SBS Entities are for-profit entities, buying security-based swaps 
from counterparties seeking to sell them; and selling swaps to 
counterparties seeking to purchase them. When SBS Entities carry 
balance sheet risk, they profit from directional price moves that 
result in losses for their counterparties and so, they may have an 
incentive to offload security-based swaps in their inventory on less 
informed non-dealer counterparties, even where such security-based 
swaps are unsuitable. When SBS Entities hedge their inventory risk and 
do not carry balance sheet exposure, they benefit from charging higher 
costs and fees to their counterparties. SBS Entity business incentives 
may, therefore, be generally competing with the interests or positions 
of their counterparties. However, SBS Entities have reputational 
incentives and benefit from intermediating a greater volume of trade 
which, all else given, mitigates this conflict. Further, it is unclear 
that market participants are generally unaware of these competing 
incentives.
    SBS Entities act as principal risk holders and transacting agents 
effecting security-based swaps on behalf of their customers. An SBS 
Entity's expected return on a security-based swap depends on, among 
others, price terms of the swap, cost of funds, shorting constraints, 
balance sheet exposures, costs of underlying elements of the security-
based swap, and costs of structuring the security-based swap. It is 
unclear that disclosure of expected profits of an SBS Entity has any 
bearing on a counterparty's expected cost of the transaction, quality 
of execution or assessment of the risks of a security-based swap given 
the counterparty's investment objectives, horizons, hedging needs, 
financial condition etc.\1677\ As a practical consideration, the SBS 
Entity's expected profit would depend on potentially proprietary data 
and valuation models, and numerous assumptions about future market 
factors. At the same time, such a requirement would impose direct costs 
of producing disclosures and potential reputational costs on SBS 
Entities; if the costs become significant, some SBS Entities may reduce 
security-based swap market activity with non-SBS or Swap Entity 
counterparties. We note that the rules being adopted not only require 
disclosure of material characteristics, risks, conflicts of interest or 
incentives, daily mark and clearing rights, but also include fair and 
balanced communications, antifraud, supervision, compliance, and 
conduct requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1677\ For instance, one commenter asserted that the best 
protection for a counterparty is reviewing and selecting the best 
available pricing. See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Daily Mark
    Rule 15Fh-3(c) requires SBS Entities to disclose the daily mark to 
counterparties other than SBS or Swap Entities upon request. For 
cleared security-based swaps, the rules require an SBS Entity to 
disclose, upon request of the counterparty, the daily mark that the SBS 
Entity receives from the appropriate clearing agency. For uncleared 
swaps, Rule 15Fh-3(c) implements the statutory provision and requires 
the SBS Entity make this disclosure on a daily basis for any uncleared 
security-based swap by providing the midpoint between the bid and 
offer, or the calculated equivalent thereof, as of the close of 
business unless the parties agree in writing otherwise. The method for 
computing the daily mark is not provided in the statute. For uncleared 
swaps, the SBS Entity would also be able to use market quotations for 
comparable security-based swaps and model implied valuations. The SBS 
Entity is also required to disclose data sources, methodologies and 
assumptions used to prepare the daily mark, and promptly disclose any 
material changes to the above during the term of the security-based 
swap.
    Similar to the economic effects of disclosures concerning material 
risks and characteristics of security-based swaps, the overall impact 
of the daily mark disclosure depends on the severity of the 
informational asymmetries between SBS Entities and counterparties 
regarding market prices of security-based swaps; the amount of 
disclosure unsophisticated counterparties require to become better 
informed; the informativeness of the disclosures; and the direct and 
indirect costs of producing such disclosures by SBS Entities. For 
cleared security-based swaps, the requirement to disclose the daily 
mark from clearing agencies is an explicit statutory requirement, and 
provides a standardized and comparable reference point for 
counterparties.\1678\ As described above, based on the current model 
for clearing security-based swaps, the security-based swap between the 
SBS Entity and counterparty is terminated upon novation by the clearing 
agency. The SBS Entity would no longer have any obligation to provide a 
daily mark to the original counterparty because a security-based swap 
no longer exists between them. Therefore, there would not be any 
ongoing burden on the SBS Entity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1678\ We have received comment that SBS Entities may have 
direct or indirect affiliations or relationships with clearing 
agencies and market data providers, which may pose conflicts of 
interest. See Levin, supra note 5. Should such conflicts exist, they 
may be partly mitigated by other substantive business conduct 
requirements being adopted, such as the antifraud provision, 
requirement to engage in fair and balanced communications, and other 
statutory obligations. Further, counterparties will be able to 
select the venue in which security-based swaps will be cleared and 
will benefit from SBS Entities' disclosures of incentives and 
conflicts of interest under these final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ability of SBS Entities to rely on quotes, model imputed prices 
or prices of comparable security-based swaps to calculate the daily 
mark for uncleared swaps may produce valuations that are potentially 
superior to stale market prices on illiquid contracts. However, we 
continue to recognize that SBS Entities may influence the daily mark 
disclosed to their less sophisticated counterparties by varying 
modeling assumptions, data sources and methodology which produce the 
daily mark, as supported by some commenters.\1679\ This tradeoff is 
partially mitigated by the requirement to disclose data sources and a 
description of the methodology and assumptions used to prepare the 
daily mark, and promptly disclose any material changes during the term 
of the swap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1679\ See, e.g., Levin, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As we recognized in the Proposing Release,\1680\ we anticipate 
significant variability in the models and data sources, methodology and 
assumptions used by different SBS Entities, leading to different daily 
marks being established for similar security-based swaps. As a result, 
security-based swap

[[Page 30115]]

market participants that consider the daily mark as an indicator in the 
reporting of their positions may report different valuations of similar 
security-based swap positions. However, we continue to believe that 
since, as quantified in the economic baseline, non-dealer 
counterparties typically transact with multiple dealers, counterparties 
may be able to observe and analyze differences in security-based swap 
valuations across SBS Entities. We recognize that the daily mark may 
not be a reliable reference point for estimating fair values, potential 
net asset values or prices at which the security-based swap could be 
executed as suggested by a commenter,\1681\ however, we continue to 
believe that it may inform counterparty understanding of their 
financial relationship with SBS Entities.\1682\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1680\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42449, supra note 3. Also 
see, e.g., FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1681\ See MFA, supra note 5.
    \1682\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42449, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are sensitive to cost considerations, and recognize that costs 
borne by SBS Entities as a result of the final business conduct rules 
may be passed on to counterparties in the form of higher transaction 
costs. Further, if these costs are significant, SBS Entities may reduce 
their security-based swap activity or become less willing to 
intermediate swaps with certain groups of counterparties. As a result, 
liquidity, price discovery and market access of certain groups of 
counterparties may be adversely affected. As articulated in the 
Proposing Release, we understand that SBS Entities routinely assess 
end-of-day values in the course of their business as an integral 
component of risk management. We continue to believe that SBS Entities 
may already be estimating values that may be used to fulfil the daily 
mark disclosure requirement, and, therefore, to the extent this is the 
case, direct compliance costs of this requirement to costs of producing 
disclosures may be less than estimated above.
    One commenter indicated that requiring Major SBS Participants to 
comply with the daily mark requirement for uncleared swaps would result 
in ``significant, unnecessary increased costs without any meaningful 
benefit.'' \1683\ We recognize that the broader scope of this 
requirement will impose costs on Major SBS Participants, as reflected 
in our compliance cost estimates. To the extent that Major SBS 
Participants may be better informed about the risks and valuations of 
security-based swaps and more sensitive to market risk due to their 
significant positions, disclosures of the daily mark may help their non 
SBS Entity counterparties make more informed counterparty and valuation 
determinations. We note that the rules being adopted provide all SBS 
Entities significant flexibility with respect to how they may estimate 
the daily mark for uncleared swaps. Specifically, similar to SBS 
Dealers, Major SBS Participants will be able to rely on market quotes 
for similar swaps, model based prices or some combination thereof under 
Rule 15Fh-3(c). The Commission continues to believe that informing 
counterparties' understanding of their financial relationship with SBS 
Entities is an important benefit of these final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1683\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in Section II, supra, SBS Entities will not 
necessarily be able to use the same mark for collateral purposes and 
for meeting the disclosure requirement. We recognize commenter concern 
that this approach may impose additional costs of estimating and 
disclosing a daily mark valuation on SBS Entities with respect to 
transactions where both counterparties have agreed on a basis for 
margining uncleared swaps.\1684\ As discussed above, the Commission 
continues to believe that the daily mark disclosure, as being adopted 
for the purposes of this rule, would provide a useful and meaningful 
reference point for counterparties holding positions in uncleared 
security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1684\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, entities that are likely to trigger SBS Entity 
registration requirements due to their volume of dealing activity are 
not required to disclose daily marks of security-based swaps, or data 
sources, assumptions and methodologies used to calculate them. While 
this requirement is currently effective in swap markets and some SBS 
Entities may be making such security-based swap specific disclosures 
voluntarily, these final rules impose mandatory disclosure requirements 
on all SBS Entities in their security-based swap transactions with 
counterparties that are not themselves SBS Entities or Swap Entities. 
The requirement to disclose data sources, assumptions and methodology 
used to calculate the value of security-based swaps may reduce the 
informational advantage SBS Entities enjoy as a result of developing 
superior valuation models or information, as supported by public 
comments.\1685\ However, these costs are partly mitigated by the 
ability to rely on standardized disclosures and a description of the 
models, as opposed to disclosures of the models themselves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1685\ See, e.g., MFA, supra note 5; IDC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Clearing Rights
    Finally, Rule 15Fh-3(d) requires SBS Entities to make disclosures 
regarding clearing rights to counterparties that are not SBS Entities 
or Swap Entities before entering into the security-based swap. For 
security-based swaps not subject to mandatory clearing, the SBS Entity 
would be required to determine whether the security-based swap is 
accepted for clearing by one or more clearing agencies, to disclose the 
names of clearing agencies that accept the security-based swap for 
clearing, and to notify the counterparty of their right to elect 
clearing and the agency used to clear the transaction. For security-
based swaps subject to mandatory clearing, the final rules require SBS 
Entities to disclose clearing agency names to the counterparty, and to 
notify the counterparty of their right to select the clearing agency 
subject to Section 3C(g)(5) of the Act. The rule also requires SBS 
Entities to make a written record of the non-written disclosures and 
provide counterparties with a written version of these disclosures no 
later than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement of the 
transaction.
    The required disclosure of clearing rights may increase how 
informed a counterparty is concerning the availability of clearing in 
general, the ability to require clearing of security-based swaps, as 
well as the names of clearing agencies that may accept a given 
security-based swap for clearing. The reliance on standardized 
disclosures may lead to more general and less transaction specific 
information being communicated, reflecting information that has already 
been absorbed by market participants and potentially reducing these 
benefits. To the extent that the rule results in greater transparency 
concerning clearing rights, the volume of cleared security-based swaps 
may increase.
    We note that clearing is currently voluntary and available for CDS 
only.\1686\ Disclosure of the clearing

[[Page 30116]]

agencies that accept a security-based swap for clearing may inform 
counterparties of the right to clear and of various clearing agencies 
that are able to clear a given security-based swap, particularly 
clearing agencies that have just started accepting a given security-
based swap or group of security-based swaps for clearing. This may 
enhance potential competition among clearing agencies in the future, 
which may lower clearing costs or improve quality of clearing services. 
The above effect may be more significant if more clearing agencies 
register to clear security-based swaps and clearing becomes available 
for security-based swaps other than CDS, which are currently being 
cleared voluntarily.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1686\ Mandatory clearing is not currently in effect and we 
currently do not have sufficient information to estimate the number 
and volume of security-based swap transactions executed across 
different trading venues and using these various execution 
practices. However, the Commission staff has performed an analysis 
of voluntary clearing activity in single name CDS markets, which 
generally informs our analysis. See SEC Division of Economic and 
Risk Analysis, Single-Name Corporate Credit Default Swaps: 
Background Data Analysis on Voluntary Clearing Activity, 15 (Apr. 
2015), available at http://www.sec.gov/dera/staff-papers/white-papers/voluntary-clearing-activity.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, SBS Entities are not yet required to register and are 
not subject to substantive Title VII requirements, including business 
conduct rules. Therefore, SBS Entities currently are not required to 
produce disclosures concerning clearing rights and a list of clearing 
agencies accepting a security-based swap for clearing. Entities that 
are currently registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities are required to 
make clearing rights disclosures for swap transactions. Under these 
final rules, all SBS Entities will bear costs of producing the clearing 
rights disclosures pertaining to security-based swap transactions, and 
communicating them to their counterparties other than SBS Entities and 
Swap Entities, as estimated in Sections V and VI.C above. However, we 
recognize that these costs may be lower for dually registered SBS 
Entities that may have already adjusted their systems and practices to 
comply with parallel CFTC rules. We also recognize that if, as a result 
of the disclosure, some counterparties begin choosing to clear as well 
as choosing the agency used to clear the transaction, SBS Entities may 
lose potentially beneficial flexibility related to clearing, which may 
affect the price of security-based swaps. In addition, if clearing 
rights disclosures lead to a greater volume of transactions cleared 
through registered clearing agencies, increases in clearing costs borne 
by SBS Entities may be passed on to counterparties.
3. Suitability
    SBS Dealers intermediate large volumes of security-based swaps, 
buying products from counterparties seeking to sell them; and selling 
swaps to counterparties seeking to purchase them. When SBS Dealer 
exposure is not hedged by offsetting transactions with other dealers, 
SBS Dealers act as principal risk holders, benefiting from directional 
price moves that result in losses for their counterparties, and vice 
versa. SBS Dealers carrying inventory may have an incentive to 
recommend security-based swaps from their inventory that may be 
unsuitable to their counterparties, but help to manage dealer inventory 
risk. When SBS Dealers hedge the underlying risk of a transaction, 
dealer profits stem from commissions and fees charged to their 
counterparties in relation to the security-based swap. As a result, SBS 
Dealer incentives may be generally inconsistent with, or may be 
contrary to the economic interests of their counterparties.
    As discussed in earlier sections, SBS Dealers are more informed 
than their non-dealer counterparties as they can directly observe pre-
trade requests for quotes and order flow. Where SBS Dealers have 
previously acted in other capacities, such as in the capacity of an 
underwriter, arranger or structurer of a security-based swap, they may 
have superior information about the quality and risk of a specific 
security-based swap and its underlying assets. As a result, SBS Dealers 
may have superior information about the inherent value and risk of 
security-based swaps, including information concerning whether a given 
security-based swap is unsuitable for a particular non-dealer 
counterparty given the counterparty's horizon and ability to absorb 
losses, among other things.
    When SBS Dealers advise their counterparties regarding security-
based swaps, the above conflicts of interest may result in 
recommendations of security-based swaps that may be unsuitable for a 
given counterparty. For instance, more complex security-based swaps are 
more opaque and difficult to price for less informed counterparties; 
they may also be unsuitable for a greater number of non-dealer 
counterparties.\1687\ At the same time, such transactions may be 
profitable for the dealer. To the extent that SBS Dealers may be 
recommending unsuitable security-based swaps, and to the extent 
counterparties may be relying on such advice and are unable to observe 
and decouple bias from the information component of the recommendation, 
counterparties may be entering into security-based transactions 
inconsistent with their investment objectives and risk tolerance. The 
central role and high market share of a small number of SBS Dealers 
described in the economic baseline may reduce the effectiveness of 
reputational considerations in mitigating these effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1687\ The Commission recognizes that complex over-the-counter 
security-based swaps may benefit some market participants due to the 
ability to tailor economic terms to counterparties' hedging needs or 
market views.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1), SBS Dealers recommending security-based 
swaps or trading strategies involving a security-based swap to 
counterparties other than an SBS Entity or a Swap Entity are required 
to (i) undertake reasonable diligence to understand potential risks and 
rewards associated with the recommendation; and, (ii) have a reasonable 
basis to believe that the recommended swap or strategy is suitable for 
the counterparty, taking into account, among other things, the 
counterparty's investment profile, trading objectives and ability to 
absorb potential losses. Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) includes an alternative for 
institutional counterparties (defined as a counterparty that is an 
eligible contract participant as defined in clauses (A)(i), (ii), 
(iii), (iv), (viii), (ix) or (x), or clause (B)(ii) of Section 1a(18) 
of the Commodity Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, 
or any person (whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, 
trust or otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million) that 
allows an SBS Dealer to satisfy its customer-specific suitability 
obligations in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii) if (i) the SBS Dealer reasonably 
determines that the counterparty or agent with delegated authority is 
capable of independently evaluating investment risks with respect to a 
given security-based swap or strategy; (ii) the counterparty or agent 
represents in writing that they are exercising independent judgment in 
evaluating the dealer's recommendations; and (iii) the SBS Dealer 
discloses that it is acting as a counterparty and not assessing 
suitability. Under Rule 15Fh-3(f)(3), an SBS Dealer will be deemed to 
have satisfied the requirements of the first prong of the institutional 
suitability alternative in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2)(i) if it receives written 
representations that: (i) In the case of a counterparty that is not a 
special entity, the counterparty has complied in good faith with 
written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure 
that the persons responsible for evaluating the recommendation and 
making trading decisions on behalf of the counterparty are capable of 
doing so; and (ii) in the case of a counterparty that is a special 
entity, satisfy the terms of the safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-5(b).
a. Costs and Benefits
    Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1) may benefit counterparties by requiring that SBS 
Dealers undertake reasonable diligence to understand the potential risk 
and

[[Page 30117]]

rewards associated with recommended security-based swaps or trading 
strategies involving security-based swaps and that these 
recommendations are suitable for the counterparty given the 
counterparty's investment profile, trading objectives, and ability to 
absorb potential losses. As a result, counterparties of SBS Dealers may 
become more likely to allocate capital to suitable security-based 
swaps, potentially enhancing counterparty protections and allocative 
efficiency.\1688\ These benefits are expected to accrue only to the 
extent that some SBS Dealers otherwise may be making unsuitable 
recommendations, and to the extent that non-SBS or Swap Entity 
counterparties rely on such SBS Dealer recommendations in their capital 
allocation decisions. If incentive conflicts or governance failures 
within counterparties, or other factors unrelated to SBS Dealer 
recommendations, for instance, reaching for yield in low interest rate 
environments, contribute to potentially unsuitable security-based swap 
choices, the benefits of these rules may be muted. The suitability 
standard does not require dealers to disclose whether another suitable 
security-based swap or underlier has superior material characteristics. 
Therefore, some of the above counterparty protection and allocative 
efficiency benefits of the suitability standard may be less. Further, 
this benefit is likely to be highest for those counterparties of SBS 
Dealers which do not already rely on professional asset managers or 
independent advisers in security-based swap transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1688\ See, e.g., CFA, supra note 5; Levin, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The suitability requirement will impose costs on SBS Dealers. 
First, the rule requires SBS Dealers to undertake reasonable diligence 
to understand the potential risks and rewards of the security-based 
swaps or trading strategy involving a security-based swap they 
recommend. Second, the rule will involve direct costs required to make 
an assessment of suitability of a security-based swap or asset class 
for each counterparty.\1689\ As estimated in Section V, we expect that 
SBS Dealers may seek to obtain representations at an estimated cost of 
up to $11,393,160.\1690\ Further, the Commission recognizes that 
suitability assessments under these final rules may give rise to 
potential liability and litigation costs of SBS Dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1689\ See, e.g., FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1690\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
(6,271 x 2 hours for participants active in both swaps and SBS 
markets + 3,488 x 5 hours for participants active in SBS markets 
only) = 380 x 29,982 = $11,393,160.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In considering the economic effects of this final rule, we note 
that the suitability requirement does not apply to recommendations made 
to SBS Dealers, Major SBS Participants, Swap Dealers, or Major Swap 
Participants. Therefore, the rule may result in higher costs to SBS 
Dealers in transacting with non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties. 
Additionally, costs of suitability assessments may be higher for 
counterparties with which an SBS Dealer has had no prior transactions.
    The rule may adversely affect counterparties of SBS Dealers that 
are not themselves SBS Dealers, Major SBS Participants, Swap Dealers, 
or Major Swap Participants. In addition, SBS Dealer cost increases due 
to suitability assessments discussed above may be passed on to 
counterparties, and, if a significant percentage of the costs cannot be 
recovered, the willingness of SBS Dealers to make recommendations to 
non-dealer counterparties may decrease. Further, SBS Dealers may have 
superior information about the quality of security-based swaps they 
intermediate, but have significantly less information about their 
counterparty. This informational asymmetry may result in SBS Dealers 
not recommending security-based swaps that may be potentially suitable 
to the counterparty. Moreover, to the extent that customer suitability 
evaluations take time and require additional due diligence, the rule 
may result in execution delays, particularly during times of high 
market volatility when the value of risk mitigation may be higher. We 
note, however, that suitability requirements apply only with respect to 
swaps being recommended by SBS Dealers, and counterparties may continue 
to have access to security-based swaps intermediated without bundled 
SBS Dealer advice, as well as swaps executed on SEFs or registered 
exchanges.
    The above benefits and costs of the suitability rule are likely to 
be limited by the scope of these final rules and the institutional 
suitability alternative. The suitability requirement is limited to 
transactions between SBS Dealers and counterparties that are not 
themselves SBS or Swap Entities. We believe that SBS Entities are 
likely to be able to independently evaluate material risks, pricing, 
and overall suitability of a security-based swap given, among others, 
their investment objectives and risk tolerance. As shown in Figure 3, 
the majority of trades and trade notional involved trades among 
dealers, which substantially reduces the scope of application of the 
suitability requirement. Further, as discussed below, the scope of 
application of the suitability rule may be reduced if SBS Dealers are 
able to take advantage of the institutional suitability alternative for 
customer-specific suitability with respect to a significant fraction of 
transactions.
    As noted in the proposing release,\1691\ many SBS Dealers may 
already have an obligation to make suitable recommendations in other 
contexts. FINRA imposes a suitability requirement on recommendations by 
broker-dealers and we have elsewhere estimated that up to 16 entities 
registering with the Commission as SBS Entities may be already 
operating as registered broker-dealers subject to Commission and FINRA 
oversight.\1692\ As discussed in Section II, Swap Dealers registered 
with the CFTC are also subject to reasonable basis and customer-
specific suitability requirements with respect to swap transactions 
under Rule 23.434, and we have elsewhere estimated that up to 35 SBS 
Entities may be cross-registered with the CFTC as Swap Entities. Some 
of these cross-registered entities may have adjusted their compliance 
infrastructure and recommendation practices. These considerations may 
mitigate both the costs and the benefits of these final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1691\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42450, supra note 3.
    \1692\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 49000, supra 
note 989.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Institutional Suitability Alternative
    Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2) includes an institutional suitability alternative 
for customer-specific suitability assessments. SBS Dealers will be 
deemed to have fulfilled their customer-specific suitability 
obligations if they reasonably determine that the counterparty or its 
agent is capable of independently evaluating the investment risks; the 
counterparty or agent affirmatively represents in writing that they are 
evaluating the investment independently; and the SBS Dealer discloses 
that it is not undertaking to assess suitability for the counterparty. 
The institutional suitability alternative for customer-specific 
suitability requirements will not be available with respect to 
counterparties that are not institutional counterparties (defined as a 
counterparty that is an eligible contract participant as defined in 
clauses (A)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (viii), (ix) or (x), or clause 
(B)(ii) of Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act and the rules 
and regulations thereunder, or any

[[Page 30118]]

person (whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust or 
otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million. Recommendations 
of any potentially unsuitable products could involve losses and lead to 
inefficient capital allocation by non-dealer counterparties when such 
counterparties lack the ability to independently assess suitability of 
security-based swap transactions they enter into. Sophisticated 
institutions or entities that rely on independent advisors in their 
decision making may be better able to independently assess the merits 
and suitability of a given security-based swap. Therefore, more 
sophisticated counterparties and counterparties that rely on 
independent advisers to assess disclosures and analyze the relative 
merits of individual swaps are less likely to benefit from the 
suitability rule. The institutional suitability alternative reflects 
these considerations.
    As a result of the institutional suitability alternative, SBS 
Dealers will not be required to undertake customer-specific suitability 
evaluations for counterparties that the rule presumes are capable of 
independently evaluating investment risks with regard to the relevant 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap. As shown in Table 2 of the economic baseline, between November 
2006 and December 2014, 99% of private funds, 100% of registered 
investment companies, 72% of insurance companies, 75% of non-financial 
firms and 98% of special entities were represented by investment 
advisers. Hence, non-dealer counterparties generally have third-party 
representation and may be able to evaluate security-based swaps 
independently of SBS Dealers. Many SBS Dealers may be able to rely on 
the institutional suitability alternative to fulfill their customer-
specific suitability obligations. Therefore, a large fraction of 
transactions may qualify for the institutional suitability alternative, 
and the economic effects of the suitability requirement above may 
accrue to a small share of security-based swap market activity.
    In addition, the institutional suitability alternative for 
customer-specific suitability will not be available for SBS Dealers 
making recommendations to counterparties that are not institutional 
counterparties. The $50 million asset threshold in the institutional 
counterparty definition narrows the scope of the alternative and 
increases the potential counterparty protection and allocative 
efficiency benefits of the final suitability rule. Our data do not 
allow us to estimate how many counterparties that would not meet the 
institutional counterparty definition are currently transacting in 
security-based swap markets and relying on recommendations by SBS 
Dealers, asset size thresholds for counterparties at which the intended 
information and counterparty protection benefits of these final rules 
become significant, or the extent to which asset size and counterparty 
sophistication may be correlated in security-based swap markets. We 
also recognize that the $50 million asset size threshold may increase 
costs and diverges from the suitability safe harbor adopted by the CFTC 
as part of business conduct standards for Swap Entities. As a result, 
all SBS Dealers that are dually registered with the CFTC as Swap 
Dealers will face a bifurcated suitability standard in swaps and 
security-based swaps, such as index CDS and single name CDS, with 
respect to counterparties that do not meet the institutional 
counterparty definition. In response to these final rules, dually 
registered SBS Dealers may choose not to rely on the institutional 
suitability alternative when making recommendations to counterparties 
that do not meet the institutional counterparty definition in both swap 
and security-based swap markets.
    Direct burdens and costs of suitability assessments have been 
estimated above. The Commission also recognizes that this aspect of the 
institutional suitability alternative may increase system complexity, 
liability and other costs less amenable to quantification that SBS 
Dealers will incur as a result of advising and transacting with small 
counterparties in security-based swaps. These costs may be passed on to 
counterparties of SBS Dealers, which may experience an increase in 
transaction costs, decreased access to SBS Dealer advice, or decreased 
willingness of SBS Dealers to intermediate over-the-counter security-
based swaps.
    However, affected counterparties may continue to retain access to 
anonymous SEF or exchange executed security-based swaps, which are not 
subject to the suitability requirements of these final rules. Further, 
while the asset threshold in the institutional suitability alternative 
diverges from the CFTC's approach to suitability for Swap Dealers, it 
aligns with FINRA's asset threshold for the institutional account 
definition. SBS Dealers cross-registered as broker-dealers are 
currently unable to rely on institutional suitability when recommending 
less complex products, such as vanilla equity or fixed income 
instruments, to the same group of counterparties, and may be less 
affected by the institutional counterparty asset threshold for the 
suitability alternative. We note that SBS Dealers will be able to avail 
themselves of the institutional suitability alternative when making 
recommendations to certain financial institutions, insurance companies, 
registered investment companies, commodity pools with at least $5 
million in assets, broker-dealers, futures commission merchants, floor 
brokers, investment advisers and commodity trading advisors with less 
than $50 million in assets. As discussed above, the Commission believes 
that the $50 million asset threshold may enhance counterparty 
protection and allocative efficiency benefits of the final suitability 
rule relative to the alternative of not including an asset threshold as 
part of institutional suitability.
    We note that the institutional suitability alternative is not 
applicable to the suitability requirement to undertake reasonable 
diligence to understand the potential risks and rewards associated with 
the recommended security-based swap or trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap. However, when SBS Dealers rely on the alternative, 
they will not be required to make customer-specific suitability 
assessments with respect to individual counterparties' investment 
profile, trading objectives and ability to absorb losses.
    As clarified in Section II, the Commission believes that parties 
should be able to make the disclosures and representations required by 
Rules 15Fh-3(f)(2) and (3) on a transaction-by-transaction basis, on an 
asset-class-by-asset-class basis, or in terms of all potential 
transactions between the parties. As a result, SBS Dealers will not be 
required to assess customer-specific suitability of whole asset classes 
or all security-based swaps, if the counterparty makes appropriate 
representations and other institutional suitability requirements are 
met.
    To the extent that security-based swaps are heterogeneous in their 
risk and expected return characteristics, and since the degree of 
counterparty sophistication and familiarity with various types of 
security-based swaps may vary over time, such an approach to 
institutional suitability may lower the benefits of the rule. However, 
the ability to take advantage of the institutional suitability 
alternative for groups of security-based swaps, asset classes or 
counterparties as a whole mitigates the burdens imposed on SBS 
Dealers,\1693\

