Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300-1768
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2021-01-15T05:00Z

Economic Analysis Appendices for the Final Lead and Copper Rule Revisions

Office of Water (4607M)
EPA 816-R-20-008a
December 2020

Table of Contents
Appendix A : LSLR Unit Costs	A-1
A.1	Introduction	A-1
A.2	Lead Service Line Replacement Unit Costs	A-1
A.2.1	Data Sources	A-2
A.2.1.1	AWWA 2011 Survey	A-5
A.2.1.2	Sandvig et al. 2008	A-6
A.2.1.3	2007 Needs Survey	A-6
A.2.1.4	AWWA 2005; Black & Veatch 2004	A-6
A.2.1.5	Utility Data	A-7
A.2.2	Adjustment for Planned LSLR	A-8
A.2.3	Final Low and High Estimates	A-9
A.2.4	Applicability of LSLR Unit Costs under the Previous Rule and Final LCRR	A-10
A.2.4.1	Previous Rule	A-10
A.2.4.2	Final LCRR	A-13
A.3	References	A-15
Appendix B : Modeling Costs in the SafeWater LCR Model and Economic Impact and Analysis of the Previous Rule	B-1
B.1	Introduction	B-1
B.2	Baseline Conditions and Modeling Assumption for both the Previous LCR and Final LCRR	B-1
B.2.1	Model-PWSs	B-1
B.2.1.1	Very Large Systems	B-3
B.2.2	Analysis Period and Discount Rates	B-5
B.2.3	Rule Implementation Schedule	B-7
B.3	Estimating Compliance Activity under the Final LCRR	B-7
B.3.1	Change in source water or treatment technology	B-9
B.3.2	Small CWS and NTNCWS flexibility	B-12
B.3.3	Corrosion control and point-of-use technology	B-12
B.3.4	Lead service line replacements	B-15
B.3.5	Find-and-fix	B-17
B.4	Estimating Compliance Activity Under the Previous LCR	B-21
B.4.1	Corrosion control technology	B-22
B.4.2	Lead service line replacements	B-24
B.5	Estimating Public Water System Costs under Previous LCR	B-27
B.5.1	PWS Sampling Costs	B-30
B.5.1.1	Lead Tap Sampling	B-30
B.5.1.2	Lead Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	B-45
B.5.1.3	Copper Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	B-49
B.5.1.4	Source Water Monitoring	B-50
B.5.2	PWS Corrosion Control Costs	B-55
B.5.2.1	CCT Installation	B-55
B.5.2.2	Re-optimization of Existing Corrosion Control Treatment	B-60
B.5.2.3	Lead CCT Routine Costs	B-63
B.5.3	PWS Lead Service Line Replacement-Related Costs	B-65
B.5.3.1	Lead Service Line Replacements	B-65
B.5.3.2	Ancillary Lead Service Line Replacement Activities	B-69
B.5.4	PWS Lead Public Education and Outreach Costs	B-79
B.6	Estimating Primacy Agency Costs under the Existing LCR	B-83
B.6.1	Primacy Agency Administrative Costs	B-85
B.6.2	Primacy Agency Sampling Related Costs	B-87
B.6.2.1	Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Costs	B-87
B.6.2.2	Primacy Agency Lead WQP Sampling Costs	B-91
B.6.2.3	Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Costs	B-91
B.6.2.4	Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Costs	B-92
B.6.3	Primacy Agency CCT-Related Costs	B-93
B.6.3.1	Primacy Agency CCT Installation Costs	B-94
B.6.3.2	Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Costs	B-96
B.6.3.3	Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Costs	B-98
B.6.4	Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Testing and Replacement	B-99
B.6.5	Primacy Agency Lead Public Education and Outreach	B-101
B.7	References	B-103
Appendix C : Detailed Costs Results	C-1
C.1	Introduction	C-1
C.2	System Counts and Population Impacted	C-1
C.3	National Annualized Rule Costs	C-57
C.3.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-57
C.3.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-95
C.4	National Annualized Sampling Costs	C-134
C.4.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-134
C.4.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-157
C.5	National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs	C-184
C.5.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-184
C.5.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-238
C.6	National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs	C-293
C.6.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-293
C.6.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-335
C.7	Annualized Incremental Cost per Water System	C-377
C.7.1	CWS-level costs by system size and source water	C-377
C.7.2	NTNCWS-Level costs by system size and source water	C-380
Appendix D : Adverse Health Effects Associated with Lead Exposures	D-1
D.1	Cardiovascular Effects	D-2
D.1.1	Blood Pressure and Hypertension	D-2
D.1.1.1	Adults	D-3
D.1.1.2	Children	D-3
D.1.2	Electrocardiogram Abnormalities	D-3
D.1.2.1	Adults	D-3
D.1.2.2	Children	D-4
D.1.3	Clinical Cardiovascular Conditions	D-4
D.1.4	Cardiovascular Mortality	D-5
D.2	Renal Effects	D-6
D.2.1.1	Adults	D-7
D.2.1.2	Children	D-8
D.3	Reproductive and Developmental Effects	D-8
D.3.1	Delayed Puberty	D-8
D.3.2	Postnatal Growth	D-9
D.3.3	Sperm Parameters	D-9
D.3.4	Fertility and Time to Conception	D-10
D.3.5	Spontaneous Abortions	D-10
D.3.6	Reduced Fetal Growth/Low Birth Weight	D-11
D.3.7	Preterm Birth and Gestational Age	D-12
D.4	Immune Effects	D-13
D.5	Increased Hypersensitivity and Allergy Response	D-13
D.5.1.1	Adults	D-13
D.5.1.2	Children	D-13
D.6	Resistance to Bacterial Infection	D-14
D.6.1.1	Adults	D-14
D.6.1.2	Children	D-14
D.7	Neurological Effects	D-14
D.7.1	Cognitive Function	D-15
D.7.1.1	Adults	D-15
D.7.1.2	Children: IQ	D-16
D.7.1.3	Children: Academic Achievement	D-17
D.7.2	Attention-Related Behavior	D-19
D.7.3	Conduct Disorders	D-21
D.7.4	Internalizing Behaviors	D-22
D.7.5	Psychological Effects	D-22
D.7.6	Neurodegeneration	D-23
D.7.7	Auditory Function	D-24
D.7.7.1	Adults	D-24
D.7.7.2	Children	D-24
D.7.8	Motor Function	D-25
D.8	Cancer	D-25
D.9	References	D-26
Appendix E : Adverse Health Effects Associated with Copper Exposures	E-1
E.1	Acute Gastrointestinal Distress	E-1
E.2	Chronic Liver Toxicity	E-2
E.2.1	Wilson's Disease	E-2
E.2.2	Infants and Children with Genetic Susceptibilities	E-3
E.3	References	E-4
Appendix F : Water Lead Level Analysis and Simulation	F-1
F.1	Approach to data selection and identification of LSL and CCT categories	F-1
F.2	Spline fitting and knot placement	F-3
F.3	Selection of post-stagnation volume for simulation of BLL	F-4
F.4	Comparisons with compliance data for estimating CCT benefit in locations without LSL	F-5
F.5	References	F-9
Appendix G : Sensitivity Analysis for Blood Lead and IQ Benefits in Children	G-1
G.1	Additional Estimates of Blood Lead in Children	G-1
G.1.1	SHEDS-IEUBK Distributional Information	G-1
G.1.2	Alternative Assumptions for Drinking Water Inputs When No Lead Service Line is Present	G-5
G.1.3	Alternate Models for Estimating Blood Lead Levels in Children	G-7
G.2	Alternative Concentration-Response Functions for Lead and IQ	G-9
G.3	Alternative Valuation of Avoided IQ Loss	G-11
G.4	Sensitivity Based on an Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Protocol	G-11
G.5	Results of the Sensitivity Analysis for Benefits in Children	G-11
G.6	References	G-29
Appendix H : Alternative Approaches to Estimating Changes in Blood Lead Levels in Adults	H-30
H.1	Blood Lead in Adults	H-30
H.1.1.1	Blood Lead Estimates from the All Ages Lead Model	H-33
H.2	References	H-35
Appendix I : Discussion of Additional Potentially Reduced Adverse Health Endpoints in Children	I-1
I.1	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	I-1
I.1.1	Estimates of Blood Lead in Children Aged 8-15	I-2
I.1.2	Concentration-Response Function for Lead and ADHD	I-4
I.2	Reductions in Birth Weight	I-5
I.2.1	Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Pregnant Women	I-5
I.2.2	Concentration-Response Function for Maternal Blood Lead and Reduced Birth Weight	I-6
I.3	References	I-6
Appendix J : Detailed Summaries of Studies That May Potentially Inform Concentration-Response Functions	J-1
J.1	Decreases in Intelligence Quotient	J-1
J.1.1.1	Lanphear et al. (2005)	J-1
J.1.1.2	Crump et al. (2013)	J-2
J.1.1.3	Kirrane and Patel (2014)	J-4
J.1.1.4	Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013)	J-6
J.1.1.5	Jusko et al. (2008) and Min et al. (2009)	J-6
J.1.1.6	Lanphear et al. (2019) Erratum	J-6
J.2	Increases in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	J-7
J.2.1.1	Froehlich et al. (2009)	J-7
J.3	Increases in Cardiovascular Mortality	J-8
J.3.1	Cardiovascular Mortality Study Summaries	J-8
J.3.1.1	Menke et al. (2006)	J-9
J.3.1.2	Aoki et al. (2016)	J-10
J.3.1.3	Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017)	J-12
J.3.1.4	Lanphear et al. (2018)	J-13
J.3.2	Cardiovascular Mortality Uncertainty Discussion	J-14
J.3.2.1	Bone and Blood Lead Biomarkers	J-14
J.3.2.2	Mode of Action and Timing of Effects	J-15
J.3.2.3	Implications for Benefits Modeling	J-16
J.3.2.4	Applicability of Observed Concentration-Response Functions to the General Population	J-17
J.4	Low Birth Weight	J-17
J.4.1.1	Zhu et al. (2010)	J-17
J.5	References	J-19
Appendix K : Estimated Value of an IQ Point	K-1
K.1	IQ and Earnings	K-1
K.2	Education and Earnings	K-5
K.3	Uncertainties and Areas for Future Research	K-6
K.4	Implications for Regulatory Analysis	K-8
K.5	Reanalysis of the IQ Effect on Lifetime Earnings	K-9
K.6	Reanalysis of Salkever (1995) Using NLSY 1997 Data	K-10
K.7	Critical Review of Salkever's Estimates	K-14
K.8	Method for Estimating Lifetime Earnings Stream	K-14
K.8.1	Educational Attainment	K-14
K.8.1.1	Primary and Secondary School Attainment	K-15
K.8.1.2	Postsecondary School Attainment	K-15
K.8.2	Average Annual Earnings	K-16
K.8.2.1	Topcodes	K-16
K.8.2.2	Real Earnings Growth Rate	K-16
K.8.3	Life Tables	K-16
K.8.4	Present Value of Lifetime Earnings	K-16
K.9	Effects on Earnings from Changes in IQ	K-17
K.9.1	Total Value of an IQ Point	K-18
K.9.2	Additional Education: Costs and Lost Earnings	K-18
K.9.2.1	Education Costs	K-18
K.9.2.2	Lost Earnings	K-19
K.9.2.3	Summary of Additional Education Costs	K-19
K.9.3	Net Value of an IQ Point	K-19
K.10	Limitations	K-20
K.10.1	Nonmarket Work	K-20
K.10.2	Multiple Degrees	K-20
K.10.3	Earnings Growth Rate	K-20
K.10.4	Income vs. Earnings	K-20
K.10.5	Benefits	K-20
K.10.6	Impact of Ability on Earnings	K-21
K.11	References	K-21

List of Exhibits
Exhibit A-1: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys and Other Sources ($/LSLR, 2016$)[1]	A-4
Exhibit A-2: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys ($/LSLR, 2016$)	A-8
Exhibit A-3: Low and High Estimates for LSLR Unit Costs (2016$)	A-10
Exhibit A-4: Derivation of Percent of LSLR that are Tested Out, Utility-Side, and Full LSLR for CWSs under the Previous Rule	A-12
Exhibit A-5: Likelihood of LSLR Type by Replacement Requirement	A-14
Exhibit B-1: Select Baseline Characteristics Assigned from Distributional Information to Model-PWSs	B-3
Exhibit B-2: Summary of SDWIS/Fed and AWWA Data for PWS Systems Serving more than 1M People	B-5
Exhibit B-3: Weighted Average Cost of Capital by PWS Ownership and Size Category	B-6
Exhibit B-4: Simulating Change in Source Water or Treatment Technology in SafeWater LCR	B-11
Exhibit B-5: Simulating Corrosion Control and Point-of-Use Technology under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR	B-14
Exhibit B-6: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR	B-17
Exhibit B-7: Likelihood That a Single Tap Water Sample Will Be Above 15 ug/L	B-18
Exhibit B-8: Simulating Find-and-fix Requirements under the Final Rule in SafeWater LCR	B-20
Exhibit B-9: Simulating Corrosion Control under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR	B-23
Exhibit B-10: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR	B-26
Exhibit B-11: PWS Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1	B-28
Exhibit B-12: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Unit Burden and Cost Estimates[1]	B-31
Exhibit B-13: Non-Labor Costs for CWS to Provide Test Kits (per Sample)	B-34
Exhibit B-14: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-36
Exhibit B-15: PWS Lead WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-46
Exhibit B-16: PWS Copper WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-50
Exhibit B-17: PWS Source Monitoring Burden and Cost Estimates	B-51
Exhibit B-18: PWS Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-52
Exhibit B-19: PWS CCT Installation-Related Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-57
Exhibit B-20: Likelihood of CCT Study (p_cct_study)	B-57
Exhibit B-21: CCT Study Costs	B-58
Exhibit B-22: Likelihood of Demonstration Study vs. a Desktop Study (p_demo_study)	B-59
Exhibit B-23: PWS Ancillary CCT Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-59
Exhibit B-24: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-62
Exhibit B-25: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-63
Exhibit B-26: PWS Lead CCT Routine Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-63
Exhibit B-27: PWS Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-64
Exhibit B-28: Likelihood of Type of Replacement	B-66
Exhibit B-29: Estimated Unit Costs for LSLR	B-67
Exhibit B-30: Estimated System Unit Costs for LSLR ($2016)	B-68
Exhibit B-31: Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-68
Exhibit B-32: PWS LSL Replacement Ancillary Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-70
Exhibit B-33: CWS Unit Burden for LSLR-Related Sample Collection	B-73
Exhibit B-34: Lead Service Line Inventory Ancillary Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-75
Exhibit B-35: PWS Public Education Burden in Response to Lead ALE	B-79
Exhibit B-36: PWS Lead Public Education Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-81
Exhibit B-37: Primacy Agency Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1	B-83
Exhibit B-38: Primacy Agency Annual Administration Activities and Unit Burden Estimates	B-85
Exhibit B-39: Primacy Agency Administration and Rule Implementation Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1]	B-86
Exhibit B-40: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Burden Estimates	B-87
Exhibit B-41: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-88
Exhibit B-42: Primacy Agency Lead WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-91
Exhibit B-43: Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-91
Exhibit B-44: Primacy Agency Source Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-92
Exhibit B-45: Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-92
Exhibit B-46: Primacy Agency CCT Installation-Related Burden Estimates	B-94
Exhibit B-47: Estimated Burden to Determine CCT for Systems with No Study	B-95
Exhibit B-48: Primacy Agency CCT Installation Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-95
Exhibit B-49: Primacy Agency CCT Re-Optimization-Related Burden Estimates	B-96
Exhibit B-50: Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-97
Exhibit B-51: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Burden Estimates	B-98
Exhibit B-52: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-99
Exhibit B-53: Primacy Agency Ongoing LSL Testing and Replacement-Related Costs Burden Estimates[1]	B-100
Exhibit B-54: Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-101
Exhibit B-55: Primacy Agency PE Burden in Response to Lead ALE	B-101
Exhibit B-56: Primacy Agency Lead Public Education Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1,2]	B-102
Exhibit C.1: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - All PWSs	C-1
Exhibit C.2: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  CWSs	C-2
Exhibit C.3: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  NTNCWSs	C-3
Exhibit C.4: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private PWS	C-5
Exhibit C.5: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public PWS	C-6
Exhibit C.6: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-7
Exhibit C.7: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-8
Exhibit C.8: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-9
Exhibit C.9: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-10
Exhibit C.10: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-11
Exhibit C.11: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-12
Exhibit C.12: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-13
Exhibit C.13: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-14
Exhibit C.14: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-15
Exhibit C.15: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-16
Exhibit C.16: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-17
Exhibit C.17: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-18
Exhibit C.18: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-19
Exhibit C.19: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-20
Exhibit C.20: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-21
Exhibit C.21: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-22
Exhibit C.22: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-23
Exhibit C.23: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-24
Exhibit C.24: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-25
Exhibit C.25: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-26
Exhibit C.26: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-27
Exhibit C.27: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-28
Exhibit C.28: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-29
Exhibit C.29: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-30
Exhibit C.30: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-31
Exhibit C.31:System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-32
Exhibit C.32: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-33
Exhibit C.33: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-34
Exhibit C.34: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-35
Exhibit C.35: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-36
Exhibit C.36: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-37
Exhibit C.37: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-38
Exhibit C.38: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-39
Exhibit C.39: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-40
Exhibit C.40: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public CWSs of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-41
Exhibit C.41: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-42
Exhibit C.42: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-43
Exhibit C.43: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-44
Exhibit C.44: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-45
Exhibit C.45: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-46
Exhibit C.46: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-47
Exhibit C.47: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-48
Exhibit C.48: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-49
Exhibit C.49: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-50
Exhibit C.50: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-51
Exhibit C.51: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-52
Exhibit C.52: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-53
Exhibit C.53: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-54
Exhibit C.54: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-55
Exhibit C.55: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-56
Exhibit C.56: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-57
Exhibit C.57: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-57
Exhibit C.58: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-58
Exhibit C.59: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-59
Exhibit C.60: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-60
Exhibit C.61: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-60
Exhibit C.62: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-62
Exhibit C.63: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-62
Exhibit C.64: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-63
Exhibit C.65: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-64
Exhibit C.66: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-65
Exhibit C.67: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-65
Exhibit C.68: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-66
Exhibit C.69: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-67
Exhibit C.70: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-67
Exhibit C.71: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-68
Exhibit C.72: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-69
Exhibit C.73: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-69
Exhibit C.74: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-70
Exhibit C.75: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-70
Exhibit C.76: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-71
Exhibit C.77: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-72
Exhibit C.78: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-73
Exhibit C.79: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-73
Exhibit C.80: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-74
Exhibit C.81: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-75
Exhibit C.82: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-75
Exhibit C.83: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-76
Exhibit C.84: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-77
Exhibit C.85: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-77
Exhibit C.86: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-78
Exhibit C.87: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-79
Exhibit C.88: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-79
Exhibit C.89: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-80
Exhibit C.90: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-80
Exhibit C.91: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-81
Exhibit C.92: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-82
Exhibit C.93: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-83
Exhibit C.94: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-83
Exhibit C.95: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-84
Exhibit C.96: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-85
Exhibit C.97: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-85
Exhibit C.98: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-86
Exhibit C.99: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-86
Exhibit C.100: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-87
Exhibit C.101: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-88
Exhibit C.102: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-88
Exhibit C.103: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-89
Exhibit C.104: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-90
Exhibit C.105: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-90
Exhibit C.106: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-91
Exhibit C.107: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-92
Exhibit C.108: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-92
Exhibit C.109: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-93
Exhibit C.110: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-94
Exhibit C.111: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-95
Exhibit C.112: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-95
Exhibit C.113: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-96
Exhibit C.114: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-97
Exhibit C.115: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-98
Exhibit C.116: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-98
Exhibit C.117: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-100
Exhibit C.118: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-100
Exhibit C.119: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-101
Exhibit C.120: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-102
Exhibit C.121: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-102
Exhibit C.122: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-103
Exhibit C.123: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-104
Exhibit C.124: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-104
Exhibit C.125: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-105
Exhibit C.126: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-106
Exhibit C.127: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-106
Exhibit C.128: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-107
Exhibit C.129: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-108
Exhibit C.130: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-108
Exhibit C.131: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-109
Exhibit C.132: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-110
Exhibit C.133: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-110
Exhibit C.134: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-111
Exhibit C.135: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-112
Exhibit C.136: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-112
Exhibit C.137: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-114
Exhibit C.138: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-114
Exhibit C.139: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-115
Exhibit C.140: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-116
Exhibit C.141: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-116
Exhibit C.142: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-117
Exhibit C.143: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-118
Exhibit C.144: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-118
Exhibit C.145: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-119
Exhibit C.146: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-120
Exhibit C.147: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-120
Exhibit C.148: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-121
Exhibit C.149: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-122
Exhibit C.150: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-122
Exhibit C.151: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-123
Exhibit C.152: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-124
Exhibit C.153: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-124
Exhibit C.154: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-125
Exhibit C.155: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-126
Exhibit C.156: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-126
Exhibit C.157: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-127
Exhibit C.158: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-128
Exhibit C.159: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-128
Exhibit C.160: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-129
Exhibit C.161: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-130
Exhibit C.162: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-130
Exhibit C.163: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-131
Exhibit C.164: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-132
Exhibit C.165: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-132
Exhibit C.166: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-134
Exhibit C.167: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-134
Exhibit C.168: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.169: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.170: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.171: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-136
Exhibit C.172: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-136
Exhibit C.173: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-137
Exhibit C.174: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-137
Exhibit C.175: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.176: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.177: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.178: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-139
Exhibit C.179: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-139
Exhibit C.180: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.181: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.182: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.183: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-141
Exhibit C.184: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-141
Exhibit C.185: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.186: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.187: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.188: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-143
Exhibit C.189: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-143
Exhibit C.190: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.191: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.192: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.193: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-145
Exhibit C.194: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-145
Exhibit C.195: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.196: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.197: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.198: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-147
Exhibit C.199: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-147
Exhibit C.200: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.201: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.202: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.203: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-149
Exhibit C.204: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.205: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.206: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.207: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-151
Exhibit C.208: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-151
Exhibit C.209: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.210: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.211: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.212: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-153
Exhibit C.213: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-153
Exhibit C.214: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.215: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.216: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.217: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-155
Exhibit C.218: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-155
Exhibit C.219: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-156
Exhibit C.220: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-156
Exhibit C.221: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.222: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.223: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.224: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-158
Exhibit C.225: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-158
Exhibit C.226: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-159
Exhibit C.227: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-159
Exhibit C.228: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-160
Exhibit C.229: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-160
Exhibit C.230: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-161
Exhibit C.231: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-161
Exhibit C.232: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-162
Exhibit C.233: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-162
Exhibit C.234: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-163
Exhibit C.235: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-163
Exhibit C.236: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-164
Exhibit C.237: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-164
Exhibit C.238: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-165
Exhibit C.239: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-165
Exhibit C.240: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-166
Exhibit C.241: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-166
Exhibit C.242: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-167
Exhibit C.243: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-167
Exhibit C.244: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-168
Exhibit C.245: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-168
Exhibit C.246: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-169
Exhibit C.247: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-169
Exhibit C.248: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-170
Exhibit C.249: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-170
Exhibit C.250: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-171
Exhibit C.251: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-171
Exhibit C.252: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-172
Exhibit C.253: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-172
Exhibit C.254: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-173
Exhibit C.255: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-173
Exhibit C.256: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-174
Exhibit C.257: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-174
Exhibit C.258: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.259: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.260: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.261: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-176
Exhibit C.262: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-176
Exhibit C.263: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-177
Exhibit C.264: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-177
Exhibit C.265: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-178
Exhibit C.266: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-178
Exhibit C.267: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-179
Exhibit C.268: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-179
Exhibit C.269: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-180
Exhibit C.270: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-180
Exhibit C.271: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-181
Exhibit C.272: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-181
Exhibit C.273: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-182
Exhibit C.274: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-182
Exhibit C.275: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-183
Exhibit C.276: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-184
Exhibit C.277: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-185
Exhibit C.278: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-186
Exhibit C.279: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-187
Exhibit C.280: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-188
Exhibit C.281: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-189
Exhibit C.282: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-190
Exhibit C.283: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-191
Exhibit C.284: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-192
Exhibit C.285: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-193
Exhibit C.286: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-194
Exhibit C.287: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-195
Exhibit C.288: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-196
Exhibit C.289: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-197
Exhibit C.290: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-198
Exhibit C.291: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-199
Exhibit C.292: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-200
Exhibit C.293: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-201
Exhibit C.294: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-202
Exhibit C.295: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-203
Exhibit C.296: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-204
Exhibit C.298: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-205
Exhibit C.299: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-206
Exhibit C.300: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-207
Exhibit C.301: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-208
Exhibit C.302: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-209
Exhibit C.303: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-210
Exhibit C.304: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-211
Exhibit C.305: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-212
Exhibit C.306: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-213
Exhibit C.307: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-214
Exhibit C.308: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-215
Exhibit C.309: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-216
Exhibit C.310: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-217
Exhibit C.311: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-218
Exhibit C.312: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-219
Exhibit C.313: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-220
Exhibit C.314: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-221
Exhibit C.315: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-222
Exhibit C.316: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-223
Exhibit C.317: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-224
Exhibit C.318: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-225
Exhibit C.319: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-226
Exhibit C.320: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-227
Exhibit C.321: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-228
Exhibit C.322: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-229
Exhibit C.323: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-230
Exhibit C.324: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-231
Exhibit C.325: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-232
Exhibit C.326: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-233
Exhibit C.327: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-234
Exhibit C.328: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-235
Exhibit C.329: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-236
Exhibit C.330: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-237
Exhibit C.331: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-238
Exhibit C.332: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-239
Exhibit C.333: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-240
Exhibit C.334: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-241
Exhibit C.335: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-242
Exhibit C.336: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-243
Exhibit C.337: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-244
Exhibit C.338: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-245
Exhibit C.339: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-246
Exhibit C.340: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-247
Exhibit C.341: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-248
Exhibit C.342: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-249
Exhibit C.343: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-250
Exhibit C.344: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-251
Exhibit C.345: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-252
Exhibit C.346: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-253
Exhibit C.347: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-254
Exhibit C.348: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-255
Exhibit C.349: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-256
Exhibit C.350: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-257
Exhibit C.351: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-258
Exhibit C.352: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-259
Exhibit C.353: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-260
Exhibit C.354: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-261
Exhibit C.355: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-262
Exhibit C.356: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-263
Exhibit C.357: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-264
Exhibit C.358: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-265
Exhibit C.359: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-266
Exhibit C.360: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-267
Exhibit C.361: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-268
Exhibit C.362: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-269
Exhibit C.363: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-270
Exhibit C.364: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-271
Exhibit C.365: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-272
Exhibit C.366: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-273
Exhibit C.367: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-274
Exhibit C.368: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-275
Exhibit C.369: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-276
Exhibit C.370: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-277
Exhibit C.371: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-278
Exhibit C.372: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-279
Exhibit C.373: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-280
Exhibit C.374: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-281
Exhibit C.375: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-282
Exhibit C.376: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-283
Exhibit C.377: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-284
Exhibit C.378: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-285
Exhibit C.379: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-286
Exhibit C.380: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-287
Exhibit C.381: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-288
Exhibit C.382: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-289
Exhibit C.383: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-290
Exhibit C.384: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-291
Exhibit C.385: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-292
Exhibit C.386: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-293
Exhibit C.387: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-294
Exhibit C.388: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-294
Exhibit C.389: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-295
Exhibit C.390: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-296
Exhibit C.391: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-297
Exhibit C.392: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-298
Exhibit C.393: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-298
Exhibit C.394: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-299
Exhibit C.395: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-300
Exhibit C.396: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-300
Exhibit C.397: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-301
Exhibit C.398: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-302
Exhibit C.399: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-302
Exhibit C.400: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-303
Exhibit C.401: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-304
Exhibit C.402: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-304
Exhibit C.403: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-305
Exhibit C.404: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-306
Exhibit C.405: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-306
Exhibit C.406: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-308
Exhibit C.407: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-308
Exhibit C.408: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-309
Exhibit C.409: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-310
Exhibit C.410: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-311
Exhibit C.411: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-311
Exhibit C.412: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-312
Exhibit C.413: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-313
Exhibit C.414: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-314
Exhibit C.415: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-315
Exhibit C.416: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-315
Exhibit C.417: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-316
Exhibit C.418: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-317
Exhibit C.419: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-318
Exhibit C.420: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-318
Exhibit C.421: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-320
Exhibit C.422: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-320
Exhibit C.423: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-321
Exhibit C.424: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-323
Exhibit C.425: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-323
Exhibit C.426: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-324
Exhibit C.427: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-325
Exhibit C.428: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-326
Exhibit C.429: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-326
Exhibit C.430: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-327
Exhibit C.431: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-328
Exhibit C.432: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-328
Exhibit C.433: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-329
Exhibit C.434: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-330
Exhibit C.435: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-330
Exhibit C.436: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-331
Exhibit C.437: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-332
Exhibit C.438: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-332
Exhibit C.439: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-333
Exhibit C.440: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-334
Exhibit C.441: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-335
Exhibit C.442: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-336
Exhibit C.443: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-337
Exhibit C.444: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-337
Exhibit C.445: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-338
Exhibit C.446: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-339
Exhibit C.447: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-340
Exhibit C.448: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-340
Exhibit C.449: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-341
Exhibit C.450: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-342
Exhibit C.451: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-342
Exhibit C.452: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-343
Exhibit C.453: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-344
Exhibit C.454: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-344
Exhibit C.455: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-345
Exhibit C.456: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-346
Exhibit C.457: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-346
Exhibit C.458: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-347
Exhibit C.459: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-348
Exhibit C.460: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-348
Exhibit C.461: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-350
Exhibit C.462: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-350
Exhibit C.463: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-351
Exhibit C.464: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-352
Exhibit C.465: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-353
Exhibit C.466: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-353
Exhibit C.467: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-354
Exhibit C.468: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-355
Exhibit C.469: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-356
Exhibit C.470: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-357
Exhibit C.471: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-357
Exhibit C.472: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-358
Exhibit C.473: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-359
Exhibit C.474: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-360
Exhibit C.475: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-361
Exhibit C.476: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-361
Exhibit C.477: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-362
Exhibit C.478: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-363
Exhibit C.479: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-364
Exhibit C.480: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-365
Exhibit C.481: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-365
Exhibit C.482: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-367
Exhibit C.483: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-367
Exhibit C.484: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-368
Exhibit C.485: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-369
Exhibit C.486: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-369
Exhibit C.487: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-370
Exhibit C.488: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-371
Exhibit C.489: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-371
Exhibit C.490: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-372
Exhibit C.491: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-373
Exhibit C.492: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-373
Exhibit C.493: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-374
Exhibit C.494: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-375
Exhibit C.495: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-375
Exhibit C.496: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category - Low Costs (2016$)	C-377
Exhibit C.497: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)	C-378
Exhibit C.498: Annualized Incremental Cost per NonTransient Non-Community Water System Category- Low Costs (2016$)	C-380
Exhibit C.499: Annualized Incremental Cost per Non Transient Non- Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)	C-381
Exhibit G.1: 25[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-1
Exhibit G.2: 75[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-3
Exhibit G.3: 95[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-4
Exhibit G.4: 99[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-5
Exhibit G.5: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.15 ug/L CCT Sensitivity Analysis	G-6
Exhibit G.6: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.86 ug/L CCT Sensitivity	G-7
Exhibit G.7: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Arithmetic Mean of SHEDS Exposure	G-8
Exhibit G.8: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Geometric Mean of SHEDS Exposure	G-9
Exhibit G.9: Regression Coefficients (β), Linear Slopes, and Cut Points for Lifetime Blood Lead from EPA (2007) Log-Linear Function with Low-Dose Linearization	G-10
Exhibit G.10: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-12
Exhibit G.11: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-13
Exhibit G.12: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-14
Exhibit G.13: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-15
Exhibit G.14: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using the Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low-Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-16
Exhibit G.15: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-17
Exhibit G.16: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-18
Exhibit G.17: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-19
Exhibit G.18: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-20
Exhibit G.19: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-22
Exhibit G.20: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, Low Cost Scenario)	G-23
Exhibit G.21: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, High Cost Scenario)	G-24
Exhibit G.22: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-27
Exhibit G.23: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-28
Exhibit H-1: ALM Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Based on Estimates of Daily Lead Intake from SHEDS	H-30
Exhibit H-2: Average of Male and Female Blood Lead Levels from Exhibit 6-31	H-31
Exhibit H-3: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 25th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology	H-32
Exhibit H-4: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 75th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology	H-32
Exhibit H-5: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates	H-33
Exhibit H-6: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates	H-34
Exhibit I.1 Geometric Mean Blood Lead in 8- to 15-Year-Olds Based on SHEDS-IEUBK Coupling	I-2
Exhibit I.2: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates	I-3
Exhibit I.3: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates	I-4
Exhibit I.4: Geometric Mean Estimates of Blood Lead in Pregnant Women	I-6
Exhibit J.1: Mean Unadjusted and Adjusted* Changes in Full-Scale IQ Score Associated with an Increase in Blood Lead Concentration (Log Scale), from the 5th to 95th Percentile of the Concurrent Blood Lead at the Time of IQ Testing	J-2
Exhibit J.2: Comparison of Adjusted[a] Coefficients from Lanphear et al. (2005) to Those Obtained in the Crump et al. (2013) Reanalysis and Independent Analysis	J-3
Exhibit J.3: Statistics Associated with Lanphear et al. (2005) that were Recalculated by EPA Kirrane and Patel (2014)	J-4
Exhibit J.4: Statistics from Lanphear et al (2019) Erratum as the corrected analysis of 2005 data	J-7
Exhibit J.5: Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals of CVD Mortality Associated with Tertile of Lead (Menke et al., 2006)	J-10
Exhibit J.6: Rate Ratios for Cardiovascular and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Associated with a Two-Fold Increase in Baseline Blood Lead	J-13
Exhibit J.7: Adjusted Hazard Ratios, Population Attributable Fractions, and Avoidable Deaths Associated with Lead Exposures (Lanphear et al. 2018)	J-14
Exhibit J.8: Association between a Change in Blood Lead Concentration and Birth Weight, Upstate New York, 2003 - 2005 from Zhu et al. (2010)	J-19
Exhibit K.1: Summary of IQ Point Dollar Values (2016$)	K-1
Exhibit K.2: Map Between Variables in Salkever (1995) Analysis and EPA's Reanalysis Estimates Using the 1997 NLSY Data	K-11
Exhibit K.3: Parameters from Salkever 1995 and EPA's Reanalysis Estimate Using Salkever's Approach and 1997 NLSY Data	K-12
Exhibit K.4: EPA Reanalysis Mean, Median, 5th and 95th Percentile Parameter Estimates from Bootstrap Model	K-13
Exhibit K.5: Lifetime Earnings (2016$)	K-17
Exhibit K.6: Example of Education Cost Calculation	K-19
Exhibit K.7: Effects of a One Point Change in IQ on Earnings (2016$)	K-20

List of Acronyms
ug/L
micrograms per liter
AALM
All Ages Lead model
ACS
American Community Survey
ADF
Average daily flow
ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
AFQT
Armed Forces Qualifying Test
AHHS
American Healthy Homes Survey
AIC
Akaike's Information Criterion
AL
Action level
ALE
Action level exceedance
ALM
Adult lead methodology
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMA
American Medical Association
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers 
ASDWA
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
ASVAB
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWIA
America's Water Infrastructure Act
AWWA
American Water Works Association
BAEP
Brainstem auditory evoked potential
BIC
Bayesian information criterion
BLL
Blood lead level
BLS
Bureau of Labor Statistics
BMD
Benchmark dose 
BMI
Body mass index
BMR
Benchmark response 
BP
Blood pressure
CCR
Consumer Confidence Report
CCT
Corrosion control treatment
CDBG
Community development block grant
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CED
Committee for Economic Development
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CFSAN
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
CHAD
Consolidated Human Activity Database
CHD
Coronary heart disease
CI
Confidence interval
CND
Canada
CPI
Consumer price index
CRF
Concentration-response functions 
CRP
c-reactive protein
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
CWS
Community water system
CWSS
Community Water System Survey
DBP
Diastolic blood pressure
DF
Design flow
DHS
Department of Homeland Security 
DISC
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children
DMR
Discharge monitoring report
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DTH
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
DWINSA
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment
DWM
Department of Water Management
DWSRF
Drinking water state revolving fund
EA
Economic analysis
ECI
Employment cost index
ECTT
Error code tracking tool
EDF
Environmental Defense Fund
EGLE
Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy
EKG
Electrocardiogram
EO
Executive order
EOG
End-of-grade
EP
Entry point
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FIML
Full-information maximum likelihood
FOIA
Freedom of Information Act 
FR
Federal Register
FRFA
Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
FRN
Federal Register Notice 
FSIQ
Full scale intelligence quotient
FTE
Full-time equivalent
GAO
Government Accountability Office
GCI
General cognitive index
GCWW
Greater Cincinnati Water Works
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate
GI
Gastro-intestinal
GIS
Geographic information system
GM
Geometric mean
GUA
Ground water under the influence of surface water active
GW
Ground water
GWA
Ground water active
GWR
Ground Water Rule
GWUDI
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water
HAB
Harmful algal blooms
HH
Households
HHFKA
Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act
HHS
Department of Health and Human Services
HMR
Heavy metals registry
HR
Hazard ratio
HUD
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICC
Indian childhood cirrhosis
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
ICR
Information collection request
ICT
Idiopathic copper toxicosis
IESWTR
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
IEUBK
Integrated exposure uptake biokinetic
IPC
Internal plumbing code
IQ
Intelligence quotient
ISA
Integrated Science Assessment for Lead
LCCA
Lead Contamination Control Act
LCR
Lead and Copper Rule
LCRMR
Lead and Copper Rule Minor Revisions
LCRR
Lead and Copper Rule Revisions
LCRWG
Lead and Copper Rule Working Group
LGAC
Local government advisory committee
LIS
Lead information survey
LOAEL
Low-observed-adverse-effect-level
LOD
Limit of detection
LSL
Lead service line
LSLR
Lead service line replacement
MCL
Maximum contaminant level
MCLG
Maximum contaminant level goal
MDI
Mental development index
MDL
Method detection limit
MFR
Multi-family residence
MGD
Million gallons per day
MHP
Mobile home park
MMSE
Mini-mental state examination
MRDL
Maximum disinfectant residual level 
MRL
Minimal risk level 
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NACCHO
National Association of County and City Health Officials
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NARA
National Association for Regulatory Administration
NCCIC
National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center
NCES
National Center for Education Statistics
NDDIC
National Digestive Diseases Clearinghouse
NDWAC
National Drinking Water Advisory Council
NHANES
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHEXAS
National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
NIDDK
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NLSY
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
NOAEL
No adverse effect level
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPDWR
National primary drinking water regulation
NRDC
Natural Resources Defense Council
NSF
NSF International
NTNCWS
Non-transient non-community water system
NTP
National Toxicology Program
NTTAA
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
OCCT
Optimal corrosion control treatment
OES
Occupational employment survey
OGWDW
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
OWQP
Optimal water quality parameter
P90
Lead 90th percentile level
PE
Public education
PN
Public notice
POE
Point-of-entry
POU
Point-of-Use
PQL
Practical quantitation limit
PRA
Paperwork Reduction Act
PSA
Public service announcement
PUMS
Public use microdata sample
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
PWD
Philadelphia water department
PWS
Public water system
PWSID
Public water system identification number
PWSS
Public water system supervision
QA
Quality assurance
QC
Quality control
RDA
Recommended daily allowance
REML
Restricted maximum likelihood
RFA
Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA
Regulatory impact assessment
RLDWA
Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act
RTCR
Revised Total Coliform Rule
RTOC
Regional Tribal Operations Committee
SAB
Science Advisory Board
SAT
Standard assessment test
SBA
Small Business Administration
SBAR
Small Business Advocacy Review
SBP
Systolic blood pressure
SBREFA
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
SD
Standard deviation
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
SDWIS
Safe Drinking Water Information System 
SDWIS/FED
Safe Drinking Water Information System/Federal version
SE
Standard error
SFS
Single family structure
SHEDS
Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation
SISNOSE
Significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities
SRF
State revolving fund 
SS
Sums of squares
SSA
Social Security Administration
SW
Surface water
SWDIS
Safe Drinking Water Information System
TCR
Total Coliform Rule
TDS
Total Diet Study 2007-2013
TL
Trigger level
TLE
Trigger level exceedance
TP
Total phosphorous
TV
Television
UK
United Kingdom
UL
Upper intake levels
UMRA
Unfunded mandates reform act
USA
United States of America
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA
Unites States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS
United States Geological Survey
VLS
Very large system
WBS
Work breakdown structure
WIC
Women, infants and children
WIFIA
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
WIIN
Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation
WISC
Wechsler intelligence scale for children
WLL
Water lead level
WPCA
Water Pollution Control Authority 
WQP
Water quality parameter
WQTC
Water Quality Technology Conference 
 WWTP	Wastewater treatment plant
 
 

: LSLR Unit Costs
Introduction
This appendix presents estimated costs for replacing lead service lines (LSLs) under the previous rule and final and Lead and Copper Rule revisions (LCRR). The approach for estimating the technology unit costs for corrosion control treatment (CCT) and point-of-use (POU) devices are provided in Technologies and Costs for Corrosion Control to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water (USEPA, 2020a).
Lead Service Line Replacement Unit Costs
Under the previous rule, water systems with LSLs that continue to exceed the lead action level (AL) of 15 ug/L must annually replace at least seven percent of the initial number of LSLs in their distribution system. Systems can stop lead service line replacement (LSLR) when they no longer exceed the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
Under the LCRR, community water systems (CWSs) serving more than 10,000 people with a trigger level exceedance (TLE) must meet an annual replacement goal rate approved by the Primacy Agency. A system exceeds the trigger level (TL) if its lead 90[th] percentile level exceeds 10 ug/L but does not exceed the lead AL of 15 ug/L. CWSs may stop the program after two consecutive annual monitoring periods at or below the TL. CWSs serving more than 10,000 people that exceed the lead AL must annually fully replace a minimum of 3 percent of the initial number of known lead, galvanized requiring replacement, and lead status unknown service lines in their distribution system (See Chapter 3, Section 3.5.1.2 for a definition of these terms). CWSs may stop the mandatory LSLR after four consecutive six-month monitoring periods at or below the lead AL. CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people and non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) that exceed the lead AL and use LSLR as a compliance option must fully replace LSLs on a schedule approved by the Primacy Agency, not to exceed 15 years, and continue until no LSLs remain in its distribution system, regardless their subsequent lead 90[th] percentile levels. Systems not performing goal-based or mandatory LSLR must still replace their portion of an LSL if a customer notifies them that he/she is replacing his/her side (referred to as the "customer-initiated' replacements). 
This section presents the derivation of EPA's unit cost estimates for LSLR performed by systems and by customers (tracked as household costs). Note that this appendix provides costs for physical replacements of LSLs. EPA also estimated unit costs when a system confirmed in the field that a service line was not lead either through visual inspection or field testing, and subsequently updates their inventory. For the purposes of this economic analysis (EA), EPA calls these activities "paper replacements." The derivation of the costs of paper replacements is provided in Section 5.3.4.3, activity m).
The remainder of this section begins with a discussion of data sources in Section A.3.1 including the selection of the final data sources for this EA. A discussion of data adjustments is provided in Section A.3.2. To reflect the level of uncertainty in the LSLR unit cost estimates, Section A.3.3 presents a "low" and "high" estimate of LSLR unit costs that, along with other uncertain model inputs, provides a range of national cost estimates for the LCRR. Section A.3.4 discusses the applicability of the various LSLR unit cost estimates under the previous rule and final LCRR scenarios for CWSs and NTNCWSs.
Data Sources
EPA identified and evaluated the following data sources as potentially providing unit cost estimates for LSLR:
 A survey of CWSs serving more than 500,000 people by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in 2011,
 A targeted survey of 90 systems by Sandvig et al. (2008) in 2006,
 The 2007 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey,
 A 2004 survey published in: Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005), and
 LSLR estimates available from the web in the form of news reports, press releases, and utility websites, identified primarily representing costs and practices from 2016 to 2020.
Exhibit A-1 presents a summary of the number of responses and the average, maximum, and minimum LSLR unit costs (i.e., cost per replacement) from each of the five potential data sources. Unit cost estimates are provided separately for utility-side, customer-side, and full LSL replacements. Shading indicates that data were not available from the source. All survey results were converted to 2016 dollars and EPA assumed a 3 percent annual increase for costs later than 2016 based on the Engineering News Record's Construction Cost Index History (1908-2016).  Following Exhibit A-1 is a description of each data source. For detailed results from all sources see the file "Derivation of LSLR_Costs_Final Rule.xlsx" (docket number EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).
For the proposed LCRR, EPA selected the AWWA 2011 survey as the primary source of data for unit cost estimates because it had the most responses and was the most recent of the surveys. EPA received comments on the LSLR costs, which indicated a need for more current data. The comments and EPA's responses are provided in "Public Comment and Response Document for the Final Lead and Copper Rule Revisions" (USEPA, 2020b). 
To address public comments on the LSLR unit costs in the proposed LCRR, EPA conducted an internet search for LSLR cost data to supplement its original utility estimates from 24 utilities. EPA identified cost data in news reports, press releases, and utility websites adding 63 new utility cost estimates to the dataset. All sources are detailed in the file "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx" and are available in the docket for the rule at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300. Having a larger data pool then at the time of proposal, EPA then selected only the subset of data values that represent reported actual replacement costs from pilot studies and/or recent or on-going LSLR projects. This resultant dataset provides costs estimates across full, customer-side, and system-side replacements from 38 systems, which represent costs and practices from 2016 to 2020 (only two cost values from the proposal dataset remain in the revised dataset). EPA selected this up to date dataset for the estimation of LSLR in the final rule analysis. 

Exhibit A-1: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys and Other Sources ($/LSLR, 2016$)[1]
                            Survey Name (Citation)
                                 Utility-Side
                                 Customer-Side
                              Full Replacement[2]

                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
AWWA 2011 Lead Service Line Survey (Via, 2016)
                                      60
                                    $2,060
                                     $176
                                    $7,049
                                      50
                                    $2,819
                                     $352
                                    $8,224
                                      37
                                    $4,480
                                    $1,146
                                    $11,749
National Survey for WaterRF Project, "Contribution of Service Lines and Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Compliance Issues" (Sandvig et al., 2008). [3]
                                     32[3]
                                    $1,682
                                     $333
                                    $4,001
                                     32[3]
                                    $3,068
                                     $800
                                    $5,335
                                       
 
 
 
2007 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey (USEPA, 2007)
                                      15
                                    $3,396
                                     $612
                                    $7,299
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
 
 
 
Survey Conducted by Black & Veatch in 2004 for AWWA (AWWA, 2005)
                                       7
                                    $2,657
                                    $1,162
                                    $4,650
                                       6
                                    $2,712
                                    $1,671
                                    $5,812
                                       
 
 
 
Utility Estimates 4
                                       8
 $ 4,578 
                                    $2,174
                                    $8,761
                                      16
                                    $3,559
                                    $1,777
                                    $6,681
                                      21
                                    $5,066
                                    $2,617
                                    $9,776
Notes
1. All survey costs were converted to 2016 dollars using ENR's Construction Cost Index History. EPA assumed a 3 percent annual increase from 2016 to present to convert 2017 to 2020 costs to 2016 dollars. 
2. Full replacement costs from the 2011 AWWA survey are for a subset of systems that provided both utility and customer side replacement cost information.
3. Sandvig et al. (2008) reported that 32 utilities responded to the cost portion of the survey, with 46 total responses for the utility and customer side costs. It is unclear from the report how many of the 46 cost data points were for the utility side compared to the customer side.
4. Utility reported estimates in news reports, press releases, and utility websites (estimates representing primarily 2016  -  2020 costs and practices). 

AWWA 2011 Survey
The goal of the AWWA 2011 survey was to obtain information on occurrence of LSLs and replacement practices. Preliminary LSLR cost data were presented by Dixon and Via at the 2011 Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC) Presentation (Dixon and Via, 2011) and updated in email communication from Steve Via to Laura Dufresne (an EPA contractor) on November 4, 2016. Additional information on the 2011 survey was obtained from the 2016 AWWA journal article by Cornwell et al. (2016)
The survey was targeted to CWSs serving at least 500,000 people. Data were collected using online survey tools. All water utilities that met this size criteria were contacted by postcard; AWWA supplemented this outreach by direct communication to their members. Other organizations participated in an awareness building effort as detailed in Cornwell et al. (2016). Responses were received from 774 systems in 49 states plus the District of Columbia. Of these systems, 100 respondents reported having LSLs, and 75 provided cost information. Seven of those conducted mandatory LSLR under the previous rule requirements. Sixty systems provided an average cost of utility-side LSLR, 50 respondents provided an average cost for private-side LSLR, and 37 respondents provided an average cost of full LSLR. Results are summarized in Exhibit A-1 at the beginning of this subsection.
Via (email communication, 2016) noted that:
      "...while the survey instrument clearly described "full replacement" and there by provides a description for what costs are associated with the "customer-side costs" respondents may have provided costs that reflected local practice, and thereby under-estimate the customer-side costs. Examples of such practices include, replacements that do not entail entering the home (stopping near the wall of the home), replacement of the portion of the line between the curbstop and an outside meter set, etc. 
      Also, the nature of the question and survey respondents is such that the costs provided are most likely reflected of direct costs related to physical replacement. Replacement also entails costs associated with interacting with the customer, utility coordination, street paving coordination, etc. Similarly, these costs are unlikely to reflect the cost of providing filters, follow-up sampling, etc.
      Depending on the survey respondent the costs associated with any one estimate may or may not completely reflect mobilization costs. In systems where replacements are occurring in the course of ongoing projects, mobilization costs are likely captured by the larger project effort, while respondents that look at replacement as an independent activity may or may not have captured mobilization costs."
Via (email communication, 2016) also noted that it would be reasonable to assume that the data represent 2010 dollars; however, some respondents had experience replacing LSLs prior to 2010 and reflected that experience in their survey response.
Sandvig et al. 2008
As part of the Water Research Foundation (WaterRF), "Contribution of Service Lines and Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Compliance Issues," the investigators conducted a survey to generate a snapshot of lead sources, physical characteristics of service lines, and lead replacement techniques. The survey also collected cost data: Question II-6 asked for typical costs of service line replacement (labor and materials) in dollars per replacement and dollars per foot. A description of the survey, the questionnaire, and the results are summarized in Appendix A of Sandvig et al., 2008.
The survey was targeted to utilities that participated in past surveys related to LCR compliance. It was sent to 90 systems that represented a range of sizes. Because the initial response rate was low (14 percent), follow-up phone calls were made and resulted in a final response rate of 36 percent (32 completed surveys). Of the 32 systems, 46 percent served a population of 10,001 to 50,000 people. 	
Sandvig et al. reported that 32 utilities responded to the cost portion of the survey, with 46 total responses for the utility and customer side costs. It is unclear from the report how many of the 46 cost data points were for the utility side compared to the customer side.
2007 Needs Survey	
Every four years, EPA works with states and CWSs to conduct the Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment to estimate the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) eligible needs of systems by state. The assessment of need is for the next 20 years from the time of the survey. The assessment is the basis for allocating DWSRF grant monies to states and EPA presents the results in a report to Congress.
For the 2007 survey, EPA also collected cost data on LSLR. LSLR costs are based on data from state-regulated systems only and systems serving populations of 3,300 or more persons. Fifteen systems provided cost information that included the number of LSLs to be replaced and the total cost. EPA divided total cost by number of LSLs to be replaced to produce an average unit cost per LSLR. Many more systems (approximately 290) said that they had a need for LSLR but did not provide cost information. Since the needs survey identifies only water system needs (not those of private customers), EPA assumed that all reported costs are for partial LSLR. These values are projected estimates of LSLR costs and could be based on engineer's estimates or previous experience with service line replacements. See "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx", worksheet "2007 DWINSA" for additional detail.
AWWA 2005; Black & Veatch 2004
In 2004, AWWA funded a Black & Veatch survey of 65 water utilities to gather information on lead line management and replacement techniques. They also gathered LSLR cost information. Respondents were asked to provide total cost for mobilization, replacement, and restoration.
This targeted survey was sent to 300 utilities, 65 of which had LSLs. The response rate from LSL systems was 63 percent (41 utilities). Twenty-one of the systems serve populations between 6,000 and 100,000, with 20 respondents serving more than 100,000 people. LSL systems that responded to the survey were more prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest.
Of the 41 respondents, 11 provided detailed information on LSLR unit costs. Some provided an estimate of utility-side costs only, customer-side costs only, or both. Some utilities provided a range of average costs which was not used in this analysis. EPA assumed costs were in 2004 dollars, but they may represent costs in prior years. Survey results are included in Appendix B of the report, Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005). AWWA and Black & Veatch also presented preliminary findings at EPA's LSL Workshop October 2004 (Black & Veatch, 2004).
Utility Data
EPA conducted internet searches and gathered information from news reports, press releases, and utility websites to obtain direct, real world data from utilities on LSLR costs for full, utility-side, and customer-side replacements. If in the collected references a program is cited as costing a certain amount and cites the number of service lines, the program cost was divided by the number of lines resulting in an average unit cost. This may result in an over or underestimate for individual LSLR as system-wide costs may be included in the program totals. Costs associated with contacting customers, developing a program, and identifying LSLs are likely included in project cost totals leading to an overestimate (double counting) of LSLR cost, these costs being estimated and totaled separately in the analysis of the LCRR. However, when quotes are provided for the number of LSLs, partials may be included in some cases leading to an underestimate for full line replacement costs.
Cost estimates come in several forms: total program cost accompanied by number of expected (or actual) replaced lines or direct quotes from utilities. In cases where both calculated and direct costs are provided, historical cost information was prioritized. For example, if a utility or city has already done work and has spent a specific amount of funds this information was included in EPA's dataset over a quote saying they expect to spend $x to replace y lines. Otherwise, direct quotes where average unit costs are stated were preferred over calculations. Project totals are more likely to include other associated costs such as administrative costs, permits, public education, LSL inventory costs, or associated work. Additionally, it is not always clear that additional funds weren't used as part of the LSLR project, particularly when coordinated with other capital improvement projects. This fact may result in an underestimate of LSLR cost. In general EPA cannot determine the degree to which the reported project total cost data issues outlined above influence the estimated unit costs for LSLR. Therefore, EPA acknowledges that the estimated values may over or underestimate the cost of LSL replacement. 
Detailed information for the estimated LSLR costs is documented in the worksheet titled "Utility Est  -  Details" in the file "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." If the utility indicated that the costs were high or low for a particular reason, EPA noted this in the worksheet but did not differentiate between the low, high, and average estimates when analyzing the data (i.e., all LSLR unit cost data for a particular type of replacement were analyzed together). This worksheet includes links to all sources and relevant quotes from the sources on which EPA based the unit cost estimates. All sources are included in the docket at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300. Exhibit A-2 provides summary statistics for full, utility-side, and customer-side LSLR replacement unit costs based on utility estimates.
Exhibit A-2: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys ($/LSLR, 2016$)
                                   Statistic
                                LSLR Unit Costs

                                     Full
                                 Customer-Side
                                 Utility-Side
Number of Cost Estimates
                                      21
                                      16
                                       8
Mean
                                                                        $5,066 
                                                                        $3,559 
                                                                        $4,578 
Min
                                                                        $2,617 
                                                                        $1,777 
                                                                        $2,174 
25[th] percentile value
                                                                        $3,953 
                                                                        $2,514 
                                                                        $2,449 
Median
                                                                        $4,935 
                                                                        $3,337 
                                                                        $3,785 
75[th] percentile value
                                                                        $6,024 
                                                                        $3,929 
                                                                        $5,689 
Max
                                                                        $9,776 
                                                                        $6,681 
                                                                        $8,761 
       Source: Derivation of LSLR Costs.xlsx_Final Rule, sheet "Utility Est  -  Summary"
       Notes: Based on estimates from news reports, press releases, and utility websites from a total of 38 utilities.
Adjustment for Planned LSLR
This section describes an adjustment downward for the subset of LSLR projects that are part of planned capital improvement programs. Results of the adjustment are reflected in the final low and high estimates in Section A.3.3.
LSLR projects that are done during infrastructure/capital improvement projects are expected to have a lower unit cost than those that are done solely in response to the rule. This is because crews will already be in the area coordinating with other utilities and doing hard surface removal to access the water main near the LSLs.
EPA estimated the unit costs for "planned LSLR" by reducing the LSL physical replacement costs by a percentage. To determine this percentage, EPA reviewed recent LSLR work and costs from Flint, Michigan. As stated in the 2016 report, "Summary Report  -  Water Service Inventory and Pilot Replacement City of Flint (Revised May 12, 2016)," permit fees totaled about $2,400 per site, or about 25 percent of the cost of the typical replacement (ROWE Professional Services Company, 2016). The pavement cut fee is the largest component of the permit fees at $2,200, which includes replacement of the pavement. If the permit fees are 25 percent of the cost, and the pavement cut fee is 92 percent ($2,200/$2,400) of permit fees, then 92 percent  of 25 percent , or approximately 23 percent  of the cost of LSLR is saved when the system is already cutting pavement as part of an infrastructure/capital improvement program. EPA rounded to the nearest multiple of 10, which results in a 20 percent savings in LSLR costs for replacements that are part of planned capital improvements. 
This approach may overestimate or underestimate the savings from permit fees because permit fees in other locations may be less or greater than they were in Flint. There might, also, be other savings in addition to permit fees such as coordination with utilities, travel, and road closures that are not accounted for using this method.
Final Low and High Estimates
EPA found that average costs for LSLR varied from utility-to-utility due to many factors including but not limited to:
 LSLR method (e.g., traditional vs. trenchless methods),
 who is doing the replacement (utility vs. outside contractor),
 how long the utility has been replacing LSLs (sources indicate that utilities find efficiencies over time),
 urban vs. rural setting (replacements in urban areas would likely have more hard-surface removal and traffic control requirements),
 length and size of existing service lines, and
 landscape restoration required.
Utilizing the utility data EPA collected on the average unit cost of full, utility-side, and customer-side LSLR to represent the potential universe of LSLR costs facing water systems is also uncertain given the small number of observations (See Exhibit A-2). Because of this uncertainty in the LSLR cost estimate and the potentially large impact this unit cost may have on the overall national cost estimates, EPA chose to develop low and high LSLR unit cost estimates as inputs for the SafeWater LCR model in the development of cost ranges that potentially bracket the overall uncertainty in EPA's estimated average LSLR unit costs. 
Based on a review of the data from all sources and experience with LSLR in high-profile systems including Flint, Michigan EPA developed a low and high LSLR unit cost estimate as follows:
 Low estimate: 25[th] percentile of utility estimates for each type of replacement: utility-side, customer-side, and full, as well as planned full and planned utility-side. 
 High estimate: 75[th] percentile of utility estimates for each type of replacement: utility-side, customer-side, and full, as well as planned full and planned utility-side.
EPA did not use the minimum and maximum values for this bounding exercise given that applying these figures to 100 percent of LSLRs seemed unreasonably extreme. Moreover, a key cost driver is length of LSL to be replaced, and the minimum and maximum would represent an extremely short or long line and not a typical length. Using minimum and maximum values would have produced a national estimate range greater than what is warranted given the uncertainty in the distribution of LSLR unit costs. 
The low and high estimates used in this EA are presented in Exhibit A-3. They are expected to provide a range of national costs of the final LCRR that reflects the degree of uncertainty in the average LSLR unit costs. 

Exhibit A-3: Low and High Estimates for LSLR Unit Costs (2016$)
                                 Type of LSLR
                               Unit Cost ($2016)

                                    Average
                                      Low
                                    High[3]
Utility-Side
                                                                        $4,578 
                                                                        $2,449 
                                                                        $5,689 
Customer-Side
                                                                        $3,559 
                                                                        $2,514 
                                                                        $3,929 
Full Replacement
                                                                        $5,066 
                                                                        $3,953 
                                                                        $6,024 
Utility-Side, Planned
                                                                        $3,663 
                                                                        $1,959 
                                                                        $4,551 
Full Replacement, Planned
                                                                        $4,053 
                                                                        $3,163 
                                                                        $4,819 
       Source: "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx", worksheet "Summary of LSLR Costs."
       Notes:
       1. The values are based on utility reported estimates (total of 38 utilities, converted to 2016$). 
       2. The planned costs in the last two rows are further adjusted downward 20 percent to represent replacements that are part of planned capital improvements. 
       3. The low value is the 25[th] percentile of the values for each replacement type, and the high value is the 75[th] percentile. The low and high values are used as inputs for the SafeWater LCR model.
Applicability of LSLR Unit Costs under the Previous Rule and Final LCRR
This section provides the assumptions for the percent of systems incurring each of the five types of LSLR unit cost shown in Exhibit A-3 under the previous rule and final LCRR.
Previous Rule
CWSs
As noted previously, under the previous rule CWSs with LSLs that continued to exceed the lead AL after the installation of CCT were required to  annually replace at least seven percent of the initial number of LSLs in their distribution system until they no longer exceed the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. Systems are not required to incur the costs of replacing the customer-owned portion of the LSL. Three types of actions, or replacements, can count toward the requirement: 
 Tested-out
 Utility-side LSLR
 Full LSLR
Under the previous rule, an LSL could have "tested out" (i.e., be considered replaced) if all samples from the LSL are at or below the lead AL. "Tested-out" LSLs do not have to be physically replaced. EPA assumed that 25 percent of CWSs serving more than 10,000 people would test their LSLs before replacing them to determine if any meet the tested-out criteria, and that 80 percent of these would meet the criteria based on success rates from two large utilities (see the file "Derivation of LSLR  Costs_Final Rule.xlsx", worksheet "Percent Replace Type Previous" for details). Thus, the overall estimated rate of LSLs that are replaced through the tested-out provision for CWSs serving more than 10,000 people is 20 percent (25 percent x 80 percent). EPA has documentation indicating that only larger systems conduct a mix of test-outs and replacements when required to replace LSLs. Thus, EPA conservatively assumes that zero percent of CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer will elect to use the test-out provision.
To determine the proportion of physical replacements that are full replacements versus utility-side only replacements, EPA relied on a survey done by Black & Veatch in 2004 (Black & Veatch, 2004). The derivation and assumptions for the split between tested out, utility-side, and full replacement under the previous rule are shown in Exhibit A-4.
For utility-side and full LSLR, EPA assumed that 1 percent are planned replacements based on the assumed rate of infrastructure replacement from the original LCR Regulatory Impact Analysis (USEPA, 1991) and would thus incur planned replacement unit costs. 

Exhibit A-4: Derivation of Percent of LSLR that are Tested Out, Utility-Side, and Full LSLR for CWSs under the Previous Rule
Source: "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes:								
A: & B: Based on a survey by Black & Veatch which targeted 300 water systems and had a response rate of 41 systems. Results were presented at the USEPA LSLR workshop in 2004 (See file "BV LSL Survey Summary," docket no EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300). For more information on the survey, see Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005).
C: EPA assumed that 25 percent of CWSs serving more than 10,000 people would test their LSLs before replacing them to determine if any meet the tested-out criteria. EPA only has documentation indicating that larger systems conduct a mix of test-outs and replacements when required to replace LSLs. Thus, EPA conservatively assumed that zero percent of CWSs serving <= 10,000 will elect to use the test out criteria. 	
D: EPA assumed that the percent of LSLs that meet the test-out criteria under the previous rule was 80 percent for systems serving > 10,000 people based on success rate from DC Water (76 percent) and Fort Wayne (89.2 percent). The Economic and Supporting Analyses: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule reported test out success rate for DC Water of 76 percent but does not indicate the number of LSL test-out samples collected (USEPA, 2007). Fort Wayne took 1,975 sample and 213 or 10.8 percent were above 15 ug/L, with the remaining 89.2 percent with sample results at or below 15 ug/L.										

NTNCWSs
For NTNCWSs, all LSLRs under the previous rule were expected to be full replacement since the NTNCWS typically owns the entire service line. Planned unit costs are not applicable to NTNCWSs since they do not typically engage in large water main replacement work outside of their facilities. In addition, EPA conservatively assumed no NTNCWS will elect to use the test-out provision.
Final LCRR
CWSs
For CWSs serving more than 10,000 people, the LCRR requires two types of replacement programs depending on a system's lead 90[th] percentile level: 
 A goal-based program for CWSs serving more than 10,000 people that have a TLE, where they must replace LSLs at a rate approved by the Primacy Agency, and 
 A mandatory program for CWSs serving more than 10,000 that have a lead action level exceedance (ALE), where they must fully replace at least 3 percent of their LSLs annually. This also applies to CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people and NTNCWSs for which LSLR is their approved compliance option. 
In addition to these programs CWSs not performing goal-based or mandatory LSLR must also replace their portion of an LSL within 45 days of the customer replacement or within 180 days with Primacy Agency approval. 
See Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4 for additional details about these programs and assumptions for modeling the programs in the SafeWater LCR model.

For the goal-based program, EPA assumed that the CWS will only incur costs for utility-side LSLR and that the customers will pay for their portion to achieve full replacements. For the mandatory program, EPA assumed that systems will pay for the full LSLR (replace both the utility-side and customer-side) or complete prior utility-side LSLR by paying for the replacement of the customer-side LSLR. To estimate the percent of replacements that can be done by completing a prior utility-side replacement, EPA assumed a 1 percent replacement rate from 1991 when the original LCR was promulgated to 2020 (29 years) when the LCRR became final with approximately 72 percent of those being partial replacements based on Black & Veatch (2004), resulting in approximately 20 percent (0.29*0.72) of LSLs being partially replaced on the utility side. The remaining replacements are assumed to be full LSLR. EPA estimated that 1 percent of full or utility-side replacement will continue to be done as part of infrastructure projects and will be assigned the lower unit costs for planned LSLR. For all customer-initiated LSL replacements, EPA assumed all replacements will be utility-side and not planned since they are initiated by the customer. The assumptions for the types of replacement for the goal-based and, mandatory replacement programs, and customer-initiated replacements are summarized in Exhibit A-5.
CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people that have an ALE and have LSLR as their approved compliance option must replace LSLs at a schedule set by the Primacy Agency not to exceed 15 years and must replace all LSLs regardless of their subsequent lead 90[th] percentile value. The assumption used in the SafeWater LCR model is that these systems will replace 7 percent of their LSLs each year until all are replaced. EPA assumed that CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people will use the mix of LSLR types shown for mandatory replacement in Exhibit A-5. 
Exhibit A-5: Likelihood of LSLR Type by Replacement Requirement
                              Type of Replacement
                      Likelihood under Goal-Based Program
                      Likelihood under Mandatory Program
                      Likelihood under Customer-Initiated
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
Utility-Side (Planned)
                                                                             1%
                                                                               
                                                                               
pp_lslr_cap_emerg
Utility-Side
                                                                            99%
                                                                               
                                                                           100%
Customer-Initiated
pp_cust_init_lslr

Goal-based
1 - pp_lslr_cap_emerg
Full Replacement (Planned)
                                                                               
                                                                             1%
                                                                               
pp_lslr_cap_emerg
Full Replacement
                                                                               
                                                                            79%
                                                                               
1 - (pp_lslr_cap_emerg - pp_lslr_partial)
Customer-Side (i.e., completing a prior partial)
                                                                               
                                                                            20%
                                                                               
pp_lslr_partial
         Source: Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx. 

NTNCWSs
Similar to the previous rule for NTNCWSs, all LSLRs under the final LCRR are expected to be full replacements since the NTNCWS typically owns the entire service line. Planned unit costs are not applicable to NTNCWSs since they do not typically engage in large water main replacement work outside of their facilities. NTNCWSs that have an ALE and have LSLR as their approved compliance option must replace LSLs at a schedule set by the Primacy Agency not to exceed 15 years and must replace all LSLs regardless of their subsequent lead 90[th] percentile value. The assumption used in the SafeWater LCR model is that these systems will replace 7 percent of their LSLs each year until all are replaced.

References
American Water Works Association (AWWA). 2005. Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement. Denver, CO. Available online at https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/AWWA/Government/StrategiesforLSLs.pdf?ver=2013-03-29-132027-193. 
Black & Veatch. 2004. Notes from the EPA Lead Service Line Replacement Workshop. Conducted for American Water Works Association. December 10, 2004. 
Cornwell, D.A, R.A. Brown, and S.H Via. 2016. National Survey of Lead Service Line Occurrence. Journal AWWA. 108(4):E182-E191.
Dixon, K. and S. Via. 2011. Lead Service Lines: A Survey of Utility Replacement Practices. Presented at the AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference & Expo, Phoenix, AZ, November 13-17, 2011.
ROWE Professional Services Company. 2016. Summary Report  -  Water Services Inventory and Pilot Replacement. City of Flint. 
Sandvig, A., P. Kwan, G. Kirmeyer, B. Maynard, D. Mast, R.R. Trussell, S. Trussell, A. Cantor, and A. Prescott. 2008. Contribution of service line and plumbing fixtures to lead and copper rule compliance issues. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper. April 1991. Office of Water.
USEPA. 2007. Economic and Supporting Analyses: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule. September 2007. Office of Water. EPA-815-R0-7022. 
USEPA. 2020a. Technologies and Costs for Corrosion Control to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water. July 2020. Office of Water. 
USEPA. 2020b. Public Comment and Response Document for the Final Lead and Copper Rule Revisions.