[[Page 30119]]

particularly when such dealers intermediate multiple homogeneous 
transactions with the same counterparty over a limited time period. For 
instance, as we have noted in the economic baseline, based on an 
analysis of DTCC-TIW data, an average unique dealer-nondealer pair 
entered into approximately 32 transactions in 2014. The ability of 
dealers to rely on the institutional suitability alternative for some 
or all of the trades with a given counterparty would be less costly, 
and may also limit execution delays facilitating market access to 
security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1693\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the above considerations concerning institutional 
suitability, we note that the final suitability requirements will not 
apply if an SBS Dealer does not recommend a security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap to counterparties. As 
estimated above, the suitability requirement imposes costs on SBS 
Dealers, and may decrease their willingness to recommend security-based 
swaps to non-SBS or Swap Entity counterparties. However, as discussed 
throughout the release, we believe that the overwhelming majority of 
market participants already have access to third party advice 
concerning security-based swaps.
    Finally, suitability obligations will also apply to transactions 
with special entities, and the institutional suitability alternative 
described above will be available for special entity counterparties 
that meet the institutional counterparty definition (i.e., have total 
assets of at least $50 million).
4. Special Entities
    The business conduct rules being adopted include a number of 
requirements for SBS Entities specific to their dealings with special 
entities governing, among other things: (a) The scope of entities that 
will be subject to the substantive special entity standards; (b) the 
duty to verify and inform entities when they are eligible to elect not 
to be considered a special entity for the purposes of these rules; (c) 
the definition of qualified independent representative for such 
purposes; (d) the conduct of SBS Entities when they act as 
counterparties to special entities; (e) the conduct of SBS Dealers when 
they act as advisors to special entities.
a. Scope and Verification
    First, as part of verification of status requirement under Rule 
15Fh-3(a)(2), SBS Entities will be required to verify whether a 
counterparty is a special entity before entering into a security-based 
swap, unless the transaction is executed on a registered or exempt SEF 
or registered national securities exchange, and the SBS Entity does not 
know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time 
prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to 
comply with the rule. Under Rule 15Fh-3(a)(3), an SBS Entity shall also 
verify whether a counterparty is eligible to elect not to be a special 
entity, and, if so, notify such counterparty of its right to make such 
an election. Rule 15Fh-2(e) defines the scope of special entities to 
include, among other things, federal and state agencies, States, 
cities, counties, municipalities, and other political subdivisions of a 
State, instrumentalities, departments or corporations of or established 
by a State or political subdivision of a State, employee benefit plans 
subject to Title I of ERISA, governmental plans as defined in Section 
3(32) of ERISA, and endowments. Rule 15Fh-2(e) also provides that 
employee benefit plans defined in Section 3 of ERISA, that are not 
otherwise defined as special entities, may elect not to be treated as 
special entities by notifying an SBS Entity prior to entering into a 
security-based swap.
    These final rules define the set of special entities that will be 
able to avail themselves of the protections in these final rules. The 
inclusion of entities defined in, but not subject to, ERISA into the 
special entity category, subject to an opt out provision, increases the 
set of market participants afforded the counterparty protections under 
the final business conduct standards, relative to the exclusive 
application of these rules to entities subject to ERISA.\1694\ At the 
same time, as discussed below, compliance with these final rules 
concerning special entities will entail direct and indirect costs for 
SBS Entities. Increased costs to SBS Entities may be passed on to 
special entity counterparties in the form of more adverse terms of 
available security-based swaps or a decreased willingness of SBS 
Entities to intermediate such swaps with special entities, which may 
reduce special entities' access to such security-based swaps.\1695\ The 
ability of special entities defined in, but not subject to, ERISA to 
opt out of the special entity status may give such entities greater 
flexibility in structuring their relationships with SBS Entities, and 
allow them to trade off the benefits of counterparty protections in 
these final rules against potentially greater costs and lower liquidity 
in SBS Entity intermediated OTC security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1694\ See Church Alliance (August 2011), supra note 5 and 
Church Alliance (October 2011), supra note 5, suggesting that church 
plans may benefit from enhanced conduct by SBS Entities in their 
advisory or intermediation roles, and requesting clarification of 
status of church plans for purposes of regulations under Dodd Frank.
    \1695\ As we discuss in Section VI.C.4.f, special entity rules 
will not apply to security-based swaps executed on registered or 
exempt SEFs or registered national security exchanges, where SBS 
Entities do not know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit the SBS Entity to comply with these final obligations. 
Therefore, special entities and entities defined in, but not subject 
to ERISA, regardless of their opt out decision, will continue to 
have access to anonymous SEF or exchange executed security-based 
swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the opt out approach for special entities defined in, 
but not subject to, ERISA differs from parallel CFTC business conduct 
rules, which allow such entities to opt into the special entity status 
instead. As discussed in the economic baseline, the Commission expects 
extensive cross-registration of SBS Entities as Swap Entities, and 
understands most market participants transact in both swap and 
security-based swap markets. To the extent that SBS Entities have 
significant bargaining power in transactions with special entities, 
special entities that have selected not to opt into the special entity 
status in swap markets are likely to opt out of similar protections 
under these final rules. Therefore, it is unclear whether the ability 
of special entities defined in, but not subject to ERISA to opt out of 
special entity protections would lead to a greater number of special 
entities benefiting from counterparty protections in these final rules, 
relative to the opt in approach. We also recognize that under the final 
rules, if a special entity chooses to opt out of the special entity 
status, it would be required to provide a written notice to the SBS 
Entity and would bear related costs. The overall economic effects of 
this rule will, therefore, depend on the number of entities defined in, 
but not subject to, ERISA that will choose to opt out of the special 
entity status, the costs of producing notices, and magnitude of the 
transaction cost increases in OTC security-based swaps resulting from 
compliance with these final special entity rules.
    Estimates of special entity market participants in our economic 
baseline are based on manual account classifications, and our data is 
not sufficiently granular to estimate the number of special entities 
defined in but not subject to ERISA currently active in security-based 
swap markets that may be scoped in by these rules. Special

[[Page 30120]]

entities represent approximately 8% of market participants in swap 
markets.\1696\ Out of 3,635 special entities subscribed to the ISDA 
August 2012 DF Protocol, 1,453 market participants (approximately 40%) 
elected to be a special entity under the protocol. This may indicate 
that a substantial number of market participants in swap markets may 
have opted into the special entity treatment. However, we note that 
using hand classifications of accounts in TIW data on 2006-2014, we 
estimate that special entities represent approximately 10.5% of single 
name CDS market participants by count (see Table 2 above). This 
estimate is comparable to the 8% of all special entities adhering to 
the ISDA August 2012 DF Protocol, and our hand classifications of 
accounts do not distinguish between special entities subject to ERISA, 
and those defined in but not subject to ERISA. Therefore, our analysis 
of special entity transaction activity throughout the release likely 
includes both special entities subject to ERISA, and entities defined 
in but not subject to ERISA that may opt out of the special entity 
protections of these final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1696\ This estimate is based upon data provided by ISDA as of 
December 31, 2015 on the number and type of market participants 
adhering to the ISDA August 2012 DF Protocol. See Memorandum from 
Lindsay Kidwell to File (Feb. 18, 2016) available on the 
Commission's Web site at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-25-11/s72511.shtml under ``Meetings with SEC Officials.'' See also Section 
VI.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Special entity requirements and related costs will not apply to 
security-based swaps transacted on registered national securities 
exchanges and registered or exempt SEFs, if the SBS Entity does not 
know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time 
prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to 
comply with the obligations of the rules. We recognize that some 
security-based swaps executed on a SEF or exchange may be bilaterally 
negotiated, which may point to potential counterparty and information 
benefits of applying the business conduct rules to SEF and exchange 
traded security-based swaps. However, bilateral negotiations are likely 
to require an SBS Entity to know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution to permit compliance. We 
also recognize that conflicts of interest may affect SBS Dealer 
recommendations of security-based swaps regardless of the venue in 
which these transactions are executed. It is not clear whether an SBS 
Dealer would be able to make a recommendation to a counterparty whose 
identity is not known at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution. Finally, as we discuss throughout the release, while 
business conduct rules, including rules concerning special entities, 
may result in significant benefits, they will impose direct and 
indirect costs on SBS Entities. In the context of SEF transactions, the 
application of these rules may increase transaction costs, add 
complexity and delays, or require negotiation with counterparties. To 
the extent that security-based swaps executed through SEFs may 
represent exclusively arms-length transactions, the terms of which are 
not negotiated, the imposition of the final business conduct rules on 
such trades could increase costs without corresponding benefits 
anticipated by these final rules. For instance, if clearing reduces 
credit risk of counterparties, SBS Entities may compete on transaction 
costs and quality of execution, as opposed to credit risks of the 
transaction, as suggested by commenters.\1697\ These final rules 
recognize these competing considerations and provide explicit relief 
for transactions executed on a registered or exempt SEF or registered 
national exchange, if the SBS Entity does not know the identity of the 
special entity counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to 
execution of the transaction to permit compliance with the obligations 
of the rule. Finally, the Commission continues to recognize that the 
benefits of these final special entity rules are expected to primarily 
accrue to entities that are less informed about security-based swap 
markets. While special entities will not be able to opt out of the 
protections of these final rules as discussed in section VI.C.8, SBS 
Entities will be able to rely on an independent representative safe 
harbor, the economic effects of which are considered in detail in the 
sections that follow.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1697\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5 and BlackRock, 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in Section II, the special entity definition does not 
include collective investment vehicles, and the final rules do not 
require SBS Dealers to determine whether any of the investors in the 
collective investment vehicle counterparty qualify as special entities. 
Such an approach limits the scope of application of these final rules, 
reducing potential counterparty protection and allocative efficiency 
benefits, but also potential costs and risks of loss of access by 
special entities and entities defined in, but not subject to ERISA, to 
security-based swaps.
b. SBS Entities as Counterparties to Special Entities
    Under final Rule 15Fh-5(a) an SBS Entity that offers to enter or 
enters into a security-based swap with a special entity must have a 
reasonable basis to believe that the special entity has a qualified 
independent representative. Under Rule 15Fh-5(c), before initiating a 
swap, an SBS Dealer will also be required to disclose in writing the 
capacity in which the dealer is acting in connection with the security-
based swap. Additionally, if the SBS Dealer or its associated persons 
engage or have engaged in business with the special entity in more than 
one capacity, the dealer would be required to disclose the material 
differences between such capacities and any other financial 
transactions or service involving the special entity. As discussed in 
section II.H.7 supra, the SBS Dealer may use generalized disclosures 
regarding the capacities in which the SBS Dealer and its associated 
persons have acted or may act with respect to the special entity, along 
with a statement distinguishing those capacities from the capacity in 
which the SBS Dealer is acting with respect to the present security-
based swap. The requirements in Rule 15Fh-5 do not apply to a security-
based swap if the transaction is being executed on a registered or 
exempt SEF or registered national securities exchange, and the SBS 
Entity does not know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably 
sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to permit 
compliance with these obligations.
    Qualified independent representatives must have sufficient 
knowledge to evaluate the transaction and risks; may not be subject to 
statutory disqualification; undertake a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity; appropriately and timely disclose 
material information concerning the security-based swap to the special 
entity; evaluate, consistent with any guidelines provided by the 
special entity, the fairness of pricing and appropriateness of the 
security-based swap; and for certain types of special entities the 
representative must be subject to rules for the Commission, the CFTC, 
or a SRO prohibiting it from engaging in specified activities if 
certain political contributions have been made, unless the 
representative is an employee of the special entity. Independence 
requires that a representative does not have a relationship with the 
SBS Entity, whether compensatory or otherwise, that reasonably could 
affect the independent judgment or decision-making of the 
representative. A

[[Page 30121]]

representative will be deemed to be independent of an SBS Entity if, 
within one year of representing the special entity in connection with 
the security-based swap, the representative was not an associated 
person of an SBS Entity; provides timely disclosures to the special 
entity of all material conflicts of interest that could reasonably 
affect the judgment or decision making of the representative with 
respect to its obligations to the special entity; complies with 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage and mitigate such 
material conflicts of interest; and the SBS Entity did not refer, 
recommend, or introduce it to the special entity within one year of the 
representative's representation of the special entity in connection 
with the security-based swap. As proposed by some commenters, ERISA 
plans will be able to comply with these requirements by relying on an 
ERISA fiduciary.\1698\ Further, as we discuss in more detail below, the 
independence requirement refers to the representative's independence of 
the SBS Entity and not of the special entity and so, qualified 
investment representatives that are employees or associates of the 
special entity may qualify as independent representatives for the 
purposes of these rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1698\ See ABC, supra note 5 and SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast with the final rule, the proposed rule defined 
independence based on a two-prong test of (1) associated person status 
within the preceding year; and (2) ten percent or greater revenue 
reliance on a given SBS Entity. We are sensitive to commenter concerns 
that this definition may impose undue restrictions and cost burdens on 
SBS Entities, and may be difficult to implement.\1699\ Further, the 
CFTC's independence formulation applicable to Swap Entities does not 
include a ten percent revenue prong in the independent test with 
special entities. In light of active cross-market participation and 
expected SBS Entity cross-registration, adopting a substantively 
different independence requirement from that required by Swap Entities 
may impose costs of compliance with two different independent 
representation standards. At the same time, it is unclear that such an 
approach would be more beneficial to counterparty protections, 
Commission oversight or enforcement in security-based swaps relative to 
the approach being adopted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1699\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; APPA; 
BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; ABA 
Committees, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5; Blackrock, 
supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under this rule, special entities transacting with more informed 
and sophisticated SBS Entities will have the benefit of representation 
by a qualified independent representative that has a duty to act in the 
best interests of the entity. To the extent that some special entities 
are less informed about security-based swaps and less able to unwind 
biases that may exist in potentially conflicted recommendations than 
other counterparties, this requirement may appropriately facilitate 
stronger protections and superior capital allocation decisions by 
special entities. Better informed special entities, such as large well-
informed pension funds that regularly transact in security-based swaps, 
are likely to enjoy fewer benefits of this requirement. However, they 
may also be more likely to use investment advisers in their current 
security-based swap transactions, in which case they would need to make 
that representation to an SBS Dealer under Rule 15Fh-5(b). In addition, 
similar to our earlier discussion of suitability rules, to the extent 
that special entities may be entering security-based swap transactions 
with inferior risk-return characteristics as a result of internal 
incentive conflicts or macro factors, such as reaching for yield in a 
low interest rate environment, the benefits of these protections may be 
muted.
    Further, special entities that transact with the SBS Dealer in a 
variety of roles, such as investment adviser or underwriter, will 
benefit from greater transparency about the capacity in which the 
dealer is entering the security-based swap. For instance, if an SBS 
Dealer currently engages in business with a special entity in the 
capacity of an investment adviser, the SBS Dealer would be required to 
disclose that it is not acting in such capacity if it is seeking to 
enter into a security-based swap with the special entity. This may help 
counterparties better understand the nature of the incentives of an SBS 
Dealer in relation to a given security-based swap transaction.
    This rule will involve direct and indirect costs. SBS Entity 
counterparties will incur costs of obtaining a reasonable basis to 
believe that the special entity has a qualified independent 
representative. Based on our estimates in Section V, all SBS Entities 
acting as counterparties to special entities will incur an aggregate 
initial cost of, approximately, $132,819,500.\1700\ Ongoing costs of 
compliance with rules for counterparties of special entities will 
involve updating representations and verifications for transactions 
with third-party non-employee independent representatives, estimated at 
$8,569,000.\1701\ In-house independent representatives will bear costs 
of making representations to SBS Entities, which will involve an 
aggregate initial compliance burden of, approximately, $137,104,000 
with an ongoing cost of $8,569,000.\1702\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1700\ Aggregate initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per 
hour) x 349,525 hours = $132,819,500.
    \1701\ Ongoing aggregate cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per 
hour) x 22,500 hours = $8,569,000.
    \1702\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
360,800 hours = $137,104,000. We believe that in-house investment 
advisers may be compensated similarly to in-house attorneys. To the 
extent that the rate of compensation for independent representatives 
may be lower, these figures may overestimate the aggregate initial 
burden related to these final rules.
     Ongoing: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 22,500 hours = 
$8,569,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, some special entities may be entering security-based 
swaps with SBS Entities that are not in their best interest, and advice 
from qualified independent representatives may help inform special 
entities and enable them to make better investment decisions. 
Therefore, this rule may improve allocative efficiency of security-
based swap investments. However, as noted earlier, SBS Entities are 
for-profit entities, and, to the extent that SBS Entities are currently 
intermediating security-based swaps that are not in the best interests 
of some of their special entity counterparties, the rule may lower an 
SBS Entity's profitability of intermediating security-based swaps with 
special entities. SBS Entities may attempt to recoup these costs in the 
form of less attractive security-based swap terms, or become less 
willing to transact with special entities. As an additional 
consideration, entities with activity levels below de minimis 
triggering SBS Dealer registration, but with positions large enough to 
require Major SBS Participant registration will bear these costs of 
intermediating transactions with special entities. If the costs of 
intermediated security-based swaps with special entities are 
substantial, some Major SBS Participants may reduce or stop transacting 
with special entity counterparties.
    These costs may be lower if SBS Entities' special entity 
counterparties provide representations that allow SBS Entities to take 
advantage of the safe harbor in Rule 15Fh-5(b). Our data do not allow 
us to estimate the number of

[[Page 30122]]

special entities currently relying on qualified independent 
representatives since we cannot observe whether they have conflicts of 
interest with SBS Entities that would preclude them from meeting 
independence requirements of these final rules. However, we note that, 
as reflected in the economic baseline, special entities represent 
approximately 10.5% of account holders in DTCC TIW between 2006 and 
2014. Only approximately 2% of special entities did not rely on 
investment advisers in their single name CDS trades, with 85 unique 
pairs of SBS Dealers and U.S. special entities transacting in single 
name CDS. In 2014, there were 2 unique trading relationships between 
likely SBS Dealers and special entities without a third party 
investment adviser, representing approximately 0.039% of all 
transactions in 2014. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of special 
entities may already be relying on investment advisers in their 
security-based swap transactions. However, we do not observe whether 
advisors in TIW data meet the independence and qualification 
requirements being adopted in these final rules. If a significant 
fraction of third party representatives does not meet the qualified 
independent representative requirements in these final rules, special 
entity counterparties of SBS Entities may choose to replace third party 
representatives with those that do have requisite qualifications and 
independence, enabling continued transaction activity with SBS 
Entities, or may lose access to SBS Entity intermediated OTC security-
based swaps.
    As estimated above, all special entity counterparties of SBS 
Entities will face costs of making representations to SBS Entities 
concerning their reliance on independent advisors acting in their best 
interests. To the extent SBS Entities transact with special entities 
that are not already relying on representatives, or are relying on 
representatives that would not meet the qualification and independence 
criteria in these final rules, such special entities would incur costs 
of obtaining a new representative and making necessary representations, 
if they wish to facilitate the SBS Entities' reliance on the safe 
harbor. This may increase demand for the services of qualified 
independent representatives, and independent representatives may 
require higher compensation to reflect such higher demand. Such costs 
will depend on the number of third-party representatives of special 
entities that do not currently meet the independence and qualification 
requirements of these final rules; the resulting increase in the demand 
for new representation; and the supply of investment advisers not 
currently representing special entities in security-based swaps that 
would be considered qualified and independent under these final rules. 
We lack data to quantify these effects and commenters did not provide 
information that would enable such quantification. We are, therefore, 
unable to estimate these costs.
    Under the final rules, SBS Entities may become counterparties of 
special entities only if they have a reasonable basis to believe that 
the special entity has a qualified independent representative. We note 
that Rule 15Fh-1(b) allows SBS Entities to rely on written 
representations of a counterparty to satisfy its due diligence 
requirements. As a result, SBS Entities that can rely on 
representations will not be required to conduct independent assessments 
of the qualifications or independence of special entity 
representatives, as proposed by some commenters.\1703\ These issues are 
discussed in further detail in Section VI.C.4.iv below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1703\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. SBS Dealers as Advisors to Special Entities
    Rule 15Fh-2(a) introduces in a default presumption that an SBS 
Dealer acts as an advisor to a special entity when it recommends a 
security-based swap or a trading strategy that involves the use of a 
security-based swap to the special entity. The rule provides a safe 
harbor, where an SBS Dealer will not be acting as advisor when a 
special entity represents that it acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is 
not acting as an advisor, that the special entity will rely on advice 
from a qualified independent representative, and the SBS Dealer 
discloses to the special entity that it is not undertaking to act in 
the best interest of the special entity. The rule also provides a safe 
harbor for SBS Dealers transacting with ERISA special entities, where 
the SBS Dealer will not be acting as an advisor if the special entity 
represents that it has an ERISA fiduciary; the fiduciary represents in 
writing that it acknowledges that the SBS Dealer is not acting as an 
advisor; and the special entity represents either that it will comply 
in good faith with written policies and procedures designed to ensure 
that any recommendation received from the SBS Dealer involving a 
security-based swap transaction is evaluated by a fiduciary, or that 
any recommendation received from the SBS Dealer involving a security-
based swap transaction will be evaluated by a fiduciary.
    Rule 15Fh-4(b) establishes requirements for an SBS Dealer acting as 
an advisor to special entities. Rule 15Fh-4(b)(1) provides that an SBS 
Dealer acting as an advisor to a special entity shall have a duty to 
make a reasonable determination that any security-based swap or trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap recommended by the SBS Dealer 
is in the best interests of the special entity. Rule 15Fh-4(b)(2) 
requires an SBS Dealer acting as an advisor to a special entity to make 
reasonable efforts to obtain such information that the SBS Dealer 
considers necessary to make such a determination.
    The final rules except transactions executed on registered or 
exempt SEFs or registered national securities exchanges if an SBS 
Dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably 
sufficient time prior to execution to permit compliance with these 
final obligations.
    As discussed in detail in earlier sections, SBS Dealers enjoy 
informational advantages relative to their nondealer counterparties, 
and are for profit entities with business interests that may conflict 
with those of their counterparties in principal and/or agency 
transactions. Hence, SBS Dealers may have conflicts of interest related 
to the security-based swaps and the securities underlying them.\1704\ 
Such conflicts of interest may influence SBS Dealer recommendations to 
their counterparties. The final business conduct rules may lessen the 
reliance of special entities on SBS Dealer recommendations, but, they 
may also limit special entities' access to security-based swap related 
investment advice and OTC security-based swaps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1704\ See Sections VI.A and VI.C.2 for a more detailed 
discussion of informational asymmetries and conflicts of interest 
related to security-based swap dealing activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Special entity counterparties may be aware of these fundamental 
incentives of SBS Dealers and of the complexity and opacity of 
security-based swaps, and may be able to recognize and parse out the 
potential bias in dealer recommendations. As discussed above, special 
entities represent a small fraction of market participants and almost 
exclusively rely on investment advisers. We also note that, to the 
extent special entities are currently allocating capital inefficiently 
in security-based swaps, they may be doing so for reasons unrelated to 
SBS Dealer recommendations, such as reaching for yield in a low 
interest rate environment,

[[Page 30123]]

or as a result of fund manager incentive conflicts. If special entity 
participation in security-based swap markets is driven by these other 
factors and is not a result of reliance on SBS Dealer recommendations, 
the benefits of these rules may be reduced.
    As we have noted in prior sections, based on TIW data for 2006 
through 2014, approximately 98% of special entities transacting in 
single name CDS trades in TIW rely on advisors. We lack data to 
estimate how many of these advisors may be considered qualified 
independent representatives for the purposes of the safe harbor. 
However, we recognize that the economic effects of this rule may be 
significantly reduced if many SBS Dealers avail themselves of the safe 
harbor in their transactions with and recommendations to special 
entities.
    We note that under the final rules, when an SBS Dealer makes a 
recommendation to a special entity, and obtains the representations and 
makes the disclosures required by the safe harbor, the SBS Dealer will 
not be required to comply with the best interest standard in Rule 15Fh-
4(b). However, if, in such cases the special entity counterparty has 
less than $50 million in assets (and therefore, does not meet the 
institutional counterparty definition), the SBS Dealer will still be 
required to comply with its customer-specific suitability obligations 
in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(1)(ii). This provision imposes customer-specific 
suitability obligations on SBS Dealers who cannot take advantage of the 
institutional suitability alternative in Rule 15Fh-3(f)(2). This may 
enhance potential counterparty protection and allocative efficiency 
benefits of the final special entity rules relative to the alternative 
of not imposing customer-specific suitability obligations with respect 
to special entities under the safe harbor with less than $50 million in 
assets. Our data do not allow us to estimate how many special entities 
would fall under the $50 million asset size threshold; asset size 
thresholds for special entities at which the intended information and 
counterparty protection benefits of these final rules become 
significant; or the extent to which asset size and special entity 
sophistication may be correlated in security-based swap markets.
    We also recognize that this approach diverges from the 
institutional suitability alternative adopted by the CFTC as part of 
business conduct standards for Swap Entities. As a result, all SBS 
Dealers that are dually registered with the CFTC as Swap Dealers will 
face two different standards of care in swaps and security-based swaps 
when making recommendations to special entities with less than $50 
million in assets. As a result, dually registered SBS Dealers may 
choose not to rely on the institutional suitability alternative when 
making recommendations to special entities with less than $50 million 
in both swap and security-based swap markets. This aspect of the 
alternative may increase costs that SBS Dealers will incur as a result 
of advising and transacting with small special entities in security-
based swaps. SBS Dealers may reduce their provision of advice to small 
special entities or pass on such costs to counterparties in the form of 
higher transaction costs or a decreased willingness to intermediate 
over-the-counter security-based swaps. Further, as discussed above, the 
Commission believes that suitability obligations for special entities 
with less than $50 million in assets may increase the potential 
counterparty protection and allocative efficiency benefits of the final 
special entity rules. Therefore, the primary economic effects of these 
rules depend on the degree to which special entities rely on conflicted 
SBS Dealer recommendations in their security-based swap decisions, the 
value of biased security-based swap recommendations by SBS Dealers, the 
relative cost of outside investment advice concerning security-based 
swaps, and the fraction of SBS Dealers that will be able to take 
advantage of the qualified independent representative safe harbor.
    Therefore, the primary economic effects of these rules depend on 
the degree to which special entities rely on conflicted SBS Dealer 
recommendations in their security-based swap decisions, the value of 
biased security-based swap recommendations by SBS Dealers, the relative 
cost of outside investment advice concerning security-based swaps, and 
the fraction of SBS Dealers that will be able to take advantage of the 
qualified independent representative safe harbor.
    SBS Dealers will be unable to recommend security-based swaps that 
are not in special entities' best interests, and will therefore forego 
potential incremental profits from such transactions. SBS Dealer ``best 
interest'' determinations concerning recommended security-based swaps 
may potentially give rise to dealer liability or litigation risk if 
there are differences of opinion concerning the relative merits of 
different security-based swaps and counterparties incur losses. SBS 
Dealer registration is not currently required, disclosure of litigation 
reserves by SBS Dealers is not mandatory, and the economic magnitude of 
such costs will depend on how special entities, their representatives 
and SBS Dealers will respond to these final rules. Therefore, we are 
unable to estimate these costs. However, we recognize that some SBS 
Dealers may incur such costs. In addition, the aggregate initial costs 
of revising representations and collecting requisite information from 
special entities related to the requirements for SBS Dealers serving as 
advisors to special entities are estimated at $741,000.\1705\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1705\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
((250 hours to draft, review and revise the representations in 
standard SBS documentation) + (1,700 hours to collect information 
from each special entity) = $741,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SBS Dealers that are most affected by these costs may respond to 
the final rules by ceasing to provide security-based swap 
recommendations to special entities, limiting special entities' access 
to such investment advice, or by decreasing their willingness to 
intermediate OTC security-based swaps with special entities. However, 
we note that SBS Dealers that lose the most profit as a result of the 
requirement to provide advice in their counterparties' best interests 
may have been issuing more conflicted recommendations that were not in 
the special entities' best interests. Therefore, special entities may 
lose access to such conflicted advice, but the remaining advice by SBS 
Dealers should be consistent with special entities' best interest.
d. Independent Representation: Alternatives
    We have considered alternatives that result in tightening of the 
independence requirements for representatives, for instance, through 
the imposition of a longer look back period in the associated person 
prong of the independence definition. More stringent independence 
requirements may mitigate potential conflicts of interest and biases in 
security-based swap recommendations registered representatives make to 
special entities. However, as tabulated in Table 2, the majority of 
market participants rely on investment advisers for their security-
based swap transactions, and more stringent definitions will limit the 
number of representatives qualified to advise special entities in 
security-based swaps. A decrease in the supply of independent 
representatives may increase the cost of retaining independent 
representation and limit access by smaller, less sophisticated 
counterparties that benefit from independent advice and representation

[[Page 30124]]

in opaque and complex security-based swap transactions. Further, more 
stringent independence requirements may decrease the level of 
specialized expertise of representatives. We have received mixed 
comments on the relative merits of various definitions of independence, 
commenters did not quantify the economic costs or benefits of the 
alternatives \1706\ and no such data is available at present time. As 
indicated earlier, the independence definition being adopted is 
consistent with the CFTC's approach in swap markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1706\ See, e.g., Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; 
NAIPFA, supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 
5; APPA; BlackRock, supra note 5; SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; 
and Blackrock, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we have considered eliminating the independent 
representative safe harbor from the special entity requirements, as 
suggested by some commenters.\1707\ To the extent that unsophisticated 
counterparties rely on independent outside advisors or professional 
portfolio managers acting in their best interest, the economic effects 
of potential biases in SBS Dealer recommendations may be mitigated. 
Sophisticated entities and entities relying on independent advice from 
qualified fiduciaries are less likely to benefit from SBS Dealer best 
interest recommendations, particularly in light of the disclosures 
being adopted as part of these final rules. At the same time, the costs 
of SBS Entity advice under the best interest standard would be passed 
on to special entities, increasing costs of security-based swaps and 
potentially limiting market access for special entities. Further, SBS 
Entities may have superior information about security-based swaps, but 
face information asymmetries concerning the nature of financial and 
business risks of their counterparties. Special entities may be better 
able to assess the relative merits of a given security-based swap 
transaction when relying on independent qualified representatives, as 
opposed to engaging SBS Entities to make such recommendations under a 
best interest standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1707\ Better Markets (August 2011), supra note 5; CFA, supra 
note 5; and AFSCME, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, prohibiting SBS Dealers from selling derivatives when 
the special entity would be better served by more traditional debt 
instruments, as suggested by one commenter,\1708\ will impede market 
access by special entities to a potentially valuable vehicle for risk 
mitigation. For some special entities, particularly for sophisticated 
entities, entities relying on independent advice from qualified 
advisors, and entities with risk management needs best addressed by OTC 
security-based swaps, such costs are likely to be significant. Further, 
this alternative would preclude special entities from accessing one of 
the vehicles for trading on negative information about risks of the 
underlying securities. Excluding informed and sophisticated special 
entities from security-based swaps markets may decrease price 
efficiency and liquidity, and fragment swap, security-based swap and 
underlying reference security markets. However, if such special 
entities are prohibited from accessing OTC security-based swaps, these 
entities would be able to access standardized security-based swaps 
traded on registered national exchanges or SEFs. This may increase the 
volume of security-based swap trades transacted on these platforms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1708\ See CFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Reliance on Representations
    Rule 15Fh-1(b) allows SBS Entities to rely on the written 
representations of a counterparty to satisfy its due diligence 
requirements, unless they have information that would cause a 
reasonable person to question the accuracy of the representation. While 
these final rules impose new costs on SBS Entities, Rule 15Fh-1(b) will 
enable SBS Entities to rely on representations in lieu of independent 
due diligence, under certain circumstances. Since SBS Entities may be 
able to rely on representations to fulfil the requirements in these 
final rules, we expect they will do so when the costs of reliance on 
representations are lower than those of independent due diligence, to 
the extent that special entities are willing and able to provide 
representations that meet the requirements of the rule. This may, 
therefore, provide potentially beneficial flexibility to SBS Entities 
in managing their compliance obligations under these final rules.
    Relying on special entities' representations concerning the 
qualifications, and independence of investment representatives should 
be less costly for SBS Entities than conducting independent substantive 
evaluations of qualifications and independence of their counterparties' 
representatives. To the extent that the best interest standard 
introduces costs for SBS Entities, and to the extent that the qualified 
independent representative safe harbor may mitigate these costs as 
discussed in prior sections, Rule 15Fh-1(b) may enable SBS Entities to 
make recommendations and serve as counterparties to special entities at 
lower costs under reliance on counterparty representations than under 
independent due diligence. However, if an SBS Entity has information 
that would lead a reasonable person to question the accuracy of the 
representation, SBS Entities will be required to perform independent 
due diligence.
    We have considered an ``actual knowledge'' standard as an 
alternative to the reliance on representation standard. Under an 
``actual knowledge'' standard, an SBS Entity can rely on a 
representation unless it knows that the representation is inaccurate. 
The alternative could allow SBS Entities to rely on questionable 
representations insofar as they do not have actual knowledge that the 
representation is inaccurate, even if they have information that would 
cause reasonable persons to question their accuracy. As a result, this 
alternative would reduce the benefits of the verification of status, 
know your counterparty, suitability and special entity requirements and 
result in weaker protections for counterparties to SBS Entities. 
However, SBS Entities would be able to rely on counterparty 
representations with respect to a potentially greater set of 
transactions and counterparties. To the extent that reliance on 
representations may lower SBS Entity costs from these final business 
conduct rules, this actual knowledge standard alternative for reliance 
on representations has the potential to further reduce costs.
    We have received mixed comments on the relative merits of these 
standards, with some commenters supporting the actual knowledge 
standard,\1709\ others supporting the reasonable person reliance 
standard,\1710\ and others opposing both standards as too low.\1711\ 
None of the commenters quantified the potential economic costs or 
benefits of the proposed standards, and we lack information or data to 
quantify the above economic effects. For instance, we lack information 
about the number of transactions between special entities and SBS 
Entities conducted in reliance on representations, the accuracy of 
which reasonable persons would question but where SBS Entities lack 
actual knowledge of falsehood, and the costs of independently 
evaluating a representative's qualifications and independence which 
will depend on an individual SBS Entity's choice to

[[Page 30125]]

perform due diligence in house and the efficiency of related internal 
business processes, or to retain a third party due diligence provider 
and the related choice of service provider. In addition, we have 
received comment that, where SBS Dealers are required to conduct 
independent due diligence, they may face potential litigation risk if 
they approve a representative who is subsequently determined to be 
lacking expertise, as well as potential litigation from representatives 
whom they have chosen to disqualify, which may discourage SBS Dealers 
from intermediating OTC security-based swaps with certain groups of 
counterparties.\1712\ Commenters have not provided any information to 
enable us to quantify these costs and we have no data to enable such 
quantification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1709\ See, e.g., SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5; FIA/ISDA/
SIFMA, supra note 5; CCMR, supra note 5; APPA, supra note 5; 
BlackRock, supra note 5); ABC (2011); ABA Committees, supra note 5.
    \1710\ See, e.g., Better Markets (2011).
    \1711\ See CFA, supra note 5 and AFSCME, supra note 5.
    \1712\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that under CFTC rules, Swap Entities are subject to the 
reasonable person reliance standard being adopted in these final rules. 
We also note that swap and security-based swap markets are 
interconnected, market participants transact across these markets, and 
many SBS Entities are expected to be dually-registered as Swap 
Entities. If the same dealers face differential compliance costs of 
transacting over the counter with the same special entities in, for 
instance, single name and index CDS, dealing activity may flow to the 
market with lower compliance costs, potentially fragmenting price 
discovery and liquidity. Further, the standard being adopted is likely 
more timely and cost effective than an approach permitting no reliance 
on representations.
    We have also considered alternative approaches involving a higher 
standard for reliance on representations or requiring SBS Entities to 
conduct an independent analysis of conflicts and qualifications of each 
independent representative of a special entity, with which they may be 
negotiating swaps. This approach may enhance SBS Entities' due 
diligence with respect to representatives of special entity 
counterparties, but may decrease the willingness or ability of SBS 
Entities to provide special entities with access to security-based 
swaps.\1713\ As an additional consideration, we understand that most 
market participants in swap markets and Swap Entities have adopted a 
multilateral protocol as a means of complying with the CFTC external 
business conduct rules. While we understand that the representations 
contained in the protocol only expressly address swap transactions, we 
have received comment that factual matters addressed by those 
representations typically do not vary between swap and security-based 
swap transactions. To the extent that cross-market participation of 
dealers and non-dealer counterparties is a significant feature of 
security-based swap markets, requiring dually-registered SBS Entities 
to obtain separate representations or conduct independent due diligence 
specifically addressing security-based swaps may impose additional 
costs, which may be passed on to counterparties and limit their access 
to OTC security-based swaps.\1714\ In addition, as discussed above, we 
have received comment that requiring SBS Dealers to conduct independent 
due diligence may lead to potential litigation risk from approving 
representatives subsequently determined to be lacking expertise or 
representatives that are disapproved. According to the comment letter, 
this may discourage SBS Dealers from intermediating OTC security-based 
swaps with certain groups of counterparties.\1715\ The commenter did 
not provide any estimate of such potential costs and the Commission has 
no data to enable such quantification. However, we recognize that these 
costs may be significant, and it is unclear that the independent due 
diligence alternative is superior to the reliance on representation 
approach being adopted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1713\ See, e.g., NAIPFA, supra note 5.
    \1714\ See SIFMA (November 2015), supra note 5.
    \1715\ See ABC, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Magnitude of the Economic Effects
    When considering the likely magnitude of the economic effects of 
special entity rules discussed above, we note that, based on data for 
November 2006 through December 2014, approximately 98% of special 
entities relied on investment advisors for their single name CDS trades 
in DTCC-TIW, and only approximately 2% of special entities acted as a 
transacting agents.\1716\ We lack data or other information to estimate 
how many investment advisers currently representing special entities in 
security-based swap markets will be considered qualified and 
independent for the purposes of compliance with these final rules, or 
how many SBS Entities would be able to rely on the independent 
representative safe harbor in their transactions with special entities. 
Commenters did not provide data that would enable such quantification. 
In addition, we lack data on the associations of investment advisers 
with SBS Entities in the past year, the extent of their advisory roles 
in relationships with special entities, the existence of conflicts of 
interest, and other information. Therefore, we cannot quantify how many 
special entities may be able to rely on representations. However, in 
light of special entities' heavy reliance on investment advisers in 
security-based swap transactions, it is unclear whether a substantial 
portion of special entities rely on SBS Entity recommendations in their 
security-based swap transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1716\ Approximately 95% of special entities relied on SEC 
registered investment advisers, and another 3% of special entities 
used unregistered investment advisers. See Table 2 of the economic 
baseline, Section VI.B supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also recognize similarities between the CFTC's business conduct 
standards, FINRA rules, and the rules being adopted, as well as 
extensive cross-market participation--all of which may reduce both the 
economic costs (if dually registered entities have already restructured 
their compliance infrastructure to comply with similar rules) and the 
benefits of these rules (if, for instance, special entities have 
learned about potential biases in recommendations from new market 
practices of the same dealers in other financial markets). We note that 
our final business conduct standards include transaction level 
requirements. Therefore, as we discuss and estimate above, some 
benefits and costs related to individual security-based transactions 
are still likely to accrue to special entities, their qualified 
independent representatives, and SBS Entities; even those already 
subject to similar rules in other markets. Further, some SBS Entities 
and potential new entrants may not be cross-registered with the CFTC or 
with FINRA, and may, therefore, not already be subject to similar rules 
in other markets.
    Finally, the rules relating to transactions with special entities 
will not apply to security-based swaps executed on registered or exempt 
SEFs or registered national security exchanges, where SBS Entities do 
not know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient 
time prior to execution of the transaction to permit the SBS Entity to 
comply with the obligations of the rules. Therefore, special entities 
would not receive the benefits of additional counterparty protections 
of these rules when transacting anonymously through SEFs or registered 
national securities exchanges. However, as noted earlier these final 
rules may increase the costs of SBS Entities and reduce their 
information rents, which may lead SBS Entities to seek to recover lost 
profits through more adverse terms of OTC swaps sold to special 
entities, or reduced willingness to transact with special entities. 
Since anonymous SEF

[[Page 30126]]

or exchange traded security-based swaps will not be subject to these 
final requirements, the risk that special entities will lose access to 
security-based swaps may be reduced.
5. Fraud, Fair and Balanced Communications, Supervision
a. Antifraud
    The final business conduct rules include a set of antifraud 
provisions covering SBS Entity transactions with all counterparties, 
and with special entities. With respect to special entities, rules 
15Fh-4(a)(1) and 15Fh-4(a)(2) prohibit SBS Entities from employing any 
device, scheme, or artifice to defraud special entities, and from 
engaging in any transaction, practice or course of business that 
operates as a fraud or deceit. Rule 15Fh-4(a)(3) imposes a general ban 
on SBS Entities engaging in any act, practice, or course of business 
that is fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative.
    To the extent fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative conduct may 
affect the choice of the SBS Entity's counterparty and the decision to 
enter into a given swap, antifraud protections may lead to an increased 
flow of transactions to SBS Entities not engaging in fraudulent 
practices. To the extent that the risk of fraud may affect the 
willingness of market participants to transact in security-based swap 
markets, antifraud protections may increase the willingness of non-SBS 
or Swap Entity counterparties to participate in security-based swap 
markets. We recognize that, as indicated by a commenter, general 
antifraud and anti-manipulation provisions of existing federal 
securities laws and Commission rules offer similar protections.\1717\ 
Therefore, the magnitude of these economic benefits relative to the 
economic baseline is expected to be de minimis. Further, in light of 
SBS Entities' ongoing statutory antifraud obligations, we anticipate 
that entities likely to trigger SBS Entity registration requirements 
have already developed policies and procedures necessary for compliance 
with these final rules. Therefore, the magnitude of the economic costs 
to SBS Entities from these final rules is expected to be de minimis as 
well.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1717\ See Barnard, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission is not establishing a policies and procedures safe 
harbor for non-scienter violations, or provisions regarding the 
protection for counterparty confidential information. As an alternative 
to these final rules, the Commission could adopt such a safe harbor. 
For instance, the Commission could adopt a rule where an SBS Entity 
would be able to establish an affirmative defense by demonstrating that 
it did not act intentionally or recklessly, and complied in good faith 
with written policies and procedures reasonably designed to meet this 
particular requirement. The adoption of such a safe harbor may reduce 
compliance and litigation costs related to nonscienter fraudulent, 
deceptive or abusive practices or conduct that may occur despite SBS 
Entities having developed and implemented all relevant policies and 
procedures, acting in good faith. However, a safe harbor against fraud 
may weaken counterparty protections in a market for complex and opaque 
securities.
b. Fair and Balanced Communications
    Under rule 15Fh-3(g), SBS Entities are required to communicate with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith. As discussed in Sections I and II, this 
rule is harmonized with FINRA's communications with the public rule. To 
the extent that up to 16 likely SBS Entities may be cross-registered as 
broker-dealers, some SBS Entities are already complying with these 
requirements with respect to securities transactions. Specifically, all 
communications must provide a sound basis for evaluating a given 
security-based swap or trading strategy, communications may not imply 
that past performance will recur, or make exaggerated and unwarranted 
claims. Rule 15Fh-3(g) clarifies the kinds of communications that would 
be consistent with fair dealing or good faith communications. In 
conjunction with the antifraud rules and enhanced disclosure 
requirements, the fair and balanced communications rule aims to provide 
transparency to market participants transacting with SBS Entities. To 
the extent to which counterparties of SBS Entities may have asymmetric 
information or are less sophisticated, this requirement may help 
protect counterparties and improve their ability to select the most 
appropriate security-based swap and counterparty.
    We recognize that the requirement may impose costs on SBS Entities. 
As indicated in Section V, the related initial aggregate costs are 
estimated at $917,400 for the industry, with ongoing costs of 
approximately $125,400.\1718\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1718\ Initial internal cost: (In-house attorney $380 per hour) 
x 330 = $125,400. Initial external legal counsel costs: $330,000 + 
$462,000 = 792,000. Ongoing costs: (In-house attorney $380 per hour) 
x 330 = $125,400.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Supervision
    Rule 15Fh-3(h) requires SBS Entities to establish and maintain a 
supervision system and diligently supervise their business and the 
activities of their associated persons. At a minimum the supervisory 
system must (1) designate at least one person with supervisory 
authority for each type of a business in which the SBS Entity engages 
that requires registration as an SBS Entity; (2) use reasonable efforts 
to determine that all supervisors are qualified; and (3) establish, 
maintain and enforce written policies and procedures addressing the 
supervision of the types of security-based swap business an SBS Entity 
is engaged in and the activities of its associated persons, that are 
reasonably designed to prevent violations of applicable securities 
laws, and rules and regulations thereunder. The rule lists specific 
types of policies and procedures that must be included.
    In addition, SBS Entities and their associated persons will not be 
deemed to have failed to diligently supervise if (1) the SBS Entity has 
certain written policies and procedures and a documented system for 
applying them that would reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, 
insofar as practicable, any violation of the federal securities laws 
and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to security-based 
swaps; and (2) the SBS Entity or its associated person has reasonably 
discharged the duties and obligations required by such written policies 
and procedures and system, and did not have a reasonable basis to 
believe they were not being followed.
    Lastly, SBS Entities have an obligation to promptly amend written 
supervisory policies and procedures when there are material changes to 
applicable securities laws, rules and regulations, or when there are 
material changes to the SBS Entity's business or supervisory system. 
SBS Entities are also required to promptly communicate any material 
amendments to their supervisory procedures to all associated persons to 
whom such amendments are relevant based on their activities and 
responsibilities.
    The Commission recognizes that these final supervision rules may 
impose certain burdens and costs on SBS Entities. Specifically, SBS 
Entities will be required to establish and maintain a supervision 
system consistent with the minimum requirements articulated in Rule 
15Fh-3(h); to diligently supervise their business and the activities of 
their associated persons; and to amend their written supervisory 
policies and procedures when material changes

[[Page 30127]]

occur to applicable laws, rules or regulations or to their business or 
supervisory systems, and promptly communicate such amendments to all 
associated persons to whom such amendments are relevant.\1719\ Based on 
estimates in Section V, compliance with the supervision rules may 
involve an aggregate initial cost of $39,317,850 and an ongoing cost of 
$8,405,100 for all SBS Entities.\1720\ In addition, these final rules 
impose new supervision requirements on SBS Entities, which may increase 
the probability and related costs of responding to legal actions. 
However, to the extent that these supervision rules may enhance 
compliance with federal securities laws and Commission rules and 
regulations thereunder, the probability and costs of responding to 
regulatory inquiries and private actions may actually decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1719\ See Section V for an estimate of burdens and costs 
related to the diligent supervision rules.
    \1720\ Initial internal cost: (Compliance manager $283 per hour) 
x 103,950 = $29,417,850. Initial external legal counsel costs: 
$9,900,000. Ongoing costs: (Compliance manager $283 per hour) x 
29,700 = $8,405,100.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have considered the alternative of excluding Major SBS 
Participants from the scope of the supervision rules and have received 
mixed comment on the issue, as discussed in Section II. One commenter 
indicated that the rule may impose burdensome and costly supervisory 
procedures on Major SBS Participants that are not appropriate given 
their non-dealer role in the marketplace, and the potential costs of 
compliance ``would be without any meaningful offsetting benefit for 
other market participants or the financial markets as a whole.'' \1721\ 
The commenter did not provide any data to quantify potential costs or 
benefits for Major SBS Participants. We recognize that these rules 
impose requirements and costs on Major SBS Participants they are not 
currently required to bear, as reflected in our estimates. We also note 
that the Commission elsewhere estimated that only between zero and five 
entities may seek to register with the Commission as Major SBS 
Participants. The Commission continues to believe that due to their 
large positions in security-based swaps, activities of Major SBS 
Participants may pose significant risks, such as market and 
counterparty risks, in security-based swap markets, as discussed in 
Section II above, the Commission believes the application of the rules 
is thus appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1721\ See MFA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. CCO Rules
    Rule 15Fk-1 requires an SBS Entity to designate a CCO, and imposes 
certain duties and responsibilities on that CCO, including the 
preparation of an annual compliance report. In addition, under Rule 
15Fk-1(d), the compensation and removal of the CCO require the approval 
of a majority of the board of directors of the SBS Entity. We note that 
the adopted SBS Entity registration forms already require SBS Entities 
to designate an individual to serve as a CCO, which enters into an 
economic baseline against which we are assessing the effects of these 
final rules. Therefore, the primary economic effects of these final CCO 
rules stem from the annual compliance report requirement, other duties 
of the CCO, and CCO compensation and removal requirements.
a. Annual Compliance Report, Conflicts of Interest, Policies and 
Procedures
    Rule 15Fk-1(c) requires each SBS Entity's CCO to prepare and sign 
an annual compliance report containing a description of the SBS 
Entity's written policies and procedures described in paragraph (b) of 
the rule, including the code of ethics and conflict of interest 
policies. The report must also contain a description of: the SBS 
Entity's assessment of the effectiveness of its policies and procedures 
relating to its business as an SBS Entity; any material changes to the 
SBS Entity's policies and procedures; any areas for improvement, and 
recommended potential or prospective changes or improvements to the SBS 
Entity's compliance program and resources devoted to compliance; any 
material non-compliance matters; and the financial, managerial, 
operational, and staffing resources set aside for compliance with the 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to its 
business as an SBS Entity, including any material deficiencies in such 
resources. Further, SBS Entities must promptly submit an amended 
compliance report if material errors or omissions in the report are 
identified. The submission of the annual compliance report as required 
by the final rules may help the Commission assess the compliance 
activities of SBS Entities.
    In addition, Rule 15Fk-1(b)(2) requires the CCO to take reasonable 
steps to ensure that the SBS Entity establishes, maintains and reviews 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with 
the Act and the rules and regulations thereunder relating to its 
business as an SBS Entity by: Reviewing the compliance of the SBS 
Entity; and taking reasonable steps to ensure that the SBS Entity 
establishes policies and procedures for the remediation and handling of 
non-compliance issues. Rule 15Fk-1(b)(3) requires the CCO, in 
consultation with the board of directors or senior officer, to take 
reasonable steps to resolve any material conflicts of interest that may 
arise; and Rule 15Fk-1(b)(4) requires the CCO to administer each policy 
and procedure required to be established under Section 15F of the 
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
    Our final rules impose a set of duties and responsibilities on CCOs 
of SBS Entities. As described in the economic baseline and discussed in 
earlier sections, the Commission believes that a number of entities 
that will seek to register as SBS Entities may be dually registered, 
and may already be required to comply with some of these rules in swap 
or reference security markets. However, we note that SBS Entity 
registration is currently not required, and entities intermediating 
security-based swaps, including dually registered entities, are not 
required to comply with business conduct or CCO rules relating to their 
business as an SBS Entity. Therefore, these rules impose a new set of 
requirements on a population of SBS Entity registrants as they pertain 
to security-based swap business. To the extent that CCO oversight may 
facilitate compliance, the above rules may enhance compliance of SBS 
Entities with federal securities laws and other Commission rules.\1722\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1722\ The Commission has elsewhere stated that strong internal 
compliance programs lower the likelihood of non-compliance with 
securities rules and regulations. See SDR Registration Release, 80 
FR at 14543, supra note 1202.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on our analysis in Section V, the establishment and 
administration of the policies and procedures required under Rule 15Fk-
1 will involve a total initial cost of approximately $13,105,950, and 
an ongoing cost of approximately $2,801,700 per year for all SBS 
Entities.\1723\ Ongoing costs of preparation of an annual compliance 
report by the CCO is estimated at approximately $2,480,775 for all SBS 
Entities.\1724\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1723\ Initial cost of policies and procedures: (Compliance 
manager at $283 per hour) x 34,650 hours = $9,805,950. Initial cost 
of outside counsel: $3,300,000. Total initial cost: $9,805,950 + 
$3,300,000 = $13,105,950. Ongoing cost: (Compliance manager at $283 
per hour) x 9,900 hours = $2,801,700.
    \1724\ Ongoing cost of compliance reporting: (CCO at $485 per 
hour) x 5,115 hours = $2,480,775.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, these rules impose new requirements concerning CCO 
duties. These final rules also require the annual compliance report to 
include a