: Modeling Costs in the SafeWater LCR Model and Economic Impact and Analysis of the Previous Rule
Introduction
In order to estimate the compliance costs (and benefits) of the final Lead and Copper Rule revisions (LCRR), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a new variant of its existing SafeWater CBX model. This new model, called the SafeWater Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) model, is designed to estimate the costs and benefits of a treatment technique rule, and focuses on water contamination in the distribution system. Appendix B, Sections B.2 through B.4 describe in detail how the SafeWater LCR model develops a model system structure to account for baseline and compliance characteristic variability and how these system characteristics are used in conjunction with both previous and final rule compliance requirements to simulate model system compliance actions and develop costs estimates over the 35-year period of analysis under both scenarios. Because of limited data, in order to assess the costs (and benefits) and characterize uncertainty, EPA estimated previous and final rule compliance costs (and benefits) under high and low bracketing scenarios. Appendix B describes how the SafeWater LCR model works incorporating appropriate data.
Specifically, in this appendix, EPA provides detail on how the SafeWater LCR model estimates the incremental compliance costs of the final LCRR. In order to calculate the incremental impact of the final LCRR, each model-public water systems' (PWSs') costs must first be estimated separately under both the final LCRR and the previous LCR. Then, for each model-PWS, the SafeWater LCR model subtracts the estimated costs under the previous LCR from the model-PWS's estimated costs under the final LCRR cost to determine the incremental costs of the final LCRR. The same is done for costs borne by Primacy Agencies and households for lead service line replacement (LSLRs). In Section B.2, EPA describes the PWS characteristics and modeling assumptions that are held constant in order to ensure consistency between the previous LCR and the final LCRR compliance cost estimate. In Section B.3, EPA provides an overview of its approach to estimate the cost of the final LCRR. The same information for the previous rule is provided in Section B.4. In Section B.5, EPA provides the data and algorithms used to calculate the cost of each compliance activity PWSs will undertake to comply with the previous LCR. In Section B.6, EPA provides the data and algorithms used to calculate the cost of each activity Primacy Agencies will undertake to implement and administer the previous LCR. The data and algorithms used to calculate PWSs and Primacy Agencies costs under the final LCRR are provided in Chapter 5 in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, respectively.
Baseline Conditions and Modeling Assumption for both the Previous LCR and Final LCRR
Model-PWSs
In constructing the sample of model-PWSs for the cost analysis in the SafeWater LCR model, EPA began with the 50,067 community water systems (CWSs) and 17,589 non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWS) in Safe Drinking Water Act Information System/federal version (SDWIS/Fed). As described in Chapter 4, from SDWIS/Fed, EPA knows each PWS's:
 System type (CWS or NTNCWS);
 Primary water source (surface water or groundwater);
 Population served;
 Corrosion control treatment (CCT) status (yes/no);
 Ownership (public or private); and
 Number of service connections.
Many additional baseline and compliance characteristics of each model-PWS are needed to estimate the costs of the previous and final rules. Therefore, EPA draws from additional data sources to assign the characteristics to each model-PWS. Because many model-PWS baseline characteristics are assigned from distributional information, EPA needed to ensure that the sample size was large enough to generate results that were stable for each of the 36 PWS categories. In other words, every time EPA assigned a model-PWS in a PWS category a set of baseline characteristics and estimated the costs of the final LCRR, the model should have generated similar results for the PWS category. If a PWS category had too few model-PWSs, the model would not produce stable results due to the large number of distributional variables in the analysis.
Therefore, EPA oversampled the SDWIS/Fed inventory to increase the number of model-PWSs in each PWS category. For every PWS category, EPA set the target minimum number of model-PWSs to 5,000. Consider the example of CWSs serving 3,301-10,000 people with groundwater as their primary water source. As shown in Exhibit 4-3, this PWS category has 2,771 systems. In order to ensure the model includes at least 5,000 model-PWSs, EPA replicated each PWS in the SDWIS/Fed inventory. So, for this example PWS category, the sample will have 5,542 model-PWSs. Continuing with this example, when EPA estimated the costs for this PWS category, each model-PWS would have a weight of 0.5 (2,771 divided by 5,542). To calculate the costs for this PWS category, EPA multiplied the cost for each model-PWS by 0.5 to get the model-PWS's weighted cost, and then sums the weighted costs for all 5,542 model-PWSs in the sample to get the total cost for the PWS category.
Once the model-PWSs were created, EPA assigned each model-PWS in the sample all baseline characteristics, so that the estimate of costs for the previous LCR and the final LCRR are based on the same baseline characteristics. In Exhibit B-1, EPA provides the list of baseline characteristics assigned to each model-PWS that are critical to understanding how the model estimates costs. 

Exhibit B-1: Select Baseline Characteristics Assigned from Distributional Information to Model-PWSs
Baseline Characteristic
Data Description
Number of entry points to the distribution system
Section 4.3.6; "Derivation of Baseline CCT Characteristics_Final Rule.xlsx"
Model-PWS has LSLs in baseline (yes/no)
Exhibit 5-4
Percent of connections that are lead (if any) 
Exhibit 5-4	
Type of CCT in place (if any)
Section 4.3.6, "Derivation of Baseline CCT Characteristics_Final Rule.xlsx"
Current pH level
"Derivation of Baseline CCT Characteristics_Final Rule.xlsx"
Current PO4 dose
"Derivation of Baseline CCT Characteristics_Final Rule.xlsx"
Lead 90[th] percentile placement (less than or equal to the TL, greater than the TL and less than or equal to the AL, above the AL) under previous rule
Exhibit 5-5
Lead 90[th] percentile placement (less than or equal to the TL, greater than the TL and less than or equal to the AL, above the AL) under final LCRR
Exhibit 5-6
Tap sampling frequency in baseline
Exhibits 4-29 through 4-32
Source water change (y/n) each year of analysis
Exhibits 4-46 and 4-47
Treatment technology change (y/n) each year of the analysis
Exhibits 4-48 and 4-49
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; LSL = lead service line; PO4 = orthophosphate; TL = trigger level.
Many other data elements are assigned to the model-PWSs in order to maintain consistency between the estimation of costs for the previous and final rules (e.g., the expected likelihood that a tap water sample will be invalidated). Chapter 5, Section 5.3, discusses how each data element is used in the estimation of costs and provides an explanation of, or a reference to, how these data were developed.
Very Large Systems
There are 21 very large systems serving more than one million people. Because of the small number of systems in this size category, as well as the large costs these systems could face due to their size, EPA decided to collect additional PWS-specific information on baseline characteristics from these systems and use a modified model-PWS approach for estimating the compliance costs for this category of PWSs. Very large systems are potentially cost drivers because they serve greater than one million people. Utilizing SafeWater to select their baseline conditions can potentially generate erroneous compliance cost estimates. The set of such systems is relatively small (21) compared to systems in other system size categories. Therefore, collecting system specific information about relevant baseline characteristics is feasible and preferable to estimating compliance costs through a modeling process. For these very large systems, EPA attempted to collect information on their number of lead service lines (LSLs), EP-specific orthophosphate practices and chemical doses, pH measurements and pH adjustment practices, service populations, and average annual daily and design flow (DF) rates. EPA gathered this information from SDWIS/Fed, and from publicly available information such as Consumer Confidence Reports and system websites. In addition, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) provided additional data from member systems to fill data gaps. 
When PWS-specific CCT data were available for very large systems, the SafeWater LCR model calculated the CCT costs at each EP individually using the information about the EPs' baseline CCT practices and doses. If data were not available, EPA assigned baseline CCT characteristics using the model-PWS approach described above. Likewise, if system specific LSL inventory data were available, the SafeWater LCR model used the data to calculate the costs but if PWS specific LSL inventory data were not available, the SafeWater LCR model assigned the number of LSL's using the same model-PWS approach for smaller system size categories. Exhibit B-2 provides a summary of data collected on each of the very large systems. All other baseline and cost characteristic data were assigned in the same manner as the systems serving 100,001 to 1 million size category.

Exhibit B-2: Summary of SDWIS/Fed and AWWA Data for PWS Systems Serving more than 1M People
                                   PWS Name
                   Phosphate Inhibitor Use for Sequestration
                              pH Adjustment Data
                                 LSL Inventory
                              Flow Data Provided
City of Phoenix
                                      No
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                       Public replaced, Private unknown
                            EP level data provided
East Bay Mud
                                      No
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                                 All replaced
                            EP level data provided
Los Angeles-City, Dept. Of Water & Power
                               No data provided
City of San Diego
                               No data provided
Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Authority - Main System
                                      No
                                      No
                     Some Public replaced, Private unknown
                            EP level data provided
Chicago
                               No data provided
 Massachusetts Water Resources Authority 
                                      No
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                        Both Public and Private present
                            EP level data provided
Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission
                              Yes, dose provided
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                       Public replaced, Private unknown
                            EP level data provided
City of Baltimore
                               No data provided
MO American St Louis Co. & St Charles Co.
                                      No
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                       Public replaced, Private present
                            EP level data provided
Las Vegas Valley Water District
                                      No
                                      No
                                 None present
                            EP level data provided
Suffolk County Water Authority
                                      No
                                      No
                       Specific EPs with LSL Identified
                            EP level data provided
New York City System
                              Yes, dose provided
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                       Public replaced, Private present
                            EP level data provided
Cleveland Public Water System
                               No data provided
Columbus Public Water System
                               No data provided
Philadelphia Water Department
                              Yes, dose provided
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                        Both Public and Private present
                            EP level data provided
Metropolitan
                               No data provided
San Antonio Water System
                               No data provided
Dallas Water Utility
                               No data provided
City of Houston
                                      No
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                        Both Public and Private unknown
                            EP level data provided
Fairfax County Water Authority
                              Yes, dose provided
                          Yes, EP level data provided
                                 None present
                            EP level data provided
Analysis Period and Discount Rates
EPA estimated the incremental cost of the final LCRR over a 35-year period in order to fully capture the costs of the rule since it may take over 30 years for many CWSs to complete their LSLR program. In accordance with EPA policy, and based on guidance from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), when calculating social costs and benefits, EPA discounted future costs (and benefits) under two alternative social discount rates, 3 percent and 7 percent.
When evaluating the economic impacts on PWSs and households (not social costs and benefits), EPA uses the estimated PWS cost of capital to discount future costs, as this best represents the actual costs of compliance that systems will incur over time. EPA used data from the 2006 Community Water System Survey (CWSS) to estimate the PWS cost of capital (USEPA, 2009a; 2009b). The survey defined the following categories of funding sources:
      Current revenue;
      Equity or other funds from private investors;
      Department of Homeland Security (DHS) grant;
      Other government grants;
      Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), including loans and Principal Repayment Forgiveness;
      Other borrowing from public sector sources; and
      Borrowing from private sectors sources.
EPA calculated the overall weighted average cost of capital (across all funding sources and loan periods) for each size/ownership category, weighted by the percentage of funding from each source. The cost of capital for each CWS size category and ownership type is shown in Exhibit B-3. Since similar cost of capital information is not available for NTNCWSs, EPA used the CWS cost of capital when calculating the annualized cost per NTNCWS.
Exhibit B-3: Weighted Average Cost of Capital by PWS Ownership and Size Category
Size Category
                              Publicly Owned CWS
                              Privately Owned CWS
<=100
                                                                           3.8%
                                                                           7.8%
101-500
                                                                           5.5%
                                                                           8.2%
501-1,000
                                                                           4.0%
                                                                           8.6%
1,001-3,300
                                                                           4.7%
                                                                           7.1%
3,301-10,000
                                                                           5.8%
                                                                           7.0%
10,001-50,000
                                                                           6.1%
                                                                           7.0%
50,001-100,000
                                                                           4.9%
                                                                           6.9%
100,001-500,000
                                                                           4.7%
                                                                           3.9%
Over 500,000
                                                                           3.7%
                                                                           7.8%

As mentioned above, these cost of capital estimates are derived from the 2006 CWSS. Since 2006, Congress has established several new programs, and expanded other existing programs, PWSs can access to lower their cost of capital. These include the DWSRF, the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation (WIFIA) Program, and the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (WIIN Act).
Through the DWSRF Program, EPA allocates annual capitalization grants to states. The funds, along with a 20 percent state match, are placed into a dedicated loan fund to finance eligible water system infrastructure improvement projects. States are permitted to use funding from their DWSRF to facilitate LSLR projects and are taking steps to modify their DWSRF programs to prioritize LSLR. The WIFIA program provides creditworthy PWSs access to low-interest direct federal loans that can be used to finance capital improvements including LSLRs. Under the WIIN Act, three new grant programs were established related to reducing lead in drinking water (assistance for small and disadvantaged communities, reducing lead in drinking water, and lead testing in school and child care program drinking water). Therefore, the actual cost of capital faced by some water utilities may be lower than those used in this analysis.
Rule Implementation Schedule 
EPA projects that rule implementation activities will begin immediately after rule promulgation. These activities will include one-time Primacy Agency and PWS costs for staff to read the rule, become familiar with its provisions, and train employees on the new rule. PWSs will comply with the inventory and LSLR initial planning requirements of the final rule in years 1 through 3 of the analysis. EPA expects that systems will begin complying with all other final rule requirements three years after promulgation, or in year 4 of the analysis.
Estimating Compliance Activity under the Final LCRR
As described in Chapter 3, some compliance activities are required only if the PWS has a lead 90[th] percentile level (P90) above the trigger level (TL) or action level (AL). Therefore, the SafeWater LCR model must keep track of each model-PWS's lead 90[th] percentile (P90) throughout the period of analysis. PWSs undertake many compliance activities that EPA assumes, for simplicity of the modeling, will not affect a PWS's P90. These include, for example, developing an inventory of LSLs, CWS sampling at schools and child cares, and public education (PE). In fact, for modeling purposes, EPA assumes that the only compliance activities that will change a model-PWS's P90 are:
      Installation of CCT;
      Re-optimization of existing CCT; 
      Removal of LSLs; and
      A system-wide find-and-fix activity (assumed in the cost modeling to be a system-wide increase in pH and to occur infrequently).
In addition to these final rule compliance activities changing a PWS's P90, changing a water source or treatment technology can also result in a change in P90.
This section describes the modeling framework for the final LCRR that the SafeWater LCR model employs to determine whether a model-PWS will take an action that will change its P90, which in turn will change other actions the PWS will be required to take.
The SafeWater LCR model first assigns a P90-range to each model-PWS for the previous LCR using the expected percentiles in Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-7 and Exhibit 5-8. As discussed in Section 4.3.5.1, because the tap sampling requirements under the final LCRR requires taking 100 percent of lead tap samples from LSL sites, for PWSs with LSLs, the likelihood that a PWS would have a P90 greater than the TL or AL is higher under the final LCRR (Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-6) compared to under the previous rule (Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-5). However, rather than simply assigning each model-PWS a P90-range under the final LCRR using the percentages in Chapter 5 directly, in order to maintain consistency between the previous LCR and the final LCRR for each PWS, the SafeWater LCR model uses the model-PWS's initial P90-range under the previous LCR to determine whether the model-PWS's initial P90-range under the final LCRR is as follows (see Step 1 in Exhibit B-4):
If the model-PWS has no LSLs, the P90-range under the final LCRR is the same as under the previous LCR.
If the model-PWS has LSLs and the P90 is greater than the AL under the previous LCR, then the P90-range under the final LCRR is the same as under the previous LCR.
If the model-PWS has LSLs and the P90 is greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under the previous LCR, then randomly select the P90-range for the final LCRR using the following probabilities:
       Prob(P90 greater than the AL under final LCRR) = (Prob(P90 greater than the AL under final LCRR)  -  Prob(P90 greater than the AL under previous LCR)) / Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under previous LCR)
       Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under final LCRR) = 1- (((Prob(P90 greater than the AL under final LCRR)  -  Prob(P90 greater than the AL under previous LCR)) / Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than AL under previous LCR))
If model-PWS has LSLs and P90 is at or below the TL under the previous LCR, then randomly select the P90-range for the LCRR using the following probabilities:
       Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under LCRR) = (Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under final LCRR)  -  Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under previous LCR)) / Prob(P90 Less than or equal to the TL under previous LCR)
       Prob(P90 Less than or equal to the TL under final LCRR) = 1-((Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under final LCRR)  -  Prob(P90 greater than the TL but not greater than the AL under previous LCR)) / Prob(P90 Less than or equal to the TL under previous LCR))
The SafeWater LCR model works on an annual time step which EPA calls the "year-loop." At the beginning of the first year that the final rule's tap sampling requirements take effect (year 4 of the period of analysis), the model-PWS's initial P90y-range is set as explained above. As the SafeWater LCR model progresses through the year-loop, it continually updates its projection of the starting P90-range for the following year (P90y+1-range) based on:
The current year's starting P90-range (P90y-range)
Changes in source water and treatment technology (not required under the LCR) in the current year
Installation or re-optimization of CCT in the current year
Replacement of LSLs in the current year
System-wide find-and-fix activity (assumed in the cost modeling to be a system-wide increase in pH) in the current year
Change in source water or treatment technology
As mentioned above, a change in source water or treatment technology can affect a model-PWS's projected P90y+1-range. The first step within the year-loop is to determine whether the model-PWS has a significant change in source water or a change in treatment technology during the year (Step 3 in Exhibit B-4). If the model-PWS does not, then their projected P90y+1-range is not affected by a significant source water change or treatment change (Step 7), and the model-PWS moves on to the next component of the year-loop (Step 9). 
If, however, the model-PWS does have a significant change in source water or a treatment technology change (Step 3), it is possible that this change could affect its P90y+1-range. Therefore, the SafeWater LCR model draws a new P90-range for the model-PWS, which represents the possible P90y+1-range associated with the new source water or treatment technology, as shown in Exhibit B-4 (Step 4).
If the model-PWS has installed or re-optimized CCT prior to the current year (Step 5), EPA assumed that the CCT is adequate to mitigate any increase in lead concentration associated with the significant source water change or treatment technology changes. Therefore, if the newly drawn P90-range is higher than the current P90y-range (Step 6), the SafeWater LCR model will keep the P90y+1-range the same as the P90y-range, as there will be no change in lead concentrations associated with the change in source water or treatment technology (Step 7). On the other hand, if the newly drawn P90-range is lower than the current P90y-range (Step 6), SafeWater will set the P90y+1-range equal to the newly drawn P90-range, in effect lowering the model-PWS's P90y+1-range (Step 8). If the model-PWS has not installed or re-optimized CCT prior to the current year (Step 5), then the SafeWater LCR model will set the P90y+1-range equal to the newly drawn P90-range (which may result in either an increase or decrease of the P90y+1-range). In all three cases, the model-PWS will move on to the next component of the year-loop (Step 9). 
Exhibit B-4: Simulating Change in Source Water or Treatment Technology in SafeWater LCR
                                       
Small CWS and NTNCWS flexibility
As discussed in Chapter 3, the final LCRR includes significant flexibility for CWSs that serve 10,000 or fewer people, and all NTNCWSs. If these PWSs have a P90 greater than the AL, they can choose from four options to reduce the concentration of lead in their water. EPA includes three of these options in its cost analysis of the final LCRR:
 Replace 7 percent of their baseline number of LSLs per year until all LSLs are replaced.
Optimize existing CCT or install new CCT.
Provide point-of use (POU) devices to all customers.
The fourth option is available to CWSs and NTNCWSs that have control over their entire plumbing system. These systems may choose to remove all lead-bearing plumbing material.
For modeling purposes, EPA assigns a compliance cost to all systems that exceed the ALE in the SafeWater LCR model. EPA uses a cost minimization assumption in the model, and assigns the least cost alternative between the LSLR, CCT, and POU compliance alternatives. EPA lacks the system characteristic data that would allow the Agency to determine a small system's cost for replacement of lead-bearing plumbing materials because of the significant variability among systems and the plumbing materials in the buildings they serve. EPA assumed a system would only select the replacement of lead-bearing plumbing materials compliance option if it cost less than the three other alternative compliance options. By selecting the least cost of the three other options EPA has accounted for the costs that small water systems would incur but may be overestimating the costs for those systems that find the cost of lead bearing plumbing replacement to be less than the other three options.
Corrosion control and point-of-use technology 
After the SafeWater LCR model determines whether a model-PWS's P90y+1-range will be affected by a change in source water or treatment technology, the model continues within the year-loop and begins the process of determining whether the model-PWS will install CCT, re-optimize CCT, or install POU devices (in the case of small CWSs or all NTNCWSs). The SafeWater LCR model uses the model-PWS's P90y+1-range rather than the current year-loop's initial P90-range (P90y-range) to determine if the PWS will install CCT, re-optimize CCT, or install POU. This is because EPA assumes that if a PWS proposes a significant change in water source or a change in treatment technology, the Primacy Agency will require the PWS to determine the impact of the change on lead levels, and take any corrective measures (installing CCT, re-optimizing CCT, or installing POU) before making the change in source water or treatment technology. Therefore, the SafeWater LCR model assumes that a change of water source or treatment technology would never lead to an AL exceedance, as the PWS would implement, if needed, appropriate CCT or POU (if eligible) prior to the change. 
The SafeWater LCR model keeps track of the model-PWS's CCT status throughout the period of analysis. Once a model-PWS with existing CCT re-optimizes its CCT, or a model-PWS without CCT installs CCT, EPA assumes that the CCT is optimized and no further changes to CCT will be needed. Therefore, as the SafeWater LCR model continues within its year-loop (see Exhibit B-5), it determines whether the model-PWS has already re-optimized its existing CCT, or installed new CCT, and therefore has optimized CCT in place (Step 10). If it does, then SafeWater makes no change to CCT in place and to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to CCT (Step 22) and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 27). 
Model CWSs serving more than 10,000 people with a P90y+1-range greater than the AL (Step 11) and existing CCT in place (Step 16) will re-optimize their existing CCT (Step 17). If they do not have existing CCT in place (Step 16), they will install CCT (Step 19). EPA assumes that both re-optimization of and installation of CCT, due to an ALE, will occur four years after the ALE (y+4) due to the time required to conduct a pipe loop study. The same is true for small model CWSs and all NTNCWS (Step 13) if CCT is their least costly compliance strategy (Step 15). However, if POU is their least costly compliance strategy (Step 20), the model-PWS will install POU (Step 21). If POU and CCT are both not the model-PWS's least costly compliance strategy, then the SafeWater LCR model makes no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to CCT or POU (Step 22), and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 27).
All model-PWSs that do not have optimized CCT (Step 10), have a P90y+1-range greater than the TL but not greater than the AL (Steps 11 and 12), and have existing CCT in place (Step 14), will re-optimize their CCT (Step 18). EPA assumes re-optimization due to a trigger level exceedance (TLE) will occur three years after the action level exceedance (ALE) (y+3) due to the time required to conduct a coupon study. If the model-PWS does not have existing CCT (Step 14), it will take no action that results in the SafeWater LCR model changing the PWS's P90y+1-range due to CCT (Step 22), and the model-PWS will move on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 27). 
Once a model-PWS re-optimizes existing CCT, or installs CCT, SafeWater will adjust its P90-range to reflect the effectiveness of the CCT in reducing lead levels (Steps 24, 25, and 26) before moving on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 27). EPA assumes it will take two years after CCT installation or re-optimization for the PWS's P90 levels to fall (y+6 for CCT installation or re-optimization due to an ALE; y+5 for CCT re-optimization due to a TLE).  
EPA assumes that CCT is more likely to reduce lead levels to not greater than the TL if a model-PWS does not have LSLs. Chapter 5, Exhibit 5.9 and Exhibit 5.10 provides EPA's assumptions on how P90 levels will change due to CCT adjustment under the low and high cost scenarios. Likewise, EPA assumes that the P90y+1-range will always be not greater than the TL for all small CWSs and all NTNCWSs that install POU (Step 23) before they move to the next step of the year-loop (Step 27).
Exhibit B-5: Simulating Corrosion Control and Point-of-Use Technology under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR
                                       
                                       
Lead service line replacements
The SafeWater LCR model keeps track of the number of LSLs a model-PWS still has in place at the beginning of each year-loop. If a model-PWS does not have any LSLs in place (Step 28 in Exhibit B-6), then SafeWater will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to LSLRs (Step 44), and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 47). 
If a model-PWS has LSLs in place at the beginning of the year-loop (Step 28), the requirements it faces depend on system size and type (Step 29). If the model-PWS is a CWS serving 10,000 or fewer people, or a NTNCWS (Step 29), its P90y is greater than the AL (Step 30), and LSLR is its least costly compliance option (Step 33), then it is required to replace 7 percent of its baseline number of LSLs each year (Step 34). If its P90y is not greater than the AL (Step 30), or LSLR is not the least costly compliance option (Step 33), it will be required to replace LSLs when the system becomes aware that a household has replaced their side of the service line (Customer Initiated LSLR, see Step 40). 
 If the model-PWS is not a CWS serving 10,000 or fewer people, or an NTNCWS (Step 29), its LSLR requirements depend on the model-PWS's P90y-range. If the model-PWS's P90y is greater than the AL (Step 31), it is required to implement a mandatory LSLR program replacing a rolling two-year average of 3% known and unknown LSLs per year. This rolling average allows systems that experience LSLR rate fluctuation to still meet a 3% replacement rate on average for each two-year period while the water system is required to implement the LSLR program. The regulation also requires that a cumulative number of replacements be reached equal to 3% of the sum of known lead, galvanized requiring replacement, and lead status unknown service lines in the initial inventory, times the number of years that elapsed between the system's first ALE and the date on which the system's 90th percentile lead levels are at or below the action level for 2 years (four consecutive 6-month monitoring periods). Because EPA does not have information on the annual variation in replacement rates which systems may experience when required to conduct mandatory replacement the Agency has assumed an annual replacement rate of 3% (which equals a 3% rolling average value across all two year time periods)(Step 35). If its P90y is greater than the TL but not greater than the AL (Steps 31 and 32), it is required to establish an annual LSLR goal-based rate in consultation with the Primacy Agency (Step 36) and will replace some number of LSLs each year (Step 37). If the model-PWS fails to meet its annual LSLR goal-based rate (Step 38), it is required to undertake additional goal-based LSLR program outreach (Step 41). The quantity and types of additional outreach required depend on the number of consecutive periods the model-PWS fails to meet its goal. If it meets its annual LSLR goal-based rate (Step 38), it may stop the additional LSLR program outreach (Step 41). If the model-PWS's P90y is not greater than the TL (Step 32), it will be required to replace LSLs when the system becomes aware that a household has replaced their side of the service line (Step 40). 
When a model-PWS replaces any LSLs during the year (Steps 34, 35, 37, and 40), the SafeWater LCR model determines whether, at the end of the year, the model-PWS has no more LSLs remaining (Step 42). If this is the case, the SafeWater LCR model sets the P90y+1-range to not greater than the TL to reflect the impact of LSLRs on lead concentrations (Step 46) and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 47). If, at the end of the year, the model-PWS still has LSLs in place, the SafeWater LCR model will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to LSLR (Step 44), and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 47).

Exhibit B-6: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR

Find-and-fix
In addition to requiring PWSs to take compliance actions to reduce lead concentrations when their system-wide P90 exceeds the TL or AL, the final LCRR will also require PWSs to "find-and-fix" issues that cause a single lead tap water sample to exceed 15 ug/L. Although the final rule requires any PWS with tap water samples exceeding 15 ug/L to identify and address localized elevated lead concentrations, EPA assumes, for modeling purposes, that CCT-related find-and-fix requirements will be addressed only after a PWS has optimized CCT in place. Therefore, if a model-PWS does not have optimized CCT in place (Step 48 in Exhibit B-8) or does not have at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L in the year (Step 49), then it is assumed to not  make any CCT adjustments, and the SafeWater LCR model will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to find-and-fix (Step 57). The model-PWS will simply move to the next year-loop (Step 2, Exhibit B-4. 
If a model-PWS does have optimized CCT in place, the SafeWater LCR model calculates the number of tap samples that will be above 15 ug/L in the current year of the analysis as a binomial distribution defined by the number of samples the model-PWS takes during the year and the likelihood that any given sample will be greater than 15 ug/L (Step 49). The number of tap samples a model-PWS will take in a year depends on the model-PWS's tap sampling frequency (semi-annual, or once every one, three, or nine years) and the system size. Exhibit B-7 provides the likelihood that a single lead tap sample will be above 15 ug/L, which varies by the model-PWS's P90y-range and LSL status.
Exhibit B-7: Likelihood That a Single Tap Water Sample Will Be Above 15 ug/L
P90y-Range
                              Model-PWS Has LSLs
                         Model-PWS Does Not Have LSLs
Greater than the AL
                                     0.254
                                     0.227
Greater than the TL but Not Greater than the AL
                                     0.061
                                     0.154
Not Greater than the TL
                                     0.012
                                     0.003
   Source: "Derivation of Probability_Sample_Above_15_Final Rule.xlsx." Also see Chapter 4, Section 4.3.5.2 for addition detail.
The causes of, and associated solutions to, localized elevated lead concentrations within a distribution system are varied and location-specific. In order to estimate model-PWS costs, EPA developed the following assumptions about how model-PWSs would respond to the final LCRR find-and-fix requirements:
 The first year, after CCT installation or CCT re-optimization, that a model-PWS has a tap sample above 15 ug/L, the PWS will investigate but take no corrective action.
The second year, after CCT installation or CCT re-optimization, that a model-PWS has a tap sample above 15 ug/L, it will flush the distribution system in the affected area to reduce water age, improving CCT, and lower lead concentration levels.
The third year, after CCT installation or CCT re-optimization, that a model-PWS has a tap sample above 15 ug/L, it will adjust pH at one EP to the distribution system (EP). This is the final action a model-PWS with only one EP will take in response to the find-and-fix requirement.
The fourth year, after CCT installation or CCT re-optimization, if a model-PWS, with more than one EP, has a tap sample above 15 ug/L, it will adjust pH at its remaining EPs. This is the final action any model-PWS will take in response to the find-and-fix requirement.
Therefore, within the SafeWater LCR model, if a model-PWS with re-optimized CCT in place (Step 48 in Exhibit B-8) has at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L in a given year (Step 49), its response will depend on the find-and-fix activity it took in prior years:
 If this is the first year the model-PWS has at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L (Step 50), it will investigate the issue but take no corrective actions. The SafeWater LCR model will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to find-and-fix (Step 57). The model-PWS will move to the next year-loop (Step 60).
If this is the second year the model-PWS has at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L (Step 51), it will flush its distribution system once to reduce lead levels (Step 53). The SafeWater LCR model will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to find-and-fix (Step 57). The model-PWS will move to the next year-loop (Step 60).
If this is the third year the model-PWS has at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L (Step 52), it will adjust the pH at one EP (Step 54). If the model-PWS has multiple EPs, the SafeWater LCR model will make no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to find-and-fix (Step 57). If, on the other hand, the model-PWS has only one EP, then the SafeWater LCR model will set the model-PWS's P90y+1-range to reflect the improved system-wide corrosion control (Step 59). In both cases, the model-PWS will move to the next year-loop (Step 60).
If this is the fourth year the model-PWS has at least one lead tap sample above 15 ug/L (Step 55), and the model-PWS has not yet modified pH at all EPs (Step 56), then the model-PWS will adjust pH at its remaining EPs (Step 58). The SafeWater LCR model will set its P90y+1-range to reflect the improved corrosion control system-wide (Step 59). The model-PWS will then move to the next year-loop (Step 60).

Exhibit B-8: Simulating Find-and-fix Requirements under the Final Rule in SafeWater LCR

Estimating Compliance Activity Under the Previous LCR
In order to maintain consistency between how the SafeWater LCR model estimates the costs for the final LCRR and the previous LCR, certain parts of the cost model remain constant across rule scenarios, including the baseline characteristics of the model-PWSs, the analysis period and discount rates, how very large systems are modeled, the assignment of the model-PWS's initial P90, the likelihood a single sample is greater than the AL, and how changes in source water or treatment changes impact the PWS's P90y+1 . Therefore, these elements are not repeated in this section. In addition, all cost estimates for the previous LCR are provided Chapter 5.
In addition, EPA estimated the costs of the previous LCR under the same low cost and high cost scenarios used to estimate the final LCRR costs. The low cost scenario and high cost scenario differ in their assumptions made about: 1) the existing number of LSLs in PWSs; 2) the number of PWS above the AL or TL under the previous and final monitoring requirements; 3) the cost of installing and optimizing CCT; 4) the effectiveness of CCT in mitigating lead concentrations; and 5) the cost of LSLR.
As described in Chapters 3, compliance activities under the previous rule were required when the lead 90th percentile (P90) was greater than the 15 ug/L. Therefore, the SafeWater LCR model must keep track of each model-PWS's P90 throughout the period of analysis. PWSs undertake many compliance activities that EPA assumes, for simplicity of the modeling, will not affect a PWS's P90. These include, for example, PE. In fact, for modeling purposes, EPA assumes that the only compliance activities that will change a model-PWS's P90 are
 Installation of CCT
 Re-optimization of CCT; and
 Removal of LSLs.
In addition to these previous rule compliance activities changing a model-PWS's P90, changing a water source or treatment technology can also result in a change in P90.
This section describes the modeling framework for the previous LCR that the SafeWater LCR model employs to determine if a model-PWS will take an action that will change its P90, which in turn will change other actions the model-PWS will be required to take. 

Corrosion control technology
After the SafeWater LCR model determines if a model-PWS's P90y+1-range will be impacted by a change in source water or treatment technology (see Section B.3.1), it continues within the year-loop and begins the process of determining if the model-PWS will install or optimize CCT. EPA assumes that system will be installing CCT or optimizing existing CCT that achieve the same standard as under the final rule.
The SafeWater LCR model keeps track of the model-PWS's CCT status throughout the period of analysis. Once a model-PWS with existing CCT re-optimizes its CCT, or a model-PWS without CCT installs CCT, EPA assumes that the CCT is optimized and no further changes to CCT will be needed. Therefore, as the SafeWater LCR model continues within its year-loop (see Exhibit B-9, which continues the steps presented in Exhibit B-4), it determines whether the model-PWS has already re-optimized its existing CCT, or installed new CCT, and therefore has optimized CCT in place (Step 10). If it does, then SafeWater makes no change to CCT in place and to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to CCT (Step 16) and the model-PWS moves on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 18). 
Model-PWSs with a P90y+1-range greater than the AL (Step 11) and existing CCT in place (Step 13) will re-optimize their existing CCT (Step 12). If they do not have existing CCT in place (Step 16), they will install CCT (Step 14). Once a model-PWS optimizes existing CCT, or installs CCT, SafeWater will adjust its P90y+n-range to reflect the effectiveness of the CCT in reducing lead levels (Step 15) before moving on to the next stage of the year-loop (Step 18). In the case of re-optimizing existing CCT, the model-PWS will first make a recommendation to their Primacy Agency regarding CCT optimization and the Primacy Agency will review the recommendation and either require the model-PWS to perform a CCT study or inform the model-PWS of what changes to their CCT treatment are required. Depending on if a CCT study is required or not, this process can take two or three years. EPA assumes that it will require another year for the model-PWS to optimize their CCT and an additional two years for the model-PWS's P90 levels to fall at or below the AL.  In the case of new CCT installation, if the model-PWS has not already conducted a CCT study, EPA assumes it will take the model-PWS two years to complete the CCT study and an additional two years to install the CCT technology. EPA assumes that the model-PWS's P90 will fall below the AL two years after CCT is installed.

Exhibit B-9: Simulating Corrosion Control under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR

                                       

Lead service line replacements
As described above, under the previous LCR, if a PWS's P90y is above the AL, PWSs are required to install CCT. If they already have CCT installed, and their P90y is above the AL, they are required to replace 7 percent of their baseline number of LSLs each year until their P90 falls at or below the AL.[,] EPA assumes that it will take 3 years for PWSs to identify and correct any issues in order to get below the AL for 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods, which would allow them to discontinue the LSLR program under the previous LCR. Therefore, for modeling purposes, the SafeWater LCR model will require 3 years of LSLRs. Furthermore, EPA assumes a PWS will only conduct one 3-year period of LSLRs during the period of analysis. 
Therefore, the SafeWater LCR model first checks to see if the model-PWS has already conducted three years of LSLRs (Step 19 in Exhibit B-10) and if it has, then the SafeWater LCR model makes no change to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range due to LSLRs (Step 26) and the model-PWS returns to the beginning of the year-loop (Step 2 in Exhibit B-4) to determine its compliance actions and costs for the next year of the analysis.
If the model-PWS has not already completed three years of LSLRs (Step 19), but it did conduct LSLR in the prior year (Step 20), it must already be in a three-year LSLR period. In this case, the model-PWS will remove 7 percent of its baseline LSLs this year (Step 24). If this is the third year of the model-PWS's LSLR program, then at the end of the year (Step 27) the SafeWater LCR model will adjust the model-PWS's P90y+1-range to reflect the impact of LSLR and any other corrective actions the model-PWS took on the model-PWS's lead concentrations (Step 28). EPA assumes that the model-PWS's P90y+1-range will be below the AL. The model-PWS will then return to the beginning of the year-loop (Step 2 in Exhibit B-4) to determine its compliance actions and costs for the next year of the analysis.
If the model-PWS has not removed any LSLs in prior years (Steps 19 and 20), does not have CCT installed (Step 21), has LSLs in the system inventory (Step 22), and has a P90y above the AL (Step 23) it will begin its three year LSLR program by removing 7 percent of its baseline LSLs (Step 24). Since the model-PWS has not completed its three year LSLR program (Step 26), the SafeWater LCR model will not make any adjustment to the model-PWS's P90y+1-range (Step 27) and the model-PWS will return to the beginning of the year-loop (Step 2 in Exhibit B-4) to determine its compliance actions and costs for the next year of the analysis.
Exhibit B-10: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
Estimating Public Water System Costs under Previous LCR
This section details how EPA estimated the cost of compliance with each major component of the previous LCR, including:
 B.5.1: PWS Sampling Costs
 B.5.2: PWS CCT-Related Costs
 B.5.3: PWS Lead Service Line Replacement-Related Costs 
 B.5.4: PWS Public Education-Related Costs
For most activities, water systems will incur costs in the form of burden (i.e., hours). The burden is multiplied by the labor rate ($/hr), as presented in Section 4.3.10.1, to estimate labor unit costs. Systems will also incur capital and maintenance O&M costs for some activities. Exhibit B-11 provides an overview of the rule components, subcomponents, and activities for which EPA estimated water system costs for the previous rule. Those activities in italics and shaded in gray are new requirements under the LCRR and are provided to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. The new LCRR requirements associated with one-time activities to implement and administer the rule changes, lead in drinking water testing at schools and child cares, find-and-fix requirements, goal-based and mandatory LSLR programs, expanded public outreach requirements, and the POU program are not applicable to the previous LCR and thus are not included in this section. Refer to Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-10 for a complete list of PWS activities under the LCRR.
At the end of each subsection, EPA provides a summary exhibit showing the SafeWater LCR modeling approach for each water system activity (e.g., Exhibit B-14, Exhibit B-18). The exhibits are organized as follows:
 The first and second columns show how unit burden and labor rate information is combined to estimate a CWS and NTNCWS cost per activity, respectively.
 The third and fourth columns indicate the conditions under which the water system activity occurs. The columns indicate if the system activity is dependent on 
 The system's 90[th] percentile range. See Appendix B, Section B.3 for a detailed discussion of how the SafeWater LCR model tracks a water system's 90[th] percentile level and accounts for changes in the 90[th] percentile level over the 35-year analysis period
 Other characteristics of the system such as presence or absence of LSLs and/or CCT, and frequency of monitoring.  
 The fifth column indicates the frequency of the activity (e.g., one-time, annually, every 3 years).  
The SafeWater LCR model uses the information from these exhibits to calculate total annualized water system cost for each activity. See Section 5.2.4 of Chapter 5 for detail on the cost modeling methodology. 
For the purpose of the SafeWater LCR modeling, all cost model inputs are assigned a unique data variable name, usually in the form of abbreviations or shorthand separated by underlined spaces (e.g., rate_op, hrs_read_rule_op). The SafeWater LCR model uses these data variables to model previous rule scenarios for different system sizes and types. 
Exhibit B-11: PWS Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1
                                   Component
                                 Subcomponents
                                  Activities2
B.5.1: PWS Sampling Costs
B.5.1.1: Lead Tap 
   Update sampling instruction for lead tap sampling and submit to Primacy Agency (LCRR only)
   Contact homes to establish new 100 percent LSL tap sampling pool (LCRR only)
   Report any changes in sampling location to the Primacy Agency  
   Confer with Primacy Agency on initial lead sampling data and status under LCRR (LCRR only)
   Obtain households for each round of lead tap sampling
   Offer incentives to households to encourage participation in lead tap sampling program
   Ship lead tap sampling material and instructions to participating households
   Collect lead tap samples
   Determine if sample should be rejected and not analyzed
   Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially
   Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to Primacy Agency
   Inform customers of lead tap sample results
   Certify to Primacy Agency that results were reported to customers
   Submit request to renew 9-year monitoring waiver to Primacy Agency
   Submit sampling results and lead 90[th] percentile calculation to Primacy Agency
   
B.5.1.2: Lead Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
   Collect lead WQP samples in the distribution system
   Analyze distribution system lead WQP samples
   Collect lead WQP samples from entry points
   Analyze entry point lead WQP samples
   Report lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs to Primacy Agency
   
B.5.1.3: Copper Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
   Collect copper WQP samples in the distribution system
   Analyze distribution system copper WQP samples
   Collect copper WQP samples from entry points
   Analyze entry point copper WQP samples
   Report copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs to Primacy Agency

B.5.1.4: Source Water Monitoring
   Collect source water samples
   Analyze source water samples
   Report source water monitoring results to Primacy Agency
B.5.2: PWS Corrosion Control Costs

B.5.2.1: CCT Installation 
    Submit water quality data to determine if CCT study is needed
   Conduct a CCT study
   Install CCT Treatment (PO4, PO4 with post treatment, pH adjustment, or modify pH)

B.5.2.2: Re-optimization of Existing Corrosion Control
   Submit water quality data to Primacy Agency to determine if CCT study revision is needed
   Revise CCT study
   Reoptimize existing CCT 

B.5.2.3: System Lead CCT Routine Costs 
   Review CCT guidance (LCRR only)
   Provide water quality data to Primacy Agency and discuss during sanitary survey (LCRR only) 
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency on required actions in response to source water change
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency on required actions in response to treatment change
B.5.3: PWS Lead Service Line Replacement-Related Costs
B.5.3.1: Lead Service Line Replacement
 Systems replace their portion of the LSL
   Households replace privately-owned portion of the LSL 

B.5.3.2: Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities
   Develop information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced
   Deliver information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced
   Develop information that goes to customers prior to partial LSLR
   Deliver prior notification for partial LSLRs
   Contact customers about the replacement
   Collect samples for test out provision
   Analyze lead tap samples for test out provision
   Collect lead tap samples after partial LSLR
   Analyze lead tap samples after partial LSLR
   Inform customers of results of testing after partial LSLR
   Submit report on lead tap samples after partial LSLR to Primacy Agency
   Submit annual report on LSLR program to Primacy Agency
B.5.4: PWS Lead Public Education and Outreach Costs
    Update mandatory language for lead ALE PE and submit to Primacy Agency
Deliver PE materials to all customers 
Contact public health agencies to obtain additional organizations and update recipient list
Notify public health agencies and other organizations
Post notice to website
Consult with Primacy Agency on other PE activities
Implement other PE activities
Prepare press release
Certify to Primacy Agency that lead outreach was completed
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; LSL = lead service line; LSLR = lead service line replacement; OWQPs = optimal water quality parameters; PE = public education; PO4 = orthophosphate; PWS = public water system; WQP = water quality parameter.
Notes:
1 Systems also incur burden for recordkeeping activities under the previous LCR, such as retaining records of decisions, supporting documentation, technical basis for decisions, and documentation submitted by the system. EPA has included burden for recordkeeping with each activity when applicable and opposed to providing separate burden estimates. 
[2] EPA assigned a unique letter identification (ID) for each activity under a given rule component. Activities are generally organized with upfront, one-time activities first followed by ongoing activities. Activities shaded in gray and italics indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR.
PWS Sampling Costs
This section provides system unit burden and cost for lead tap sampling, lead water quality parameter (WQP) monitoring, copper WQP monitoring, and source water monitoring in Sections B.5.1.1 through B.5.1.4, respectively. 
Lead Tap Sampling
The discussion of lead tap sampling costs for water systems is presented in two subsections as follows:
      B.5.1.1.1: Lead Tap Sampling Schedules and Required Number of Samples
      B.5.1.1.2: Lead Tap Sampling Activities
 Exhibit B-14 at the end of Section B.5.1.1.2 is a summary exhibit that indicates how the cost inputs are modeled by the SafeWater LCR model. Note that the SafeWater LCR model does not include the costs of copper tap sampling, because the LCRR does not change the program that is relevant for estimating the costs using the SafeWater LCR model. 
Lead Tap Sampling Schedules and Required Number of Samples
All CWSs and NTNCWSs are subject to lead tap sampling requirements. The frequency and required number of samples depend on the systems' lead 90[th] percentile level and/or compliance with optimal water quality parameters (OWQPs) as detailed in Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1. Systems that qualify for reduced monitoring can collect tap samples from a reduced number of sites on an annual, triennial, or 9-year monitoring schedule. Those on routine monitoring must conduct lead tap monitoring every six months at the standard number of sample sites.
Because the number of required sampling sites and sampling schedules can vary, costs are estimated separately for systems on the different lead tap monitoring schedules. EPA estimated the percentages of systems that would be on semi-annual monitoring, and on a reduced annual (p_tap_annual), triennial (p_tap_triennial), or 9-year monitoring (p_tap_nine) schedule at the start of the LCRR implementation period (assumed to be year 4) based on historical SDWIS/Fed data. Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1 provides a detailed discussion of how these percentages were derived. Exhibit 4-29 and Exhibit 4-30 provide the percentage of CWSs with CCT and without CCT, respectively, on semi-annual monitoring, and on a reduced annual, triennial, or 9-year monitoring schedule. Exhibit 4-31 and Exhibit 4-32 provide similar information for NTNCWSs with and without CCT, respectively. 
 The minimum required number of tap samples for CWSs and NTNCWSs on routine (numb_samp_customer) and reduced monitoring (numb_reduced_tap) under the previous rule and LCRR are the same. Refer to Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1.
Lead Tap Sampling Activities
EPA has developed costs for system activities associated with lead tap monitoring as shown in Exhibit B-12. The exhibit provides the unit burden and/or cost for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. Activities that are conducted by some states in lieu of the water system are identified in the exhibit and further noted below the exhibit. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2.1. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. Gray shaded rows indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. 
Exhibit B-12: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Unit Burden and Cost Estimates[1]
                                   Activity
                          Unit Burden and/or Cost[1]
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Update sampling instruction for lead tap sampling and submit to Primacy Agency (one-time)
N/A
hrs_devel_samp_op
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Contact homes to establish new 100 percent LSL tap sampling pool (one-time)
N/A
hrs_add_lsl_samp_op
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Report any changes in sampling location to the Primacy Agency  
3 hrs/CWS
hrs_chng_tap_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity c).
   Confer with Primacy Agency on initial lead sampling data and status under LCRR
N/A
hrs_initial_tap_confer_op
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Obtain households for each round of lead tap sampling 
0.5 hrs/sample per CWS
hrs_samp_volunt_op
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Offer incentives to households to encourage participation in lead tap sampling program 
$10 to $100/sample per CWS
cost_incentive
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity f).
   Ship lead tap sampling material and instructions to participating households 
Burden per sample (CWSs only)
0.25 hrs 

Cost per sample (CWSs only)
$6.85 to $11.37
Burden
hrs_discuss_samp_op

Cost
cost_lt_samp[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Collect lead tap samples 
Burden per sample
0.39 to 0.67 hrs per CWS;
0.5 hrs per NTNCWS

Cost per sample
$5.29 to $9.07 per CWS
Burden
hrs_pickup_samp_op

Cost
cost_pickup_samp
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity h).
   Determine if sample should be rejected and not analyzed 
0.25 hrs/rejected sample for CWSs
hrs_samp_reject_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity i).
   Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially 
In-house Analysis (CWSs > 100K only)
Burden: 0.44 hrs/sample 
Cost: $2.38/sample 

 
In-house Analysis 
hrs_analyze_samp_op[2]
cost_lab_lt_samp[2]

Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity j).
   
Commercial Analysis
$21.58/ sample
Commercial Analysis
cost_commercial_lab[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to Primacy Agency 
2 hrs per sample per CWS and NTNCWS
hrs_samp_invalid_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity k).
   Inform customers of lead tap sample results 
CWS/sample per sample
Burden: 0.05 hrs
Cost: $0.58

NTNCWS/system per system
Burden: 1 hr 
Cost: $0.025

CWS
hrs_inform_samp_op
cost_cust_lt

NTNCWS
hrs_ntncws_inform_samp_op
cost_ntncws_cust_lt

Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity l).
   Certify to Primacy Agency that results were reported to customers 
0.66 to 1 hr/monitoring period per CWS or NTNCWS
hrs_cert_cust_lt_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity m).
   Submit request to renew 9-year monitoring waiver to Primacy Agency
1 hr/9 years per qualifying CWS or NTNCWS
hrs_renew_nine_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity n).
   Submit sampling results and lead 90[th] calculation to Primacy Agency
1 to 1.5 hrs/monitoring period per CWS and NTNCWS

hrs_annual_lt_op[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; LSL = lead service line; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system.
Source: "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes:
[1] Many of the activities listed above do not apply to NTNCWSs because, unlike CWSs, they collect their own samples from sampling locations under their control and thus, are unlikely to change sampling sites or reject samples for analysis. They also do not need to solicit sampling participation for customers or travel to their residences to pick up samples. 
[2] In Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina, the state pays for the cost of bottles, shipping, analysis, and providing sample results to the system. Thus, the state will incur the burden and cost for these activities in lieu of the system.
    Obtain households for each round of lead tap sampling (hrs_samp_volunt_op). For each monitoring period, CWSs will contact customers to obtain volunteers to participate in the lead tap sampling program. EPA assumed CWSs will spend 0.5 hours per customer based on the following assumptions:
      CWSs will contact customers by phone.
      CWSs will spend 20 minutes with those that agree to participate to explain the program, or 50 percent of customers, and 5 minutes with those that do not, for an average of 15 minutes per sample.
      Because systems will need to contact 2 customers for every one sample, the 15-minute burden is doubled, resulting in an average burden of 0.5 hours per sample. 
The assumptions used to estimate this burden are the same as those for the LCRR with the exception that under the LCRR, systems must collect all samples from available sites served by LSLs. EPA assumed CWSs with LSLs will require additional efforts to obtain customers to participate in the sampling pool due to a more aggressive LSLR program and require 1 hour per sample. EPA applies the same inflation factors to account for customers that do not collect their sample (1-pp_hh_return_samp), sample rejection (pp_samp_reject), and sample invalidation (pp_samp_invalid) as the LCRR. See Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity e) for additional detail.
g)	Ship lead tap sampling materials and instructions to participating households (hrs_discuss_samp_op, cost_lt_samp). The rule allows customers to collect tap samples after receiving proper instructions from the water system. EPA assumed each CWS will spend an average of 0.25 hours to discuss sampling instructions with customers (hrs_discuss_samp_op). This estimate is based on information provided by the City of Chicago Department of Water Management (DWM) regarding its water testing program. DWM responded that on average staff required 0.25 hours to send out test kits. EPA assumed this burden included time to discuss sampling instructions with volunteers and is the same burden used for the LCRR.
   EPA assumed CWSs will ship sampling materials to customers. Thus, CWSs will also incur non-labor costs for a CWS to provide a test kit (including bottles and instruction) and ship the kits to customers (cost_lt_samp). The inputs and assumptions for this cost are provided in Exhibit B-13 and use the same inputs values as those used for systems without LSLs under the LCRR (cost_5_lt_samp). The costs under the previous rule and LCRR differ from systems with LSLs because under the LCRR, these systems must collect a fifth liter sample and will provide five sample bottles in lieu of one bottle in the sample kit. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity g) for additional detail.
Exhibit B-13: Non-Labor Costs for CWS to Provide Test Kits (per Sample)
                        System Size (Population Served)
                                   Test Kit
                         Shipping bottles to customers
                  Total Non-Labor Costs to Provide Test Kits

                                 cost_lt_samp

                                       A
                                       B
                                    C = A+B
<=100,000
                                     $0.00
                                     $6.85
                                     $6.85
100,000-1,000,000
                                     $4.52
                                     $6.85
                                    $11.37
>1,000,000
                                     $4.52
                                     $6.85
                                    $11.37
Notes:
A: Bottles are provided as part of the commercial laboratory fee and all CWSs serving 100,000 or fewer people are assumed to use commercial labs. Bottle costs for CWSs serving > 100,000 people are based on three vendor quotes. See file, "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx," worksheet "In-House_Bottle_$."
B: Shipping cost based on information provided by the Chicago DWM in response to a 2016 questionnaire regarding their free testing program on the cost to ship a 3-bottle test kit of $6.85. (A copy of the questionnaire and DWM's responses are available in the docket at EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300 at www.regulations.gov.) Note that this may overestimate shipping cost because systems will only be shipping a 1-bottle sample kit. 
j)	Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially (hrs_analyze_samp_op, cost_lab_lt_samp, cost_commercial_lab). EPA used the same data variables and input values for the previous rule as the LCRR to model the burden and costs associated with in-house analyses that are assumed to be conducted by CWSs serving more than 100,000 people. Under the previous rule and LCRR, EPA assumed that CWSs serving 100,000 or fewer people and all NTNCWSs use a commercial laboratory. Under the previous rule, the cost for the commercial analysis (cost_commericial_lab) was the same as that for non-LSL systems under the LCRR (cost_5_commercial_lab) of $21.58 but differed from the commercial costs under the LCRR for LSL systems of $35.03. The higher commercial cost for LSL systems includes bottle costs for four additional 1-liter bottle that are used to collect a fifth liter sample (see Section Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity j) for additional detail). 
o)	Submit sampling results and lead 90th percentile calculation to Primacy Agency (hrs_annual_lt_op). EPA estimated the burden for CWSs and NTNCWSs to submit tap monitoring results and their 90[th] percentile calculations is 1 hour for systems serving 10,000 or fewer, 1.25 hours for systems serving 10,001 to 50,000, and 1.5 hours for systems serving more than 100,000 people. These estimates are based on the Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 48 (Tap Sample Calcs) (USEPA, 2015). Under the LCRR, EPA assumes systems with LSLs will incur a 25 percent higher burden because they must provide documentation if they are unable to meet their minimum sampling requirements with sites served by LSLs. See Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity o) for additional detail.
Exhibit B-14 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for system lead tap sampling activities including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. As shown in the exhibit, the SafeWater LCR model relies upon additional inputs, such as number of samples for lead tap monitoring and the likelihood a system is below an AL or TL, to compute the cost per activity. For example, unit costs for k) Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to Primacy Agency is the product of the required number of samples, the probability of sample invalidation, the burden to prepare and submit the sample invalidation request, and the hourly rate. A description of the data variables and section where they are described in more detail are provided in footnote 1 to the exhibit. 
Exhibit B-14: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1] 
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
                             Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions[2] 

   Update sampling instructions for lead tap sampling and submit to Primacy Agency
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Contact homes to establish new 100 percent LSL tap sampling pool
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Report any changes in sampling location to the Primacy Agency[3]
Total system hours per monitoring period multiplied by the system labor rate
 
(hrs_chng_tap_op*rate_op)

All
Model PWS is not on reduced tap sampling 

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year

Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.

Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Model PWS is on nine-year reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Confer with Primacy Agency on initial lead sampling data and status under the LCRR
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Obtain households for each round of lead tap sampling
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate. The number of required samples is inflated to include those unreturned, invalidated, and rejected to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid)+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_reject))*(hrs_samp_volunt_op*rate_op)

All
Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring 

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice per year
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate. The number of required samples is inflated to include those unreturned, invalidated, and rejected to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap*(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid)+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_reject))*(hrs_samp_volunt_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_annual 
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_triennial 
Every 3 years

Model PWS is on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Offer incentives to households to encourage participation in lead tap sampling program
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the cost of the incentive. This number is not inflated by the number of samples deemed invalid or rejected because it is assumed that if a sample is invalid or rejected the system will return to the same customer to resample. EPA also assumes that unreturned samples would not be eligible for an incentive.
 
(numb_samp_customer*cost_incentive)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring that offers an incentive 

[1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)] * p_incentive
Twice per year
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the cost of the incentive. This number is not inflated by the number of samples deemed invalid or rejected, because it is assumed that if a sample is invalid or rejected the system will return to the same customer to resample. EPA also assumes that unreturned samples would not be eligible for an incentive.
 
 
(numb_reduced_tap*cost_incentive)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring that offers an incentive 

p_tap_annual * p_incentive
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring that offers an incentive 
p_tap_triennial * p_incentive
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring that offers an incentive 

p_tap_nine * p_incentive
Every 9 years
   Ship lead tap sampling materials and instructions to participating households4 
Number of required samples multiplied by the total of the hours per sample to provide instructions times the system labor rate, plus the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those unreturned, invalidated, and rejected, to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid)+(numb _samp_customer*pp_samp_reject))*((hrs_discuss_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_lt_samp)
Number of required samples multiplied by the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those invalidated to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid))* cost_lt_samp)
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap sampling monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year
Number of required samples multiplied by the total of the hours per sample to provide instructions times the system labor rate, plus the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those unreturned, invalidated, and rejected, to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap*(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid)+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_reject))*((hrs_discuss_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_lt_samp)
Number of required samples multiplied by the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those invalidated to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced tap*pp_samp_invalid))* cost_lt_samp)
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS is on triennial reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Collect lead tap samples
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate, plus the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those invalidated, unreturned, and rejected to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid)+ +(numb_customer_samp*(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_reject))*((hrs_pickup_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_pickup_samp)
Number of required samples per system multiplied by the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those invalidated to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.

(numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid))*cost_pickup_samp
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year
Number of required samples multiplied by the total of the hours per sample times the system labor rate, plus the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those unreturned, invalidated, and rejected, to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap *(1-pp_hh_return_samp))+(numb_reduced_tap) *pp_samp_invalid)+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_reject))* *((hrs_pickup_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_pickup_samp)
Number of required samples per systems multiplied by the cost of materials per sample. The number of required samples is inflated to include those invalidated to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap) *pp_samp_invalid))* *cost_pickup_samp
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Determine if sample should be rejected and not analyzed
The number of samples expected to be rejected (calculated by multiplying the total number of required samples by the likelihood of rejection) multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate.
 
(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_reject)*(hrs_samp_reject_op*rate_op)

Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
All 
Model PWS not on reduced tap sampling monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice per year
The number of samples expected to be rejected (calculated by multiplying the total number of required samples by the likelihood of rejection) multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate.
 
(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_reject)*(hrs_samp_reject_op*rate_op)

Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially[4]
The number of samples multiplied by the probabilities for a sample analyzed in house and a sample analyzed in a commercial lab times the different labor and material cost burdens for each type of analysis. 
 
The number of samples is inflated to include those invalidated, to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(((numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid))*pp_lab_samp)*((hrs_analyze_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_lab_lt_samp))+(((numb_samp_customer+(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid))*pp_commercial_samp)*((hrs_analyze_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_commercial_lab))
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap sampling monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year
The number of samples multiplied by the probabilities for a sample analyzed in house and a sample analyzed in a commercial lab times the different labor and material cost burdens for each type of analysis. 
 
The number of samples is inflated to include those invalidated, to ensure that the cost reflects the additional burden that must occur to meet the sampling requirement.
 
(((numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid))*pp_lab_samp)*((hrs_analyze_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_lab_lt_samp))+(((numb_reduced_tap+(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid))*pp_commercial_samp)*((hrs_analyze_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_commercial_lab)) 
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_triennial 
Every 3 years

Model PWS is on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to Primacy Agency
The number of samples expected to be invalid (calculated by multiplying the total number of required samples by the likelihood of invalidation) multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate.
 
(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid)*(hrs_samp_invalid_op*rate_op
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year
The number of samples expected to be invalid (calculated by multiplying the total number of required samples by the likelihood of invalidation) multiplied by the hours per sample and the system labor rate. 

(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid)*(hrs_samp_invalid_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Inform customers of lead tap sample results
The number of required of samples per system multiplied by the total of the hours per sample times the system labor rate plus the material cost per sample.
 
(numb_samp_customer)*((hrs_inform_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_cust_lt)
Hours per sampling event multiplied by the system labor rate, plus the material cost per sampling event.
 
((hrs_ntncws_inform_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_ntncws_cust_lt)
All
Model PWS not on reduced tap sampling monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year
The number of required samples per system multiplied by the total of the hours per sample times the system labor rate plus the material cost per sample.
 
(numb_reduced_tap)*((hrs_inform_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_cust_lt)
Hours per sampling event multiplied by the system labor rate, plus the material cost per sampling event.
 
((hrs_ntncws_inform_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_ntncws_cust_lt)
All
Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_triennial 
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Certify to Primacy Agency that results were reported to customers
Total hours per sampling event multiplied by the system labor rate.
 
(hrs_cert_cust_lt_op*rate_op)

Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year

Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_triennial 
Every 3 years

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
    Submit request to renew 9-year monitoring waiver to Primacy Agency[3]
Total hours per sampling event multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_renew_nine_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All

Model PWS on nine-year reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Submit sampling results and lead 90[th] percentile calculation to Primacy Agency[3] 
Total hours per sampling event multiplied by the system labor rate.
 
(hrs_annual_lt_op*rate_op)

All

Model PWS not on reduced tap monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) 
Twice per year

Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.

Model PWS on annual reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_annual
Once a year

Model PWS on triennial reduced tap monitoring
 
p_tap_triennial 
Every 3 years

Model PWS is on nine-year reduced tap monitoring

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
Acronyms: AL = action level; LSL = lead service line; PWS = public water system.
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 numb_reduced-tap: the number of lead tap samples for system on reduced annual, triennial, or 9-year monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1).
 numb_samp_customer: the number of lead tap samples for system on routine 6-month tap monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1).
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: likelihood a system is collecting the reduced number of lead tap samples on an annual, triennial, or 9-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1).
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1).
[2] For modeling purposes, EPA assumed that systems would report changes in sampling location during each monitoring period.
[3] Only a subset of systems with lead 90[th] percentile values <= 5 ug/L can quality for a 9-year monitoring waiver. See Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1 for additional detail.
4 The burden and costs to provide sample bottles (cost_lt_samp) under activity g), conduct analyses under activity j), and report sample results to the system under activity o) are incurred by the state in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina.
Lead Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
Lead WQP monitoring is required for all systems serving more than 50,000 people with CCT (except systems with naturally non-corrosive water that meet the criteria in 40 CFR 141.81(b)(3) or "b3" systems) and those serving 50,000 or fewer people that exceed the lead AL of 15 ug/L. WQP samples are collected at representative sites throughout the distribution system (also referred to as tap samples) and at each EP to the distribution system. Systems must conduct WQP monitoring prior to the installation of CCT and after CCT installation. The Primacy Agency may designate OWQPs after the installation of CCT. Systems with CCT must continue to maintain WQPs at or above minimum values or within OWQP ranges designated by the Primacy Agency.
The remainder of this section is divided into four subsections:
      B.5.1.2.1: Baseline Corrosion Control Treatment
      B.5.1.2.2: Initial Monitoring Schedules
      B.5.1.2.3: Number of Samples
      B.5.1.2.4: Lead WQP Monitoring Activities
Baseline Corrosion Control Treatment
WQP monitoring requirements vary for systems with and without CCT and by type of CCT. To estimate costs associated with WQP monitoring, EPA identified systems with and without CCT, as described in Chapter 4, Section 4.3.3. For those with CCT, EPA estimated the percentage of systems that currently have one of the three types of CCT used in the cost model: 
      Modify pH (pbaseph), 
      Add PO4 without pH post-treatment (pbasepo4), and 
      Add PO4 and modify pH (pbasephpo4)
 See Exhibit 5-14 in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.2.1 for the baseline percent of systems with each of these exhibit CCTs.
Initial Monitoring Schedules
As described in Section 4.3.7.2.1 in Chapter 4, systems with CCT could qualify for reduced WQP monitoring in the distribution system under the previous rule if they were in compliance with Primacy Agency-set OWQP ranges. The number of consecutive monitoring periods in which a system met these criteria determined if a system would collect two samples at a reduced number of sites on a semi-annual, annual, or triennial frequency. Note that the criteria for systems to qualify for reduced distribution system monitoring under the LCRR is more stringent than the previous rule and systems are no longer allowed to conduct this monitoring on a triennial frequency (see Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.2.2 for additional detail).
EPA assumed only systems serving more than 50,000 people would qualify for reduced distribution system monitoring because systems with and without CCT that serve 50,000 or fewer are only required to monitor for WQPs in those monitoring periods in which they have a lead or copper ALE. Section 4.3.7.2.1 provides EPA's approach for determining the estimated percentage of systems with CCT in each size category that would be on one of four WQP distribution monitoring schedules at the start of rule implementation based on historical SDWIS/Fed data. These percentages are provided in Exhibit 4-36 and Exhibit 4-37 for ground water and surface water CWSs with CCT, respectively, and in Exhibit 4-38 and 4-39 for ground water and surface water NTNCWSs with CCT, respectively. 
Number of Samples 
The minimum number of WQP distribution system samples for CWSs and NTNCWSs on routine (numb_enhance_wqp) and reduced (numb_reduced_wqp) monitoring and minimum number of entry points (numb_ep_wqp) are the same under the previous rule and LCRR. See Exhibit 5-13 in Chapter 5. However, there is one new requirement under the LCRR that potentially impacts the number of distribution samples. Systems with a lead tap sample result above 15 ug/L must conduct WQP monitoring in the distribution system at or near the site with the high lead result. If an existing WQP site does not meet these criteria, the system must identify a new WQP monitoring site and use it for future sampling in addition to the existing number of WQP sites (see Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.3.3 for additional detail).
Lead WQP Monitoring Activities
EPA has developed water system costs for five lead WQP monitoring activities as shown in Exhibit B-15. The exhibit provides the unit burden and costs for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.2.4. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. 
Exhibit B-15: PWS Lead WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Collect lead WQP samples in the distribution system
Burden per sample per PWS
0 hrs
                                       
Cost per sample 
No CCT: $2.15 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  $2.15 to $2.32 (CWS); 
  $1.83 to $2.15 (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  $2.15 to $4.14 (CWS)
  $1.83 to $2.15 (NTNCWS)
Burden
hrs_wqp_op

Cost
No CCT: cost_wqp_material
pH: cost_wqp_material_ph

Orthophosphate: cost_wqp_material_ortho
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity p)
   Analyze distribution system lead WQP samples 
In-House Burden per sample
No CCT: 0.15 hrs (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  0.15 to 0.46 hrs (CWS)
  0.15 hrs (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  0.15 to 1.34 hrs (CWS)
  0.15 hrs (NTNCWS)

In-House Cost per sample
No CCT: $0.52 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  $0.52 to $0.72 (CWS)
  $0.52 (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  $0.52 to $0.78 (CWS)
  $0.52 (NTNCWS)

In-House Burden
No CCT: hrs_wqp_analyze_dist_op
pH: hrs_wqp_analyze_ph_op

Orthophosphate: hrs_wqp_analyze_ortho_op

In-House Cost
No CCT: cost_wqp_analyze
pH: cost_wqp_ph_analyze

Orthophosphate: cost_wqp_ortho_analyze 

Yes. See Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity q).
   