[[Page 30128]]

certification by the CCO or senior officer, and may increase CCO or 
senior officer liability when the CCO or senior officer executes the 
required certification. If SBS Entity CCOs or senior officers are risk 
averse, they may require additional liability insurance, higher 
compensation or lower incentive pay as a fraction of overall 
compensation. To the extent that liability may be a significant 
consideration for some SBS Entities, this may lower the labor supply of 
senior officers or CCOs in security-based swap markets.
b. CCO Removal and Compensation
    CCOs play a central role in monitoring compliance with federal 
securities laws and regulations. These final rules elevate approval of 
decisions regarding the compensation or removal of the CCO to the 
board. As indicated in the proposing release, the Commission believes 
that the approach being adopted may reduce inherent conflicts of 
interest that arise when CCO compensation and removal decisions are 
made by individuals whose compliance with applicable law and 
regulations the CCO is responsible for monitoring.\1725\ The rule, 
therefore, may mitigate CCO conflicts of interest within SBS Entities, 
and may strengthen SBS Entity compliance with federal securities laws 
and Commission rules, including these final business conduct rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1725\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42451, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SBS Entities are expected to be primarily large institutions and 
may be part of organizational structures that include hundreds of 
entities, with varying levels of business complexity. Many SBS Entities 
may also be active in swap markets, while others may also perform 
broker-dealer functions or have banking operations; yet others may 
focus their primary business on security-based swaps. As a result, 
different governance and oversight structures may be suitable for 
different SBS Entities depending on their internal operations, business 
complexity, and the role security-based swap transactions play in their 
overall operations, among others. Therefore, the rule limits the 
ability to delegate CCO compensation and removal decisions to a senior 
officer, which may be optimal for some SBS Entities.
    CCO compensation and removal decisions require an understanding of 
security-based swap markets and the SBS Entities' business 
opportunities in such markets, compliance risks related to various SBS 
Entity activities and transactions, the labor market for CCOs of SBS 
Entities, and an ability to infer the quality of skills and effort 
exerted by the CCO from performance. To the extent SBS Entity boards 
lack specific expertise necessary to approve compensation and removal 
decisions, such boards may currently delegate these functions to other 
officers, such as head of compliance, chief risk officer, or other 
persons. As a result of the final rules, such delegation will not be 
permitted, and boards of some SBS Entities may be required to gather 
additional information or gain expertise necessary to approve 
compensation and removal decisions.
    SBS Entities that currently delegate these functions to other 
officers may need to refocus board resources on the area of compliance. 
As a result, SBS Entity boards may need to replace existing directors, 
hire new directors, or retain the services of independent executive 
search and compensation consultants that are familiar with security-
based swaps. This may detract from the time and resources SBS Entity 
boards are able to invest in overseeing activities in other markets, 
which may represent a larger fraction of the business and shareholder 
profits for some SBS Entities. To the extent that SBS Entity boards 
face time and resource constraints, they may also become less effective 
at monitoring and advising SBS Entities in areas outside of compliance. 
Further, the requirement that SBS Entity boards approve CCO 
compensation and removal decisions, may increase the liability of SBS 
Entity's directors, which may increase the costs of director liability 
insurance and director compensation. Nevertheless, as discussed above, 
the Commission continues to believe that these final rules may reduce 
certain conflicts of interest related to CCO compensation and removal 
decisions, which may strengthen SBS Entity compliance with federal 
securities laws and Commission rules.
    The final rules do not address the appointment of the CCO. However, 
the rules require the CCO to report directly to the board or senior 
officer, and require decisions regarding the compensation and removal 
of the CCO to be approved by the board. As a result, some SBS Entities 
may separate reporting to and appointment by the senior officer, from 
compensation and removal decisions by the board. The Commission 
recognizes that appointment, compensation and removal decisions may be 
inextricably intertwined, requiring an informed assessment of the CCO's 
talent, abilities, expertise and performance when compared against 
external candidates, as well as an understanding of the CCO labor 
market. Further, a senior officer may have conflicts of interest in CCO 
appointment decisions similar to those present in CCO compensation or 
removal decisions. A potential separation of the CCO reporting line and 
appointment decisions from compensation and removal decisions may 
decrease the quality of these decisions. However, the ability of some 
SBS Entity boards to continue to rely on senior officers for the CCO to 
report to and for appointment decisions may mitigate some of the 
resource drain on boards of SBS Entities discussed above.
    We have considered an alternative approach under which only 
independent members of the board can approve decisions regarding the 
compensation, appointment and removal of CCOs, as proposed by some 
commenters,\1726\ as well as requiring certain minimum CCO 
qualifications and governance practices. Independent directors may have 
fewer conflicts of interest and may be less likely to be influenced by 
CCOs, strengthening their oversight role, which may enhance SBS Entity 
compliance with security laws, and rules and regulations thereunder. At 
the same time, outside directors face an informational asymmetry with 
respect to the SBS Entity's risks and investment opportunities, and may 
lack an intimate understanding of the SBS Entity's business. We 
understand that SBS Entities may trade off the value of specific 
expertise in security-based swaps on the one hand, with the value of 
independence in the face of potential conflicts of interest on the 
other hand, in the context of each SBS Entity's operations. Requiring 
specific CCO qualifications and other governance practices of all SBS 
Entities may enhance compliance for some SBS Entities, but may also 
involve potentially costly restructuring of internal governance 
structures and operations while offering few benefits for other SBS 
Entities as recognized by one commenter.\1727\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1726\ See, e.g., Barnard, supra note 5 and Better Markets 
(August 2011), supra note 5.
    \1727\ See FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, appropriate CCO qualifications may depend on the 
CCO's functional roles and expertise, and business activities that the 
SBS Entity engage in, particularly for SBS Entities that operate within 
larger consolidated financial institutions with the same CCO. One-size-
fits-all qualification requirements or competency exams would restrict 
the level and type of expertise of CCOs that SBS Entities are

[[Page 30129]]

able to retain, and would require some SBS Entities to remove the 
current CCOs and search for new CCOs meeting the imposed qualification 
requirements. Crucially, it is not clear how many SBS Entities 
currently hire and retain underqualified CCOs. The Commission is not 
requiring any particular level or type of competency or business 
experience for a CCO as part of these final rules. However, as 
discussed in Section II, the Commission believes that an SBS Entity's 
CCO generally should be competent and knowledgeable regarding the 
federal securities laws, empowered with full responsibility and 
authority to develop appropriate policies and procedures for the SBS 
Entity, as necessary, and responsible for monitoring compliance with 
the SBS Entity's policies and procedures adopted pursuant to rules 
under the Exchange Act. Similarly, mandatory quarterly or annual 
meetings with the board or certain committees of SBS Entities, proposed 
by one commenter,\1728\ may not mitigate potential conflicts of 
interest involving CCOs, or facilitate compliance where such conflicts 
or deficiencies stem from board or committee collective action 
problems, weak monitoring or misaligned incentives, instead of a lack 
of communication or information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1728\ See Better Markets (October 2013), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in Section II, commenters disagreed on the relative 
merits of the approach being adopted and the alternatives above.\1729\ 
The above economic effects are not readily amenable to quantification. 
Commenters did not provide data or other information that would 
facilitate quantification of these effects; no such data is publicly 
available. The overall effects of these competing considerations 
regarding the CCO rules being adopted depend on internal governance 
structures of SBS Entities, their organizational complexity, severity 
of the conflicts of interest between SBS Entity CCOs and other 
officers, reliance of existing SBS Entity boards on external executive 
search and compensation consultants, importance of security-based swap 
performance and compliance for SBS Entity profitability and 
counterparty protections, optimal delegation of oversight, and the ways 
in which SBS Entities may restructure their business in response to 
these and other pending substantive Title VII rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1729\ See, e.g., FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5, Better Markets, 
supra note 5; CFA, supra note 5. Also see Section II.I supra.`
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Pay To Play
    Rules 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi) and 15Fh-6 impose a two-year time out period 
after certain political contributions by security-swap dealers and 
certain independent representatives. Rule 15Fh-6(b) generally prohibits 
SBS Dealers from offering to enter into, or entering into, a security-
based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap with a 
municipal entity within two years following any contribution to an 
official of such municipal entity made by the SBS Dealer or any of its 
covered associates. The rule also prohibits SBS Dealers and any covered 
associates from providing or agreeing to provide payment to any person 
to solicit a municipal entity to offer to enter into, or to enter into, 
security-based swaps, unless such person is a regulated person. The 
rule prohibits SBS Dealers and any covered associates from coordinating 
or soliciting any person or political action committee to make 
contributions to officials of a municipal entity, or to a political 
party of a state or locality, with which the SBS Dealer is offering to 
enter into, or has entered into, a security-based swap or a trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap.
    Under Rule 15Fh-6(a)(2) covered associates will include general 
partners, managing members, executive officers or other persons of 
similar status or function; employees who solicit municipal entities to 
enter security-based swaps with an SBS dealer, and all persons directly 
or indirectly supervising such employees; and political action 
committees controlled by such persons or SBS Dealers.
    These final rules also limit political contributions by independent 
representatives in security-based swaps. Under Rule 15Fh-5(a) SBS 
Entities who offer to enter into or enter into a security-based swap 
with a special entity must have a reasonable basis to believe that the 
special entity has a qualified independent representative. Rule 15Fh-
5(a)(1)(vi) provides that in the case of a special entity, a qualified 
independent representative is a person that is subject to rules of the 
Commission, the CFTC or an SRO prohibiting it from engaging in 
specified activities if certain political contributions have been made, 
except where the independent representative is an employee of the 
special entity.
    As discussed in more detail below, our economic analysis of these 
final rules reflects the fact that a large majority of entities 
expected to seek registration as SBS Entities are expected to be dually 
registered and required to comply with similar pay to play rules in 
other markets.
    These final rules are intended to address pay to play relationships 
that may interfere with the process by which municipal entities 
allocate capital to security-based swaps to enhance returns or manage 
risk on behalf of their stakeholders.\1730\ To the extent that these 
final rules reduce the incidence of pay to play practices, municipal 
entities may become less subject to conflicts of interest related to 
political contributions by SBS Dealers. To the extent that conflicts of 
interest related to political contributions may currently be affecting 
capital allocation by municipal entities, resulting in inefficiencies 
from conflicted counterparty or product selection, these rules may 
benefit municipal entities and their stakeholders. Consistent with the 
expected benefits articulated in the proposing release, these rules may 
deter undue influence from SBS dealers and advisors. Therefore, these 
rules may enhance counterparty protections of municipal entities and 
increase allocative efficiency. In addition, these rules may also 
encourage SBS Dealers to compete on the merits of the transaction. 
Similarly, under Rule 15Fh-5 qualified independent representatives of 
special entities in security-based swaps will be employees and 
representatives subject to pay to play rules of the Commission, the 
CFTC or an SRO, such as registered municipal advisors or registered 
investment advisers. To the extent that some special entities may 
currently rely on advisors that are not employees or registered 
investment or municipal advisors, special entities may become less 
affected by potential conflicts of interest of representatives, and 
independent representatives may be encouraged to compete on their 
qualifications, service quality, and cost. These benefits may flow 
through to stakeholders of municipal entities, such as participants in 
public pension plans and taxpayers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1730\ See Proposing Release, 76 FR at 42450, supra note 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that SBS Dealers are currently recovering the costs 
from pay to play practices in the form of higher prices of security-
based swaps, these final rules may decrease transaction costs. We have 
no data or other information on the prevalence of political 
contributions of SBS Dealers, the number and contributions of their 
covered associates, and transaction costs and non-price terms of 
security-based swaps offered for sale to special entities. Such data is 
not publicly available and commenters have not provided data to

[[Page 30130]]

enable such quantification. However, a study by Butler, Fauver and 
Mortal (2009) found that negotiated bid deals had underwriter gross 
spreads of 12-14 basis points (about one-seventh of the mean gross 
spread) higher during the pay-to-play era.\1731\ The study concluded 
that, when underwriting firms were routinely able to make political 
campaign contributions to win underwriting business, gross spreads were 
significantly higher, but only for those deals that were negotiated 
that enable conflicted underwriter selection. This may indicate that, 
absent pay to play rules, offerings subject to conflicts of interest 
related to political contributions may not always be negotiated at 
market rates. Pay to play rules may decrease certain costs to municipal 
entities and their stakeholders, but may increase costs to dealers from 
greater quality based competition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1731\ See Alexander W. Butler, Larry Fauver, and Sandra Mortal, 
Corruption, Political Connections, and Municipal Finance, 22 The 
Review of Financial Studies 28-73 (2009).
     In a theoretical model by Cotton (2012), contributions may 
increase access but not necessarily improve outcomes for some 
agents, while contribution limits decrease rent extraction and may 
encourage more evidence disclosure. See C. Cotton, Pay-to-play 
Politics: Informational Lobbying and Contribution Limits When Money 
Buys Access, 96 Journal of Public Economics 369-386 (2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several caveats apply. While the pay to play regime considered in 
the study above examines the effects of the contribution limits in the 
1994 pay to play reforms, and the contribution thresholds in these 
final rules are comparable in magnitude, we cannot quantify the levels 
at which certain political contributions by SBS Dealers and their 
covered associates may give rise to conflicts of interest. However, we 
note that de minimis thresholds in the final rules have been harmonized 
with existing rules to which Swap Entities and investment advisers are 
subject. We also note that the effect on spreads quantified above has 
been estimated around the adoption of the MSRB pay to play rule. These 
final rules follow pay to play rules adopted by the MSRB, the CFTC and 
the Commission. In light of extensive cross-market participation and 
expected dual registration of some entities, the economic effects of 
these final rules may be smaller than those discussed above, if some 
SBS Dealers and other market participants have already restructured 
their business practices in security-based swap markets as a result of 
existing pay to play rules in other markets.
    Finally, the two-year time out may disincentivize direct political 
contributions to certain officials by SBS Dealers and their covered 
associates. To the extent that SBS Dealers and covered associates may 
increase contributions to other entities, such as 501(c) organizations 
\1732\ or independent expenditure committees, which are not subject to 
these final rules, and to the extent these other expenditures may 
facilitate ongoing pay to play practices, the above benefits may be 
reduced.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1732\ See, e.g., McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 134 
S.Ct. 1434, 1460 (2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the pay to play rule, SBS Dealers will incur costs, 
including costs of establishing and implementing policies and 
procedures to monitor the political contributions made by the SBS 
Dealer and its covered associates. As indicated in Section V, pay to 
play rules will require collection of information regarding political 
contributions of SBS Dealers and their covered associates, which may 
cost up to $3,515,000 for all dealers.\1733\ Additionally, as discussed 
in Section V above, SBS Dealers may incur one-time initial costs to 
establish or enhance current systems to assist in their compliance with 
the rule, estimated at up to $5,000,000 for all SBS Dealers.\1734\ 
Compliance costs imposed by the rule are expected to vary significantly 
among SBS Dealers, depending on, among other things, the number of 
covered associates and the supervisory structure of the SBS Dealer; the 
degree to which compliance procedures are automated (such as policies 
and procedures requiring pre-clearance); and the extent to which the 
SBS Dealer may already have policies and procedures guiding political 
contributions under ethics or compliance programs. Smaller SBS Dealers, 
for example, would likely have a small number of covered associates, 
and thus expend fewer resources to comply with the proposed rule. 
However, to the extent that the cost of developing policies and 
procedures may have a high fixed cost component, smaller SBS dealers 
may incur costs that represent a higher percentage of net income. 
Lastly, these costs will be greater for SBS Dealers with multiple 
layers of supervision and a higher number of covered associates with 
shorter tenures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1733\ Initial cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 
9,250 hours = $3,515,000. This figure may overestimate the initial 
cost burden on some SBS Dealers if some of the functions are 
performed by in-house compliance managers instead of in-house 
attorneys.
    \1734\ In the Advisers Act pay to play rule, the Commission 
estimated that firms with over 15 covered associates incur, on 
average, $100,000 startup costs. Assuming all SBS Dealers will have 
over 15 covered associates, the initial cost is estimated at: 50 SBS 
Dealers x $100,000 = $5,000,000. See Advisers Act Pay-to-Play 
Release, supra note 1100 (adopting Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the final rules, the two-year time out on SBS dealing with 
municipal entities is triggered when any of the covered associates has 
contributed in excess of the de minimis thresholds. While developing 
and implementing policies and procedures related to political 
contributions and training covered associates may mitigate this risk, 
some SBS Dealers may still trigger the time out despite these measures 
due to contributions by one of their covered associates.
    Such SBS Dealers will incur costs from the loss of business with 
municipal entities. We note that the final rules contain a safe harbor 
for contributions by natural persons that predate the date of becoming 
a covered associate by more than 6 months, if such associates do not 
solicit municipal entities on behalf of the SBS Dealer. Further, if the 
SBS Dealer discovers the triggering contribution under $350 within 4 
months and secures a return of funds within 60 days, the prohibition 
will not apply. In response to commenter concerns,\1735\ and consistent 
with Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-5, the final rules provide up to two such 
exemptions per year for dealers with 50 or fewer covered associates, 
and up to three such exemptions for dealers with over 50 covered 
associates. We do not have data or other information concerning the 
number of general partners, managing members, executive officers or 
other persons of similar status and function in SBS Entities; the 
number of employees that solicit municipal entities to enter security-
based swaps with SBS Dealers; SBS Dealer supervisory structures for 
such employees; or political action committees controlled by such 
persons or SBS Dealers. However, the Commission has previously 
estimated that as many as 423 natural persons may associate with each 
SBS Dealer.\1736\ Therefore, we believe that many SBS Entities are 
likely to be able to take advantage of up to 3 annual exemptions 
against inadvertent violations described above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1735\ FIA/ISDA/SIFMA, supra note 5.
    \1736\ See Rule of Practice 194 Proposing Release, 80 FR at 
51710.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules also allow SBS Dealers to file applications for 
exemptive relief, and outline a list of items to be addressed, 
including, whether the SBS Dealer has developed policies and procedures 
to monitor political contributions; the steps taken after discovery of 
the contribution; and the apparent intent in making the

[[Page 30131]]

contribution based on the facts and circumstances of each case. These 
safe harbors, combined with the ability to apply for exemptive relief, 
may partly mitigate the direct and indirect costs of SBS Dealers 
triggering the timeout and being precluded from dealing with municipal 
entities.
    As discussed in Section V, the incidence of exemptive relief 
related to MSRB Rule G-37 and the number of applications the Commission 
has received under the Adviser's act pay to play rules may be 
indicative of possible applications for exemptive relief under these 
final rules. Recognizing that this is an estimate, we conservatively 
estimate that the Commission may receive up to two applications for 
exemptive relief per year with respect to pay to play rules,\1737\ at a 
total ongoing cost of $25,600 per year.\1738\
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    \1737\ FINRA has granted 17 exemptive letters related to Rule G-
37 between 1/2005 and 12/2015 (11 years) http://www.finra.org/industry/exemptive-letters. As of 1/2016 there were 665 SEC 
registered muni advisers http://www.sec.gov/help/foia-docs-muniadvisorshtm.html. Using these figures, we obtain an estimate of 
(17 applications/11 years) x (50 SBS Dealers/665) = 0.117 
applications per year.
    In addition, the Commission has received 13 applications under 
the Adviser's act (since the compliance date, approximately 4 
years). As of 2/2016 there were 11,959 registered investment 
advisers filing form ADV https://www.sec.gov/foia/docs/invafoia.htm. 
Using these figures, (13 applications/4 years) x (50 SBS Dealers/
11,959) = 0.014 applications per year.
    \1738\ Ongoing cost: (Outside counsel at $400 per hour x 32 
hours per application x 2) = $25,600.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Costs of compliance with the final pay to play rules may be 
recovered by SBS Dealers in the form of higher costs of security-based 
swaps offered to municipal entities. If the costs are significant and 
cannot be fully recovered from counterparties some SBS Dealers may 
limit their security-based swap transactions with municipal entities 
and reduce their access to OTC security-based swaps. However, the pay-
to-play rules do not apply to security-based swaps executed on national 
registered exchanges or SEFs, where the security-based swap dealer does 
not know the identity of the counterparty to the transaction at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution to permit the security-
based swap dealer to comply. Therefore, municipal entities will retain 
access to more liquid and standardized security-based swaps executed on 
SEFs or registered national exchanges, and will continue to be able to 
rely on security-based swaps as a tool for risk mitigation.
    Once SBS Dealers have to comply with the rule, to the extent that 
SBS Dealers currently engaging in pay to play practices enjoy a 
competitive advantage over SBS Dealers that are not, they may lose some 
of their business with municipal entities and related profits. However, 
other SBS Dealers that do not currently engage in pay to play practices 
may win business, and SBS Dealers may begin to seek competitive 
advantages through lower transaction costs, more customized security-
based swaps, or superior execution, benefitting municipal entity 
counterparties.
    If some SBS Dealers currently intermediating a significant volume 
of transactions with municipal entities trigger the two-year time out, 
it could limit the number of SBS Dealers able to offer to enter into or 
enter into security-based swaps with municipal entities. However, the 
lost market share is likely to be picked up by other SBS Dealers. The 
presence and direction of any economic effects would depend on the 
number of SBS Dealers that trigger the time outs; the market power of 
the prohibited SBS Dealers; the market power of SBS Dealers that may be 
able to step in; and the importance of bilateral relationships. 
Further, municipal entities will continue to have unconstrained access 
to security-based swaps transacted through SEFs or registered national 
security exchanges.
    The Commission recognizes that these rules impose restrictions on 
persons that can represent special entities in security-based swap 
transactions of special entities with SBS Entities. As discussed in 
Section II.H.6.f, under Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi), qualified independent 
representatives of special entities must be subject to pay to play 
rules of the Commission, the CFTC or an SRO, except where the 
independent representative is an employee of the special entity. If 
special entities currently rely on advisors not subject to pay to play 
rules, or do not rely on independent advisors in their transactions 
with SBS Entities in security-based swaps, they will incur costs 
related to retaining qualified independent representatives. These costs 
will depend on the type of advisor search the special entity would 
choose to perform, the special entity's ability to delegate such 
functions to current employees, and labor market conditions for 
qualified independent representatives. Table 2 of the economic baseline 
shows that the overwhelming majority of special entities transact 
through SEC registered investment advisers already subject to similar 
pay to play rules under the Adviser's Act. Special entities that do not 
transact through SEC registered investment advisers likely rely on 
municipal advisors subject to MSRB rules or employees in their 
transactions with SBS Entities. While we have no data or other 
information to enable us to identify what fraction of advisors 
representing special entities would meet the qualified independent 
representative requirements of these final rules, the above 
considerations indicate that costs of pay to play rules for independent 
representatives of special entities may be mitigated.
    However, the Commission recognizes that, to the extent that some 
representatives currently intermediating special entity transactions 
with SBS Entities would be prohibited from advising special entities 
under these final rules, some representatives may incur costs related 
to loss of business, and competition among qualified independent 
representatives of special entities may decrease. At the same time, 
representatives prohibited from such activities under these final rules 
may seek to register as SEC registered investment advisers, MSRB 
registered municipal advisors or special entity employees, becoming 
subject to pay to play rules referenced in Rule 15Fh-5(a)(1)(vi) and 
continuing to represent special entities in compliance with these final 
rules. Therefore, the overall effect of pay to play rules on 
competition among qualified independent representatives of special 
entities is unclear.
    As a result of the two-year time out and other pay to play 
requirements, SBS Dealers transacting with municipal entities, as well 
as covered associates of SBS Dealers, may be less likely to make 
certain political contributions and payments to political parties at or 
above de minimis thresholds. This may result in a decrease in funding 
by SBS Dealers and their covered associates for such campaigns through 
direct contributions and political action committees. However, to the 
extent that the two-year time out may disincentivize direct 
contributions, SBS Dealers and covered associates may turn to other 
avenues of political speech, such as contributing unlimited amounts to 
501(c) organizations or independent expenditure committees, which are 
not required to disclose donors and are not prohibited under these 
final rules.\1739\ Therefore, the overall effect of these final rules 
on the aggregate volume of political contributions by SBS Dealers and 
their covered associates to campaigns is unclear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1739\ See, e.g., McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 134 
S.Ct. 1434, 1460 (2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As clarified in Section II, the Commission is adopting an approach, 
under which these prohibitions will not be triggered for an SBS Dealer 
or any of

[[Page 30132]]

its covered associates by contributions made before the SBS Dealer 
registered with the Commission as such. We also note that these 
prohibitions will not apply to contributions made before the compliance 
date of the rule by newly covered associates to which the look back 
applies. At the same time, if individuals who later become covered 
associates make a triggering contribution on or after the compliance 
date of this rule, the contribution would trigger the two-year time out 
if it were made less than, as applicable, six months or two years 
before the individual became a newly covered associate.
    We have also considered the alternative, under which dealers would 
enjoy a safe harbor where the municipal entity is represented by a 
qualified independent representative, as proposed by one 
commenter.\1740\ Such an alternative would lower the scope of entities 
and transactions affected by the pay to play prohibitions. As discussed 
in earlier sections and discussed in the economic baseline, 
approximately 98% of special entities rely on investment advisers in 
their CDS transactions. While we do not have data or information 
allowing us to conclude whether these investment advisers would be 
considered independent qualified representatives under our final rules, 
this alternative has the potential to substantially reduce the scope of 
application of the pay to play rules. While this may reduce direct and 
indirect costs of pay to play rules for SBS Dealers, this may also 
reduce their benefits, if qualified independent advisor representation 
does not fully resolve conflicts of interest related to prohibited 
political contributions by SBS Dealers and covered associates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1740\ See SIFMA (August 2011), supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we have considered the alternative of increasing or 
decreasing the number of exemptions for inadvertent violations. The 
ability of SBS Dealers to cure reduces the risk that some SBS Dealers 
may trigger a two-year timeout as a result of inadvertent violations 
due to prohibited contributions by covered associates, related losses, 
and potential adverse effects on competition and market liquidity. At 
the same time, increasing the number of automatic exceptions available 
to SBS Dealers decreases their incentives to monitor their and their 
covered associates' political contributions, and may facilitate ongoing 
pay to play practices. We also note that, under the rules being 
adopted, in addition to such automatic exceptions, SBS Dealers would be 
able to apply with the Commission for exemptive relief.
    We do not have data or any other information concerning the sizes, 
donors and recipients of political contributions of entities that may 
trigger SBS Dealer registration and covered associates. No such 
information is publicly available, and commenters did not provide data 
enabling such quantification. Therefore, we cannot quantify the 
magnitude of the above effects.
8. Scope
a. Inter-Affiliate Transactions
    The final business conduct rules are designed to facilitate 
counterparty protections, reduce information asymmetries, and enable 
Commission oversight. However, as discussed in Sections V and VI above, 
these final rules impose direct and indirect compliance costs, and may 
erode SBS Entities' profitability of dealing in security-based swaps, 
which may reduce the incentive for dealers to intermediate SBS 
transactions and provide liquidity to end users. We recognize, however, 
that some market participants, such as complex and diversified 
corporations or institutions, may in the regular course of business 
enter into inter-affiliate security-based swaps to manage risk inside a 
corporate group or to transfer risk to a treasury department or central 
affiliate.
    When the economic interests of those affiliates are aligned 
adequately, as would be found in the case of majority-ownership, such 
security-based swaps serve to allocate or transfer risks within an 
affiliated group, rather than to move those risks out of the group to 
an unaffiliated third party. Therefore, the application of these final 
business conduct rules to security-based swaps that SBS Entities enter 
into with majority-owned affiliates is unlikely to yield enhanced 
counterparty protections as discussed above. At the same time, SBS 
Entities would incur costs related to compliance with these final rules 
for such transactions. Therefore, the exclusion of such transactions 
may avoid costs that are less likely to be offset by the economic 
benefits considered above. Further, the CFTC excludes such swaps from 
substantive business conduct requirements for Swap Entities. Imposing 
these rules with respect to such security-based swaps would increase 
the relative costs of transacting in security-based swap markets, 
including single-name CDS, and swap markets, including index CDS. Such 
an approach may fragment an otherwise integrated market and could lead 
to a flight of liquidity to swap markets, with follow on effects on 
market liquidity and price discovery. As indicated earlier, Rule 15Fh-
1(a) specifies that security-based swaps that SBS Entities enter into 
with the majority-owned affiliates will be excluded from Rules 15Fh-
3(a) through 15Fh-3(f), 240.15Fh-4(b) and 240.15Fh-5. We note that CCO 
and supervision rules will continue to apply to dealers engaging in 
such swaps.
b. Opt Out
    These final rules are intended to strengthen counterparty 
protections, reduce informational asymmetries between SBS Entities and 
their counterparties, and enhance Commission oversight over security-
based swap markets. We recognize the inherent heterogeneity in the 
level of general sophistication and informedness specific to security-
based swaps of various counterparties of SBS Entities, as suggested by 
some commenters.\1741\ The final rules do not allow counterparties of 
SBS Entities to opt out from some or all of the substantive business 
conduct requirements, such as disclosures of material characteristics, 
risks, conflicts of interest, incentives and clearing rights; 
suitability assessments or pay to play rules. As a result, more 
sophisticated and better informed counterparties of SBS Entities may 
enjoy few benefits, but may incur costs from these final rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1741\ See, e.g., CalSTRS, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rules reflect these competing considerations through a 
reliance on representations approach, and in safe harbors and 
alternatives, such as the institutional suitability alternative for 
customer-specific suitability and the independent advisor safe harbor 
for SBS Entities advising special entities. Further, some of the 
requirements, such as pre-trade disclosures of material incentives, 
risks and characteristics, will not apply to counterparties that are 
themselves SBS or Swap Entities. Yet other rules impose requirements on 
SBS Dealers, but not on Major SBS Participants, recognizing the central 
role of dealers as intermediaries in security-based swap markets. 
Finally, as discussed throughout the release, many of these final 
business conduct requirements are harmonized with CFTC and FINRA 
conduct rules, which do not allow counterparties to opt out of these or 
similar protections.
    We also note that if counterparties are able to opt-out of some or 
all of the substantive requirements, SBS Entities may have an incentive 
to require opt-out of these final rules prior to transacting