Commercial Cost per sample
No CCT: $45.85 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: $23.92 (CWS & NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: $49.35 (CWS & NTNCWS)
Cost for Commercial Analysis
No CCT: cost_lab_wqp[1]
pH: cost_lab_ph_wqp
Orthophosphate: cost_lab_ortho_wqp
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Collect lead WQP samples from entry points
Burden per sample
0.5 hrs for 80 percent of ground water PWSs

Cost per sample
No CCT: $2.15 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  $2.15 to $2.32 (CWS); 
  $1.83 to $2.15 (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  $2.15 to $4.14 (CWS)
  $1.83 to $2.15 (NTNCWS)
Burden
hrs_ep_wqp_op 

Cost
cost_ep_wqp_material cost_ep_wqp_ph_material

cost_ep_wqp_ortho_material
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity r)
   Analyze entry point lead WQP samples 
In-house Burden per sample
No CCT: 0.15 hrs (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  0.15 to 0.46 hrs (CWS)
  0.15 hrs (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  0.15 to 1.34 hrs (CWS)
  0.15 hrs (NTNCWS)

In-House Cost per sample
No CCT: $0.52 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: 
  $0.52 to $0.72 (CWS)
  $0.52 (NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: 
  $0.52 to $0.78 (CWS)
  $0.52 (NTNCWS)

In-House Burden
hrs_wqp_analyze_ep_op
hrs_wqp_analyze_ph_ep_op

hrs_wqp_analyze_ortho_ep_op

In-House Cost
cost_wqp_analyze_ep 
cost_wqp_analyze_ph_ep 

cost_wqp_analyze_ortho_ep 

 
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity s)
   
Commercial Cost per sample
No CCT: $45.85 (CWS & NTNCWS)
pH adjustment: $23.92 (CWS & NTNCWS)
Orthophosphate: $49.35 (CWS & NTNCWS)
Commercial Cost
cost_lab_wqp_ep[1]

cost_lab_wqp_ph_ep

cost_lab_wqp_ortho_ep
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Report lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs
No CCT: 4 hrs/PWS
With CCT: 5 hrs/PWS
hrs_report_wqp_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity t)
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; OWQP = optimal water quality parameters; PWS = public water system; WQP = water quality parameter.
Source: "Derivation of WQP Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Note:
1 As explained in more detail in the text following this exhibit, the commercial WQP laboratory costs differ between the previous rule and LCRR for systems without CCT.
    Analyze distribution system lead WQP samples (cost_lab_wqp). The only difference in unit burden and cost for lead WQP monitoring for the previous rule compared to the LCRR is the commercial costs per sample for systems with no CCT (cost_lab_wqp). Under the previous rule and LCRR, systems without CCT that have an ALE must analyze pH and alkalinity. The previous rule also required these systems to analyze calcium. The LCRR no longer requires calcium as an analyte because it is used to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium stabilization that has been eliminated as a CCT option under the LCRR. For modeling purposes, EPA assumed the following for both rules:
      All systems serving more than 50,000 people would already have CCT in place or are b3 systems and would not be required to install CCT. 
      All systems would conduct pH in-house but only CWSs serving more than 100,000 people would conduct all their WQP analyses in-house. All other systems would use a commercial laboratory. 
Under the previous rule, EPA assumed that CWSs and NTNCWSs serving 50,000 or fewer people without CCT would incur a commercial cost of $45.85 to analyze alkalinity ($23.92) and calcium ($21.93) based on the quotes provided by seven laboratories. Under the LCRR, the commercial laboratory cost includes only the alkalinity cost of $23.92. Also refer to Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.2.4, activity q) for a discussion of WQP analytical distribution system requirements under the LCRR. 
    Analyze entry point lead WQP samples (cost_lab_wqp_ep). Similar to activity q), the only difference in unit burden and cost for lead WQP EP monitoring for the previous rule compared to the LCRR is the commercial costs per entry point sample for systems with no CCT (cost_lab_wqp_ep) See activity q) for detailed assumptions. 
The SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for estimating the cost of lead WQP monitoring including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs are identical to those for the LCRR. For additional detail, refer to Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-41.
Copper Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
The SafeWater LCR models Copper WQP Monitoring separately from the Lead WQP Monitoring. The frequency of Lead WQP Monitoring depends on the lead 90[th] percentile, with all systems above the AL and all systems serving more than 50,000 people except b3 systems conducting Lead WQP Monitoring. Copper WQP Monitoring is required when a system exceeds the copper AL. To not double count the cost of WQP monitoring for systems experiencing both a copper ALE and a lead ALE simultaneously, the SafeWater LCR models the costs of Copper and Lead WQP Monitoring separately and restricts Copper WQP Monitoring to systems with a copper ALE only and lead 90[th] percentile not greater than the lead AL.
Note that the cost inputs used to estimate WQP costs in response to a copper ALE are identical to those incurred in response to a lead ALE that are presented in Exhibit B-15 and discussed in Section B.5.1.2.4 with the following exceptions:
 The likelihood of a system exceeding the copper ALE, which corresponds to p_copper_ale, is used in lieu of system's lead 90[th] percentile level. See Exhibit 5-42 and Exhibit 5-43 in Chapter 5 for the likelihood that a CWS and NTNCWS, respectively, will exceed the copper AL of 1.3 mg/L, but not the lead AL of 15 ug/L (p_copper_ale).
      Systems are not assumed to be on reduced WQP distribution system monitoring in response to a copper ALE, and all systems are assumed to be on a 6-month standard monitoring schedule. Thus, the data inputs associated with reduced monitoring are not applicable. These include the reduced number of WQP monitoring samples per distribution sample site (numb_reduced_wqp), and the likelihood that a system will be on a 6-month (p_wqp_six_red), annual (p_wqp_annual), or triennial schedule (p_wqp_triennial) WQP sampling schedule. 
 The activities, unit burden and costs, and data variables used to estimate copper WQP monitoring costs are identical to those for lead, as shown in Exhibit B-16, with the exception that they are triggered in response to a copper ALE. 
Exhibit B-16: PWS Copper WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
Collect copper WQP samples in the distribution system 
                      Same as Exhibit B-15, activity p).
Analyze distribution system copper WQP samples 
                      Same as Exhibit B-15, activity q).
Collect copper WQP samples from entry points 
                      Same as Exhibit B-15, activity r).
Analyze entry point copper WQP samples 
                      Same as Exhibit B-15, activity s).
Report copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs 
                      Same as Exhibit B-15, activity t).
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter; WQP = water qualify parameter.
Source: "Derivation of WQP Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
The SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for estimating the cost of copper WQP monitoring including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs are identical to those for the LCRR. For additional detail, refer to Exhibit 5-45 in Chapter 5.
Source Water Monitoring
Under the previous rule, source water monitoring was required if a water system had a significant source water change. PWSs also were required to conduct source water monitoring when they exceeded the lead or copper AL. The likelihood of a significant source change or ALE, as well as the required number of source water samples, are described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.4.1.
EPA has developed system costs for three source water monitoring activities as shown in Exhibit B-17. The exhibit provides the unit burden and/or cost for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. Activities that are conducted by some states in lieu of the water system are identified in a footnote below the exhibit. The last column indicates the unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable that are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.4.2. The one difference is that under the previous rule, systems must continue to conduct source water monitoring whenever they had a lead or copper ALE. Under the LCRR, systems can forego source water monitoring if they previously sampled source water in response to an ALE, the Primacy Agency has not required source water treatment, and they have not added any new water sources that changes their primacy source type. For modeling purposes, no system is assumed to have source water treatment.
Exhibit B-17: PWS Source Monitoring Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
   Collect source water samples 
Burden
0.5 hrs/sample

Cost
$1.83/sample for CWSs serving > 100K
Burden
hrs_source_op

Cost
cost_source_material[1]
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.4.2 -activity z)
   Analyze source water samples 
In-House Burden
0.44 hrs/sample for CWSs serving > 100K

In-House Cost
$2.38/sample for CWSs serving > 100K

Commercial Cost
$21.58/sample for CWSs serving <= 100K and NTNCWSs
In-House Burden
hrs_analyze_samp_op[1]

In-House Cost
cost_source_analyze[1]

Commercial Cost
cost_source
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.4.2 -activity aa)
   Report source water monitoring results to Primacy Agency
1 hour/report
hrs_report_source_op[1]
Yes. See Section 5.3.2.4.2 -activity bb)
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system.
Sources: 
z): See Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 15 in Appendix H for burden (USEPA, 2015); "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx," worksheet: "In-House Bottle_$" for costs. 
aa): See "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx," worksheet: "In-House Burden_hrs"; "In-House_Consumables_Summary_$"; and "Commercial Analytical_$."
bb): Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 48 in Appendix H (USEPA, 2015).
Note: 
1 The burden and costs for these activities are incurred by the state in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina.
Exhibit B-18 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for system source water monitoring activities including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. 
Exhibit B-18: PWS Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Collect source water samples
The number of EPs per system multiplied by the number of samples, then multiplied by the total of the labor hours per sample times the system labor rate, plus the cost per sample.

((numb_ep*numb_st_sample)*((hrs_source_op*rate_op)+cost_source_material))
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
At or below AL
Model PWSs with surface water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Once per event

Model PWSs with ground water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Every three years per event

Above AL
Model PWSs with surface water sources
Once a year

Model PWSs with ground water sources 
Every three years

All
Model PWSs on reduced tap monitoring that have had a significant source change

1- [p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial +, p_tap_nine] and p_source_chng* p_source_sig
Once per event
Analyze source water samples[2]
There are different labor (burden) and material costs for a sample analyzed in house and a sample analyzed using a commercial lab. The in-house analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per EP multiplied by the number of EPs per system times the percentage of samples analyzed in house and the system labor rate, plus the material cost of the in-house analysis per sample. The commercial lab analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per EP multiplied by the number of EPs per system times the percentage of samples analyzed commercially times the material cost of the commercial lab analysis per sample.

((pp_lab_samp*(numb_ep*numb_st_sample))*((hrs_analyze_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_source_analyze))+((pp_commercial_samp*(numb_ep*numb_st_sample))*cost_source)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
At or below AL
Model PWS with surface water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Once per event

Model-PWS with ground water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Every three years per event

Above AL
Model PWS with surface water sources
Once a year

Model PWS with ground water sources 
Every three years 

All
All model PWSs on reduced tap monitoring that have had a significant source change

1- [p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial +, p_tap_nine] and p_source_chng* p_source_sig
Once per event
Report source water monitoring results 
The total reporting hours per system multiplied by the labor rate.

(hrs_report_source_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
At or below AL
Model PWS with surface water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Once per event

Model PWS with ground water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Every three years per event

Above AL
Model PWS with surface water sources
Once a year

Model PWS with ground water sources 
Every three years

All
All model PWSs on reduced tap monitoring that have had a significant source change

1- [p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine] and p_source_chng* p_source_sig
Once per event
Acronyms: AL = action level; ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes: 
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 numb_ep: number of entry points per systems (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.2.3). 
 numb_st_sample: number of samples per entry point for source water monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.4.1).
 p_copper_ale: likelihood a system with exceed the copper AL (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.3.1).
 p_source_chng: Likelihood a system will have a source change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 p_source_sig: Likelihood that the system will have a significant change in which it changes its primary source, e.g., for ground water to surface water (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1).
[2] The burden and costs to provide sample bottles (cost_source_material) under activity z), conduct analyses under activity aa), and report results to the system under activity bb) are incurred by the state in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina.
PWS Corrosion Control Costs
This section discusses water system activities related to CCT installation (Section B.5.2.1) and re-optimization (Section B.5.2.2) and associated burden and costs. 
The derivation and values for baseline pH (baselineph_wocct, baselineph_woph, baselineph_wpo4ph, baselineph_wph) and baseline PO4 dose (baselinepo4dose) are the same as those used to calculate the CCT costs for the final LCRR and can be found in Chapter 5, Exhibits 5-54, 5-55, and 5-57.
CCT Installation 
PWSs without CCT may be required to install CCT under the LCRR if they exceed the lead AL. Costs related to CCT installation are categorized as follows:
 B.5.2.2.1: Capital and operations and maintenance costs.
 B.5.2.1.2: Ancillary CCT Installation costs.
Capital and Operation and Maintenance CCT Installation Costs
Under the previous LCR, a PWS that installs CCT will choose among three technology options that is listed as activity c) in Exhibit B-11. 
 Add PO4 and pH post-treatment
 Add PO4 and modify pH
 Modify pH
EPA assumes that model-PWSs with a baseline pH (baselineph_wocct) equal to or greater than 7.2, but less than 8.4, will choose to add PO4 and conduct pH post-treatment, while those with pH below 7.2 will choose to add PO4 and modify pH. For model PWSs that add PO4 with pH post-treatment, the PO4 dose is equal to 3.2 mg/L and post-treatment will maintain the current pH level (baselineph_wocct). For model-PWSs that add PO4 and adjust pH, EPA assumes the same PO4 dose of 3.2 mg/L. In addition, model PWS will adjust pH from their starting pH (baselineph_wocct) to 7.2. EPA assumes that model-PWS with a baseline pH greater that 8.4 will choose to modify pH. 
The SafeWater LCR model uses the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) unit cost functions (see Technologies and Costs for Corrosion Control to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water (USEPA, 2020), along with the EP flow values, to calculate the capital and O&M costs for CCT installation at each EP to the distribution system. All of the WBS capital cost equations are a function of DF, and all WBS O&M costs are a function of average daily flow (ADF). Since CCT is conducted at the model-PWS's EPs, the SafeWater LCR model calculates the DF and ADF of each EP. For all model PWSs except some very large systems (see Section 5.2.4.3), EPA does not know the number of people, and hence, flow, associated with individual EPs. Therefore, in the absence of this information, the SafeWater LCR model calculates the EPs flows assuming they are equal:
             Entry Point Design Flow = PWS DF / PWS Number of EPs
         Entry Point Average Daily Flow = PWS ADF / PWS Number of EPs
The model PWS capital and O&M cost of CCT installation at each EP is then multiplied by the number of EPs. The cost models, and their inputs, for calculating the capital and O&M cost of CCT installation are:
 PO4 and pH post-treatment
         PO4 dose = 3.2
         Current pH: = baselineph_wocct
         Ending pH = baselineph_wocct
 Add PO4 and modify pH
         PO4 dose = 3.2
         Current pH = baselineph_wocct
         Ending pH = 7.2
 Modify pH
         PO4 dose = 3.2
         Current pH = baselineph_wocct
         Ending pH = 9.2
PWSs also face several ancillary costs associated with CCT installation. These are discussed in the next section. 
Ancillary CCT Installation Costs
EPA has developed system costs for ancillary activities associated with CCT installation as shown in Exhibit B-19. The exhibit provides the unit burden and costs for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.1.2. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. Gray shaded rows indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. 
Exhibit B-19: PWS CCT Installation-Related Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Submit water quality data to determine if CCT study is needed
4 to 8 hrs/system
hrs_submit_wq_data_op

No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Conduct a study
$7,322 to $11,226/desktop study;
$52,614/demonstration study
cost_cct_study_desk;
cost_cct_study_dem
 No. See discussion following the exhibit.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions.
Source: a) & b): "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Note: Activity c), "Install CCT Treatment (PO4, PO4 with post treatment, pH adjustment, or modify pH)" was previously discussed in Section B.5.2.1.1.

    Submit water quality data to determine if CCT study is needed (hrs_submit_wq_data_op). Primacy Agencies can allow systems serving 50,000 or fewer people to forego a study prior to installing CCT. EPA assumed for those systems that are not required to conduct a study, the Primacy Agency would require systems to submit water quality data to allow the Primacy Agency to determine the type of CCT to be installed. EPA assumed systems would use the electronic templates provided with the Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems (hereafter referred to as the "OCCT Recommendations Document") (USEPA, 2019) and require 4 hours for systems serving 3,300 or fewer people and 8 hours for those serving 3,301 to 50,000 people to provide these data. Note that under the LCRR, EPA assumed this activity would not apply because all systems would conduct a study prior to installing CCT as opposed to submitting water quality data. 
   Exhibit B-20 provides the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will require a CCT study (p_cct_study). EPA's assumptions are provided in the notes below the exhibit. EPA multiplied hrs_submit_wq_data_op by 1 minus p_cct_study to determine the burden for systems to submit water quality data in lieu of a CCT study. 
      Exhibit B-20: Likelihood of CCT Study (p_cct_study)
                        System Size (Population Served)
                               Systems with LSLs
                             Systems without LSLs

                                       A
                                       B
<= 1,000
                                      0%
                                      0%
1,001 - 50,000
                                      90%
                                      33%
> 50,000
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
   Source: "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." Based on recommendations in the OCCT Recommendations Document (USEPA, 2019). 
   Notes:
   A: For systems with LSLs, the OCCT Recommendations Document recommends that all systems serving 50,000 people or fewer do a study. EPA recognizes, however, that very small systems serving 1,000 people or fewer may lack the resources to do a study, even if they have LSLs. In these cases, the Primacy Agency can designate optimal CCT without a study. For systems serving 1,001 - 50,000 with LSLs, EPA assumed that for a small portion (10 percent), treatment is straightforward and does not require a CCT study. EPA assumed that large systems serving > 50,000 people conducted CCT studies already except for CWSs with naturally non-corrosive water that meet the criteria in 40 CFR 141.81(b)(3), i.e., b3 systems, and are assumed to never have a lead or copper ALE and thus, will not be required to conduct a study or install CCT.
   B: For systems without LSLs, EPA assumed that very small systems serving 1,000 people or fewer may lack the resources to do a study. In these cases, the Primacy Agency can designate OCCT without a study. The OCCT Recommendations Document recommends that the Primacy Agency use the checklist in Exhibit 4.2 of that document to determine whether to require a study. EPA assumed that based on this checklist, Primacy Agency will require 33 percent of systems serving 1,001 - 50,000 without LSLs to conduct a CCT study.
   
    Conduct a study (cost_cct_study_desk, cost_cct_study_dem). EPA assumed Primacy Agencies will require a subset of systems to conduct a CCT study prior to CCT installation using the data variable p_cct_study, provided in Exhibit B-20. Systems can perform a "desktop study" based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of similar size, water chemistry, and distribution system configuration. Alternatively, they can perform a "demonstration study" using at least one of the following study tools: pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests, or partial system tests. EPA assumed that systems required to conduct a CCT study will use a contractor. Exhibit B-21 provides the data variable, inputs values, and general approach use to estimate the costs per system to conduct a desktop or demonstration study. 
Exhibit B-21: CCT Study Costs 
                                  System Size
                              (Population Served)
           Cost per system for contractor to conduct desktop study

         Cost per system for contractor to conduct demonstration study

                              cost_cct_study_desk
                              cost_cct_study_dem

                                       A
                                       B
<= 3,300
                                                                         $7,322
                                                                            N/A
3,301-50,000
                                                                        $11,226
                                                                        $52,614
> 50,000
                                                                            N/A
                                                                            N/A
Source: "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."  
Notes:
A,B: EPA used American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as sources for contractor labor rates, identification of major tasks for each study type, and estimated burden (hours) and costs for each task to develop cost estimate for systems serving <=3,300 people and those serving 3,301 to 50,000 people. EPA assumed that large systems serving > 50,000 people conducted CCT studies already except for CWSs with naturally non-corrosive water that meet the criteria in 40 CFR 141.81(b)(3), i.e., b3 systems, and are assumed to never have a lead or copper ALE and thus, will not be required to conduct a study or install CCT.
 B: EPA did not develop unit cost estimates for demonstration studies for systems serving <= 3,300 people because demonstration studies are likely cost prohibitive for these systems. 
 
Exhibit B-22 shows EPA's estimated likelihood of a system doing a demonstration study vs. a desktop study (p_demo_study) by LSL status and size category with detailed assumptions in the notes. Note that systems may have conducted a study previously if they exceeded the TL in the past. EPA assumed the same probabilities of a demonstration study vs. a desktop study for systems without CCT that exceed the TL and are required to conduct a CCT study.
Exhibit B-22: Likelihood of Demonstration Study vs. a Desktop Study (p_demo_study)
                                 System Size 
                              (Population Served)
                               Systems with LSLs
                             Systems without LSLs

                                       A
                                       B
<= 3,300
                                      0%
                                      0%
3,301 - 10,000
                                      50%
                                      10%
10,001 - 50,000
                                      90%
                                      90%
 > 50,000
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
Source: "Derivation of CCT Study and Review_Final Rule.xlsx." Based on recommendations in the OCCT Recommendations Document (USEPA, 2019).
 A, B. EPA assumed that no systems serving 3,300 people or fewer will conduct a demonstration study, regardless of LSL status, due to resource constraints. For systems serving 3,301 to 50,000 people, EPA used the checklist in Exhibit 4.4 of the OCCT Recommendations Document to estimate the likelihood that systems would conduct a demonstration. Based on the checklist, EPA assumed that 50 percent of systems with LSLs serving 3,301 to 10,000 people would conduct a demonstration study while only 10 percent of these systems without LSLs would perform the demonstration study. For systems serving 10,001 to 50,000 people, EPA assumed that most would do a demonstration study except for a small number (10 percent) that could meet the criteria with a desktop study. EPA assumed that large systems serving > 50,000 people conducted CCT studies already except for CWSs with naturally non-corrosive water that meet the criteria in 40 CFR 141.81(b)(3), i.e., b3 systems, and are assumed to never have a lead or copper ALE and thus, will not be required to conduct a study or install CCT.
Exhibit B-23 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for the cost of ancillary system activities association with CCT installation including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. 
Exhibit B-23: PWS Ancillary CCT Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Submit water quality data to determine if CCT study revision is needed
The hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate. 

(hrs_submit_wq_data_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Model PWS installing CCT 
One time
Conduct a study
Systems will use a contractor for the CCT study, and the study will either be a demonstration study or a desk top study. The cost per study is determined by multiplying the cost for a demonstration study by the likelihood that a system will opt for a demonstration study, plus the cost of a desk top study multiplied by the likelihood that a system will not opt instead for a demonstration study. 

((p_demo_study*cost_cct_study_dem)+((1-p_demo_study)*cost_cct_study_desk))
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Model PWSs without CCT that conducts a study on CCT installation

p_cct_study
One time
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: Likelihood a system will qualify to collect the reduced number of lead tap samples at an annual, triennial, and nine-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1).
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1).
Re-optimization of Existing Corrosion Control Treatment
PWSs may re-optimize CCT in response to an ALE. The re-optimization of CCT at a system requires both technology-related capital and annual O&M costs (see Section B.5.2.2.1) as well as a number of ancillary associated costs (see Section B.5.2.2.2).
Capital and Operation and Maintenance CCT Re-optimization Costs
Estimating the cost of existing CCT
While EPA knows which model-PWSs currently have CCT installed, EPA does not know which CCT technology they have installed. Therefore, when the SafeWater LCR model develops the model-PWSs, it assigns a CCT treatment technology to each model PWS known to have CCT in place. These CCT technologies, and their input parameters used in the WBS models, to calculate existing CCT O&M costs, are:
 Add PO4 with pH Post Treatment
           PO4 Dose = baselinepo4dose 
           Starting pH: baselineph_woph
           Ending pH baselineph_woph
   
 Modify pH
           Starting pH: baselineph_wph - 0.5
           Ending pH: baselineph_wph
   
 Technology: Add PO4 and Modify pH
   PO4 Dose = baselinepo4dose
   Starting pH: baselineph_wpo4ph - 0.5
   Ending pH: baselineph_wpo4ph

Estimating the cost of re-optimizing existing CCT
EPA assumes that if a model-PWS must re-optimize its CCT under the previous LCR, it will achieve the following standards based on its existing CCT technology (which was described above):
 Add PO4 and pH post-treatment.
             Increase PO4 dose to 3.2 mg/L.
             Maintain existing pH.
 Add PO4 and modify pH.
             Increase PO4 dose of 3.2 mg/L.
             Maintain pH at a minimum of 7.2. 
 Modify pH
             Maintain pH at 9.2.
To calculate the cost to re-optimize CCT, the SafeWater LCR model first calculates the annual O&M cost of treating to the above assumed standards (PO4 dose and/or pH level) as if no CCT was installed. To do so, the SafeWater LCR model uses the following parameters and WBS cost functions:
 Add PO4 and pH post-treatment
             PO4 Dose = 3.2 mg/L
             Beginning pH = baselineph_woph
             Ending pH = baselineph_woph
 Add PO4 and modify pH
             PO4 Dose = 3.2 mg/L
             Beginning pH = baselineph_wpo4ph - 0.5 
             Ending pH = the greater of baselineph_wpo4ph or 7.2
 Modify pH
             Beginning pH = baselineph_wph - 0.5
             Ending pH = 9.2
The SafeWater LCR model then subtracts the model-PWS's existing CCT annual O&M cost from the new annual O&M cost to calculate the share of the model PWS's annual CCT O&M costs attributable to the previous LCR CCT requirements. These O&M costs, combined with the annualized capital cost to retrofit the CCT system based on the new parameters, described above, equal the model-PWS's total annual capital and O&M cost for CCT adjustment. The following section discusses additional ancillary costs associated with CCT adjustment.
Ancillary CCT Re-optimization Costs
EPA has developed system ancillary costs for activities associated with CCT re-optimization as shown in Exhibit B-24. The exhibit provides the unit burden and costs for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.2.2. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. 
Exhibit B-24: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                           Unit Burden and/or Costs
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Submit water quality data to Primacy Agency to determine if CCT study revision is needed
4 to 8 hrs/system serving <= 50K
hrs_submit_wq_data_op

No. See discussion following exhibit.
Revise CCT study
$5,651 to $10,872/system
cost_revise_cct
No. See discussion following exhibit.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions.
Sources:  
d) & e): "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Note: Activity f), "Reoptimize existing CCT" was previously discussed in Section B.5.2.2.1.
    Submit water quality data to Primacy Agency to determine if CCT study revision is needed (hrs_submit_wq_data_op). Primacy Agencies can allow systems serving 50,000 or fewer people to forego conducting a revised CCT study prior to re-optimizing CCT. EPA assumed for those systems that are not required to conduct a study, the Primacy Agency would require systems to submit water quality data to allow the Primacy Agency to determine needed CCT modifications that constitute re-optimized CCT. EPA used the same data variable and inputs as discussed in Section B.5.2.1.2 for activity b).
    Revise CCT study (cost_revise_cct). EPA estimated the following costs for a revised study:
       Systems serving 3,300 or fewer people: $5,651.
       Systems serving 3,301 to 50,000 people: $8,046.
       Systems serving more than 50,000 people: $10,872.
See the derivation file, "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx" for additional detail. For some systems serving 50,000 or fewer people with CCT, EPA assumes that the Primacy Agency will designate re-optimized CCT without requiring them to revise their study. EPA used recommendations in the OCCT Recommendations Document (USEPA, 2019) to estimate the likelihood of a CCT study (p_cct_study). 
Exhibit B-25 provides the SafeWater LCR model costing approach for estimating the cost of ancillary activities associated with CCT installation including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-25: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Submit water quality data to Primacy Agency to determine if CCT study revision is needed
The hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate 

(hrs_submit_wq_data_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Model PWS re-optimizing CCT serving <= 50,000 people
One time
Revise CCT study
Material cost per system for the marginal contractor cost, with the difference between desk-top and demonstration study reflected in the stratification of the data by system size.

cost_revise_cct
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Model PWS re-optimizing CCT

p_cct_study
One time
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; PWS = public water system.  
Note:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 p_cct_study: the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will require a study (Section B.5.2.1.2, activity a)).
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1).
Lead CCT Routine Costs
EPA has developed system costs for routine activities associated with CCT as shown in Exhibit B-26. The exhibit provides the unit burden and costs for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.4. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. Gray shaded rows indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. 
Exhibit B-26: PWS Lead CCT Routine Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Review CCT guidance
N/A
hrs_rev_cct_op
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Provide water quality data to Primacy Agency and discuss during sanitary survey
N/A
hrs_sanit_surv_op
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency on required actions in response to source water change 
N/A for systems on reduced tap monitoring
hrs_coop_source_chng_red_op

 N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   
6 to 12 hrs/system on routine tap monitoring
hrs_coop_source_chng_rout_op
 Yes. See Section 5.3.3.4, activity n).
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency on required actions in response to treatment change
N/A for systems on reduced tap monitoring
hrs_coop_treat_chng_red_op 

 N/A. New LCRR requirement.

2 to 41 hrs/system on routine tap monitoring
hrs_coop_treat_chng_rout_op
 Yes. See Section 5.3.3.4, activity o).
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions.
Sources:  
g), h): "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
i): "Derivation of Probability_SourceChange_Final Rule.xlsx."
j): "Derivation of Probability_TreatmentChange_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes:
i), j): Under the previous rule, consultation with the Primacy Agency prior to making a source or treatment change applied only to those systems on a reduced monitoring schedule, i.e., monitoring less frequently than semi-annually. The LCRR adds a requirement for this consultation to also apply to system monitoring semi-annually (see Chapter 5, Sections 5.3.3.4 activities n) and o) for additional detail.

Exhibit B-27 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for the cost of ancillary system activities association with CCT installation including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. 
Exhibit B-27: PWS Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th]  - Range
Other Conditions

    Review CCT Guidance
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Provide water quality data to Primacy Agency and discuss during sanitary survey
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency in response to a change in source water[2]
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_coop_source_chng_red_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS that is on reduced tap sampling with a change in source water 
(p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) * p_source_chng 
Once a year
   Notify and consult with Primacy Agency in response to a change in water treatment[2]
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_coop_treat_chng_red_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
All
Model PWS that is on reduced tap sampling with a change in treatment

(p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) * p_treat_chng
Once a year
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: Likelihood a system will qualify to collect the reduced number of lead tap samples at an annual, triennial, and nine-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1).
 p_source_chng: Likelihood that a system will change sources in a given year (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1.
 p_treat_chng: Likelihood that a system will change treatment in a given year (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.3).
[2] Under the LCRR, these activities also apply to systems under routine monitoring. See Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.4, activities n) and o) for additional detail.
PWS Lead Service Line Replacement-Related Costs
Under the previous rule, water systems with LSLs that continued to exceed the lead AL were required to annually replace at least seven percent of the initial number of LSLs in their distribution system. Systems could stop LSLR when the system no longer exceeded the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
This section is divided into two subsections:
      B.5.3.1: Lead Service Line Replacements 
      B.5.3.2: Ancillary Lead Service Line Replacements
Note that the LCRR greatly expands the requirements associated with LSLR, including developing an LSL inventory and plan, additional customer outreach, customer-initiated LSL, and replacement conducted in response to a TLE (i.e., the goal-based program). These activities do not apply to the previous rule and, thus, are not discussed in the section. For additional detail, see Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4. 
Lead Service Line Replacements 
This section summarizes EPA's cost estimates for replacement of LSLs. As noted previously, systems are required to replace LSLs only when they continue to exceed the lead AL after installing CCT, compared to the final LCRR under which system are required to replace LSLs under multiple programs (mandatory, goal-based, and customer initiated). The estimated percent of systems that exceed the lead AL is presented in Chapter 4, Exhibit 4-19. The exhibit presents separate estimates for systems with and without LSLs and a low and high estimate to represent uncertainty in the estimate. See Section 4.3.5.1.1 for more information.
 The following types of LSLR can count toward previous rule replacement requirements:
      Utility-side LSLR (i.e., Partial LSLR): The previous rule only required systems to replace the portion of the LSL that they owned. Often, the system's ownership stops at the homeowner's property line, and the homeowner's portion is not required to be replaced. 
      Full LSLR: Full LSLR is when the entire LSL is replaced (the utility-side portion and the customer-owned portion, if applicable). 
      "Test out" LSLs: An LSL can "test out" (i.e., be considered replaced) if all samples from the LSL are at or below the lead AL. "Test out" LSLs do not have to be physically replaced. 
Exhibit B-28 provides the estimated likelihood of these three types of replacements. 
Exhibit B-28: Likelihood of Type of Replacement
                                  System Size
                              (Population Served)
           Estimated Percent of Systems that Select Test Out Option
          Estimated Percent of LSLs that Meets Criteria for Test Out
            Estimated Percent of LSLs Replaced through the Testing
             Estimated Percent of LSLR that are Utility-Side Only
                    Estimated Percent of LSLR that are Full
                                       
                                 (pp_lcr_test)
                               (pp_lcr_test_yes)
                                       
                               (pp_lslr_partial)
                                 (pp_lcr_full)

                                       A
                                       B
                                     C=A*B
                               D = 72% - (72%*C)
                                E = 28%-(28%*C)
<=10,000
                                                                             0%
                                                                             0%
                                                                             0%
                                                                            72%
                                                                            28%
>10,000
                                                                            25%
                                                                            80%
                                                                            20%
                                                                            58%
                                                                            22%
Source: Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes:
A: EPA assumes that 25 percent of CWSs serving more than 10,000 people with CCT that are triggered into LSLR would test their LSLs before replacing them to determine if any meet the test out criteria. EPA only has documentation indicating that larger systems conduct a mix of test outs and replacements when required to replace LSLs. Thus, EPA assumed that zero percent of CWSs serving <= 10,000 will elect to use the test out criteria. 	
B: EPA assumed that the percent of LSLs that meet the test out criteria under the previous rule is 80 percent for systems serving > 10,000 people based on success rate from DC Water (76 percent) and Fort Wayne (89.2 percent). The Economic and Supporting Analysis: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule indicated a test out success rate for DC Water of 76 percent but did not indicate the number of LSL test-out samples collected (USEPA, 2007a). Fort Wayne took 1,975 sample and 213 or 10.8 percent were above 15 ug/L, with the remaining 89.2 percent <=15 ug/L.
D & E: A survey by Black & Veatch, which targeted 300 water systems and had a response rate of 41 systems, indicated 72 percent of replacements involved removal of the utility side only. The remaining 28 percent involved removal of both the public and private side. Results were presented at EPA's LSLR workshop in 2004. For more information on the survey, see Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005). Note that the materials referenced in this derivation file are available in the docket under EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300 at www.regulations.gov.
Although EPA estimated a probability for systems conducting full replacement, EPA assumed for modeling purposes that the system will incur costs to replace only their portion of the line (i.e., utility-side LSLR) when full replacement occurs. The cost for the customer side is assigned as a household cost as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.3. The SafeWater LCR model tracks the percent of LSLR that are full and adjusts the inventory for each year in the 35-year analysis period.  
EPA used a different unit cost for "planned" utility-side replacements that are done as part of infrastructure or capital improvement projects to reflect savings that the utility will experience from already being in the area, coordinating with other utilities and doing hard surface removal to access the water main near the LSLs at an estimated 20 percent savings (see Appendix A, Section A.2.2 for details).  
Exhibit B-29 shows the unit costs for utility-side LSLR, utility-side planned LSLR, full LSLR, and the unit costs incurred by households associated with customer-side replacement to achieve full LSLR. Additional detail is also provided in Section A.2. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.3. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit.
Exhibit B-29: Estimated Unit Costs for LSLR 
                                   Activity
                                   Unit Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same as LCRR
    Systems replace their portion of the LSL
CWSs (Utility-Side)
$2,449 to $5,689/LSLR

CWSs (Utility-Side, Planned)
$1,959 to $4,551/LSLR

CWSs (Utility-Side
cost_lslr_system

CWSs (Utility-Side, Planned)
cost_lslr_planned

No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   
NTNCWSs (full)
$3,953 to $6,024/LSLR

NTNCWS
cost_lslr_system_mand

Yes. See Section 5.3.4.3, activity g). Also see discussion following the exhibit.
   Households replace privately-owned portion of the LSL
$1,480 to $4,439/LSLR

cost_lslr_hh
Yes. See Section 5.3.4.3, activity h).
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; LSL = lead service lines; LSLR = lead service line replacement; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system.
Source: "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes: 
a): Reflects the cost of physical replacement only. As previously discussed in this section, under the previous rule, systems can also replace their LSL through a non-physical means using the "test out" provision. Under the previous rule and LCRR, NTNCWSs were assumed to own and replace the entire LSLs. The same data variable and cost input are used for NTNCWSs under both rules. 
b): Under the previous rule, households were assumed to incur the cost for the customer-owned portion to achieve full LSLR. 
a) 	Systems replace their portion of the LSL (cost_lslr_system, cost_lslr_planned). EPA estimated unit costs for two types of physical LSL replacements for CWSs and one unit cost for NTNCWSs. See Exhibit B-30 for low and high unit cost estimates for these two types of replacements. In addition to the unit cost and likelihood of the type of LSLR under each program, EPA needs the total number of LSLs replaced each year (num_lsl_replace) to estimate LSLR costs under the rule. The number of LSLs replaced is calculated as the number of LSLs for a system multiplied by the replacement rate per year. EPA assumed a 7 percent replacement rate as required by the previous rule. EPA assumed that LSLR under the previous rule will last an average of 3 years based on an analysis of SDWIS/Fed data as described in Section 4.3.4.3.
Exhibit B-30: Estimated System Unit Costs for LSLR ($2016)
                                 Type of LSLR
                              Cost Input (2016$)
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Applicability

                           Low (25[th]  percentile)
                           High (75[th]  percentile)

Utility-Side
                                    $2,449
                                    $5,689
cost_lslr_system
Cost for CWS to replace its portion.
Utility-Side (Planned)
                                      CWS
                                    $1,959
                                       
                                    NTNCWS
                                    $3,953
                                       
                                      CWS
                                    $4,551
                                       
                                    NTNCWS
                                    $6,024
cost_lslr_planned
Cost for PWS to replace its portion when part of an infrastructure replacement. For a NTNCWS, this would be the entire LSL. 
Source: Exhibit A-3 and "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes:  
1. LSLR costs are based on information for 38 systems that conducted LSLR between 2000 and 2019, with most projects occurring between 2015 and 2019 (note that all costs were converted to $2016). The planned were further adjusted downward 20 percent to represent savings that systems experience when replacing LSLs as part of planned capital improvements. See Section A.2 for details on derivation of each unit cost. 
2. The Low value is 25[th] percentile of the system estimates and the High value is 75[th] percentile. The Low and High values are used as inputs for the SafeWater LCR model.
Exhibit B-31 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for systems and households to replace LSLs including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-31: Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1][,2]
                           System Cost Per Activity
                           NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
                  Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
                             Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
                              Lead 90[th] -Range
                               Other Conditions

    Systems replace their portion of the LSL
The sum of the number of lines replaced via the different replacement options multiplied by the costs per type of replacement. Replacement options include full LSLR and partial replacements on the system owned side of the LSL. 

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The tested out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes. 

((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lcr_full/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*cost_lslr_planned)+((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*cost_lslr_system)
Cost apply as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Model PWS subject to the LSLR program 

p_lsl  

Once a year
   Households replace privately-owned portion of the LSL
The number of full lead line replacements multiplied by the per line cost to households. The conditional likelihoods in this equation account for the removal of tested out lines from the inventory. EPA assumes that customers always pay for the part of the LSL belonging to them when an LSL is fully or partially replaced. Customers do not pay for pigtail/gooseneck replacements in the model.

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The tested out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lcr_full/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*cost_lslr_hh)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Households within Model PWSs subject to the LSLR Program 

p_lsl  

Once a year
Acronyms: AL = action level; CWS = community water system; PWS = public water system; LSL = lead service line; LSLR = lead service line replacement.
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 num_lsl_replace: Number of LSLs replaced per year that is calculated in the SafeWater LCR model.
 p_lsl: Likelihood a system had LSLs (see Chapter 4, Section 4.3.4).
2 Systems can discontinue these activities if they no longer exceed the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
Ancillary Lead Service Line Replacement Activities
EPA developed system costs for 12 ancillary activities associated with LSLR under the previous rule, as shown in Exhibit B-32. The exhibit provides the unit burden and cost for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. Activities that are conducted by some states in lieu of the water system are identified in the exhibit and further noted below the exhibit. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.4. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit.
Exhibit B-32: PWS LSL Replacement Ancillary Unit Burden and Cost Estimates 
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same as LCRR
   Develop information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced (one-time)
3.5 hrs/CWS subject to mandatory LSLR
hrs_lcr_lslr_out_op
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Deliver information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced (one-time)
Burden
0.0025 hrs per delivery

Cost
$0.58 per delivery
Burden
hrs_lcr_lslr_out_deliv_op

Cost
cost_lcr_lslr_out
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Develop information that goes to customers prior to partial LSLR (one-time)
3.5 hrs/CWS subject to mandatory LSLR
hrs_lcr_lslr_prior_op
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Deliver prior notification for partial LSLRs 
Burden
0.5 hrs per delivery

Cost
$0.58 per delivery
Burden
hrs_prior_notif_op 

Cost
cost_prior_notif
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Contact customers about the replacement 
Burden per replaced LSL
1.69 to 1.97 hrs

Cost per replaced LSL
$10.67 to 14.45/replaced LSL
Burden
hrs_replaced_lsl_contact_op 

Cost
cost_replaced_LSL_contact
Yes. See Section 5.3.4.4, activity l).
   Collect samples for test out provision 
Burden per sample for CWSs
0.9 to 1.2 hrs 

Cost per sample for CWSs
Travel: $5.29 to $9.07
Bottle: $0 to $3.36
Burden
hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op 

Cost
cost_pickup_samp
cost_lsl_samp[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Analyze lead tap samples for test out provision 
In-house Analysis (CWSs > 100K only)
Burden: 0.44 hrs/sample 
Cost: $2.38/sample 

Commercial Analysis 
$21.58/ sample 
In-house Analysis 

hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op[2]
cost_lab_lsl_plslr[2]

Commercial Analysis
cost_commercial_lsl_plslr[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Collect lead tap samples after partial LSLR 
Burden per sample for CWSs
0.9 to 1.2 hrs 

Cost per sample for CWSs
Travel: $5.29 to $9.07
Bottle: $0 to $3.36
Burden
hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op 

Cost
cost_pickup_samp
cost_lsl_samp[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Analyze lead tap samples after partial LSLR 
In-house Analysis (CWSs > 100K only)
Burden: 0.44 hrs/sample 
Cost: $2.38/sample 

Commercial Analysis
$21.58/ sample 
In-house Analysis 

hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op[2]
cost_lab_lsl_plslr[2]

Commercial Analysis
cost_commercial_lsl_plslr[2]
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Inform customers of results of testing after partial LSLR 
Burden
0.05 hr/sample for CWSs

Cost
$0.58/sample
Burden
hrs_inform_samp_op 

Cost
cost_cust_plslr
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Submit report on lead tap samples after partial LSLR to Primacy Agency
0.5 hrs/report for CWSs
hrs_report_plslr_op
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Submit annual report on LSLR program to Primacy Agency
1 to 8 hrs/CWS
1 hr/NTNCWS
hrs_report_lcr_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.4.4, activity r). Also see discussion following the exhibit.[3]
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; HH = household; LSL = lead service lines; LSLR = lead service line replacement; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system.
Sources: 
c) -g), l), m) & n: "Derivation of LSL Ancillary Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
h)-k): "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes: 
1 NTNCWSs are assumed to own and control their entire LSL and will fully replace the LSL. In addition, they are not expected to contact customers prior to replacement to coordinate any efforts. Therefore, they are only subject to the annual report of the LSLR program activities (hrs_report_lcr_op).
[2] The burden and costs for these activities are incurred by the state in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina.
[3] Although the report content under the annual LSLR reports differs between the previous rule and LCRR, EPA assumed systems would incur a similar burden to prepare this report and thus, used the same data variable name and input for both rules.
c) 	Develop information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced (hrs_lcr_lslr_out_op). CWSs subject to mandatory LSLR will incur burden to ask their customers if they want their portion of the LSL replaced prior to initiating replacement of the system-side. EPA estimated systems will incur a burden of 3.5 hours based on Economic and Supporting Analysis: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule for the burden for systems to develop new language after an ALE (p. 53) (USEPA, 2007a).
d) 	Deliver information that asks if customer wants their LSL replaced (hrs_lcr_lslr_out_deliv_op, cost_lcr_lslr_out). EPA assumed systems will incur a burden of 0.0025 hours per letter or 15 minutes per 100 copies to prepare the materials described in activity c) for delivery based on the Economic and Supporting Analysis: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule, p. 54 (USEPA, 2007a). EPA estimates systems will incur a cost of $0.58 to send the materials ($0.025 for pamphlet, $0.067 for envelope, and $0.49 for postage). See file "General Cost Model Inputs_Final Rule.xlsx" for assumptions for paper, envelope, and postage. Bulk rate does not apply because notice is being sent to fewer than 200 households. EPA assumed this information is sent to 7 percent of households with LSLs to meet the minimum requirement of the rule. Note that the number of households with LSLs changes during the 35-year rule analysis period, starting with perc_lsl (percentage of systems with LSLs) and decreasing over time as the system fully replaces LSLs (households with LSLs each year is expressed in the SafeWater LCR model as hh_remain_lsl). 
e) 	Develop information that goes to customers prior to partial LSLR (hrs_lcr_lslr_prior_op). Under the previous rule, systems must notify customers prior to partial replacement of an LSL explaining that they may experience a temporary increase in lead levels and measures they can take to minimize their exposure. The materials must also include an offer to replace the customer-side at the owner's expense. EPA assumes systems will incur a burden of 3.5 hours using the same assumptions described in activity c) above. See Exhibit B-28 for the percent of LSLs that are partial replacements (p_lslr_partial)) of the 7 percent of LSLs replaced per year under mandatory replacement. See activity d) for explanation of how EPA tracks the number of households with LSLs remaining for each system over the 35-year analysis period.
f) 	Deliver information prior to partial LSLR (hrs_prior_notif_op, cost_prior_notif). EPA assumed systems will incur a burden of 0.5 hours for all system sizes to provide a letter with the materials described in activity e) based on the  Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal) in Exhibit 35 (Partial LSL Letter), Appendix H (USEPA, 2015). EPA assumed systems will incur the same mailing cost of $0.58 described in activity d). This information goes to the same percent of households with LSLs as activity e). 
h) 	Collect samples for test out provision (hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op, cost_pickup_samp, cost_lsl_samp). Systems electing to use the test out provision are assumed to collect one sample per tested LSLs (numb_samp_test). As discussed in Section B.5.3.1, EPA assumed 25 percent of CWSs serving more than 10,000 people would test all LSLs before replacing them to determine if any meet the test out criteria (pp_lcr_test). EPA assumed systems test 7 percent of LSLs per year, with the number of LSLs per system based on the estimated percentage of LSLs (perc_lsl) adjusted each year to account for full LSLR (i.e., households with LSLs each year is expressed in the SafeWater LCR model as hh_remain_lsl). Exhibit B-33 provides the estimated burden for systems to collect a sample for the test out provision.
Exhibit B-33: CWS Unit Burden for LSLR-Related Sample Collection
                        System Size (Population Served)
                              Burden (hrs/Sample)

                     Round-trip travel to customer's home
                           Sample Collection Burden
                        Total Sample Collection Burden

                           hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op

                                       A
                                       B
                                   C = A + B
<=10,000[1]
                                                                          0.39 
                                                                            0.5
                                                                            0.9
10,001-1,000,000
                                                                          0.39 
                                                                            0.5
                                                                            0.9
100,000-1,000,000
                                                                          0.50 
                                                                            0.5
                                                                            1.0
>1,000,000
                                                                          0.67 
                                                                            0.5
                                                                            1.2
   Source: "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
   Notes:
   1 EPA assumed no systems serving 10,000 or fewer use the test out provision. Thus, this burden does not apply to this size system.
   A : Based on census data and zip codes from the 2006 CWSS, assumed the following one-way driving distances for CWSs: 4.9 serving <= 100,000 people, 6.3 miles serving 100,001 - 1M, and 8.4 miles for > 1M. These distances were doubled to estimate roundtrip mileage. See file, "Derivation of Estimated Driving Distance_Final Rule.xlsx" for additional detail on how these estimates were derived. Assumed an average speed of 25 miles per hour.
   B: Assumed the same collection burden as for source water sample collection (Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 15 in Appendix H) (USEPA, 2015).
   EPA assumed systems would incur the same cost to pick-up the sample as they would for the lead tap monitoring program and used the same data variable and input (cost_pickup_samp) of $5.29 for CWSs serving 10,001 to 100,000 people, $6.80 for those serving 100,000 to 1,000,000, and $9.07 for those serving more than 1,000,000 people. For additional detail, see Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity h). EPA also assumed CWSs serving more than 100,000 people would incur a bottle cost of $3.36 using a 15 percent discount rate from three vendor quotes. Bottles are provided as part of the commercial laboratory fee and all CWSs serving 100,000 or fewer people are assumed to use commercial labs. See file, "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx," worksheet "In-House_Bottle_$."
i) 	Analyze lead tap samples for test out provision (hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op, cost_lab_lsl_plslr, cost_commercial_lsl_plslr). EPA assumed systems would incur the same costs and burden to analyze a lead tap sample in-house or commercially as the under the lead tap sampling program for systems without LSLs. Specifically, CWSs serving 100,000 were assumed to analyze samples in-house and incur a burden of 0.44 hours (hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op) and materials costs of $2.38 per sample (cost_lab_lsl_plslr). EPA assumed CWSs serving 10,001 to 100,000 people would use a commercial lab and incur a cost of $21.58 per sample (cost_commercial_lsl_plslr). Refer to the Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity j) for additional detail. The number of samples analyzed is the same as the number of samples as collected under activity h).
j) 	Collect samples after partial LSLR (hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op, cost_pickup_samp, cost_lsl_samp). Systems must offer to collect a lead tap sample at each home for which a partial replacement (i.e., utility-side only) was conducted. EPA assumed all residents would agree to this testing. EPA assumed systems would incur the same burden and costs to collect a sample after partial LSLR as for the test out provision and thus, used the same data variable and inputs as described under activity h).
k) 	Analyze lead tap samples after partial LSLR (hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op, cost_lab_lsl_plslr, cost_commercial_lsl_plslr). EPA assumed CWSs would incur the same analytical burden and cost to analyze a lead sample collected for the test out provision described in activity i) as required when a system conducts a partial LSLR. Thus, EPA used the same data variable and inputs for both activities. Note that the only difference is that partial LSLR requirements apply to all CWS sizes  whereas EPA assumed the test out provision would only apply to CWSs serving more than 100,000 people.
l) 	Inform customers of results of testing after partial LSLR (hrs_inform_samp_op, cost_cust_plslr). CWSs must notify their customers of their lead analytical results in samples collected in response to a partial LSLR. EPA assumed CWSs would incur the same burden and cost to provide this notification as estimated for the lead tap sampling program. Specifically, EPA used the same data variable and input for the estimated burden of 0.05 hours (hrs_inform_samp_op). The input for cost_cust_plslr of $0.58 is the same as that used for the lead tap sampling program (cost_cust_lt). Refer to Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity l) for additional detail.
m) 	Submit report on lead tap samples after partial LSLR to Primacy Agency (hrs_report_plslr_op). CWSs that conduct partial LSLRs will incur an annual burden 0.5 hours to report to the Primacy Agency that they have fulfilled their requirements that are described under activities f), g), j), k), and l). The estimate is based on the  Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 35 in Appendix H (Partial LSL Letter) (USEPA, 2015). 
 Submit annual report on LSLR program to Primacy Agency (hrs_report_lcr_op). CWSs and NTNCWSs will incur an annual burden to prepare a report on their LSLR program that includes the number of LSLs scheduled to be replaced and the number and location of LSLs actually replaced during the prior year, as well as information of any sampled LSLs that includes the location of the LSL sampled, the sampling method, and date of sampling. Although the report content varies from the LCRR, which requires systems to report on their LSL mandatory and goal-based program including inventory updates, their replacement schedule, location of LSLs replaced, customer outreach, and post-LSLR sampling, EPA assumed systems would incur a similar burden to prepare the report and thus, used the same data variable name and input for both rule. For additional information on this requirement under the LCRR, see Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.4, activity r). 
Exhibit B-34 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for PWS ancillary LSLR activities including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs.

Exhibit B-34: Lead Service Line Inventory Ancillary Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1][,2]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] -Range
Other Conditions 

   Develop information that asks if customers want their LSL replaced
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.
(hrs_lcr_lslr_out_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
One time
   Deliver information that asks customer if their want their LSL replaced
Seven percent of the number of remaining LSL households multiplied by the total of the hours per household times the system labor rate, plus the material cost. 

(.07*hh_remain_lsl)*((hrs_lcr_lslr_out_deliv_op*rate_op)+cost_lcr_lslr_out)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Develop information that goes to customers prior to partial LSLR
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.
(hrs_lcr_lslr_prior_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
One time
   Deliver prior notification for partial LSLRs
The number of lines partially replaced multiplied by the total of the hours per line times the system labor rate, plus the material cost. 

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The test out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

(num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*((hrs_prior_notif_op*rate_op)+cost_prior_notif)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Contact customers about the replacement
The number of full lines replaced multiplied by the total of the hours per line times the system labor rate, plus the material cost. 

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The test out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

(num_lsl_replace*(pp_lcr_full/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*((hrs_replaced_lsl_contact_op*rate_op)+cost_replaced_LSL_contact)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Collect lead tap samples for test out provision[3]
The number of samples required for each service line that is "test out" multiplied by the hours per sample times the system labor rate, plus the total of the material cost per sample. 

(num_lsl_paper*numb_samp_test)*((hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op*rate_op)+cost_lsl_samp+cost_pickup_samp)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Analyze lead tap samples for test out provision[3]
There are different labor (burden) and material costs for a sample analyzed in house and a sample analyzed using a commercial lab. The in-house analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per tested lead line multiplied by the number of test lead lines and the percentage of samples analyzed in house times the system labor rate, plus the material cost of the in-house analysis per sample. The commercial lab analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per system multiplied by the percentage of samples analyzed in a commercial lab times the commercial lab analysis per sample.

(((num_lsl_paper*numb_samp_test)*pp_lab_samp)*((hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op*rate_op)+cost_lab_lsl_plslr))+((((num_lsl_paper*numb_samp_test)*pp_commercial_samp)*cost_commercial_lsl_plslr)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Collect lead tap samples after partial LSLR[3]
The samples for a system's partial LSL replacements multiplied by the total of the material cost per sample, plus the hours per sample times the system labor rate. 

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The test out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*(numb_samp_plslr))*(cost_lsl_samp+cost_pickup_samp+(hrs_collect_lsl_plslr_op*rate_op))
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Analyze lead tap samples after partial LSLR[3]
There are different labor (burden) and material costs for a sample analyzed in house and a sample analyzed using a commercial lab. The in-house analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per replaced lead line multiplied by the number of replaced lead lines and the percentage of samples analyzed in house times the system labor rate, plus the material cost of the in-house analysis per sample. The commercial lab analysis costs are calculated using the number of required samples per system multiplied by the percentage of samples analyzed in a commercial lab times the material cost of the commercial lab analysis per sample.

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The test out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

((((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*numb_samp_plslr)*pp_lab_samp)*((hrs_analyze_lsl_plslr_op*rate_op)+cost_lab_lsl_plslr))+((((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*numb_samp_plslr)*pp_commercial_samp)*cost_commercial_lsl_plslr)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Inform customers of results after partial LSLR
The samples for a system's partial LSLRs multiplied by the material cost, the hours per sample, and the system labor rate. 

The previous rule allowed systems to "test out" an LSL instead of physically replacing it. The test out lines count towards the replacement target but because they do not result in the same benefits as the removal of an LSL they are not included in the calculation of lead lines replaced (num_lsl_replace). The equation is adjusted to reflect this using pp_lcr_test and pp_lcr_test_yes.

((num_lsl_replace*(pp_lslr_partial/(1-(pp_lcr_test*pp_lcr_test_yes))))*numb_samp_plslr)*((hrs_inform_samp_op*rate_op)+cost_cust_plslr)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Submit annual report on lead tap samples after partial LSLR to Primacy Agency
The estimated total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_report_plslr_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
   Submit report on LSLR program to Primacy Agency
The estimated total reporting hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_report_lcr_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Model PWSs complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
Acronyms: AL = action level; CWS = community water system; LSL = lead service line; LSLR = lead service line replacement; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in this exhibit are defined previously in Section B.5.3.1 or B.5.3.2 with the exception of:  
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1).  
[2] The system can discontinue the activities in this exhibit after it no longer exceeds the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
[3] The burden and costs to provide sample bottles (cost_lsl_samp) under activities h) and j) and conduct analyses under activities i) and k) are incurred by the state in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina.

PWS Lead Public Education and Outreach Costs
The SafeWater LCR models PE costs for the previous rule that occur when the system exceeds the lead AL. EPA has developed system costs for these activities, as provided in Exhibit B-35. The exhibit provides the unit burden and cost. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.3.6.3. The LCRR retains the PE requirements of the previous rule for systems that exceed the lead AL and thus all inputs are identical under the previous rule and LCRR. Note that the LCRR includes additional outreach and public education requirements that are not presented in Appendix B but are described in detail in Sections 5.3.6.1 and 5.3.6.2 in Chapter 5.
Exhibit B-35: PWS Public Education Burden in Response to Lead ALE
                                   Activity
                            Unit Burden and/or Cost
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Update mandatory language for lead ALE PE and submit to Primacy Agency (one-time)
3.5 hrs/PWS serving <=50,000 people;
20 hrs/PWS serving > 50,000 people
hrs_pe_al_devel_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity p). Also see discussion following the exhibit.
   Deliver materials to all customers 
CWSs
0.0025 hours/household;
$0.21 to $0.30/CWS

NTNCWSs
1 hr/NTNCWS
$0.025/NTNCWS
CWSs
hrs_distr_edu_op; cost_pe_lcr_delivery

NTNCWSs
hrs_ntncws_distr_edu_op; cost_ntncws_pe_lcr_delivery
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity q)
   Contact public health agencies to obtain additional organizations and update recipient list 
0.5 hrs/CWSs serving <=3,300 people;
1.5 hrs/CWS serving 3,301 to 100,000 people; 
2.5 hrs/CWS serving > 100,000 people
hrs_ha_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity r)
   Notify public health agencies and other organizations 
0.0025 hours/organization;
$5.38/organization

hrs_distr_agencies_pe_op; cost_pe_lead_ale
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity s)
   Post notice to website 
0.5 hrs/CWSs serving > 100,000 people
hrs_web_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity t)
   Consult with Primacy Agency on other PE activities 
2 hrs/CWS
hrs_ale_consult_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity u)
   Implement other PE activities 
1.9 to 1,037 hrs/CWS;
$24.64 to $159,000/CWS
hrs_ale_other_op;
cost_ale_other
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity v)
   Prepare press release 
10 hrs/press release for CWSs serving > 3,300 people;
$0/press release
hrs_pr_op;
cost_pr
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity w)
   Certify to Primacy Agency that lead outreach was completed
CWSs
2 hrs/CWS serving <=50,000 people;
3 hrs/CWS serving > 50,000 people

NTNCWSs
0.66 hrs/NTNCWS serving <=50,000 people;
1 hr/NTNCWS serving > 50,000 people

CWSs
hrs_pe_certify_quarterly_op

NTNCWSs
hrs_cert_outreach_annual_op
Yes. See Section 5.3.6.3 - activity x)
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PE = public education; PWS = public water system.
Sources: 
a), b), & i): "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_CWS_Final Rule.xlsx"; "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_NTNCWS_Final Rule.xlsx."
c), d), e)  -  h): "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_CWS_Final Rule.xlsx."
    Update mandatory language for lead ALE PE (hrs_pe_al_devel_op): EPA revised the content requirements for PE that is required when a system exceeds the lead AL as part of the Short-Term Regulatory Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule (USEPA, 2007b). As a simplifying assumption, EPA assumed all systems that are triggered into PE requirements under the previous rule will update their mandatory PE language and submit it to their Primacy Agency for review although some systems would have already conducted this activity, which may overestimate costs. Under the LCRR, systems are required to further update their materials to include revised mandatory health effects language, and those that also have LSLs must include information about their LSLR program and opportunities to replace LSLs. Although the specific updates differ between the previous rule and LCRR, EPA assumed systems would incur the same burden under both rules to update their PE materials. Thus, EPA used the same data variable and input for this activity for both rules. 

Exhibit B-36 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for system lead PE activities including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-36: PWS Lead Public Education Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
CWS Cost Per Activity
NTNCWS Cost Per Activity
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Model PWS
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] -Range
Other Conditions

    Update mandatory language for lead ALE PE and submit to Primacy Agency
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_pe_al_devel_op*rate_op)
Cost applies as written to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs 
One time
   Deliver materials to all customers 
The number of households per system multiplied by the total of the hours per household times the system labor rate, plus the material cost.

(pws_pop/numb_hh)*((hrs_distr_edu_op*rate_op)+cost_pe_lcr_delivery)
The hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate, plus the material cost.

((hrs_ntncws_distr_edu_op*rate_op)+cost_ntncws_pe_lcr_delivery)
Above AL
All model PWSs
Once a year[2]
   Contact public health agencies to obtain additional organizations and update recipient list
The number of health agencies per system multiplied by the hours per health agency and the system labor rate.

numb_ha*(hrs_ha_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs
Once a year[2]
   Notify public health agencies and other organizations 
The number of public health agencies and other organizations per system multiplied by the total of the hours per agency and organization times the system labor rate, plus the material cost. 

numb_lcr_other_org*(hrs_distr_agencies_pe_op * rate_op + cost_pe_lead_ale)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs
Once a year[2]
   Post lead notice on website 
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_web_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs serving > 100,000 people
Once a year[2]
   Consult with Primacy Agency on other PE activities
The total consultation hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_ale_consult_op*rate_op)
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs
Once a year[2]
   Implement other PE activities 
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate, plus the material cost.

(hrs_ale_other_op*rate_op)+cost_ale_other
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs serving > 3,300 people
Once a year[2]
   Prepare a press release 
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate, plus the material cost.

(hrs_pr_op*rate_op)+cost_pr
Cost does not apply to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All model PWSs serving > 3,300 people
Twice a year[2]
   Certify to Primacy Agency that lead outreach was completed[3]
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_pe_certify_quarterly_op*rate_op)
The total hours per system multiplied by the system labor rate.

(hrs_cert_outreach_annual_op*rate_op)
Above AL
All model PWSs
Once a year[2]
Acronyms: AL = action level; ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PE = public education. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 numb_ha: Estimated number of health care agencies (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.6.2, activity j)). 
 numb_hh: Average number of households per CWS (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.1, activity d)). 
 numb_lcr_other_org: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.6.3, activity s)). 
 pws_pop: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.6.2, activity i)). 
 rate_op: PWS hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.1). 
[2] System can discontinue PE activities after they no longer exceeds the lead AL.
[3] CWSs submit their certifications quarterly but for modeling purposes, the burden is estimated on an annual basis.

Estimating Primacy Agency Costs under the Existing LCR
For many of the water system activities described in Section B.5, the 56 Primacy Agencies will incur costs in the form of burden (i.e., hours) to provide oversight and review. The Primacy Agency burden is multiplied by the labor rate ($/hr), as presented in Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2 to estimate labor unit costs. The remainder of this section mirrors that of Section B.5 and is organized as follows:
      B.6.1: Primacy Agency Administrative Costs
      B.6.2: Primacy Agency Sampling Related Costs 
       B.6.3: Primacy Agency CCT-Related Costs 
       B.6.4: Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Testing and Replacement 
       B.6.5: Primacy Agency Lead Public Education and Outreach 
Section 5.1.1 provides a summary of Primacy Agency costs for low and high cost scenarios at a 3 percent and 7 percent discount rate.
Exhibit B-37 provides an overview of the rule components, subcomponents, and activities for which EPA estimates Primacy Agency costs under the previous rule. Those activities presented in italics and gray shading are new requirements under the LCRR and are provided to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. The new LCRR requirements associated with new rule start-up activities, lead in drinking water testing at schools and child cares, find-and-fix requirements, goal-based or mandatory LSLR program, expanded outreach requirements, and the POU program are not applicable to the previous LCR and thus are not included in this section. Refer to Chapter 5, Exhibit 5-141 for a complete list of Primacy Agency activities under the LCRR. The derivation of unit burden is provided in each referenced subsection. At the end of each subsection, EPA provides a summary exhibit showing the SafeWater LCR modeling approach for each Primacy Agency activity, as was done in Section B.5 for PWSs. The SafeWater LCR model uses the information from these exhibits to calculate total annualized Primacy Agency cost for each activity. See Section B.4 for detail on the cost modeling methodology. 
Exhibit B-37: Primacy Agency Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1
                                   Component
                                 Subcomponents
                                  Activities2
B.6.1: Primacy Agency Administrative Costs
    Coordinate with EPA
Provide ongoing technical assistance
Report to SDWIS/Fed
Train staff for annual administration
B.6.2: Primacy Agency Sampling Related Costs
B.6.2.1: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Costs
    Provide templates for revised sampling instructions and conduct review (LCRR only)
Review updated sampling plan for LSL systems (LCRR only)
Review initial lead monitoring data and prepare systems for status under the LCRR (LCRR only)
Review change in tap sample locations
Review 9-year monitoring waiver renewal
Review sample invalidation requests 
Review customer notification certifications 
Review monitoring results and 90[th] percentile calculations
   
B.6.2.2: Primacy Agency Lead WQP Sampling Costs
Review lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs
   
B.6.2.3: Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Costs
Review copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs

B.6.2.4: Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Costs
Review source water monitoring results
B.6.3: Primacy Agency CCT-Related Costs

B.6.3.1: Primacy Agency CCT Installation Costs
    Determine need for a CCT study
Review CCT study and determine type of CCT to be installed
Determine type of CCT for systems without a study
Set OWQPs after CCT installation

B.6.3.2: Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Costs
   Determine need for revised CCT study 
   Determine CCT adjustment for systems without revised study 
   Review CCT study and determine needed CCT adjustment 
   Reset OWQPs after CCT re-optimization

B.6.3.2: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Costs
   Review CCT guidance and applicability to individual PWSs (LCRR only)
   Review water quality data with PWSs during sanitary survey (LCRR only)
   Consult on required actions in response to source water change
   Consult on required actions in response to treatment change
B.6.4: Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Testing and Replacement
 Review report on lead tap samples following partial LSLR
Review annual LSLR program report
B.6.5: Primacy Agency Lead Public Education and Outreach
 Provide template and review revised lead language 
Consult with CWS on other PE activities in response to lead ALE 
Review PE certifications
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCR = consumer confidence report; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; P90 = lead 90th percentile level; LSL = lead service line; LSLR = lead service line replacement; OWQPs = optimal water quality parameters; PE = public education; POU = point-of-use; PWS = public water system; SDWIS/Fed = Safe Drinking Water Act Information System/federal version; WQP = water quality parameter.
Notes:
1 Primacy Agencies will also incur burden for recordkeeping activities under the LCRR, such as retaining records of decisions, supporting documentation, technical basis for decisions, and documentation submitted by the system. EPA has included burden for recordkeeping with each activity when applicable as opposed to providing separate burden estimates. 
[2] EPA assigned a unique letter ID for each activity under a given rule component. Activities are generally organized with upfront, one-time activities first followed by ongoing activities. Note that these activities are different than the activities identified for PWSs in Exhibit B-11. Activities shaded in gray indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR.
 Primacy Agency Administrative Costs
Primacy Agencies do not incur burden to conduct annual activities to administer the previous rule. EPA has identified and developed costs for four annual administration activities as shown in Exhibit B-38. This exhibit provides the unit burden estimate for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.1.2. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit.
Note that Primacy Agency burden estimates for responding to specific requirements of the previous rule (e.g., review changes in a system's treatment, consult with systems) are presented in the sections for those particular rule requirements.
Exhibit B-38: Primacy Agency Annual Administration Activities and Unit Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                      Unit Burden 
(hours/Primacy Agency)
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Coordinate with EPA
                                                                          1,040
hrs_coord_epa_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.1.2.
Provide ongoing technical assistance
                                                                            780
hrs_ta_js
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
Report to SDWIS/Fed
                                                                          1,040
hrs_sdwis_js
No. See discussion following the exhibit.
Train staff for annual administration
                                                                            104
hrs_train_ann_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.1.2.
Per Primacy Agency Total
                                                                          2,964
                                                                              
                                                                               
Sources: 
a), c), and d): "Derivation of Administrative Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." All unit burdens are based on implementation burden estimated for EPA's 2012, Economic Analysis for the Final Revised Total Coliform Rule, Exhibit 7.4 (USEPA, 2012).  
b): Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) CoSTS model (ASDWA, 2020a). Also see "Derivation of Administrative Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes: 
a): Primacy Agencies must coordinate with their EPA Regional office to be certain that their program is consistent with federal requirements.
b): Includes ongoing tracking and follow-up activities for review of monitoring data and public notice and education for systems with lead ALEs. 
c): This includes the burden for states to report 90[th] percentile data, milestone, and violation and compliance information to SDWIS/Fed. Under the LCRR, EPA assumed additional administrative burden (+560 hours or 0.25 full time equivalents) for Primacy Agencies to report the following to SDWIS/Fed: optimal corrosion control treatment status of all water systems, including the parameters that define the optimization; all lead 90[th] percentile values for systems serving 3,300 or fewer in lieu of only those levels above 15 ug/L; and the current number of LSLs and service lines of unknown material for all water systems. 
d): Assumed Primacy Agencies will have annual burden to continue to train staff.
    Provide ongoing technical assistance (hrs_ta_js). EPA determined the on-going tracking and follow-up per system estimates provided in the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) CoSTS model (ASDWA, 2020a) for the review of monitoring data and public notice and education as follows:
Determined the per system burden estimates separately for 12 categories that included small, medium, and large CWSs with and without LSLs and NTNCWSs with and without LSLs because the estimates and rule applicability vary by system size, system type, and LSL status. 
Multiplied the per system estimate by the number of systems in each of the 12 categories based on the system inventory information provided in Chapter 4, Section 4.3.1.
Summed the burden for the four system type and LSL status categories to derive a total burden by size category. 
Divided each burden by the 49 states used in the ASDWA CoSTs model to derive a total burden by size category.
Determined the weighted average across the size categories.
Divided the burden is step 5 by five because the estimates are provided for a 5-year period. 
          Note that EPA did not include ASDWA's estimates for reporting or re-evaluation activities in the ongoing technical assistance burden because they are included in other data variables and violations or compliance estimates because EPA assumed full compliance for cost modeling purposes. Also, the ongoing technical assistance burden does not include estimates from "CCT" worksheets because they are one-time activities and EPA has accounted for their burden in other activities. 
Exhibit B-39 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency administrative activities including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-39: Primacy Agency Administration and Rule Implementation Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Coordinate with EPA
The hours per Primacy Agency multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_coord_epa_js * rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year
   Provide ongoing technical assistance
The hours per Primacy Agency multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_ta_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year
   Report to SDWIS/Fed
The hours per Primacy Agency multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_sdwis_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year
   Train staff for annual administration
The hours per Primacy Agency multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_train_ann_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system
Notes
[1] Costs are applied per Primacy Agency as opposed per system. The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in Section B.6.1 with the exception of:  
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
Primacy Agency Sampling Related Costs
This section provides Primacy Agency unit burden related to lead tap sampling, lead WQP monitoring, copper WQP monitoring, and source water monitoring in Sections B.6.2.1 through B.6.2.4, respectively. As noted in Subsections B.6.2.1 and B.6.2.4, as well as Section 5.3.4.4 that pertains to LSLR, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina pay for the cost of bottles, analysis, and providing sample results to the system as part of their state's LCR oversight and implementation responsibilities. Thus, these states will incur the cost of bottles, analysis, and providing lead sample results to the system (ASDWA, 2020b). Note that there may be additional state laboratories that incur some analytical and reporting burden and costs in lieu of the system that would result in an underestimation of Primacy Agency costs.
Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Costs
EPA has identified and developed costs for five Primacy Agency oversight and review activities associated with lead tap sampling conducted by water systems as shown in Exhibit B-40. The exhibit provides the unit burden for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. Activities that are conducted by some states in lieu of the water system are identified in a footnote below the exhibit. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2.1. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. Gray shaded rows indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR. 
Exhibit B-40: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Provide templates for revised sampling instructions and conduct review (one-time)
N/A
hrs_rev_samp_js
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Review updated sampling plan for LSL systems (one-time)
N/A
hrs_rev_samp_plan_js
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Review initial lead tap sampling data and prepare systems for status under LCRR
N/A
hrs_initial_tap_rev_js
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Review change in tap sample locations [1]
1 hr/CWS
hrs_chng_tap_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.1, activity d).
   Review 9-year monitoring waiver renewal  
0.5 hrs/PWS for those with 9-year monitoring waiver
hrs_renew_nine_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.1, activity e).
   Review sample invalidation requests 
2 hrs/invalidation request
hrs_samp_invalid_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.1, activity f).
   Review customer notification certifications  
0.33 to 0.5 hrs/certification
hrs_cert_cust_lt_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.1, activity g).
   Review monitoring results and 90[th] percentile calculations 
0.25 hrs/PWS serving <=3,300;
0.5 hrs/PWS serving 3,301  -  10K;
0.75 hrs/PWS serving 10,001  -  100K
1 hr/PWS serving > 100K
hrs_annual_lt_js[2]
No. Different input for LSL systems. See discussion following the exhibit.
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LSL = lead service line; P90 = lead 90[th] percentile level; PWS = public water system.
Source: "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes:
[1] Applies to CWSs only. EPA assumed 0 hours for NTNCWSs because they collect their own samples from sampling locations under their control and thus, are unlikely to change sampling sites and submit documentation to the Primacy Agency for review.
[2] As previously discussed in Section B.5.1.1.2, in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina the state pays for the cost of bottles, shipping, analysis, and providing sample results to the system. Thus, the state will incur the burden and cost for these activities in lieu of the system. In this instance, the system burden to provide monitoring results and 90[th] percentile calculations is applied to these states and hrs_annual_lt_js would be 0. Instead, they will incur the system burden of hrs_annual_lt_op (see B.5.1.1.2, activity o)).
h) 	Review monitoring results and 90[th] percentile calculations (hrs_annual_lt_js). EPA estimated the burden for Primacy Agencies to review monitoring results and lead 90[th] percentile calculations is 0.25 hours for systems serving 3,300 or fewer, 0.5 hours for systems serving 3,301 to 10,000, 0.75 hours for systems serving 10,001 to 100,000, and 1 hour for systems serving greater than 100,000. These estimates are based on the Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 48 (Tap Sample Calcs) (USEPA, 2015). For the LCRR, the burden for LSL systems is 1.25 time higher because LSL systems must provide a justification if they are unable to collect their required number of samples from only sites served by LSLs.
Exhibit B-41 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency lead tap monitoring activities including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. 
Exhibit B-41: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions[2]