[[Page 30133]]

with their counterparties, or cease business with such counterparties. 
This effect is more likely to be present for SBS Entity--counterparty 
relationships, in which counterparties have the least bargaining power, 
such as less sophisticated counterparties that do not regularly access 
security-based swap markets, do not have established relationships with 
multiple dealers, and engage in low volumes of security-based swap 
activity. This may result in smaller, less sophisticated and less 
informed counterparties, which are ex ante most likely to benefit from 
the disclosures and protections in these final rules, opting out of 
business conduct rules or risking the loss of access to OTC security-
based swaps if opt out was permitted. However, we recognize that the 
ability of counterparties to opt out of these final rules would give 
such entities greater flexibility in structuring their relationships 
with SBS Entities relative to the approach being adopted, and allow 
them to trade off the benefits of counterparty protections and 
information benefits of these final rules against potentially greater 
costs and lower liquidity in SBS Entity intermediated OTC security-
based swaps under these final business conduct standards.
    Finally, these economic considerations are attenuated by the fact 
that many of the final rules are not applicable to if the SBS Entity 
does not know the identity of the counterparty at a reasonably 
sufficient time prior to the execution of the transaction to permit the 
SBS Entity to comply with the obligations of the rule and, in certain 
instances, the transaction is executed on a registered national 
exchange or a registered or exempt SEF.
9. Cross-Border Application
    As the Commission has indicated in other releases,\1742\ security-
based swap markets are global, and market data presented in the 
economic baseline demonstrates extensive cross-border participation in 
security-based swap markets. For instance, Figure 1 shows that, based 
on DTCC-TIW data for 2014, approximately half of all new accounts 
participating in the market are accounts with a domicile outside the 
U.S. Viewed from the perspective of the domiciles of the counterparties 
booking credit default swap (``CDS'') transactions, approximately 48 
percent of price forming North American corporate single-name CDS 
transactions from January 2008 to December 2014 were cross-border 
transactions between a U.S.-domiciled counterparty and a foreign-
domiciled counterparty, and an additional 40 percent of such CDS 
transactions were between two foreign-domiciled counterparties (see 
Figure 3). Thus, only 12 percent of the global transaction volume by 
notional volume between 2008 and 2014 was between two U.S.-domiciled 
counterparties, using registered office location of the TIW accounts to 
identify domiciles. Together, these data indicate that cross-border 
transactions are a common feature of dealing activity in the security-
based swap market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1742\ See, e.g., Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47280, 
supra note 684; U.S. Activity Proposing Release, 80 FR at 27454.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, SBS Dealers and other counterparties are highly 
interconnected, with most dealers transacting with hundreds of 
counterparties, and most non-dealers transacting with several 
dealers.\1743\ The global scale of the security-based swap market 
allows counterparties to access liquidity across jurisdictional 
boundaries, providing market participants with opportunities to share 
these risks with counterparties around the world. Because dealers 
facilitate the great majority of security-based swap transactions, with 
bilateral relationships that extend to potentially thousands of 
counterparties, deficiencies in SBS Dealer disclosures, recommendations 
of unsuitable security-based swaps, and informational asymmetries may 
affect a large number of counterparties and have potentially 
significant cross-border implications.
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    \1743\ Based on an analysis of 2014 DTCC-TIW transaction data, 
accounts likely to register with the Commission as SBS Dealers have 
on average 759 unique counterparties (a median of 453 unique 
counterparties). All other accounts (i.e., those more likely to 
belong to non-dealers) averaged four unique counterparties (a median 
of three counterparties).
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a. Scope of Application to SBS Entities
    As discussed in Section III, business conduct requirements fall 
into two categories: Entity-level business conduct requirements, such 
as CCO rules and supervision, and transaction-level requirements, such 
as disclosure and suitability. The final rules create certain 
exceptions from application of the transaction-level business conduct 
requirements to registered SBS Dealers and Major SBS Participants in 
certain transactions. With respect to SBS Dealers, these transaction-
level requirements will apply to any transaction that constitutes an 
SBS Dealer's U.S. business but not to any transaction that constitutes 
its foreign business. For U.S. SBS Dealers, U.S. business includes all 
of their transactions, except for certain transactions conducted 
through a foreign branch. For foreign SBS Dealers, U.S. business 
includes all of their transactions with U.S. persons (except for 
certain transactions conducted through a foreign branch of a U.S.-
person counterparty) and transactions captured by the U.S. Activity 
Test (i.e., transactions with another non-U.S. person that the foreign 
SBS Dealer arranges, negotiates, or executes using personnel located in 
a U.S. branch or office).
    The final rule creates a slightly different exception for Major SBS 
Participants. U.S. Major SBS Participants must comply with the business 
conduct requirements in all their transactions, except for certain 
transactions conducted through a foreign branch, and foreign Major SBS 
Participants must comply with the requirements in their transactions 
with U.S. persons, except for certain transactions conducted through a 
foreign branch. Under the final rule, the exception for foreign Major 
SBS Participants does not incorporate a U.S. Activity Test.
    In considering the economic effects of this cross-border approach, 
we recognize that the economic baseline reflects markets as they exist 
today, in which compliance with business conduct standards for 
security-based swaps is not required. Therefore, these final business 
conduct rules will apply with respect to security-based swap 
transactions intermediated by SBS Entities where they currently do not. 
Under Exchange Act Section 15F, these requirements apply to registered 
SBS Entities by virtue of their registration with the Commission and, 
in the absence of any exceptions to the requirements, would apply to 
all business of a registered SBS Entity. However, final Exchange Act 
rules 3a71-3(c) and 3a67-10(d) create certain exceptions, as described 
above, that limit the application of these requirements to a subset of 
the transactions of a registered SBS Entity. For example, a foreign SBS 
Dealer transacting with a foreign counterparty will not be subject to 
Title VII transaction-level business conduct requirements if the 
foreign SBS Dealer does not rely on personnel located in the United 
States to arrange, negotiate or execute the swap, including with 
respect to transactions in which the foreign SBS Dealer's counterparty 
may have relied on personnel located in the United States.
    However, we recognize that the inclusion of the U.S. Activity Test 
in the definition of ``U.S. business'' for foreign

[[Page 30134]]

dealers may increase the set of transactions that will be required to 
comply with these final business conduct rules, relative to the 
alternative under which foreign dealers transacting with foreign 
counterparties are not subject to these final rules. We also recognize 
that capturing transactions of foreign SBS Entities with U.S. persons 
may increase the set of transactions subject to the final business 
conduct rules as compared to the alternative of not capturing such 
transactions.
    The final cross-border approach to the scope of the final business 
conduct requirements may produce several benefits. First, classifying 
certain rules, such as diligent supervision and CCO rules, as entity-
level requirements that apply to the entire security-based swap 
business of the registered SBS Entity may facilitate Commission 
oversight of registered SBS Entities and enhance compliance with 
federal securities laws and Commission rules. For example, as discussed 
in Section III and in the Cross-Border Proposing Release, supervision 
and CCO rules are aimed at mitigating conflicts of interest and 
enhancing compliance with securities laws, rules and regulations 
thereunder by the entire registered SBS Entity. The Commission 
continues to recognize that relevant conflicts of interest and non-
compliance may arise as a result of transactions comprising an SBS 
Entity's foreign business. Further, we note that CCO duties include 
establishing, maintaining, and reviewing policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to ensure compliance with applicable Exchange Act 
requirements that apply to the SBS Entity as a whole. As discussed in 
Section III, the Commission is applying diligent supervision and CCO 
duties rules at the entity level.
    Second, by imposing transaction-level requirements on transactions 
of SBS Entities with U.S.-person counterparties, subject to a tailored 
foreign branch exception, these final rules result in disclosure, 
suitability, fair and balanced communications and special entity 
requirements, among others, applying to transactions that are 
particularly likely to raise the types of counterparty protection and 
other concerns addressed by Title VII business conduct requirements, 
whether carried out by U.S. or foreign SBS Entities. Specifically, this 
approach to security-based swap transactions between registered SBS 
Entities and U.S. persons may potentially enhance the expected 
counterparty protection, reduce information asymmetry, and facilitate 
Commission oversight benefits of these final rules to the U.S. 
security-based swap market.
    Third, requiring registered foreign SBS Dealers (but not Major SBS 
Participants) to comply with business conduct requirements with respect 
to any transaction with another non-U.S.-person counterparty that the 
foreign SBS Dealer arranges, negotiates, or executes using personnel 
located in the United States will facilitate more uniform regulatory 
treatment of the security-based swap activity of registered SBS Dealers 
operating in the United States, mitigating potential competitive 
distortions.\1744\ Although applying other business conduct frameworks 
(such as broker-dealer regulation) to this activity may achieve similar 
regulatory goals, the availability of exceptions, exclusions and safe 
harbors may mean that alternative frameworks may not apply to certain 
business structures used by registered SBS Dealers to carry out their 
business in the United States.\1745\ Moreover, these alternative 
frameworks may apply only to the U.S. intermediary of the foreign SBS 
Dealer and not to the SBS Dealer itself. These final rules will avoid 
these differences in application, along with the potential competitive 
disparities they may create, by subjecting all registered SBS Dealers 
engaged in transactions captured by the U.S. Activity test to the same 
business conduct framework, including, among others, disclosure, 
suitability, and fair and balanced communication rules. Applying 
business conduct rules to all security-based swap trades arranged, 
negotiated or executed by personnel located in the U.S. also may reduce 
disparities between U.S. and foreign SBS Dealers competing for business 
with the same foreign counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1744\ We recognize that, depending on the business structure 
that a registered U.S. or foreign SBS Dealer employs, an 
intermediary (such as an agent that is a registered broker-dealer) 
may already be subject to certain business conduct requirements with 
respect to the SBS Dealer's counterparty in the transaction. 
However, we continue to believe that it may be important that 
registered SBS Dealers themselves are subject to these final 
business conduct requirements with respect to security-based swap 
transactions that are part of their U.S. business. Because SBS 
Dealers and their agents may allocate between themselves specific 
responsibilities in connection with these business conduct 
requirements, to the extent that these requirements overlap with 
requirements applicable directly to the agent (for example, in its 
capacity as a broker), and the SBS Dealer allocates responsibility 
for complying with relevant requirements to its agent, we expect any 
increase in costs arising from the proposed rules may be mitigated.
    \1745\ For example, Exchange Act section 3(a)(4)(B) excepts 
banks from the definition of ``broker'' with respect to certain 
activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that foreign SBS Dealers transacting with foreign 
counterparties may be subject to foreign regulations in addition to 
these final rules, giving rise to potentially duplicative compliance 
costs, pointed out by commenters.\1746\ However, as discussed in 
Section III above, the Commission believes that requiring registered 
foreign SBS Dealers to comply with the transaction-level business 
conduct requirements with respect to these transactions may enhance 
transparency, strengthen counterparty protections, and integrity of the 
U.S. security-based swap market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1746\ See, e.g., IIB (July 2015), supra note 10; ISDA (July 
2015), supra note 10; SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10; SIFMA/
FSR (July 2015), supra note 10, commenting on the U.S. Activity 
Proposing Release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the Commission is adopting a framework that would 
potentially permit foreign SBS Dealers to satisfy their requirements 
with respect to certain of the business conduct requirements by 
complying with comparable requirements of a foreign jurisdiction. 
Therefore, foreign SBS Dealers engaged in U.S. Activity may be able to 
comply with these final rules by complying with foreign jurisdictions' 
rules and regulations, to the extent that the Commission makes 
substituted compliance determinations and the other prerequisites to 
substituted compliance have been satisfied. This may mitigate the 
potential for conflicting requirements and duplication in compliance 
costs. We recognize that there will be limits to the availability of 
substituted compliance, including the possibility that substituted 
compliance may be permitted with regard to some requirements and not 
others, or that, in certain circumstances, substituted compliance may 
not be permitted with respect to any requirements with regard to a 
particular jurisdiction depending on our assessment of the 
comparability of the relevant foreign requirements and the availability 
of supervisory and enforcement arrangements among the Commission and 
relevant foreign financial regulatory authorities. However, the 
Commission does not believe it would be appropriate to permit foreign 
security-based swap dealers to satisfy these final business conduct 
requirements by complying with foreign requirements when the 
prerequisites to substituted compliance have not been satisfied.\1747\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1747\ See Section III, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As we noted earlier, these rules limit the scope of application of 
these final business conduct requirements by excluding certain 
transactions of registered foreign and U.S. SBS Entities from the 
requirements. However, as we have also noted, relative to the baseline,

[[Page 30135]]

final Exchange Act rules 3a71-3(c) and 3a67-10(d), together with the 
substantive rules being adopted in this release, should result in an 
increase in costs and benefits from the baseline. Specifically, the 
final approach to cross-border application of the final business 
conduct rules may increase assessment and programmatic costs of 
registered SBS Dealers, but may also increase related counterparty 
protections, reduce informational asymmetries and enhance Commission 
oversight.
    With respect to assessment costs, registered SBS Entities likely 
will establish systems to identify transactions that are subject to the 
business conduct requirements. Foreign SBS Entities will need to 
establish systems to identify transactions with U.S. persons (including 
whether the transaction is conducted through a foreign branch of that 
person), and foreign SBS Dealers will need to establish systems to 
identify transactions falling within the U.S. Activity Test. Similarly, 
U.S. SBS Entities will incur additional assessment costs related to 
identifying their own transactions conducted through a foreign branch, 
including such transactions with U.S.-person counterparties that 
constitute transactions conducted through a foreign branch of those 
U.S.-person counterparties. Most of the assessment costs with respect 
to analysis and systems to track transactions have been evaluated in 
connection with other Commission rules; therefore, our economic 
baseline includes all registered SBS Entities have those systems in 
place. For instance, in the Cross-Border Adopting Release, the 
Commission estimated foreign SBS Entity assessment costs with respect 
to systems tracking transactions with U.S. persons for purposes of 
counting transactions toward the major security-based swap participant 
position thresholds and the security-based swap dealer de minimis 
thresholds.\1748\ Similarly, in the U.S. Activity Adopting Release, the 
Commission evaluated the assessment costs to SBS Dealers related to 
including transactions falling within the U.S. Activity Test in a non-
U.S. person's dealer de minimis requirements.\1749\ Once registered, 
these SBS Entities will be able to use these systems in connection with 
identifying whether a transaction is subject to the transaction-level 
business conduct requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1748\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47332-34 
(evaluating foreign SBS Dealer assessment costs with respect to 
systems tracking transactions with U.S. persons); id. at 47353-54 
(evaluating foreign Major SBS Participant assessment costs with 
respect to systems tracking transactions with U.S. persons). In that 
release, the foreign branch exception applied only to U.S. banks 
that were themselves registered SBS Dealers, and our evaluation of 
analysis costs borne by such persons were based on a system that 
would evaluate whether a counterparty was a U.S. person, whether 
that counterparty was transacting through a foreign branch, and 
whether that counterparty was a registered SBS Dealer, among other 
things. See, e.g., Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47353. 
Because the analysis to determine whether the transaction-level 
business conduct requirements apply in a transaction by a foreign 
SBS Entity with a U.S. person involve only a determination whether 
the counterparty is a U.S. person and whether it is transacting 
through a foreign branch, we believe that the system whose costs 
were estimated in these prior releases should be sufficient for the 
analysis required by foreign SBS Entities under these rules.
    \1749\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8627 
(evaluating assessment costs to SBS Dealers with respect to systems 
for tracking transactions arising from U.S. activity).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, in addition to these previously evaluated costs, U.S. SBS 
Entities conducting business through a foreign branch will need to 
classify their counterparties and transactions to determine whether 
business conduct transaction-level requirements apply. We believe that 
the costs to a U.S. SBS Entity of creating systems to identify 
transactions it conducts through a foreign branch with U.S.-person 
counterparties and to determine whether any such transactions are 
conducted through the foreign branch of its U.S.-person counterparties 
may be similar to costs associated with the systems that foreign 
persons are likely to establish to perform the dealer de minimis or 
major participant threshold calculations. In both cases such systems 
would have to flag a person's security-based swaps against the specific 
criteria embedded in the final rules. Based on the methodology set out 
in the Cross-Border Adopting Release for estimating costs of systems 
designed to identify similar criteria,\1750\ we estimate these 
assessment costs may include one-time programming costs of $14,904 and 
ongoing annual costs of $16,612 per SBS Entity.\1751\ Based on a review 
of DTCC-TIW data relating to single-name CDS activity in 2014, we 
estimate that up to 5 U.S. SBS Dealers conducted dealing activity 
through foreign branches, and we conservatively estimate that there may 
be as many as 5 U.S. Major SBS Participants. Assuming that all ten of 
these U.S. SBS Entities elected to establish a system to identify 
transactions conducted through a foreign branch or conducted through 
the foreign branch of their U.S. counterparties, the total assessment 
costs associated with our final business conduct rules would be 
approximately $149,040 in one-time annual programming costs and 
$166,120 in ongoing annual costs.\1752\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1750\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR 47332, note 681. 
See also Definitions Adopting Release, 77 FR 30734-35, note 107.
    \1751\ In the Definitions Adopting Release, we estimated that 
the one-time programming costs of $13,692 per entity and annual 
ongoing assessment costs of $15,268. See Definitions Adopting 
Release, 77 FR 30734-35, and accompanying text (providing an 
explanation of the methodology used to estimate these costs). The 
hourly cost figures in the Definitions Adopting Release for the 
positions of Compliance Attorney, Compliance Manager, Programmer 
Analyst, and Senior Internal Auditor were based on data from SIFMA's 
Management & Professional Earnings in the Securities Industry 2010.
    For purposes of the cost estimates in this release, we have 
updated these figures with more recent data as follows: The figure 
for a Compliance Attorney is $334/hour, the figure for a Compliance 
Manager is $283/hour, the figure for a Programmer Analyst is $220/
hour, and the figure for a Senior Internal Auditor is $209/hour, 
each from SIFMA's Management & Professional Earnings in the 
Securities Industry 2013, modified by SEC staff to account for an 
1800-hour work-year and multiplied by 5.35 to account for bonuses, 
firm size, employee benefits, and overhead. We also have updated the 
Definitions Adopting Release's $464/hour figure for a Chief 
Financial Officer, which was based on 2011 data, with a revised 
figure of $500/hour, for a Chief Financial Officer with five years 
of experience in New York, that is from http://www.payscale.com, 
modified by Commission staff to account for an 1800-hour work-year 
and multiplied by 5.35 to account for bonuses, firm size, employee 
benefits, and overhead. See http://www.payscale.com (last visited 
Apr. 16, 2014).
    Incorporating these new cost figures, the updated one-time 
programming costs based upon our assumptions regarding the number of 
hours required in the Definitions Adopting Release would be $14,904 
per entity, i.e., (Compliance Attorney at $334 per hour for 2 hours) 
+ (Compliance Manager at $283 per hour for 8 hours) + (Programmer 
Analyst at $220 per hour for 40 hours) + (Senior Internal Auditor at 
$209 per hour for 8 hours) + (Chief Financial Officer at $500 per 
hour for 3 hours) = $14,904, and the annual ongoing costs would be 
$16,612 per entity, i.e., ((Senior Internal Auditor at $209 per hour 
for 16 hours) + Compliance Attorney at $334 per hour for 4 hours) + 
(Compliance Manager at $283 per hour for 4 hours) + (Chief Financial 
Officer at $500 per hour for 4 hours) + (Programmer Analyst at $220 
per hour for 40 hours) = $16,612).
    \1752\ One-time annual programming cost: $14,904 x 10 U.S. SBS 
Entities = $149,040. Ongoing annual cost: $16,612 x 10 U.S. SBS 
Entities = $166,120.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As recognized in Section III above, SBS Entities would be permitted 
to rely on certain representations provided to them by their U.S. bank 
counterparties regarding whether a transaction is conducted through a 
foreign branch. Initial costs to the U.S. bank counterparties of 
developing related representations are estimated at $195,000.\1753\ 
Aggregate ongoing costs to the U.S. bank counterparties of 
representations are estimated at approximately $190,000 per year.\1754\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1753\ Initial cost: Outside counsel $100,000 + ((Attorney at 
$380 per hour) x 250 hours = $95,000) = $195,000).
    \1754\ Ongoing cost: (In-house attorney at $380 per hour) x 500 
hours = $190,000.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 30136]]

    This scope of transactions subject to business conduct requirements 
may also affect the programmatic costs incurred by participants in 
security-based swap markets. For entities already required to register 
as SBS Entities under current rules, this rule may increase the set of 
transactions and counterparties to which they must apply business 
conduct requirements, relative to the baseline under which no business 
conduct requirements apply. We continue to recognize that requiring 
compliance of foreign SBS Dealers transacting with foreign 
counterparties where transactions were arranged, negotiated or executed 
by personnel located in the United States may discourage reliance by 
foreign SBS Entities on personnel located in the United States. Some 
foreign SBS Dealers transacting with foreign counterparties may choose 
to relocate their personnel outside of the United States, or replace 
personnel located in the United States with personnel not located in 
the United States to avoid compliance with these final rules. To the 
extent that these final rules may increase the costs of foreign SBS 
Entities, or influence competition between U.S. and foreign SBS 
Dealers, the terms of security-based swaps intermediated by foreign SBS 
Dealers may deteriorate and foreign SBS Dealers may become less willing 
to intermediate security-based swap transactions. The approach taken in 
this rule may mitigate some of the commenter concerns with the initial 
proposal by focusing only on the location of the foreign dealer's or 
its agent's market-facing personnel, and not the location of its 
counterparties' activity.\1755\ Further, these final rules allow for 
the possibility of substituted compliance for foreign SBS Dealers, 
including in connection with their security-based swap activity with 
foreign counterparties. Therefore, as discussed above, these costs may 
be incurred primarily by foreign SBS Entities subject to less stringent 
business conduct rules in their foreign jurisdictions, where the ex-
ante benefits of these final rules may be greater.\1756\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1755\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR 8634.
    \1756\ See, e.g., SIFMA-AMG (July 2015) supra note 10 and ISDA 
(July 2015), supra note 10, on the U.S. Activity Proposing Release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has received comment that this approach to the 
application of business conduct requirements may impose costs of 
additional disclosures and representations on asset managers servicing 
foreign clients.\1757\ As we noted in Section III, these final rules do 
not apply directly to asset managers, and asset managers will incur no 
liability under these rules. However, we recognize that SBS Entities 
may have certain expectations of asset managers in connection with the 
transactions involving funds. Depending on how SBS Entities and asset 
managers choose to allocate these responsibilities, asset managers may 
incur some fraction of the costs estimated above. The commenter also 
argued that the final rules may result in asset managers separating 
block trades for U.S. and non-U.S. persons, for whom business conduct 
eligibility has not been verified, and obtaining assurances that the 
dealer's personnel arranging, negotiating or executing block trades for 
non-U.S. persons is not based in the U.S. We recognize that, to the 
extent this affects the ability of asset managers to find 
counterparties to block trades with non-U.S. persons or the costs of 
doing so, liquidity may become fragmented and execution price of 
certain block trades may be adversely affected. We note that some asset 
managers may be complying with similar requirements, such as those 
under the Exchange Act and FINRA rules applicable to U.S. broker-
dealers related to transactions in cash securities that these broker-
dealers intermediate on behalf of foreign brokers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1757\ See SIFMA-AMG (July 2015), supra note 10, at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have considered the alternative of applying business conduct 
rules to all security-based swap transactions of all registered SBS 
Entities. This approach would increase the scope of transactions 
subject to these substantive rules, increasing programmatic costs of 
compliance by registered SBS Entities--costs that are likely to be 
passed on to counterparties. Under the rules being adopted, the U.S. 
business of foreign SBS Dealers excludes transactions conducted through 
a foreign branch. Further, the final rule provides for an exception 
from the transaction-level business conduct requirements when a foreign 
Major SBS Participant (or a U.S. Major SBS Participant in a transaction 
conducted through its foreign branch) enters into a transaction with a 
foreign branch of a U.S. person.
    To the extent that potential losses on security-based swap 
transactions may flow from foreign branches of U.S. persons to the U.S. 
business of U.S. persons, excluding transactions of foreign SBS Dealers 
with foreign branches of U.S. persons from the definition of U.S. 
business may increase risks to U.S. persons and impact the integrity of 
U.S. markets. However, compliance with business conduct requirements 
with respect to security-based swap transactions between foreign SBS 
Entities and foreign branches of U.S. persons would further increase 
costs of foreign SBS Entities. Such costs may be passed along to 
foreign branches of U.S. persons in the form of higher transaction 
costs or reduced access to security-based swap transactions with 
foreign SBS Entities.\1758\ We lack data regarding the reliance of U.S. 
persons on foreign branches for their security-based swap activity with 
foreign SBS Dealers, current business conduct practices of foreign SBS 
Dealers in their relationships with foreign branches of U.S. persons, 
and the value of bilateral relationships for this group of market 
participants. Therefore, we are unable to quantify these effects. 
However, the approach being adopted recognizes these competing risk and 
access considerations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1758\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47343, supra 
note 684.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has also considered the alternative of applying 
these final business conduct rules to all transactions that a U.S. SBS 
Entity enters into, including any transaction conducted through its 
foreign branch. Importantly, the definition of ``transactions conducted 
through a foreign branch'' requires the transaction to be arranged, 
negotiated or executed in the foreign branch.\1759\ The activities of 
foreign branches of U.S. SBS Dealers relying on foreign personnel 
transacting with foreign counterparties may not pose the same 
compliance and counterparty risks in U.S. markets as those addressed by 
these final business conduct requirements. As a result, this 
alternative may produce fewer intended benefits associated with these 
final rules, but would increase costs of U.S. SBS Dealers transacting 
with foreign counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1759\ See Exchange Act Rule 3a71-3(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has also considered the alternative of excepting all 
transactions of a foreign SBS Dealer with non-U.S. persons, including 
transactions that involve U.S. activity. We recognize that the 
alternative would decrease the set of transactions subject to the final 
business conduct rules, reducing both assessment and programmatic costs 
to foreign SBS Dealers, and expected programmatic benefits of these 
final rules discussed above. Data on North American corporate single 
name CDS market in Figure 3 of the economic baseline suggest that 
activity among non-U.S. domiciled accounts represents as much as 17% 
(if we use the domicile of a corporate group) to 40% (if we use 
registered office location) of global

[[Page 30137]]

notional volume, and potentially a larger percentage if firms 
restructure their business in response to such an exception. We do not 
currently have data on which of those trades are arranged, negotiated 
or executed by U.S. personnel of foreign SBS Dealers. However, we note 
that the U.S. Activity Test in these final rules will subject some 
foreign SBS Dealer transactions with foreign counterparties to these 
business conduct rules. Therefore, this alternative would reduce the 
scope of activity subject to the transaction-level requirements of 
these final rules, and their resulting costs and benefits, relative to 
the approach being adopted.
    In addition, this alternative could put U.S. SBS Entities at a 
competitive disadvantage due to higher direct and indirect costs 
related to these final business conduct rules when dealing with foreign 
counterparties. This approach may also incentivize U.S. SBS Dealers to 
restructure to be considered a non-U.S. person, while continuing to 
rely on personnel located in the United States to negotiate, arrange or 
execute security-based swap transactions with their foreign 
counterparties. As recognized above, we understand security-based swap 
markets to be global, and we expect registered SBS Dealers transact 
across multiple jurisdictions. This alternative may involve potentially 
significant frictions to cross-border transaction activity and may lead 
to fractioned liquidity and participation in otherwise globally 
integrated markets. The approach being adopted may reduce incentives to 
engage in such restructuring by requiring that foreign SBS Dealers 
comply with transactional business conduct requirements even when 
transacting with another non-U.S. person where such security-based swap 
transactions are arranged, negotiated or executed by personnel located 
in the United States.
    Finally, we have considered an alternative approach that would 
limit the scope of application of these final business conduct rules to 
transactions between registered SBS Entities and U.S. person 
counterparties. This alternative would exclude transactions between 
U.S. as well as non-U.S. SBS Dealers and their foreign counterparties, 
which may significantly decrease the scope of application and potential 
economic effects of these final rules.
    First, excluding transactions between U.S. SBS Dealers and their 
foreign counterparties from the scope of these requirements may reduce 
direct and indirect compliance costs of U.S. SBS Dealers, potentially 
reducing transaction costs or improving liquidity; however, it may 
reduce potential information benefits of these final rules. Second, 
similar to the discussion above, excluding transactions between foreign 
SBS Dealers and their foreign counterparties may mitigate incentives 
for inefficient relocation by financial groups that use a non-U.S. 
dealer to carry out their dealing activity in the United States.
    However, to the extent compliance with these business conduct 
requirements is costly and these costs are passed along to 
counterparties in, for instance, more adverse pricing and lower 
liquidity of available OTC security-based swaps, this alternative may 
give rise to competitive disparities between U.S. and non-U.S. 
counterparties of registered SBS Dealers. U.S. counterparties that are 
members of financial groups may respond by restructuring their 
security-based swap activity so that it is carried out by a non-U.S. 
person, in which case none of its transactions with SBS Dealers would 
be required to comply with transaction level business conduct 
requirements and incur related costs. To the extent that counterparties 
restructure their security-based swap activity in response to the 
incentives created by the competitive disparities and market 
fragmentation, a significant portion of that activity may occur outside 
the scope of these final business conduct requirements. U.S. persons 
that currently transact with SBS Dealers may have an incentive to 
migrate that business to affiliated non-U.S. persons to stay 
competitive with their non-U.S. competitors. The fraction of U.S. 
counterparties able to perform such restructuring and related costs are 
unclear. In contrast, the approach being adopted recognizes the 
importance of SBS Entity conduct for counterparty protections, may 
decrease incentives for such evasion, and enhance Commission oversight 
of registered SBS Entities.
b. Substituted Compliance
    As discussed in Section III, the final rules contemplate a 
substituted compliance regime for substantive business conduct 
requirements. Substituted compliance may permit the counterparty 
protection, information and Commission oversight benefits of these 
final business conduct rules to be achieved while avoiding potential 
duplication of compliance costs that foreign SBS Entities may otherwise 
incur. As indicated in the Cross-Border release,\1760\ to the extent 
that our business conduct rules conflict with regulations in foreign 
jurisdictions that also govern the activity of foreign SBS Entities 
that are subject to Title VII business conduct requirements, these 
final rules could act as a barrier to entry for foreign SBS Entities 
into the U.S. security-based swap market. Allowing market participants 
to comply with these final business conduct rules via substituted 
compliance could facilitate participation of non-resident SBS Entities 
in U.S. security-based swap markets. If foreign regulatory regimes are 
comparable to these final rules requirements,\1761\ and to the extent 
that such foreign regimes have adequate compliance and enforcement 
capabilities, allowing substituted compliance for nonresident SBS 
Entities may help promote market efficiency and enhance competition in 
U.S. markets, potentially benefiting non-dealer counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1760\ See Cross-Border Adopting Release, 79 FR at 47359, supra 
note 684.
    \1761\ See ISDA (August 2013), supra note 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the same time, the process of making substituted compliance 
requests may cause nonresident SBS Entities to incur additional costs 
of applying for a substituted compliance determination. In Section V 
the Commission has estimated that three security-based swap dealers 
will submit substituted compliance applications, noting that the 
majority of substituted compliance requests may be made by foreign 
authorities. Based on our analysis of domiciles of likely SBS Entity 
registrants and our understanding of the market, we believe that there 
may be between four and nine substituted compliance applications with 
respect to these final rules. The total cost associated with SBS 
Entities preparing and submitting requests for substituted compliance 
determinations in connection with the business conduct requirements are 
estimated at, approximately, $406,770 \1762\ for up to

[[Page 30138]]

three requests. We also estimate that up to six foreign jurisdictions 
may make substituted compliance requests in connection with these final 
business conduct standards at an estimated cost of up to 
$524,790.\1763\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1762\ Initial internal cost of substituted compliance 
applications for SBS Entity applicants: (In-house attorney at $380 
per hour) x (80 hours) x 3 = $91,200. External: (External counsel at 
400$ per hour) x 200 x 3 = $240,000.
    Consistent with the Registration Adopting release, certification 
and opinion of counsel is estimated at: (a) (In-house attorney at 
$380 per hour) x 0.5 hours x 3 = $570. (b) External: (External 
counsel at 400$ per hour) x 62.5 x 3 = $75,000. See Registration 
Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48994
    Total cost for SBS Entities: $240,000 + $75,000 + $91,200 + $570 
= $406,770
    As noted in Section V, those amounts may overestimate the costs 
of requests pursuant to Rule 3a71-6 as adopted, as such requests 
would solely address business conduct requirements, rather than the 
broader proposed scope of substituted compliance set forth in that 
proposal. In addition, some SBS Entities may receive a positive 
substituted compliance determination and use the same certification 
and opinion of counsel when filing for registration, the costs of 
which were assessed in the Registration Adopting Release.
    \1763\ We believe that foreign jurisdictions are less likely to 
rely on outside counsel in preparing substituted compliance 
determinations and adequate assurances concerning Rule 15Fb2-4(c). 
In lieu of outside counsel we believe they will rely on internal 
government attorneys, estimated using SEC hourly cost for management 
and professional staff of $255.
    Initial cost of substituted compliance applications for up to 6 
foreign jurisdiction: (Government management and professional staff 
at $255) x (80 + 200) x 6 = $428,400.
    Initial cost of certifications and assurances concerning Rule 
15Fb2-4(c): (Government management and professional staff at $255) x 
(0.5 + 62.5) x 6 = $96,390.
    Total cost for foreign jurisdictions: $428,400 + $96,390 = 
$524,790.
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    We note that substituted compliance requests will be made on a 
voluntary basis, and nonresident SBS Entities would only make such 
requests when the anticipated costs of relying on substituted 
compliance are lower than the costs of complying directly with these 
final rules. Further, after a substituted compliance determination is 
made, SBS Entities would choose substituted compliance only if their 
expected private benefits from participating in U.S. security-based 
swap markets exceed expected private costs, including any conditions 
the Commission may attach to the substituted compliance determination.
    We also recognize that these costs and the overall economic effects 
of allowing substituted compliance for these final business conduct 
rules will depend on, among others, whether (and to what extent) 
substituted compliance requests will be granted for jurisdictions in 
which some of the most active nonresident SBS Entities are currently 
residing; the costs of potential relocation, business restructuring, or 
direct compliance by nonresident SBS Entities in jurisdictions for 
which substituted compliance is not granted; the relevant information 
required to demonstrate consistency between the foreign regulatory 
requirements and the Commission's business conduct rules; the relevant 
information required to demonstrate the adequacy of the foreign 
regime's compliance and enforcement mechanisms; and the fraction of SBS 
Entities in a given jurisdiction that may rely on substituted 
compliance if available.
    We note that substituted compliance determinations will be made on 
a jurisdiction-wide basis. As a result, after the first applicant from 
a given jurisdiction receives an affirmative substituted compliance 
determination, all SBS Entities from the same jurisdiction will be able 
to comply with these final rules by complying with requirements of that 
foreign jurisdiction without bearing the related substituted compliance 
application costs. Such an approach eliminates duplication in 
application costs for SBS Entities from the same jurisdictions. 
However, foreign SBS Entities that are the first to make a substituted 
compliance application from a given jurisdiction will also bear greater 
costs, which disadvantages first movers. SBS Entities that intermediate 
greater volume or hold larger positions of security-based swaps in the 
United States, and SBS Entities that face greater costs of direct 
compliance with these final rules compared to costs of compliance with 
rules of a foreign jurisdiction may be the first SBS Entities to make 
substituted compliance applications and bear application costs.
    SBS Entities in foreign jurisdictions with blocking laws, privacy 
laws, secrecy laws and other legal barriers inconsistent with the 
Commission's authority over registered entities will be unable to take 
advantage of substituted compliance. As part of these final rules, the 
Commission is adopting a requirement that, in order to make a request 
for substituted compliance, each party must provide the certification 
and opinion of counsel that the entity can as a matter of law, and 
will, provide the Commission with prompt access to the entity's books 
and records and submit to onsite inspection and examination by the 
Commission. Similarly, foreign financial regulatory authorities may 
make substituted compliance requests only if they can provide adequate 
assurances that no law or policy of any relevant foreign jurisdiction 
would impede the ability of any entity that is directly supervised by 
the authority and that may register as an SBS Entity to provide prompt 
access to the Commission to books and records or to submit to onsite 
inspection or examination. As a result of these requirements, the scope 
of SBS Entities and jurisdictions able to take advantage of substituted 
compliance may be reduced. However, as we have stated elsewhere,\1764\ 
the Commission believes that significant elements of an effective 
regulatory regime are the Commission's abilities to access registered 
SBS Entities' books and records and to inspect and examine the 
operations of registered SBS Entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1764\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR at 48981.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that U.S. SBS Entities will not be able to rely on 
substituted compliance with respect to any transactions, including 
transactions with foreign counterparties. Alternatively, the Commission 
could allow substituted compliance for U.S. SBS Entities. Under the 
alternative, U.S. SBS Entities would be able to comply with these 
substantive transaction-level requirements by complying with business 
conduct requirements of a comparable regulatory regime when dealing 
with counterparties domiciled in foreign countries. We recognize that 
U.S. SBS Entities may be competing for foreign counterparty business 
with foreign SBS Entities, and substituted compliance may reduce costs 
of complying with these final business conduct requirements. Under the 
alternative, the ability of U.S. SBS Entities to rely on substituted 
compliance may increase the profitability of U.S. SBS Entities 
transactions with foreign counterparties or may increase business for 
U.S. SBS Entities seeking to intermediate security-based swaps with 
foreign market participants. However, such an approach may adversely 
impact counterparty protection, informational asymmetry and Commission 
oversight benefits of these substantive requirements enjoyed by all 
counterparties of U.S. SBS Entities as a result of potential 
differences among global regulatory regimes. Since any potential costs 
of compliance with these substantive requirements may be passed on to 
counterparties, such an alternative may result in differential access 
and security-based swap terms of U.S. and foreign counterparties of 
U.S. SBS Entities.
    Under the approach being adopted, foreign SBS Entities will be able 
to comply with these final business conduct requirements by complying 
with comparable foreign requirements. We have considered an alternative 
approach, under which the availability of substituted compliance is 
predicated on a finding of a direct conflict between Title VII and 
foreign regulatory requirements. Under this alternative, foreign SBS 
Entities that are currently complying with comparable (though not 
identical) requirements, would be required to bring their activities 
into compliance with these final rules, absent a direct conflict 
between Title VII requirements and their foreign regulatory regime. If 
the scope of comparable regulatory regimes is broader than the scope of 
regimes that are in direct conflict with the

[[Page 30139]]

requirements of Title VII, this alternative may enable SBS Entities 
from fewer jurisdictions to take advantage of substituted compliance. 
As a result, the economic benefits of substituted compliance discussed 
above may be reduced.
    Fewer foreign SBS Entities being eligible for substituted 
compliance may also reduce direct application costs to the industry. 
However, the burden of establishing a direct conflict may be greater 
than the burden related to establishing comparability, which may 
increase direct substituted compliance costs per application.
    Crucially, if fewer SBS Entities are able to take advantage of 
substituted compliance under this alternative, a greater number of 
foreign SBS Entities would be required to incur costs of restructuring 
their systems and processes to comply with these final rules. 
Alternatively, foreign SBS Entities may choose relocate to another 
jurisdiction, or decrease their participation in U.S. security-based 
swap markets below thresholds triggering SBS Entity registration 
requirements and compliance with these final rules. To the extent that 
these costs may be passed on to counterparties of foreign SBS Entities 
or affect liquidity provision by foreign SBS Entities, transaction 
costs may increase and liquidity may be reduced. Further these costs 
may create a barrier to entry for foreign SBS Entities into U.S. 
security-based swap markets, and facilitate market segmentation.
    Under this alternative, counterparties of foreign SBS Entities 
unable to rely on substituted compliance may benefit to a greater 
extent from the transparency and counterparty protections of these 
final rules. Further, U.S. SBS Entities and foreign SBS Entities from 
jurisdictions that are able to rely on substituted compliance may step 
in to intermediate trades with counterparties impacted by foreign SBS 
Entities unable to rely on substituted compliance. The Commission's 
future substituted compliance determinations with respect to individual 
foreign regimes will affect the scope of affected foreign SBS Entities. 
Therefore, we are unable to estimate and compare the number, market 
share and scope of counterparties of foreign SBS Entities that may be 
able to rely on substituted compliance under the approach being 
adopted, and under the alternative. However, we note that, using DTCC-
TIW data as of year-end 2014, all foreign SBS Dealers likely to trigger 
registration requirements were responsible for 35% of the notional 
volume of all likely SBS Entities. In addition, as we have noted 
earlier in the economic analysis, in 2014 non-dealer counterparties 
transacted with a median of three and an average of four SBS Dealers.
    We have also considered an alternative approach under which foreign 
SBS Entities would be able to rely on substituted compliance only in 
their transactions with non-U.S. counterparties. This alternative would 
effectively limit the scope of substituted compliance to non-U.S. SBS 
Entities that are transacting with non-U.S. counterparties, but are 
subject to these final rules as a result of their reliance on U.S. 
personnel discussed above. Such an approach could ensure that U.S. 
counterparties of all SBS Entities benefit from the same transparency 
and counterparty protection benefits of these final rules, regardless 
of the degree of comparability of foreign regimes. However, some 
foreign SBS Entities already complying with comparable regimes would 
incur additional costs of restructuring to comply with these final 
rules without being able to rely on substituted compliance in their 
transactions with U.S. counterparties. If such costs are significant, 
non-U.S. SBS Entities may become less willing to intermediate 
transactions with U.S. counterparties and transaction costs borne by 
U.S. counterparties may increase. While other U.S. SBS Entities are 
likely to step in and provide the necessary liquidity, this approach 
may adversely impact competition and facilitate market segmentation.

D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition and Capital Formation

    In adopting these final rules, we are required to consider their 
effects on efficiency, competition and capital formation. As we discuss 
below, these final rules may enhance transparency, and improve 
informational and allocative efficiency in security-based swap markets. 
Greater transparency and allocative efficiency may incentivize quality 
based competition among market participants in general, and SBS Dealers 
in particular. In the discussion below, we address the potential 
effects of final disclosure, suitability and special entity rules on 
informational and allocative efficiency, and their effects on capital 
formation in security-based swap and reference security markets. We 
also consider how harmonization with the CFTC external business conduct 
rules facilitates ongoing market integration between swap and security-
based swap markets, and lowers informational inefficiencies. Finally, 
we discuss the competitive burdens of compliance costs, their effects 
on the willingness of SBS Dealers to intermediate transactions with 
certain groups of counterparties, as well as competitive effects of the 
cross-border approach being adopted.
    The business conduct standards for SBS Entities, including 
requirements to disclose material risks, characteristics, incentives 
and conflicts of interest related to security-based swaps, as well as 
the fair and balanced communications rule, may reduce information 
asymmetries between SBS Entities and their less sophisticated 
counterparties. To the extent that adverse selection costs described in 
Section VI.C.2 are present in security-based swap markets, market 
participants may become more informed and may increase their activity 
in security-based swaps, which may improve market quality. To the 
extent that security-based swap market participants consider 
disclosures under these final rules informative in selecting security-
based swaps and SBS Entity counterparties, these final rules may help 
market participants make more informed counterparty choices. The 
increased disclosure of information regarding material risks and 
characteristics, incentives and conflicts of interest may lead to 
improved informational efficiency and quality-based competition among 
SBS Entities to the extent that market participants rely on this 
information in selecting security-based swaps and counterparties.
    However, as more informed counterparties, SBS Entities are able to 
extract information rents from non-dealer counterparties. To the extent 
that the business conduct rules help inform counterparties, these rules 
may reduce the informational advantage of SBS Entities, and may 
decrease profitability of their transactions with non-dealer 
counterparties. As a result of disclosures of material risks, daily 
mark, conflicts of interest and other information regarding security-
based swaps, some private information of SBS Dealers about the quality 
of security-based swaps and underlying reference securities may become 
public. As a result, security-based swap prices and dealer profit 
margins may decrease. These rules may reduce the incentives of SBS 
Dealers to gather private information that is impounded into prices, 
and SBS Dealer willingness to intermediate security-based swap 
transactions with non-dealer counterparties.
    Enhanced disclosures and counterparty protections of these Business 
Conduct Standards may improve access to information, and may attract 
non-dealer market participants into security-based swap markets. These

[[Page 30140]]

rules may, therefore, protect end users and other non-dealers that are 
effecting security-based swaps to manage risk or trade on negative 
information, which may improve their ability to make appropriate and 
informed portfolio decisions. However, if these rules result in less 
informed market participants playing an increasingly larger role in 
security-based swap markets, informational efficiency in security-based 
swap markets may decrease. This consideration is attenuated by the fact 
that uninformed participants bring valuable liquidity enabling informed 
traders, such as SBS Dealers, to execute informed trades with less 
price impact. The overall effects of these final rules on price 
discovery and informational efficiency in security-based swap markets 
are, therefore, difficult to assess.
    The final suitability and special entity rules would require SBS 
Dealers to evaluate the suitability of trades for non-dealer 
counterparties and special entities when making recommendations to such 
counterparties, unless the SBS Dealer can rely on the institutional 
suitability alternative to fulfill its customer-specific suitability 
obligations. SBS Dealers may have superior information about security-
based swaps, but may face an informational asymmetry when analyzing the 
hedging needs, risk tolerance and horizons of their counterparties. 
This requirement may preclude SBS Dealers from recommending some 
security-based swaps that may be truly suitable for a given 
counterparty, while recommending other security-based swaps that may be 
less suitable. The presence and magnitude of this economic effect 
depends on the tradeoff between the severity of information asymmetry 
concerning the nature of the swap and asymmetry concerning the 
counterparty, and potential losses and risks of investing in unsuitable 
security-based swaps relative to foregone profits from not investing in 
suitable security-based swaps.
    Suitability requirements and resulting costs could further increase 
the costs to SBS Dealers of recommending security-based swaps to non-
dealer counterparties, particularly counterparties with which the SBS 
Dealer has had no prior transactions, and counterparties that do not 
meet institutional suitability requirements. We also recognize that 
these rules may limit the ability of SBS Dealers to recommend some 
security-based swaps to certain counterparties, which may decrease the 
potential range of counterparties and products that some SBS Dealers 
may intermediate. If these effects result in SBS Dealers refraining 
from advising or transacting with some counterparties, and these 
counterparties are otherwise unable to receive advice or enter into 
security-based swaps, the suitability requirement may come at a net 
cost to these counterparties and would place them at a disadvantage 
relative to larger, more sophisticated competitors. To the extent that 
these counterparties do not participate in the security-based swap 
market as a result of these costs, adverse effects on market 
participation and liquidity may follow. However, as we noted 
previously, market data available to us reveal that relatively few 
counterparties enter into security-based swap agreements with an SBS 
Dealer without third-party representation, particularly among special 
entities. As a result of this third-party representation and the SBS 
Dealer's ability to fulfill its customer-specific suitability 
obligations by, among other things, making the determination that a 
counterparty's agent is capable of independently evaluating investment 
risk, as well as the exception of anonymous SEF executed security-based 
swaps, we do not believe that market access is likely to be restricted.
    The final pay to play rules may reduce pay to play practices among 
SBS Dealers. To the extent that political contributions may currently 
be influencing counterparty and security-based swap selection, these 
rules may mitigate these influences and enhance allocative efficiency 
of municipal entities and facilitate greater quality-based competition 
of SBS Dealers. However, if some SBS Dealers become subject to a two-
year time out due to inadvertent violations of the de minimis 
thresholds by themselves or their covered associates, and are unable to 
secure exemptive relief, fewer SBS Dealers may be able to transact with 
municipal entities in security-based swaps, which may increase the 
pricing power and decrease quality of execution of swaps offered to 
municipal entities by the remaining SBS Dealers. We note that SBS 
Dealers will have to keep updated records of political contributions of 
their covered associates, ensure their accuracy, promptly discover 
triggering contributions and seek their return. The costs of 
implementing such policies and procedures related to political 
contributions of covered associates will be greater for larger SBS 
Dealers with multiple layers of supervision and a higher number of 
covered associates with shorter tenures. While other business conduct 
rules tend to impose fixed burdens, which represent a higher fraction 
of net income for smaller SBS Dealers, this particular requirement may 
be significantly more costly for larger SBS Dealers.
    Further, under these final rules, representatives of special 
entities transacting with SBS Entities are likely to be employees or 
independent representatives subject to Commission, CFTC or SRO pay to 
play rules. To the extent that some special entity representatives 
currently intermediating transactions with SBS Entities are not 
registered investment advisers, municipal advisors, other fiduciaries 
or employees, they may be unable to represent special entities in 
security-based swap transactions with SBS Entities unless they register 
as such. This may decrease competition among qualified investment 
representatives of special entities, or incentivize unregistered 
representatives to register, for instance, as investment advisers with 
the Commission or as municipal advisors with the MSRB.
    The direct and indirect costs of compliance with these final 
business conduct rules may be recovered by SBS Entities in the form of 
higher transaction costs or more adverse non-price terms of security-
based swaps offered to counterparties. To the extent that these costs 
cannot be recovered, incentives for some entities to operate as 
registered U.S. SBS Entities may be reduced,\1765\ which may adversely 
affect competition in security-based swap markets. In addition, some 
counterparties may lose access to the market for OTC swaps. However, we 
note that, as discussed above, anonymous SEF transactions are exempt 
from some of the substantive requirements of these final rules, which 
may allow such counterparties to retain access to security-based swaps. 
Further, to the extent that these rules impose costs and restrictions 
on non-SEF trades that are not born by SBS Entities related to SEF 
trades, the volume of transactions executed on SEFs may increase. We 
recognize that, as a result, these final rules may increase the 
programmatic costs and benefits of pending SEF and clearing rules, with 
their follow on effects on efficiency, competition and capital 
formation, which will be evaluated in pending SEF and clearing rules. 
We recognize similarities between CFTC external business conduct 
standards for Swap Entities, FINRA rules for broker dealers and the 
rules being adopted. Due to extensive cross-market participation, many 
of the entities expected to register

[[Page 30141]]

as SBS Entities will have already registered with the CFTC as Swap 
Entities or with the Commission as broker dealers, yet others may 
already be subject to similar MSRB rules. To the extent that these 
final rules involve initial compliance costs, dually registered SBS 
entities may experience significantly lower initial compliance costs. 
At the same time, new entrants and SBS Entities that are not dually 
registered may face higher costs. Competitive effects of these final 
business conduct rules primarily stem from differences in burdens 
incurred by dual registrants on the one hand, and non-dually registered 
SBS Entities and new entrants on the other.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1765\ See U.S. Activity Adopting Release, 81 FR at 8629.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the competitive effects of compliance burdens above, 
the cross-border approach adopted in these final rules may impact 
competition between U.S. and non-U.S. SBS Entities and their U.S. and 
non-U.S. personnel. A substituted compliance regime for business 
conduct requirements and their application to non-U.S. persons' dealing 
transactions that are arranged, negotiated, or executed using personnel 
located in the United States may mitigate competitive frictions between 
U.S. and non-U.S. SBS Dealers that transact with foreign 
counterparties, and may promote market efficiency. The final cross-
border approach to business conduct requirements will result in a 
uniform application of these requirements to U.S. and non-U.S. SBS 
Dealers and their agents. If only U.S. SBS Dealers and their agents 
were subject to disclosure, suitability and other requirements in these 
final rules when transacting with foreign counterparties, the costs of 
such disclosures would primarily be incurred by U.S. SBS Dealers, their 
agents, and their counterparties. In contrast, non-U.S. SBS Dealers and 
their agents, including personnel located in the United States, would 
potentially have a competitive advantage over U.S. SBS Dealers in 
serving non-U.S. person counterparties using personnel located in a 
U.S. branch or office, were their activities not subject to the same 
requirements.\1766\ Therefore, the cross-border application of these 
final business conduct rules may enhance competition among these SBS 
Dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1766\ See, e.g., Arnoud W.A. Boot, Silva Dezelan, and Todd T. 
Milbourn, ``Regulatory Distortions in a Competitive Financial 
Services Industry,'' Journal of Financial Services Research, Vol. 
17, No. 1 (2000).
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    Access to SEC-regulated security-based swap markets increases 
hedging opportunities for financial market intermediaries; such hedging 
opportunities reduce risks and allow intermediaries to facilitate a 
greater volume of financing activities, including issuance of equity 
and debt securities, and therefore contribute to capital formation. As 
we have stated in other releases,\1767\ this may be particularly true 
in underlying securities markets, where potential pricing and liquidity 
effects in security-based swap markets may feedback and impact the 
market for reference entity securities. Security-based swap markets may 
enable better risk mitigation by investors in underlying reference 
securities, such as CDS hedging of the credit risk of corporate bond 
investments. The possible contraction in security-based swap market 
participation by SBS Entities due to costs of compliance with these 
final rules may adversely impact underlying reference security markets, 
including pricing and liquidity in corporate bond and equity markets. 
This may have a negative effect on the ability of firms to raise debt 
and equity capital to finance real investment. However, the spillover 
from potential deterioration in security-based swap markets into 
underlying reference security markets may also be positive. 
Sophisticated institutional investors transact across CDS and bond 
markets to trade on information pertaining to the credit risk of 
underlying reference debt. A potential negative shock to security-based 
swap market liquidity and dealing by SBS Entities with non-SBS Entity 
counterparties as a result of required compliance with these final 
rules may, in fact, drive sophisticated institutions to search for 
liquidity pools and lower price impact of informed trades to reference 
security markets. If institutions begin to trade more actively in 
underlying reference security markets, such as corporate bond markets 
as a result, there may be positive effects on liquidity and 
informational efficiency of corporate bond and equity markets.\1768\ 
This may enable firms to raise more debt and equity at potentially 
lower costs to finance real investment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1767\ See Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 49008, supra 
note 989.
    \1768\ See Section VI.B.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (``RFA'') \1769\ requires Federal 
agencies, in promulgating rules, to consider the impact of those rules 
on small entities. The Commission certified in the Proposing Release, 
pursuant to Section 605(b) of the RFA,\1770\ that proposed Rules 15Fh-1 
through 15Fh-6 and Rule 15Fk-1 would not, if adopted, have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of ``small 
entities.'' \1771\ The Commission received no comments on this 
certification.
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    \1769\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \1770\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
    \1771\ Although Section 601(b) of the RFA defines the term 
``small entity,'' the statute permits agencies to formulate their 
own definitions. The Commission has adopted definitions for the term 
small entity for the purposes of Commission rulemaking in accordance 
with the RFA. Those definitions, as relevant to this proposed 
rulemaking, are set forth in Rule 0-10, 17 CFR 240.0-10. See 
Statement of Management on Internal Control, Exchange Act Release 
No. 18451 (Jan. 28, 1982), 47 FR 5215 (Feb. 4, 1982).
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    For purposes of Commission rulemaking in connection with the RFA, a 
small entity includes: (i) When used with reference to an ``issuer'' or 
a ``person,'' other than an investment company, an ``issuer'' or 
``person'' that, on the last day of its most recent fiscal year, had 
total assets of $5 million or less; \1772\ or (ii) a broker-dealer with 
total capital (net worth plus subordinated liabilities) of less than 
$500,000 on the date in the prior fiscal year as of which its audited 
financial statements were prepared pursuant to Rule 17a-5(d) under the 
Exchange Act,\1773\ or, if not required to file such statements, a 
broker-dealer with total capital (net worth plus subordinated 
liabilities) of less than $500,000 on the last day of the preceding 
fiscal year (or in the time that it has been in business, if shorter); 
and is not affiliated with any person (other than a natural person) 
that is not a small business or small organization.\1774\ With respect 
to investment companies in connection with the RFA, the term ``small 
business'' or ``small organization'' means an investment company that, 
together with other investment companies in the same group of related 
investment companies, has net assets of $50 million or less as of the 
end of its most recent fiscal year. Under the standards adopted by the 
Small Business Administration, small entities in the finance and 
insurance industry include the following: (i) For entities in credit 
intermediation and related activities,\1775\ entities with $550 million 
or less in assets or, (ii) for non-depository credit intermediation and 
certain other activities,\1776\ $38.5