    Provide templates for revised sampling instructions and conduct review 
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Review updated sampling plan for LSL systems
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Review initial lead tap sampling data and prepare systems for status under LCRR
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Review change in tap sample locations
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate

(hrs_chng_tap_js*rate_js)

All
Primacy Agencies with systems not on reduced tap monitoring

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice a year

Cost does not apply to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced annual tap sampling

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced triennial tap sampling

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced nine year sampling 

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Review 9-year monitoring waiver renewal
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate

(hrs_renew_nine_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced nine-year sampling

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Review sample invalidation requests
The number of samples determined to be invalid multiplied by the hours per sample per system and the Primacy Agency labor rate

(numb_samp_customer*pp_samp_invalid)*(hrs_samp_invalid_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
Primacy Agencies with systems not on reduced tap sampling

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice a year
The number of samples determined to be invalid multiplied by the hours per sample per system and the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(numb_reduced_tap*pp_samp_invalid)*(hrs_samp_invalid_js*rate_js)

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced annual tap sampling

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced triennial tap sampling

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced nine year sampling 

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Review customer notification certifications 
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_cert_cust_lt_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
All
Primacy Agencies with systems not on reduced tap sampling

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice a year

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced annual tap sampling

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced triennial tap sampling

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced nine year sampling 

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
   Review monitoring results and 90th percentile calculations[2]
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_annual_lt_js*rate_js)

All
Primacy Agencies with systems not on reduced tap sampling

1 - (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine)
Twice a year

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced annual tap sampling

p_tap_annual
Once a year

Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced triennial tap sampling

p_tap_triennial
Every 3 years

Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced nine year sampling 

p_tap_nine
Every 9 years
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of the following:  
 numb_reduced_tap: the number of lead tap samples for system on reduced annual, triennial, or 9-year monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1).
 numb_samp_customer: the number of lead tap samples for system on routine 6-month tap monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.1.1).
 pp_samp_invalid: Likelihood that a lead sample will be deemed invalid (Section 5.3.2.1.2, activity e)).
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: likelihood a system is collecting the reduced number of lead tap samples on an annual, triennial, or 9-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.5.1.1).
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
[2] In Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina, the state conducts this activity in lieu of the system. In these states, the burden for hrs_annual_lt_js is 0. Instead, they will incur the system burden of  hrs_annual_lt_op (see B.5.1.1.2, activity o)).
Primacy Agency Lead WQP Sampling Costs
EPA has developed Primacy Agency costs for the review of lead WQP monitoring data submitted by systems serving 50,000 or fewer people with a lead ALE and all systems serving more than 50,000 people with CCT, as shown in Exhibit B-42. The exhibit provides the unit burden for this review. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2.2.
Exhibit B-42: Primacy Agency Lead WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Review lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs
No CCT: 5 hrs/system/6-month monitoring period;
With CCT: 8.5 hrs/system/6-month monitoring period
hrs_wqp_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.2, activity i).
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter; WQP = water quality parameter.
Source: "Derivation of WQP Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
The SafeWater LCR model costing approach for estimating the cost of lead WQP monitoring including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs are identical to those for the LCRR. For additional detail, refer to Exhibit 5-150 in Chapter 5.
Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Costs
EPA has developed Primacy Agency costs for the review of copper WQP monitoring data per 6-month monitoring period as shown in Exhibit B-43. The exhibit provides the unit burden for this review. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2.3.
Exhibit B-43: Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
   Review copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs
No CCT: 5 hrs/system/6 month monitoring period;
With CCT: 8.5 hrs/system/6 month monitoring period
hrs_wqp_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.3, activity j).
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter; WQP = water quality parameter.
Source: "Derivation of WQP Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
The SafeWater LCR model costing approach for estimating the cost of lead WQP monitoring including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs are identical to those for the LCRR. For additional detail, refer to Exhibit 5-152 in Chapter 5.
Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Costs
EPA has developed Primacy Agency costs to review source water monitoring data as shown in Exhibit B-44. The exhibit provides the unit burden for this review. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, and the SafeWater LCR model data variable are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.2.4. 
Exhibit B-44: Primacy Agency Source Monitoring Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
   Review source water monitoring results
0.5 hrs/system/monitoring period in which source water samples are collected
hrs_source_js[1]
Yes. See Section 5.4.2.4, activity k).[2]
Source: "Derivation of Lead Analytical Burden and Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes:
[1]As previously discussed in Section B.5.1.4 in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina the state pays for the cost of bottles, shipping, analysis, and providing sample results to the system. Thus, the state will incur the burden and cost for these activities. In these states, because the state is reporting the results, the burden to review the results (hrs_source_js) is 0. Instead, the system burden to report the results (hrs_report_source_op) is applied to these states (see Section B.5.1.4, activity bb)).
[2]The unit burden and data variable names are the same between the previous rule and LCRR. However, their applicability differs. Under the previous rule, systems were required to continue to conduct source water monitoring whenever they had a lead or copper ALE. Under the LCRR, systems forego source water monitoring if they previously sampled source water in response to an ALE, the Primacy Agency has not required source water treatment, and they have not added any new water sources that changes their primacy source type. For modeling purposes, no system is assumed to have source water treatment.
Exhibit B-45 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency source water monitoring activities including additional cost inputs required to calculate these costs. 
Exhibit B-45: Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency

Frequency of Event

Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Review source water monitoring results[2]
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_source_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Below AL
Primacy Agencies with systems with surface water sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Once per event

Above AL
Primacy Agencies with systems with surface water sources
Once per year

Below AL
Primacy Agencies with systems with groundwater sources and a copper ALE

p_copper_ale
Every three years per event

Above AL
Primacy Agencies with systems with groundwater sources
Every three years

All
Primacy Agencies with systems on reduced tap monitoring that have a significant change in source water

1  -  (p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine) and p_source_chng* p_source_sig
Once per event
Acronyms: AL = action level; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes: 
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:  
 numb_ep: number of entry points per systems (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.2.3). 
 numb_st_sample: number of samples per entry point for source water monitoring (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.4.1).
 p_copper_ale: likelihood a system with exceed the copper action level (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.2.3.1).
 p_source_chng: Likelihood a system will have a source change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 p_source_sig: Likelihood that the system will have a significant change in which it changes its primary source, e.g., for ground water to surface water (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
[2] As previously discussed in Section B.5.1.4 in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina the state pays for the cost of bottles, shipping, analysis, and providing sample results to the system. Thus, the state will incur the burden and cost for these activities in lieu of the system. In these states, because the state is reporting the results, the burden to review the results (hrs_source_js) is 0. Instead, the system burden to report the results (hrs_report_source_op) is applied to these states (see Section B.5.1.4, activity bb)).
Primacy Agency CCT-Related Costs
Primacy Agency oversight and review activities related to CCT are grouped into two major subcomponents:
      Section B.6.3.1: CCT Installation
       Section B.6.3.2: CCT Re-optimization
Primacy Agency oversight activities related to find-and-fix when a single sample exceeds 15 ug/L is a new requirement under the LCRR and does not apply to the previous rule and thus are not discussed in Appendix B. 
Primacy Agency CCT Installation Costs
EPA  developed Primacy Agency cost for one-time activities associated with CCT installation under the previous rule as shown in Exhibit B-46. The exhibit provides the unit burden for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variables in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.3.1. 
Exhibit B-46: Primacy Agency CCT Installation-Related Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Determine need for a CCT study
4 to 16 hrs/system serving <=50K
hrs_lcr_study_js
No. See description below the exhibit.
   Review CCT study and determine type of CCT to be installed
No LSLs: 10 to 24 hrs/system;
With LSLs: 12.5 to 30 hrs/system 
hrs_review_cct_lead_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.1, activity a).
   Determine type of CCT for systems without a study
20 to 80 hrs/system serving <=50K
hrs_lcr_cct_js
No. See description below the exhibit.
   Set OWQPs after CCT installation
2 to 12 hrs/system serving <= 50,000 people
hrs_set_owqp_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.1, activity b).
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter.
Sources:  
a)  -  d): "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
    Determine need for a CCT study (hrs_lcr_study_js). EPA estimated that Primacy Agencies would require 4 hours, 8 hours, and 16 hours to determine if systems serving 3,300 or fewer people, 3,301 to 10,000 people, and 10,001 to 50,000 people, respectively, would need to conduct a study prior to installing CCT. EPA based the burden for this decision on responses provided by North Carolina to an ASDWA 2016 questionnaire (available in the docket at EPA-HQ-OW-HQ-2017-0300 at www.regulations.gov) for systems serving 3,300 or fewer people and systems serving 10,001 to 50,000 people. North Carolina did not provide an estimate for systems serving 3,301 to 10,000 people and EPA assumed 50 percent of the burden needed for those serving 10,001 to 50,000 people. All assumed 0 burden for those serving more than 50,000 people because these systems should already have CCT in place. 
    Determine type of CCT study for systems without a study (hrs_lcr_cct_js). Exhibit B-47 provides the data variable and inputs values associated with the Primacy Agencies determination of the type of required CCT for systems that do not conduct a CCT study. The estimates are based on North Carolina and Indiana's responses to a 2016 ASDWA questionnaire. North Carolina reported that determining CCT without a study would take 24 hours for systems serving <= 100 people to 80 hrs for those serving 10,001 to 50,000 people. Indiana responded that this would take 16 hours for systems serving <= 100 people to 80 hours for those serving 10,001 to 50,000 people. EPA assumed 20 hours (averaging 16 and 24 hours from North Carolina and Indiana) for systems serving <= 100 people and 80 hours for systems serving 10,001 to 50,000 people, which was the estimate reported by both states. For the size categories in between, EPA assumed 40 hours for those systems serving 101 to 1,000 people and 60 hours for those serving 3,301 - 10,000 people. 
Exhibit B-47: Estimated Burden to Determine CCT for Systems with No Study 
                                  System Size
                              (Population Served)
    Determine CCT when study is NOT required (hrs/system)
(hrs_lcr_cct_js)
<=100
                                                                             20
101-1,000
                                                                             40
1,001-10,000
                                                                             60
10,001-50,000
                                                                             80
> 50,000
                                                                            N/A
   Source: "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
    Note: The shaded row indicates size categories that are not subject to these requirements because with very few exceptions, systems serving > 50,000 were already required to conduct a CCT study and install CCT under the previous rule.
   An important input in estimating total Primacy Agency costs for this activity is the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will require a study. EPA estimated the likelihood of a CCT study (p_cct_study) for LSL and non-LSL systems based on the recommendations in the OCCT Recommendations Document (USEPA, 2019). For detailed approach and values, see Section B.5.2.1.2 Exhibit B-20 for additional detail). 
Exhibit B-48 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency activities related to CCT Installation including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate total costs.
Exhibit B-48: Primacy Agency CCT Installation Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions 

    Determine need for CCT study
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_lcr_study_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs installing CCT
One time
   Review CCT study and determine type of CCT to be installed
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_review_cct_lead_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs without CCT conducting a study on the installation of CCT 
p_cct_study
One time
   Determine type of CCT for systems without a study
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_lcr_cct_js *rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs installing CCT without conducting a study on the installation of CCT

1 - p_cct_study
One time
   Set OWQPs after CCT installation
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_set_owqp_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs installing CCT
One time
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:   
 p_cct_study: the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will require a study (B.5.2.1.2, activity a)).
 p_source_chng: Likelihood a system will have a source change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 p_treat_chng: Likelihood a system will have a treatment change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.3).
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: Likelihood a system will qualify to collect the reduced number of lead tap samples at an annual, triennial, and nine-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1).
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Costs
EPA identified and developed Primacy Agency cost for oversight and review activities associated with a system's re-optimization of existing CCT under the previous rule, as shown in Exhibit B-49. The exhibit provides the unit burden for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variables in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.3.2. 
Exhibit B-49: Primacy Agency CCT Re-Optimization-Related Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
   Determine need for revised CCT study
4 to 16 hrs/system serving <=50K
hrs_lcr_study_js
No. See description below the exhibit.
   Determine CCT adjustment for systems without revised study
20 to 80 hrs/system serving <=50K
hrs_lcr_cct_js
No. See description below the exhibit.
   Review CCT study and determine needed CCT adjustment
No LSLs: 10 to 40 hrs/system;
With LSLs: 12.5 to 50 hrs/system
hrs_review_cct_lead_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.2, activity c).
   Reset OWQPs after CCT re-optimization
2 to 20 hrs/system
hrs_reset_owqp_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.2, activity d).
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter; PWS = public water system.
Source: "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
    Determine need for revised CCT study (hrs_lcr_study_js). Primacy Agencies have discretion to determine if a system serving 50,000 or fewer people must revise their CCT study. EPA assumed this activity will require the same burden as determining the need for a CCT study and used the same data variable of hrs_lcr_study_js. Refer to Section B.6.3.1 activity a) for the data inputs and assumptions.  
    Determine CCT adjustment for systems without revised study (hrs_lcr_cct_js). For systems serving 50,000 or fewer people that do not revise their CCT study, Primacy Agencies will determine the needed CCT adjustment. EPA assumed this activity will require the same burden as determining CCT when no study is done and used the same data variable for hrs_lcr_cct_js. Refer to B.6.3.1 , activity c) for the data inputs and assumptions. 
    To estimate the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will determine the needed CCT adjustment without a revised study, EPA used the probability that Primacy Agency will require a new CCT study (p_cct_study) as described in Section B.5.2.1.2, activity a)). EPA assumed that all systems serving more than 50,000 people will revise their study.
Exhibit B-50 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency activities related to CCT re-optimization including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate the total costs.
Exhibit B-50: Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

   Determine need for revised CCT study
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_lcr_study_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with model PWSs re-optimizing CCT
One time
   Determine CCT adjustment for systems without revised study
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_lcr_cct_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with model PWSs re-optimizing CCT that are not required to first conduct a CCT study

1 - p_cct_study
One time
   Review CCT study and determine needed CCT adjustment
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_review_cct_lead_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with 
model PWS conducting a study prior to re-optimizing CCT 

p_cct_study
One time
   Reset OWQPs after CCT re-optimization
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_reset_owqp_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with model PWSs re-optimizing CCT
One time
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule revisions; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; OWQP = optimal water quality parameters PWS = public water system.
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:    
 p_cct_study: the likelihood that the Primacy Agency will require a study (Chapter 5, Section 5.3.3.2.2, activity m)).
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Costs
EPA developed Primacy Agency cost associated with Routine CCT activities under the previous rule as shown in Exhibit B-51. The exhibit provides the unit burden for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variables in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.3.4. Gray shaded rows indicate new requirements that apply only to the LCRR. They are included to more fully characterize the differences between the previous rule and LCRR.
Exhibit B-51: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Burden Estimates 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
   Review CCT guidance and applicability to individual PWSs
16 hrs/Primacy Agency/update[1]
hrs_cct_review_js
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Review water quality data with PWSs during sanitary survey
2 to 5 hrs/system/sanitary survey[2]
hrs_sanit_surv_js
N/A. New LCRR requirement.
   Consult on required actions in response to source water change
6 to 12 hrs/system on reduced tap monitoring
      
hrs_coop_source_chng_red_js
 
   
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.4, activity i).
    
N/A for systems on routine monitoring.
hrs_coop_source_chng_rout_js
N/A. New requirement under the LCRR.
   Consult on required actions in response to treatment change
4 to 82 hrs/system on reduced tap monitoring
hrs_coop_treat_chng_red_js 
   
Yes. See Section 5.4.3.4, activity j).
    
N/A for systems on routine monitoring.
hrs_coop_treat_chng_rout_js
N/A. New requirement under the LCRR.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; OWQP = optimal water quality parameter.
Sources:  
i) & j): "Derivation of CCT Study and Review Costs_Final Rule.xlsx."
k): "Derivation of Probability_SourceChange_Final Rule.xlsx."
l):  "Derivation of Probability_TreatmentChange_Final Rule.xlsx."
Notes:
k), l): Under the previous rule, consultation with the Primacy Agency prior to making a source or treatment change applied only to those systems on a reduced monitoring schedule, i.e., monitoring less frequently than semi-annually. The LCRR adds a requirement for this consultation to also apply to system monitoring semi-annually (see Chapter 5, Sections 5.4.3.4 activities i) and j) for additional detail.
Exhibit B-52 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency activities related to consultation on a change in source or treatment including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate total costs.
Exhibit B-52: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions 

   Review CCT guidance and applicability to individual PWSs
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Review water quality data with PWSs during sanitary survey
N/A. New activity required under the LCRR.
   Consult on required actions in response to source water change[2]
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_coop_source_chng_red_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Below AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs on reduced tap sampling that have a change in source water

1- [p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine] and p_source_chng
Once per event
   Consult on required actions in response to treatment change[2]
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_coop_treat_chng_red_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written for Primacies Agencies to NTNCWSs.
Below AL
Primacy Agencies with any model PWSs on reduced tap sampling that have a change in treatment

1- [p_tap_annual + p_tap_triennial + p_tap_nine] and p_treat_change
Once per event
Acronyms: AL = action level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system. 
Notes:
[1] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of:   
 p_source_chng: Likelihood a system will have a source change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.1). 
 p_treat_chng: Likelihood a system will have a treatment change (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.8.3).
 p_tap_annual, p_tap_triennial, and p_tap_nine: Likelihood a system will qualify to collect the reduced number of lead tap samples at an annual, triennial, and nine-year frequency, respectively (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.7.1).
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Section 4.3.10.2).
[2]Under the LCRR, these activities also apply to systems under routine monitoring. See Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.3, activities i) and j) for additional detail.
Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Testing and Replacement
This section provides the ongoing LSLR activities for Primacy Agencies. Under the previous rule, Primacy Agencies did not incur the one-time burden associated with the new LSL program oversight responsibilities described in Sections 5.4.4.1 and 5.4.4.2, activities a) through i) that pertain to inventory and plan development, expanded outreach regarding the LSL program, and the goal-based LSLR program. Thus, these activities are not included Appendix B.
For the previous rule, EPA developed Primacy Agency costs for ongoing activities associated with the review of water systems' LSL testing and LSLR program activities as shown in Exhibit B-53. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variables in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.4.3. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. 
Exhibit B-53: Primacy Agency Ongoing LSL Testing and Replacement-Related Costs Burden Estimates[1] 
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Review report on lead tap samples following partial LSLR
0.5 hrs/CWS
hrs_report_plslr_js
No. Does not apply to LCRR. See discussion following the exhibit.
   Review annual LSLR program report
0.5 to 4 hrs/CWS; 
0.5 hrs/NTNCWS 
hrs_report_lcr_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.4.3, activity j). Also see discussion following the exhibit.[2]
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LSL = lead service lines; LSLR = lead service line replacement; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system.
Source: "Derivation of LSLR Ancillary Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." 
Notes:
[1] As previously discussed in Section B.5.3.2, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina pay for the cost of bottles, analysis, and providing sample results to the system as part of their state's LCR oversight and implementation responsibilities. Thus, these states will incur the burden and cost to provide sample bottles and conduct lead sample analyses.
[2] Although the report content under the annual LSLR reports differ between the previous rule and LCRR, EPA assumed the Primacy Agency would incur a similar burden to review this report and thus, used the same data variable name and input for both rules.
a)   Review report on lead tap samples following partial LSLR (hrs_report_plslr_js). Primacy Agencies will incur annual burden to review CWS's submittal of LSL sample results following partial LSLR. As previously stated, NTNCWSs are assumed to conduct full replacements and such would not be providing these sample results. EPA assumed Primacy Agencies will require 0.5 hours to review these results based on the  Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical, and Radionuclides Rules ICR (Renewal), Exhibit 35 in Appendix H (Partial LSL Letter) (USEPA, 2015).
b)   Review Annual LSLR Program Report (hrs_report_lcr_js). Primacy Agencies will incur annual burden to review systems' reports on their LSL program for systems with CCT that have a lead ALE. As previously discussed in Section B.5.3.2, activity n) the content of this report varies from that required under the LCRR. However, EPA assumed systems would require a similar level of effort to prepare both reports and used the same data variable and input for both rules. EPA made a similar assumption for the Primacy Agency review and used the data variable (hrs_report_lcr_js) and same input values to review the report. For additional information, refer to section 5.4.4.3, activity j). 
Exhibit B-54 provides the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency LSLR activities including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-54: Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1][,2]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity[2]
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Review report on lead tap sampling following partial LSLR
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_report_plslr_js*rate_js)
Cost does not apply to Primacy Agency for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with systems complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
Review annual report on LSLR program
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_report_lcr_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies to NTNCWS.
Above AL
Primacy Agencies with systems complying with the mandatory LSLR program
Once a year
Acronyms: AL = action level; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PWS = public water system; LSLR = lead service line replacement.
Notes:
[1] Under the previous rule, these activities could stop after the system no longer has a lead ALE for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. 
[2] As previously discussed in Section B.5.3.2, in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina the state pays for the cost of bottles and shipping and conducting the analysis for samples following LSLR. Thus, the state will incur the burden and cost for these activities.
Primacy Agency Lead Public Education and Outreach
Under the previous rule, Primacy Agencies incurred oversight burden associated with PE that needed to be conducted when a system exceeded the lead AL. These oversight activities are provided in Exhibit B-55. The exhibit provides the unit burden for each activity. The third column provides the corresponding SafeWater LCR model data variable in red/italic font. The last column indicates whether or not the activity, unit burden or cost, the SafeWater LCR model data variable, and/or applicability are identical to those used for the LCRR, as described in Chapter 5, Section 5.4.6.3. The assumptions that differ from the LCRR follow the exhibit. Those activities under the LCRR that pertain to new consumer notice requirements when a single sample exceeds 15 ug/L and enhanced outreach that is independent of lead 90th percentile levels do not apply to the previous rule and thus, are not discussed in this section. Refer to Chapter 5, Sections 5.4.6.1 and 5.4.6.2 for additional detail on these outreach requirements under the LCRR. 
Exhibit B-55: Primacy Agency PE Burden in Response to Lead ALE
                                   Activity
                                  Unit Burden
                          SafeWater LCR Data Variable
                                 Same As LCRR?
    Provide template and review revised lead language (one-time)
0.5 to 2 hrs/CWS or NTNCWS
hrs_ale_lang_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.6.3 - activity g). Also see discussion following the exhibit.
   Consult with CWS on other PE activities in response to lead ALE 
2 hrs/CWS
hrs_ale_consult_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.6.3, activity h).
   Review PE certifications 
CWSs
1 to 1.5 hrs/CWS 

NTNCWSs
0.33 to 0.5 hr/NTNCWS
CWSs
hrs_pe_certify_quarterly_js

NTNCWSs
hrs_cert_outreach_annual_js
Yes. See Section 5.4.6.3, activity i).
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PE = public education.
Sources: 
a): "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_CWS_Final Rule xlsx"; "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_NTNCWS_Final Rule.xlsx."
b) & c): "Derivation of Public Education Inputs_CWS_Final Rule.xlsx." 
    Provide template and review revised lead language (hrs_ale_consult_js): As previously discussed in Section B.5.4, activity a), EPA revised the content requirements for PE that is required when a system exceeds the lead AL as part of the Short-Term Regulatory Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule (USEPA, 2007b). As a simplifying assumption, EPA assumed all systems that are triggered into PE requirements under the previous rule will update their mandatory PE language although some systems would have already conducted this activity, which may overestimate costs. Under the LCRR, systems are required to further update their materials to include revised mandatory health effects language, and those that also have LSLs must include information about their LSLR program and opportunities to replace LSLs. Although the specific updates differ between the previous rule and LCRR, EPA assumed Primacy Agencies would incur the same burden under both rules to provide templates and review each system's revised PE mandatory language. Thus, EPA used the same data variable and input for this activity for both rules. 
Exhibit B-56 shows the SafeWater LCR model cost estimation approach for Primacy Agency PE activities including additional cost inputs that are required to calculate these costs.
Exhibit B-56: Primacy Agency Lead Public Education Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1][,2]
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for CWSs
Primacy Agency Cost Per Activity for NTNCWSs
Conditions for Cost to Apply to a Primacy Agency
Frequency of Activity
                                       
                                       
Lead 90[th] - Range
Other Conditions

    Provide template and review revised lead language
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_ale_lang_js*rate_js)
Cost applies as written to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All Primacy Agencies 
One time
   Consult with CWS on other PE activities in response to lead ALE
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_ale_consult_js*rate_js)
Cost does not apply to Primacy Agencies for NTNCWSs.
Above AL
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year
   Review PE certifications
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_pe_certify_quarterly_js*rate_js)
The hours per system multiplied by the Primacy Agency labor rate.

(hrs_cert_outreach_annual_js*rate_js)
Above AL
All Primacy Agencies
Once a year[3]
Acronyms: AL = action level; ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; PE = public education. 
Notes:
[1] Primacy Agencies can discontinue these activities when the system no longer has a lead ALE for one monitoring period.
[2] The data variables in the exhibit are defined previously in this section with the exception of: 
 rate_js: Primacy Agency hourly labor rate (Chapter 4, Section 4.3.10.2).
[3] The Primacy Agency will review certifications quarterly for CWSs. For modeling purposes, the Primacy Agency burden is estimated on an annual basis. 
References
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA). 2020a. Costs of States Transactions Study (CoSTS) for EPA's Proposed LCRR. February 6, 2020.
ASDWA.2020b. States LCRR Compliance Monitoring Costs 03172020. May 17, 2020.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). 2005. Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement. Denver, CO. Available online at https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/AWWA/Government/StrategiesforLSLs.pdf?ver=2013-03-29-132027-193.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007a. Economic and Supporting Analyses: Short-Term Regulatory Changes to the Lead and Copper Rule. September 2007. Office of Water. EPA-815-R0-7022. 
USEPA. 2007b. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper: Short-Term Regulatory Revisions and Clarifications; Final Rule. Federal Register 72(195):57782. October 10, 2007. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
USEPA. 2009a. Community Water System Survey Volume I: Overview. February 2009. Office of Water. EPA 815-R-09-001.
USEPA. 2009b. Community Water System Survey Volume II: Detailed Tables and Survey Methodology. May 2009. Office of Water. EPA 815-R-09-002.
USEPA. 2012. Economic Analysis for the Final Revised Total Coliform Rule. September 2012. Office of Water. EPA 815-R-12-004. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100PIVO.PDF?Dockey=P100PIVO.PDF.
USEPA. 2015. Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts, Chemical and Radionuclides Rules Renewal ICR. December 2015.
USEPA. 2019. Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems. March 2016 (Updated 2019). Office of Water. EPA 816-B-16-003. https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/optimal-corrosion-control-treatment-evaluation-technical-recommendations. 
USEPA. 2020. Technologies and Costs for Corrosion Control to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water. July 2020. Office of Water. 

: Detailed Costs Results
Introduction
In this appendix EPA provides the detailed SafeWater LCR model results for each category of system size, water source, and type (i.e. CWS or NTNCWS). Section C.2 provides the system counts and impacted population. Section C.3 contains the output for the national annualized total rule costs at the 3 percent and 7 percent discount rates. Section C.`4 provides the national annualized sampling requirement costs at the 3 percent and 7 percent discount rates. The national annualized lead service line inventory and replacement requirement costs at the 3 percent and 7 percent discount rates are in Section C.5. Section C.6 provided the national annualized corrosion control technology requirement costs at the 3 percent and 7 percent discount rates. Section C.7 supplied the annualized incremental cost per water system. The results of the low and high cost scenarios are provided in each section.
System Counts and Population Impacted

Exhibit C.1: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - All PWSs
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                         67,656
                                                                         67,656
                                                                              0
                                                                         67,656
                                                                         67,656
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            140
                                                                            959
                                                                            819
                                                                          1,398
                                                                            786
                                                                           -611
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            231
                                                                            231
                                                                              0
                                                                            369
                                                                            369
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,137
                                                                         11,137
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,085
                                                                         14,085
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                         25,930
                                                                        435,964
                                                                        410,035
                                                                        360,929
                                                                        940,404
                                                                        579,474
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        314,810
                                                                        314,810
                                                                              0
                                                                        417,332
                                                                        417,332
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                        242,065
                                                                        242,065
                                                                              0
                                                                        290,552
                                                                        290,552
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          8,770
                                                                        138,344
                                                                        129,575
                                                                        126,292
                                                                        302,263
                                                                        175,972
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        105,838
                                                                        105,838
                                                                              0
                                                                        138,923
                                                                        138,923
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         94,815
                                                                         94,815
                                                                              0
                                                                        114,279
                                                                        114,279
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                          1,741
                                                                            644
                                                                         -1,097
                                                                          3,833
                                                                          1,241
                                                                         -2,592
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                      1,855,948
                                                                      1,645,916
                                                                       -210,032
                                                                      4,282,170
                                                                      3,718,430
                                                                       -563,740
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                            345
                                                                            908
                                                                            563
                                                                          1,538
                                                                          3,379
                                                                          1,840
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,284
                                                                          1,284
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,411
                                                                          2,411
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                      4,279,122
                                                                     14,756,895
                                                                     10,477,773
                                                                     17,625,585
                                                                     43,292,372
                                                                     25,666,787
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                     12,193,778
                                                                     12,193,778
                                                                              0
                                                                     26,361,290
                                                                     26,361,290
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,312
                                                                          2,312
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,149
                                                                          6,149
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                     27,051,528
                                                                     27,051,528
                                                                              0
                                                                     70,601,260
                                                                     70,601,260
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,207
                                                                          1,207
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,914
                                                                          3,914
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                        238,278
                                                                        238,278
                                                                              0
                                                                        770,531
                                                                        770,531
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.2: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  CWSs
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                         50,067
                                                                         50,067
                                                                              0
                                                                         50,067
                                                                         50,067
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            134
                                                                            911
                                                                            777
                                                                          1,361
                                                                            730
                                                                           -631
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            231
                                                                            231
                                                                              0
                                                                            369
                                                                            369
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,137
                                                                         11,137
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,085
                                                                         14,085
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                         25,595
                                                                        419,635
                                                                        394,040
                                                                        357,292
                                                                        913,154
                                                                        555,863
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        314,810
                                                                        314,810
                                                                              0
                                                                        417,332
                                                                        417,332
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                        242,065
                                                                        242,065
                                                                              0
                                                                        290,552
                                                                        290,552
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          8,763
                                                                        138,260
                                                                        129,497
                                                                        126,261
                                                                        302,160
                                                                        175,899
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        105,838
                                                                        105,838
                                                                              0
                                                                        138,923
                                                                        138,923
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         94,815
                                                                         94,815
                                                                              0
                                                                        114,279
                                                                        114,279
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                          1,191
                                                                            640
                                                                           -552
                                                                          2,686
                                                                          1,234
                                                                         -1,453
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                      1,702,524
                                                                      1,632,670
                                                                        -69,854
                                                                      3,949,841
                                                                      3,689,740
                                                                       -260,100
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                            267
                                                                            883
                                                                            616
                                                                          1,354
                                                                          3,357
                                                                          2,003
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,208
                                                                          1,208
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,186
                                                                          2,186
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                      4,205,235
                                                                     14,709,191
                                                                     10,503,956
                                                                     17,466,125
                                                                     43,216,059
                                                                     25,749,934
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                     12,148,709
                                                                     12,148,709
                                                                              0
                                                                     26,190,860
                                                                     26,190,860
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,245
                                                                          2,245
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,974
                                                                          5,974
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                     26,959,737
                                                                     26,959,737
                                                                              0
                                                                     70,355,309
                                                                     70,355,309
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            570
                                                                            570
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,592
                                                                          2,592
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         60,566
                                                                         60,566
                                                                              0
                                                                        385,442
                                                                        385,442
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.3: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  NTNCWSs
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                         17,589
                                                                         17,589
                                                                              0
                                                                         17,589
                                                                         17,589
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                             48
                                                                             42
                                                                             37
                                                                             56
                                                                             19
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            334
                                                                         16,329
                                                                         15,995
                                                                          3,638
                                                                         27,249
                                                                         23,611
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                             84
                                                                             78
                                                                             31
                                                                            104
                                                                             73
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            549
                                                                              4
                                                                           -545
                                                                          1,147
                                                                              7
                                                                         -1,139
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        153,424
                                                                         13,246
                                                                       -140,178
                                                                        332,329
                                                                         28,690
                                                                       -303,640
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             78
                                                                             25
                                                                            -53
                                                                            184
                                                                             21
                                                                           -163
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             76
                                                                             76
                                                                              0
                                                                            225
                                                                            225
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         73,887
                                                                         47,704
                                                                        -26,183
                                                                        159,460
                                                                         76,313
                                                                        -83,147
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         45,068
                                                                         45,068
                                                                              0
                                                                        170,430
                                                                        170,430
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             68
                                                                             68
                                                                              0
                                                                            175
                                                                            175
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         91,791
                                                                         91,791
                                                                              0
                                                                        245,951
                                                                        245,951
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            637
                                                                            637
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,322
                                                                          1,322
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                        177,712
                                                                        177,712
                                                                              0
                                                                        385,089
                                                                        385,089
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.4: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private PWS
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                         23,021
                                                                         23,021
                                                                              0
                                                                         23,021
                                                                         23,021
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             58
                                                                            399
                                                                            341
                                                                            420
                                                                             96
                                                                           -324
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             26
                                                                             26
                                                                              0
                                                                             36
                                                                             36
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,142
                                                                          4,142
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,185
                                                                          4,185
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          3,079
                                                                         46,050
                                                                         42,971
                                                                         54,107
                                                                        110,320
                                                                         56,213
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         40,388
                                                                         40,388
                                                                              0
                                                                         51,032
                                                                         51,032
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         28,493
                                                                         28,493
                                                                              0
                                                                         42,887
                                                                         42,887
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,074
                                                                         16,119
                                                                         15,045
                                                                         19,471
                                                                         37,022
                                                                         17,551
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         13,750
                                                                         13,750
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,713
                                                                         16,713
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,191
                                                                         10,191
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,398
                                                                         15,398
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            650
                                                                            212
                                                                           -438
                                                                          1,476
                                                                            336
                                                                         -1,139
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        265,111
                                                                        230,134
                                                                        -34,977
                                                                        628,180
                                                                        501,361
                                                                       -126,819
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             55
                                                                            159
                                                                            104
                                                                            365
                                                                            512
                                                                            147
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            387
                                                                            387
                                                                              0
                                                                            619
                                                                            619
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        468,719
                                                                      1,737,142
                                                                      1,268,424
                                                                      2,272,099
                                                                      5,266,719
                                                                      2,994,620
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,695,337
                                                                      1,695,337
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,472,798
                                                                      3,472,798
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            551
                                                                            551
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,133
                                                                          1,133
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,519,197
                                                                      3,519,197
                                                                              0
                                                                      8,863,940
                                                                      8,863,940
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            472
                                                                            472
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,914
                                                                          1,914
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         45,088
                                                                         45,088
                                                                              0
                                                                        249,375
                                                                        249,375
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.5: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public PWS
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                         44,635
                                                                         44,635
                                                                              0
                                                                         44,635
                                                                         44,635
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             82
                                                                            560
                                                                            478
                                                                            978
                                                                            691
                                                                           -287
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            204
                                                                            204
                                                                              0
                                                                            333
                                                                            333
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,995
                                                                          6,995
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,899
                                                                          9,899
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                         22,850
                                                                        389,914
                                                                        367,064
                                                                        306,822
                                                                        830,084
                                                                        523,261
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        274,422
                                                                        274,422
                                                                              0
                                                                        366,300
                                                                        366,300
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                        213,572
                                                                        213,572
                                                                              0
                                                                        247,666
                                                                        247,666
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          7,695
                                                                        122,225
                                                                        114,530
                                                                        106,820
                                                                        265,241
                                                                        158,421
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         92,088
                                                                         92,088
                                                                              0
                                                                        122,210
                                                                        122,210
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         84,625
                                                                         84,625
                                                                              0
                                                                         98,881
                                                                         98,881
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                          1,091
                                                                            432
                                                                           -659
                                                                          2,357
                                                                            905
                                                                         -1,453
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                      1,590,837
                                                                      1,415,781
                                                                       -175,055
                                                                      3,653,990
                                                                      3,217,069
                                                                       -436,921
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                            290
                                                                            749
                                                                            459
                                                                          1,174
                                                                          2,866
                                                                          1,693
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            897
                                                                            897
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,792
                                                                          1,792
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                      3,810,403
                                                                     13,019,752
                                                                      9,209,349
                                                                     15,353,486
                                                                     38,025,653
                                                                     22,672,167
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                     10,498,440
                                                                     10,498,440
                                                                              0
                                                                     22,888,493
                                                                     22,888,493
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,761
                                                                          1,761
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,016
                                                                          5,016
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                     23,532,331
                                                                     23,532,331
                                                                              0
                                                                     61,737,320
                                                                     61,737,320
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            735
                                                                            735
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,000
                                                                          2,000
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                        193,189
                                                                        193,189
                                                                              0
                                                                        521,155
                                                                        521,155
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.6: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          9,652
                                                                          9,652
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,652
                                                                          9,652
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             26
                                                                            169
                                                                            143
                                                                            120
                                                                             10
                                                                           -110
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,637
                                                                          1,637
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,107
                                                                          1,107
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             38
                                                                          1,394
                                                                          1,356
                                                                          1,278
                                                                            118
                                                                         -1,160
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            936
                                                                            936
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             16
                                                                            609
                                                                            593
                                                                            567
                                                                             39
                                                                           -528
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             97
                                                                             97
                                                                              0
                                                                            413
                                                                            413
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            306
                                                                              3
                                                                           -303
                                                                            696
                                                                              0
                                                                           -696
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         18,396
                                                                            293
                                                                        -18,103
                                                                         41,594
                                                                              0
                                                                        -41,594
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             11
                                                                              1
                                                                            -10
                                                                             83
                                                                             15
                                                                            -68
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             80
                                                                             80
                                                                              0
                                                                            148
                                                                            148
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                            533
                                                                             46
                                                                           -487
                                                                          5,055
                                                                          1,147
                                                                         -3,908
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,269
                                                                          5,269
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,512
                                                                          9,512
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             33
                                                                             33
                                                                              0
                                                                             55
                                                                             55
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,324
                                                                          2,324
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,654
                                                                          3,654
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            305
                                                                            305
                                                                              0
                                                                            974
                                                                            974
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         17,829
                                                                         17,829
                                                                              0
                                                                         58,550
                                                                         58,550
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.7: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          8,391
                                                                          8,391
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,391
                                                                          8,391
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             15
                                                                            125
                                                                            110
                                                                            116
                                                                             16
                                                                           -100
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,188
                                                                          1,188
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,187
                                                                          1,187
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            149
                                                                          4,127
                                                                          3,978
                                                                          5,283
                                                                          1,094
                                                                         -4,189
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            648
                                                                            648
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,018
                                                                          4,018
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             61
                                                                          1,608
                                                                          1,546
                                                                          2,109
                                                                            342
                                                                         -1,767
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            293
                                                                            293
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,608
                                                                          1,608
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            249
                                                                            119
                                                                           -130
                                                                            561
                                                                            155
                                                                           -406
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         56,621
                                                                         33,339
                                                                        -23,282
                                                                        130,901
                                                                         52,504
                                                                        -78,397
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             11
                                                                             49
                                                                             38
                                                                            100
                                                                             71
                                                                            -29
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            130
                                                                            130
                                                                              0
                                                                            176
                                                                            176
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          3,360
                                                                         14,920
                                                                         11,560
                                                                         24,321
                                                                         21,363
                                                                         -2,958
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         31,899
                                                                         31,899
                                                                              0
                                                                         44,572
                                                                         44,572
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            209
                                                                            209
                                                                              0
                                                                            290
                                                                            290
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         57,925
                                                                         57,925
                                                                              0
                                                                         90,219
                                                                         90,219
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            149
                                                                            149
                                                                              0
                                                                            716
                                                                            716
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         24,945
                                                                         24,945
                                                                              0
                                                                        145,254
                                                                        145,254
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.8: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,301
                                                                          1,301
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,301
                                                                          1,301
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                              9
                                                                              6
                                                                             28
                                                                              2
                                                                            -27
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            176
                                                                            176
                                                                              0
                                                                            382
                                                                            382
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            111
                                                                            991
                                                                            880
                                                                          3,984
                                                                            145
                                                                         -3,838
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            354
                                                                            354
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,706
                                                                          3,706
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             55
                                                                            392
                                                                            337
                                                                          1,635
                                                                             58
                                                                         -1,577
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            138
                                                                            138
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,450
                                                                          1,450
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             37
                                                                             41
                                                                              4
                                                                             77
                                                                             76
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         26,290
                                                                         29,138
                                                                          2,848
                                                                         55,296
                                                                         55,616
                                                                            320
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              4
                                                                             17
                                                                             12
                                                                             18
                                                                             80
                                                                             61
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             23
                                                                             23
                                                                              0
                                                                             45
                                                                             45
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          3,708
                                                                         13,016
                                                                          9,307
                                                                         14,493
                                                                         56,963
                                                                         42,470
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,764
                                                                         16,764
                                                                              0
                                                                         32,234
                                                                         32,234
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             72
                                                                             72
                                                                              0
                                                                            186
                                                                            186
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         51,743
                                                                         51,743
                                                                              0
                                                                        132,890
                                                                        132,890
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             16
                                                                             16
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            910
                                                                            910
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,977
                                                                          9,977
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.9: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            999
                                                                            999
                                                                              0
                                                                            999
                                                                            999
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                             23
                                                                              2
                                                                            -21
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            114
                                                                            114
                                                                              0
                                                                            229
                                                                            229
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,472
                                                                            664
                                                                         -1,808
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            569
                                                                            569
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,914
                                                                          1,914
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            981
                                                                            217
                                                                           -764
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            222
                                                                            222
                                                                              0
                                                                            734
                                                                            734
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             11
                                                                             17
                                                                              6
                                                                             44
                                                                             46
                                                                              2
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         18,242
                                                                         29,124
                                                                         10,882
                                                                         74,914
                                                                         79,889
                                                                          4,975
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              5
                                                                             15
                                                                             10
                                                                             22
                                                                             75
                                                                             53
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             16
                                                                             16
                                                                              0
                                                                             32
                                                                             32
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          8,849
                                                                         29,653
                                                                         20,804
                                                                         38,291
                                                                        143,222
                                                                        104,931
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         31,669
                                                                         31,669
                                                                              0
                                                                         61,805
                                                                         61,805
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             45
                                                                             45
                                                                              0
                                                                            140
                                                                            140
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         85,169
                                                                         85,169
                                                                              0
                                                                        264,071
                                                                        264,071
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,400
                                                                          2,400
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.10: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            333
                                                                            333
                                                                              0
                                                                            333
                                                                            333
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                             -0
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                             -8
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             44
                                                                             44
                                                                              0
                                                                             94
                                                                             94
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            168
                                                                              0
                                                                           -168
                                                                          2,332
                                                                              0
                                                                         -2,332
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            686
                                                                            686
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,668
                                                                          1,668
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             55
                                                                              0
                                                                            -55
                                                                            808
                                                                              0
                                                                           -808
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            250
                                                                            250
                                                                              0
                                                                            622
                                                                            622
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              9
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
                                                                             16
                                                                             16
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         51,212
                                                                         51,412
                                                                            200
                                                                         83,932
                                                                         89,798
                                                                          5,867
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              7
                                                                              5
                                                                             10
                                                                             27
                                                                             17
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             20
                                                                             20
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         10,762
                                                                         49,988
                                                                         39,226
                                                                         60,192
                                                                        151,875
                                                                         91,683
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         12,966
                                                                         12,966
                                                                              0
                                                                        109,196
                                                                        109,196
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
                                                                             60
                                                                             60
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        109,813
                                                                        109,813
                                                                              0
                                                                        332,436
                                                                        332,436
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.11: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            171
                                                                            171
                                                                              0
                                                                            171
                                                                            171
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                             13
                                                                              8
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             40
                                                                             40
                                                                              0
                                                                             45
                                                                             45
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            294
                                                                          4,824
                                                                          4,529
                                                                          1,868
                                                                          7,869
                                                                          6,000
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,800
                                                                          4,800
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,468
                                                                          2,468
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,152
                                                                          3,152
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,775
                                                                          1,775
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            111
                                                                          1,795
                                                                          1,684
                                                                            692
                                                                          2,934
                                                                          2,242
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,761
                                                                          1,761
                                                                              0
                                                                            904
                                                                            904
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,180
                                                                          1,180
                                                                              0
                                                                            661
                                                                            661
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         47,120
                                                                         47,120
                                                                              0
                                                                        146,138
                                                                        142,093
                                                                         -4,045
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                              6
                                                                             14
                                                                              8
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                              7
                                                                              7
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          6,473
                                                                         85,004
                                                                         78,531
                                                                         97,376
                                                                        269,570
                                                                        172,194
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         89,747
                                                                         89,747
                                                                              0
                                                                        141,853
                                                                        141,853
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                             28
                                                                             28
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        214,372
                                                                        214,372
                                                                              0
                                                                        546,544
                                                                        546,544
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.12: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                              7
                                                                              7
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            117
                                                                            757
                                                                            640
                                                                            886
                                                                          2,383
                                                                          1,497
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,340
                                                                          1,340
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,288
                                                                          1,288
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,006
                                                                          1,006
                                                                              0
                                                                            700
                                                                            700
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             47
                                                                            245
                                                                            198
                                                                            302
                                                                            852
                                                                            550
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            472
                                                                            472
                                                                              0
                                                                            463
                                                                            463
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            361
                                                                            361
                                                                              0
                                                                            251
                                                                            251
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          1,884
                                                                              0
                                                                         -1,884
                                                                          6,494
                                                                          7,338
                                                                            844
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         30,040
                                                                         50,383
                                                                         20,343
                                                                        113,692
                                                                        164,828
                                                                         51,136
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         67,077
                                                                         67,077
                                                                              0
                                                                         90,392
                                                                         90,392
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        115,059
                                                                        115,059
                                                                              0
                                                                        260,134
                                                                        260,134
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.13: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,693
                                                                          1,693
                                                                          3,247
                                                                          9,646
                                                                          6,399
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,438
                                                                          1,438
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,328
                                                                          4,328
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,409
                                                                          1,409
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,319
                                                                          2,319
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                            506
                                                                            506
                                                                            995
                                                                          2,894
                                                                          1,899
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            434
                                                                            434
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,342
                                                                          1,342
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            420
                                                                            420
                                                                              0
                                                                            693
                                                                            693
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         33,015
                                                                        112,372
                                                                         79,357
                                                                        211,488
                                                                        402,807
                                                                        191,318
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         87,685
                                                                         87,685
                                                                              0
                                                                        267,503
                                                                        267,503
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        191,354
                                                                        191,354
                                                                              0
                                                                        656,184
                                                                        656,184
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.14: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            456
                                                                            456
                                                                              0
                                                                            456
                                                                            456
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              3
                                                                             31
                                                                             28
                                                                             19
                                                                              3
                                                                            -17
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            218
                                                                            218
                                                                              0
                                                                            207
                                                                            207
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                            259
                                                                            253
                                                                            218
                                                                             26
                                                                           -192
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            168
                                                                            168
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              3
                                                                            117
                                                                            115
                                                                            101
                                                                             11
                                                                            -90
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             14
                                                                             14
                                                                              0
                                                                             84
                                                                             84
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              7
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -7
                                                                             21
                                                                              0
                                                                            -21
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                            464
                                                                             16
                                                                           -448
                                                                          1,320
                                                                              0
                                                                         -1,320
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             -2
                                                                             18
                                                                              2
                                                                            -16
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             27
                                                                             27
                                                                              0
                                                                             32
                                                                             32
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                            179
                                                                             42
                                                                           -137
                                                                          1,137
                                                                            212
                                                                           -925
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,749
                                                                          1,749
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,177
                                                                          2,177
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            604
                                                                            604
                                                                              0
                                                                            647
                                                                            647
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             12
                                                                             12
                                                                              0
                                                                             93
                                                                             93
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            664
                                                                            664
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,764
                                                                          5,764
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.15: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            760
                                                                            760
                                                                              0
                                                                            760
                                                                            760
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                             39
                                                                             33
                                                                             39
                                                                              3
                                                                            -36
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            359
                                                                            359
                                                                              0
                                                                            377
                                                                            377
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             50
                                                                          1,517
                                                                          1,468
                                                                          1,994
                                                                            170
                                                                         -1,825
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            242
                                                                            242
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,401
                                                                          1,401
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             19
                                                                            601
                                                                            581
                                                                            767
                                                                             58
                                                                           -709
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             97
                                                                             97
                                                                              0
                                                                            554
                                                                            554
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             15
                                                                              8
                                                                             -7
                                                                             28
                                                                             12
                                                                            -17
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          3,838
                                                                          2,454
                                                                         -1,384
                                                                          7,095
                                                                          3,969
                                                                         -3,126
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              5
                                                                             18
                                                                             13
                                                                             38
                                                                             38
                                                                             -1
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             53
                                                                             53
                                                                              0
                                                                             58
                                                                             58
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,345
                                                                          5,841
                                                                          4,496
                                                                         10,549
                                                                         12,083
                                                                          1,534
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         13,581
                                                                         13,581
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,461
                                                                         15,461
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             56
                                                                             56
                                                                              0
                                                                             74
                                                                             74
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,754
                                                                         15,754
                                                                              0
                                                                         22,492
                                                                         22,492
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                            112
                                                                            112
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            741
                                                                            741
                                                                              0
                                                                         26,529
                                                                         26,529
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.16: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            222
                                                                            222
                                                                              0
                                                                            222
                                                                            222
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                             13
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                            -13
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             79
                                                                             79
                                                                              0
                                                                            129
                                                                            129
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             35
                                                                            743
                                                                            708
                                                                          1,802
                                                                             11
                                                                         -1,791
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            162
                                                                            162
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,287
                                                                          1,287
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             14
                                                                            272
                                                                            258
                                                                            685
                                                                              3
                                                                           -681
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             63
                                                                             63
                                                                              0
                                                                            504
                                                                            504
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                             -1
                                                                              9
                                                                              8
                                                                             -1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          3,158
                                                                          2,750
                                                                           -407
                                                                          6,445
                                                                          5,563
                                                                           -882
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              8
                                                                              6
                                                                             11
                                                                             39
                                                                             28
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,394
                                                                          6,259
                                                                          4,865
                                                                          7,943
                                                                         29,359
                                                                         21,416
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,385
                                                                          9,385
                                                                              0
                                                                         12,954
                                                                         12,954
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             21
                                                                             21
                                                                              0
                                                                             58
                                                                             58
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,519
                                                                         15,519
                                                                              0
                                                                         43,735
                                                                         43,735
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            902
                                                                            902
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.17: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            285
                                                                            285
                                                                              0
                                                                            285
                                                                            285
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             20
                                                                              2
                                                                            -18
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            101
                                                                            101
                                                                              0
                                                                            173
                                                                            173
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             48
                                                                            218
                                                                            170
                                                                          2,400
                                                                            507
                                                                         -1,893
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            531
                                                                            531
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,502
                                                                          1,502
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             17
                                                                             76
                                                                             59
                                                                            902
                                                                            160
                                                                           -742
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            209
                                                                            209
                                                                              0
                                                                            584
                                                                            584
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                             -0
                                                                             11
                                                                             10
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         10,620
                                                                          9,855
                                                                           -765
                                                                         19,412
                                                                         19,038
                                                                           -374
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              4
                                                                             14
                                                                             10
                                                                             20
                                                                             65
                                                                             44
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             12
                                                                             12
                                                                              0
                                                                             28
                                                                             28
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          8,378
                                                                         28,136
                                                                         19,757
                                                                         38,855
                                                                        124,278
                                                                         85,423
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         23,821
                                                                         23,821
                                                                              0
                                                                         56,828
                                                                         56,828
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             27
                                                                             27
                                                                              0
                                                                             92
                                                                             92
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         53,207
                                                                         53,207
                                                                              0
                                                                        179,630
                                                                        179,630
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.18: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            163
                                                                            163
                                                                              0
                                                                            163
                                                                            163
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                             -1
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                            -13
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             48
                                                                             48
                                                                              0
                                                                            101
                                                                            101
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             97
                                                                              0
                                                                            -97
                                                                          3,122
                                                                              0
                                                                         -3,122
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            770
                                                                            770
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,864
                                                                          1,864
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             36
                                                                              0
                                                                            -36
                                                                          1,181
                                                                              0
                                                                         -1,181
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            284
                                                                            284
                                                                              0
                                                                            691
                                                                            691
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                             -1
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         18,434
                                                                         16,360
                                                                         -2,074
                                                                         26,844
                                                                         26,592
                                                                           -252
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              3
                                                                              7
                                                                              5
                                                                             15
                                                                             36
                                                                             22
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                             20
                                                                             20
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         14,052
                                                                         45,528
                                                                         31,476
                                                                         78,874
                                                                        214,563
                                                                        135,689
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         48,272
                                                                         48,272
                                                                              0
                                                                        122,213
                                                                        122,213
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             17
                                                                             17
                                                                              0
                                                                             58
                                                                             58
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        106,586
                                                                        106,586
                                                                              0
                                                                        349,566
                                                                        349,566
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.19: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            172
                                                                            172
                                                                              0
                                                                            172
                                                                            172
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                              9
                                                                              8
                                                                             10
                                                                             30
                                                                             20
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                             19
                                                                             19
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             82
                                                                             82
                                                                              0
                                                                             93
                                                                             93
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            656
                                                                         12,612
                                                                         11,956
                                                                          6,022
                                                                         22,887
                                                                         16,865
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,521
                                                                         14,521
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,146
                                                                         10,146
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,049
                                                                          8,049
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,333
                                                                          4,333
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            229
                                                                          4,463
                                                                          4,234
                                                                          2,279
                                                                          8,484
                                                                          6,205
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,098
                                                                          5,098
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,757
                                                                          3,757
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,983
                                                                          2,983
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,609
                                                                          1,609
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          8,833
                                                                          8,274
                                                                           -559
                                                                         27,794
                                                                         18,961
                                                                         -8,833
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                             10
                                                                              8
                                                                             14
                                                                             32
                                                                             19
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                             20
                                                                             20
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         49,682
                                                                        265,887
                                                                        216,205
                                                                        341,634
                                                                        815,302
                                                                        473,668
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        308,975
                                                                        308,975
                                                                              0
                                                                        497,014
                                                                        497,014
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             20
                                                                             20
                                                                              0
                                                                             51
                                                                             51
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        535,644
                                                                        535,644
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,289,682
                                                                      1,289,682
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.20: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             38
                                                                             38
                                                                              0
                                                                             38
                                                                             38
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
                                                                              4
                                                                              3
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             19
                                                                             19
                                                                              0
                                                                             15
                                                                             15
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            681
                                                                          4,435
                                                                          3,754
                                                                          1,312
                                                                          5,928
                                                                          4,616
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,522
                                                                          3,522
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,456
                                                                          3,456
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,134
                                                                          2,134
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,474
                                                                          1,474
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            208
                                                                          1,400
                                                                          1,192
                                                                            414
                                                                          1,991
                                                                          1,577
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,211
                                                                          1,211
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,123
                                                                          1,123
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            694
                                                                            694
                                                                              0
                                                                            481
                                                                            481
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              1
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              3
                                                                              6
                                                                              3
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         94,159
                                                                        232,123
                                                                        137,964
                                                                        228,617
                                                                        412,665
                                                                        184,047
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        139,399
                                                                        139,399
                                                                              0
                                                                        335,847
                                                                        335,847
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        359,098
                                                                        359,098
                                                                              0
                                                                        711,313
                                                                        711,313
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.21: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             46
                                                                             46
                                                                              0
                                                                             46
                                                                             46
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              3
                                                                              8
                                                                              5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             23
                                                                             23
                                                                              0
                                                                             30
                                                                             30
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            629
                                                                         12,181
                                                                         11,552
                                                                         15,887
                                                                         58,573
                                                                         42,686
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,488
                                                                         14,488
                                                                              0
                                                                         29,235
                                                                         29,235
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,780
                                                                          8,780
                                                                              0
                                                                         13,821
                                                                         13,821
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            204
                                                                          3,939
                                                                          3,736
                                                                          5,053
                                                                         18,882
                                                                         13,828
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,683
                                                                          4,683
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,089
                                                                          9,089
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,773
                                                                          2,773
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,346
                                                                          4,346
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              1
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              4
                                                                              9
                                                                              5
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        202,789
                                                                        768,779
                                                                        565,990
                                                                        999,582
                                                                      2,417,316
                                                                      1,417,734
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        773,748
                                                                        773,748
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,656,570
                                                                      1,656,570
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
                                                                              0
                                                                             14
                                                                             14
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,542,527
                                                                      1,542,527
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,934,906
                                                                      3,934,906
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.22: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                            299
                                                                            299
                                                                              0
                                                                            299
                                                                            299
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            280
                                                                            280
                                                                              0
                                                                            111
                                                                            111
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                             96
                                                                             96
                                                                              0
                                                                             96
                                                                             96
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             90
                                                                             90
                                                                              0
                                                                             36
                                                                             36
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            113
                                                                            113
                                                                              0
                                                                            113
                                                                            113
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                              0
                                                                         29,167
                                                                         29,167
                                                                              0
                                                                         29,167
                                                                         29,167
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         33,333
                                                                         33,333
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,667
                                                                         16,667
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         62,500
                                                                         62,500
                                                                              0
                                                                         45,833
                                                                         45,833
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.23: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,428
                                                                          1,428
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,428
                                                                          1,428
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                             33
                                                                             29
                                                                             24
                                                                             23
                                                                             -1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            316
                                                                            316
                                                                              0
                                                                            217
                                                                            217
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              8
                                                                            256
                                                                            248
                                                                            286
                                                                          1,171
                                                                            885
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            174
                                                                            174
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              3
                                                                            117
                                                                            114
                                                                            121
                                                                            392
                                                                            271
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             22
                                                                             22
                                                                              0
                                                                             91
                                                                             91
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             32
                                                                              1
                                                                            -31
                                                                             82
                                                                              0
                                                                            -82
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          1,841
                                                                            100
                                                                         -1,741
                                                                          5,018
                                                                              0
                                                                         -5,018
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             -2
                                                                             21
                                                                              0
                                                                            -21
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             27
                                                                             27
                                                                              0
                                                                             23
                                                                             23
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                            106
                                                                              0
                                                                           -106
                                                                          1,362
                                                                              0
                                                                         -1,362
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,708
                                                                          1,708
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,485
                                                                          1,485
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             14
                                                                             14
                                                                              0
                                                                             12
                                                                             12
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            892
                                                                            892
                                                                              0
                                                                            848
                                                                            848
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
                                                                              0
                                                                            127
                                                                            127
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,712
                                                                          1,712
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,913
                                                                          7,913
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.24: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          4,844
                                                                          4,844
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,844
                                                                          4,844
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             13
                                                                             98
                                                                             85
                                                                             88
                                                                             11
                                                                            -77
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            937
                                                                            937
                                                                              0
                                                                            948
                                                                            948
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            132
                                                                          4,425
                                                                          4,293
                                                                          4,714
                                                                          1,300
                                                                         -3,414
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            690
                                                                            690
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,868
                                                                          3,868
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             56
                                                                          1,893
                                                                          1,837
                                                                          2,082
                                                                            428
                                                                         -1,654
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            309
                                                                            309
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,673
                                                                          1,673
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            136
                                                                             81
                                                                            -55
                                                                            314
                                                                            153
                                                                           -161
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         39,643
                                                                         27,046
                                                                        -12,597
                                                                         93,141
                                                                         56,812
                                                                        -36,329
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              9
                                                                             38
                                                                             29
                                                                             81
                                                                            151
                                                                             70
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            125
                                                                            125
                                                                              0
                                                                            139
                                                                            139
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          2,744
                                                                         13,663
                                                                         10,919
                                                                         22,590
                                                                         56,434
                                                                         33,844
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         34,572
                                                                         34,572
                                                                              0
                                                                         41,421
                                                                         41,421
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            168
                                                                            168
                                                                              0
                                                                            345
                                                                            345
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         54,173
                                                                         54,173
                                                                              0
                                                                        124,120
                                                                        124,120
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             43
                                                                             43
                                                                              0
                                                                            313
                                                                            313
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,640
                                                                          8,640
                                                                              0
                                                                         70,487
                                                                         70,487
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.25: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          2,949
                                                                          2,949
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,949
                                                                          2,949
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              7
                                                                             40
                                                                             32
                                                                             97
                                                                              5
                                                                            -92
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            556
                                                                            556
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,039
                                                                          1,039
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            178
                                                                          4,644
                                                                          4,466
                                                                         13,590
                                                                          1,092
                                                                        -12,498
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,166
                                                                          1,166
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,384
                                                                         10,384
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             75
                                                                          1,916
                                                                          1,841
                                                                          5,562
                                                                            337
                                                                         -5,225
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            473
                                                                            473
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,333
                                                                          4,333
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             81
                                                                             72
                                                                            -10
                                                                            170
                                                                            164
                                                                             -6
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         59,608
                                                                         54,133
                                                                         -5,476
                                                                        125,496
                                                                        124,466
                                                                         -1,031
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             11
                                                                             41
                                                                             30
                                                                             70
                                                                            258
                                                                            187
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             66
                                                                             66
                                                                              0
                                                                            110
                                                                            110
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          7,554
                                                                         31,008
                                                                         23,454
                                                                         53,040
                                                                        195,646
                                                                        142,606
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         49,524
                                                                         49,524
                                                                              0
                                                                         83,168
                                                                         83,168
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            158
                                                                            158
                                                                              0
                                                                            496
                                                                            496
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        119,580
                                                                        119,580
                                                                              0
                                                                        376,982
                                                                        376,982
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             22
                                                                             22
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,698
                                                                          1,698
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,704
                                                                         14,704
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.26: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          4,538
                                                                          4,538
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,538
                                                                          4,538
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              7
                                                                             16
                                                                              9
                                                                            129
                                                                             34
                                                                            -95
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            769
                                                                            769
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,367
                                                                          1,367
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            438
                                                                          4,698
                                                                          4,260
                                                                         14,811
                                                                         14,801
                                                                            -10
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,907
                                                                          3,907
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,390
                                                                         11,390
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            160
                                                                          1,585
                                                                          1,426
                                                                          5,501
                                                                          5,157
                                                                           -343
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,526
                                                                          1,526
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,440
                                                                          4,440
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            106
                                                                             98
                                                                             -8
                                                                            240
                                                                            228
                                                                            -12
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        198,545
                                                                        183,249
                                                                        -15,296
                                                                        465,618
                                                                        449,556
                                                                        -16,062
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             28
                                                                             95
                                                                             67
                                                                            126
                                                                            474
                                                                            348
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             86
                                                                             86
                                                                              0
                                                                            200
                                                                            200
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         45,678
                                                                        181,656
                                                                        135,978
                                                                        233,547
                                                                        902,929
                                                                        669,382
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        158,778
                                                                        158,778
                                                                              0
                                                                        366,134
                                                                        366,134
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            255
                                                                            255
                                                                              0
                                                                            852
                                                                            852
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        482,040
                                                                        482,040
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,617,832
                                                                      1,617,832
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,380
                                                                          1,380
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,163
                                                                          4,163
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.27: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          2,438
                                                                          2,438
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,438
                                                                          2,438
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             -2
                                                                             62
                                                                              6
                                                                            -57
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            355
                                                                            355
                                                                              0
                                                                            699
                                                                            699
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            405
                                                                              0
                                                                           -405
                                                                         15,376
                                                                          2,582
                                                                        -12,794
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,447
                                                                          5,447
                                                                              0
                                                                         12,433
                                                                         12,433
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            158
                                                                              0
                                                                           -158
                                                                          5,656
                                                                            937
                                                                         -4,719
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,093
                                                                          2,093
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,760
                                                                          4,760
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             46
                                                                             48
                                                                              2
                                                                            108
                                                                            108
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        256,696
                                                                        272,134
                                                                         15,438
                                                                        603,683
                                                                        604,186
                                                                            504
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             22
                                                                             54
                                                                             32
                                                                             73
                                                                            234
                                                                            160
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             26
                                                                             26
                                                                              0
                                                                            113
                                                                            113
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        120,018
                                                                        293,669
                                                                        173,650
                                                                        404,574
                                                                      1,344,928
                                                                        940,353
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        133,659
                                                                        133,659
                                                                              0
                                                                        608,927
                                                                        608,927
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            119
                                                                            119
                                                                              0
                                                                            442
                                                                            442
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        658,542
                                                                        658,542
                                                                              0
                                                                      2,485,840
                                                                      2,485,840
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,630
                                                                          7,630
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.28: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,154
                                                                          1,154
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,154
                                                                          1,154
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              2
                                                                             24
                                                                             23
                                                                             31
                                                                             95
                                                                             64
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             29
                                                                             29
                                                                              0
                                                                             57
                                                                             57
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            306
                                                                            306
                                                                              0
                                                                            357
                                                                            357
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,414
                                                                         32,328
                                                                         30,914
                                                                         15,128
                                                                         62,687
                                                                         47,559
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         26,662
                                                                         26,662
                                                                              0
                                                                         28,604
                                                                         28,604
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         27,174
                                                                         27,174
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,259
                                                                         15,259
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            516
                                                                         11,416
                                                                         10,900
                                                                          5,309
                                                                         21,642
                                                                         16,333
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,060
                                                                          9,060
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,965
                                                                          9,965
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,489
                                                                          9,489
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,330
                                                                          5,330
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             17
                                                                             17
                                                                              0
                                                                             40
                                                                             40
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        302,139
                                                                        341,246
                                                                         39,107
                                                                        778,425
                                                                        800,256
                                                                         21,831
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              8
                                                                             29
                                                                             21
                                                                             42
                                                                            105
                                                                             63
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             24
                                                                             24
                                                                              0
                                                                             57
                                                                             57
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        167,951
                                                                        666,149
                                                                        498,198
                                                                        861,081
                                                                      2,245,337
                                                                      1,384,256
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        541,062
                                                                        541,062
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,284,845
                                                                      1,284,845
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             67
                                                                             67
                                                                              0
                                                                            198
                                                                            198
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,475,299
                                                                      1,475,299
                                                                              0
                                                                      4,246,274
                                                                      4,246,274
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.29: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            137
                                                                            137
                                                                              0
                                                                            137
                                                                            137
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                             12
                                                                              7
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             71
                                                                             71
                                                                              0
                                                                             61
                                                                             61
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            402
                                                                          8,341
                                                                          7,939
                                                                          5,089
                                                                         17,236
                                                                         12,147
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,471
                                                                          5,471
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,174
                                                                         10,174
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,885
                                                                          7,885
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,701
                                                                          5,701
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            139
                                                                          2,804
                                                                          2,664
                                                                          1,698
                                                                          5,757
                                                                          4,059
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,831
                                                                          1,831
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,366
                                                                          3,366
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,633
                                                                          2,633
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,907
                                                                          1,907
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              7
                                                                              5
                                                                             10
                                                                             18
                                                                              7
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        153,531
                                                                        471,211
                                                                        317,681
                                                                        693,605
                                                                      1,181,037
                                                                        487,432
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        263,660
                                                                        263,660
                                                                              0
                                                                        881,554
                                                                        881,554
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        709,551
                                                                        709,551
                                                                              0
                                                                      2,019,422
                                                                      2,019,422
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.30: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             53
                                                                             53
                                                                              0
                                                                             53
                                                                             53
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              3
                                                                              8
                                                                              5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             24
                                                                             24
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            426
                                                                          7,335
                                                                          6,909
                                                                         11,704
                                                                         44,146
                                                                         32,442
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,154
                                                                          5,154
                                                                              0
                                                                         19,867
                                                                         19,867
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,157
                                                                          7,157
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,247
                                                                         11,247
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            138
                                                                          2,472
                                                                          2,334
                                                                          3,873
                                                                         15,003
                                                                         11,130
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,798
                                                                          1,798
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,881
                                                                          6,881
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,443
                                                                          2,443
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,826
                                                                          3,826
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          6,278
                                                                          7,973
                                                                          1,695
                                                                         20,029
                                                                         22,321
                                                                          2,292
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              1
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              4
                                                                              9
                                                                              5
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        225,985
                                                                        551,184
                                                                        325,198
                                                                        854,288
                                                                      1,919,704
                                                                      1,065,416
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        334,997
                                                                        334,997
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,100,068
                                                                      1,100,068
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
                                                                             14
                                                                             14
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        862,319
                                                                        862,319
                                                                              0
                                                                      2,990,846
                                                                      2,990,846
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.31:System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             61
                                                                          1,493
                                                                          1,432
                                                                             61
                                                                          1,314
                                                                          1,253
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            766
                                                                            766
                                                                              0
                                                                            764
                                                                            764
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             15
                                                                            363
                                                                            348
                                                                             15
                                                                            320
                                                                            305
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            184
                                                                            184
                                                                              0
                                                                            184
                                                                            184
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            294
                                                                            294
                                                                              0
                                                                            295
                                                                            295
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          6,868
                                                                        117,760
                                                                        110,892
                                                                          6,868
                                                                        103,503
                                                                         96,635
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         85,068
                                                                         85,068
                                                                              0
                                                                         84,640
                                                                         84,640
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        196,564
                                                                        196,564
                                                                              0
                                                                        183,543
                                                                        183,543
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.32: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            510
                                                                            510
                                                                              0
                                                                            510
                                                                            510
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              3
                                                                             42
                                                                             38
                                                                             22
                                                                             23
                                                                              2
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            256
                                                                            256
                                                                              0
                                                                            237
                                                                            237
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                            259
                                                                            255
                                                                            196
                                                                          1,070
                                                                            873
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                            113
                                                                            113
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                            110
                                                                            108
                                                                             83
                                                                            408
                                                                            324
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                             12
                                                                             12
                                                                              0
                                                                             65
                                                                             65
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             10
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                            -10
                                                                             22
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                            -21
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                            514
                                                                             12
                                                                           -502
                                                                          1,144
                                                                             17
                                                                         -1,128
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                             -2
                                                                             21
                                                                              2
                                                                            -18
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             30
                                                                             30
                                                                              0
                                                                             38
                                                                             38
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                            100
                                                                             44
                                                                            -56
                                                                          1,016
                                                                            196
                                                                           -821
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,455
                                                                          1,455
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,742
                                                                          1,742
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            463
                                                                            463
                                                                              0
                                                                            556
                                                                            556
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                             89
                                                                             89
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            681
                                                                            681
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,973
                                                                          3,973
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.33: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,312
                                                                          1,312
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,312
                                                                          1,312
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              7
                                                                             68
                                                                             61
                                                                             59
                                                                              9
                                                                            -49
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            565
                                                                            565
                                                                              0
                                                                            594
                                                                            594
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             71
                                                                          2,846
                                                                          2,775
                                                                          3,287
                                                                          1,197
                                                                         -2,090
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            419
                                                                            419
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,409
                                                                          2,409
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             31
                                                                          1,275
                                                                          1,244
                                                                          1,503
                                                                            393
                                                                         -1,110
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            195
                                                                            195
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,087
                                                                          1,087
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             27
                                                                             24
                                                                             -4
                                                                             55
                                                                             27
                                                                            -29
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          8,393
                                                                          7,847
                                                                           -546
                                                                         16,100
                                                                          9,997
                                                                         -6,103
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              7
                                                                             39
                                                                             32
                                                                             58
                                                                            122
                                                                             64
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             72
                                                                             72
                                                                              0
                                                                            101
                                                                            101
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,932
                                                                         13,450
                                                                         11,518
                                                                         17,227
                                                                         44,881
                                                                         27,654
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         22,330
                                                                         22,330
                                                                              0
                                                                         30,383
                                                                         30,383
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             91
                                                                             91
                                                                              0
                                                                            184
                                                                            184
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         29,720
                                                                         29,720
                                                                              0
                                                                         65,565
                                                                         65,565
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                            120
                                                                            120
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,367
                                                                          1,367
                                                                              0
                                                                         25,477
                                                                         25,477
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.34: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            924
                                                                            924
                                                                              0
                                                                            924
                                                                            924
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                             21
                                                                             16
                                                                             49
                                                                              1
                                                                            -47
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            341
                                                                            341
                                                                              0
                                                                            533
                                                                            533
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            116
                                                                          2,728
                                                                          2,612
                                                                          6,827
                                                                             67
                                                                         -6,759
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            729
                                                                            729
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,352
                                                                          5,352
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                             53
                                                                          1,131
                                                                          1,078
                                                                          2,915
                                                                             31
                                                                         -2,883
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            306
                                                                            306
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,297
                                                                          2,297
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             17
                                                                             18
                                                                              1
                                                                             37
                                                                             36
                                                                             -1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         12,751
                                                                         13,418
                                                                            666
                                                                         28,190
                                                                         27,299
                                                                           -892
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              9
                                                                             35
                                                                             26
                                                                             40
                                                                            167
                                                                            127
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             46
                                                                             46
                                                                              0
                                                                             80
                                                                             80
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          6,586
                                                                         26,866
                                                                         20,280
                                                                         30,368
                                                                        126,846
                                                                         96,478
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                         35,188
                                                                         35,188
                                                                              0
                                                                         60,647
                                                                         60,647
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             87
                                                                             87
                                                                              0
                                                                            258
                                                                            258
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         67,122
                                                                         67,122
                                                                              0
                                                                        195,923
                                                                        195,923
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,719
                                                                          1,719
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.
	
Exhibit C.35: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          2,213
                                                                          2,213
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,213
                                                                          2,213
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             10
                                                                             12
                                                                              2
                                                                            133
                                                                             12
                                                                           -121
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            743
                                                                            743
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,316
                                                                          1,316
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                            753
                                                                          3,116
                                                                          2,364
                                                                         17,143
                                                                          3,486
                                                                        -13,657
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,084
                                                                          4,084
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,900
                                                                         11,900
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            292
                                                                          1,127
                                                                            835
                                                                          6,800
                                                                          1,087
                                                                         -5,713
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,641
                                                                          1,641
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,831
                                                                          4,831
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             35
                                                                             35
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             65
                                                                             64
                                                                             -1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         67,829
                                                                         69,040
                                                                          1,211
                                                                        128,152
                                                                        127,255
                                                                           -897
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             29
                                                                            110
                                                                             81
                                                                            131
                                                                            458
                                                                            327
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             97
                                                                             97
                                                                              0
                                                                            211
                                                                            211
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                         57,601
                                                                        230,223
                                                                        172,622
                                                                        273,021
                                                                        952,544
                                                                        679,523
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        202,187
                                                                        202,187
                                                                              0
                                                                        431,914
                                                                        431,914
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            214
                                                                            214
                                                                              0
                                                                            663
                                                                            663
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                        446,825
                                                                        446,825
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,364,949
                                                                      1,364,949
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.36: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          2,040
                                                                          2,040
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,040
                                                                          2,040
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                              2
                                                                             -5
                                                                            120
                                                                              5
                                                                           -115
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            590
                                                                            590
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,184
                                                                          1,184
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,405
                                                                            892
                                                                           -513
                                                                         32,336
                                                                          1,656
                                                                        -30,680
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,789
                                                                          9,789
                                                                              0
                                                                         22,691
                                                                         22,691
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            547
                                                                            264
                                                                           -282
                                                                         12,301
                                                                            549
                                                                        -11,752
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,702
                                                                          3,702
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,606
                                                                          8,606
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             21
                                                                             22
                                                                              1
                                                                             48
                                                                             49
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        127,112
                                                                        131,974
                                                                          4,862
                                                                        286,903
                                                                        286,904
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             44
                                                                            105
                                                                             61
                                                                            138
                                                                            407
                                                                            269
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             77
                                                                             77
                                                                              0
                                                                            211
                                                                            211
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        281,787
                                                                        640,982
                                                                        359,195
                                                                        848,598
                                                                      2,505,110
                                                                      1,656,511
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        467,030
                                                                        467,030
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,259,622
                                                                      1,259,622
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            192
                                                                            192
                                                                              0
                                                                            634
                                                                            634
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,163,003
                                                                      1,163,003
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,850,026
                                                                      3,850,026
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.37: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,834
                                                                          1,834
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,834
                                                                          1,834
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              7
                                                                            112
                                                                            106
                                                                             87
                                                                            300
                                                                            213
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                            126
                                                                            126
                                                                              0
                                                                            196
                                                                            196
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            828
                                                                            828
                                                                              0
                                                                            965
                                                                            965
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          6,990
                                                                        149,145
                                                                        142,155
                                                                         47,323
                                                                        205,686
                                                                        158,363
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                        119,765
                                                                        119,765
                                                                              0
                                                                         94,356
                                                                         94,356
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         74,348
                                                                         74,348
                                                                              0
                                                                         41,603
                                                                         41,603
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          2,623
                                                                         53,088
                                                                         50,465
                                                                         16,757
                                                                         73,568
                                                                         56,811
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         43,778
                                                                         43,778
                                                                              0
                                                                         34,227
                                                                         34,227
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         26,862
                                                                         26,862
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,020
                                                                         15,020
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             15
                                                                             13
                                                                             -2
                                                                             29
                                                                             26
                                                                             -3
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                        325,583
                                                                        294,363
                                                                        -31,220
                                                                        684,160
                                                                        615,840
                                                                        -68,320
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             25
                                                                            123
                                                                             98
                                                                            120
                                                                            332
                                                                            213
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            105
                                                                            105
                                                                              0
                                                                            189
                                                                            189
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        543,850
                                                                      2,859,483
                                                                      2,315,633
                                                                      2,681,218
                                                                      7,561,892
                                                                      4,880,674
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                      2,309,939
                                                                      2,309,939
                                                                              0
                                                                      4,170,656
                                                                      4,170,656
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            229
                                                                            229
                                                                              0
                                                                            524
                                                                            524
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      5,205,281
                                                                      5,205,281
                                                                              0
                                                                     11,845,441
                                                                     11,845,441
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.38: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            357
                                                                            357
                                                                              0
                                                                            357
                                                                            357
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              2
                                                                             23
                                                                             22
                                                                             16
                                                                             39
                                                                             23
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             24
                                                                             24
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            187
                                                                            187
                                                                              0
                                                                            158
                                                                            158
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,985
                                                                         36,296
                                                                         34,311
                                                                         17,935
                                                                         56,528
                                                                         38,593
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         27,625
                                                                         27,625
                                                                              0
                                                                         34,769
                                                                         34,769
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         21,474
                                                                         21,474
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,523
                                                                         15,523
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            611
                                                                         12,089
                                                                         11,478
                                                                          5,776
                                                                         18,782
                                                                         13,007
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,286
                                                                          9,286
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,604
                                                                         11,604
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,139
                                                                          7,139
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,161
                                                                          5,161
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          7,473
                                                                              0
                                                                         -7,473
                                                                         39,591
                                                                         36,964
                                                                         -2,627
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              7
                                                                             27
                                                                             20
                                                                             29
                                                                             51
                                                                             22
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             19
                                                                             19
                                                                              0
                                                                             41
                                                                             41
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        497,105
                                                                      1,884,088
                                                                      1,386,983
                                                                      1,997,763
                                                                      3,558,413
                                                                      1,560,650
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,323,271
                                                                      1,323,271
                                                                              0
                                                                      2,842,120
                                                                      2,842,120
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             44
                                                                             44
                                                                              0
                                                                             88
                                                                             88
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,022,967
                                                                      3,022,967
                                                                              0
                                                                      6,134,739
                                                                      6,134,739
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.39: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            295
                                                                            295
                                                                              0
                                                                            295
                                                                            295
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                             14
                                                                             13
                                                                             18
                                                                             51
                                                                             33
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
                                                                             34
                                                                             34
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                            143
                                                                            143
                                                                              0
                                                                            183
                                                                            183
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          6,097
                                                                         65,657
                                                                         59,560
                                                                         95,568
                                                                        343,956
                                                                        248,388
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         64,234
                                                                         64,234
                                                                              0
                                                                        158,706
                                                                        158,706
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         49,303
                                                                         49,303
                                                                              0
                                                                         77,619
                                                                         77,619
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,899
                                                                         20,761
                                                                         18,862
                                                                         30,425
                                                                        111,774
                                                                         81,348
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         20,716
                                                                         20,716
                                                                              0
                                                                         51,905
                                                                         51,905
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,022
                                                                         16,022
                                                                              0
                                                                         25,383
                                                                         25,383
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         23,004
                                                                              0
                                                                        -23,004
                                                                         46,009
                                                                         23,004
                                                                        -23,004
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              6
                                                                             18
                                                                             11
                                                                             25
                                                                             57
                                                                             32
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             15
                                                                             15
                                                                              0
                                                                             35
                                                                             35
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                      1,448,682
                                                                      4,098,312
                                                                      2,649,630
                                                                      6,041,028
                                                                     14,248,032
                                                                      8,207,005
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                      3,708,777
                                                                      3,708,777
                                                                              0
                                                                      8,724,601
                                                                      8,724,601
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
                                                                              0
                                                                             89
                                                                             89
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      7,339,988
                                                                      7,339,988
                                                                              0
                                                                     22,318,034
                                                                     22,318,034
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.40: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public CWSs of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
                                                                             18
                                                                             18
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                          1,632
                                                                         49,127
                                                                         47,495
                                                                          1,810
                                                                         42,859
                                                                         41,049
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                         24,745
                                                                         24,745
                                                                              0
                                                                         19,059
                                                                         19,059
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                            372
                                                                          9,730
                                                                          9,358
                                                                            414
                                                                          8,573
                                                                          8,159
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,434
                                                                          5,434
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,077
                                                                          4,077
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,464
                                                                          9,464
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,777
                                                                          9,777
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,502
                                                                          3,502
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                        168,438
                                                                        892,299
                                                                        723,861
                                                                        172,831
                                                                      1,001,908
                                                                        829,077
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                        780,165
                                                                        780,165
                                                                              0
                                                                        744,136
                                                                        744,136
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,606,212
                                                                      1,606,212
                                                                              0
                                                                      1,670,430
                                                                      1,670,430
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.41: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          8,178
                                                                          8,178
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,178
                                                                          8,178
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                             15
                                                                             11
                                                                             14
                                                                             21
                                                                              7
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             63
                                                                            797
                                                                            734
                                                                            192
                                                                          1,048
                                                                            856
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              5
                                                                             18
                                                                             13
                                                                              9
                                                                             22
                                                                             13
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            278
                                                                              0
                                                                           -278
                                                                            553
                                                                              0
                                                                           -553
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         15,085
                                                                              0
                                                                        -15,085
                                                                         31,047
                                                                              0
                                                                        -31,047
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             19
                                                                              1
                                                                            -18
                                                                             51
                                                                              0
                                                                            -51
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             31
                                                                             31
                                                                              0
                                                                             72
                                                                             72
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,308
                                                                             67
                                                                         -1,241
                                                                          3,128
                                                                              0
                                                                         -3,128
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,789
                                                                          1,789
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,021
                                                                          4,021
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              0
                                                                             35
                                                                             35
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            830
                                                                            830
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,805
                                                                          1,805
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            307
                                                                            307
                                                                              0
                                                                            606
                                                                            606
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,796
                                                                         16,796
                                                                              0
                                                                         34,743
                                                                         34,743
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.42: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          6,253
                                                                          6,253
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,253
                                                                          6,253
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                             20
                                                                             19
                                                                             11
                                                                             17
                                                                              6
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             87
                                                                          4,910
                                                                          4,823
                                                                            703
                                                                          4,642
                                                                          3,939
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                             30
                                                                             30
                                                                              8
                                                                             22
                                                                             14
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                            186
                                                                              0
                                                                           -186
                                                                            416
                                                                              0
                                                                           -416
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         46,189
                                                                              0
                                                                        -46,189
                                                                        104,794
                                                                              0
                                                                       -104,794
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             28
                                                                              7
                                                                            -21
                                                                             63
                                                                              2
                                                                            -61
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                             20
                                                                             20
                                                                              0
                                                                             75
                                                                             75
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          8,198
                                                                          2,126
                                                                         -6,072
                                                                         18,357
                                                                            732
                                                                        -17,625
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,245
                                                                          5,245
                                                                              0
                                                                         20,564
                                                                         20,564
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             19
                                                                             19
                                                                              0
                                                                             53
                                                                             53
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,933
                                                                          4,933
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,821
                                                                         14,821
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                            229
                                                                            229
                                                                              0
                                                                            498
                                                                            498
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         58,573
                                                                         58,573
                                                                              0
                                                                        127,670
                                                                        127,670
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.43: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                          1,526
                                                                          1,526
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,526
                                                                          1,526
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                              6
                                                                              2
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             28
                                                                          2,905
                                                                          2,876
                                                                            600
                                                                          4,077
                                                                          3,478
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
                                                                              1
                                                                             18
                                                                             17
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             48
                                                                              1
                                                                            -48
                                                                             98
                                                                              0
                                                                            -98
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         34,390
                                                                            516
                                                                        -33,874
                                                                         70,519
                                                                            302
                                                                        -70,217
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                             10
                                                                              5
                                                                             -5
                                                                             23
                                                                              5
                                                                            -18
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
                                                                              0
                                                                             26
                                                                             26
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          6,692
                                                                          3,570
                                                                         -3,122
                                                                         15,890
                                                                          3,595
                                                                        -12,295
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,154
                                                                          4,154
                                                                              0
                                                                         19,271
                                                                         19,271
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
                                                                             28
                                                                             28
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,797
                                                                          6,797
                                                                              0
                                                                         21,010
                                                                         21,010
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             53
                                                                             53
                                                                              0
                                                                            113
                                                                            113
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         38,071
                                                                         38,071
                                                                              0
                                                                         80,205
                                                                         80,205
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.44: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            765
                                                                            765
                                                                              0
                                                                            765
                                                                            765
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              4
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             36
                                                                          2,230
                                                                          2,194
                                                                            948
                                                                          6,626
                                                                          5,678
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              7
                                                                              7
                                                                              3
                                                                             17
                                                                             15
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                             21
                                                                              2
                                                                            -19
                                                                             46
                                                                              3
                                                                            -42
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         32,556
                                                                          2,189
                                                                        -30,366
                                                                         74,029
                                                                          5,272
                                                                        -68,757
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              6
                                                                              5
                                                                             -1
                                                                             13
                                                                              5
                                                                             -8
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             13
                                                                             13
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          9,742
                                                                          7,309
                                                                         -2,433
                                                                         22,565
                                                                          8,943
                                                                        -13,622
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,773
                                                                          7,773
                                                                              0
                                                                         21,729
                                                                         21,729
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
                                                                              0
                                                                             19
                                                                             19
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,684
                                                                         14,684
                                                                              0
                                                                         31,512
                                                                         31,512
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             21
                                                                             21
                                                                              0
                                                                             49
                                                                             49
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                         35,180
                                                                         35,180
                                                                              0
                                                                         80,248
                                                                         80,248
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.45: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             99
                                                                             99
                                                                              0
                                                                             99
                                                                             99
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             17
                                                                            804
                                                                            788
                                                                            201
                                                                          2,245
                                                                          2,045
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              3
                                                                              1
                                                                             -2
                                                                              6
                                                                              3
                                                                             -3
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                         14,202
                                                                          6,087
                                                                         -8,116
                                                                         28,496
                                                                         12,657
                                                                        -15,839
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                             -0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          5,361
                                                                          4,508
                                                                           -853
                                                                         11,980
                                                                          9,231
                                                                         -2,749
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,274
                                                                          2,274
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,756
                                                                         11,756
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,653
                                                                         11,653
                                                                              0
                                                                         31,146
                                                                         31,146
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          9,047
                                                                          9,047
                                                                              0
                                                                         18,069
                                                                         18,069
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.46: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              8
                                                                            169
                                                                            161
                                                                             74
                                                                            577
                                                                            504
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          4,188
                                                                          2,998
                                                                         -1,190
                                                                          9,187
                                                                          6,980
                                                                         -2,207
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          3,516
                                                                          3,095
                                                                           -421
                                                                          6,762
                                                                          5,920
                                                                           -843
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,533
                                                                          1,533
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,383
                                                                          8,383
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,320
                                                                          7,320
                                                                              0
                                                                         20,176
                                                                         20,176
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,042
                                                                          1,042
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,628
                                                                          2,628
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.47: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              1
                                                                             59
                                                                             58
                                                                             23
                                                                            254
                                                                            231
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,951
                                                                            681
                                                                         -1,270
                                                                          4,034
                                                                          1,138
                                                                         -2,896
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            975
                                                                            975
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,973
                                                                          3,973
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,484
                                                                          1,484
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,674
                                                                          4,674
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,138
                                                                          1,138
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,784
                                                                          2,784
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.48: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            251
                                                                            251
                                                                              0
                                                                            251
                                                                            251
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                              4
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              3
                                                                            115
                                                                            112
                                                                             23
                                                                            143
                                                                            120
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              4
                                                                              3
                                                                              5
                                                                              3
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             -5
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                            -11
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                            288
                                                                              0
                                                                           -288
                                                                            592
                                                                              0
                                                                           -592
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              3
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -3
                                                                              8
                                                                              0
                                                                             -8
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                            145
                                                                             12
                                                                           -133
                                                                            373
                                                                              0
                                                                           -373
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            253
                                                                            253
                                                                              0
                                                                            515
                                                                            515
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            117
                                                                            117
                                                                              0
                                                                            166
                                                                            166
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                             21
                                                                             21
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            566
                                                                            566
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,068
                                                                          1,068
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.49: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            261
                                                                            261
                                                                              0
                                                                            261
                                                                            261
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                             -0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              6
                                                                            422
                                                                            415
                                                                            108
                                                                            362
                                                                            254
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              4
                                                                              3
                                                                             -2
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              5
                                                                              0
                                                                             -5
                                                                             11
                                                                              0
                                                                            -11
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          1,328
                                                                              0
                                                                         -1,328
                                                                          2,796
                                                                              0
                                                                         -2,796
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              4
                                                                              1
                                                                             -3
                                                                              9
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -9
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
                                                                             11
                                                                             11
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,018
                                                                            238
                                                                           -780
                                                                          2,399
                                                                             10
                                                                         -2,389
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,059
                                                                          1,059
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,810
                                                                          2,810
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              0
                                                                              8
                                                                              8
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                            899
                                                                            899
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,161
                                                                          2,161
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
                                                                              0
                                                                             21
                                                                             21
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,238
                                                                          2,238
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,226
                                                                          5,226
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.50: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             82
                                                                             82
                                                                              0
                                                                             82
                                                                             82
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             14
                                                                            415
                                                                            401
                                                                            116
                                                                            659
                                                                            543
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -1
                                                                              2
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -2
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                            748
                                                                             16
                                                                           -732
                                                                          1,405
                                                                              9
                                                                         -1,397
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
                                                                             -1
                                                                              4
                                                                              1
                                                                             -3
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          1,393
                                                                            835
                                                                           -558
                                                                          3,359
                                                                            857
                                                                         -2,502
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                            977
                                                                            977
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,540
                                                                          3,540
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,576
                                                                          1,576
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,907
                                                                          3,907
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,352
                                                                          1,352
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,535
                                                                          3,535
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.
	
 Exhibit C.51: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                            102
                                                                            102
                                                                              0
                                                                            102
                                                                            102
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             38
                                                                          1,241
                                                                          1,203
                                                                            196
                                                                          1,912
                                                                          1,716
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
                                                                              1
                                                                              7
                                                                              6
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -1
                                                                              2
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -2
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          2,210
                                                                             93
                                                                         -2,117
                                                                          3,980
                                                                            176
                                                                         -3,804
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                             -1
                                                                              6
                                                                              3
                                                                             -3
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          5,850
                                                                          4,252
                                                                         -1,597
                                                                         12,266
                                                                          4,914
                                                                         -7,352
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,731
                                                                          3,731
                                                                              0
                                                                         12,661
                                                                         12,661
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
                                                                              9
                                                                              9
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,854
                                                                          6,854
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,270
                                                                         16,270
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              5
                                                                              5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,309
                                                                          4,309
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,380
                                                                         10,380
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.52: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             49
                                                                             49
                                                                              0
                                                                             49
                                                                             49
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                             27
                                                                          1,200
                                                                          1,173
                                                                            129
                                                                          1,772
                                                                          1,643
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                              1
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                          1,283
                                                                            569
                                                                           -714
                                                                          2,977
                                                                          1,145
                                                                         -1,833
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
                                                                             -0
                                                                              3
                                                                              2
                                                                             -1
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              3
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          9,135
                                                                          7,650
                                                                         -1,485
                                                                         19,739
                                                                         14,536
                                                                         -5,202
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,678
                                                                          5,678
                                                                              0
                                                                         20,601
                                                                         20,601
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              2
                                                                              2
                                                                              0
                                                                              6
                                                                              6
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         12,664
                                                                         12,664
                                                                              0
                                                                         33,898
                                                                         33,898
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,076
                                                                          3,076
                                                                              0
                                                                          7,027
                                                                          7,027
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.53: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                            559
                                                                            559
                                                                            162
                                                                          1,483
                                                                          1,321
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                            955
                                                                            776
                                                                           -179
                                                                          2,507
                                                                          2,149
                                                                           -358
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          7,528
                                                                          7,126
                                                                           -403
                                                                         15,848
                                                                         14,699
                                                                         -1,149
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,463
                                                                          4,463
                                                                              0
                                                                         18,096
                                                                         18,096
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                         11,512
                                                                         11,512
                                                                              0
                                                                         32,770
                                                                         32,770
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                            747
                                                                            747
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,161
                                                                          1,161
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.54: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                            122
                                                                            122
                                                                             36
                                                                            442
                                                                            406
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          2,979
                                                                            907
                                                                         -2,073
                                                                          5,757
                                                                          1,569
                                                                         -4,188
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,382
                                                                          1,382
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,872
                                                                          5,872
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,130
                                                                          2,130
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,822
                                                                          6,822
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,957
                                                                          1,957
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,958
                                                                          3,958
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Exhibit C.55: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 PWS Count
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs With Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Mandatory)
                                                                              4
                                                                            381
                                                                            377
                                                                            128
                                                                          1,006
                                                                            878
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population impacted by Lead Service Line Removals (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Mandatory)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Lead Service Lines Replaced (Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Install CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Population Affected by CCT Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to ALE
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                             -0
 PWSs that Re-Optimize CCT due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to ALE
                                                                          9,071
                                                                          5,328
                                                                         -3,742
                                                                         17,002
                                                                         10,169
                                                                         -6,833
 Population Affected by CCT Re-Optimization due to TLE
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,783
                                                                          3,783
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,636
                                                                         16,636
 PWSs that Conduct Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by Find and Fix of CCT
                                                                              0
                                                                          8,338
                                                                          8,338
                                                                              0
                                                                         24,812
                                                                         24,812
 PWSs that Install POU
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                              0
                                                                       < 0.5
                                                                       < 0.5
 Population Affected by POU Installation
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,620
                                                                          3,620
                                                                              0
                                                                          6,386
                                                                          6,386
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

National Annualized Rule Costs 
3 Percent Discount Rate

 Exhibit C.56: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $41,962,000
                                                                    $67,744,000
                                                                    $25,782,000
                                                                    $45,099,000
                                                                    $78,739,000
                                                                    $33,641,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $628,000
                                                                    $44,372,000
                                                                    $43,744,000
                                                                    $27,277,000
                                                                   $140,242,000
                                                                   $112,965,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $344,483,000
                                                                   $363,894,000
                                                                    $19,412,000
                                                                   $385,681,000
                                                                   $471,087,000
                                                                    $85,407,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,418,000
                                                                     $3,418,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,238,000
                                                                    $20,238,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $345,000
                                                                    $37,207,000
                                                                    $36,861,000
                                                                     $1,467,000
                                                                    $45,461,000
                                                                    $43,994,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,576,000
                                                                     $2,576,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,576,000
                                                                     $2,576,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $387,417,000
                                                                   $519,210,000
                                                                   $131,792,000
                                                                   $459,523,000
                                                                   $758,343,000
                                                                   $298,820,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $6,145,000
                                                                    $25,852,000
                                                                    $19,707,000
                                                                     $7,137,000
                                                                    $27,893,000
                                                                    $20,756,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                     $7,918,000
                                                                     $5,466,000
                                                                    $19,542,000
                                                                    $14,076,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                     $1,313,000
                                                                     $1,152,000
                                                                       $695,000
                                                                     $2,523,000
                                                                     $1,828,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $393,904,000
                                                                   $554,475,000
                                                                   $160,571,000
                                                                   $472,821,000
                                                                   $808,301,000
                                                                   $335,481,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.57: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $39,664,000
                                                                    $63,591,000
                                                                    $23,926,000
                                                                    $42,579,000
                                                                    $74,505,000
                                                                    $31,926,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $627,000
                                                                    $44,230,000
                                                                    $43,603,000
                                                                    $27,270,000
                                                                   $140,090,000
                                                                   $112,820,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $333,031,000
                                                                   $354,200,000
                                                                    $21,170,000
                                                                   $369,156,000
                                                                   $460,538,000
                                                                    $91,382,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,521,000
                                                                     $2,521,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,978,000
                                                                    $17,978,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                    $36,905,000
                                                                    $36,565,000
                                                                     $1,454,000
                                                                    $45,153,000
                                                                    $43,698,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,891,000
                                                                     $1,891,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,891,000
                                                                     $1,891,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $373,663,000
                                                                   $503,338,000
                                                                   $129,675,000
                                                                   $440,459,000
                                                                   $740,155,000
                                                                   $299,696,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $5,156,000
                                                                    $22,906,000
                                                                    $17,750,000
                                                                     $5,967,000
                                                                    $24,753,000
                                                                    $18,786,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                     $7,918,000
                                                                     $5,466,000
                                                                    $19,542,000
                                                                    $14,076,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                     $1,311,000
                                                                     $1,154,000
                                                                       $685,000
                                                                     $2,514,000
                                                                     $1,828,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $379,158,000
                                                                   $535,655,000
                                                                   $156,497,000
                                                                   $452,577,000
                                                                   $786,964,000
                                                                   $334,386,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.58: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,297,000
                                                                     $4,153,000
                                                                     $1,856,000
                                                                     $2,520,000
                                                                     $4,234,000
                                                                     $1,714,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $671
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                         $7,207
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $145,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $11,452,000
                                                                     $9,694,000
                                                                    $-1,758,000
                                                                    $16,525,000
                                                                    $10,549,000
                                                                    $-5,976,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $897,000
                                                                       $897,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,260,000
                                                                     $2,260,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $4,446
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $295,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $685,000
                                                                       $685,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $685,000
                                                                       $685,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $13,755,000
                                                                    $15,872,000
                                                                     $2,117,000
                                                                    $19,064,000
                                                                    $18,188,000
                                                                      $-876,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $1,090,000
                                                                     $3,232,000
                                                                     $2,142,000
                                                                     $1,272,000
                                                                     $3,426,000
                                                                     $2,154,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $3,677
                                                                         $2,267
                                                                        $-1,409
                                                                         $9,122
                                                                         $9,278
                                                                           $156
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $14,849,000
                                                                    $19,106,000
                                                                     $4,258,000
                                                                    $20,345,000
                                                                    $21,624,000
                                                                     $1,279,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.59: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $10,594,000
                                                                    $14,853,000
                                                                     $4,259,000
                                                                    $11,362,000
                                                                    $15,877,000
                                                                     $4,515,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                     $5,863,000
                                                                     $5,782,000
                                                                     $4,093,000
                                                                    $18,614,000
                                                                    $14,521,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $47,022,000
                                                                    $48,453,000
                                                                     $1,432,000
                                                                    $59,257,000
                                                                    $63,375,000
                                                                     $4,118,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,875,000
                                                                     $1,875,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,583,000
                                                                    $11,583,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                     $8,622,000
                                                                     $8,566,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                    $10,209,000
                                                                     $9,971,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $889,000
                                                                       $889,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $889,000
                                                                       $889,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $57,754,000
                                                                    $80,555,000
                                                                    $22,801,000
                                                                    $74,950,000
                                                                   $120,546,000
                                                                    $45,596,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $2,039,000
                                                                     $9,120,000
                                                                     $7,081,000
                                                                     $2,383,000
                                                                     $9,566,000
                                                                     $7,184,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                     $1,126,000
                                                                     $1,103,000
                                                                       $821,000
                                                                     $2,350,000
                                                                     $1,530,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $2,930
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $100,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $59,819,000
                                                                    $90,866,000
                                                                    $31,047,000
                                                                    $78,204,000
                                                                   $132,614,000
                                                                    $54,410,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.60: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $31,367,000
                                                                    $52,891,000
                                                                    $21,523,000
                                                                    $33,737,000
                                                                    $62,863,000
                                                                    $29,126,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                    $38,509,000
                                                                    $37,962,000
                                                                    $23,184,000
                                                                   $121,628,000
                                                                    $98,444,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $297,461,000
                                                                   $315,441,000
                                                                    $17,980,000
                                                                   $326,424,000
                                                                   $407,713,000
                                                                    $81,289,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,543,000
                                                                     $1,543,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,655,000
                                                                     $8,655,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                    $28,585,000
                                                                    $28,296,000
                                                                     $1,228,000
                                                                    $35,251,000
                                                                    $34,023,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,686,000
                                                                     $1,686,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,686,000
                                                                     $1,686,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $329,664,000
                                                                   $438,655,000
                                                                   $108,991,000
                                                                   $384,573,000
                                                                   $637,797,000
                                                                   $253,224,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $4,207,000
                                                                    $17,019,000
                                                                    $12,811,000
                                                                     $4,856,000
                                                                    $18,613,000
                                                                    $13,757,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                     $6,974,000
                                                                     $6,816,000
                                                                     $4,646,000
                                                                    $17,192,000
                                                                    $12,546,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                     $1,248,000
                                                                     $1,090,000
                                                                       $644,000
                                                                     $2,372,000
                                                                     $1,728,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $334,187,000
                                                                   $463,895,000
                                                                   $129,708,000
                                                                   $394,718,000
                                                                   $675,974,000
                                                                   $281,255,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.61: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,097,000
                                                                     $3,799,000
                                                                       $702,000
                                                                     $3,286,000
                                                                     $3,564,000
                                                                       $278,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $663
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                       $638,000
                                                                       $546,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $4,644,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                      $-951,000
                                                                     $8,539,000
                                                                     $3,957,000
                                                                    $-4,583,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,695,000
                                                                     $2,695,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $9,800
                                                                     $2,456,000
                                                                     $2,446,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                     $2,455,000
                                                                     $2,422,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $375,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $7,752,000
                                                                    $11,502,000
                                                                     $3,750,000
                                                                    $11,950,000
                                                                    $13,684,000
                                                                     $1,734,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $866,000
                                                                     $3,677,000
                                                                     $2,811,000
                                                                       $994,000
                                                                     $3,753,000
                                                                     $2,759,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $153
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-153
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-18,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $27
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $132
                                                                            $97
                                                                           $-35
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $8,619,000
                                                                    $15,179,000
                                                                     $6,560,000
                                                                    $12,963,000
                                                                    $17,437,000
                                                                     $4,474,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.62: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,174,000
                                                                     $4,096,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                     $3,406,000
                                                                     $3,989,000
                                                                       $583,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,108
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $511,000
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $931,000
                                                                       $525,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $6,886,000
                                                                     $6,538,000
                                                                      $-348,000
                                                                    $10,920,000
                                                                     $7,979,000
                                                                    $-2,941,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,739,000
                                                                     $6,739,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                     $2,161,000
                                                                     $2,151,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                     $2,424,000
                                                                     $2,392,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $326,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $10,074,000
                                                                    $14,654,000
                                                                     $4,580,000
                                                                    $14,763,000
                                                                    $22,388,000
                                                                     $7,625,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                     $3,318,000
                                                                     $2,558,000
                                                                       $890,000
                                                                     $3,454,000
                                                                     $2,565,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,184
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,184
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-82,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $239
                                                                           $630
                                                                           $391
                                                                         $1,226
                                                                           $836
                                                                          $-390
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $10,837,000
                                                                    $17,973,000
                                                                     $7,137,000
                                                                    $15,736,000
                                                                    $25,843,000
                                                                    $10,107,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.63: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $715,000
                                                                       $996,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                     $1,246,000
                                                                       $485,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,009
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                       $514,000
                                                                       $272,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,939,000
                                                                     $2,136,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                     $2,750,000
                                                                     $4,081,000
                                                                     $1,331,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $469,000
                                                                       $469,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,262
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                         $6,034
                                                                       $658,000
                                                                       $652,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,660,000
                                                                     $3,691,000
                                                                     $1,031,000
                                                                     $3,759,000
                                                                     $7,017,000
                                                                     $3,258,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $783,000
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $841,000
                                                                       $621,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,181
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,181
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-49,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $146
                                                                           $333
                                                                           $188
                                                                           $435
                                                                         $1,225
                                                                           $790
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,863,000
                                                                     $4,474,000
                                                                     $1,611,000
                                                                     $4,028,000
                                                                     $7,859,000
                                                                     $3,831,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.64: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $492,000
                                                                       $702,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $558,000
                                                                       $968,000
                                                                       $410,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,890,000
                                                                     $2,171,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                     $2,882,000
                                                                     $4,296,000
                                                                     $1,413,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                         $7,008
                                                                       $431,000
                                                                       $424,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,383,000
                                                                     $3,258,000
                                                                       $875,000
                                                                     $3,660,000
                                                                     $6,099,000
                                                                     $2,439,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $672,000
                                                                       $493,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $720,000
                                                                       $526,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-43,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $273
                                                                           $715
                                                                           $442
                                                                           $452
                                                                         $4,024
                                                                         $3,573
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,562,000
                                                                     $3,930,000
                                                                     $1,369,000
                                                                     $3,898,000
                                                                     $6,824,000
                                                                     $2,926,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.65: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $604,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $445,000
                                                                       $805,000
                                                                       $360,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $5,459
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,258,000
                                                                     $2,500,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                     $2,622,000
                                                                     $3,701,000
                                                                     $1,079,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $9,248
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                       $317,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,679,000
                                                                     $3,392,000
                                                                       $713,000
                                                                     $3,269,000
                                                                     $5,053,000
                                                                     $1,784,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $440,000
                                                                       $307,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $460,000
                                                                       $322,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,607
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,607
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-36,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $180
                                                                         $1,514
                                                                         $1,335
                                                                         $1,040
                                                                         $4,345
                                                                         $3,305
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,813,000
                                                                     $3,833,000
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                     $3,445,000
                                                                     $5,517,000
                                                                     $2,073,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.66: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $369,000
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                       $341,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $8,010
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                       $605,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                     $1,141,000
                                                                       $987,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,553,000
                                                                     $2,823,000
                                                                       $270,000
                                                                     $3,076,000
                                                                     $3,813,000
                                                                       $738,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $3,995
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                       $257,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,754
                                                                         $5,754
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,754
                                                                         $5,754
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,885,000
                                                                     $4,367,000
                                                                     $1,482,000
                                                                     $3,622,000
                                                                     $5,951,000
                                                                     $2,329,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $374,000
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $383,000
                                                                       $261,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,326
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $104,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,507
                                                                         $1,507
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,322
                                                                         $7,322
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $3,004,000
                                                                     $4,890,000
                                                                     $1,886,000
                                                                     $3,775,000
                                                                     $6,476,000
                                                                     $2,701,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.67: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                        $77,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,712
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $304,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,833,000
                                                                     $1,889,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                     $1,922,000
                                                                     $2,092,000
                                                                       $170,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,205
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                         $6,280
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $78,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $654
                                                                           $654
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $654
                                                                           $654
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,103,000
                                                                     $2,452,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                     $2,265,000
                                                                     $2,895,000
                                                                       $630,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,076
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $52,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $1,265
                                                                         $2,021
                                                                           $756
                                                                         $4,833
                                                                         $8,622
                                                                         $3,789
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,223,000
                                                                     $2,806,000
                                                                       $583,000
                                                                     $2,401,000
                                                                     $3,282,000
                                                                       $882,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.68: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                       $433,000
                                                                       $136,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                     $1,304,000
                                                                     $1,077,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,744,000
                                                                     $2,855,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                     $2,859,000
                                                                     $3,288,000
                                                                       $429,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,582
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                       $238,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $537
                                                                           $537
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $537
                                                                           $537
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $3,038,000
                                                                     $3,592,000
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                     $3,395,000
                                                                     $5,275,000
                                                                     $1,880,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $153,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,850
                                                                         $4,850
                                                                         $8,581
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $3,153,000
                                                                     $3,943,000
                                                                       $790,000
                                                                     $3,563,000
                                                                     $5,802,000
                                                                     $2,239,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.69: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                        $12,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $204
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                        $89,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $642,000
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $768,000
                                                                       $697,000
                                                                       $-70,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $271,000
                                                                       $271,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $257
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                         $1,484
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $144,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $769,000
                                                                     $1,078,000
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $926,000
                                                                     $1,390,000
                                                                       $464,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                       $366,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $55
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-55
                                                                         $4,211
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,211
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $20
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $15
                                                                            $34
                                                                            $19
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $905,000
                                                                     $1,578,000
                                                                       $673,000
                                                                     $1,074,000
                                                                     $1,900,000
                                                                       $826,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.70: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $464,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                        $82,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,395
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $282,000
                                                                       $114,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,351,000
                                                                     $1,466,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                     $1,545,000
                                                                     $1,772,000
                                                                       $226,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,252,000
                                                                     $1,252,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $632
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                         $2,744
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                       $331,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,641,000
                                                                     $2,394,000
                                                                       $753,000
                                                                     $2,025,000
                                                                     $4,061,000
                                                                     $2,036,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $668,000
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $683,000
                                                                       $505,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $403
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-403
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-34,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $118
                                                                           $107
                                                                           $150
                                                                           $352
                                                                           $202
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,805,000
                                                                     $3,061,000
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                     $2,237,000
                                                                     $4,745,000
                                                                     $2,507,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.71: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $277,000
                                                                       $132,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,120
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                        $44,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                       $535,000
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                       $605,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $296
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                         $1,087
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $174,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,627
                                                                         $8,627
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,627
                                                                         $8,627
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                       $894,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                       $809,000
                                                                     $1,816,000
                                                                     $1,007,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $399,000
                                                                       $278,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $412,000
                                                                       $287,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $329
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-329
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-26,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $212
                                                                           $209
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $321
                                                                           $321
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $718,000
                                                                     $1,293,000
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                       $960,000
                                                                     $2,228,000
                                                                     $1,268,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.72: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $183,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,491
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                        $-8,325
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $973,000
                                                                     $1,107,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                     $1,101,000
                                                                     $2,207,000
                                                                     $1,106,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $850
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                         $2,888
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $217,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,124,000
                                                                     $1,531,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                     $1,472,000
                                                                     $2,981,000
                                                                     $1,509,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $437,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $328,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $439
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-439
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-41,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $312
                                                                           $657
                                                                           $345
                                                                           $534
                                                                         $4,937
                                                                         $4,403
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,253,000
                                                                     $1,969,000
                                                                       $716,000
                                                                     $1,648,000
                                                                     $3,448,000
                                                                     $1,801,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.73: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $474,000
                                                                       $242,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,087
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $255,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $-40,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,412,000
                                                                     $1,571,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                     $1,549,000
                                                                     $2,511,000
                                                                       $962,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,972
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $282,000
                                                                       $269,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,118
                                                                         $5,118
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,118
                                                                         $5,118
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,627,000
                                                                     $2,112,000
                                                                       $485,000
                                                                     $2,049,000
                                                                     $3,487,000
                                                                     $1,438,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $385,000
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $280,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $614
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-614
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-51,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,971
                                                                         $1,971
                                                                           $661
                                                                         $2,834
                                                                         $2,173
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,747,000
                                                                     $2,499,000
                                                                       $752,000
                                                                     $2,225,000
                                                                     $3,893,000
                                                                     $1,668,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.74: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $315,000
                                                                       $624,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $779,000
                                                                       $425,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                     $1,545,000
                                                                     $1,529,000
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                     $3,318,000
                                                                     $2,808,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,660,000
                                                                     $4,023,000
                                                                       $363,000
                                                                     $3,974,000
                                                                     $5,368,000
                                                                     $1,394,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,147
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                       $759,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $538,000
                                                                       $515,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,788
                                                                         $5,788
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,788
                                                                         $5,788
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $3,994,000
                                                                     $6,959,000
                                                                     $2,965,000
                                                                     $4,862,000
                                                                    $10,010,000
                                                                     $5,148,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $412,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                       $425,000
                                                                       $299,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,701
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $543,000
                                                                       $440,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $6,106
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $4,119,000
                                                                     $7,785,000
                                                                     $3,666,000
                                                                     $5,096,000
                                                                    $11,005,000
                                                                     $5,909,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.75: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                       $137,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                       $843,000
                                                                       $752,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,732,000
                                                                     $2,900,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                     $2,810,000
                                                                     $3,243,000
                                                                       $433,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,269
                                                                       $208,000
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $164,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                         $1,380
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,946,000
                                                                     $3,847,000
                                                                       $902,000
                                                                     $3,114,000
                                                                     $4,602,000
                                                                     $1,488,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $212,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,617
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $130,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $480
                                                                         $7,203
                                                                         $6,723
                                                                         $2,427
                                                                         $5,424
                                                                         $2,997
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $3,091,000
                                                                     $4,303,000
                                                                     $1,212,000
                                                                     $3,275,000
                                                                     $5,108,000
                                                                     $1,833,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.76: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $883,000
                                                                       $476,000
                                                                       $420,000
                                                                       $975,000
                                                                       $555,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                     $1,376,000
                                                                     $1,359,000
                                                                     $1,136,000
                                                                     $8,055,000
                                                                     $6,918,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $10,860,000
                                                                    $11,400,000
                                                                       $540,000
                                                                    $11,220,000
                                                                    $13,042,000
                                                                     $1,822,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $7,370
                                                                       $817,000
                                                                       $810,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                     $1,375,000
                                                                     $1,333,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,900
                                                                         $1,900
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,900
                                                                         $1,900
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $11,291,000
                                                                    $14,478,000
                                                                     $3,188,000
                                                                    $12,819,000
                                                                    $23,449,000
                                                                    $10,630,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $371,000
                                                                       $223,000
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $226,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,791
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                       $399,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                     $1,258,000
                                                                     $1,031,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $11,444,000
                                                                    $15,280,000
                                                                     $3,836,000
                                                                    $13,218,000
                                                                    $25,145,000
                                                                    $11,927,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.77: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $6,485
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                         $6,485
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $76,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                         $5,193
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                         $4,212
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $41
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $41
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $389,000
                                                                       $199,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,326
                                                                         $5,326
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,703
                                                                         $3,703
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $681,000
                                                                       $388,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.78: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $485,000
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                        $67,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $149
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $811,000
                                                                       $777,000
                                                                       $-34,000
                                                                     $1,266,000
                                                                       $806,000
                                                                      $-460,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                       $376,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $999
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                         $4,265
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                       $372,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,268,000
                                                                     $1,930,000
                                                                       $662,000
                                                                     $1,780,000
                                                                     $2,375,000
                                                                       $595,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                       $808,000
                                                                       $595,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $826,000
                                                                       $593,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $37
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-37
                                                                         $4,850
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,850
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $35
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $80
                                                                            $78
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,482,000
                                                                     $2,738,000
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                     $2,018,000
                                                                     $3,201,000
                                                                     $1,184,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.79: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,815,000
                                                                     $2,462,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                     $1,969,000
                                                                     $2,525,000
                                                                       $557,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,990
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                       $484,000
                                                                       $413,000
                                                                       $898,000
                                                                       $486,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $5,065,000
                                                                     $5,376,000
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                     $7,505,000
                                                                     $8,096,000
                                                                       $591,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $343,000
                                                                       $343,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,300,000
                                                                     $3,300,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $5,300
                                                                     $1,306,000
                                                                     $1,301,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                     $1,573,000
                                                                     $1,554,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $6,888,000
                                                                    $10,163,000
                                                                     $3,275,000
                                                                     $9,905,000
                                                                    $16,581,000
                                                                     $6,676,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                     $2,136,000
                                                                     $1,657,000
                                                                       $561,000
                                                                     $2,242,000
                                                                     $1,681,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $860
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-860
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-83,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $417
                                                                         $1,188
                                                                           $770
                                                                           $941
                                                                         $2,787
                                                                         $1,845
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $7,369,000
                                                                    $12,300,000
                                                                     $4,931,000
                                                                    $10,550,000
                                                                    $18,826,000
                                                                     $8,276,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.80: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,681,000
                                                                     $2,439,000
                                                                       $758,000
                                                                     $1,828,000
                                                                     $3,105,000
                                                                     $1,277,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $5,146
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $890,000
                                                                     $1,521,000
                                                                       $630,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $5,471,000
                                                                     $5,974,000
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                     $6,914,000
                                                                    $11,713,000
                                                                     $4,799,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $677,000
                                                                       $677,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $4,424
                                                                       $854,000
                                                                       $850,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $1,698,000
                                                                     $1,684,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $115,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $7,162,000
                                                                     $9,915,000
                                                                     $2,753,000
                                                                     $9,646,000
                                                                    $18,828,000
                                                                     $9,182,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                     $1,480,000
                                                                     $1,153,000
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                     $1,622,000
                                                                     $1,247,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,509
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,509
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-180,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $257
                                                                         $1,918
                                                                         $1,661
                                                                         $2,303
                                                                         $7,965
                                                                         $5,661
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $7,491,000
                                                                    $11,397,000
                                                                     $3,906,000
                                                                    $10,203,000
                                                                    $20,457,000
                                                                    $10,254,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.81: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,662,000
                                                                     $3,766,000
                                                                     $1,104,000
                                                                     $2,907,000
                                                                     $5,237,000
                                                                     $2,330,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $2,331,000
                                                                     $1,132,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $13,073,000
                                                                    $14,460,000
                                                                     $1,387,000
                                                                    $16,246,000
                                                                    $26,164,000
                                                                     $9,918,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                     $1,474,000
                                                                     $1,463,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                     $2,254,000
                                                                     $2,216,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $176,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $15,758,000
                                                                    $20,506,000
                                                                     $4,748,000
                                                                    $20,390,000
                                                                    $36,360,000
                                                                    $15,970,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $475,000
                                                                     $2,198,000
                                                                     $1,723,000
                                                                       $549,000
                                                                     $2,454,000
                                                                     $1,905,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,562
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,562
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-242,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $4,357
                                                                         $7,482
                                                                         $3,124
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $33,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $16,241,000
                                                                    $22,712,000
                                                                     $6,471,000
                                                                    $21,191,000
                                                                    $38,857,000
                                                                    $17,665,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.82: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,330,000
                                                                     $4,740,000
                                                                     $1,410,000
                                                                     $3,639,000
                                                                     $6,259,000
                                                                     $2,620,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $512,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                     $1,267,000
                                                                     $1,706,000
                                                                       $439,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $15,782,000
                                                                    $17,417,000
                                                                     $1,636,000
                                                                    $18,591,000
                                                                    $26,525,000
                                                                     $7,934,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $367,000
                                                                       $367,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                     $1,589,000
                                                                     $1,537,000
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                     $2,539,000
                                                                     $2,381,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $19,176,000
                                                                    $24,335,000
                                                                     $5,159,000
                                                                    $23,655,000
                                                                    $37,473,000
                                                                    $13,818,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                     $1,414,000
                                                                     $1,081,000
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                     $1,570,000
                                                                     $1,195,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,761
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,761
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-256,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $1,857
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $54,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $19,515,000
                                                                    $25,767,000
                                                                     $6,252,000
                                                                    $24,299,000
                                                                    $39,111,000
                                                                    $14,811,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.83: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,168,000
                                                                     $3,811,000
                                                                     $1,643,000
                                                                     $2,418,000
                                                                     $4,828,000
                                                                     $2,410,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                     $3,919,000
                                                                     $3,880,000
                                                                     $1,193,000
                                                                     $9,306,000
                                                                     $8,113,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $24,060,000
                                                                    $25,826,000
                                                                     $1,766,000
                                                                    $27,084,000
                                                                    $34,160,000
                                                                     $7,076,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                     $2,811,000
                                                                     $2,774,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                     $2,191,000
                                                                     $2,051,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $26,304,000
                                                                    $36,405,000
                                                                    $10,101,000
                                                                    $30,836,000
                                                                    $50,523,000
                                                                    $19,688,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $912,000
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $976,000
                                                                       $750,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $742,000
                                                                       $730,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                     $1,430,000
                                                                     $1,192,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                        $56,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $26,531,000
                                                                    $38,095,000
                                                                    $11,564,000
                                                                    $31,344,000
                                                                    $53,030,000
                                                                    $21,686,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.84: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,343,000
                                                                     $2,863,000
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                     $2,364,000
                                                                     $2,925,000
                                                                       $560,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $985,000
                                                                       $974,000
                                                                       $381,000
                                                                     $2,693,000
                                                                     $2,312,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $16,691,000
                                                                    $17,294,000
                                                                       $603,000
                                                                    $17,323,000
                                                                    $19,307,000
                                                                     $1,984,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $8,210
                                                                       $759,000
                                                                       $751,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $662,000
                                                                       $622,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,974
                                                                         $4,974
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,974
                                                                         $4,974
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $19,053,000
                                                                    $21,906,000
                                                                     $2,853,000
                                                                    $20,108,000
                                                                    $25,591,000
                                                                     $5,483,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $284,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $282,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,225
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $495,000
                                                                       $418,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $5,082
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $19,293,000
                                                                    $22,593,000
                                                                     $3,299,000
                                                                    $20,443,000
                                                                    $26,667,000
                                                                     $6,223,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.85: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,182,000
                                                                     $1,763,000
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,865,000
                                                                       $666,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $894,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                       $877,000
                                                                     $6,480,000
                                                                     $5,603,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $13,994,000
                                                                    $14,431,000
                                                                       $437,000
                                                                    $14,541,000
                                                                    $16,649,000
                                                                     $2,108,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $9,850
                                                                       $700,000
                                                                       $690,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                     $1,179,000
                                                                     $1,136,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,189
                                                                         $2,189
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,189
                                                                         $2,189
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $15,198,000
                                                                    $17,790,000
                                                                     $2,592,000
                                                                    $16,661,000
                                                                    $26,176,000
                                                                     $9,515,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $378,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                       $230,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,590
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $984,000
                                                                       $809,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $107,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $15,370,000
                                                                    $18,362,000
                                                                     $2,992,000
                                                                    $17,027,000
                                                                    $27,687,000
                                                                    $10,661,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.86: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $195,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $821
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                         $1,847
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $192,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $83
                                                                            $83
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $83
                                                                            $83
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,008,000
                                                                     $2,415,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                     $2,010,000
                                                                     $2,506,000
                                                                       $496,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                       $186,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $235
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $367
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,113,000
                                                                     $2,717,000
                                                                       $605,000
                                                                     $2,114,000
                                                                     $2,814,000
                                                                       $700,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.87: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                        $40,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $109
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $169,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $759,000
                                                                       $784,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                       $-54,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $190,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $339
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                         $1,545
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $160,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $902,000
                                                                     $1,252,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                     $1,055,000
                                                                     $1,580,000
                                                                       $525,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $535,000
                                                                       $396,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $549,000
                                                                       $402,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $27
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-27
                                                                         $3,575
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,575
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $5
                                                                            $55
                                                                            $49
                                                                            $71
                                                                           $110
                                                                            $38
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,042,000
                                                                     $1,787,000
                                                                       $746,000
                                                                     $1,207,000
                                                                     $2,129,000
                                                                       $923,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.88: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $517,000
                                                                       $818,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $555,000
                                                                       $791,000
                                                                       $236,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,343
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                       $580,000
                                                                       $254,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,224,000
                                                                     $2,440,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                     $2,581,000
                                                                     $3,904,000
                                                                     $1,323,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,205,000
                                                                     $1,205,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,290
                                                                       $415,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                         $5,102
                                                                       $585,000
                                                                       $580,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,745,000
                                                                     $4,088,000
                                                                     $1,343,000
                                                                     $3,468,000
                                                                     $7,117,000
                                                                     $3,649,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $931,000
                                                                       $720,000
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $963,000
                                                                       $727,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $679
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-679
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-66,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $55
                                                                           $716
                                                                           $660
                                                                           $529
                                                                         $1,403
                                                                           $875
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,956,000
                                                                     $5,019,000
                                                                     $2,062,000
                                                                     $3,771,000
                                                                     $8,081,000
                                                                     $4,311,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.89: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $905,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $615,000
                                                                     $1,151,000
                                                                       $536,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,800
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $529,000
                                                                       $760,000
                                                                       $232,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,112,000
                                                                     $2,365,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                     $2,430,000
                                                                     $5,157,000
                                                                     $2,727,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,131
                                                                       $319,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                         $4,356
                                                                       $741,000
                                                                       $736,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,691,000
                                                                     $3,883,000
                                                                     $1,192,000
                                                                     $3,578,000
                                                                     $7,927,000
                                                                     $4,349,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                       $750,000
                                                                       $571,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $809,000
                                                                       $613,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,117
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,117
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-107,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $93
                                                                           $997
                                                                           $904
                                                                           $870
                                                                         $5,875
                                                                         $5,005
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,871,000
                                                                     $4,634,000
                                                                     $1,762,000
                                                                     $3,882,000
                                                                     $8,742,000
                                                                     $4,860,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.90: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,161,000
                                                                     $1,830,000
                                                                       $669,000
                                                                     $1,274,000
                                                                     $2,637,000
                                                                     $1,363,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                     $1,486,000
                                                                     $1,515,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $7,614,000
                                                                     $8,729,000
                                                                     $1,115,000
                                                                     $8,454,000
                                                                    $16,706,000
                                                                     $8,252,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $4,708
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                       $935,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                     $1,724,000
                                                                     $1,706,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $8,803,000
                                                                    $12,073,000
                                                                     $3,271,000
                                                                    $11,233,000
                                                                    $22,669,000
                                                                    $11,436,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                     $1,438,000
                                                                     $1,145,000
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                     $1,619,000
                                                                     $1,287,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $6,828
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-6,828
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-300,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $1,327
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $9,518
                                                                         $9,049
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $9,104,000
                                                                    $13,522,000
                                                                     $4,418,000
                                                                    $11,874,000
                                                                    $24,331,000
                                                                    $12,457,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.91: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,587,000
                                                                     $4,002,000
                                                                     $1,415,000
                                                                     $2,853,000
                                                                     $5,702,000
                                                                     $2,849,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                       $839,000
                                                                     $2,715,000
                                                                     $2,771,000
                                                                        $56,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $17,339,000
                                                                    $19,131,000
                                                                     $1,793,000
                                                                    $18,924,000
                                                                    $30,045,000
                                                                    $11,121,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                     $1,832,000
                                                                     $1,793,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                     $3,431,000
                                                                     $3,293,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $20,007,000
                                                                    $25,910,000
                                                                     $5,904,000
                                                                    $24,631,000
                                                                    $42,013,000
                                                                    $17,382,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                     $1,501,000
                                                                     $1,176,000
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                     $1,714,000
                                                                     $1,349,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-12,000
                                                                       $548,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-548,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $5,789
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $20,350,000
                                                                    $27,439,000
                                                                     $7,089,000
                                                                    $25,566,000
                                                                    $43,826,000
                                                                    $18,260,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.92: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,435,000
                                                                     $6,595,000
                                                                     $3,160,000
                                                                     $3,798,000
                                                                     $8,196,000
                                                                     $4,398,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                    $15,216,000
                                                                    $15,055,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                    $29,630,000
                                                                    $25,936,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $40,937,000
                                                                    $45,273,000
                                                                     $4,336,000
                                                                    $43,903,000
                                                                    $58,398,000
                                                                    $14,495,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                     $7,193,000
                                                                     $7,150,000
                                                                       $228,000
                                                                     $5,287,000
                                                                     $5,060,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $44,577,000
                                                                    $74,338,000
                                                                    $29,762,000
                                                                    $51,622,000
                                                                   $101,573,000
                                                                    $49,951,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                     $1,607,000
                                                                     $1,298,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                     $1,740,000
                                                                     $1,388,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                     $3,327,000
                                                                     $3,280,000
                                                                       $739,000
                                                                     $4,786,000
                                                                     $4,048,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $6,696
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $153,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $44,939,000
                                                                    $79,376,000
                                                                    $34,437,000
                                                                    $52,814,000
                                                                   $108,353,000
                                                                    $55,539,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.93: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,810,000
                                                                     $3,139,000
                                                                     $1,329,000
                                                                     $1,866,000
                                                                     $3,279,000
                                                                     $1,413,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                     $3,606,000
                                                                     $3,562,000
                                                                     $1,283,000
                                                                     $8,330,000
                                                                     $7,047,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $25,488,000
                                                                    $27,182,000
                                                                     $1,695,000
                                                                    $26,397,000
                                                                    $30,567,000
                                                                     $4,169,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                     $2,070,000
                                                                     $2,052,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                     $1,788,000
                                                                     $1,684,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $27,361,000
                                                                    $36,011,000
                                                                     $8,650,000
                                                                    $29,651,000
                                                                    $43,977,000
                                                                    $14,326,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                       $903,000
                                                                       $447,000
                                                                       $459,000
                                                                       $901,000
                                                                       $442,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                       $691,000
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                     $1,638,000
                                                                     $1,381,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $5,202
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                       $121,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $27,835,000
                                                                    $37,675,000
                                                                     $9,841,000
                                                                    $30,414,000
                                                                    $46,685,000
                                                                    $16,271,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.94: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,579,000
                                                                     $6,112,000
                                                                     $3,532,000
                                                                     $2,665,000
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                     $4,011,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                     $7,134,000
                                                                     $6,992,000
                                                                     $6,802,000
                                                                    $47,976,000
                                                                    $41,174,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $60,423,000
                                                                    $63,220,000
                                                                     $2,797,000
                                                                    $62,663,000
                                                                    $72,925,000
                                                                    $10,262,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                     $4,675,000
                                                                     $4,627,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                     $7,924,000
                                                                     $7,663,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $63,191,000
                                                                    $81,152,000
                                                                    $17,961,000
                                                                    $72,390,000
                                                                   $135,513,000
                                                                    $63,123,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $399,000
                                                                       $825,000
                                                                       $426,000
                                                                       $402,000
                                                                       $850,000
                                                                       $448,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                     $1,534,000
                                                                     $1,493,000
                                                                     $1,354,000
                                                                     $7,417,000
                                                                     $6,062,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $8,800
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $626,000
                                                                       $393,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $63,639,000
                                                                    $83,643,000
                                                                    $20,005,000
                                                                    $74,380,000
                                                                   $144,406,000
                                                                    $70,026,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.95: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $276,000
                                                                     $2,155,000
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                       $276,000
                                                                     $2,159,000
                                                                     $1,883,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                     $2,430,000
                                                                     $2,399,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                     $4,389,000
                                                                     $4,312,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $32,511,000
                                                                    $33,393,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                    $32,539,000
                                                                    $33,540,000
                                                                     $1,001,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $739,000
                                                                       $739,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $743
                                                                           $743
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $743
                                                                           $743
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $32,818,000
                                                                    $38,711,000
                                                                     $5,893,000
                                                                    $32,891,000
                                                                    $40,827,000
                                                                     $7,936,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $8,901
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $408,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $773,000
                                                                       $689,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $731,000
                                                                       $647,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $33,031,000
                                                                    $40,164,000
                                                                     $7,134,000
                                                                    $33,111,000
                                                                    $42,298,000
                                                                     $9,188,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.96: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                     $1,391,000
                                                                       $562,000
                                                                       $911,000
                                                                     $1,391,000
                                                                       $480,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $509
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                         $1,803
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,301,000
                                                                     $2,409,000
                                                                      $-892,000
                                                                     $5,493,000
                                                                     $2,544,000
                                                                    $-2,949,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $525,000
                                                                       $525,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,121
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                         $5,536
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $136,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $318,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $4,132,000
                                                                     $4,539,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                     $6,412,000
                                                                     $4,984,000
                                                                    $-1,428,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $519,000
                                                                     $1,504,000
                                                                       $985,000
                                                                       $589,000
                                                                     $1,582,000
                                                                       $993,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $242
                                                                           $178
                                                                           $-64
                                                                           $653
                                                                           $161
                                                                          $-492
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $4,651,000
                                                                     $6,043,000
                                                                     $1,393,000
                                                                     $7,002,000
                                                                     $6,566,000
                                                                      $-436,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.97: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $821,000
                                                                     $1,453,000
                                                                       $633,000
                                                                       $903,000
                                                                     $1,490,000
                                                                       $587,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $37
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                         $2,078
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,493,000
                                                                     $2,897,000
                                                                      $-596,000
                                                                     $5,301,000
                                                                     $3,098,000
                                                                    $-2,203,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $836,000
                                                                       $836,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,560
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                         $4,464
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                       $105,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $243,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $4,316,000
                                                                     $5,077,000
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                     $6,210,000
                                                                     $5,826,000
                                                                      $-384,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                     $1,321,000
                                                                       $860,000
                                                                       $534,000
                                                                     $1,390,000
                                                                       $856,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $874
                                                                           $185
                                                                          $-689
                                                                         $1,853
                                                                         $1,097
                                                                          $-756
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $4,777,000
                                                                     $6,398,000
                                                                     $1,621,000
                                                                     $6,746,000
                                                                     $7,217,000
                                                                       $471,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.98: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $298,000
                                                                       $593,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $610,000
                                                                       $283,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $5
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $372
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,196,000
                                                                     $1,014,000
                                                                      $-182,000
                                                                     $1,700,000
                                                                     $1,147,000
                                                                      $-553,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $400,000
                                                                       $400,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $372
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $1,058
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $26,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,495,000
                                                                     $1,874,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                     $2,029,000
                                                                     $2,258,000
                                                                       $229,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $377,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                       $382,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $256
                                                                            $36
                                                                          $-220
                                                                           $989
                                                                           $789
                                                                          $-200
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,692,000
                                                                     $2,447,000
                                                                       $756,000
                                                                     $2,244,000
                                                                     $2,856,000
                                                                       $611,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.99: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $367,000
                                                                       $175,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $3
                                                                         $6,336
                                                                         $6,333
                                                                           $632
                                                                         $9,032
                                                                         $8,400
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $860,000
                                                                       $774,000
                                                                       $-86,000
                                                                     $1,157,000
                                                                       $856,000
                                                                      $-302,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $317,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $189
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                           $556
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,038,000
                                                                     $1,293,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                     $1,350,000
                                                                     $1,592,000
                                                                       $242,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $449,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $293,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $393
                                                                           $128
                                                                          $-265
                                                                         $1,212
                                                                         $1,232
                                                                            $20
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,197,000
                                                                     $1,742,000
                                                                       $545,000
                                                                     $1,519,000
                                                                     $2,055,000
                                                                       $536,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.100: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $54,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                            $67
                                                                         $1,934
                                                                         $1,867
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                        $-3,530
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                        $-1,733
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $29
                                                                         $2,028
                                                                         $1,999
                                                                            $84
                                                                         $2,153
                                                                         $2,069
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,531
                                                                         $4,531
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,531
                                                                         $4,531
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                       $419,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                       $532,000
                                                                       $121,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $161
                                                                           $390
                                                                           $228
                                                                           $889
                                                                           $765
                                                                          $-124
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $454,000
                                                                       $731,000
                                                                       $278,000
                                                                       $526,000
                                                                       $847,000
                                                                       $321,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.101: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $5,990
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,498
                                                                         $6,525
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $11,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $174
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $229
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                         $3,402
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,334
                                                                         $1,334
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,818
                                                                         $4,818
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $3
                                                                           $223
                                                                           $220
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $242
                                                                           $234
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $490
                                                                           $490
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $490
                                                                           $490
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                        $30,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                       $187,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $172
                                                                           $263
                                                                            $91
                                                                           $365
                                                                           $908
                                                                           $543
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $223,000
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $238,000
                                                                       $455,000
                                                                       $217,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.102: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $2,135
                                                                         $2,938
                                                                           $803
                                                                         $2,155
                                                                         $2,973
                                                                           $818
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $51
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                           $245
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                         $1,934
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $349
                                                                           $349
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,041
                                                                         $1,041
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $36
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $37
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                         $1,524
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                         $3,933
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $51
                                                                            $49
                                                                            $-1
                                                                           $146
                                                                           $174
                                                                            $28
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $189,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.103: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $18,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $45
                                                                         $3,828
                                                                         $3,783
                                                                           $610
                                                                         $4,267
                                                                         $3,657
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                       $-10,000
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $-45,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,887
                                                                         $6,887
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $55
                                                                         $4,289
                                                                         $4,234
                                                                           $167
                                                                         $4,384
                                                                         $4,217
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,754
                                                                         $9,754
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,754
                                                                         $9,754
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $413,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $436,000
                                                                       $444,000
                                                                         $7,724
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $233,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $22
                                                                             $5
                                                                           $-16
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $42
                                                                            $-3
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $494,000
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                       $267,000
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                       $241,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.104: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $30,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $39
                                                                         $3,061
                                                                         $3,021
                                                                         $1,115
                                                                         $3,207
                                                                         $2,092
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                       $-39,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $59
                                                                         $4,463
                                                                         $4,404
                                                                           $172
                                                                         $4,558
                                                                         $4,386
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $454,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                        $41,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $233,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $17
                                                                            $31
                                                                            $14
                                                                            $66
                                                                            $65
                                                                            $-2
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                       $805,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $584,000
                                                                       $857,000
                                                                       $274,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.105: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $9
                                                                         $1,055
                                                                         $1,046
                                                                           $259
                                                                         $1,353
                                                                         $1,095
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                         $1,009
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                         $3,691
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,731
                                                                         $4,731
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $16
                                                                         $1,406
                                                                         $1,390
                                                                            $48
                                                                         $1,454
                                                                         $1,405
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,186
                                                                         $3,186
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,186
                                                                         $3,186
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $203,000
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                        $40,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $204,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $43
                                                                            $15
                                                                           $-28
                                                                           $116
                                                                           $169
                                                                            $53
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $541,000
                                                                       $231,000
                                                                       $329,000
                                                                       $573,000
                                                                       $244,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.106: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $21,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $17
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                         $1,361
                                                                           $173
                                                                         $2,330
                                                                         $2,157
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                           $638
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $391,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $26
                                                                         $1,759
                                                                         $1,733
                                                                            $69
                                                                         $1,816
                                                                         $1,747
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,964
                                                                         $3,964
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,964
                                                                         $3,964
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                       $409,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $396,000
                                                                       $470,000
                                                                        $74,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                       $211,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $316
                                                                           $134
                                                                          $-182
                                                                           $548
                                                                           $359
                                                                          $-189
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $478,000
                                                                       $729,000
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $792,000
                                                                       $286,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.107: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $24,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $941
                                                                           $935
                                                                            $57
                                                                         $1,125
                                                                         $1,069
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $437,000
                                                                       $449,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                        $47,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,621
                                                                         $5,621
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $12
                                                                         $1,005
                                                                           $992
                                                                            $38
                                                                         $1,061
                                                                         $1,022
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,243
                                                                         $2,243
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,243
                                                                         $2,243
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $452,000
                                                                       $496,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                       $477,000
                                                                       $570,000
                                                                        $93,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $307,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $315
                                                                           $267
                                                                           $-48
                                                                           $683
                                                                         $1,405
                                                                           $721
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $559,000
                                                                       $802,000
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $585,000
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                       $293,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.108: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $7,559
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,945
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $217
                                                                           $217
                                                                            $24
                                                                           $339
                                                                           $315
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                         $6,497
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $262,000
                                                                        $26,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $586
                                                                           $586
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,744
                                                                         $1,744
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $3
                                                                           $223
                                                                           $221
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $240
                                                                           $232
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $490
                                                                           $490
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $490
                                                                           $490
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                       $244,000
                                                                       $284,000
                                                                        $41,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $188,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $275
                                                                           $298
                                                                            $24
                                                                           $616
                                                                         $1,044
                                                                           $428
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                       $544,000
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $229,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.109: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $2,524
                                                                         $3,431
                                                                           $907
                                                                         $2,544
                                                                         $3,473
                                                                           $928
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $40
                                                                            $40
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $59
                                                                            $57
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                           $-63
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                         $2,694
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $451
                                                                           $451
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,056
                                                                         $1,056
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $36
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $37
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                         $1,424
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                         $4,825
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $69
                                                                            $61
                                                                            $-8
                                                                           $177
                                                                           $174
                                                                            $-3
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                       $190,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.110: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $1,941
                                                                         $3,319
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                         $1,974
                                                                         $3,442
                                                                         $1,468
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $45
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $57
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                          $-216
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                         $5,026
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,270
                                                                         $1,270
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,525
                                                                         $2,525
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $42
                                                                            $41
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $44
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $60
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $60
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                         $2,579
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                         $9,180
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $472
                                                                           $227
                                                                          $-244
                                                                           $765
                                                                           $895
                                                                           $130
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                       $443,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $259,000
                                                                       $453,000
                                                                       $194,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