[[Page 30142]]

million or less in annual receipts; (iii) for entities in financial 
investments and related activities,\1777\ entities with $38.5 million 
or less in annual receipts; (iv) for insurance carriers and entities in 
related activities,\1778\ entities with $38.5 million or less in annual 
receipts, or 1,500 employees for direct property and casualty insurance 
carriers; and (v) for funds, trusts, and other financial 
vehicles,\1779\ entities with $32.5 million or less in annual 
receipts.\1780\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1772\ See 17 CFR 240.0-10(a).
    \1773\ See 17 CFR 240.17a-5(d).
    \1774\ See 17 CFR 240.0-10(c).
    \1775\ Including commercial banks, savings institutions, credit 
unions, firms involved in other depository credit intermediation, 
credit card issuing, sales financing, consumer lending, real estate 
credit, and international trade financing. 13 CFR 121.201 at 
Subsector 522.
    \1776\ Including firms involved in secondary market financing, 
all other non-depository credit intermediation, mortgage and 
nonmortgage loan brokers, financial transactions processing, 
reserve, and clearing house activities, and other activities related 
to credit intermediation. 13 CFR 121.201 at Subsector 522.
    \1777\ Including firms involved in investment banking and 
securities dealing, securities brokerage, commodity contracts 
dealing, commodity contracts brokerage, securities and commodity 
exchanges, miscellaneous intermediation, portfolio management, 
providing investment advice, trust, fiduciary and custody 
activities, and miscellaneous financial investment activities. 13 
CFR 121.201 at Subsector 523.
    \1778\ Including direct life insurance carriers, direct health 
and medical insurance carriers, direct property and casualty 
insurance carriers, direct title insurance carriers, other direct 
insurance (except life, health and medical) carriers, reinsurance 
carriers, insurance agencies and brokerages, claims adjusting, third 
party administration of insurance and pension funds, and all other 
insurance related activities. 13 CFR 121.201 at Subsector 524.
    \1779\ Including pension funds, health and welfare funds, other 
insurance funds, open-end investment funds, trusts, estates, and 
agency accounts, real estate investment trusts and other financial 
vehicles. 13 CFR 121.201 at Subsector 525.
    \1780\ See 13 CFR 121.201.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to SBS Entities, based on feedback from market 
participants and our information about the security-based swap markets, 
the Commission continues to believe that (1) the types of entities that 
would engage in more than a de minimis amount of dealing activity 
involving security-based swaps--which generally would be large 
financial institutions--would not be ``small entities'' for purposes of 
the RFA; and (2) the types of entities that may have security-based 
swap positions above the level required to be ``major security-based 
swap participants'' would not be ``small entities'' for purposes of the 
RFA.\1781\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1781\ See Recordkeeping Release, 79 FR 25194, 25296-97 & 
n.1441, supra note 242; Further Definition of ``Swap Dealer,'' 
``Security-Based Swap Dealer,'' ``Major Swap Participant,'' ``Major 
Security-Based Swap Participant'' and ``Eligible Contract 
Participant,'' Exchange Act Release No. 66868 (Apr. 27, 2012), 77 FR 
30596, 30743 (May 23, 2012) (joint Commission/CFTC final rules); 
Registration Adopting Release, 80 FR 48964, 49012-49013, supra note 
989.
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    For the foregoing reasons, the Commission certifies that the SBS 
Entity registration rules and forms, as adopted would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
for purposes of the RFA.

Statutory Basis and Text of Final Rules

    Pursuant to the Exchange Act and, particularly, Sections 2, 3(b), 
3C, 9, 10, 11A, 15, 15F, 17(a) and (b), 23(a) and 30(c) thereof (15 
U.S.C. 78b, 78c(b), 78i(i), 78i(j), 78j, 78k-1, 78o, 78o-10, 78q(a) and 
(b), 78w(a) and 78dd(c)), the Commission is adopting Rule 3a71-6, Rules 
15Fh-1 through 15Fh-6, and Rule 15Fk-1, and is amending Rules 3a67-10 
and 3a71-3, to address the business conduct obligations of security-
based swap dealers and major security-based swap participants, 
including the cross-border application of those obligations and the 
availability of substituted compliance in connection with those 
obligations.

List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 240

    Brokers, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

Text of the Final Rules

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Securities and 
Exchange Commission is amending Title 17, Chapter II of the Code of 
Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 240--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 
1934

0
1. The authority citation for part 240 continues to read, and sectional 
authorities for sections 240.3a71-6, 240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6, and 
240.15Fk-1 are added in numerical order to read as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 77c, 77d, 77g, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 
77eee, 77ggg, 77nnn, 77sss, 77ttt, 78c, 78c-3, 78c-5, 78d, 78e, 78f, 
78g, 78i, 78j, 78j-1, 78k, 78k-1, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78n-1, 78o, 78o-4, 
78o-10, 78p, 78q, 78q-1, 78s, 78u-5, 78w, 78x, 78dd, 78ll, 78mm, 
80a-20, 80a-23, 80a-29, 80a-37, 80b-3, 80b-4, 80b-11, 7201 et seq., 
and 8302; 7 U.S.C. 2(c)(2)(E); 12 U.S.C. 5221(e)(3); 18 U.S.C. 1350; 
and Pub. L. 111-203, 939A, 124 Stat. 1376, (2010), unless otherwise 
noted.
* * * * *

    Section 240.3a67-10, 240.3a71-3, 240.3a71-4, 240.3a71-5, and 
240.3a71-6 are also issued under Pub. L. 111-203, secs. 712, 761(b), 
124 Stat. 1754 (2010), and 15 U.S.C. 78dd(c).

* * * * *

    Sections 240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6 and 240.15Fk-1 are also 
issued under sec. 943, Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376.

* * * * *

0
2. Sec.  240.3a67-10 is amended by:
0
a. Adding paragraphs (a)(5) and (6); and
0
b. Adding paragraph (d).
    The additions read as follows:

Sec.  240.3a67-10  Foreign major security-based swap participants.

    (a) * * *
    (5) U.S. major security-based swap participant means a major 
security-based swap participant, as defined in section 3(a)(67) of the 
Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(67)), and the rules and regulations thereunder, 
that is a U.S. person.
    (6) Foreign major security-based swap participant means a major 
security-based swap participant, as defined in section 3(a)(67) of the 
Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(67)), and the rules and regulations thereunder, 
that is not a U.S. person.
* * * * *
    (d) Application of customer protection requirements. (1) A 
registered foreign major security-based swap participant shall not be 
subject to the requirements relating to business conduct standards 
described in section 15F(h) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)), and the 
rules and regulations thereunder, other than rules and regulations 
prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 15F(h)(1)(B) of the 
Act (15 U.S.C. 78o- 10(h)(1)(B)), with respect to a security-based swap 
transaction with a counterparty that is not a U.S. person or with a 
counterparty that is a U.S. person in a transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch of the U.S. person.
    (2) A registered U.S. major security-based swap participant shall 
not be subject to the requirements relating to business conduct 
standards described in section 15F(h) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)), 
and the rules and regulations thereunder, other than rules and 
regulations prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 
15F(h)(1)(B) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B)), with respect to a 
security-based swap transaction that constitutes a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch of the registered U.S. major 
security-based swap participant with a non-U.S. person or with a U.S.-
person counterparty that constitutes a transaction conducted through a 
foreign branch of that U.S.-person counterparty.

0
3. Sec.  240.3a71-3 is amended by:
0
a. Adding paragraphs (a)(6) through (9); and
0
b. Adding paragraph (c).
    The additions read as follows:

Sec.  240.3a71-3  Cross-border security-based swap dealing activity.

    (a) * * *
    (6) U.S. security-based swap dealer means a security-based swap 
dealer, as defined in section 3(a)(71) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 
78c(a)(71)), and the rules and regulations thereunder, that is a U.S. 
person.

[[Page 30143]]

    (7) Foreign security-based swap dealer means a security-based swap 
dealer, as defined in section 3(a)(71) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 
78c(a)(71)), and the rules and regulations thereunder, that is not a 
U.S. person.
    (8) U.S. business means:
    (i) With respect to a foreign security-based swap dealer:
    (A) Any security-based swap transaction entered into, or offered to 
be entered into, by or on behalf of such foreign security-based swap 
dealer, with a U.S. person (other than a transaction conducted through 
a foreign branch of that person); or
    (B) Any security-based swap transaction arranged, negotiated, or 
executed by personnel of the foreign security-based swap dealer located 
in a U.S. branch or office, or by personnel of an agent of the foreign 
security-based swap dealer located in a U.S. branch or office; and
    (ii) With respect to a U.S. security-based swap dealer, any 
transaction entered into or offered to be entered into by or on behalf 
of such U.S. security-based swap dealer, other than a transaction 
conducted through a foreign branch with a non-U.S. person or with a 
U.S.-person counterparty that constitutes a transaction conducted 
through a foreign branch of the counterparty.
    (9) Foreign business means security-based swap transactions entered 
into, or offered to be entered into, by or on behalf of a security-
based swap dealer, other than the U.S. business of such person.
* * * * *
    (c) Application of customer protection requirements. A registered 
security-based swap dealer, with respect to its foreign business, shall 
not be subject to the requirements relating to business conduct 
standards described in section 15F(h) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)), 
and the rules and regulations thereunder, other than the rules and 
regulations prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 
15F(h)(1)(B) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(h)(1)(B)).

0
4. Add Sec.  240.3a71-6 to read as follows:

Sec.  240.3a71-6  Substituted compliance for security-based swap 
dealers and major security-based swap participants.

    (a) Determinations--(1) In general. Subject to paragraph (a)(2) of 
this section, the Commission may, conditionally or unconditionally, by 
order, make a determination with respect to a foreign financial 
regulatory system that compliance with specified requirements under 
such foreign financial regulatory system by a registered security-based 
swap dealer and/or by a registered major security-based swap 
participant (each a ``security-based swap entity''), or class thereof, 
may satisfy the corresponding requirements identified in paragraph (d) 
of this section that would otherwise apply to such security-based swap 
entity (or class thereof).
    (2) Standard. The Commission shall not make a substituted 
compliance determination under paragraph (a)(1) of this section unless 
the Commission:
    (i) Determines that the requirements of such foreign financial 
regulatory system applicable to such security-based swap entity (or 
class thereof) or to the activities of such security-based swap entity 
(or class thereof) are comparable to otherwise applicable requirements, 
after taking into account such factors as the Commission determines are 
appropriate, such as the scope and objectives of the relevant foreign 
regulatory requirements (taking into account the applicable criteria 
set forth in paragraph (d) of this section), as well as the 
effectiveness of the supervisory compliance program administered, and 
the enforcement authority exercised, by a foreign financial regulatory 
authority or authorities in such system to support its oversight of 
such security-based swap entity (or class thereof) or of the activities 
of such security-based swap entity (or class thereof); and
    (ii) Has entered into a supervisory and enforcement memorandum of 
understanding and/or other arrangement with the relevant foreign 
financial regulatory authority or authorities under such foreign 
financial regulatory system addressing supervisory and enforcement 
cooperation and other matters arising under the substituted compliance 
determination.
    (3) Withdrawal or modification. The Commission may, on its own 
initiative, by order, modify or withdraw a substituted compliance 
determination under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, after appropriate 
notice and opportunity for comment.
    (b) Reliance by security-based swap entities. A registered 
security-based swap entity may satisfy the requirements described in 
paragraph (d) of this section by complying with corresponding law, 
rules and regulations under a foreign financial regulatory system, 
provided:
    (1) The Commission has made a substituted compliance determination 
pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section regarding such foreign 
financial regulatory system providing that compliance with specified 
requirements under such foreign financial regulatory system by such 
registered security-based swap entity (or class thereof) may satisfy 
the corresponding requirements described in paragraph (d) of this 
section; and
    (2) Such registered security-based swap entity satisfies any 
conditions set forth in a substituted compliance determination made by 
the Commission pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (c) Requests for determinations. (1) A party or group of parties 
that potentially would comply with specified requirements pursuant to 
paragraph (a)(1), or any foreign financial regulatory authority or 
authorities supervising such a party or its security-based swap 
activities, may file an application, pursuant to the procedures set 
forth in Sec.  240.0-13, requesting that the Commission make a 
substituted compliance determination pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section, with respect to one or more requirements described in 
paragraph (d) of this section.
    (2) Such a party or group of parties may make a request under 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section only if:
    (i) Each such party, or the party's activities, is directly 
supervised by the foreign financial regulatory authority or authorities 
with respect to the foreign regulatory requirements relating to the 
applicable requirements described in paragraph (d) of this section; and
    (ii) Each such party provides the certification and opinion of 
counsel as described in Sec.  240.15Fb2-4(c), as if the party were 
subject to that requirement at the time of the request.
    (3) Such foreign financial authority or authorities may make a 
request under paragraph (c)(1) of this section only if each such 
authority provides adequate assurances that no law or policy of any 
relevant foreign jurisdiction would impede the ability of any entity 
that is directly supervised by the foreign financial regulatory 
authority and that may register with the Commission as a security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant to provide prompt 
access to the Commission to such entity's books and records or to 
submit to onsite inspection or examination by the Commission.
    (d) Eligible requirements. The Commission may make a substituted 
compliance determination under paragraph (a)(1) of this section to 
permit security-based swap entities that are not U.S. persons (as 
defined in Sec.  240.3a71-3(a)(4)), but not security-based swap 
entities that are U.S. persons, to satisfy the following requirements 
by

[[Page 30144]]

complying with comparable foreign requirements:
    (1) Business conduct and supervision. The business conduct and 
supervision requirements of sections 15F(h) and (j) of the Act (15 
U.S.C. 78o-10(h) and (j)) and Sec. Sec.  240.15Fh-3 through 15Fh-6, 
other than the antifraud provisions of section 15F(h)(4)(A) of the Act 
and Sec.  240.15Fh-4(a), and other than the provisions of sections 
15F(j)(3) and 15F(j)(4)(B) of the Act; provided, however, that prior to 
making such a substituted compliance determination the Commission 
intends to consider whether the information that is required to be 
provided to counterparties pursuant to the requirements of the foreign 
financial regulatory system, the counterparty protections under the 
requirements of the foreign financial regulatory system, the mandates 
for supervisory systems under the requirements of the foreign financial 
regulatory system, and the duties imposed by the foreign financial 
regulatory system, are comparable to those associated with the 
applicable provisions arising under the Act and its rules and 
regulations.
    (2) Chief compliance officer. The chief compliance officer 
requirements of section 15F(k) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-10(k)) and 
Sec.  240.15Fk-1; provided, however, that prior to making such a 
substituted compliance determination the Commission intends to consider 
whether the requirements of the foreign financial regulatory system 
regarding chief compliance officer obligations are comparable to those 
required pursuant to the applicable provisions arising under the Act 
and its rules and regulations.

0
5. Add Sec. Sec.  240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6, and Sec.  240.15Fk-1 
to read as follows:

Sec.  240.15Fh-1  Scope and reliance on representations.

    (a) Scope. Sections 240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6, and 240.15Fk-1 
are not intended to limit, or restrict, the applicability of other 
provisions of the federal securities laws, including but not limited to 
section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 and sections 9 and 10(b) of 
the Act, and rules and regulations thereunder, or other applicable laws 
and rules and regulations. Sections 240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6, and 
240.15Fk-1 apply, as relevant, in connection with entering into 
security-based swaps and continue to apply, as appropriate, over the 
term of executed security-based swaps. Sections 240.15Fh-3(a) through 
240.15Fh-3(f), 240.15Fh-4(b) and 240.15Fh-5 are not applicable to 
security-based swaps that security-based swap dealers or major 
security-based swap participants enter into with their majority-owned 
affiliates. For these purposes the counterparties to a security-based 
swap are majority-owned affiliates if one counterparty directly or 
indirectly owns a majority interest in the other, or if a third party 
directly or indirectly owns a majority interest in both counterparties 
to the security-based swap, where ``majority interest'' is the right to 
vote or direct the vote of a majority of a class of voting securities 
of an entity, the power to sell or direct the sale of a majority of a 
class of voting securities of an entity, or the right to receive upon 
dissolution or the contribution of a majority of the capital of a 
partnership.
    (b) Reliance on representations. A security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant may rely on written 
representations from the counterparty or its representative to satisfy 
its due diligence requirements under Sec.  240.15Fh, unless it has 
information that would cause a reasonable person to question the 
accuracy of the representation.

Sec.  240.15Fh-2  Definitions.

    As used in Sec. Sec.  240.15Fh-1 through 240.15Fh-6:
    (a) Act as an advisor to a special entity. A security-based swap 
dealer acts as an advisor to a special entity when it recommends a 
security-based swap or a trading strategy that involves the use of a 
security-based swap to the special entity, unless:
    (1) With respect to a special entity as defined in Sec.  240.15Fh-
2(d)(3):
    (i) The special entity represents in writing that it has a 
fiduciary as defined in section 3 of the Employee Retirement Income 
Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002) that is responsible for 
representing the special entity in connection with the security-based 
swap;
    (ii) The fiduciary represents in writing that it acknowledges that 
the security-based swap dealer is not acting as an advisor; and
    (iii) The special entity represents in writing:
    (A) That it will comply in good faith with written policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to ensure that any recommendation the 
special entity receives from the security-based swap dealer involving a 
security-based swap transaction is evaluated by a fiduciary before the 
transaction is entered into; or
    (B) That any recommendation the special entity receives from the 
security-based swap dealer involving a security-based swap transaction 
will be evaluated by a fiduciary before the transaction is entered 
into.
    (2) With respect to any special entity:
    (i) The special entity represents in writing that:
    (A) It acknowledges that the security-based swap dealer is not 
acting as an advisor; and
    (B) The special entity will rely on advice from a qualified 
independent representative as defined in Sec.  240.15Fh-5(a); and
    (ii) The security-based swap dealer discloses to the special entity 
that it is not undertaking to act in the best interest of the special 
entity, as otherwise required by section 15F(h)(4) of the Act.
    (b) Eligible contract participant means any person as defined in 
section 3(a)(65) of the Act and the rules and regulations thereunder 
and in section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1a) and the 
rules and regulations thereunder.
    (c) Security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant includes, where relevant, an associated person of the 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant.
    (d) Special entity means:
    (1) A Federal agency;
    (2) A State, State agency, city, county, municipality, other 
political subdivision of a State, or any instrumentality, department, 
or a corporation of or established by a State or political subdivision 
of a State;
    (3) Any employee benefit plan, subject to Title I of the Employee 
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002);
    (4) Any employee benefit plan defined in section 3 of the Employee 
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002) and not 
otherwise defined as a special entity, unless such employee benefit 
plan elects not to be a special entity by notifying a security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant of its election 
prior to entering into a security-based swap with the particular 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant;
    (5) Any governmental plan, as defined in section 3(32) of the 
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002(32)); 
or
    (6) Any endowment, including an endowment that is an organization 
described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
    (e) A person is subject to a statutory disqualification for 
purposes of Sec.  240.15Fh-5 if that person would be subject to a 
statutory disqualification, as

[[Page 30145]]

described in section 3(a)(39)(A)-(F) of the Act.

Sec.  240.15Fh-3  Business conduct requirements.

    (a) Counterparty status--(1) Eligible contract participant. A 
security-based swap dealer or a major security-based swap participant 
shall verify that a counterparty meets the eligibility standards for an 
eligible contract participant before entering into a security-based 
swap with that counterparty, provided that the requirements of this 
paragraph (a)(1) shall not apply to a transaction executed on a 
registered national securities exchange.
    (2) Special entity. A security-based swap dealer or a major 
security-based swap participant shall verify whether a counterparty is 
a special entity before entering into a security-based swap with that 
counterparty, unless the transaction is executed on a registered or 
exempt security-based swap execution facility or registered national 
securities exchange, and the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant does not know the identity of the 
counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the 
transaction to permit the security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant to comply with the obligations of paragraph (a) 
of this section.
    (3) Special entity election. In verifying the special entity status 
of a counterparty pursuant to Sec.  240.15Fh-3(a)(2), a security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant shall verify 
whether a counterparty is eligible to elect not to be a special entity 
under Sec.  240.15Fh-2(d)(4) and, if so, notify such counterparty of 
its right to make such an election.
    (b) Disclosure. At a reasonably sufficient time prior to entering 
into a security-based swap, a security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant shall disclose to a counterparty, other 
than a security-based swap dealer, major security-based swap 
participant, swap dealer or major swap participant, material 
information concerning the security-based swap in a manner reasonably 
designed to allow the counterparty to assess the material risks and 
characteristics and material incentives or conflicts of interest, as 
described below, so long as the identity of the counterparty is known 
to the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the 
transaction to permit the security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant to comply with the obligations of paragraph (b) 
of this section.
    (1) Material risks and characteristics means the material risks and 
characteristics of the particular security-based swap, which may 
include:
    (i) Market, credit, liquidity, foreign currency, legal, 
operational, and any other applicable risks; and
    (ii) The material economic terms of the security-based swap, the 
terms relating to the operation of the security-based swap, and the 
rights and obligations of the parties during the term of the security-
based swap.
    (2) Material incentives or conflicts of interest means any material 
incentives or conflicts of interest that the security-based swap dealer 
or major security-based swap participant may have in connection with 
the security-based swap, including any compensation or other incentives 
from any source other than the counterparty in connection with the 
security-based swap to be entered into with the counterparty.
    (3) Record. The security-based swap dealer or major security-based 
swap participant shall make a written record of the non-written 
disclosures made pursuant to this paragraph (b), and provide a written 
version of these disclosures to its counterparties in a timely manner, 
but in any case no later than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement 
of the particular transaction pursuant to Sec.  240.15Fi-1.
    (c) Daily mark. A security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant shall disclose the daily mark to the 
counterparty, other than a security-based swap dealer, major security-
based swap participant, swap dealer or major swap participant, which 
shall be:
    (1) For a cleared security-based swap, upon request of the 
counterparty, the daily mark that the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant receives from the appropriate 
clearing agency;
    (2) For an uncleared security-based swap, the midpoint between the 
bid and offer, or the calculated equivalent thereof, as of the close of 
business, unless the parties agree in writing otherwise to a different 
time, on each business day during the term of the security-based swap. 
The daily mark may be based on market quotations for comparable 
security-based swaps, mathematical models or a combination thereof. The 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant 
shall also disclose its data sources and a description of the 
methodology and assumptions used to prepare the daily mark, and 
promptly disclose any material changes to such data sources, 
methodology and assumptions during the term of the security-based swap; 
and
    (3) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant shall provide the daily mark without charge to the 
counterparty and without restrictions on the internal use of the daily 
mark by the counterparty.
    (d) Disclosure regarding clearing rights. A security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant shall disclose the 
following information to a counterparty, other than a security-based 
swap dealer, major security-based swap participant, swap dealer or 
major swap participant, so long as the identity of the counterparty is 
known to the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the 
transaction to permit the security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant to comply with the obligations of paragraph (d) 
of this section:
    (1) For security-based swaps subject to clearing requirement. 
Before entering into a security-based swap subject to the clearing 
requirement under section 3C(a) of the Act, a security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant shall:
    (i) Disclose to the counterparty the names of the clearing agencies 
that accept the security-based swap for clearing, and through which of 
those clearing agencies the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant is authorized or permitted, directly or 
through a designated clearing member, to clear the security-based swap; 
and
    (ii) Notify the counterparty that it shall have the sole right to 
select which of the clearing agencies described in paragraph (d)(1)(i) 
of this section shall be used to clear the security-based swap subject 
to section 3C(g)(5) of the Act.
    (2) For security-based swaps not subject to clearing requirement. 
Before entering into a security-based swap not subject to the clearing 
requirement under section 3C(a) of the Act, a security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant shall:
    (i) Determine whether the security-based swap is accepted for 
clearing by one or more clearing agencies;
    (ii) Disclose to the counterparty the names of the clearing 
agencies that accept the security-based swap for clearing, and whether 
the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant 
is authorized or permitted, directly or through a designated clearing 
member, to clear the security-based swap through such clearing 
agencies; and

[[Page 30146]]