7 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.111: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $40,890,000
                                                                    $70,197,000
                                                                    $29,307,000
                                                                    $45,164,000
                                                                    $84,407,000
                                                                    $39,243,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $667,000
                                                                    $46,803,000
                                                                    $46,136,000
                                                                    $38,327,000
                                                                   $169,562,000
                                                                   $131,235,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $322,684,000
                                                                   $340,307,000
                                                                    $17,623,000
                                                                   $364,809,000
                                                                   $457,554,000
                                                                    $92,745,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,308,000
                                                                     $3,308,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,928,000
                                                                    $19,928,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $471,000
                                                                    $36,555,000
                                                                    $36,084,000
                                                                     $2,016,000
                                                                    $45,628,000
                                                                    $43,612,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,147,000
                                                                     $4,147,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,147,000
                                                                     $4,147,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $364,711,000
                                                                   $501,316,000
                                                                   $136,605,000
                                                                   $450,316,000
                                                                   $781,224,000
                                                                   $330,908,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $6,073,000
                                                                    $26,949,000
                                                                    $20,876,000
                                                                     $7,429,000
                                                                    $29,645,000
                                                                    $22,216,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                     $8,393,000
                                                                     $7,681,000
                                                                    $24,409,000
                                                                    $16,728,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                     $1,669,000
                                                                     $1,458,000
                                                                     $1,097,000
                                                                     $3,705,000
                                                                     $2,607,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $371,188,000
                                                                   $538,521,000
                                                                   $167,333,000
                                                                   $466,523,000
                                                                   $838,983,000
                                                                   $372,460,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.112: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $38,631,000
                                                                    $66,132,000
                                                                    $27,502,000
                                                                    $42,614,000
                                                                    $80,234,000
                                                                    $37,620,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                    $46,605,000
                                                                    $45,938,000
                                                                    $38,318,000
                                                                   $169,352,000
                                                                   $131,034,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $311,809,000
                                                                   $331,051,000
                                                                    $19,242,000
                                                                   $348,684,000
                                                                   $447,351,000
                                                                    $98,668,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,428,000
                                                                     $2,428,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,647,000
                                                                    $17,647,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $465,000
                                                                    $36,266,000
                                                                    $35,802,000
                                                                     $1,999,000
                                                                    $45,330,000
                                                                    $43,331,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,049,000
                                                                     $3,049,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,049,000
                                                                     $3,049,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $351,570,000
                                                                   $485,530,000
                                                                   $133,960,000
                                                                   $431,615,000
                                                                   $762,963,000
                                                                   $331,348,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $5,083,000
                                                                    $23,777,000
                                                                    $18,694,000
                                                                     $6,193,000
                                                                    $26,204,000
                                                                    $20,011,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                     $8,393,000
                                                                     $7,681,000
                                                                    $24,409,000
                                                                    $16,728,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                     $1,666,000
                                                                     $1,461,000
                                                                     $1,082,000
                                                                     $3,689,000
                                                                     $2,607,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $357,052,000
                                                                   $519,560,000
                                                                   $162,508,000
                                                                   $446,571,000
                                                                   $817,265,000
                                                                   $370,694,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.113: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,259,000
                                                                     $4,065,000
                                                                     $1,806,000
                                                                     $2,549,000
                                                                     $4,173,000
                                                                     $1,623,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $580
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                         $9,718
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $10,875,000
                                                                     $9,256,000
                                                                    $-1,620,000
                                                                    $16,125,000
                                                                    $10,202,000
                                                                    $-5,923,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $880,000
                                                                       $880,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,281,000
                                                                     $2,281,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $6,050
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                       $281,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,098,000
                                                                     $1,098,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,098,000
                                                                     $1,098,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $13,141,000
                                                                    $15,786,000
                                                                     $2,645,000
                                                                    $18,701,000
                                                                    $18,261,000
                                                                      $-440,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $1,085,000
                                                                     $3,461,000
                                                                     $2,376,000
                                                                     $1,332,000
                                                                     $3,731,000
                                                                     $2,399,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $6,102
                                                                         $3,763
                                                                        $-2,339
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                           $259
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $14,232,000
                                                                    $19,251,000
                                                                     $5,019,000
                                                                    $20,048,000
                                                                    $22,008,000
                                                                     $1,960,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.
                                        
 Exhibit C.114: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $10,344,000
                                                                    $15,109,000
                                                                     $4,765,000
                                                                    $11,396,000
                                                                    $16,534,000
                                                                     $5,139,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                     $6,479,000
                                                                     $6,389,000
                                                                     $5,752,000
                                                                    $22,360,000
                                                                    $16,607,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $44,756,000
                                                                    $46,122,000
                                                                     $1,366,000
                                                                    $57,401,000
                                                                    $62,583,000
                                                                     $5,182,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,806,000
                                                                     $1,806,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,377,000
                                                                    $11,377,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                     $8,535,000
                                                                     $8,459,000
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                    $10,192,000
                                                                     $9,865,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,427,000
                                                                     $1,427,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,427,000
                                                                     $1,427,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $55,267,000
                                                                    $79,479,000
                                                                    $24,212,000
                                                                    $74,877,000
                                                                   $124,474,000
                                                                    $49,597,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $2,016,000
                                                                     $9,481,000
                                                                     $7,465,000
                                                                     $2,486,000
                                                                    $10,120,000
                                                                     $7,634,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                     $1,280,000
                                                                     $1,254,000
                                                                     $1,153,000
                                                                     $2,936,000
                                                                     $1,783,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $4,862
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $250,000
                                                                       $166,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $57,314,000
                                                                    $90,348,000
                                                                    $33,034,000
                                                                    $78,601,000
                                                                   $137,780,000
                                                                    $59,180,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.115: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                    $30,546,000
                                                                    $55,088,000
                                                                    $24,542,000
                                                                    $33,768,000
                                                                    $67,872,000
                                                                    $34,104,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                    $40,324,000
                                                                    $39,747,000
                                                                    $32,575,000
                                                                   $147,202,000
                                                                   $114,627,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                   $277,928,000
                                                                   $294,184,000
                                                                    $16,257,000
                                                                   $307,408,000
                                                                   $394,970,000
                                                                    $87,563,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,503,000
                                                                     $1,503,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,551,000
                                                                     $8,551,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                       $394,000
                                                                    $28,019,000
                                                                    $27,626,000
                                                                     $1,688,000
                                                                    $35,435,000
                                                                    $33,747,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,719,000
                                                                     $2,719,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,719,000
                                                                     $2,719,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                   $309,445,000
                                                                   $421,837,000
                                                                   $112,393,000
                                                                   $375,439,000
                                                                   $656,750,000
                                                                   $281,311,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                     $4,152,000
                                                                    $17,758,000
                                                                    $13,605,000
                                                                     $5,039,000
                                                                    $19,815,000
                                                                    $14,776,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                     $7,307,000
                                                                     $7,140,000
                                                                     $6,527,000
                                                                    $21,473,000
                                                                    $14,945,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                     $1,561,000
                                                                     $1,355,000
                                                                     $1,013,000
                                                                     $3,455,000
                                                                     $2,442,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                   $313,970,000
                                                                   $448,463,000
                                                                   $134,493,000
                                                                   $388,019,000
                                                                   $701,493,000
                                                                   $313,475,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.116: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,021,000
                                                                     $3,778,000
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                     $3,274,000
                                                                     $3,546,000
                                                                       $273,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $810
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $694,000
                                                                       $564,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $4,405,000
                                                                     $3,544,000
                                                                      $-860,000
                                                                     $8,459,000
                                                                     $3,854,000
                                                                    $-4,605,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $738,000
                                                                       $738,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,669,000
                                                                     $2,669,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                     $2,447,000
                                                                     $2,434,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                     $2,443,000
                                                                     $2,399,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $601,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $7,440,000
                                                                    $11,616,000
                                                                     $4,177,000
                                                                    $11,908,000
                                                                    $13,808,000
                                                                     $1,900,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $853,000
                                                                     $3,825,000
                                                                     $2,972,000
                                                                     $1,027,000
                                                                     $3,961,000
                                                                     $2,933,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $189
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-189
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-26,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $15
                                                                           $219
                                                                           $161
                                                                           $-58
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $8,293,000
                                                                    $15,442,000
                                                                     $7,149,000
                                                                    $12,961,000
                                                                    $17,768,000
                                                                     $4,807,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.117: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,103,000
                                                                     $4,120,000
                                                                     $1,016,000
                                                                     $3,425,000
                                                                     $4,027,000
                                                                       $602,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,721
                                                                       $614,000
                                                                       $609,000
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                       $997,000
                                                                       $429,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $6,559,000
                                                                     $6,254,000
                                                                      $-305,000
                                                                    $10,771,000
                                                                     $7,886,000
                                                                    $-2,885,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $973,000
                                                                       $973,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,600,000
                                                                     $6,600,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $2,153,000
                                                                     $2,139,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                     $2,407,000
                                                                     $2,363,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                       $523,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $9,681,000
                                                                    $14,636,000
                                                                     $4,955,000
                                                                    $14,808,000
                                                                    $22,440,000
                                                                     $7,632,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $753,000
                                                                     $3,444,000
                                                                     $2,691,000
                                                                       $930,000
                                                                     $3,644,000
                                                                     $2,714,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,357
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,357
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-115,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $397
                                                                         $1,046
                                                                           $649
                                                                         $2,035
                                                                         $1,388
                                                                          $-647
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $10,436,000
                                                                    $18,081,000
                                                                     $7,645,000
                                                                    $15,855,000
                                                                    $26,086,000
                                                                    $10,231,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.118: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $703,000
                                                                     $1,012,000
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $769,000
                                                                     $1,321,000
                                                                       $552,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,357
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $177,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,847,000
                                                                     $2,037,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                     $2,687,000
                                                                     $4,301,000
                                                                     $1,614,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $457,000
                                                                       $457,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $3,072
                                                                       $354,000
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                         $8,234
                                                                       $647,000
                                                                       $639,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,558,000
                                                                     $3,654,000
                                                                     $1,096,000
                                                                     $3,795,000
                                                                     $7,314,000
                                                                     $3,519,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $808,000
                                                                       $611,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                       $658,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,284
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,284
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-67,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $242
                                                                           $553
                                                                           $311
                                                                           $721
                                                                         $2,032
                                                                         $1,311
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,756,000
                                                                     $4,462,000
                                                                     $1,706,000
                                                                     $4,083,000
                                                                     $8,195,000
                                                                     $4,112,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.119: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $482,000
                                                                       $714,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $570,000
                                                                     $1,044,000
                                                                       $474,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                       $-42,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,799,000
                                                                     $2,058,000
                                                                       $260,000
                                                                     $2,803,000
                                                                     $4,487,000
                                                                     $1,684,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $111,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,867
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                       $287,000
                                                                         $9,501
                                                                       $428,000
                                                                       $419,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,282,000
                                                                     $3,185,000
                                                                       $903,000
                                                                     $3,686,000
                                                                     $6,394,000
                                                                     $2,708,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $690,000
                                                                       $519,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $749,000
                                                                       $556,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-61,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $453
                                                                         $1,186
                                                                           $734
                                                                           $750
                                                                         $6,679
                                                                         $5,929
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,454,000
                                                                     $3,876,000
                                                                     $1,422,000
                                                                     $3,942,000
                                                                     $7,150,000
                                                                     $3,208,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.120: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $623,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $455,000
                                                                       $871,000
                                                                       $416,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $7,789
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $-54,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,150,000
                                                                     $2,383,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                     $2,521,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                     $1,172,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $203,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $317,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,573,000
                                                                     $3,308,000
                                                                       $735,000
                                                                     $3,260,000
                                                                     $5,127,000
                                                                     $1,867,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $452,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $476,000
                                                                       $342,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,293
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,293
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-51,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $298
                                                                         $2,513
                                                                         $2,215
                                                                         $1,725
                                                                         $7,210
                                                                         $5,485
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,703,000
                                                                     $3,762,000
                                                                     $1,059,000
                                                                     $3,447,000
                                                                     $5,611,000
                                                                     $2,164,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.121: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $602,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $771,000
                                                                       $392,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $8,546
                                                                       $693,000
                                                                       $684,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                     $1,436,000
                                                                     $1,220,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,432,000
                                                                     $2,705,000
                                                                       $274,000
                                                                     $2,954,000
                                                                     $3,741,000
                                                                       $786,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $5,378
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                       $257,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,550
                                                                         $9,550
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,550
                                                                         $9,550
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,760,000
                                                                     $4,357,000
                                                                     $1,597,000
                                                                     $3,581,000
                                                                     $6,247,000
                                                                     $2,666,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                       $272,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $276,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,482
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $132,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,501
                                                                         $2,501
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,873,000
                                                                     $4,912,000
                                                                     $2,039,000
                                                                     $3,742,000
                                                                     $6,827,000
                                                                     $3,085,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.122: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                        $90,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,308
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $366,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,748,000
                                                                     $1,801,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                     $1,843,000
                                                                     $2,017,000
                                                                       $174,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,663
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                         $8,694
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,085
                                                                         $1,085
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,085
                                                                         $1,085
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,008,000
                                                                     $2,378,000
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                     $2,207,000
                                                                     $2,914,000
                                                                       $708,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $207,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,249
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $64,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $2,100
                                                                         $3,355
                                                                         $1,255
                                                                         $8,020
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $6,288
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,122,000
                                                                     $2,744,000
                                                                       $622,000
                                                                     $2,345,000
                                                                     $3,330,000
                                                                       $984,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.123: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $287,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $159,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $323,000
                                                                     $1,672,000
                                                                     $1,349,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,617,000
                                                                     $2,715,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                     $2,733,000
                                                                     $3,156,000
                                                                       $423,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,182
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $236,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $891
                                                                           $891
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $891
                                                                           $891
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,899,000
                                                                     $3,474,000
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                     $3,358,000
                                                                     $5,527,000
                                                                     $2,169,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $313,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $206,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $259,000
                                                                       $194,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,049
                                                                         $8,049
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $3,007,000
                                                                     $3,839,000
                                                                       $832,000
                                                                     $3,545,000
                                                                     $6,131,000
                                                                     $2,586,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.124: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                        $16,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $231
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                        $84,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                       $640,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                       $746,000
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                       $-69,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $269,000
                                                                       $269,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $350
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                         $2,040
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $143,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $736,000
                                                                     $1,072,000
                                                                       $335,000
                                                                       $915,000
                                                                     $1,386,000
                                                                       $471,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $513,000
                                                                       $384,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $531,000
                                                                       $391,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $62
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-62
                                                                         $5,851
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,851
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $34
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $24
                                                                            $56
                                                                            $32
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $865,000
                                                                     $1,585,000
                                                                       $719,000
                                                                     $1,060,000
                                                                     $1,916,000
                                                                       $856,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.125: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                        $99,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,491
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,286,000
                                                                     $1,406,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                     $1,499,000
                                                                     $1,773,000
                                                                       $274,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,229,000
                                                                     $1,229,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $858
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                         $3,784
                                                                       $330,000
                                                                       $326,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $47,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,569,000
                                                                     $2,394,000
                                                                       $825,000
                                                                     $2,047,000
                                                                     $4,077,000
                                                                     $2,029,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $687,000
                                                                       $530,000
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                       $714,000
                                                                       $537,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $429
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-429
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-47,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $19
                                                                           $197
                                                                           $178
                                                                           $248
                                                                           $584
                                                                           $336
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,726,000
                                                                     $3,081,000
                                                                     $1,355,000
                                                                     $2,271,000
                                                                     $4,791,000
                                                                     $2,520,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.126: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $155,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,385
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $-13,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $440,000
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                       $518,000
                                                                     $1,250,000
                                                                       $732,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $402
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                         $1,500
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $171,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $573,000
                                                                       $893,000
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $845,000
                                                                     $1,945,000
                                                                     $1,100,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $304,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $407
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-407
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-36,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $7
                                                                           $353
                                                                           $346
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $532
                                                                           $532
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $688,000
                                                                     $1,300,000
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                     $1,002,000
                                                                     $2,370,000
                                                                     $1,368,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.127: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $394,000
                                                                       $222,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,927
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $-86,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $926,000
                                                                     $1,058,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                     $1,061,000
                                                                     $2,356,000
                                                                     $1,295,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,152
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                         $3,958
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                       $213,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,076,000
                                                                     $1,502,000
                                                                       $425,000
                                                                     $1,522,000
                                                                     $3,184,000
                                                                     $1,662,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $478,000
                                                                       $348,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $568
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-568
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-58,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $517
                                                                         $1,090
                                                                           $573
                                                                           $886
                                                                         $8,193
                                                                         $7,307
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,948,000
                                                                       $749,000
                                                                     $1,711,000
                                                                     $3,670,000
                                                                     $1,960,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.128: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $339,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                       $531,000
                                                                       $292,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,584
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                      $-140,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,345,000
                                                                     $1,499,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                     $1,489,000
                                                                     $2,555,000
                                                                     $1,066,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $4,040
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $287,000
                                                                       $269,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,494
                                                                         $8,494
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,494
                                                                         $8,494
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,558,000
                                                                     $2,060,000
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                     $2,098,000
                                                                     $3,594,000
                                                                     $1,496,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $298,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $466
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-466
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-71,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,271
                                                                         $3,271
                                                                         $1,097
                                                                         $4,703
                                                                         $3,606
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,671,000
                                                                     $2,456,000
                                                                       $785,000
                                                                     $2,289,000
                                                                     $4,015,000
                                                                     $1,726,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.129: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $867,000
                                                                       $505,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $1,690,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                       $719,000
                                                                     $4,114,000
                                                                     $3,395,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,489,000
                                                                     $3,810,000
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                     $3,794,000
                                                                     $5,223,000
                                                                     $1,428,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,973
                                                                       $738,000
                                                                       $735,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $545,000
                                                                       $514,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,605
                                                                         $9,605
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,605
                                                                         $9,605
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $3,815,000
                                                                     $6,914,000
                                                                     $3,099,000
                                                                     $4,906,000
                                                                    $10,758,000
                                                                     $5,852,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $420,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $436,000
                                                                       $315,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,416
                                                                       $432,000
                                                                       $428,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $698,000
                                                                       $554,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $3,934,000
                                                                     $7,795,000
                                                                     $3,861,000
                                                                     $5,181,000
                                                                    $11,939,000
                                                                     $6,757,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.130: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $354,000
                                                                       $157,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                       $894,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,605,000
                                                                     $2,748,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                     $2,684,000
                                                                     $3,103,000
                                                                       $419,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $3,124
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $164,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,290
                                                                         $2,290
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,290
                                                                         $2,290
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,813,000
                                                                     $3,722,000
                                                                       $909,000
                                                                     $3,022,000
                                                                     $4,658,000
                                                                     $1,636,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $223,000
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $223,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,978
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $148,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $796
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $4,027
                                                                         $9,002
                                                                         $4,974
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,951,000
                                                                     $4,194,000
                                                                     $1,243,000
                                                                     $3,184,000
                                                                     $5,196,000
                                                                     $2,012,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.131: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $392,000
                                                                       $938,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $410,000
                                                                     $1,058,000
                                                                       $648,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                     $1,453,000
                                                                     $1,433,000
                                                                     $1,604,000
                                                                     $9,959,000
                                                                     $8,355,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $10,353,000
                                                                    $10,811,000
                                                                       $458,000
                                                                    $10,694,000
                                                                    $12,363,000
                                                                     $1,669,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                       $784,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                     $1,374,000
                                                                     $1,315,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,153
                                                                         $3,153
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,153
                                                                         $3,153
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $10,775,000
                                                                    $13,999,000
                                                                     $3,224,000
                                                                    $12,767,000
                                                                    $24,757,000
                                                                    $11,990,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $235,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $239,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $5,760
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                       $474,000
                                                                       $319,000
                                                                     $1,544,000
                                                                     $1,225,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                        $66,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $10,921,000
                                                                    $14,898,000
                                                                     $3,977,000
                                                                    $13,268,000
                                                                    $26,787,000
                                                                    $13,519,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.132: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $5,797
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                         $5,797
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $87,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                         $2,748
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                         $2,351
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $69
                                                                            $69
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $69
                                                                            $69
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $315,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $343,000
                                                                       $191,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $195,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,703
                                                                         $3,703
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,371
                                                                         $3,371
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $610,000
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $638,000
                                                                       $390,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.133: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $444,000
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $555,000
                                                                        $73,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $186
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $772,000
                                                                       $744,000
                                                                       $-28,000
                                                                     $1,247,000
                                                                       $780,000
                                                                      $-467,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                       $373,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,358
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                         $5,818
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $369,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $89,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,217,000
                                                                     $1,939,000
                                                                       $722,000
                                                                     $1,770,000
                                                                     $2,405,000
                                                                       $636,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $833,000
                                                                       $627,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $862,000
                                                                       $630,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $45
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-45
                                                                         $6,857
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-6,857
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $59
                                                                            $59
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $133
                                                                           $129
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,423,000
                                                                     $2,772,000
                                                                     $1,350,000
                                                                     $2,009,000
                                                                     $3,267,000
                                                                     $1,259,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.134: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,772,000
                                                                     $2,504,000
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                     $1,981,000
                                                                     $2,601,000
                                                                       $620,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,981
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $561,000
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                       $366,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $4,817,000
                                                                     $5,148,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                     $7,355,000
                                                                     $8,319,000
                                                                       $964,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,231,000
                                                                     $3,231,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $7,190
                                                                     $1,302,000
                                                                     $1,295,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                     $1,561,000
                                                                     $1,535,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                       $302,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $6,599,000
                                                                    $10,146,000
                                                                     $3,547,000
                                                                     $9,937,000
                                                                    $16,954,000
                                                                     $7,018,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $472,000
                                                                     $2,214,000
                                                                     $1,742,000
                                                                       $582,000
                                                                     $2,358,000
                                                                     $1,776,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $855
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-855
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-116,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $693
                                                                         $1,971
                                                                         $1,279
                                                                         $1,562
                                                                         $4,625
                                                                         $3,063
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $7,072,000
                                                                    $12,362,000
                                                                     $5,290,000
                                                                    $10,636,000
                                                                    $19,317,000
                                                                     $8,681,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.135: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,649,000
                                                                     $2,493,000
                                                                       $845,000
                                                                     $1,846,000
                                                                     $3,328,000
                                                                     $1,482,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $5,323
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                       $522,000
                                                                     $1,246,000
                                                                     $1,494,000
                                                                       $248,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $5,210,000
                                                                     $5,695,000
                                                                       $485,000
                                                                     $6,728,000
                                                                    $12,451,000
                                                                     $5,724,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $660,000
                                                                       $660,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $6,006
                                                                       $851,000
                                                                       $845,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                     $1,669,000
                                                                     $1,650,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $184,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $6,870,000
                                                                     $9,829,000
                                                                     $2,959,000
                                                                     $9,840,000
                                                                    $19,786,000
                                                                     $9,947,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                     $1,534,000
                                                                     $1,214,000
                                                                       $387,000
                                                                     $1,709,000
                                                                     $1,322,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,557
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-252,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $427
                                                                         $3,183
                                                                         $2,756
                                                                         $3,822
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                         $9,395
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $7,193,000
                                                                    $11,367,000
                                                                     $4,174,000
                                                                    $10,482,000
                                                                    $21,508,000
                                                                    $11,027,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.136: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,610,000
                                                                     $3,862,000
                                                                     $1,251,000
                                                                     $2,947,000
                                                                     $5,693,000
                                                                     $2,746,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $639,000
                                                                       $625,000
                                                                     $1,686,000
                                                                     $2,575,000
                                                                       $889,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $12,440,000
                                                                    $13,828,000
                                                                     $1,388,000
                                                                    $15,684,000
                                                                    $27,171,000
                                                                    $11,487,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $193,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $1,461,000
                                                                     $1,446,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                     $2,241,000
                                                                     $2,190,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                       $283,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $15,079,000
                                                                    $20,136,000
                                                                     $5,057,000
                                                                    $20,368,000
                                                                    $38,156,000
                                                                    $17,788,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $469,000
                                                                     $2,275,000
                                                                     $1,806,000
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                     $2,589,000
                                                                     $2,020,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,116
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,116
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-341,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $7,231
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $5,185
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $54,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $15,559,000
                                                                    $22,424,000
                                                                     $6,864,000
                                                                    $21,294,000
                                                                    $40,816,000
                                                                    $19,522,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.137: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,287,000
                                                                     $4,884,000
                                                                     $1,597,000
                                                                     $3,701,000
                                                                     $6,782,000
                                                                     $3,081,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                       $536,000
                                                                     $1,801,000
                                                                     $1,756,000
                                                                       $-45,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $15,038,000
                                                                    $16,604,000
                                                                     $1,566,000
                                                                    $17,906,000
                                                                    $26,597,000
                                                                     $8,691,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                       $358,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                     $1,593,000
                                                                     $1,522,000
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                     $2,605,000
                                                                     $2,390,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $127,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $18,411,000
                                                                    $23,759,000
                                                                     $5,349,000
                                                                    $23,623,000
                                                                    $38,224,000
                                                                    $14,602,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                     $1,478,000
                                                                     $1,150,000
                                                                       $385,000
                                                                     $1,671,000
                                                                     $1,286,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,657
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,657
                                                                       $363,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-363,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $3,081
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                        $90,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $18,746,000
                                                                    $25,267,000
                                                                     $6,521,000
                                                                    $24,393,000
                                                                    $40,007,000
                                                                    $15,614,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.138: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,139,000
                                                                     $4,062,000
                                                                     $1,924,000
                                                                     $2,476,000
                                                                     $5,327,000
                                                                     $2,851,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                     $4,223,000
                                                                     $4,178,000
                                                                     $1,690,000
                                                                    $11,793,000
                                                                    $10,103,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $22,929,000
                                                                    $24,608,000
                                                                     $1,679,000
                                                                    $25,948,000
                                                                    $33,372,000
                                                                     $7,424,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                     $2,745,000
                                                                     $2,695,000
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                     $2,246,000
                                                                     $2,054,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $25,164,000
                                                                    $35,703,000
                                                                    $10,540,000
                                                                    $30,304,000
                                                                    $52,801,000
                                                                    $22,496,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $945,000
                                                                       $749,000
                                                                       $228,000
                                                                     $1,023,000
                                                                       $795,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $844,000
                                                                       $831,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                     $1,821,000
                                                                     $1,483,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $74,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                        $93,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $25,397,000
                                                                    $37,553,000
                                                                    $12,156,000
                                                                    $30,944,000
                                                                    $55,811,000
                                                                    $24,867,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.139: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,243,000
                                                                     $2,848,000
                                                                       $605,000
                                                                     $2,272,000
                                                                     $2,931,000
                                                                       $659,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                     $1,090,000
                                                                     $1,077,000
                                                                       $540,000
                                                                     $3,382,000
                                                                     $2,842,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $15,925,000
                                                                    $16,489,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                    $16,607,000
                                                                    $18,638,000
                                                                     $2,031,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $743,000
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $676,000
                                                                       $621,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,255
                                                                         $8,255
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,255
                                                                         $8,255
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $18,192,000
                                                                    $21,178,000
                                                                     $2,986,000
                                                                    $19,474,000
                                                                    $25,635,000
                                                                     $6,161,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $519,000
                                                                       $299,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                       $298,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,828
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                       $535,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $8,434
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                        $66,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $18,424,000
                                                                    $21,903,000
                                                                     $3,478,000
                                                                    $19,846,000
                                                                    $26,907,000
                                                                     $7,061,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.140: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,133,000
                                                                     $1,803,000
                                                                       $670,000
                                                                     $1,155,000
                                                                     $1,937,000
                                                                       $782,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $976,000
                                                                       $960,000
                                                                     $1,244,000
                                                                     $8,167,000
                                                                     $6,923,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $13,342,000
                                                                    $13,723,000
                                                                       $380,000
                                                                    $13,892,000
                                                                    $15,917,000
                                                                     $2,025,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $681,000
                                                                       $668,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                     $1,184,000
                                                                     $1,124,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,633
                                                                         $3,633
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,633
                                                                         $3,633
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $14,505,000
                                                                    $17,187,000
                                                                     $2,682,000
                                                                    $16,351,000
                                                                    $27,209,000
                                                                    $10,858,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                       $238,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $387,000
                                                                       $243,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $4,666
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                     $1,250,000
                                                                     $1,002,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $178,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $14,680,000
                                                                    $17,813,000
                                                                     $3,133,000
                                                                    $16,808,000
                                                                    $29,089,000
                                                                    $12,281,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.141: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $505,000
                                                                       $225,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $564
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                         $1,268
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $157,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,312,000
                                                                     $1,322,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                     $1,312,000
                                                                     $1,322,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $137
                                                                           $137
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $137
                                                                           $137
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,592,000
                                                                     $1,998,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                     $1,593,000
                                                                     $2,073,000
                                                                       $480,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $161
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                           $252
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,690,000
                                                                     $2,303,000
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                     $1,691,000
                                                                     $2,382,000
                                                                       $692,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.142: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                       $219,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                        $47,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $122
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $186,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $723,000
                                                                       $751,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $856,000
                                                                       $804,000
                                                                       $-52,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                       $191,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $459
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                         $2,127
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $160,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $863,000
                                                                     $1,246,000
                                                                       $383,000
                                                                     $1,038,000
                                                                     $1,602,000
                                                                       $564,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $549,000
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $573,000
                                                                       $428,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $30
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-30
                                                                         $5,030
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,030
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $91
                                                                            $82
                                                                           $118
                                                                           $182
                                                                            $64
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $996,000
                                                                     $1,795,000
                                                                       $800,000
                                                                     $1,187,000
                                                                     $2,174,000
                                                                       $987,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.143: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                       $850,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $557,000
                                                                       $836,000
                                                                       $279,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $2,645
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $458,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $143,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,120,000
                                                                     $2,333,000
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                     $2,504,000
                                                                     $4,122,000
                                                                     $1,618,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,182,000
                                                                     $1,182,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,753
                                                                       $416,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                         $7,017
                                                                       $579,000
                                                                       $572,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,627,000
                                                                     $4,086,000
                                                                     $1,459,000
                                                                     $3,526,000
                                                                     $7,402,000
                                                                     $3,877,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $960,000
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                       $238,000
                                                                     $1,011,000
                                                                       $773,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $766
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-766
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-92,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $92
                                                                         $1,188
                                                                         $1,096
                                                                           $877
                                                                         $2,329
                                                                         $1,452
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,832,000
                                                                     $5,048,000
                                                                     $2,216,000
                                                                     $3,858,000
                                                                     $8,416,000
                                                                     $4,558,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.144: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $560,000
                                                                       $936,000
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                       $617,000
                                                                     $1,256,000
                                                                       $639,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $3,996
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                       $738,000
                                                                       $734,000
                                                                        $-4,291
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $2,011,000
                                                                     $2,256,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                     $2,346,000
                                                                     $5,621,000
                                                                     $3,276,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $1,541
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                         $6,000
                                                                       $726,000
                                                                       $720,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $2,577,000
                                                                     $3,860,000
                                                                     $1,283,000
                                                                     $3,707,000
                                                                     $8,475,000
                                                                     $4,769,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $771,000
                                                                       $598,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $848,000
                                                                       $651,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $1,174
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,174
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-149,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $154
                                                                         $1,655
                                                                         $1,500
                                                                         $1,444
                                                                         $9,750
                                                                         $8,307
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $2,751,000
                                                                     $4,632,000
                                                                     $1,882,000
                                                                     $4,054,000
                                                                     $9,333,000
                                                                     $5,279,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.145: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                     $1,916,000
                                                                       $775,000
                                                                     $1,297,000
                                                                     $2,951,000
                                                                     $1,654,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                       $539,000
                                                                       $512,000
                                                                     $2,087,000
                                                                     $1,548,000
                                                                      $-539,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $7,255,000
                                                                     $8,376,000
                                                                     $1,121,000
                                                                     $8,135,000
                                                                    $17,817,000
                                                                     $9,682,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $6,379
                                                                       $927,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                     $1,702,000
                                                                     $1,677,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $138,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $8,428,000
                                                                    $11,896,000
                                                                     $3,468,000
                                                                    $11,544,000
                                                                    $24,156,000
                                                                    $12,612,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                     $1,480,000
                                                                     $1,194,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                     $1,710,000
                                                                     $1,372,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                         $7,950
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-7,950
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-422,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $2,201
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $57,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $8,724,000
                                                                    $13,394,000
                                                                     $4,670,000
                                                                    $12,319,000
                                                                    $25,938,000
                                                                    $13,619,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.146: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,553,000
                                                                     $4,198,000
                                                                     $1,645,000
                                                                     $2,918,000
                                                                     $6,399,000
                                                                     $3,481,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                       $874,000
                                                                     $3,813,000
                                                                     $2,767,000
                                                                    $-1,046,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $16,538,000
                                                                    $18,264,000
                                                                     $1,726,000
                                                                    $18,184,000
                                                                    $30,529,000
                                                                    $12,346,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                     $1,818,000
                                                                     $1,765,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                     $3,487,000
                                                                     $3,297,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $106,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $19,191,000
                                                                    $25,307,000
                                                                     $6,116,000
                                                                    $25,105,000
                                                                    $43,289,000
                                                                    $18,184,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                     $1,562,000
                                                                     $1,244,000
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                     $1,832,000
                                                                     $1,460,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-14,000
                                                                       $770,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-770,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $9,607
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $127,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $19,532,000
                                                                    $26,914,000
                                                                     $7,382,000
                                                                    $26,283,000
                                                                    $45,286,000
                                                                    $19,002,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.147: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $3,372,000
                                                                     $7,107,000
                                                                     $3,736,000
                                                                     $3,874,000
                                                                     $9,188,000
                                                                     $5,315,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                    $15,917,000
                                                                    $15,777,000
                                                                     $5,161,000
                                                                    $36,583,000
                                                                    $31,422,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $38,996,000
                                                                    $42,931,000
                                                                     $3,935,000
                                                                    $41,917,000
                                                                    $56,765,000
                                                                    $14,848,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                     $6,994,000
                                                                     $6,936,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                     $5,374,000
                                                                     $5,062,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $102,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $42,566,000
                                                                    $73,051,000
                                                                    $30,485,000
                                                                    $51,264,000
                                                                   $108,013,000
                                                                    $56,749,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                     $1,663,000
                                                                     $1,362,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                     $1,830,000
                                                                     $1,470,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                     $3,484,000
                                                                     $3,443,000
                                                                     $1,032,000
                                                                     $5,927,000
                                                                     $4,894,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $253,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $42,918,000
                                                                    $78,371,000
                                                                    $35,452,000
                                                                    $52,824,000
                                                                   $116,191,000
                                                                    $63,367,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.148: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $1,745,000
                                                                     $3,286,000
                                                                     $1,541,000
                                                                     $1,822,000
                                                                     $3,475,000
                                                                     $1,653,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                     $3,800,000
                                                                     $3,753,000
                                                                     $1,800,000
                                                                    $10,180,000
                                                                     $8,379,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $24,296,000
                                                                    $25,760,000
                                                                     $1,464,000
                                                                    $25,190,000
                                                                    $29,183,000
                                                                     $3,993,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                     $2,025,000
                                                                     $2,000,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                     $1,821,000
                                                                     $1,677,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $26,114,000
                                                                    $34,894,000
                                                                     $8,780,000
                                                                    $28,957,000
                                                                    $44,680,000
                                                                    $15,723,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                       $472,000
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                       $468,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $741,000
                                                                       $727,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                     $2,051,000
                                                                     $1,691,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $8,633
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                       $202,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $26,570,000
                                                                    $36,636,000
                                                                    $10,066,000
                                                                    $29,835,000
                                                                    $47,918,000
                                                                    $18,083,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.149: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                     $2,489,000
                                                                     $6,574,000
                                                                     $4,085,000
                                                                     $2,609,000
                                                                     $7,327,000
                                                                     $4,718,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                     $7,507,000
                                                                     $7,347,000
                                                                     $9,578,000
                                                                    $60,381,000
                                                                    $50,803,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $57,594,000
                                                                    $59,923,000
                                                                     $2,329,000
                                                                    $59,716,000
                                                                    $69,092,000
                                                                     $9,376,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                     $4,546,000
                                                                     $4,481,000
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                     $7,938,000
                                                                     $7,575,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $60,309,000
                                                                    $78,570,000
                                                                    $18,262,000
                                                                    $72,265,000
                                                                   $144,758,000
                                                                    $72,492,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $380,000
                                                                       $830,000
                                                                       $450,000
                                                                       $384,000
                                                                       $859,000
                                                                       $475,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                     $1,581,000
                                                                     $1,535,000
                                                                     $1,907,000
                                                                     $9,401,000
                                                                     $7,493,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $387,000
                                                                     $1,039,000
                                                                       $652,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $60,749,000
                                                                    $81,201,000
                                                                    $20,452,000
                                                                    $74,943,000
                                                                   $156,056,000
                                                                    $81,113,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.150: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                     $2,402,000
                                                                     $2,173,000
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                     $2,407,000
                                                                     $2,177,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                     $1,986,000
                                                                     $1,950,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                     $3,488,000
                                                                     $3,401,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                    $25,734,000
                                                                    $26,175,000
                                                                       $440,000
                                                                    $25,756,000
                                                                    $26,267,000
                                                                       $511,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $700,000
                                                                       $700,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $706,000
                                                                       $706,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,234
                                                                         $1,234
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,234
                                                                         $1,234
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                    $26,000,000
                                                                    $31,264,000
                                                                     $5,264,000
                                                                    $26,074,000
                                                                    $32,870,000
                                                                     $6,796,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $207,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $347,000
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $773,000
                                                                       $689,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $731,000
                                                                       $647,000
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                    $26,208,000
                                                                    $32,677,000
                                                                     $6,469,000
                                                                    $26,288,000
                                                                    $34,285,000
                                                                     $7,997,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.151: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $817,000
                                                                     $1,368,000
                                                                       $551,000
                                                                       $924,000
                                                                     $1,375,000
                                                                       $451,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                           $412
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                         $2,102
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $88,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,135,000
                                                                     $2,304,000
                                                                      $-831,000
                                                                     $5,416,000
                                                                     $2,461,000
                                                                    $-2,955,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                       $552,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,885
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                         $7,543
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $129,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                       $510,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $3,955,000
                                                                     $4,628,000
                                                                       $673,000
                                                                     $6,350,000
                                                                     $5,125,000
                                                                    $-1,225,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $513,000
                                                                     $1,612,000
                                                                     $1,099,000
                                                                       $609,000
                                                                     $1,720,000
                                                                     $1,112,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $401
                                                                           $296
                                                                          $-105
                                                                         $1,084
                                                                           $267
                                                                          $-817
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $4,468,000
                                                                     $6,241,000
                                                                     $1,773,000
                                                                     $6,960,000
                                                                     $6,846,000
                                                                      $-114,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.152: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $807,000
                                                                     $1,419,000
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                       $914,000
                                                                     $1,465,000
                                                                       $551,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $51
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                         $2,962
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $67,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $3,316,000
                                                                     $2,767,000
                                                                      $-548,000
                                                                     $5,186,000
                                                                     $2,999,000
                                                                    $-2,187,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $841,000
                                                                       $841,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                         $2,124
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                         $6,084
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                        $99,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $390,000
                                                                       $390,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $390,000
                                                                       $390,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $4,124,000
                                                                     $5,068,000
                                                                       $944,000
                                                                     $6,109,000
                                                                     $5,869,000
                                                                      $-240,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                     $1,401,000
                                                                       $945,000
                                                                       $555,000
                                                                     $1,498,000
                                                                       $943,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                         $1,450
                                                                           $307
                                                                        $-1,143
                                                                         $3,075
                                                                         $1,820
                                                                        $-1,255
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $4,582,000
                                                                     $6,470,000
                                                                     $1,888,000
                                                                     $6,668,000
                                                                     $7,369,000
                                                                       $701,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.153: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $578,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $599,000
                                                                       $269,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $2
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                           $525
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                     $1,133,000
                                                                       $969,000
                                                                      $-164,000
                                                                     $1,650,000
                                                                     $1,112,000
                                                                      $-537,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $398,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $506
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $1,442
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $95,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                     $1,426,000
                                                                     $1,846,000
                                                                       $419,000
                                                                     $1,982,000
                                                                     $2,250,000
                                                                       $268,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                       $410,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $632,000
                                                                       $417,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $425
                                                                            $60
                                                                          $-365
                                                                         $1,642
                                                                         $1,309
                                                                          $-332
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,617,000
                                                                     $2,446,000
                                                                       $829,000
                                                                     $2,199,000
                                                                     $2,883,000
                                                                       $684,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.154: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                       $168,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $8,776
                                                                         $8,775
                                                                           $899
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $813,000
                                                                       $737,000
                                                                       $-76,000
                                                                     $1,112,000
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                      $-284,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $312,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                           $256
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $755
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $988,000
                                                                     $1,262,000
                                                                       $274,000
                                                                     $1,306,000
                                                                     $1,572,000
                                                                       $266,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                       $315,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $652
                                                                           $212
                                                                          $-440
                                                                         $2,011
                                                                         $2,044
                                                                            $33
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                     $1,726,000
                                                                       $585,000
                                                                     $1,473,000
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                       $581,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.155: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $53,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,140
                                                                         $2,139
                                                                            $95
                                                                         $2,658
                                                                         $2,562
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                        $-2,456
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                         $1,611
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $40
                                                                         $1,952
                                                                         $1,913
                                                                           $114
                                                                         $2,105
                                                                         $1,991
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,265
                                                                         $7,265
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,265
                                                                         $7,265
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $405,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                       $397,000
                                                                       $522,000
                                                                       $124,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $212,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $268
                                                                           $646
                                                                           $379
                                                                         $1,475
                                                                         $1,270
                                                                          $-205
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $432,000
                                                                       $723,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $506,000
                                                                       $843,000
                                                                       $336,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.156: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $5,831
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,204
                                                                         $6,499
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $10,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $255
                                                                           $254
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $320
                                                                           $309
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                         $3,095
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,228
                                                                         $1,228
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,654
                                                                         $4,654
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $215
                                                                           $211
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $240
                                                                           $228
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $786
                                                                           $786
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $786
                                                                           $786
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                        $29,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $294,000
                                                                       $197,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $285
                                                                           $436
                                                                           $151
                                                                           $605
                                                                         $1,507
                                                                           $902
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $452,000
                                                                       $227,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.157: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $2,051
                                                                         $2,828
                                                                           $777
                                                                         $2,079
                                                                         $2,884
                                                                           $804
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $56
                                                                            $56
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $72
                                                                            $69
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                           $233
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                         $1,844
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $324
                                                                           $324
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $998
                                                                           $998
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $34
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $37
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $85
                                                                            $85
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $85
                                                                            $85
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                         $1,508
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                         $3,836
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $84
                                                                            $82
                                                                            $-2
                                                                           $242
                                                                           $289
                                                                            $47
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.158: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $17,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $4,646
                                                                         $4,614
                                                                           $822
                                                                         $5,148
                                                                         $4,326
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                        $-9,324
                                                                       $392,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $-44,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,799
                                                                         $6,799
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $75
                                                                         $4,109
                                                                         $4,034
                                                                           $229
                                                                         $4,240
                                                                         $4,011
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                        $15,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $247,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $36
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $-27
                                                                            $75
                                                                            $70
                                                                            $-5
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $471,000
                                                                       $759,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $537,000
                                                                       $799,000
                                                                       $262,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.159: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $28,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $53
                                                                         $3,860
                                                                         $3,807
                                                                         $1,586
                                                                         $4,044
                                                                         $2,458
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                        $-9,958
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $369,000
                                                                       $-38,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $81
                                                                         $4,276
                                                                         $4,195
                                                                           $235
                                                                         $4,405
                                                                         $4,169
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $385,000
                                                                       $443,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                       $498,000
                                                                        $47,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $357,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $361,000
                                                                       $246,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $28
                                                                            $51
                                                                            $23
                                                                           $110
                                                                           $107
                                                                            $-3
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $496,000
                                                                       $801,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $566,000
                                                                       $859,000
                                                                       $293,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.160: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $8
                                                                         $1,307
                                                                         $1,299
                                                                           $361
                                                                         $1,683
                                                                         $1,322
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                         $1,241
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $203,000
                                                                         $4,827
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,579
                                                                         $4,579
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $21
                                                                         $1,348
                                                                         $1,327
                                                                            $67
                                                                         $1,410
                                                                         $1,343
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,109
                                                                         $5,109
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,109
                                                                         $5,109
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $223,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                        $43,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $315,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $215,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                            $72
                                                                            $25
                                                                           $-47
                                                                           $193
                                                                           $281
                                                                            $88
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $539,000
                                                                       $244,000
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $258,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.161: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $21,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                            $12
                                                                         $1,689
                                                                         $1,677
                                                                           $229
                                                                         $2,763
                                                                         $2,533
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $333,000
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                         $1,003
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $36
                                                                         $1,690
                                                                         $1,655
                                                                            $94
                                                                         $1,766
                                                                         $1,672
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,355
                                                                         $6,355
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,355
                                                                         $6,355
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $394,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $381,000
                                                                       $460,000
                                                                        $79,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $223,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $525
                                                                           $222
                                                                          $-302
                                                                           $909
                                                                           $596
                                                                          $-313
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $455,000
                                                                       $720,000
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                       $789,000
                                                                       $302,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.162: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $24,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $7
                                                                         $1,253
                                                                         $1,246
                                                                            $79
                                                                         $1,489
                                                                         $1,410
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $428,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $442,000
                                                                       $492,000
                                                                        $50,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,171
                                                                         $5,171
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $968
                                                                           $951
                                                                            $52
                                                                         $1,043
                                                                           $990
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,596
                                                                         $3,596
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,596
                                                                         $3,596
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $431,000
                                                                       $476,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                       $459,000
                                                                       $556,000
                                                                        $97,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                       $210,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $523
                                                                           $443
                                                                           $-79
                                                                         $1,134
                                                                         $2,331
                                                                         $1,197
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $532,000
                                                                       $786,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $562,000
                                                                       $869,000
                                                                       $308,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.163: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $7,334
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,865
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $292
                                                                           $292
                                                                            $35
                                                                           $430
                                                                           $395
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                         $5,639
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $524
                                                                           $524
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,647
                                                                         $1,647
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $216
                                                                           $212
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $227
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $786
                                                                           $786
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $786
                                                                           $786
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $272,000
                                                                        $40,000
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $456
                                                                           $495
                                                                            $39
                                                                         $1,022
                                                                         $1,733
                                                                           $711
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $536,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                       $239,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.164: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $2,419
                                                                         $3,301
                                                                           $882
                                                                         $2,447
                                                                         $3,364
                                                                           $917
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $58
                                                                            $58
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $79
                                                                            $75
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                           $-58
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                         $2,525
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $429
                                                                           $429
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,018
                                                                         $1,018
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $34
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $37
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $85
                                                                            $85
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $85
                                                                            $85
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                         $1,430
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                         $4,657
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $114
                                                                           $101
                                                                           $-13
                                                                           $293
                                                                           $288
                                                                            $-5
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.165: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 PWS Annual Costs
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Sampling
                                                                         $1,877
                                                                         $3,222
                                                                         $1,345
                                                                         $1,923
                                                                         $3,395
                                                                         $1,472
 PWS Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $66
                                                                            $66
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $82
                                                                            $78
 Corrosion Control Technology
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                          $-244
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                         $4,513
 Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,205
                                                                         $1,205
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,422
                                                                         $2,422
 Public Education and Outreach
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $40
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $46
                                                                            $44
 Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $97
                                                                            $97
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $97
                                                                            $97
 Total Annual PWS Costs
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                         $2,509
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                         $8,625
 State Rule Implementation and Administration
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $195,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs
                                                                           $783
                                                                           $377
                                                                          $-405
                                                                         $1,269
                                                                         $1,485
                                                                           $216
 Total Annual Rule Costs
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                       $449,000
                                                                       $203,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 National Annualized Sampling Costs
3 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.166: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $7,265,000
                                                                     $8,225,000
                                                                       $959,000
                                                                     $8,311,000
                                                                    $10,211,000
                                                                     $1,900,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $34,536,000
                                                                    $46,775,000
                                                                    $12,239,000
                                                                    $36,604,000
                                                                    $55,386,000
                                                                    $18,782,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $9,419
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $-18,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,582,000
                                                                    $12,582,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,960,000
                                                                    $12,960,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $41,962,000
                                                                    $67,744,000
                                                                    $25,782,000
                                                                    $45,099,000
                                                                    $78,739,000
                                                                    $33,641,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.167: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $7,180,000
                                                                     $8,200,000
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                     $8,084,000
                                                                    $10,150,000
                                                                     $2,066,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $32,384,000
                                                                    $42,706,000
                                                                    $10,321,000
                                                                    $34,374,000
                                                                    $51,275,000
                                                                    $16,901,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $7,486
                                                                        $-7,981
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                       $-13,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,582,000
                                                                    $12,582,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,960,000
                                                                    $12,960,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $39,664,000
                                                                    $63,591,000
                                                                    $23,926,000
                                                                    $42,579,000
                                                                    $74,505,000
                                                                    $31,926,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.168: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                         $1,993
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                         $3,390
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $-61,000
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                      $-165,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,152,000
                                                                     $4,069,000
                                                                     $1,918,000
                                                                     $2,230,000
                                                                     $4,111,000
                                                                     $1,882,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $5,024
                                                                         $1,933
                                                                        $-3,091
                                                                         $8,855
                                                                         $3,915
                                                                        $-4,939
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,297,000
                                                                     $4,153,000
                                                                     $1,856,000
                                                                     $2,520,000
                                                                     $4,234,000
                                                                     $1,714,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.169: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                         $3,921
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                         $5,266
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $932,000
                                                                     $1,095,000
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                     $1,255,000
                                                                     $1,342,000
                                                                        $87,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $9,623,000
                                                                    $11,920,000
                                                                     $2,297,000
                                                                    $10,062,000
                                                                    $12,649,000
                                                                     $2,588,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $5,740
                                                                         $3,021
                                                                        $-2,719
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $9,405
                                                                        $-5,031
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,798,000
                                                                     $1,798,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,840,000
                                                                     $1,840,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $10,594,000
                                                                    $14,853,000
                                                                     $4,259,000
                                                                    $11,362,000
                                                                    $15,877,000
                                                                     $4,515,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.170: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                         $8,629
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $6,334,000
                                                                     $7,130,000
                                                                       $796,000
                                                                     $7,056,000
                                                                     $8,870,000
                                                                     $1,813,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $24,913,000
                                                                    $34,855,000
                                                                     $9,942,000
                                                                    $26,542,000
                                                                    $42,737,000
                                                                    $16,195,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $6,398
                                                                        $-8,354
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $-13,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,785,000
                                                                    $10,785,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,120,000
                                                                    $11,120,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $31,367,000
                                                                    $52,891,000
                                                                    $21,523,000
                                                                    $33,737,000
                                                                    $62,863,000
                                                                    $29,126,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.171: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $6,450
                                                                         $8,770
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $7,879
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $-6,811
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                      $-109,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,045,000
                                                                     $3,440,000
                                                                       $395,000
                                                                     $3,127,000
                                                                     $3,200,000
                                                                        $73,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,825
                                                                         $1,139
                                                                          $-686
                                                                         $4,443
                                                                         $2,930
                                                                        $-1,513
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $308,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,097,000
                                                                     $3,799,000
                                                                       $702,000
                                                                     $3,286,000
                                                                     $3,564,000
                                                                       $278,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.172: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                          $-350
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $120
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                       $-64,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,118,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                     $3,238,000
                                                                     $3,579,000
                                                                       $341,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,953
                                                                         $1,141
                                                                          $-812
                                                                         $4,544
                                                                         $3,314
                                                                        $-1,230
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $307,000
                                                                       $307,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,174,000
                                                                     $4,096,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                     $3,406,000
                                                                     $3,989,000
                                                                       $583,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.173: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,293
                                                                         $2,922
                                                                          $-371
                                                                         $3,293
                                                                         $2,922
                                                                          $-371
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $8,550
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $703,000
                                                                       $905,000
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $730,000
                                                                     $1,113,000
                                                                       $382,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $398
                                                                           $209
                                                                          $-189
                                                                           $816
                                                                           $669
                                                                          $-147
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                        $67,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $715,000
                                                                       $996,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                       $761,000
                                                                     $1,246,000
                                                                       $485,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.174: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,629
                                                                         $1,897
                                                                          $-732
                                                                         $2,629
                                                                         $1,897
                                                                          $-732
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,262
                                                                         $6,604
                                                                         $2,342
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $484,000
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                       $802,000
                                                                       $280,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $235
                                                                            $84
                                                                          $-151
                                                                           $873
                                                                           $590
                                                                          $-283
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $83,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $492,000
                                                                       $702,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $558,000
                                                                       $968,000
                                                                       $410,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.175: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $889
                                                                           $444
                                                                          $-444
                                                                           $889
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-889
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,938
                                                                         $8,454
                                                                         $4,516
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $27,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $401,000
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $429,000
                                                                       $686,000
                                                                       $256,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $151
                                                                            $74
                                                                           $-76
                                                                           $297
                                                                           $244
                                                                           $-53
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $604,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $445,000
                                                                       $805,000
                                                                       $360,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.176: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $472
                                                                           $472
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $472
                                                                           $472
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,089
                                                                         $8,683
                                                                         $6,594
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $445,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $59
                                                                            $52
                                                                            $-6
                                                                           $280
                                                                           $199
                                                                           $-82
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $122,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $369,000
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                       $341,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.177: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                         $7,082
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                         $7,309
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $7
                                                                             $6
                                                                            $-1
                                                                            $52
                                                                            $42
                                                                           $-10
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.178: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $259,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $50
                                                                            $15
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                       $433,000
                                                                       $136,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.179: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $885
                                                                           $738
                                                                          $-148
                                                                           $885
                                                                           $734
                                                                          $-151
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $870
                                                                         $4,585
                                                                         $3,714
                                                                         $6,465
                                                                         $4,328
                                                                        $-2,137
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                           $319
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $202
                                                                            $60
                                                                          $-142
                                                                           $568
                                                                           $247
                                                                          $-321
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.180: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,833
                                                                         $1,095
                                                                          $-738
                                                                         $1,833
                                                                         $1,095
                                                                          $-738
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,901
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                           $540
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $284,000
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                        $55,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $439
                                                                           $124
                                                                          $-314
                                                                         $1,003
                                                                           $433
                                                                          $-570
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $464,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $310,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                        $82,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.181: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $322
                                                                           $555
                                                                           $233
                                                                           $322
                                                                           $447
                                                                           $126
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $787
                                                                         $4,636
                                                                         $3,849
                                                                         $3,733
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                         $9,254
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                       $111,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $95
                                                                            $31
                                                                           $-63
                                                                           $266
                                                                           $125
                                                                          $-141
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $277,000
                                                                       $132,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.182: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $808
                                                                           $357
                                                                          $-451
                                                                           $808
                                                                           $357
                                                                          $-451
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,857
                                                                         $3,663
                                                                         $1,805
                                                                         $8,376
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $296,000
                                                                       $139,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $225
                                                                            $36
                                                                          $-189
                                                                           $549
                                                                           $220
                                                                          $-328
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $183,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.183: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,179
                                                                         $2,347
                                                                         $1,167
                                                                         $5,930
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $69
                                                                            $23
                                                                           $-46
                                                                           $264
                                                                           $125
                                                                          $-140
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $474,000
                                                                       $242,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.184: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $986
                                                                         $2,466
                                                                         $1,480
                                                                         $9,469
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $345,000
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                       $285,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $40
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $-23
                                                                           $251
                                                                           $113
                                                                          $-138
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $127,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $315,000
                                                                       $624,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $355,000
                                                                       $779,000
                                                                       $425,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.185: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                        $52,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $16
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $-11
                                                                            $69
                                                                            $31
                                                                           $-38
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $68,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                       $137,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.186: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $361,000
                                                                       $156,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $24
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $-12
                                                                           $126
                                                                            $74
                                                                           $-52
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $356,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $883,000
                                                                       $476,000
                                                                       $420,000
                                                                       $975,000
                                                                       $555,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.187: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,707
                                                                         $4,692
                                                                           $985
                                                                         $3,707
                                                                         $4,774
                                                                         $1,067
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $2,778
                                                                         $5,031
                                                                         $2,253
                                                                         $2,778
                                                                         $5,108
                                                                         $2,329
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $72,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $6,485
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                         $6,485
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $76,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.188: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,976
                                                                         $3,108
                                                                         $1,132
                                                                         $1,976
                                                                         $3,108
                                                                         $1,132
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,901
                                                                         $3,846
                                                                           $-55
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $-4,255
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $450,000
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $222
                                                                           $139
                                                                           $-84
                                                                           $602
                                                                           $455
                                                                          $-146
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $485,000
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                        $67,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.189: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $8,192
                                                                        $-2,144
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $8,192
                                                                        $-2,144
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,783,000
                                                                     $2,184,000
                                                                       $401,000
                                                                     $1,865,000
                                                                     $2,211,000
                                                                       $346,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,178
                                                                           $667
                                                                          $-511
                                                                         $2,783
                                                                         $2,144
                                                                          $-638
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,815,000
                                                                     $2,462,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                     $1,969,000
                                                                     $2,525,000
                                                                       $557,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.190: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $7,880
                                                                         $6,802
                                                                        $-1,078
                                                                         $7,514
                                                                         $6,295
                                                                        $-1,219
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                       $131,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,653,000
                                                                     $2,195,000
                                                                       $542,000
                                                                     $1,750,000
                                                                     $2,723,000
                                                                       $974,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $850
                                                                           $479
                                                                          $-370
                                                                         $1,761
                                                                         $1,707
                                                                           $-54
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $173,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,681,000
                                                                     $2,439,000
                                                                       $758,000
                                                                     $1,828,000
                                                                     $3,105,000
                                                                     $1,277,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.191: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $4,921
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $5,783
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $74,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                       $447,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,615,000
                                                                     $3,240,000
                                                                       $625,000
                                                                     $2,759,000
                                                                     $4,188,000
                                                                     $1,430,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,459
                                                                           $718
                                                                          $-741
                                                                         $3,347
                                                                         $3,204
                                                                          $-143
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $435,000
                                                                       $435,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $448,000
                                                                       $448,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,662,000
                                                                     $3,766,000
                                                                     $1,104,000
                                                                     $2,907,000
                                                                     $5,237,000
                                                                     $2,330,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.192: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $6,819
                                                                         $9,183
                                                                         $2,364
                                                                         $6,819
                                                                         $9,183
                                                                         $2,364
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $187,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,284,000
                                                                     $4,072,000
                                                                       $789,000
                                                                     $3,516,000
                                                                     $5,335,000
                                                                     $1,820,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,151
                                                                           $601
                                                                          $-550
                                                                         $2,430
                                                                         $1,989
                                                                          $-441
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $591,000
                                                                       $591,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                       $612,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,330,000
                                                                     $4,740,000
                                                                     $1,410,000
                                                                     $3,639,000
                                                                     $6,259,000
                                                                     $2,620,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.193: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,376
                                                                         $3,700
                                                                         $2,324
                                                                         $1,376
                                                                         $3,700
                                                                         $2,324
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $275,000
                                                                       $175,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,142,000
                                                                     $2,869,000
                                                                       $727,000
                                                                     $2,315,000
                                                                     $3,636,000
                                                                     $1,321,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $447
                                                                           $358
                                                                           $-89
                                                                         $1,416
                                                                         $1,420
                                                                             $5
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $912,000
                                                                       $912,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,168,000
                                                                     $3,811,000
                                                                     $1,643,000
                                                                     $2,418,000
                                                                     $4,828,000
                                                                     $2,410,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.194: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $2,152,000
                                                                     $2,211,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                     $2,152,000
                                                                     $2,210,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                       $156,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $82
                                                                            $92
                                                                            $10
                                                                           $370
                                                                           $348
                                                                           $-22
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $346,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,343,000
                                                                     $2,863,000
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                     $2,364,000
                                                                     $2,925,000
                                                                       $560,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.195: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $996,000
                                                                     $1,039,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                       $997,000
                                                                     $1,040,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $279,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $361,000
                                                                       $159,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $34
                                                                            $-7
                                                                           $159
                                                                           $195
                                                                            $36
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $464,000
                                                                       $464,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,182,000
                                                                     $1,763,000
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,865,000
                                                                       $666,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.196: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                         $1,130
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                         $1,130
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $5,422
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $5,335
                                                                         $5,422
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $5,513
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $195,000
                                                                       $351,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $195,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.197: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $664
                                                                         $1,181
                                                                           $516
                                                                           $664
                                                                         $1,181
                                                                           $516
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,127
                                                                         $7,283
                                                                         $6,156
                                                                         $6,861
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $5,401
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $198
                                                                            $74
                                                                          $-124
                                                                           $554
                                                                           $278
                                                                          $-276
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.198: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,687
                                                                         $1,980
                                                                          $-707
                                                                         $2,687
                                                                         $1,980
                                                                          $-707
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,757
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                       $731,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                       $531,000
                                                                       $697,000
                                                                       $166,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $726
                                                                           $229
                                                                          $-497
                                                                         $1,710
                                                                           $725
                                                                          $-985
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $517,000
                                                                       $818,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $555,000
                                                                       $791,000
                                                                       $236,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.199: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,145
                                                                           $816
                                                                          $-328
                                                                         $1,145
                                                                           $858
                                                                          $-287
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,389
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                       $835,000
                                                                       $266,000
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                     $1,034,000
                                                                       $437,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $403
                                                                           $124
                                                                          $-279
                                                                         $1,098
                                                                           $564
                                                                          $-534
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $905,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $615,000
                                                                     $1,151,000
                                                                       $536,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.200: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,309
                                                                         $1,825
                                                                        $-1,484
                                                                         $3,130
                                                                         $1,825
                                                                        $-1,305
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                       $132,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,145,000
                                                                     $1,597,000
                                                                       $452,000
                                                                     $1,222,000
                                                                     $2,243,000
                                                                     $1,021,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,097
                                                                           $266
                                                                          $-831
                                                                         $2,847
                                                                         $1,465
                                                                        $-1,382
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $212,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,161,000
                                                                     $1,830,000
                                                                       $669,000
                                                                     $1,274,000
                                                                     $2,637,000
                                                                     $1,363,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.201: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,125
                                                                         $1,813
                                                                           $688
                                                                           $675
                                                                         $1,893
                                                                         $1,218
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $9,996
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $128,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,569,000
                                                                     $3,490,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                     $2,791,000
                                                                     $5,005,000
                                                                     $2,214,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $932
                                                                           $275
                                                                          $-657
                                                                         $2,868
                                                                         $1,448
                                                                        $-1,419
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $484,000
                                                                       $484,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $507,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,587,000
                                                                     $4,002,000
                                                                     $1,415,000
                                                                     $2,853,000
                                                                     $5,702,000
                                                                     $2,849,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.202: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,584
                                                                         $2,016
                                                                           $433
                                                                         $1,584
                                                                         $1,567
                                                                           $-17
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                       $155,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,417,000
                                                                     $5,139,000
                                                                     $1,722,000
                                                                     $3,701,000
                                                                     $6,476,000
                                                                     $2,776,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $700
                                                                           $277
                                                                          $-423
                                                                         $2,979
                                                                         $1,342
                                                                        $-1,637
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,412,000
                                                                     $1,412,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,469,000
                                                                     $1,469,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,435,000
                                                                     $6,595,000
                                                                     $3,160,000
                                                                     $3,798,000
                                                                     $8,196,000
                                                                     $4,398,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.203: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $1,053,000
                                                                     $1,203,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                     $1,053,000
                                                                     $1,205,000
                                                                       $152,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                     $1,137,000
                                                                       $380,000
                                                                       $812,000
                                                                     $1,251,000
                                                                       $439,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $98
                                                                            $63
                                                                           $-35
                                                                           $619
                                                                           $235
                                                                          $-384
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $799,000
                                                                       $799,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $822,000
                                                                       $822,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,810,000
                                                                     $3,139,000
                                                                     $1,329,000
                                                                     $1,866,000
                                                                     $3,279,000
                                                                     $1,413,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.204: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $1,287,000
                                                                     $1,568,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                     $1,287,000
                                                                     $1,554,000
                                                                       $267,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,292,000
                                                                     $1,893,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                     $1,378,000
                                                                     $2,349,000
                                                                       $971,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $141
                                                                            $68
                                                                           $-73
                                                                           $804
                                                                           $410
                                                                          $-394
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,650,000
                                                                     $2,650,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,773,000
                                                                     $2,773,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,579,000
                                                                     $6,112,000
                                                                     $3,532,000
                                                                     $2,665,000
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                     $4,011,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.205: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,824,000
                                                                     $1,824,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,827,000
                                                                     $1,827,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $276,000
                                                                     $2,155,000
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                       $276,000
                                                                     $2,159,000
                                                                     $1,883,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.206: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $4,938
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $5,362
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                         $6,984
                                                                       $-28,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $-76,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $767,000
                                                                     $1,354,000
                                                                       $587,000
                                                                       $790,000
                                                                     $1,343,000
                                                                       $552,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $2,146
                                                                           $913
                                                                        $-1,233
                                                                         $3,696
                                                                         $1,765
                                                                        $-1,931
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                     $1,391,000
                                                                       $562,000
                                                                       $911,000
                                                                     $1,391,000
                                                                       $480,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.207: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $-4,446
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $-3,999
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                         $4,349
                                                                       $-24,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $-63,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $770,000
                                                                     $1,431,000
                                                                       $662,000
                                                                       $799,000
                                                                     $1,455,000
                                                                       $656,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,763
                                                                           $675
                                                                        $-1,089
                                                                         $3,100
                                                                         $1,425
                                                                        $-1,675
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $821,000
                                                                     $1,453,000
                                                                       $633,000
                                                                       $903,000
                                                                     $1,490,000
                                                                       $587,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.208: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,991
                                                                         $6,739
                                                                         $1,747
                                                                         $4,698
                                                                         $6,732
                                                                         $2,034
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $7,656
                                                                         $2,166
                                                                        $-5,490
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                         $6,789
                                                                       $-16,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $584,000
                                                                       $299,000
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                       $297,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $390
                                                                           $170
                                                                          $-220
                                                                           $701
                                                                           $348
                                                                          $-354
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $298,000
                                                                       $593,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $610,000
                                                                       $283,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.209: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,139
                                                                         $2,513
                                                                          $-626
                                                                         $2,887
                                                                         $2,513
                                                                          $-375
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,141
                                                                         $1,513
                                                                        $-2,628
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $5,589
                                                                        $-6,516
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                       $182,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $221
                                                                            $80
                                                                          $-140
                                                                           $392
                                                                           $173
                                                                          $-219
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $367,000
                                                                       $175,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.210: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $476
                                                                           $519
                                                                            $43
                                                                           $476
                                                                           $504
                                                                            $29
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $652
                                                                           $505
                                                                          $-147
                                                                         $1,911
                                                                         $1,558
                                                                          $-353
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $55,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $31
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $-19
                                                                            $57
                                                                            $25
                                                                           $-32
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $54,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.211: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $111
                                                                           $117
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $336
                                                                           $336
                                                                             $0
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $5,878
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,493
                                                                         $6,185
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-1
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $-2
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $5,990
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,498
                                                                         $6,525
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.212: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,878
                                                                         $2,215
                                                                           $337
                                                                         $1,878
                                                                         $2,215
                                                                           $337
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $257
                                                                           $723
                                                                           $466
                                                                           $277
                                                                           $757
                                                                           $480
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $2,135
                                                                         $2,938
                                                                           $803
                                                                         $2,155
                                                                         $2,973
                                                                           $818
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.213: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $686
                                                                           $574
                                                                          $-112
                                                                           $686
                                                                           $572
                                                                          $-114
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $963
                                                                           $391
                                                                          $-572
                                                                         $3,129
                                                                         $1,439
                                                                        $-1,689
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $166
                                                                            $27
                                                                          $-139
                                                                           $312
                                                                            $60
                                                                          $-252
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.214: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $797
                                                                         $1,129
                                                                           $332
                                                                           $797
                                                                         $1,126
                                                                           $329
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,079
                                                                           $325
                                                                          $-754
                                                                         $3,175
                                                                           $911
                                                                        $-2,264
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $187
                                                                            $30
                                                                          $-157
                                                                           $334
                                                                            $62
                                                                          $-272
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.215: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $272
                                                                           $325
                                                                            $52
                                                                           $264
                                                                           $325
                                                                            $61
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $357
                                                                           $167
                                                                          $-190
                                                                         $1,240
                                                                           $761
                                                                          $-479
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $52
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $-44
                                                                            $95
                                                                            $19
                                                                           $-76
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.216: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                            $75
                                                                           $139
                                                                            $64
                                                                            $75
                                                                           $139
                                                                            $64
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $700
                                                                           $446
                                                                          $-255
                                                                         $1,808
                                                                         $1,139
                                                                          $-669
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $10
                                                                           $-35
                                                                           $102
                                                                            $22
                                                                           $-80
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.217: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $390
                                                                           $343
                                                                           $-47
                                                                         $1,148
                                                                         $1,023
                                                                          $-125
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $17
                                                                             $5
                                                                           $-13
                                                                            $49
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $-38
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.218: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $121
                                                                           $133
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $345
                                                                           $396
                                                                            $51
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $7,434
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,591
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-2
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $-7
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $7,559
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,945
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.219: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,265
                                                                         $2,706
                                                                           $441
                                                                         $2,265
                                                                         $2,706
                                                                           $441
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $259
                                                                           $726
                                                                           $466
                                                                           $279
                                                                           $767
                                                                           $488
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-1
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $2,524
                                                                         $3,431
                                                                           $907
                                                                         $2,544
                                                                         $3,473
                                                                           $928
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.220: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,523
                                                                         $1,999
                                                                           $475
                                                                         $1,523
                                                                         $1,999
                                                                           $475
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $417
                                                                         $1,320
                                                                           $903
                                                                           $450
                                                                         $1,443
                                                                           $993
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-1
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $1,941
                                                                         $3,319
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                         $1,974
                                                                         $3,442
                                                                         $1,468
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

7 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.221: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $6,986,000
                                                                     $7,980,000
                                                                       $995,000
                                                                     $8,397,000
                                                                    $10,683,000
                                                                     $2,286,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $33,746,000
                                                                    $47,597,000
                                                                    $13,851,000
                                                                    $36,573,000
                                                                    $58,566,000
                                                                    $21,993,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $-12,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                       $-20,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,461,000
                                                                    $14,461,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,969,000
                                                                    $14,969,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $40,890,000
                                                                    $70,197,000
                                                                    $29,307,000
                                                                    $45,164,000
                                                                    $84,407,000
                                                                    $39,243,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.222: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $6,874,000
                                                                     $7,949,000
                                                                     $1,075,000
                                                                     $8,097,000
                                                                    $10,600,000
                                                                     $2,503,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $31,657,000
                                                                    $43,621,000
                                                                    $11,964,000
                                                                    $34,387,000
                                                                    $54,536,000
                                                                    $20,150,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $-8,553
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $-15,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,461,000
                                                                    $14,461,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,969,000
                                                                    $14,969,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $38,631,000
                                                                    $66,132,000
                                                                    $27,502,000
                                                                    $42,614,000
                                                                    $80,234,000
                                                                    $37,620,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.223: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                         $1,879
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                         $3,143
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $-80,000
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                      $-218,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,089,000
                                                                     $3,976,000
                                                                     $1,887,000
                                                                     $2,186,000
                                                                     $4,030,000
                                                                     $1,844,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $5,833
                                                                         $2,585
                                                                        $-3,248
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $5,520
                                                                        $-5,707
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,259,000
                                                                     $4,065,000
                                                                     $1,806,000
                                                                     $2,549,000
                                                                     $4,173,000
                                                                     $1,623,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.224: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                         $3,726
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                         $4,996
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $928,000
                                                                     $1,103,000
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                     $1,362,000
                                                                     $1,460,000
                                                                        $98,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $9,377,000
                                                                    $11,976,000
                                                                     $2,600,000
                                                                     $9,985,000
                                                                    $12,980,000
                                                                     $2,995,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $7,042
                                                                         $4,193
                                                                        $-2,849
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $-5,615
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,990,000
                                                                     $1,990,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,047,000
                                                                     $2,047,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $10,344,000
                                                                    $15,109,000
                                                                     $4,765,000
                                                                    $11,396,000
                                                                    $16,534,000
                                                                     $5,139,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.225: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                         $8,176
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $6,057,000
                                                                     $6,877,000
                                                                       $820,000
                                                                     $7,036,000
                                                                     $9,223,000
                                                                     $2,188,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                    $24,369,000
                                                                    $35,621,000
                                                                    $11,252,000
                                                                    $26,588,000
                                                                    $45,587,000
                                                                    $18,999,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $8,860
                                                                        $-8,952
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                       $-15,000
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,471,000
                                                                    $12,471,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,922,000
                                                                    $12,922,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                    $30,546,000
                                                                    $55,088,000
                                                                    $24,542,000
                                                                    $33,768,000
                                                                    $67,872,000
                                                                    $34,104,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.226: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $9,779
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $6,138
                                                                         $8,365
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $7,503
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                      $-139,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,956,000
                                                                     $3,400,000
                                                                       $444,000
                                                                     $3,066,000
                                                                     $3,154,000
                                                                        $88,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $2,290
                                                                         $1,570
                                                                          $-721
                                                                         $6,006
                                                                         $4,221
                                                                        $-1,785
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $318,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,021,000
                                                                     $3,778,000
                                                                       $757,000
                                                                     $3,274,000
                                                                     $3,546,000
                                                                       $273,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.227: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                          $-334
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                           $102
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                       $-78,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,034,000
                                                                     $3,682,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                     $3,206,000
                                                                     $3,565,000
                                                                       $359,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $2,436
                                                                         $1,589
                                                                          $-847
                                                                         $6,103
                                                                         $4,805
                                                                        $-1,298
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                       $322,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,103,000
                                                                     $4,120,000
                                                                     $1,016,000
                                                                     $3,425,000
                                                                     $4,027,000
                                                                       $602,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.228: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,141
                                                                         $2,787
                                                                          $-354
                                                                         $3,141
                                                                         $2,787
                                                                          $-354
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $49,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $688,000
                                                                       $910,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                       $729,000
                                                                     $1,160,000
                                                                       $431,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $485
                                                                           $293
                                                                          $-192
                                                                         $1,076
                                                                           $974
                                                                          $-103
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $703,000
                                                                     $1,012,000
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $769,000
                                                                     $1,321,000
                                                                       $552,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.229: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,507
                                                                         $1,809
                                                                          $-698
                                                                         $2,507
                                                                         $1,809
                                                                          $-698
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $5,704
                                                                         $8,755
                                                                         $3,051
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                        $63,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $473,000
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                       $524,000
                                                                       $842,000
                                                                       $318,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $263
                                                                           $111
                                                                          $-152
                                                                         $1,141
                                                                           $860
                                                                          $-281
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $93,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $482,000
                                                                       $714,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $570,000
                                                                     $1,044,000
                                                                       $474,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.230: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $848
                                                                           $424
                                                                          $-424
                                                                           $848
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-848
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $5,142
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $5,956
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $396,000
                                                                       $525,000
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $726,000
                                                                       $292,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $192
                                                                           $108
                                                                           $-83
                                                                           $398
                                                                           $359
                                                                           $-39
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $89,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $623,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $455,000
                                                                       $871,000
                                                                       $416,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.231: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $450
                                                                           $450
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $450
                                                                           $450
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,693
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $8,826
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                       $454,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $357,000
                                                                       $584,000
                                                                       $226,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $81
                                                                            $78
                                                                            $-3
                                                                           $388
                                                                           $294
                                                                           $-94
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $142,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $602,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $771,000
                                                                       $392,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.232: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                       $235,000
                                                                         $6,691
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                         $6,839
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $23,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $10
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $-1
                                                                            $74
                                                                            $63
                                                                           $-11
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                        $90,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.233: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                         $9,608
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $49,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $49
                                                                            $73
                                                                            $24
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $287,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $159,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.234: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $845
                                                                           $704
                                                                          $-141
                                                                           $845
                                                                           $699
                                                                          $-146
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,161
                                                                         $5,639
                                                                         $4,478
                                                                         $8,837
                                                                         $6,395
                                                                        $-2,441
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                         $3,645
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $224
                                                                            $83
                                                                          $-141
                                                                           $728
                                                                           $360
                                                                          $-369
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.235: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,748
                                                                         $1,045
                                                                          $-704
                                                                         $1,748
                                                                         $1,045
                                                                          $-704
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,524
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $1,274
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $275,000
                                                                       $431,000
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $361,000
                                                                        $69,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $484
                                                                           $172
                                                                          $-312
                                                                         $1,266
                                                                           $629
                                                                          $-637
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                        $99,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.236: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $307
                                                                           $529
                                                                           $222
                                                                           $307
                                                                           $427
                                                                           $120
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,051
                                                                         $5,652
                                                                         $4,600
                                                                         $5,130
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $270,000
                                                                       $130,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $113
                                                                            $44
                                                                           $-69
                                                                           $351
                                                                           $183
                                                                          $-168
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $155,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.237: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $771
                                                                           $341
                                                                          $-430
                                                                           $771
                                                                           $341
                                                                          $-430
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,496
                                                                         $4,757
                                                                         $2,261
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $26,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $168,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $258
                                                                            $49
                                                                          $-209
                                                                           $702
                                                                           $322
                                                                          $-380
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $394,000
                                                                       $222,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.238: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,592
                                                                         $3,140
                                                                         $1,548
                                                                         $8,144
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $298,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                       $469,000
                                                                       $239,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $93
                                                                            $32
                                                                           $-60
                                                                           $362
                                                                           $183
                                                                          $-179
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $339,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                       $531,000
                                                                       $292,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.239: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,366
                                                                         $3,348
                                                                         $1,983
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $688,000
                                                                       $340,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $22
                                                                           $-31
                                                                           $344
                                                                           $164
                                                                          $-180
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $148,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $867,000
                                                                       $505,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.240: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $22
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $-14
                                                                            $96
                                                                            $46
                                                                           $-49
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $354,000
                                                                       $157,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.241: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                        $41,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $193,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $33
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $-16
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $109
                                                                           $-66
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                       $414,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $392,000
                                                                       $938,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $410,000
                                                                     $1,058,000
                                                                       $648,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.242: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,074
                                                                         $4,007
                                                                           $933
                                                                         $3,074
                                                                         $4,086
                                                                         $1,011
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $2,722
                                                                         $5,699
                                                                         $2,977
                                                                         $2,722
                                                                         $5,785
                                                                         $3,063
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $83,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $5,797
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                         $5,797
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $87,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.243: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,885
                                                                         $2,965
                                                                         $1,080
                                                                         $1,885
                                                                         $2,965
                                                                         $1,080
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $5,129
                                                                         $4,928
                                                                          $-201
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $-6,155
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $436,000
                                                                       $519,000
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                       $453,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $266
                                                                           $187
                                                                           $-79
                                                                           $802
                                                                           $655
                                                                          $-147
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $444,000
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $555,000
                                                                        $73,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.244: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $9,859
                                                                         $7,814
                                                                        $-2,045
                                                                         $9,859
                                                                         $7,814
                                                                        $-2,045
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                        $23,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,734,000
                                                                     $2,197,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                     $1,846,000
                                                                     $2,236,000
                                                                       $389,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,401
                                                                           $915
                                                                          $-486
                                                                         $3,669
                                                                         $3,102
                                                                          $-567
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $211,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,772,000
                                                                     $2,504,000
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                     $1,981,000
                                                                     $2,601,000
                                                                       $620,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.245: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $7,530
                                                                         $6,488
                                                                        $-1,042
                                                                         $7,181
                                                                         $6,044
                                                                        $-1,137
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                       $269,000
                                                                       $176,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,615,000
                                                                     $2,219,000
                                                                       $603,000
                                                                     $1,743,000
                                                                     $2,860,000
                                                                     $1,117,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,029
                                                                           $673
                                                                          $-356
                                                                         $2,333
                                                                         $2,491
                                                                           $158
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $190,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,649,000
                                                                     $2,493,000
                                                                       $845,000
                                                                     $1,846,000
                                                                     $3,328,000
                                                                     $1,482,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.246: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $4,694
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $5,370
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $749,000
                                                                       $569,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,553,000
                                                                     $3,264,000
                                                                       $711,000
                                                                     $2,752,000
                                                                     $4,420,000
                                                                     $1,667,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,772
                                                                         $1,027
                                                                          $-745
                                                                         $4,436
                                                                         $4,706
                                                                           $271
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                       $504,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,610,000
                                                                     $3,862,000
                                                                     $1,251,000
                                                                     $2,947,000
                                                                     $5,693,000
                                                                     $2,746,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.247: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $6,504
                                                                         $8,759
                                                                         $2,255
                                                                         $6,504
                                                                         $8,759
                                                                         $2,255
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                       $401,000
                                                                       $248,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,228,000
                                                                     $4,110,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                     $3,538,000
                                                                     $5,666,000
                                                                     $2,128,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,456
                                                                           $863
                                                                          $-593
                                                                         $3,243
                                                                         $2,916
                                                                          $-326
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $676,000
                                                                       $676,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $703,000
                                                                       $703,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,287,000
                                                                     $4,884,000
                                                                     $1,597,000
                                                                     $3,701,000
                                                                     $6,782,000
                                                                     $3,081,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.248: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                         $3,529
                                                                         $2,216
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                         $3,529
                                                                         $2,216
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $369,000
                                                                       $233,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,105,000
                                                                     $2,960,000
                                                                       $855,000
                                                                     $2,337,000
                                                                     $3,889,000
                                                                     $1,552,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $600
                                                                           $521
                                                                           $-79
                                                                         $1,960
                                                                         $2,093
                                                                           $133
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,023,000
                                                                     $1,023,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,063,000
                                                                     $1,063,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,139,000
                                                                     $4,062,000
                                                                     $1,924,000
                                                                     $2,476,000
                                                                     $5,327,000
                                                                     $2,851,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.249: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $2,053,000
                                                                     $2,109,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                     $2,053,000
                                                                     $2,108,000
                                                                        $56,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $219,000
                                                                       $416,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $115
                                                                           $136
                                                                            $20
                                                                           $523
                                                                           $515
                                                                            $-8
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $406,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,243,000
                                                                     $2,848,000
                                                                       $605,000
                                                                     $2,272,000
                                                                     $2,931,000
                                                                       $659,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.250: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $950,000
                                                                       $990,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $951,000
                                                                       $991,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                       $296,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $57
                                                                            $49
                                                                            $-7
                                                                           $225
                                                                           $288
                                                                            $63
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $517,000
                                                                       $517,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $543,000
                                                                       $543,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,133,000
                                                                     $1,803,000
                                                                       $670,000
                                                                     $1,155,000
                                                                     $1,937,000
                                                                       $782,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.251: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $274,000
                                                                       $275,000
                                                                         $1,062
                                                                       $274,000
                                                                       $275,000
                                                                         $1,062
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $5,313
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $6,684
                                                                         $5,313
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $6,881
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                       $217,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $505,000
                                                                       $225,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.252: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $633
                                                                         $1,126
                                                                           $493
                                                                           $633
                                                                         $1,126
                                                                           $493
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,493
                                                                         $8,830
                                                                         $7,337
                                                                         $9,407
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $6,529
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                        $23,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $229
                                                                           $103
                                                                          $-127
                                                                           $721
                                                                           $405
                                                                          $-316
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                       $219,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                        $47,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.253: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,563
                                                                         $1,889
                                                                          $-674
                                                                         $2,563
                                                                         $1,889
                                                                          $-674
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,991
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $495,000
                                                                       $753,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $525,000
                                                                       $724,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $829
                                                                           $319
                                                                          $-510
                                                                         $2,188
                                                                         $1,054
                                                                        $-1,135
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                       $850,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $557,000
                                                                       $836,000
                                                                       $279,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.254: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,093
                                                                           $792
                                                                          $-301
                                                                         $1,093
                                                                           $818
                                                                          $-275
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,560
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $64,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $554,000
                                                                       $857,000
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $593,000
                                                                     $1,111,000
                                                                       $518,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $482
                                                                           $170
                                                                          $-312
                                                                         $1,442
                                                                           $822
                                                                          $-620
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $560,000
                                                                       $936,000
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                       $617,000
                                                                     $1,256,000
                                                                       $639,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.255: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,156
                                                                         $1,741
                                                                        $-1,415
                                                                         $2,986
                                                                         $1,741
                                                                        $-1,245
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $177,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,120,000
                                                                     $1,649,000
                                                                       $529,000
                                                                     $1,227,000
                                                                     $2,468,000
                                                                     $1,241,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                           $363
                                                                          $-950
                                                                         $3,728
                                                                         $2,139
                                                                        $-1,590
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $240,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                     $1,916,000
                                                                       $775,000
                                                                     $1,297,000
                                                                     $2,951,000
                                                                     $1,654,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.256: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,073
                                                                         $1,756
                                                                           $684
                                                                           $644
                                                                         $1,805
                                                                         $1,162
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $171,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $2,529,000
                                                                     $3,605,000
                                                                     $1,076,000
                                                                     $2,834,000
                                                                     $5,558,000
                                                                     $2,724,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $1,205
                                                                           $379
                                                                          $-825
                                                                         $3,887
                                                                         $2,117
                                                                        $-1,770
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $556,000
                                                                       $556,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $586,000
                                                                       $586,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,553,000
                                                                     $4,198,000
                                                                     $1,645,000
                                                                     $2,918,000
                                                                     $6,399,000
                                                                     $3,481,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.257: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,571
                                                                         $1,923
                                                                           $353
                                                                         $1,571
                                                                         $1,494
                                                                           $-76
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $335,000
                                                                       $207,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $3,347,000
                                                                     $5,406,000
                                                                     $2,059,000
                                                                     $3,741,000
                                                                     $7,130,000
                                                                     $3,389,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $901
                                                                           $384
                                                                          $-518
                                                                         $4,036
                                                                         $1,959
                                                                        $-2,077
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,642,000
                                                                     $1,642,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,720,000
                                                                     $1,720,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $3,372,000
                                                                     $7,107,000
                                                                     $3,736,000
                                                                     $3,874,000
                                                                     $9,188,000
                                                                     $5,315,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.258: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $1,006,000
                                                                     $1,148,000
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                     $1,006,000
                                                                     $1,149,000
                                                                       $143,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $739,000
                                                                     $1,198,000
                                                                       $459,000
                                                                       $815,000
                                                                     $1,352,000
                                                                       $537,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $131
                                                                            $88
                                                                           $-42
                                                                           $854
                                                                           $343
                                                                          $-511
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $973,000
                                                                       $973,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $1,745,000
                                                                     $3,286,000
                                                                     $1,541,000
                                                                     $1,822,000
                                                                     $3,475,000
                                                                     $1,653,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.259: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                     $1,229,000
                                                                     $1,496,000
                                                                       $266,000
                                                                     $1,230,000
                                                                     $1,482,000
                                                                       $252,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                     $1,260,000
                                                                     $1,973,000
                                                                       $713,000
                                                                     $1,378,000
                                                                     $2,571,000
                                                                     $1,193,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $193
                                                                            $98
                                                                           $-95
                                                                         $1,116
                                                                           $605
                                                                          $-512
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,106,000
                                                                     $3,106,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,273,000
                                                                     $3,273,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                     $2,489,000
                                                                     $6,574,000
                                                                     $4,085,000
                                                                     $2,609,000
                                                                     $7,327,000
                                                                     $4,718,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.260: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,112,000
                                                                     $2,112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,115,000
                                                                     $2,115,000
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                     $2,402,000
                                                                     $2,173,000
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                     $2,407,000
                                                                     $2,177,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.261: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $4,710
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $5,077
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                         $9,876
                                                                       $-37,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                       $-99,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $745,000
                                                                     $1,330,000
                                                                       $585,000
                                                                       $773,000
                                                                     $1,320,000
                                                                       $547,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $2,512
                                                                         $1,234
                                                                        $-1,279
                                                                         $4,701
                                                                         $2,495
                                                                        $-2,206
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $817,000
                                                                     $1,368,000
                                                                       $551,000
                                                                       $924,000
                                                                     $1,375,000
                                                                       $451,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.262: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $-4,241
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $-3,840
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                         $6,438
                                                                       $-31,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $-83,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $747,000
                                                                     $1,396,000
                                                                       $649,000
                                                                       $784,000
                                                                     $1,423,000
                                                                       $639,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                         $2,034
                                                                           $892
                                                                        $-1,142
                                                                         $3,922
                                                                         $2,003
                                                                        $-1,920
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $807,000
                                                                     $1,419,000
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                       $914,000
                                                                     $1,465,000
                                                                       $551,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.263: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $4,761
                                                                         $6,420
                                                                         $1,659
                                                                         $4,481
                                                                         $6,410
                                                                         $1,929
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,024
                                                                        $-7,168
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                         $9,323
                                                                       $-21,000
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $277,000
                                                                       $568,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $583,000
                                                                       $288,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $455
                                                                           $227
                                                                          $-228
                                                                           $898
                                                                           $489
                                                                          $-409
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $578,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $599,000
                                                                       $269,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.264: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $3,005
                                                                         $2,394
                                                                          $-611
                                                                         $2,765
                                                                         $2,394
                                                                          $-371
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $5,511
                                                                         $2,101
                                                                        $-3,410
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $7,426
                                                                        $-8,719
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $177,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $254
                                                                           $107
                                                                          $-147
                                                                           $495
                                                                           $244
                                                                          $-251
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                       $168,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.265: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $454
                                                                           $495
                                                                            $41
                                                                           $454
                                                                           $481
                                                                            $27
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $871
                                                                           $674
                                                                          $-198
                                                                         $2,560
                                                                         $2,064
                                                                          $-496
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $16
                                                                           $-20
                                                                            $72
                                                                            $35
                                                                           $-36
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.266: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $150
                                                                           $157
                                                                             $7
                                                                           $452
                                                                           $450
                                                                            $-3
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $5,680
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,198
                                                                         $6,040
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-1
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $-3
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $5,831
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,204
                                                                         $6,499
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.267: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,796
                                                                         $2,113
                                                                           $317
                                                                         $1,796
                                                                         $2,113
                                                                           $317
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $255
                                                                           $715
                                                                           $460
                                                                           $283
                                                                           $770
                                                                           $487
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $2,051
                                                                         $2,828
                                                                           $777
                                                                         $2,079
                                                                         $2,884
                                                                           $804
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.268: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $655
                                                                           $547
                                                                          $-107
                                                                           $655
                                                                           $544
                                                                          $-110
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,299
                                                                           $521
                                                                          $-778
                                                                         $4,244
                                                                         $1,898
                                                                        $-2,346
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $187
                                                                            $36
                                                                          $-151
                                                                           $387
                                                                            $85
                                                                          $-302
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.269: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $760
                                                                         $1,077
                                                                           $317
                                                                           $760
                                                                         $1,072
                                                                           $312
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,459
                                                                           $451
                                                                        $-1,007
                                                                         $4,304
                                                                         $1,274
                                                                        $-3,030
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                           $210
                                                                            $41
                                                                          $-169
                                                                           $411
                                                                            $88
                                                                          $-323
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.270: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $260
                                                                           $309
                                                                            $50
                                                                           $251
                                                                           $309
                                                                            $58
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $487
                                                                           $234
                                                                          $-253
                                                                         $1,700
                                                                         $1,009
                                                                          $-691
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $58
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $-47
                                                                           $117
                                                                            $26
                                                                           $-91
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.271: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                            $72
                                                                           $133
                                                                            $61
                                                                            $72
                                                                           $132
                                                                            $61
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $952
                                                                           $605
                                                                          $-347
                                                                         $2,462
                                                                         $1,524
                                                                          $-938
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $57
                                                                            $14
                                                                           $-44
                                                                           $135
                                                                            $31
                                                                          $-104
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.272: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $532
                                                                           $466
                                                                           $-66
                                                                         $1,569
                                                                         $1,377
                                                                          $-192
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                            $23
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $-17
                                                                            $67
                                                                            $16
                                                                           $-51
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.273: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                           $166
                                                                           $179
                                                                            $13
                                                                           $471
                                                                           $529
                                                                            $58
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                         $7,163
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,381
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $-3
                                                                            $13
                                                                             $3
                                                                           $-10
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $7,334
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $7,865
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.274: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $2,160
                                                                         $2,581
                                                                           $421
                                                                         $2,160
                                                                         $2,581
                                                                           $421
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $259
                                                                           $720
                                                                           $461
                                                                           $285
                                                                           $782
                                                                           $497
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-1
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $2,419
                                                                         $3,301
                                                                           $882
                                                                         $2,447
                                                                         $3,364
                                                                           $917
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.275: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring
                                                                         $1,460
                                                                         $1,906
                                                                           $447
                                                                         $1,460
                                                                         $1,906
                                                                           $447
 Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring
                                                                           $417
                                                                         $1,316
                                                                           $899
                                                                           $462
                                                                         $1,488
                                                                         $1,026
 Source Water Monitoring
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-1
 School Sampling
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Sampling Costs
                                                                         $1,877
                                                                         $3,222
                                                                         $1,345
                                                                         $1,923
                                                                         $3,395
                                                                         $1,472
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs
3 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.276: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,318,000
                                                                     $6,318,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,109,000
                                                                    $10,109,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                    $15,550,000
                                                                    $14,950,000
                                                                    $26,777,000
                                                                    $62,417,000
                                                                    $35,641,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $395,000
                                                                       $395,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                     $1,087,000
                                                                     $1,060,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                     $3,383,000
                                                                     $2,882,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,298,000
                                                                     $6,298,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $22,580,000
                                                                    $22,580,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $755,000
                                                                       $755,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,524,000
                                                                     $1,524,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,087,000
                                                                     $6,087,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,663,000
                                                                    $19,663,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,943,000
                                                                     $6,943,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $18,946,000
                                                                    $18,946,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,030,000
                                                                     $1,030,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,224,000
                                                                     $1,224,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $628,000
                                                                    $44,372,000
                                                                    $43,744,000
                                                                    $27,277,000
                                                                   $140,242,000
                                                                   $112,965,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-182,000
                                                                     $5,466,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-5,466,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,542,000
                                                                    $19,542,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $810,000
                                                                    $52,472,000
                                                                    $51,662,000
                                                                    $32,743,000
                                                                   $159,784,000
                                                                   $127,041,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.277: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,186,000
                                                                     $6,186,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $9,978,000
                                                                     $9,978,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                    $15,541,000
                                                                    $14,941,000
                                                                    $26,770,000
                                                                    $62,398,000
                                                                    $35,629,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $395,000
                                                                       $395,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                     $1,086,000
                                                                     $1,059,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                     $3,381,000
                                                                     $2,881,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,298,000
                                                                     $6,298,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $22,580,000
                                                                    $22,580,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $755,000
                                                                       $755,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,524,000
                                                                     $1,524,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,087,000
                                                                     $6,087,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,663,000
                                                                    $19,663,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,943,000
                                                                     $6,943,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $18,946,000
                                                                    $18,946,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,030,000
                                                                     $1,030,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,224,000
                                                                     $1,224,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $627,000
                                                                    $44,230,000
                                                                    $43,603,000
                                                                    $27,270,000
                                                                   $140,090,000
                                                                   $112,820,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-182,000
                                                                     $5,466,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-5,466,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                     $8,100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,542,000
                                                                    $19,542,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $809,000
                                                                    $52,330,000
                                                                    $51,521,000
                                                                    $32,736,000
                                                                   $159,632,000
                                                                   $126,896,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.278: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $132,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $654
                                                                         $9,050
                                                                         $8,396
                                                                         $7,080
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $12,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $993
                                                                           $977
                                                                           $127
                                                                         $1,288
                                                                         $1,162
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $671
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                         $7,207
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $145,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $671
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                         $7,207
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $145,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.279: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,159,000
                                                                     $1,159,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,345,000
                                                                     $2,345,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                     $1,875,000
                                                                     $1,797,000
                                                                     $4,017,000
                                                                     $7,663,000
                                                                     $3,646,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,630
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $418,000
                                                                       $342,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $875,000
                                                                       $875,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,716,000
                                                                     $2,716,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $184,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $696,000
                                                                       $696,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,557,000
                                                                     $2,557,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $712,000
                                                                       $712,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,444,000
                                                                     $2,444,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $207,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                     $5,863,000
                                                                     $5,782,000
                                                                     $4,093,000
                                                                    $18,614,000
                                                                    $14,521,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-23,000
                                                                       $821,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-821,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,126,000
                                                                     $1,126,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,350,000
                                                                     $2,350,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                     $6,989,000
                                                                     $6,884,000
                                                                     $4,913,000
                                                                    $20,964,000
                                                                    $16,051,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.280: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,159,000
                                                                     $5,159,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,765,000
                                                                     $7,765,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $523,000
                                                                    $13,675,000
                                                                    $13,152,000
                                                                    $22,760,000
                                                                    $54,754,000
                                                                    $31,995,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $313,000
                                                                       $313,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $907,000
                                                                       $883,000
                                                                       $425,000
                                                                     $2,965,000
                                                                     $2,540,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,422,000
                                                                     $5,422,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $19,865,000
                                                                    $19,865,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,340,000
                                                                     $1,340,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,391,000
                                                                     $5,391,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,107,000
                                                                    $17,107,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,230,000
                                                                     $6,230,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $16,502,000
                                                                    $16,502,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $851,000
                                                                       $851,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,017,000
                                                                     $1,017,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                    $38,509,000
                                                                    $37,962,000
                                                                    $23,184,000
                                                                   $121,628,000
                                                                    $98,444,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-158,000
                                                                     $4,646,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-4,646,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,974,000
                                                                     $6,974,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,192,000
                                                                    $17,192,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $705,000
                                                                    $45,483,000
                                                                    $44,778,000
                                                                    $27,830,000
                                                                   $138,820,000
                                                                   $110,990,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.281: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $516,000
                                                                       $516,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $503
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                         $7,728
                                                                       $-82,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $160
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $2,674
                                                                         $2,205
                                                                          $-469
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $976
                                                                           $976
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $488
                                                                           $488
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,707
                                                                         $6,707
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $65,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $663
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                       $638,000
                                                                       $546,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $153
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-153
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-18,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $816
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $638,000
                                                                       $527,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.282: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $537,000
                                                                       $537,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,889
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $399,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                      $-323,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $219
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                         $6,502
                                                                         $9,491
                                                                         $2,989
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $488
                                                                           $488
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $254,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,108
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $511,000
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $931,000
                                                                       $525,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,184
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,184
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-82,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,292
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $509,000
                                                                       $488,000
                                                                       $931,000
                                                                       $444,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.283: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $252,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,880
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                      $-225,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,752
                                                                         $2,752
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,760
                                                                         $5,760
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $129
                                                                         $5,948
                                                                         $5,819
                                                                         $3,343
                                                                         $1,095
                                                                        $-2,248
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,486
                                                                         $9,486
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $227,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,938
                                                                         $4,938
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,009
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                       $514,000
                                                                       $272,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,181
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,181
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-49,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,190
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $514,000
                                                                       $223,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.284: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                      $-167,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,719
                                                                         $1,719
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,483
                                                                         $3,483
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,939
                                                                         $2,459
                                                                          $-480
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,716
                                                                         $3,716
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,113
                                                                         $8,113
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-43,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                        $-3,998
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.285: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $89,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $5,278
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,278
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-178,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,344
                                                                         $2,344
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,035
                                                                         $5,035
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $181
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-181
                                                                         $2,640
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,640
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,619
                                                                         $3,619
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,857
                                                                         $7,857
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,459
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,607
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,607
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-36,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $7,066
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $-18,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.286: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $7,681
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $620,000
                                                                       $469,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,255
                                                                         $2,255
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,584
                                                                         $2,584
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $329
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                         $2,847
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $30,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                       $155,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $162,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $103,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,964
                                                                         $9,964
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,129
                                                                         $8,129
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $8,010
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                       $605,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                     $1,141,000
                                                                       $987,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,326
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,326
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-31,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $134,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $760,000
                                                                       $750,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                     $1,275,000
                                                                     $1,090,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.287: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,554
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                       $110,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $747
                                                                           $747
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $612
                                                                           $612
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $159
                                                                         $1,963
                                                                         $1,804
                                                                         $1,297
                                                                         $8,179
                                                                         $6,881
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $76,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,492
                                                                         $3,492
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,507
                                                                         $4,507
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,781
                                                                         $2,781
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,009
                                                                         $2,009
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,712
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $304,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,076
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,076
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-14,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $65,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,789
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                       $438,000
                                                                       $356,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.288: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $623,000
                                                                       $402,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $617
                                                                           $617
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $807
                                                                           $807
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,471
                                                                         $4,471
                                                                         $5,175
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $30,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                       $229,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,022
                                                                         $4,022
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                       $256,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,410
                                                                         $4,410
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,377
                                                                         $6,377
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                     $1,304,000
                                                                     $1,077,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-45,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $272,000
                                                                     $1,502,000
                                                                     $1,230,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.289: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $180
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                         $2,509
                                                                       $-18,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,362
                                                                         $3,362
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,116
                                                                         $3,116
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $23
                                                                         $4,207
                                                                         $4,184
                                                                           $505
                                                                         $1,320
                                                                           $815
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $81
                                                                            $81
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $959
                                                                           $959
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,395
                                                                         $5,395
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,513
                                                                         $5,513
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $204
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                        $89,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $55
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-55
                                                                         $4,211
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,211
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $259
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                        $84,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.290: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $162,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,324
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                      $-151,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,725
                                                                         $5,725
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,684
                                                                         $5,684
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $71
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $2,553
                                                                         $2,115
                                                                          $-438
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $163
                                                                           $163
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,692
                                                                         $6,692
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,294
                                                                         $9,294
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,395
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                       $157,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $282,000
                                                                       $114,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $403
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-403
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-34,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,799
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $282,000
                                                                        $81,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.291: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,082
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                           $799
                                                                      $-125,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,251
                                                                         $1,251
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,951
                                                                         $1,951
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $38
                                                                         $3,969
                                                                         $3,931
                                                                         $1,744
                                                                           $132
                                                                        $-1,612
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,331
                                                                         $4,331
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,213
                                                                         $2,213
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,938
                                                                         $4,938
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,120
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                        $44,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $329
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-329
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-26,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,450
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.292: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,443
                                                                         $9,244
                                                                         $7,801
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                      $-165,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,533
                                                                         $1,533
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,624
                                                                         $2,624
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $48
                                                                           $769
                                                                           $721
                                                                         $2,750
                                                                         $2,262
                                                                          $-488
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,323
                                                                         $3,323
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,192
                                                                         $6,192
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,491
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                        $-8,325
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $439
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-439
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-41,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,930
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $-49,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.293: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,017
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,017
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-251,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,557
                                                                         $2,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,363
                                                                         $5,363
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $69
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-69
                                                                         $3,743
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,743
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,005
                                                                         $4,005
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,383
                                                                         $8,383
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,087
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $255,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $-40,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $614
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-614
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-51,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,701
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $307,000
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $-91,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.294: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $102,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $542,000
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                       $501,000
                                                                     $1,721,000
                                                                     $1,220,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,682
                                                                         $4,682
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,310
                                                                         $5,310
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $661
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $9,339
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $80,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $627,000
                                                                       $627,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $461,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $250,000
                                                                       $250,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                     $1,545,000
                                                                     $1,529,000
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                     $3,318,000
                                                                     $2,808,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,701
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,701
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-102,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $543,000
                                                                       $543,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                     $1,942,000
                                                                     $1,922,000
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                     $3,861,000
                                                                     $3,248,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.295: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                       $408,000
                                                                       $318,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,656
                                                                         $1,656
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,335
                                                                         $1,335
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $683
                                                                         $8,696
                                                                         $8,012
                                                                         $1,732
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $18,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,097
                                                                         $8,097
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $128,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,631
                                                                         $5,631
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,056
                                                                         $4,056
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                       $843,000
                                                                       $752,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,617
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,617
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-18,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $148,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                       $510,000
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                       $992,000
                                                                       $883,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.296: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                     $1,111,000
                                                                     $3,910,000
                                                                     $2,799,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,362
                                                                         $2,362
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,037
                                                                         $3,037
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $859
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $185,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,453,000
                                                                     $1,453,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,496,000
                                                                     $1,496,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $679,000
                                                                       $679,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                     $1,376,000
                                                                     $1,359,000
                                                                     $1,136,000
                                                                     $8,055,000
                                                                     $6,918,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,791
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,791
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-226,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,258,000
                                                                     $1,258,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                     $1,780,000
                                                                     $1,758,000
                                                                     $1,363,000
                                                                     $9,313,000
                                                                     $7,950,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.298: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $120
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $51,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,840
                                                                         $4,840
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,453
                                                                         $3,453
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $29
                                                                         $4,275
                                                                         $4,246
                                                                           $609
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,499
                                                                         $1,499
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,879
                                                                         $7,879
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,733
                                                                         $5,733
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $149
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $185,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $37
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-37
                                                                         $4,850
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,850
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $185
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $180,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.299: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $489,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,825
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                      $-313,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $164
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                         $6,229
                                                                         $8,716
                                                                         $2,487
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $262,000
                                                                       $262,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,990
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                       $484,000
                                                                       $413,000
                                                                       $898,000
                                                                       $486,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $860
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-860
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-83,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,850
                                                                       $487,000
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $496,000
                                                                       $898,000
                                                                       $402,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.300: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $713,000
                                                                       $713,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,955
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                      $-808,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,738
                                                                         $8,738
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $191
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $4,193
                                                                        $-8,039
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $488
                                                                           $488
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $677,000
                                                                       $677,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,146
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                       $446,000
                                                                       $890,000
                                                                     $1,521,000
                                                                       $630,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,509
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,509
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-180,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $6,655
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                       $445,000
                                                                     $1,070,000
                                                                     $1,521,000
                                                                       $450,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.301: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $470,000
                                                                       $470,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                     $1,183,000
                                                                     $1,046,000
                                                                      $-137,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $393
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $39,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $488
                                                                           $488
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $690,000
                                                                       $690,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $2,331,000
                                                                     $1,132,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,562
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,562
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-242,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $549,000
                                                                     $1,441,000
                                                                     $2,331,000
                                                                       $890,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.302: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $665,000
                                                                       $665,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-12,000
                                                                     $1,249,000
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                    $-1,055,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $435
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-435
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $-7,794
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $741,000
                                                                       $741,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $512,000
                                                                       $500,000
                                                                     $1,267,000
                                                                     $1,706,000
                                                                       $439,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,761
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,761
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-256,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $512,000
                                                                       $496,000
                                                                     $1,523,000
                                                                     $1,706,000
                                                                       $183,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.303: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $372,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                     $1,310,000
                                                                     $1,272,000
                                                                     $1,171,000
                                                                     $4,648,000
                                                                     $3,477,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,611
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $74,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $264,000
                                                                       $242,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,653,000
                                                                     $1,653,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $119,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $578,000
                                                                       $578,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,336,000
                                                                     $1,336,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $649,000
                                                                       $649,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $830,000
                                                                       $830,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                     $3,919,000
                                                                     $3,880,000
                                                                     $1,193,000
                                                                     $9,306,000
                                                                     $8,113,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-239,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $742,000
                                                                       $742,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,430,000
                                                                     $1,430,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                     $4,661,000
                                                                     $4,610,000
                                                                     $1,432,000
                                                                    $10,736,000
                                                                     $9,304,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.304: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $339,000
                                                                       $328,000
                                                                       $374,000
                                                                     $1,218,000
                                                                       $843,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,356
                                                                         $6,356
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,414
                                                                         $5,414
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $478
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $7,264
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $53,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $572,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $388,000
                                                                       $388,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $298,000
                                                                       $298,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $985,000
                                                                       $974,000
                                                                       $381,000
                                                                     $2,693,000
                                                                     $2,312,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,225
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,225
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-76,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $495,000
                                                                       $495,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $1,132,000
                                                                     $1,117,000
                                                                       $458,000
                                                                     $3,188,000
                                                                     $2,730,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.305: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $297,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $857,000
                                                                     $3,178,000
                                                                     $2,321,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,479
                                                                         $2,479
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,171
                                                                         $3,171
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $643
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $151,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,137,000
                                                                     $1,137,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                        $78,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                     $1,140,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                       $597,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $894,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                       $877,000
                                                                     $6,480,000
                                                                     $5,603,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,590
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,590
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-175,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $984,000
                                                                       $984,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                     $1,038,000
                                                                     $1,022,000
                                                                     $1,052,000
                                                                     $7,464,000
                                                                     $6,412,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.306: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,486
                                                                         $1,486
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,493
                                                                         $1,493
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $775
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                         $1,801
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $43,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $202
                                                                           $202
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $202
                                                                           $202
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $46
                                                                         $2,346
                                                                         $2,300
                                                                            $46
                                                                         $2,333
                                                                         $2,288
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,797
                                                                         $9,797
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,328
                                                                         $1,328
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,410
                                                                         $1,410
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $210
                                                                           $210
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $220
                                                                           $220
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $116,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,624
                                                                         $4,624
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,631
                                                                         $4,631
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $821
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                         $1,847
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $192,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $235
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-235
                                                                           $367
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-367
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,056
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                         $2,214
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $210,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.307: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $75,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $89
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $63,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,031
                                                                         $4,031
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,754
                                                                         $3,754
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $20
                                                                         $6,536
                                                                         $6,517
                                                                           $505
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $163
                                                                           $163
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $163
                                                                           $163
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $812
                                                                           $812
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,288
                                                                         $6,288
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,112
                                                                         $6,112
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $109
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $169,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $27
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-27
                                                                         $3,575
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,575
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $136
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $165,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.308: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $292,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,231
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                      $-238,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,047
                                                                         $9,047
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,982
                                                                         $8,982
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $112
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $4,772
                                                                         $7,232
                                                                         $2,460
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                       $170,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,343
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $301,000
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                       $580,000
                                                                       $254,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $679
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-679
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-66,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,022
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $580,000
                                                                       $188,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.309: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                       $365,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,669
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $522,000
                                                                         $7,459
                                                                      $-514,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,359
                                                                         $5,359
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,043
                                                                         $8,043
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $131
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $7,127
                                                                           $953
                                                                        $-6,174
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                       $358,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,687
                                                                         $9,687
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,800
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $529,000
                                                                       $760,000
                                                                       $232,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,117
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,117
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-107,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,917
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                       $636,000
                                                                       $760,000
                                                                       $125,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.310: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $457,000
                                                                       $457,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                     $1,466,000
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                    $-1,241,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $712
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $-6,302
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $750,000
                                                                       $750,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $49,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                     $1,486,000
                                                                     $1,515,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $6,828
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-6,828
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-300,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $459,000
                                                                     $1,787,000
                                                                     $1,515,000
                                                                      $-271,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.311: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $513,000
                                                                       $513,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,144,000
                                                                     $1,144,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $-9,501
                                                                     $2,675,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                    $-2,559,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,374
                                                                         $1,938
                                                                           $564
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                         $6,719
                                                                       $-33,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,340,000
                                                                     $1,340,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $101,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                       $839,000
                                                                     $2,715,000
                                                                     $2,771,000
                                                                        $56,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-12,000
                                                                       $548,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-548,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                       $827,000
                                                                     $3,263,000
                                                                     $2,771,000
                                                                      $-492,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.312: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,542,000
                                                                     $1,542,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $993,000
                                                                       $993,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                     $5,914,000
                                                                     $5,760,000
                                                                     $3,625,000
                                                                    $15,151,000
                                                                    $11,525,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $6,565
                                                                       $329,000
                                                                       $323,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                       $810,000
                                                                       $742,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,586,000
                                                                     $2,586,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,530,000
                                                                     $5,530,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $379,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,454,000
                                                                     $2,454,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,197,000
                                                                     $4,197,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,841,000
                                                                     $1,841,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,340,000
                                                                     $2,340,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $219,000
                                                                       $219,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $175,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                    $15,216,000
                                                                    $15,055,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                    $29,630,000
                                                                    $25,936,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-47,000
                                                                       $739,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-739,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,327,000
                                                                     $3,327,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,786,000
                                                                     $4,786,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $208,000
                                                                    $18,542,000
                                                                    $18,335,000
                                                                     $4,432,000
                                                                    $34,416,000
                                                                    $29,984,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.313: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $342,000
                                                                       $342,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $268,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                     $1,358,000
                                                                     $1,316,000
                                                                     $1,259,000
                                                                     $3,795,000
                                                                     $2,537,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,918
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $160,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,892,000
                                                                     $1,892,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $115,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,210,000
                                                                     $1,210,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                       $489,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $808,000
                                                                       $808,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                     $3,606,000
                                                                     $3,562,000
                                                                     $1,283,000
                                                                     $8,330,000
                                                                     $7,047,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-13,000
                                                                       $256,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-256,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,638,000
                                                                     $1,638,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                     $4,310,000
                                                                     $4,253,000
                                                                     $1,539,000
                                                                     $9,968,000
                                                                     $8,428,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.314: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $616,000
                                                                       $616,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $978,000
                                                                       $978,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                     $2,360,000
                                                                     $2,226,000
                                                                     $6,647,000
                                                                    $23,562,000
                                                                    $16,915,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $7,264
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                     $1,280,000
                                                                     $1,125,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,192,000
                                                                     $1,192,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,570,000
                                                                     $8,570,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $579,000
                                                                       $579,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,376,000
                                                                     $1,376,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,835,000
                                                                     $8,835,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,098,000
                                                                     $1,098,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,952,000
                                                                     $3,952,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $202,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                     $7,134,000
                                                                     $6,992,000
                                                                     $6,802,000
                                                                    $47,976,000
                                                                    $41,174,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-41,000
                                                                     $1,354,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,354,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,534,000
                                                                     $1,534,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,417,000
                                                                     $7,417,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                     $8,667,000
                                                                     $8,485,000
                                                                     $8,156,000
                                                                    $55,393,000
                                                                    $47,236,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.315: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,373
                                                                         $7,373
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,409
                                                                         $7,409
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $888,000
                                                                       $859,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                     $1,149,000
                                                                     $1,074,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $967
                                                                           $967
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $975
                                                                           $975
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,729
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                         $1,907
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $58,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                       $283,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $490,000
                                                                       $490,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $993
                                                                           $993
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,071
                                                                         $1,071
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,051,000
                                                                     $1,051,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,547,000
                                                                     $2,547,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $101,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                     $2,430,000
                                                                     $2,399,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                     $4,389,000
                                                                     $4,312,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $8,901
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-8,901
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-15,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $424,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                     $2,795,000
                                                                     $2,755,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                     $4,813,000
                                                                     $4,720,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.316: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $498
                                                                         $1,898
                                                                         $1,400
                                                                         $1,756
                                                                         $3,941
                                                                         $2,184
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $280
                                                                           $270
                                                                            $46
                                                                           $390
                                                                           $344
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $509
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                         $1,803
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $509
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                         $1,803
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.317: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $33
                                                                         $3,284
                                                                         $3,250
                                                                         $2,039
                                                                         $3,740
                                                                         $1,701
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $3
                                                                           $415
                                                                           $412
                                                                            $39
                                                                           $360
                                                                           $321
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $37
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                         $2,078
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $37
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                         $2,078
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.318: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $4
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                         $1,376
                                                                           $359
                                                                         $3,445
                                                                         $3,085
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $107
                                                                           $107
                                                                            $13
                                                                           $169
                                                                           $156
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $5
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $372
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $5
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $372
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.319: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,455
                                                                         $5,455
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,378
                                                                         $5,378
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $2
                                                                           $838
                                                                           $835
                                                                           $624
                                                                         $3,515
                                                                         $2,891
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $43
                                                                            $43
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $139
                                                                           $131
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $3
                                                                         $6,336
                                                                         $6,333
                                                                           $632
                                                                         $9,032
                                                                         $8,400
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $3
                                                                         $6,336
                                                                         $6,333
                                                                           $632
                                                                         $9,032
                                                                         $8,400
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.320: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                         $1,380
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,368
                                                                         $1,368
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $88
                                                                            $88
                                                                            $67
                                                                           $550
                                                                           $483
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $5
                                                                             $5
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $17
                                                                            $16
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                            $67
                                                                         $1,934
                                                                         $1,867
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                         $1,473
                                                                            $67
                                                                         $1,934
                                                                         $1,867
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.321: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $164
                                                                           $164
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $162
                                                                           $162
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $10
                                                                            $10
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $74
                                                                            $65
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $174
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $229
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $174
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $229
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.322: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $36
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $35
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $16
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $51
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $51
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.323: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,230
                                                                         $3,230
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,209
                                                                         $3,209
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $44
                                                                           $534
                                                                           $490
                                                                           $602
                                                                           $967
                                                                           $365
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $64
                                                                            $64
                                                                             $8
                                                                            $91
                                                                            $83
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $45
                                                                         $3,828
                                                                         $3,783
                                                                           $610
                                                                         $4,267
                                                                         $3,657
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $45
                                                                         $3,828
                                                                         $3,783
                                                                           $610
                                                                         $4,267
                                                                         $3,657
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.324: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,719
                                                                         $2,719
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,711
                                                                         $2,711
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $39
                                                                           $308
                                                                           $269
                                                                         $1,108
                                                                           $458
                                                                          $-650
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $34
                                                                            $34
                                                                             $6
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $31
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $39
                                                                         $3,061
                                                                         $3,021
                                                                         $1,115
                                                                         $3,207
                                                                         $2,092
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $39
                                                                         $3,061
                                                                         $3,021
                                                                         $1,115
                                                                         $3,207
                                                                         $2,092
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.325: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $894
                                                                           $894
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $881
                                                                           $881
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $147
                                                                           $138
                                                                           $256
                                                                           $445
                                                                           $189
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $14
                                                                            $14
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $25
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $9
                                                                         $1,055
                                                                         $1,046
                                                                           $259
                                                                         $1,353
                                                                         $1,095
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $9
                                                                         $1,055
                                                                         $1,046
                                                                           $259
                                                                         $1,353
                                                                         $1,095
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.326: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $982
                                                                           $982
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $976
                                                                           $976
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $376
                                                                           $360
                                                                           $172
                                                                         $1,316
                                                                         $1,144
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $20
                                                                            $19
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $36
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $17
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                         $1,361
                                                                           $173
                                                                         $2,330
                                                                         $2,157
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $17
                                                                         $1,378
                                                                         $1,361
                                                                           $173
                                                                         $2,330
                                                                         $2,157
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.327: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $792
                                                                           $792
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $786
                                                                           $786
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $141
                                                                           $135
                                                                            $56
                                                                           $327
                                                                           $271
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $8
                                                                             $7
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $12
                                                                            $12
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $941
                                                                           $935
                                                                            $57
                                                                         $1,125
                                                                         $1,069
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $941
                                                                           $935
                                                                            $57
                                                                         $1,125
                                                                         $1,069
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.328: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $164
                                                                           $164
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $162
                                                                           $162
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $10
                                                                            $10
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $74
                                                                            $65
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $174
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $229
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $175
                                                                           $174
                                                                             $9
                                                                           $238
                                                                           $229
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.329: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $36
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $35
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $16
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $51
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $38
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $51
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.330: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $41
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $41
                                                                            $41
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $19
                                                                            $16
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $45
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $57
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $45
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $57
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