    (iii) Notify the counterparty that it may elect to require clearing 
of the security-based swap and shall have the sole right to select the 
clearing agency at which the security-based swap will be cleared, 
provided it is a clearing agency at which the security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant is authorized or 
permitted, directly or through a designated clearing member, to clear 
the security-based swap.
    (3) Record. The security-based swap dealer or major security-based 
swap participant shall make a written record of the non-written 
disclosures made pursuant to this paragraph (d), and provide a written 
version of these disclosures to its counterparties in a timely manner, 
but in any case no later than the delivery of the trade acknowledgement 
of the particular transaction pursuant to Sec.  240.15Fi-1.
    (e) Know your counterparty. Each security-based swap dealer shall 
establish, maintain and enforce written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to obtain and retain a record of the essential 
facts concerning each counterparty whose identity is known to the 
security-based swap dealer that are necessary for conducting business 
with such counterparty. For purposes of paragraph (e) of this section, 
the essential facts concerning a counterparty are:
    (1) Facts required to comply with applicable laws, regulations and 
rules;
    (2) Facts required to implement the security-based swap dealer's 
credit and operational risk management policies in connection with 
transactions entered into with such counterparty; and
    (3) Information regarding the authority of any person acting for 
such counterparty.
    (f) Recommendations of security-based swaps or trading strategies. 
(1) A security-based swap dealer that recommends a security-based swap 
or trading strategy involving a security-based swap to a counterparty, 
other than a security-based swap dealer, major security-based swap 
participant, swap dealer, or major swap participant, must:
    (i) Undertake reasonable diligence to understand the potential 
risks and rewards associated with the recommended security-based swap 
or trading strategy involving a security-based swap; and
    (ii) Have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommended 
security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap 
is suitable for the counterparty. To establish a reasonable basis for a 
recommendation, a security-based swap dealer must have or obtain 
relevant information regarding the counterparty, including the 
counterparty's investment profile, trading objectives, and its ability 
to absorb potential losses associated with the recommended security-
based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based swap.
    (2) A security-based swap dealer may also fulfill its obligations 
under paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section with respect to an 
institutional counterparty, if:
    (i) The security-based swap dealer reasonably determines that the 
counterparty, or an agent to which the counterparty has delegated 
decision-making authority, is capable of independently evaluating 
investment risks with regard to the relevant security-based swap or 
trading strategy involving a security-based swap;
    (ii) The counterparty or its agent affirmatively represents in 
writing that it is exercising independent judgment in evaluating the 
recommendations of the security-based swap dealer with regard to the 
relevant security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-
based swap; and
    (iii) The security-based swap dealer discloses that it is acting in 
its capacity as a counterparty, and is not undertaking to assess the 
suitability of the security-based swap or trading strategy for the 
counterparty.
    (3) A security-based swap dealer will be deemed to have satisfied 
its obligations under paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section if it 
receives written representations, as provided in Sec.  240.15Fh-1(b), 
that:
    (i) In the case of a counterparty that is not a special entity, the 
counterparty has complied in good faith with written policies and 
procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the persons 
responsible for evaluating the recommendation and making trading 
decisions on behalf of the counterparty are capable of doing so; or
    (ii) In the case of a counterparty that is a special entity, 
satisfy the terms of the safe harbor in Sec.  240.15Fh-5(b).
    (4) For purposes of paragraph (f)(2) of this section, an 
institutional counterparty is a counterparty that is an eligible 
contract participant as defined in clauses (A)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv), 
(viii), (ix) or (x), or clause (B)(ii) (other than a person described 
in clause (A)(v)) of section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 
U.S.C. 1(a)(18)) and the rules and regulations thereunder, or any 
person (whether a natural person, corporation, partnership, trust or 
otherwise) with total assets of at least $50 million.
    (g) Fair and balanced communications. A security-based swap dealer 
or major security-based swap participant shall communicate with 
counterparties in a fair and balanced manner based on principles of 
fair dealing and good faith. In particular:
    (1) Communications must provide a sound basis for evaluating the 
facts with regard to any particular security-based swap or trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap;
    (2) Communications may not imply that past performance will recur 
or make any exaggerated or unwarranted claim, opinion or forecast; and
    (3) Any statement referring to the potential opportunities or 
advantages presented by a security-based swap shall be balanced by an 
equally detailed statement of the corresponding risks.
    (h) Supervision--(1) In general. A security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant shall establish and maintain a 
system to supervise, and shall diligently supervise, its business and 
the activities of its associated persons. Such a system shall be 
reasonably designed to prevent violations of the provisions of 
applicable federal securities laws and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as a security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant, respectively.
    (2) Minimum requirements. The system required by paragraph (h)(1) 
of this section shall, at a minimum, provide for:
    (i) The designation of at least one person with authority to carry 
out the supervisory responsibilities of the security-based swap dealer 
or major security-based swap participant for each type of business in 
which it engages for which registration as a security-based swap dealer 
or major security-based swap participant is required;
    (ii) The use of reasonable efforts to determine that all 
supervisors are qualified, either by virtue of experience or training, 
to carry out their assigned responsibilities; and
    (iii) Establishment, maintenance and enforcement of written 
policies and procedures addressing the supervision of the types of 
security-based swap business in which the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant is engaged and the activities of 
its associated persons that are reasonably designed to prevent 
violations of applicable federal securities laws and the rules and 
regulations thereunder, and that include, at a minimum:
    (A) Procedures for the review by a supervisor of transactions for 
which registration as a security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant is required;

[[Page 30147]]

    (B) Procedures for the review by a supervisor of incoming and 
outgoing written (including electronic) correspondence with 
counterparties or potential counterparties and internal written 
communications relating to the security-based swap dealer's or major 
security-based swap participant's business involving security-based 
swaps;
    (C) Procedures for a periodic review, at least annually, of the 
security-based swap business in which the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant engages that is reasonably 
designed to assist in detecting and preventing violations of applicable 
federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder;
    (D) Procedures to conduct a reasonable investigation regarding the 
good character, business repute, qualifications, and experience of any 
person prior to that person's association with the security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant;
    (E) Procedures to consider whether to permit an associated person 
to establish or maintain a securities or commodities account or a 
trading relationship in the name of, or for the benefit of such 
associated person, at another security-based swap dealer, broker, 
dealer, investment adviser, or other financial institution; and if 
permitted, procedures to supervise the trading at the other security-
based swap dealer, broker, dealer, investment adviser, or financial 
institution;
    (F) A description of the supervisory system, including the titles, 
qualifications and locations of supervisory persons and the 
responsibilities of each supervisory person with respect to the types 
of business in which the security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant is engaged;
    (G) Procedures prohibiting an associated person who performs a 
supervisory function from supervising his or her own activities or 
reporting to, or having his or her compensation or continued employment 
determined by, a person or persons he or she is supervising; provided, 
however, that if the security-based swap dealer or major security-based 
swap participant determines, with respect to any of its supervisory 
personnel, that compliance with this requirement is not possible 
because of the firm's size or a supervisory person's position within 
the firm, the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant must document the factors used to reach such determination 
and how the supervisory arrangement with respect to such supervisory 
personnel otherwise complies with paragraph (h)(1) of this section, and 
include a summary of such determination in the annual compliance report 
prepared by the security-based swap dealer's or major security-based 
swap participant's chief compliance officer pursuant to Sec.  240.15Fk-
1(c);
    (H) Procedures reasonably designed to prevent the supervisory 
system required by paragraph (h)(1) of this section from being 
compromised due to the conflicts of interest that may be present with 
respect to the associated person being supervised, including the 
position of such person, the revenue such person generates for the 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant, or 
any compensation that the associated person conducting the supervision 
may derive from the associated person being supervised; and
    (I) Procedures reasonably designed, taking into consideration the 
nature of such security-based swap dealer's or major security-based 
swap participant's business, to comply with the duties set forth in 
section 15F(j) of the Act.
    (3) Failure to supervise. A security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant or an associated person of a security-
based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant shall not be 
deemed to have failed to diligently supervise any other person, if such 
other person is not subject to his or her supervision, or if:
    (i) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant has established and maintained written policies and 
procedures as required in Sec.  240.15Fh-3(h)(2)(iii), and a documented 
system for applying those policies and procedures, that would 
reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, insofar as practicable, 
any violation of the federal securities laws and the rules and 
regulations thereunder relating to security-based swaps; and
    (ii) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant, or associated person of the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant, has reasonably discharged the 
duties and obligations required by such written policies and procedures 
and documented system and did not have a reasonable basis to believe 
that such written policies and procedures and documented system were 
not being followed.
    (4) Maintenance of written supervisory procedures. A security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant shall:
    (i) Promptly amend its written supervisory procedures as 
appropriate when material changes occur in applicable securities laws 
or rules or regulations thereunder, and when material changes occur in 
its business or supervisory system; and
    (ii) Promptly communicate any material amendments to its 
supervisory procedures to all associated persons to whom such 
amendments are relevant based on their activities and responsibilities.

Sec.  240.15Fh-4  Antifraud provisions for security-based swap dealers 
and major security-based swap participants; special requirements for 
security-based swap dealers acting as advisors to special entities.

    (a) Antifraud provisions. It shall be unlawful for a security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant:
    (1) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud any 
special entity or prospective customer who is a special entity;
    (2) To engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business 
that operates as a fraud or deceit on any special entity or prospective 
customer who is a special entity; or
    (3) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business that is 
fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative.
    (b) Special requirements for security-based swap dealers acting as 
advisors to special entities. A security-based swap dealer that acts as 
an advisor to a special entity regarding a security-based swap shall 
comply with the following requirements:
    (1) Duty. The security-based swap dealer shall have a duty to make 
a reasonable determination that any security-based swap or trading 
strategy involving a security-based swap recommended by the security-
based swap dealer is in the best interests of the special entity.
    (2) Reasonable efforts. The security-based swap dealer shall make 
reasonable efforts to obtain such information that the security-based 
swap dealer considers necessary to make a reasonable determination that 
a security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap is in the best interests of the special entity. This information 
shall include, but not be limited to:
    (i) The authority of the special entity to enter into a security-
based swap;
    (ii) The financial status of the special entity, as well as future 
funding needs;
    (iii) The tax status of the special entity;
    (iv) The hedging, investment, financing or other objectives of the 
special entity;
    (v) The experience of the special entity with respect to entering 
into

[[Page 30148]]

security-based swaps, generally, and security-based swaps of the type 
and complexity being recommended;
    (vi) Whether the special entity has the financial capability to 
withstand changes in market conditions during the term of the security-
based swap; and
    (vii) Such other information as is relevant to the particular facts 
and circumstances of the special entity, market conditions and the type 
of security-based swap or trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap being recommended.
    (3) Exception. The requirements of this paragraph (b) shall not 
apply with respect to a security-based swap if:
    (i) The transaction is executed on a registered or exempt security-
based swap execution facility or registered national securities 
exchange; and
    (ii) The security-based swap dealer does not know the identity of 
the counterparty at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of 
the transaction to permit the security-based swap dealer to comply with 
the obligations of paragraph (b) of this section.

Sec.  240.15Fh-5  Special requirements for security-based swap dealers 
and major security-based swap participants acting as counterparties to 
special entities.

    (a)(1) A security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant that offers to enter into or enters into a security-based 
swap with a special entity, other than a special entity defined in 
Sec.  240.15Fh-2(d)(3), must have a reasonable basis to believe that 
the special entity has a qualified independent representative. For 
these purposes, a qualified independent representative is a 
representative that:
    (i) Has sufficient knowledge to evaluate the transaction and risks;
    (ii) Is not subject to a statutory disqualification;
    (iii) Undertakes a duty to act in the best interests of the special 
entity;
    (iv) Makes appropriate and timely disclosures to the special entity 
of material information concerning the security-based swap;
    (v) Evaluates, consistent with any guidelines provided by the 
special entity, the fair pricing and the appropriateness of the 
security-based swap;
    (vi) In the case of a special entity defined in Sec. Sec.  
240.15Fh-2(d)(2) or (5), is a person that is subject to rules of the 
Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission or a self-
regulatory organization subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission 
or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission prohibiting it from 
engaging in specified activities if certain political contributions 
have been made, provided that this paragraph (a)(1)(vi) shall not apply 
if the independent representative is an employee of the special entity; 
and
    (vii) Is independent of the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant.
    (A) A representative of a special entity is independent of a 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant if 
the representative does not have a relationship with the security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant, whether 
compensatory or otherwise, that reasonably could affect the independent 
judgment or decision-making of the representative.
    (B) A representative of a special entity will be deemed to be 
independent of a security-based swap dealer or major security-based 
swap participant if:
    (1) The representative is not and, within one year of representing 
the special entity in connection with the security-based swap, was not 
an associated person of the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant;
    (2) The representative provides timely disclosures to the special 
entity of all material conflicts of interest that could reasonably 
affect the judgment or decision making of the representative with 
respect to its obligations to the special entity and complies with 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage and mitigate such 
material conflicts of interest; and
    (3) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant did not refer, recommend, or introduce the representative 
to the special entity within one year of the representative's 
representation of the special entity in connection with the security-
based swap.
    (2) A security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant that offers to enter into or enters into a security-based 
swap with a special entity as defined in Sec.  240.15Fh-2(d)(3) must 
have a reasonable basis to believe that the special entity has a 
representative that is a fiduciary as defined in section 3 of the 
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002).
    (b) Safe harbor. (1) A security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant shall be deemed to have a reasonable 
basis to believe that the special entity, other than a special entity 
defined in Sec.  240.15Fh-2(d)(3), has a representative that satisfies 
the applicable requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, 
provided that:
    (i) The special entity represents in writing to the security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant that it has 
complied in good faith with written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to ensure that it has selected a representative that satisfies 
the applicable requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, and 
that such policies and procedures provide for ongoing monitoring of the 
performance of such representative consistent with the requirements of 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and
    (ii) The representative represents in writing to the special entity 
and security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant 
that the representative:
    (A) Has policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that 
it satisfies the applicable requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section;
    (B) Meets the independence test in paragraph (a)(1)(vii) of this 
section; has the knowledge required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this 
section; is not subject to a statutory disqualification under paragraph 
(a)(1)(ii) of this section; undertakes a duty to act in the best 
interests of the special entity as required under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) 
of this section; and is subject to the requirements regarding political 
contributions, as applicable, under paragraph (a)(1)(vi) of this 
section; and
    (C) Is legally obligated to comply with the applicable requirements 
of paragraph (a)(1) of this section by agreement, condition of 
employment, law, rule, regulation, or other enforceable duty.
    (2) A security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant shall be deemed to have a reasonable basis to believe that 
a special entity defined in Sec.  240.15Fh-2(d)(3) of this section has 
a representative that satisfies the applicable requirements in 
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, provided that the special entity 
provides in writing to the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant the representative's name and contact 
information, and represents in writing that the representative is a 
fiduciary as defined in section 3 of the Employee Retirement Income 
Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002).
    (c) Before initiation of a security-based swap with a special 
entity, a security-based swap dealer shall disclose to the special 
entity in writing the capacity in which the security-based swap dealer 
is acting in connection with the security-based swap and, if the 
security-based swap dealer engages in business with the counterparty in 
more

[[Page 30149]]

than one capacity, the security-based swap dealer shall disclose the 
material differences between such capacities and any other financial 
transaction or service involving the counterparty.
    (d) The requirements of this section shall not apply with respect 
to a security-based swap if:
    (1) The transaction is executed on a registered or exempt security-
based swap execution facility or registered national securities 
exchange; and
    (2) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant does not know the identity of the counterparty at a 
reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the transaction to 
permit the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant to comply with the obligations of paragraphs (a) through 
(c) of this section.

Sec.  240.15Fh-6  Political contributions by certain security-based 
swap dealers.

    (a) Definitions. For the purposes of this section:
    (1) The term contribution means any gift, subscription, loan, 
advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made:
    (i) For the purpose of influencing any election for federal, state 
or local office;
    (ii) For payment of debt incurred in connection with any such 
election; or
    (iii) For transition or inaugural expenses incurred by the 
successful candidate for state or local office.
    (2) The term covered associate means:
    (i) Any general partner, managing member or executive officer, or 
other person with a similar status or function;
    (ii) Any employee who solicits a municipal entity to enter into a 
security-based swap with the security-based swap dealer and any person 
who supervises, directly or indirectly, such employee; and
    (iii) A political action committee controlled by the security-based 
swap dealer or by a person described in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (ii) 
of this section.
    (3) The term executive officer of a security-based swap dealer 
means:
    (i) The president;
    (ii) Any vice president in charge of a principal business unit, 
division or function (such as sales, administration or finance);
    (iii) Any other officer of the security-based swap dealer who 
performs a policy-making function; or
    (iv) Any other person who performs similar policy-making functions 
for the security-based swap dealer.
    (4) The term municipal entity is defined in section 15B(e)(8) of 
the Act.
    (5) The term official of a municipal entity means any person 
(including any election committee for such person) who was, at the time 
of the contribution, an incumbent, candidate or successful candidate 
for elective office of a municipal entity, if the office:
    (i) Is directly or indirectly responsible for, or can influence the 
outcome of, the selection of a security-based swap dealer by a 
municipal entity; or
    (ii) Has authority to appoint any person who is directly or 
indirectly responsible for, or can influence the outcome of, the 
selection of a security-based swap dealer by a municipal entity.
    (6) The term payment means any gift, subscription, loan, advance, 
or deposit of money or anything of value.
    (7) The term regulated person means:
    (i) A person that is subject to rules of the Commission, the 
Commodity Futures Trading Commission or a self-regulatory organization 
subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission or the Commodity Futures 
Trading Commission prohibiting it from engaging in specified activities 
if certain political contributions have been made, or its officers or 
employees;
    (ii) A general partner, managing member or executive officer of 
such person, or other individual with a similar status or function; or
    (iii) An employee of such person who solicits a municipal entity 
for the security-based swap dealer and any person who supervises, 
directly or indirectly, such employee.
    (8) The term solicit means a direct or indirect communication by 
any person with a municipal entity for the purpose of obtaining or 
retaining an engagement related to a security-based swap.
    (b) Prohibitions and exceptions. (1) It shall be unlawful for a 
security-based swap dealer to offer to enter into, or enter into, a 
security-based swap, or a trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap, with a municipal entity within two years after any contribution 
to an official of such municipal entity was made by the security-based 
swap dealer, or by any covered associate of the security-based swap 
dealer.
    (2) The prohibition in paragraph (b)(1) of this section does not 
apply:
    (i) If the only contributions made by the security-based swap 
dealer to an official of such municipal entity were made by a covered 
associate, if a natural person:
    (A) To officials for whom the covered associate was entitled to 
vote at the time of the contributions, if the contributions in the 
aggregate do not exceed $350 to any one official per election; or
    (B) To officials for whom the covered associate was not entitled to 
vote at the time of the contributions, if the contributions in the 
aggregate do not exceed $150 to any one official, per election;
    (ii) To a security-based swap dealer as a result of a contribution 
made by a natural person more than six months prior to becoming a 
covered associate of the security-based swap dealer, however, this 
exclusion shall not apply if the natural person, after becoming a 
covered associate, solicits the municipal entity on behalf of the 
security-based swap dealer to offer to enter into, or to enter into, 
security-based swap, or a trading strategy involving a security-based 
swap; or
    (iii) With respect to a security-based swap that is executed on a 
registered national securities exchange or registered or exempt 
security-based swap execution facility where the security-based swap 
dealer does not know the identity of the counterparty to the 
transaction at a reasonably sufficient time prior to execution of the 
transaction to permit the security-based swap dealer to comply with the 
obligations of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
    (3) No security-based swap dealer or any covered associate of the 
security-based swap dealer shall:
    (i) Provide or agree to provide, directly or indirectly, payment to 
any person to solicit a municipal entity to offer to enter into, or to 
enter into, a security-based swap or any trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap with that security-based swap dealer unless such 
person is a regulated person; or
    (ii) Coordinate, or solicit any person or political action 
committee to make, any:
    (A) Contribution to an official of a municipal entity with which 
the security-based swap dealer is offering to enter into, or has 
entered into, a security-based swap or a trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap; or
    (B) Payment to a political party of a state or locality with which 
the security-based swap dealer is offering to enter into, or has 
entered into, a security-based swap or a trading strategy involving a 
security-based swap.
    (c) Circumvention of rule. No security-based swap dealer shall, 
directly or indirectly, through or by any other person or means, do any 
act that would result in a violation of paragraph (a) or (b) of this 
section.
    (d) Requests for exemption. The Commission, upon application, may 
conditionally or unconditionally exempt a security-based swap dealer 
from the prohibition under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. In 
determining whether to grant an exemption, the

[[Page 30150]]

Commission will consider, among other factors:
    (1) Whether the exemption is necessary or appropriate in the public 
interest and consistent with the protection of investors and the 
purposes of the Act;
    (2) Whether the security-based swap dealer:
    (i) Before the contribution resulting in the prohibition was made, 
adopted and implemented policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
prevent violations of this section;
    (ii) Prior to or at the time the contribution which resulted in 
such prohibition was made, had no actual knowledge of the contribution; 
and
    (iii) After learning of the contribution:
    (A) Has taken all available steps to cause the contributor involved 
in making the contribution which resulted in such prohibition to obtain 
a return of the contribution; and
    (B) Has taken such other remedial or preventive measures as may be 
appropriate under the circumstances;
    (3) Whether, at the time of the contribution, the contributor was a 
covered associate or otherwise an employee of the security-based swap 
dealer, or was seeking such employment;
    (4) The timing and amount of the contribution which resulted in the 
prohibition;
    (5) The nature of the election (e.g., federal, state or local); and
    (6) The contributor's apparent intent or motive in making the 
contribution that resulted in the prohibition, as evidenced by the 
facts and circumstances surrounding the contribution.
    (e) Prohibitions inapplicable. (1) The prohibitions under paragraph 
(b) of this section shall not apply to a contribution made by a covered 
associate of the security-based swap dealer if:
    (i) The security-based swap dealer discovered the contribution 
within 120 calendar days of the date of such contribution;
    (ii) The contribution did not exceed $350; and
    (iii) The covered associate obtained a return of the contribution 
within 60 calendar days of the date of discovery of the contribution by 
the security-based swap dealer.
    (2) A security-based swap dealer that has more than 50 covered 
associates may not rely on paragraph (e)(1) of this section more than 
three times in any 12-month period, while a security-based swap dealer 
that has 50 or fewer covered associates may not rely on paragraph 
(e)(1) of this section more than twice in any 12-month period.
    (3) A security-based swap dealer may not rely on paragraph (e)(1) 
of this section more than once for any covered associate, regardless of 
the time between contributions.

Sec.  240.15Fk-1  Designation of chief compliance officer for security-
based swap dealers and major security-based swap participants.

    (a) In general. A security-based swap dealer and major security-
based swap participant shall designate an individual to serve as a 
chief compliance officer on its registration form.
    (b) Duties. The chief compliance officer shall:
    (1) Report directly to the board of directors or to the senior 
officer of the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant; and
    (2) Take reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant 
establishes, maintains and reviews written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the Act and the rules 
and regulations thereunder relating to its business as a security-based 
swap dealer or major security-based swap participant by:
    (i) Reviewing the compliance of the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant with respect to the security-
based swap dealer and major security-based swap participant 
requirements described in section 15F of the Act, and the rules and 
regulations thereunder, where the review shall involve preparing the 
registrant's annual assessment of its written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance with section 15F of the Act, 
and the rules and regulations thereunder, by the security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant;
    (ii) Taking reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant 
establishes, maintains and reviews policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to remediate non-compliance issues identified by the chief 
compliance officer through any means, including any:
    (A) Compliance office review;
    (B) Look-back;
    (C) Internal or external audit finding;
    (D) Self-reporting to the Commission and other appropriate 
authorities; or
    (E) Complaint that can be validated; and
    (iii) Taking reasonable steps to ensure that the registrant 
establishes and follows procedures reasonably designed for the 
handling, management response, remediation, retesting, and resolution 
of non-compliance issues;
    (3) In consultation with the board of directors or the senior 
officer of the security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant, take reasonable steps to resolve any material conflicts of 
interest that may arise; and
    (4) Administer each policy and procedure that is required to be 
established pursuant to section 15F of the Act and the rules and 
regulations thereunder.
    (c) Annual reports--(1) In general. The chief compliance officer 
shall annually prepare and sign a compliance report that contains a 
description of the written policies and procedures of the security-
based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant described in 
paragraph (b) of this section (including the code of ethics and 
conflict of interest policies).
    (2) Requirements. (i) Each compliance report shall also contain, at 
a minimum, a description of:
    (A) The security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant's assessment of the effectiveness of its policies and 
procedures relating to its business as a security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based participant;
    (B) Any material changes to the registrant's policies and 
procedures since the date of the preceding compliance report;
    (C) Any areas for improvement, and recommended potential or 
prospective changes or improvements to its compliance program and 
resources devoted to compliance;
    (D) Any material non-compliance matters identified; and
    (E) The financial, managerial, operational, and staffing resources 
set aside for compliance with the Act and the rules and regulations 
thereunder relating to its business as a security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant, including any material 
deficiencies in such resources.
    (ii) A compliance report under paragraph (c)(1) of this section 
also shall:
    (A) Be submitted to the Commission within 30 days following the 
deadline for filing the security-based swap dealer's or major security-
based swap participant's annual financial report with the Commission 
pursuant to section 15F of the Act and rules and regulations 
thereunder;
    (B) Be submitted to the board of directors and audit committee (or 
equivalent bodies) and the senior officer of the security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant prior to submission to 
the Commission;
    (C) Be discussed in one or more meetings conducted by the senior 
officer with the chief compliance officer(s) in the preceding 12 
months, the subject of

[[Page 30151]]

which addresses the obligations in this section; and
    (D) Include a certification by the chief compliance officer or 
senior officer that, to the best of his or her knowledge and reasonable 
belief and under penalty of law, the information contained in the 
compliance report is accurate and complete in all material respects.
    (iii) Extensions of time. A security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant may request from the Commission an 
extension of time to submit its compliance report, provided the 
registrant's failure to timely submit the report could not be 
eliminated by the registrant without unreasonable effort or expense. 
Extensions of the deadline will be granted at the discretion of the 
Commission.
    (iv) Incorporation by reference. A security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant may incorporate by reference 
sections of a compliance report that have been submitted within the 
current or immediately preceding reporting period to the Commission.
    (v) Amendments. A security-based swap dealer or major security-
based swap participant shall promptly submit an amended compliance 
report if material errors or omissions in the report are identified. An 
amendment must contain the certification required under paragraph 
(c)(2)(ii)(D) of this section.
    (d) Compensation and removal. The compensation and removal of the 
chief compliance officer shall require the approval of a majority of 
the board of directors of the security-based swap dealer or major 
security-based swap participant.
    (e) Definitions. For purposes of this section, references to:
    (1) The board or board of directors shall include a body performing 
a function similar to the board of directors.
    (2) The senior officer shall include the chief executive officer or 
other equivalent officer.
    (3) Complaint that can be validated shall include any written 
complaint by a counterparty involving the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant or associated person of a 
security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap participant 
that can be supported upon reasonable investigation.
    (4) A material non-compliance matter means any non-compliance 
matter about which the board of directors of the security-based swap 
dealer or major security-based swap participant would reasonably need 
to know to oversee the compliance of the security-based swap dealer or 
major security-based swap participant, and that involves, without 
limitation:
    (i) A violation of the federal securities laws relating to its 
business as a security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant by the firm or its officers, directors, employees or 
agents;
    (ii) A violation of the policies and procedures relating to its 
business as a security-based swap dealer or major security-based swap 
participant by the firm or its officers, directors, employees or 
agents; or
    (iii) A weakness in the design or implementation of the policies 
and procedures relating to its business as a security-based swap dealer 
or major security-based swap participant.

    By the Commission.

     Dated: April 14, 2016.
Brent J. Fields,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2016-10918 Filed 5-12-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 8011-01-P