7 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.331: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,863,000
                                                                     $6,863,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,593,000
                                                                    $10,593,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $638,000
                                                                    $16,681,000
                                                                    $16,044,000
                                                                    $37,623,000
                                                                    $79,869,000
                                                                    $42,246,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $607,000
                                                                       $607,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                     $1,249,000
                                                                     $1,220,000
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                     $4,438,000
                                                                     $3,734,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $28,204,000
                                                                    $28,204,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $824,000
                                                                       $824,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,956,000
                                                                     $1,956,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,636,000
                                                                     $6,636,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,589,000
                                                                    $25,589,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,442,000
                                                                     $6,442,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,189,000
                                                                    $17,189,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,118,000
                                                                     $1,118,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $667,000
                                                                    $46,803,000
                                                                    $46,136,000
                                                                    $38,327,000
                                                                   $169,562,000
                                                                   $131,235,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-193,000
                                                                     $7,681,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-7,681,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $24,409,000
                                                                    $24,409,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $860,000
                                                                    $55,389,000
                                                                    $54,529,000
                                                                    $46,008,000
                                                                   $193,971,000
                                                                   $147,963,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.332: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,674,000
                                                                     $6,674,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,404,000
                                                                    $10,404,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $637,000
                                                                    $16,673,000
                                                                    $16,036,000
                                                                    $37,614,000
                                                                    $79,849,000
                                                                    $42,236,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $607,000
                                                                       $607,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                     $1,248,000
                                                                     $1,219,000
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                     $4,437,000
                                                                     $3,733,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                     $6,676,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $28,204,000
                                                                    $28,204,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $824,000
                                                                       $824,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,956,000
                                                                     $1,956,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,636,000
                                                                     $6,636,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,589,000
                                                                    $25,589,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,442,000
                                                                     $6,442,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,189,000
                                                                    $17,189,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,118,000
                                                                     $1,118,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                    $46,605,000
                                                                    $45,938,000
                                                                    $38,318,000
                                                                   $169,352,000
                                                                   $131,034,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-193,000
                                                                     $7,681,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-7,681,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                     $8,587,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $24,409,000
                                                                    $24,409,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $859,000
                                                                    $55,191,000
                                                                    $54,332,000
                                                                    $45,998,000
                                                                   $193,761,000
                                                                   $147,762,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.333: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                       $189,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $562
                                                                         $8,154
                                                                         $7,592
                                                                         $9,542
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $10,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $18
                                                                           $909
                                                                           $892
                                                                           $176
                                                                         $1,302
                                                                         $1,126
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $580
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                         $9,718
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $580
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                         $9,718
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.334: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,331,000
                                                                     $1,331,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,470,000
                                                                     $2,470,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                     $2,069,000
                                                                     $1,983,000
                                                                     $5,646,000
                                                                     $9,826,000
                                                                     $4,180,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $125,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,056
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                       $441,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $995,000
                                                                       $995,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,393,000
                                                                     $3,393,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $236,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $767,000
                                                                       $767,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,304,000
                                                                     $3,304,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $674,000
                                                                       $674,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,266,000
                                                                     $2,266,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $193,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                     $6,479,000
                                                                     $6,389,000
                                                                     $5,752,000
                                                                    $22,360,000
                                                                    $16,607,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-26,000
                                                                     $1,153,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,153,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,280,000
                                                                     $1,280,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,936,000
                                                                     $2,936,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                     $7,758,000
                                                                     $7,643,000
                                                                     $6,906,000
                                                                    $25,296,000
                                                                    $18,390,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.335: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,532,000
                                                                     $5,532,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,122,000
                                                                     $8,122,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                    $14,612,000
                                                                    $14,060,000
                                                                    $31,977,000
                                                                    $70,043,000
                                                                    $38,066,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $482,000
                                                                       $482,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                     $1,023,000
                                                                       $998,000
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                     $3,891,000
                                                                     $3,294,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,681,000
                                                                     $5,681,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $24,811,000
                                                                    $24,811,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $698,000
                                                                       $698,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,720,000
                                                                     $1,720,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,868,000
                                                                     $5,868,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $22,285,000
                                                                    $22,285,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,767,000
                                                                     $5,767,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,923,000
                                                                    $14,923,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $925,000
                                                                       $925,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                    $40,324,000
                                                                    $39,747,000
                                                                    $32,575,000
                                                                   $147,202,000
                                                                   $114,627,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-167,000
                                                                     $6,527,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-6,527,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,307,000
                                                                     $7,307,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $21,473,000
                                                                    $21,473,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $745,000
                                                                    $47,631,000
                                                                    $46,887,000
                                                                    $39,102,000
                                                                   $168,675,000
                                                                   $129,573,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.336: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                       $327,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $565,000
                                                                       $565,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $620
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                         $9,463
                                                                      $-117,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $190
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                         $3,834
                                                                         $3,198
                                                                          $-635
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,445
                                                                         $1,445
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $722
                                                                           $722
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,450
                                                                         $6,450
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $810
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $694,000
                                                                       $564,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $189
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-189
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-26,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $999
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                       $694,000
                                                                       $538,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.337: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $271,000
                                                                       $271,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $577,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,456
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $559,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                      $-455,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $265
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                         $9,184
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $4,580
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $722
                                                                           $722
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $240,000
                                                                       $240,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,721
                                                                       $614,000
                                                                       $609,000
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                       $997,000
                                                                       $429,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,357
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,357
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-115,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $6,078
                                                                       $614,000
                                                                       $608,000
                                                                       $683,000
                                                                       $997,000
                                                                       $314,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.338: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $252,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,217
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                      $-307,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,232
                                                                         $4,232
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,857
                                                                         $8,857
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $140
                                                                         $8,107
                                                                         $7,967
                                                                         $4,595
                                                                         $1,609
                                                                        $-2,986
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,064
                                                                         $9,064
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $212,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,715
                                                                         $4,715
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,357
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $177,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,284
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,284
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-67,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,641
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $110,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.339: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $88,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                      $-247,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,643
                                                                         $2,643
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,356
                                                                         $5,356
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,204
                                                                         $3,233
                                                                          $-970
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,547
                                                                         $3,547
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,484
                                                                         $7,484
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                       $-42,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-61,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                      $-104,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.340: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $7,531
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-7,531
                                                                       $250,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-250,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,605
                                                                         $3,605
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,742
                                                                         $7,742
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $259
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-259
                                                                         $3,726
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,726
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $90,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,436
                                                                         $3,436
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,286
                                                                         $7,286
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $7,789
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $-54,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,293
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,293
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-51,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                       $305,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                      $-106,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.341: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $49,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $8,195
                                                                       $260,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                       $806,000
                                                                       $595,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,468
                                                                         $3,468
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,973
                                                                         $3,973
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $351
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $4,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $40,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $202,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $211,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $95,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,416
                                                                         $9,416
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,492
                                                                         $7,492
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $8,546
                                                                       $693,000
                                                                       $684,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                     $1,436,000
                                                                     $1,220,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,482
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,482
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-43,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $175,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $863,000
                                                                       $852,000
                                                                       $259,000
                                                                     $1,611,000
                                                                     $1,352,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.342: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,124
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                       $229,000
                                                                       $134,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,149
                                                                         $1,149
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $941
                                                                           $941
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $184
                                                                         $2,438
                                                                         $2,254
                                                                         $1,840
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $8,905
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $96,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,118
                                                                         $4,118
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,877
                                                                         $5,877
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $68,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,641
                                                                         $2,641
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,864
                                                                         $1,864
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $4,308
                                                                       $142,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $366,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,249
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,249
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-19,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $83,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,557
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                       $430,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.343: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                       $827,000
                                                                       $511,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $948
                                                                           $948
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,241
                                                                         $1,241
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,204
                                                                         $5,204
                                                                         $7,367
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $39,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $299,000
                                                                       $299,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,898
                                                                         $4,898
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                       $341,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,190
                                                                         $4,190
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,863
                                                                         $5,863
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $323,000
                                                                     $1,672,000
                                                                     $1,349,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-64,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $259,000
                                                                       $259,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                       $387,000
                                                                     $1,931,000
                                                                     $1,544,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.344: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $203
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $3,556
                                                                       $-25,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,171
                                                                         $5,171
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,792
                                                                         $4,792
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $28
                                                                         $5,798
                                                                         $5,770
                                                                           $716
                                                                         $1,948
                                                                         $1,233
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $120
                                                                           $120
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $925
                                                                           $925
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,189
                                                                         $5,189
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,216
                                                                         $5,216
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $231
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                        $84,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $62
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-62
                                                                         $5,851
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,851
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $293
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                        $78,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.345: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                       $163,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,410
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                      $-211,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,803
                                                                         $8,803
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,741
                                                                         $8,741
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $81
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                         $3,584
                                                                         $3,098
                                                                          $-487
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $241
                                                                           $241
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,403
                                                                         $6,403
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,886
                                                                         $8,886
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,491
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $429
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-429
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-47,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,921
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $280,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                         $6,237
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.346: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,338
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                         $1,183
                                                                      $-176,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,925
                                                                         $1,925
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,000
                                                                         $3,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $47
                                                                         $5,414
                                                                         $5,367
                                                                         $2,454
                                                                           $196
                                                                        $-2,258
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,137
                                                                         $4,137
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,111
                                                                         $2,111
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,570
                                                                         $4,570
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,385
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $-13,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $407
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-407
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-36,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,792
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $-50,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.347: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,864
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $8,528
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                      $-240,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,357
                                                                         $2,357
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,035
                                                                         $4,035
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $62
                                                                           $977
                                                                           $915
                                                                         $3,907
                                                                         $3,060
                                                                          $-847
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $83,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,172
                                                                         $3,172
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,694
                                                                         $5,694
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,927
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                       $285,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                       $-86,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $568
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-568
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-58,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,494
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $343,000
                                                                       $199,000
                                                                      $-144,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.348: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,531
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,531
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-347,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,932
                                                                         $3,932
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,247
                                                                         $8,247
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $53
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-53
                                                                         $5,186
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,186
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,803
                                                                         $3,803
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,739
                                                                         $7,739
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $1,584
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                      $-140,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $466
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-466
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-71,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,050
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                       $424,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                      $-212,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.349: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $107,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $623,000
                                                                       $609,000
                                                                       $706,000
                                                                     $2,182,000
                                                                     $1,477,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,200
                                                                         $7,200
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,165
                                                                         $8,165
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $623
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                       $105,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $336,000
                                                                       $336,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $807,000
                                                                       $807,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $587,000
                                                                       $587,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $230,000
                                                                       $230,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $1,690,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                       $719,000
                                                                     $4,114,000
                                                                     $3,395,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,416
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,416
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-144,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $432,000
                                                                       $432,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $698,000
                                                                       $698,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                     $2,123,000
                                                                     $2,103,000
                                                                       $863,000
                                                                     $4,812,000
                                                                     $3,949,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.350: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $515,000
                                                                       $391,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,547
                                                                         $2,547
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,053
                                                                         $2,053
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $738
                                                                         $9,274
                                                                         $8,537
                                                                         $2,403
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $23,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $201,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,932
                                                                         $8,932
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                       $163,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $70,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,358
                                                                         $5,358
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,770
                                                                         $3,770
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                     $1,020,000
                                                                       $894,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,978
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,978
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-25,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $174,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $538,000
                                                                       $516,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                     $1,193,000
                                                                     $1,042,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.351: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $174,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                       $432,000
                                                                       $413,000
                                                                     $1,568,000
                                                                     $5,006,000
                                                                     $3,439,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,632
                                                                         $3,632
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,670
                                                                         $4,670
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,034
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                       $272,000
                                                                       $236,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,784,000
                                                                     $1,784,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $122,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,933,000
                                                                     $1,933,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                       $630,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                     $1,453,000
                                                                     $1,433,000
                                                                     $1,604,000
                                                                     $9,959,000
                                                                     $8,355,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $5,760
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,760
                                                                       $319,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-319,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,544,000
                                                                     $1,544,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                     $1,933,000
                                                                     $1,907,000
                                                                     $1,923,000
                                                                    $11,504,000
                                                                     $9,580,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.352: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,092
                                                                         $1,092
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,142
                                                                         $1,142
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,588
                                                                         $6,588
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,051
                                                                         $9,051
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $156
                                                                           $156
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $156
                                                                           $156
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $467
                                                                           $467
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $466
                                                                           $466
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,879
                                                                         $2,879
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,895
                                                                         $3,895
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $384
                                                                           $384
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $249
                                                                           $249
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $104
                                                                           $104
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $97
                                                                            $97
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,693
                                                                         $1,693
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,696
                                                                         $1,696
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,703
                                                                         $3,703
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,371
                                                                         $3,371
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.353: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $107,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $149
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $52,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,443
                                                                         $7,443
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,310
                                                                         $5,310
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $37
                                                                         $5,901
                                                                         $5,864
                                                                           $873
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,440
                                                                         $1,440
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,555
                                                                         $7,555
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,444
                                                                         $5,444
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $186
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $199,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $45
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-45
                                                                         $6,857
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-6,857
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $231
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                       $192,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.354: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $507,000
                                                                       $507,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,810
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                       $246,000
                                                                       $566,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                      $-440,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $172
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                         $8,731
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $3,712
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $245,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,981
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $561,000
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                       $366,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $855
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-855
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-116,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,837
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                       $560,000
                                                                       $690,000
                                                                       $940,000
                                                                       $250,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.355: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $708,000
                                                                       $708,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $5,115
                                                                       $291,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                     $1,229,000
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                    $-1,139,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $208
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $5,797
                                                                       $-11,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $722
                                                                           $722
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $629,000
                                                                       $629,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,323
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                       $522,000
                                                                     $1,246,000
                                                                     $1,494,000
                                                                       $248,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,557
                                                                       $252,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-252,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $6,881
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                     $1,498,000
                                                                     $1,494,000
                                                                        $-3,492
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.356: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                       $508,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $235,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                     $1,663,000
                                                                     $1,282,000
                                                                      $-381,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $464
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $49,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $722
                                                                           $722
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $635,000
                                                                       $635,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $639,000
                                                                       $625,000
                                                                     $1,686,000
                                                                     $2,575,000
                                                                       $889,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,116
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,116
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-341,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $639,000
                                                                       $621,000
                                                                     $2,027,000
                                                                     $2,575,000
                                                                       $548,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.357: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $704,000
                                                                       $704,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-15,000
                                                                     $1,774,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                    $-1,532,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $542
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-542
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $-12,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $685,000
                                                                       $685,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                       $536,000
                                                                     $1,801,000
                                                                     $1,756,000
                                                                       $-45,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,657
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,657
                                                                       $363,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-363,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                       $552,000
                                                                       $531,000
                                                                     $2,164,000
                                                                     $1,756,000
                                                                      $-408,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.358: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                       $577,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $398,000
                                                                       $398,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                     $1,455,000
                                                                     $1,412,000
                                                                     $1,658,000
                                                                     $6,143,000
                                                                     $4,485,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,867
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $331,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $656,000
                                                                       $656,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,104,000
                                                                     $2,104,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                       $158,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $645,000
                                                                       $645,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,769,000
                                                                     $1,769,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $618,000
                                                                       $618,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $767,000
                                                                       $767,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                     $4,223,000
                                                                     $4,178,000
                                                                     $1,690,000
                                                                    $11,793,000
                                                                    $10,103,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-13,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-338,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $844,000
                                                                       $844,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,821,000
                                                                     $1,821,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                     $5,068,000
                                                                     $5,009,000
                                                                     $2,028,000
                                                                    $13,613,000
                                                                    $11,586,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.359: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                       $109,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                       $392,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                       $530,000
                                                                     $1,589,000
                                                                     $1,059,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,773
                                                                         $9,773
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,326
                                                                         $8,326
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $568
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $70,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $743,000
                                                                       $743,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $511,000
                                                                       $511,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $278,000
                                                                       $278,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                     $1,090,000
                                                                     $1,077,000
                                                                       $540,000
                                                                     $3,382,000
                                                                     $2,842,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,828
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,828
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-108,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                       $165,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                       $643,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                     $1,255,000
                                                                     $1,238,000
                                                                       $648,000
                                                                     $4,025,000
                                                                     $3,378,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.360: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                       $150,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                     $1,216,000
                                                                     $4,154,000
                                                                     $2,939,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,812
                                                                         $3,812
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,877
                                                                         $4,877
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $835
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $198,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,445,000
                                                                     $1,445,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,504,000
                                                                     $1,504,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $554,000
                                                                       $554,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $976,000
                                                                       $960,000
                                                                     $1,244,000
                                                                     $8,167,000
                                                                     $6,923,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $4,666
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-4,666
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-248,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,250,000
                                                                     $1,250,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                     $1,138,000
                                                                     $1,117,000
                                                                     $1,492,000
                                                                     $9,418,000
                                                                     $7,926,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.361: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,234
                                                                         $2,234
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,246
                                                                         $2,246
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $532
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $1,236
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $37,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $311
                                                                           $311
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $311
                                                                           $311
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $1,942
                                                                         $1,910
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $1,958
                                                                         $1,927
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,862
                                                                         $8,862
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,200
                                                                         $1,200
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,212
                                                                         $1,212
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $168
                                                                           $168
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $178
                                                                           $178
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $92,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,671
                                                                         $3,671
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,675
                                                                         $3,675
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $564
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                         $1,268
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $157,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $161
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-161
                                                                           $252
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-252
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $725
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                         $1,520
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $173,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.362: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $99
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $71,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,199
                                                                         $6,199
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,774
                                                                         $5,774
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $23
                                                                         $9,232
                                                                         $9,209
                                                                           $723
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $241
                                                                           $241
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $241
                                                                           $241
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $783
                                                                           $783
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,857
                                                                         $9,857
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,050
                                                                         $6,050
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,793
                                                                         $5,793
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $122
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $186,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $30
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-30
                                                                         $5,030
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,030
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $152
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $181,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.363: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $292,000
                                                                       $292,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,515
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                       $109,000
                                                                      $-342,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $130
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                         $6,720
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,445
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                       $158,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $2,645
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $458,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $143,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $766
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-766
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-92,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,411
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $345,000
                                                                       $550,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                        $51,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.364: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $359,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $3,855
                                                                       $164,000
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                       $728,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                      $-717,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,241
                                                                         $8,241
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $142
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $9,973
                                                                         $1,408
                                                                        $-8,565
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $330,000
                                                                       $330,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,249
                                                                         $9,249
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $3,996
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $289,000
                                                                       $738,000
                                                                       $734,000
                                                                        $-4,291
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,174
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,174
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-149,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                         $5,170
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $887,000
                                                                       $734,000
                                                                      $-153,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.365: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $478,000
                                                                       $478,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                     $2,059,000
                                                                       $284,000
                                                                    $-1,775,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                           $835
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $-9,581
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $692,000
                                                                       $692,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                       $539,000
                                                                       $512,000
                                                                     $2,087,000
                                                                     $1,548,000
                                                                      $-539,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                         $7,950
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-7,950
                                                                       $422,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-422,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $539,000
                                                                       $504,000
                                                                     $2,509,000
                                                                     $1,548,000
                                                                      $-961,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.366: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                       $547,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,178,000
                                                                     $1,178,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                     $3,757,000
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                    $-3,608,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,551
                                                                         $2,293
                                                                           $742
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                         $9,174
                                                                       $-46,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,240,000
                                                                     $1,240,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $93,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                       $874,000
                                                                     $3,813,000
                                                                     $2,767,000
                                                                    $-1,046,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-14,000
                                                                       $770,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-770,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                       $860,000
                                                                     $4,583,000
                                                                     $2,767,000
                                                                    $-1,816,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.367: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,561,000
                                                                     $1,561,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,046,000
                                                                     $1,046,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                     $6,305,000
                                                                     $6,171,000
                                                                     $5,066,000
                                                                    $19,323,000
                                                                    $14,257,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $5,712
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                     $1,077,000
                                                                       $982,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,709,000
                                                                     $2,709,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,848,000
                                                                     $6,848,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $492,000
                                                                       $492,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,636,000
                                                                     $2,636,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,386,000
                                                                     $5,386,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,757,000
                                                                     $1,757,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,164,000
                                                                     $2,164,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $208,000
                                                                       $208,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $161,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                    $15,917,000
                                                                    $15,777,000
                                                                     $5,161,000
                                                                    $36,583,000
                                                                    $31,422,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-41,000
                                                                     $1,032,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,032,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,484,000
                                                                     $3,484,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,927,000
                                                                     $5,927,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $180,000
                                                                    $19,401,000
                                                                    $19,220,000
                                                                     $6,193,000
                                                                    $42,509,000
                                                                    $36,316,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.368: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $294,000
                                                                       $294,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                     $1,449,000
                                                                     $1,403,000
                                                                     $1,766,000
                                                                     $4,777,000
                                                                     $3,011,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $2,037
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $238,000
                                                                       $204,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $576,000
                                                                       $576,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,370,000
                                                                     $2,370,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $148,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $706,000
                                                                       $706,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,538,000
                                                                     $1,538,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                       $467,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $753,000
                                                                       $753,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                     $3,800,000
                                                                     $3,753,000
                                                                     $1,800,000
                                                                    $10,180,000
                                                                     $8,379,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-14,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-360,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $741,000
                                                                       $741,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,051,000
                                                                     $2,051,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                     $4,541,000
                                                                     $4,480,000
                                                                     $2,160,000
                                                                    $12,230,000
                                                                    $10,070,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.369: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $642,000
                                                                       $642,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,005,000
                                                                     $1,005,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                     $2,566,000
                                                                     $2,415,000
                                                                     $9,360,000
                                                                    $30,647,000
                                                                    $21,286,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $8,192
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                       $183,000
                                                                       $218,000
                                                                     $1,682,000
                                                                     $1,464,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,229,000
                                                                     $1,229,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,862,000
                                                                    $10,862,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $742,000
                                                                       $742,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,501,000
                                                                     $1,501,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,576,000
                                                                    $11,576,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,048,000
                                                                     $1,048,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,652,000
                                                                     $3,652,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                       $186,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                     $7,507,000
                                                                     $7,347,000
                                                                     $9,578,000
                                                                    $60,381,000
                                                                    $50,803,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-46,000
                                                                     $1,907,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,907,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,581,000
                                                                     $1,581,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $9,401,000
                                                                     $9,401,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                     $9,087,000
                                                                     $8,882,000
                                                                    $11,486,000
                                                                    $69,781,000
                                                                    $58,296,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.370: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $727,000
                                                                       $693,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                       $877,000
                                                                       $791,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,486
                                                                         $1,486
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,499
                                                                         $1,499
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                         $1,994
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                         $2,168
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $43,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                       $421,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $782
                                                                           $782
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $846
                                                                           $846
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $835,000
                                                                       $835,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,024,000
                                                                     $2,024,000
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                     $1,986,000
                                                                     $1,950,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                     $3,488,000
                                                                     $3,401,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-10,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-17,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $364,000
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                     $2,306,000
                                                                     $2,260,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                     $3,853,000
                                                                     $3,747,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.371: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $86,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                           $401
                                                                         $1,669
                                                                         $1,267
                                                                         $2,039
                                                                         $3,962
                                                                         $1,923
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $262
                                                                           $251
                                                                            $62
                                                                           $387
                                                                           $325
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $412
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                         $2,102
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $88,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                           $412
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                         $2,102
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                        $88,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.372: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $46
                                                                         $2,920
                                                                         $2,874
                                                                         $2,906
                                                                         $3,512
                                                                           $606
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $5
                                                                           $378
                                                                           $373
                                                                            $55
                                                                           $336
                                                                           $281
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $51
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                         $2,962
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $67,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $51
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                         $2,962
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $67,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.373: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $2
                                                                         $1,247
                                                                         $1,245
                                                                           $507
                                                                         $3,647
                                                                         $3,140
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $94
                                                                            $94
                                                                            $18
                                                                           $180
                                                                           $162
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $2
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                           $525
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $2
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                           $525
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.374: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,912
                                                                         $7,912
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,832
                                                                         $7,832
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $820
                                                                           $819
                                                                           $887
                                                                         $4,060
                                                                         $3,172
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $44
                                                                            $44
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $157
                                                                           $146
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $8,776
                                                                         $8,775
                                                                           $899
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                         $8,776
                                                                         $8,775
                                                                           $899
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.375: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,062
                                                                         $2,062
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,047
                                                                         $2,047
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $73
                                                                            $73
                                                                            $94
                                                                           $593
                                                                           $499
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $17
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,140
                                                                         $2,139
                                                                            $95
                                                                         $2,658
                                                                         $2,562
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,140
                                                                         $2,139
                                                                            $95
                                                                         $2,658
                                                                         $2,562
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.376: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $245
                                                                           $245
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $244
                                                                           $244
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $8
                                                                            $11
                                                                            $75
                                                                            $63
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $255
                                                                           $254
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $320
                                                                           $309
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $1
                                                                           $255
                                                                           $254
                                                                            $11
                                                                           $320
                                                                           $309
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.377: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $54
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $15
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $56
                                                                            $56
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $72
                                                                            $69
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $56
                                                                            $56
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $72
                                                                            $69
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.378: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,069
                                                                         $4,069
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,054
                                                                         $4,054
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $31
                                                                           $517
                                                                           $486
                                                                           $811
                                                                         $1,000
                                                                           $189
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $59
                                                                            $11
                                                                            $94
                                                                            $83
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $4,646
                                                                         $4,614
                                                                           $822
                                                                         $5,148
                                                                         $4,326
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $4,646
                                                                         $4,614
                                                                           $822
                                                                         $5,148
                                                                         $4,326
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.379: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,572
                                                                         $3,572
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,564
                                                                         $3,564
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $53
                                                                           $260
                                                                           $207
                                                                         $1,577
                                                                           $442
                                                                        $-1,135
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $28
                                                                            $28
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $37
                                                                            $28
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $53
                                                                         $3,860
                                                                         $3,807
                                                                         $1,586
                                                                         $4,044
                                                                         $2,458
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $53
                                                                         $3,860
                                                                         $3,807
                                                                         $1,586
                                                                         $4,044
                                                                         $2,458
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.380: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,166
                                                                         $1,166
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,153
                                                                         $1,153
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $8
                                                                           $129
                                                                           $121
                                                                           $358
                                                                           $500
                                                                           $142
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $12
                                                                            $12
                                                                             $3
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $27
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $8
                                                                         $1,307
                                                                         $1,299
                                                                           $361
                                                                         $1,683
                                                                         $1,322
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $8
                                                                         $1,307
                                                                         $1,299
                                                                           $361
                                                                         $1,683
                                                                         $1,322
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.381: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,311
                                                                         $1,311
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,308
                                                                         $1,308
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $360
                                                                           $348
                                                                           $227
                                                                         $1,415
                                                                         $1,187
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $18
                                                                             $2
                                                                            $40
                                                                            $38
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $12
                                                                         $1,689
                                                                         $1,677
                                                                           $229
                                                                         $2,763
                                                                         $2,533
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                            $12
                                                                         $1,689
                                                                         $1,677
                                                                           $229
                                                                         $2,763
                                                                         $2,533
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.382: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,135
                                                                         $1,135
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,127
                                                                         $1,127
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $7
                                                                           $111
                                                                           $105
                                                                            $78
                                                                           $349
                                                                           $271
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $1
                                                                            $13
                                                                            $12
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $7
                                                                         $1,253
                                                                         $1,246
                                                                            $79
                                                                         $1,489
                                                                         $1,410
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $7
                                                                         $1,253
                                                                         $1,246
                                                                            $79
                                                                         $1,489
                                                                         $1,410
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.383: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $261
                                                                           $261
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $260
                                                                           $260
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $34
                                                                           $166
                                                                           $131
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $292
                                                                           $292
                                                                            $35
                                                                           $430
                                                                           $395
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $292
                                                                           $292
                                                                            $35
                                                                           $430
                                                                           $395
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.384: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $55
                                                                            $55
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $55
                                                                            $55
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $24
                                                                            $20
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $58
                                                                            $58
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $79
                                                                            $75
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $58
                                                                            $58
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $79
                                                                            $75
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.385: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 Lead Service Line Inventory
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $62
                                                                            $62
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $62
                                                                            $62
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $20
                                                                            $16
 System Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Goal
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 System Lead Service Line Replacement (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities (Customer-Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $66
                                                                            $66
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $82
                                                                            $78
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Mandatory)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Household Lead Service Line Replacement (Goal based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $66
                                                                            $66
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $82
                                                                            $78
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs
3 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.386: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $327,171,000
                                                                   $327,171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $327,490,000
                                                                   $327,490,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                     $1,356,000
                                                                     $1,735,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                     $1,355,000
                                                                     $1,719,000
                                                                       $363,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                    $13,424,000
                                                                     $7,138,000
                                                                    $-6,286,000
                                                                    $41,261,000
                                                                    $19,392,000
                                                                   $-21,869,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $754,000
                                                                       $635,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,479,000
                                                                     $6,575,000
                                                                     $4,096,000
                                                                    $15,374,000
                                                                    $33,425,000
                                                                    $18,051,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                     $1,449,000
                                                                     $1,438,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                    $27,261,000
                                                                    $27,180,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,452,000
                                                                     $5,452,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,724,000
                                                                    $20,724,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $444,000
                                                                       $444,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,271,000
                                                                     $8,271,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $31,688,000
                                                                    $31,688,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,884,000
                                                                     $5,884,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,190,000
                                                                     $8,190,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $344,483,000
                                                                   $363,894,000
                                                                    $19,412,000
                                                                   $385,681,000
                                                                   $471,087,000
                                                                    $85,407,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.387: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $318,644,000
                                                                   $318,644,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $318,964,000
                                                                   $318,964,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                     $1,014,000
                                                                     $1,348,000
                                                                       $333,000
                                                                     $1,015,000
                                                                     $1,337,000
                                                                       $322,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                    $10,936,000
                                                                     $7,105,000
                                                                    $-3,831,000
                                                                    $34,026,000
                                                                    $19,310,000
                                                                   $-14,716,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $753,000
                                                                       $642,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,386,000
                                                                     $6,544,000
                                                                     $4,158,000
                                                                    $14,962,000
                                                                    $33,360,000
                                                                    $18,398,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                     $1,447,000
                                                                     $1,436,000
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                    $27,257,000
                                                                    $27,179,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,399,000
                                                                     $5,399,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,261,000
                                                                    $20,261,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $403,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,210,000
                                                                     $8,210,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $31,339,000
                                                                    $31,339,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,287,000
                                                                     $5,287,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,556,000
                                                                     $7,556,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $333,031,000
                                                                   $354,200,000
                                                                    $21,170,000
                                                                   $369,156,000
                                                                   $460,538,000
                                                                    $91,382,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.388: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $8,527,000
                                                                     $8,527,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,527,000
                                                                     $8,527,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                       $387,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                        $41,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $2,488,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                    $-2,454,000
                                                                     $7,235,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                    $-7,153,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $2,989
                                                                           $647
                                                                        $-2,342
                                                                         $8,790
                                                                         $1,441
                                                                        $-7,349
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                       $-61,000
                                                                       $412,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                      $-347,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $888
                                                                         $1,984
                                                                         $1,095
                                                                         $2,465
                                                                         $4,142
                                                                         $1,677
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                       $463,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,636
                                                                         $2,636
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $349,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                       $597,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $634,000
                                                                       $634,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $11,452,000
                                                                     $9,694,000
                                                                    $-1,758,000
                                                                    $16,525,000
                                                                    $10,549,000
                                                                    $-5,976,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.389: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $41,919,000
                                                                    $41,919,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $41,956,000
                                                                    $41,956,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $390,000
                                                                       $475,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                       $391,000
                                                                       $470,000
                                                                        $80,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $4,462,000
                                                                     $1,370,000
                                                                    $-3,092,000
                                                                    $14,596,000
                                                                     $3,630,000
                                                                   $-10,966,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $5,408
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $130,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $616,000
                                                                       $371,000
                                                                     $2,286,000
                                                                     $3,829,000
                                                                     $1,543,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $582
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                     $3,636,000
                                                                     $3,625,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $805,000
                                                                       $805,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,227,000
                                                                     $3,227,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $102,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,265,000
                                                                     $1,265,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,259,000
                                                                     $4,259,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,787,000
                                                                     $1,787,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,119,000
                                                                     $2,119,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $47,022,000
                                                                    $48,453,000
                                                                     $1,432,000
                                                                    $59,257,000
                                                                    $63,375,000
                                                                     $4,118,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.390: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $285,252,000
                                                                   $285,252,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $285,534,000
                                                                   $285,534,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                     $1,259,000
                                                                       $294,000
                                                                       $965,000
                                                                     $1,248,000
                                                                       $284,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $8,962,000
                                                                     $5,768,000
                                                                    $-3,194,000
                                                                    $26,665,000
                                                                    $15,761,000
                                                                   $-10,904,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $608,000
                                                                       $505,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,234,000
                                                                     $5,960,000
                                                                     $3,725,000
                                                                    $13,087,000
                                                                    $29,596,000
                                                                    $16,508,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                     $1,299,000
                                                                     $1,288,000
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                    $23,626,000
                                                                    $23,555,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,646,000
                                                                     $4,646,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,497,000
                                                                    $17,497,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $342,000
                                                                       $342,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,006,000
                                                                     $7,006,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $27,429,000
                                                                    $27,429,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,097,000
                                                                     $4,097,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,071,000
                                                                     $6,071,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $297,461,000
                                                                   $315,441,000
                                                                    $17,980,000
                                                                   $326,424,000
                                                                   $407,713,000
                                                                    $81,289,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.391: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,808,000
                                                                     $2,808,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,808,000
                                                                     $2,808,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                        $22,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,683,000
                                                                         $8,278
                                                                    $-1,675,000
                                                                     $5,393,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-5,393,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $876
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-876
                                                                         $2,700
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,700
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $6,843
                                                                           $679
                                                                        $-6,163
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                      $-176,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $28
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-28
                                                                           $365
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-365
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $254,000
                                                                       $254,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,777
                                                                         $6,777
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,718
                                                                         $8,718
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $657,000
                                                                       $657,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $4,644,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                      $-951,000
                                                                     $8,539,000
                                                                     $3,957,000
                                                                    $-4,583,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.392: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,943,000
                                                                     $4,943,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,943,000
                                                                     $4,943,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,795,000
                                                                       $496,000
                                                                    $-1,299,000
                                                                     $5,546,000
                                                                       $916,000
                                                                    $-4,630,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $791
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $2,265
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $32,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $8,516
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $290,000
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                      $-203,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $19
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-19
                                                                           $441
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $226,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                       $404,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,646
                                                                         $8,646
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $565,000
                                                                       $565,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                       $574,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $619,000
                                                                       $619,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $6,886,000
                                                                     $6,538,000
                                                                      $-348,000
                                                                    $10,920,000
                                                                     $7,979,000
                                                                    $-2,941,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.393: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,591,000
                                                                     $1,591,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,591,000
                                                                     $1,591,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $3,994
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $3,881
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                       $263,000
                                                                       $-59,000
                                                                     $1,083,000
                                                                       $682,000
                                                                      $-402,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $135
                                                                         $7,954
                                                                         $7,819
                                                                           $320
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,578
                                                                         $9,547
                                                                         $5,969
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $158,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $5
                                                                         $5,524
                                                                         $5,519
                                                                            $73
                                                                       $700,000
                                                                       $700,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                       $182,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,986
                                                                         $1,986
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,594
                                                                         $7,594
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $483,000
                                                                       $483,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $138,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,939,000
                                                                     $2,136,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                     $2,750,000
                                                                     $4,081,000
                                                                     $1,331,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.394: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,769,000
                                                                     $1,769,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,770,000
                                                                     $1,770,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                         $3,892
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                         $3,845
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                       $970,000
                                                                       $695,000
                                                                      $-274,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $609
                                                                         $2,314
                                                                         $1,705
                                                                         $4,475
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $18,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $193,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $239
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $2,307
                                                                       $668,000
                                                                       $665,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $201,000
                                                                       $201,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,168
                                                                         $1,168
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,076
                                                                         $6,076
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $457,000
                                                                       $457,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $144,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,890,000
                                                                     $2,171,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                     $2,882,000
                                                                     $4,296,000
                                                                     $1,413,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.395: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,035,000
                                                                     $2,035,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,039,000
                                                                     $2,039,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $8,308
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $2,435
                                                                         $8,300
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $2,414
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $207,000
                                                                       $217,000
                                                                         $9,786
                                                                       $426,000
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,402
                                                                         $2,459
                                                                         $1,057
                                                                         $1,688
                                                                         $4,049
                                                                         $2,362
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $5,930
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $319,000
                                                                       $173,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $11
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $1,355
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                       $236,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $175,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $166
                                                                           $166
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,991
                                                                         $4,991
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $393,000
                                                                       $393,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,258,000
                                                                     $2,500,000
                                                                       $242,000
                                                                     $2,622,000
                                                                     $3,701,000
                                                                     $1,079,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.396: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,414,000
                                                                     $2,414,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,418,000
                                                                     $2,418,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $3,733
                                                                         $5,239
                                                                         $1,507
                                                                         $3,727
                                                                         $5,287
                                                                         $1,560
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                         $3,139
                                                                       $541,000
                                                                       $546,000
                                                                         $5,095
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,046
                                                                           $723
                                                                          $-323
                                                                         $3,897
                                                                         $4,411
                                                                           $514
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,197
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $196,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                           $609
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                       $160,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $665
                                                                           $665
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,996
                                                                         $1,996
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                       $205,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,553,000
                                                                     $2,823,000
                                                                       $270,000
                                                                     $3,076,000
                                                                     $3,813,000
                                                                       $738,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.397: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,805,000
                                                                     $1,805,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,804,000
                                                                     $1,804,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $511
                                                                         $1,119
                                                                           $609
                                                                           $511
                                                                         $1,105
                                                                           $594
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $3,733
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,733
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                          $-762
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $44
                                                                            $44
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                         $4,010
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                        $36,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,304
                                                                         $3,304
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $70,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $177
                                                                           $177
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $422
                                                                           $422
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,144
                                                                         $8,144
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,833,000
                                                                     $1,889,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                     $1,922,000
                                                                     $2,092,000
                                                                       $170,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.398: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,726,000
                                                                     $2,726,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,732,000
                                                                     $2,732,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $404
                                                                         $1,020
                                                                           $616
                                                                           $404
                                                                         $1,013
                                                                           $609
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                       $120,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,496
                                                                         $2,496
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $161,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $77
                                                                            $77
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $556
                                                                           $556
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $102,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,744,000
                                                                     $2,855,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                     $2,859,000
                                                                     $3,288,000
                                                                       $429,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.399: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                       $600,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $7,935
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,131
                                                                         $7,962
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,012
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                           $544
                                                                       $-32,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-125,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $21
                                                                            $48
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $83
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-83
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,268
                                                                           $132
                                                                        $-1,136
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                         $1,455
                                                                       $-32,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-4
                                                                            $78
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-78
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,337
                                                                         $2,337
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,245
                                                                         $4,245
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,153
                                                                         $2,153
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,721
                                                                         $4,721
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $642,000
                                                                       $666,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                       $768,000
                                                                       $697,000
                                                                       $-70,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.400: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                     $1,257,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $5,941
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $5,843
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $-41,000
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                      $-125,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $44
                                                                         $1,543
                                                                         $1,498
                                                                           $106
                                                                         $2,218
                                                                         $2,112
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,785
                                                                         $8,211
                                                                         $5,426
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                       $-36,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-6
                                                                           $159
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $129,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,128
                                                                         $4,128
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,412
                                                                         $8,412
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,351,000
                                                                     $1,466,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                     $1,545,000
                                                                     $1,772,000
                                                                       $226,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.401: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,748
                                                                         $6,469
                                                                         $1,721
                                                                         $4,747
                                                                         $6,377
                                                                         $1,630
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                           $845
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                       $-14,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $14
                                                                           $868
                                                                           $854
                                                                            $37
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,619
                                                                         $4,827
                                                                         $3,209
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $52,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $168
                                                                           $165
                                                                            $46
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                       $340,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,075
                                                                         $1,075
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,851
                                                                         $2,851
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                       $139,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                       $535,000
                                                                     $1,140,000
                                                                       $605,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.402: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $920,000
                                                                       $920,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $7,281
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,349
                                                                         $7,294
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,206
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $-3,249
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                        $-3,623
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $304
                                                                         $1,157
                                                                           $853
                                                                           $617
                                                                         $2,892
                                                                         $2,276
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $6,404
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $8,787
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                       $125,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $234
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $1,852
                                                                       $553,000
                                                                       $551,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $467
                                                                           $467
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,751
                                                                         $4,751
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $288,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $973,000
                                                                     $1,107,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                     $1,101,000
                                                                     $2,207,000
                                                                     $1,106,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.403: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,343,000
                                                                     $1,343,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,349,000
                                                                     $1,349,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $6,347
                                                                         $8,927
                                                                         $2,580
                                                                         $6,353
                                                                         $8,842
                                                                         $2,489
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $-5,832
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $-2,406
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $164
                                                                           $482
                                                                           $318
                                                                           $179
                                                                           $868
                                                                           $688
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $148,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $15
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $1,818
                                                                       $295,000
                                                                       $293,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $149,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $555
                                                                           $555
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,104
                                                                         $4,104
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $319,000
                                                                       $319,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,412,000
                                                                     $1,571,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                     $1,549,000
                                                                     $2,511,000
                                                                       $962,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.404: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $3,626,000
                                                                     $3,626,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,630,000
                                                                     $3,630,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $6,964
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,903
                                                                         $6,964
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,764
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                           $832
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $-13,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $8
                                                                         $1,253
                                                                         $1,245
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                       $287,000
                                                                       $538,000
                                                                       $251,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $16
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                         $1,510
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $225,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $381,000
                                                                       $381,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $887
                                                                           $887
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,769
                                                                         $4,769
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $468,000
                                                                       $468,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $72,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,660,000
                                                                     $4,023,000
                                                                       $363,000
                                                                     $3,974,000
                                                                     $5,368,000
                                                                     $1,394,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.405: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,706,000
                                                                     $2,706,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,704,000
                                                                     $2,704,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,182
                                                                         $3,824
                                                                         $1,643
                                                                         $2,182
                                                                         $3,812
                                                                         $1,630
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                        $86,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,269
                                                                         $6,269
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                       $163,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $207
                                                                           $207
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,418
                                                                         $1,418
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $121,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,732,000
                                                                     $2,900,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                     $2,810,000
                                                                     $3,243,000
                                                                       $433,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.406: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $10,756,000
                                                                    $10,756,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,772,000
                                                                    $10,772,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,608
                                                                         $5,250
                                                                         $2,642
                                                                         $2,608
                                                                         $5,222
                                                                         $2,614
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                       $445,000
                                                                       $896,000
                                                                       $451,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,920
                                                                         $9,920
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $657,000
                                                                       $657,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $420
                                                                           $420
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,888
                                                                         $1,888
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $557,000
                                                                       $557,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $72,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $10,860,000
                                                                    $11,400,000
                                                                       $540,000
                                                                    $11,220,000
                                                                    $13,042,000
                                                                     $1,822,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.407: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $74
                                                                            $97
                                                                            $23
                                                                            $74
                                                                            $97
                                                                            $23
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,337
                                                                         $1,337
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,551
                                                                         $1,551
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $854
                                                                           $854
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,778
                                                                         $1,778
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,467
                                                                         $1,467
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $528
                                                                           $528
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $531
                                                                           $531
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                         $5,193
                                                                       $184,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                         $4,212
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.408: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $4,331
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $3,892
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $158,000
                                                                           $786
                                                                      $-157,000
                                                                       $570,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-570,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $95
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-95
                                                                           $332
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-332
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,045
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,045
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-44,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $90
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-90
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,168
                                                                         $1,168
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,570
                                                                         $2,570
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,692
                                                                         $5,692
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,360
                                                                         $8,360
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $811,000
                                                                       $777,000
                                                                       $-34,000
                                                                     $1,266,000
                                                                       $806,000
                                                                      $-460,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.409: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,216,000
                                                                     $4,216,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,216,000
                                                                     $4,216,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $765,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                      $-397,000
                                                                     $2,985,000
                                                                     $1,026,000
                                                                    $-1,960,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $403
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                         $1,251
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $47,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,742
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $222,000
                                                                       $250,000
                                                                        $29,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-9
                                                                           $351
                                                                     $1,012,000
                                                                     $1,012,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                       $302,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,814
                                                                         $9,814
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $730,000
                                                                       $730,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $395,000
                                                                       $395,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $5,065,000
                                                                     $5,376,000
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                     $7,505,000
                                                                     $8,096,000
                                                                       $591,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.410: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,741,000
                                                                     $4,741,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,743,000
                                                                     $4,743,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $11,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $669,000
                                                                       $569,000
                                                                      $-100,000
                                                                     $1,843,000
                                                                     $1,501,000
                                                                      $-342,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $237
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                           $659
                                                                       $308,000
                                                                       $308,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $278,000
                                                                       $811,000
                                                                       $532,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $31
                                                                         $6,507
                                                                         $6,476
                                                                           $301
                                                                     $2,223,000
                                                                     $2,223,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $353,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,557
                                                                         $4,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                       $243,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,369,000
                                                                     $1,369,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $231,000
                                                                       $231,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $326,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $5,471,000
                                                                     $5,974,000
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                     $6,914,000
                                                                    $11,713,000
                                                                     $4,799,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.411: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $11,763,000
                                                                    $11,763,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,773,000
                                                                    $11,773,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                        $25,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,169,000
                                                                     $1,089,000
                                                                       $-79,000
                                                                     $3,760,000
                                                                     $3,463,000
                                                                      $-297,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $8,331
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $35,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                        $74,000
                                                                       $594,000
                                                                     $1,881,000
                                                                     $1,287,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,397
                                                                       $187,000
                                                                       $186,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                     $4,328,000
                                                                     $4,317,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                       $794,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,309
                                                                         $6,309
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $561,000
                                                                       $561,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,008,000
                                                                     $3,008,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $717,000
                                                                       $717,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $13,073,000
                                                                    $14,460,000
                                                                     $1,387,000
                                                                    $16,246,000
                                                                    $26,164,000
                                                                     $9,918,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.412: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $14,206,000
                                                                    $14,206,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,241,000
                                                                    $14,241,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $17,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,277,000
                                                                     $1,332,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                     $3,443,000
                                                                     $3,169,000
                                                                      $-275,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $9,384
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                           $884
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                         $7,606
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $814,000
                                                                     $2,295,000
                                                                     $1,481,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,060
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                         $9,568
                                                                     $2,016,000
                                                                     $2,007,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,186,000
                                                                     $1,186,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,495
                                                                         $2,495
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                       $794,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,886,000
                                                                     $2,886,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                       $360,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $596,000
                                                                       $596,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $15,782,000
                                                                    $17,417,000
                                                                     $1,636,000
                                                                    $18,591,000
                                                                    $26,525,000
                                                                     $7,934,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.413: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $22,895,000
                                                                    $22,895,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $22,923,000
                                                                    $22,923,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $942,000
                                                                       $997,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                     $2,818,000
                                                                     $2,900,000
                                                                        $81,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $3,344
                                                                         $4,556
                                                                         $1,212
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                         $5,088
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $565,000
                                                                       $367,000
                                                                     $1,297,000
                                                                     $3,155,000
                                                                     $1,858,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $542
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                         $5,644
                                                                       $918,000
                                                                       $913,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $357,000
                                                                       $357,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,691,000
                                                                     $1,691,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,660
                                                                         $3,660
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $625,000
                                                                       $625,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,071,000
                                                                     $2,071,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $429,000
                                                                       $429,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $24,060,000
                                                                    $25,826,000
                                                                     $1,766,000
                                                                    $27,084,000
                                                                    $34,160,000
                                                                     $7,076,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.414: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $16,525,000
                                                                    $16,525,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $16,516,000
                                                                    $16,516,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $3,350
                                                                         $8,523
                                                                         $5,173
                                                                         $3,350
                                                                         $8,520
                                                                         $5,170
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                       $804,000
                                                                     $1,264,000
                                                                       $460,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $135,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                       $170,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $914,000
                                                                       $914,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $913
                                                                           $913
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,272
                                                                         $5,272
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                       $370,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $94,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $16,691,000
                                                                    $17,294,000
                                                                       $603,000
                                                                    $17,323,000
                                                                    $19,307,000
                                                                     $1,984,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.415: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $13,850,000
                                                                    $13,850,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $13,877,000
                                                                    $13,877,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,729
                                                                         $4,146
                                                                         $2,417
                                                                         $1,729
                                                                         $4,119
                                                                         $2,390
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $1,189
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                         $2,931
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $11
                                                                            $11
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $57
                                                                            $57
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                     $1,211,000
                                                                       $599,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,791
                                                                         $8,791
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $91,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $816,000
                                                                       $816,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $355
                                                                           $355
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,047
                                                                         $2,047
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $518,000
                                                                       $518,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $13,994,000
                                                                    $14,431,000
                                                                       $437,000
                                                                    $14,541,000
                                                                    $16,649,000
                                                                     $2,108,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.416: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $190
                                                                           $271
                                                                            $81
                                                                           $190
                                                                           $271
                                                                            $81
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $570
                                                                         $4,655
                                                                         $4,085
                                                                           $647
                                                                         $4,683
                                                                         $4,036
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,707
                                                                         $3,707
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,532
                                                                         $3,532
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,496
                                                                         $9,496
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,084
                                                                         $1,084
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,091
                                                                         $1,091
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                     $1,656,000
                                                                     $1,675,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.417: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                       $710,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $8,712
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $3,735
                                                                         $8,704
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $3,586
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                            $97
                                                                       $-38,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                            $16
                                                                      $-125,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $28
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-28
                                                                            $84
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-84
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,071
                                                                            $88
                                                                          $-983
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                         $2,134
                                                                       $-35,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-3
                                                                            $91
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-91
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,337
                                                                         $2,337
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,375
                                                                         $5,375
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,388
                                                                         $2,388
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,261
                                                                         $6,261
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $759,000
                                                                       $784,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                       $-54,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.418: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                         $9,651
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                         $9,305
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $-41,000
                                                                       $378,000
                                                                       $175,000
                                                                      $-203,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $92
                                                                         $3,760
                                                                         $3,669
                                                                           $223
                                                                         $6,653
                                                                         $6,430
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $5,046
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $124,000
                                                                       $192,000
                                                                        $68,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-9
                                                                           $248
                                                                       $818,000
                                                                       $818,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                       $179,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,452
                                                                         $5,452
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                       $316,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $114,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,224,000
                                                                     $2,440,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                     $2,581,000
                                                                     $3,904,000
                                                                     $1,323,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.419: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,989,000
                                                                     $1,989,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,990,000
                                                                     $1,990,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $7,375
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                         $7,098
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                         $7,542
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $273,000
                                                                       $-47,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $51
                                                                         $3,066
                                                                         $3,015
                                                                           $143
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $80,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $9,702
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $378,000
                                                                       $278,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $21
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                           $173
                                                                     $1,471,000
                                                                     $1,471,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                       $177,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,617
                                                                         $2,617
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $630,000
                                                                       $630,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $119,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,112,000
                                                                     $2,365,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                     $2,430,000
                                                                     $5,157,000
                                                                     $2,727,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.420: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $7,204,000
                                                                     $7,204,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,213,000
                                                                     $7,213,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $25,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $293,000
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $701,000
                                                                       $716,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $2,303
                                                                         $6,942
                                                                         $4,639
                                                                         $5,397
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                       $166,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $470,000
                                                                     $1,523,000
                                                                     $1,053,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,463
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $188,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                     $3,998,000
                                                                     $3,987,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $673,000
                                                                       $673,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,543
                                                                         $6,543
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $385,000
                                                                       $385,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,054,000
                                                                     $2,054,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $391,000
                                                                       $391,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $7,614,000
                                                                     $8,729,000
                                                                     $1,115,000
                                                                     $8,454,000
                                                                    $16,706,000
                                                                     $8,252,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.421: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $16,662,000
                                                                    $16,662,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $16,713,000
                                                                    $16,713,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                        $31,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $363,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                     $1,009,000
                                                                     $1,040,000
                                                                        $31,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $3,427
                                                                         $4,146
                                                                           $719
                                                                         $7,329
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $4,723
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $442,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                     $1,100,000
                                                                     $3,045,000
                                                                     $1,945,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,597
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $3,331,000
                                                                     $3,316,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,500,000
                                                                     $1,500,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,209
                                                                         $7,209
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $46,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $727,000
                                                                       $727,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,675,000
                                                                     $3,675,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $572,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $17,339,000
                                                                    $19,131,000
                                                                     $1,793,000
                                                                    $18,924,000
                                                                    $30,045,000
                                                                    $11,121,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.422: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $40,018,000
                                                                    $40,018,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $40,041,000
                                                                    $40,041,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                        $40,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $549,000
                                                                       $491,000
                                                                       $-58,000
                                                                     $1,344,000
                                                                     $1,289,000
                                                                       $-55,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $6,539
                                                                         $2,603
                                                                        $-3,936
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $-1,965
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                     $1,416,000
                                                                     $1,127,000
                                                                     $2,412,000
                                                                     $5,939,000
                                                                     $3,527,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,526
                                                                       $309,000
                                                                       $307,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                     $2,380,000
                                                                     $2,367,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,057,000
                                                                     $1,057,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,070,000
                                                                     $3,070,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,985
                                                                         $7,985
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,446,000
                                                                     $1,446,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,754,000
                                                                     $4,754,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                       $411,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $750,000
                                                                       $750,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $40,937,000
                                                                    $45,273,000
                                                                     $4,336,000
                                                                    $43,903,000
                                                                    $58,398,000
                                                                    $14,495,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.423: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $25,243,000
                                                                    $25,243,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,216,000
                                                                    $25,216,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $9,947
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-9,947
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $-8,169
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $22
                                                                            $22
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $289
                                                                           $289
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $214,000
                                                                       $677,000
                                                                       $463,000
                                                                     $1,103,000
                                                                     $1,838,000
                                                                       $735,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $362,000
                                                                       $362,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $453,000
                                                                       $453,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,478,000
                                                                     $1,478,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,282
                                                                         $2,282
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $516,000
                                                                       $516,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,320,000
                                                                     $1,320,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                       $253,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $25,488,000
                                                                    $27,182,000
                                                                     $1,695,000
                                                                    $26,397,000
                                                                    $30,567,000
                                                                     $4,169,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.424: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $59,915,000
                                                                    $59,915,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $60,022,000
                                                                    $60,022,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $17,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $5,319
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-5,319
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $-5,388
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $39
                                                                            $39
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $486,000
                                                                     $1,144,000
                                                                       $658,000
                                                                     $2,600,000
                                                                     $5,268,000
                                                                     $2,668,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $536,000
                                                                       $536,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,002,000
                                                                     $1,002,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,450,000
                                                                     $3,450,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,948
                                                                         $1,948
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $802,000
                                                                       $802,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,130,000
                                                                     $3,130,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $260,000
                                                                       $260,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                       $456,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $60,423,000
                                                                    $63,220,000
                                                                     $2,797,000
                                                                    $62,663,000
                                                                    $72,925,000
                                                                    $10,262,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.425: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $32,447,000
                                                                    $32,447,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $32,473,000
                                                                    $32,473,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,590
                                                                         $2,657
                                                                         $1,067
                                                                         $1,590
                                                                         $2,657
                                                                         $1,067
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,590
                                                                         $5,590
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $302,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                       $474,000
                                                                       $410,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $352,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $223,000
                                                                       $223,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,605
                                                                         $9,605
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,669
                                                                         $9,669
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $32,511,000
                                                                    $33,393,000
                                                                       $882,000
                                                                    $32,539,000
                                                                    $33,540,000
                                                                     $1,001,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.426: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,970,000
                                                                     $1,970,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,970,000
                                                                     $1,970,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                        $14,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,170,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,170,000
                                                                     $3,288,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-3,288,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $857
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-857
                                                                         $2,146
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,146
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                           $493
                                                                       $-12,000
                                                                        $86,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-86,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $38
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-38
                                                                           $204
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-204
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $935
                                                                           $935
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,840
                                                                         $3,840
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                       $258,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $268,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,301,000
                                                                     $2,409,000
                                                                      $-892,000
                                                                     $5,493,000
                                                                     $2,544,000
                                                                    $-2,949,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.427: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,528,000
                                                                     $2,528,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,528,000
                                                                     $2,528,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                        $14,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $821,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-821,000
                                                                     $2,537,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-2,537,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $587
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-587
                                                                         $1,677
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,677
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $3,710
                                                                       $-19,000
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                         $1,671
                                                                      $-111,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $76
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-76
                                                                           $246
                                                                           $281
                                                                            $34
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                       $125,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $467
                                                                           $467
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,379
                                                                         $6,379
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $225,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,493,000
                                                                     $2,897,000
                                                                      $-596,000
                                                                     $5,301,000
                                                                     $3,098,000
                                                                    $-2,203,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.428: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                       $906,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                         $4,338
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                         $3,990
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                         $2,526
                                                                      $-244,000
                                                                       $712,000
                                                                         $1,035
                                                                      $-711,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $140
                                                                           $145
                                                                             $5
                                                                           $379
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-379
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,375
                                                                        $-6,719
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                         $7,544
                                                                       $-41,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $19
                                                                           $562
                                                                           $543
                                                                            $79
                                                                         $1,053
                                                                           $974
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,408
                                                                         $3,408
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $292
                                                                           $292
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,024
                                                                         $5,024
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,730
                                                                         $7,730
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,196,000
                                                                     $1,014,000
                                                                      $-182,000
                                                                     $1,700,000
                                                                     $1,147,000
                                                                      $-553,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.429: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $687,000
                                                                       $687,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $687,000
                                                                       $687,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                         $3,479
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                         $3,278
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                         $8,001
                                                                      $-132,000
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                      $-386,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $917
                                                                           $207
                                                                          $-710
                                                                         $3,116
                                                                           $620
                                                                        $-2,496
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $4,105
                                                                        $-7,646
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                         $9,509
                                                                       $-33,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $394
                                                                           $602
                                                                           $208
                                                                           $932
                                                                         $1,043
                                                                           $111
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,287
                                                                         $7,287
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $334
                                                                           $334
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,270
                                                                         $2,270
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $860,000
                                                                       $774,000
                                                                       $-86,000
                                                                     $1,157,000
                                                                       $856,000
                                                                      $-302,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.430: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                       $257,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,058
                                                                         $4,683
                                                                           $625
                                                                         $4,049
                                                                         $4,651
                                                                           $601
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $-22,000
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                       $-53,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $245
                                                                           $227
                                                                           $-18
                                                                           $829
                                                                           $624
                                                                          $-205
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $4,544
                                                                         $3,543
                                                                        $-1,001
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $8,990
                                                                        $-5,316
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $48
                                                                           $105
                                                                            $56
                                                                           $178
                                                                           $297
                                                                           $119
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,819
                                                                         $1,819
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $39
                                                                            $39
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $561
                                                                           $561
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,726
                                                                         $8,726
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,676
                                                                         $8,676
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                        $-3,530
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                        $-1,733
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.431: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $437
                                                                           $541
                                                                           $104
                                                                           $436
                                                                           $539
                                                                           $103
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $6,347
                                                                         $4,736
                                                                        $-1,611
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $-3,885
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $89
                                                                            $28
                                                                           $-61
                                                                           $255
                                                                            $90
                                                                          $-165
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,755
                                                                         $1,755
                                                                            $-0
                                                                         $4,832
                                                                         $3,768
                                                                        $-1,064
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $14
                                                                            $22
                                                                             $9
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $54
                                                                            $24
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $620
                                                                           $620
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,358
                                                                         $6,358
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $96
                                                                            $96
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,009
                                                                         $3,009
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,327
                                                                         $1,327
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,563
                                                                         $1,563
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                         $3,402
                                                                       $128,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.432: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $80
                                                                           $107
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $80
                                                                           $107
                                                                            $27
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $704
                                                                           $141
                                                                          $-563
                                                                         $1,963
                                                                           $311
                                                                        $-1,652
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $1
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $374
                                                                           $374
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,102
                                                                         $2,102
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $29
                                                                            $29
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $257
                                                                           $257
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,272
                                                                         $1,272
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $146
                                                                           $146
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $152
                                                                           $152
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                           $245
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                         $1,934
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.433: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                       $321,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,223
                                                                         $5,614
                                                                         $1,391
                                                                         $4,233
                                                                         $5,539
                                                                         $1,306
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-23,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-66,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $15
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-15
                                                                            $44
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-44
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,824
                                                                           $121
                                                                        $-1,703
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-13,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $8
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-8
                                                                            $32
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-32
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,557
                                                                         $2,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $152
                                                                           $152
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,869
                                                                         $1,869
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $471
                                                                           $471
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,986
                                                                         $2,986
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                       $-10,000
                                                                       $404,000
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $-45,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.434: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,901
                                                                         $6,350
                                                                         $1,449
                                                                         $4,903
                                                                         $6,288
                                                                         $1,385
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-24,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-68,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $16
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-16
                                                                            $44
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-44
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,007
                                                                           $355
                                                                        $-2,652
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                            $79
                                                                       $-15,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $10
                                                                            $70
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $33
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-33
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,790
                                                                         $1,790
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $129
                                                                           $129
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,893
                                                                         $1,893
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,451
                                                                         $1,451
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $364,000
                                                                       $353,000
                                                                       $-11,000
                                                                       $421,000
                                                                       $382,000
                                                                       $-39,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.435: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,838
                                                                         $2,358
                                                                           $520
                                                                         $1,838
                                                                         $2,335
                                                                           $497
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $4,967
                                                                             $3
                                                                        $-4,964
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                            $83
                                                                       $-13,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-3
                                                                             $7
                                                                             $5
                                                                            $-2
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,704
                                                                           $837
                                                                          $-867
                                                                         $9,258
                                                                         $1,907
                                                                        $-7,351
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $4
                                                                           $110
                                                                           $106
                                                                            $16
                                                                           $212
                                                                           $196
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,130
                                                                         $1,130
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,245
                                                                         $9,245
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $80
                                                                            $80
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $843
                                                                           $843
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,595
                                                                         $1,595
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,411
                                                                         $3,411
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,690
                                                                         $3,690
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $191,000
                                                                         $1,009
                                                                       $206,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                         $3,691
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.436: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                       $332,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,754
                                                                         $3,705
                                                                           $951
                                                                         $2,754
                                                                         $3,678
                                                                           $925
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $8,735
                                                                           $410
                                                                        $-8,325
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                           $661
                                                                       $-20,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $78
                                                                            $12
                                                                           $-66
                                                                           $180
                                                                            $29
                                                                          $-151
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $5,668
                                                                         $2,712
                                                                        $-2,955
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                         $5,558
                                                                       $-14,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $140
                                                                           $275
                                                                           $135
                                                                           $340
                                                                           $562
                                                                           $222
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,446
                                                                         $2,446
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $103
                                                                           $103
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,192
                                                                         $1,192
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,647
                                                                         $3,647
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,703
                                                                         $4,703
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,030
                                                                         $5,030
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $350,000
                                                                           $638
                                                                       $375,000
                                                                       $391,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.437: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,091
                                                                         $2,711
                                                                           $620
                                                                         $2,090
                                                                         $2,701
                                                                           $611
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $3,111
                                                                         $1,467
                                                                        $-1,644
                                                                         $9,900
                                                                         $3,764
                                                                        $-6,136
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $34
                                                                            $25
                                                                            $-9
                                                                            $76
                                                                            $56
                                                                           $-20
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $8,857
                                                                         $5,799
                                                                        $-3,058
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $-10,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $119
                                                                           $185
                                                                            $66
                                                                           $313
                                                                           $499
                                                                           $186
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,953
                                                                         $3,953
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $84
                                                                            $84
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $976
                                                                           $976
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,027
                                                                         $7,027
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,647
                                                                         $4,647
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,107
                                                                         $5,107
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $437,000
                                                                       $449,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $461,000
                                                                       $508,000
                                                                        $47,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.438: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $415
                                                                           $627
                                                                           $212
                                                                           $415
                                                                           $626
                                                                           $210
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $1,515
                                                                         $1,249
                                                                          $-266
                                                                         $4,520
                                                                         $3,927
                                                                          $-593
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $4
                                                                            $-2
                                                                            $36
                                                                            $17
                                                                           $-19
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,836
                                                                         $3,536
                                                                          $-300
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $8,516
                                                                        $-2,054
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $60
                                                                           $123
                                                                            $63
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,825
                                                                         $1,825
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $220
                                                                           $220
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,355
                                                                         $3,355
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,638
                                                                         $1,638
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,775
                                                                         $1,775
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $226,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                         $6,497
                                                                       $236,000
                                                                       $262,000
                                                                        $26,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.439: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $81
                                                                           $108
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $81
                                                                           $108
                                                                            $27
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $930
                                                                           $162
                                                                          $-768
                                                                         $2,320
                                                                           $338
                                                                        $-1,982
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $333
                                                                           $333
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,768
                                                                         $2,768
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $31
                                                                            $31
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $195
                                                                           $195
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,693
                                                                         $1,693
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $145
                                                                           $145
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $152
                                                                           $152
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                           $-63
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                         $2,694
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.440: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $92
                                                                           $127
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $92
                                                                           $127
                                                                            $35
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,977
                                                                           $709
                                                                        $-2,269
                                                                         $6,031
                                                                         $1,439
                                                                        $-4,592
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $10
                                                                            $10
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $967
                                                                           $967
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,175
                                                                         $5,175
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $30
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $764
                                                                           $764
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,067
                                                                         $4,067
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $280
                                                                           $280
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $301
                                                                           $301
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                       $150,000
                                                                          $-216
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                         $5,026
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

7 Percent Discount Rate
 Exhibit C.441: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $306,521,000
                                                                   $306,521,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $306,822,000
                                                                   $306,822,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                     $1,293,000
                                                                     $1,662,000
                                                                       $368,000
                                                                     $1,293,000
                                                                     $1,641,000
                                                                       $348,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                    $12,499,000
                                                                     $6,623,000
                                                                    $-5,876,000
                                                                    $40,703,000
                                                                    $18,919,000
                                                                   $-21,783,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                       $168,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                       $160,000
                                                                     $1,034,000
                                                                       $875,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,299,000
                                                                     $5,664,000
                                                                     $3,365,000
                                                                    $15,724,000
                                                                    $33,041,000
                                                                    $17,317,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $1,913,000
                                                                     $1,898,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                    $35,996,000
                                                                    $35,888,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,784,000
                                                                     $4,784,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,888,000
                                                                    $20,888,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $633,000
                                                                       $633,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,986,000
                                                                     $6,986,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $29,911,000
                                                                    $29,911,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,848,000
                                                                     $5,848,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,668,000
                                                                     $8,668,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $322,684,000
                                                                   $340,307,000
                                                                    $17,623,000
                                                                   $364,809,000
                                                                   $457,554,000
                                                                    $92,745,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.442: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $298,388,000
                                                                   $298,388,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $298,689,000
                                                                   $298,689,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $968,000
                                                                     $1,292,000
                                                                       $324,000
                                                                       $968,000
                                                                     $1,276,000
                                                                       $308,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                    $10,181,000
                                                                     $6,592,000
                                                                    $-3,589,000
                                                                    $33,510,000
                                                                    $18,840,000
                                                                   $-14,670,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                       $167,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                     $1,032,000
                                                                       $885,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,205,000
                                                                     $5,634,000
                                                                     $3,429,000
                                                                    $15,265,000
                                                                    $32,974,000
                                                                    $17,709,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $1,910,000
                                                                     $1,897,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                    $35,990,000
                                                                    $35,886,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,734,000
                                                                     $4,734,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,368,000
                                                                    $20,368,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $575,000
                                                                       $575,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,932,000
                                                                     $6,932,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $29,560,000
                                                                    $29,560,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,267,000
                                                                     $5,267,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,046,000
                                                                     $8,046,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $311,809,000
                                                                   $331,051,000
                                                                    $19,242,000
                                                                   $348,684,000
                                                                   $447,351,000
                                                                    $98,668,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.443: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $8,133,000
                                                                     $8,133,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,133,000
                                                                     $8,133,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $326,000
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                        $40,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $2,318,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                    $-2,287,000
                                                                     $7,192,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                    $-7,113,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $4,124
                                                                           $887
                                                                        $-3,237
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $1,976
                                                                       $-10,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $94,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                       $-64,000
                                                                       $460,000
                                                                        $67,000
                                                                      $-393,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,194
                                                                         $2,619
                                                                         $1,426
                                                                         $3,332
                                                                         $5,469
                                                                         $2,137
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $520,000
                                                                       $520,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,756
                                                                         $3,756
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $352,000
                                                                       $352,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $622,000
                                                                       $622,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $10,875,000
                                                                     $9,256,000
                                                                    $-1,620,000
                                                                    $16,125,000
                                                                    $10,202,000
                                                                    $-5,923,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.444: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $39,954,000
                                                                    $39,954,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $39,990,000
                                                                    $39,990,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $454,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                       $372,000
                                                                       $448,000
                                                                        $76,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $4,195,000
                                                                     $1,268,000
                                                                    $-2,927,000
                                                                    $14,586,000
                                                                     $3,579,000
                                                                   $-11,008,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $7,357
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                       $178,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $542,000
                                                                       $314,000
                                                                     $2,416,000
                                                                     $3,828,000
                                                                     $1,412,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $783
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $4,800,000
                                                                     $4,786,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $765,000
                                                                       $765,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,383,000
                                                                     $3,383,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,086,000
                                                                     $1,086,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,051,000
                                                                     $4,051,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,764,000
                                                                     $1,764,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,158,000
                                                                     $2,158,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $44,756,000
                                                                    $46,122,000
                                                                     $1,366,000
                                                                    $57,401,000
                                                                    $62,583,000
                                                                     $5,182,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.445: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                   $266,566,000
                                                                   $266,566,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $266,832,000
                                                                   $266,832,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $922,000
                                                                     $1,208,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                       $921,000
                                                                     $1,193,000
                                                                       $272,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $8,304,000
                                                                     $5,355,000
                                                                    $-2,949,000
                                                                    $26,116,000
                                                                    $15,341,000
                                                                   $-10,775,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                       $118,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $834,000
                                                                       $697,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                     $2,072,000
                                                                     $5,122,000
                                                                     $3,050,000
                                                                    $13,308,000
                                                                    $29,213,000
                                                                    $15,905,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                     $1,715,000
                                                                     $1,701,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                    $31,195,000
                                                                    $31,102,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,018,000
                                                                     $4,018,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,505,000
                                                                    $17,505,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $488,000
                                                                       $488,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,901,000
                                                                     $5,901,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,860,000
                                                                    $25,860,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,084,000
                                                                     $4,084,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,510,000
                                                                     $6,510,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                   $277,928,000
                                                                   $294,184,000
                                                                    $16,257,000
                                                                   $307,408,000
                                                                   $394,970,000
                                                                    $87,563,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.446: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,679,000
                                                                     $2,679,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,679,000
                                                                     $2,679,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,579,000
                                                                         $7,561
                                                                    $-1,571,000
                                                                     $5,411,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-5,411,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,249
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,249
                                                                         $3,848
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,848
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $7,800
                                                                           $785
                                                                        $-7,016
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                      $-213,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $41
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-41
                                                                           $520
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-520
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $296,000
                                                                       $296,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,656
                                                                         $9,656
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,639
                                                                         $6,639
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $628,000
                                                                       $628,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                       $643,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $4,405,000
                                                                     $3,544,000
                                                                      $-860,000
                                                                     $8,459,000
                                                                     $3,854,000
                                                                    $-4,605,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.447: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,715,000
                                                                     $4,715,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,715,000
                                                                     $4,715,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                        $20,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,702,000
                                                                       $459,000
                                                                    $-1,243,000
                                                                     $5,576,000
                                                                       $910,000
                                                                    $-4,666,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,127
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $3,227
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $44,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $8,714
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $345,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                      $-254,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $27
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-27
                                                                           $628
                                                                       $299,000
                                                                       $298,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $470,000
                                                                       $470,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $35,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $554,000
                                                                       $554,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $566,000
                                                                       $566,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $613,000
                                                                       $613,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $6,559,000
                                                                     $6,254,000
                                                                      $-305,000
                                                                    $10,771,000
                                                                     $7,886,000
                                                                    $-2,885,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.448: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,517,000
                                                                     $1,517,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,517,000
                                                                     $1,517,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $3,855
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $3,649
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $304,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $-59,000
                                                                     $1,086,000
                                                                       $671,000
                                                                      $-414,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $192
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                           $456
                                                                        $83,000
                                                                        $82,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,669
                                                                         $8,749
                                                                         $5,080
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                       $175,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $7
                                                                         $7,294
                                                                         $7,287
                                                                           $105
                                                                       $924,000
                                                                       $924,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $211,000
                                                                       $211,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,830
                                                                         $2,830
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $477,000
                                                                       $477,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,847,000
                                                                     $2,037,000
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                     $2,687,000
                                                                     $4,301,000
                                                                     $1,614,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.449: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,687,000
                                                                     $1,687,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,688,000
                                                                     $1,688,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $3,821
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $3,657
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                       $956,000
                                                                       $689,000
                                                                      $-267,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $808
                                                                         $3,174
                                                                         $2,366
                                                                         $5,929
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $25,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $9,801
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                       $209,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $318
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $3,057
                                                                       $881,000
                                                                       $878,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $225,000
                                                                       $225,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,665
                                                                         $1,665
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,657
                                                                         $8,657
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                        $95,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $448,000
                                                                       $448,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $154,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,799,000
                                                                     $2,058,000
                                                                       $260,000
                                                                     $2,803,000
                                                                     $4,487,000
                                                                     $1,684,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.450: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,941,000
                                                                     $1,941,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,945,000
                                                                     $1,945,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $7,985
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $2,354
                                                                         $7,976
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $2,325
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $205,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $416,000
                                                                       $434,000
                                                                        $18,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,860
                                                                         $3,372
                                                                         $1,512
                                                                         $2,245
                                                                         $5,555
                                                                         $3,310
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $5,651
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $333,000
                                                                       $185,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $16
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $1,800
                                                                       $313,000
                                                                       $311,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $185,000
                                                                       $185,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $237
                                                                           $237
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,112
                                                                         $7,112
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $373,000
                                                                       $373,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $87,000
                                                                        $87,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,150,000
                                                                     $2,383,000
                                                                       $233,000
                                                                     $2,521,000
                                                                     $3,693,000
                                                                     $1,172,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.451: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,303,000
                                                                     $2,303,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,307,000
                                                                     $2,307,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $3,553
                                                                         $5,025
                                                                         $1,472
                                                                         $3,546
                                                                         $5,041
                                                                         $1,495
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $122,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                         $4,349
                                                                       $522,000
                                                                       $534,000
                                                                        $12,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,384
                                                                           $992
                                                                          $-392
                                                                         $5,155
                                                                         $6,051
                                                                           $895
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,114
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                       $116,000
                                                                       $312,000
                                                                       $196,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                           $810
                                                                       $139,000
                                                                       $138,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                        $82,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $169,000
                                                                       $169,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $948
                                                                           $948
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,845
                                                                         $2,845
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $196,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $69,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,432,000
                                                                     $2,705,000
                                                                       $274,000
                                                                     $2,954,000
                                                                     $3,741,000
                                                                       $786,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.452: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,722,000
                                                                     $1,722,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,721,000
                                                                     $1,721,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $467
                                                                         $1,065
                                                                           $598
                                                                           $467
                                                                         $1,050
                                                                           $583
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $3,358
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,358
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $-1,112
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $60
                                                                            $60
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                         $4,303
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                        $34,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,363
                                                                         $4,363
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $252
                                                                           $252
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $602
                                                                           $602
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,557
                                                                         $7,557
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,748,000
                                                                     $1,801,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                     $1,843,000
                                                                     $2,017,000
                                                                       $174,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.453: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,601,000
                                                                     $2,601,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,606,000
                                                                     $2,606,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $372
                                                                           $977
                                                                           $606
                                                                           $372
                                                                           $969
                                                                           $597
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $118,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,296
                                                                         $3,296
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $159,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $110
                                                                           $110
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $792
                                                                           $792
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $92,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,617,000
                                                                     $2,715,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                     $2,733,000
                                                                     $3,156,000
                                                                       $423,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.454: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $7,545
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,038
                                                                         $7,568
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $2,909
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                           $522
                                                                       $-30,000
                                                                       $126,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-126,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $66
                                                                            $36
                                                                           $118
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-118
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,351
                                                                           $107
                                                                        $-1,244
                                                                        $41,000
                                                                         $1,482
                                                                       $-39,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-6
                                                                           $111
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-111
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $55,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,330
                                                                         $3,330
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,049
                                                                         $6,049
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,892
                                                                         $1,892
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,613
                                                                         $4,613
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $28,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $612,000
                                                                       $640,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                       $746,000
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                       $-69,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.455: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                         $5,748
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                         $5,606
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                       $-38,000
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                      $-124,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $63
                                                                         $2,116
                                                                         $2,053
                                                                           $151
                                                                         $3,042
                                                                         $2,891
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,834
                                                                         $7,792
                                                                         $4,958
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                       $-46,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-9
                                                                           $227
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $170,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $113,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,883
                                                                         $5,883
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $57,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,286,000
                                                                     $1,406,000
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                     $1,499,000
                                                                     $1,773,000
                                                                       $274,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.456: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                       $414,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,558
                                                                         $6,217
                                                                         $1,660
                                                                         $4,558
                                                                         $6,094
                                                                         $1,536
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $1,127
                                                                        $69,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $-15,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $20
                                                                         $1,190
                                                                         $1,170
                                                                            $53
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,729
                                                                         $4,350
                                                                         $2,621
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $55,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $5
                                                                           $222
                                                                           $217
                                                                            $66
                                                                       $449,000
                                                                       $449,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $47,000
                                                                        $47,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,532
                                                                         $1,532
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,062
                                                                         $4,062
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $140,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $440,000
                                                                       $503,000
                                                                        $63,000
                                                                       $518,000
                                                                     $1,250,000
                                                                       $732,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.457: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                       $878,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $6,921
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,261
                                                                         $6,930
                                                                         $9,965
                                                                         $3,035
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $-2,514
                                                                       $103,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                        $-2,535
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $404
                                                                         $1,587
                                                                         $1,183
                                                                           $819
                                                                         $3,968
                                                                         $3,149
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $6,257
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $7,278
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                       $200,000
                                                                       $131,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $311
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                         $2,455
                                                                       $730,000
                                                                       $727,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $89,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $666
                                                                           $666
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,771
                                                                         $6,771
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $278,000
                                                                       $278,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $926,000
                                                                     $1,058,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                     $1,061,000
                                                                     $2,356,000
                                                                     $1,295,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.458: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,281,000
                                                                     $1,281,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,287,000
                                                                     $1,287,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $5,796
                                                                         $8,318
                                                                         $2,522
                                                                         $5,801
                                                                         $8,189
                                                                         $2,388
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $-4,243
                                                                        $78,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $-2,269
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $219
                                                                           $661
                                                                           $442
                                                                           $240
                                                                         $1,190
                                                                           $950
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $266,000
                                                                       $151,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $21
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                         $2,415
                                                                       $389,000
                                                                       $387,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                       $154,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $790
                                                                           $790
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,847
                                                                         $5,847
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $311,000
                                                                       $311,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                        $56,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,345,000
                                                                     $1,499,000
                                                                       $154,000
                                                                     $1,489,000
                                                                     $2,555,000
                                                                     $1,066,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.459: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $3,459,000
                                                                     $3,459,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,462,000
                                                                     $3,462,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $6,654
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,788
                                                                         $6,654
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $3,601
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $9,502
                                                                           $427
                                                                        $-9,074
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                       $-10,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $11
                                                                         $1,719
                                                                         $1,708
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $89,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                       $516,000
                                                                       $235,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $23
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                         $2,010
                                                                       $300,000
                                                                       $298,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                        $88,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $370,000
                                                                       $370,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,264
                                                                         $1,264
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,796
                                                                         $6,796
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                        $99,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                       $439,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $84,000
                                                                        $84,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,489,000
                                                                     $3,810,000
                                                                       $322,000
                                                                     $3,794,000
                                                                     $5,223,000
                                                                     $1,428,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.460: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,581,000
                                                                     $2,581,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,579,000
                                                                     $2,579,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,113
                                                                         $3,717
                                                                         $1,605
                                                                         $2,113
                                                                         $3,700
                                                                         $1,587
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                       $102,000
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                        $77,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,277
                                                                         $8,277
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $161,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $296
                                                                           $296
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,020
                                                                         $2,020
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,605,000
                                                                     $2,748,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                     $2,684,000
                                                                     $3,103,000
                                                                       $419,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.461: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $10,260,000
                                                                    $10,260,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,275,000
                                                                    $10,275,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,509
                                                                         $5,094
                                                                         $2,585
                                                                         $2,509
                                                                         $5,057
                                                                         $2,548
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $90,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                       $416,000
                                                                       $813,000
                                                                       $397,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $107,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $606,000
                                                                       $606,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $598
                                                                           $598
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,691
                                                                         $2,691
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $482,000
                                                                       $482,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                        $71,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $10,353,000
                                                                    $10,811,000
                                                                       $458,000
                                                                    $10,694,000
                                                                    $12,363,000
                                                                     $1,669,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.462: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $71
                                                                            $94
                                                                            $23
                                                                            $71
                                                                            $94
                                                                            $23
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $679
                                                                           $679
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $643
                                                                           $643
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $707
                                                                           $707
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $491
                                                                           $491
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $815
                                                                           $815
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $667
                                                                           $667
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $524
                                                                           $524
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $527
                                                                           $527
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                         $2,748
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                         $2,351
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.463: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                       $601,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $4,228
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $24,000
                                                                         $3,787
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                           $474
                                                                      $-148,000
                                                                       $572,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-572,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $135
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-135
                                                                           $473
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-473
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,102
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,102
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-53,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $128
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-128
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,665
                                                                         $1,665
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,663
                                                                         $3,663
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,220
                                                                         $4,220
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,768
                                                                         $7,768
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                        $98,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $772,000
                                                                       $744,000
                                                                       $-28,000
                                                                     $1,247,000
                                                                       $780,000
                                                                      $-467,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.464: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,021,000
                                                                     $4,021,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,021,000
                                                                     $4,021,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $715,000
                                                                       $341,000
                                                                      $-374,000
                                                                     $2,992,000
                                                                     $1,021,000
                                                                    $-1,972,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $574
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                         $1,782
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $64,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,505
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $262,000
                                                                       $276,000
                                                                        $14,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $14
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-14
                                                                           $500
                                                                     $1,336,000
                                                                     $1,336,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $349,000
                                                                       $349,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $732,000
                                                                       $732,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $344,000
                                                                       $344,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $396,000
                                                                       $396,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $4,817,000
                                                                     $5,148,000
                                                                       $331,000
                                                                     $7,355,000
                                                                     $8,319,000
                                                                       $964,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.465: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $4,522,000
                                                                     $4,522,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,524,000
                                                                     $4,524,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $46,000
                                                                        $57,000
                                                                        $10,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $628,000
                                                                       $530,000
                                                                       $-98,000
                                                                     $1,833,000
                                                                     $1,477,000
                                                                      $-356,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $338
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                           $938
                                                                       $423,000
                                                                       $422,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $323,000
                                                                       $905,000
                                                                       $582,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $44
                                                                         $8,592
                                                                         $8,548
                                                                           $429
                                                                     $2,936,000
                                                                     $2,935,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                        $79,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $406,000
                                                                       $406,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,493
                                                                         $6,493
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,351,000
                                                                     $1,351,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                       $232,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $346,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $5,210,000
                                                                     $5,695,000
                                                                       $485,000
                                                                     $6,728,000
                                                                    $12,451,000
                                                                     $5,724,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.466: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $11,220,000
                                                                    $11,220,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,230,000
                                                                    $11,230,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                        $24,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,078,000
                                                                     $1,015,000
                                                                       $-63,000
                                                                     $3,671,000
                                                                     $3,410,000
                                                                      $-261,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $80,000
                                                                        $50,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                       $657,000
                                                                     $2,047,000
                                                                     $1,390,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,853
                                                                       $247,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                     $5,715,000
                                                                     $5,700,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $873,000
                                                                       $873,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,990
                                                                         $8,990
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $45,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $491,000
                                                                       $491,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,893,000
                                                                     $2,893,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                       $466,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $774,000
                                                                       $774,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $12,440,000
                                                                    $13,828,000
                                                                     $1,388,000
                                                                    $15,684,000
                                                                    $27,171,000
                                                                    $11,487,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.467: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $13,551,000
                                                                    $13,551,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $13,584,000
                                                                    $13,584,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $16,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,196,000
                                                                     $1,260,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                     $3,353,000
                                                                     $3,100,000
                                                                      $-252,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                         $1,652
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $38,000
                                                                        $11,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $216,000
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $870,000
                                                                     $2,419,000
                                                                     $1,549,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,739
                                                                       $176,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                     $2,662,000
                                                                     $2,650,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,277,000
                                                                     $1,277,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,556
                                                                         $3,556
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $681,000
                                                                       $681,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,744,000
                                                                     $2,744,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                       $365,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $656,000
                                                                       $656,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $15,038,000
                                                                    $16,604,000
                                                                     $1,566,000
                                                                    $17,906,000
                                                                    $26,597,000
                                                                     $8,691,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.468: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $21,838,000
                                                                    $21,838,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $21,865,000
                                                                    $21,865,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $12,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $872,000
                                                                       $920,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                     $2,691,000
                                                                     $2,786,000
                                                                        $95,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $4,432
                                                                         $6,249
                                                                         $1,817
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                         $7,894
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $193,000
                                                                       $533,000
                                                                       $340,000
                                                                     $1,339,000
                                                                     $3,233,000
                                                                     $1,894,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $723
                                                                       $137,000
                                                                       $136,000
                                                                         $7,502
                                                                     $1,212,000
                                                                     $1,205,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                       $346,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,766,000
                                                                     $1,766,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,215
                                                                         $5,215
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $541,000
                                                                       $541,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,943,000
                                                                     $1,943,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $480,000
                                                                       $480,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $22,929,000
                                                                    $24,608,000
                                                                     $1,679,000
                                                                    $25,948,000
                                                                    $33,372,000
                                                                     $7,424,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.469: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $15,762,000
                                                                    $15,762,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $15,753,000
                                                                    $15,753,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $3,216
                                                                         $8,303
                                                                         $5,087
                                                                         $3,216
                                                                         $8,287
                                                                         $5,071
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $318,000
                                                                       $159,000
                                                                       $851,000
                                                                     $1,294,000
                                                                       $443,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $179,000
                                                                       $179,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                       $162,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $956,000
                                                                       $956,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,301
                                                                         $1,301
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,512
                                                                         $7,512
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                       $133,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $347,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                        $93,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $15,925,000
                                                                    $16,489,000
                                                                       $564,000
                                                                    $16,607,000
                                                                    $18,638,000
                                                                     $2,031,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.470: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $13,210,000
                                                                    $13,210,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $13,236,000
                                                                    $13,236,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,637
                                                                         $4,011
                                                                         $2,374
                                                                         $1,637
                                                                         $3,973
                                                                         $2,336
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                           $752
                                                                        $48,000
                                                                        $50,000
                                                                         $2,320
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $16
                                                                            $16
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $78
                                                                            $78
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $113,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                        $97,000
                                                                       $606,000
                                                                     $1,170,000
                                                                       $563,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $120,000
                                                                       $120,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                       $119,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $803,000
                                                                       $803,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $506
                                                                           $506
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,916
                                                                         $2,916
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                       $108,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $453,000
                                                                       $453,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                        $42,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $77,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $13,342,000
                                                                    $13,723,000
                                                                       $380,000
                                                                    $13,892,000
                                                                    $15,917,000
                                                                     $2,025,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.471: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,311,000
                                                                     $1,311,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,311,000
                                                                     $1,311,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $261
                                                                            $80
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $261
                                                                            $80
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $365
                                                                         $2,451
                                                                         $2,086
                                                                           $446
                                                                         $2,709
                                                                         $2,264
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,034
                                                                         $2,034
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,957
                                                                         $1,957
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,909
                                                                         $4,909
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,734
                                                                         $4,734
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,073
                                                                         $1,073
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,081
                                                                         $1,081
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,312,000
                                                                     $1,322,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                     $1,312,000
                                                                     $1,322,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.472: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                       $678,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $8,328
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $3,619
                                                                         $8,319
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                         $3,454
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                            $56
                                                                       $-36,000
                                                                       $125,000
                                                                             $9
                                                                      $-125,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $39
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-39
                                                                           $119
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-119
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,143
                                                                            $66
                                                                        $-1,076
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                         $2,023
                                                                       $-43,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $5
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-5
                                                                           $129
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-129
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                        $64,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,330
                                                                         $3,330
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,658
                                                                         $7,658
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,770
                                                                         $1,770
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,551
                                                                         $5,551
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                        $39,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                        $36,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $723,000
                                                                       $751,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $856,000
                                                                       $804,000
                                                                       $-52,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.473: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,960,000
                                                                     $1,960,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,960,000
                                                                     $1,960,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                         $9,310
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                         $8,866
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                        $92,000
                                                                       $-40,000
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                       $174,000
                                                                      $-202,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $131
                                                                         $5,158
                                                                         $5,027
                                                                           $317
                                                                         $9,125
                                                                         $8,808
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $4,989
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $212,000
                                                                        $67,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $14
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-14
                                                                           $353
                                                                     $1,080,000
                                                                     $1,080,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $202,000
                                                                       $202,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,769
                                                                         $7,769
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $316,000
                                                                       $316,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $117,000
                                                                       $117,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,120,000
                                                                     $2,333,000
                                                                       $213,000
                                                                     $2,504,000
                                                                     $4,122,000
                                                                     $1,618,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.474: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,898,000
                                                                     $1,898,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,898,000
                                                                     $1,898,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $7,154
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $6,722
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $93,000
                                                                         $7,196
                                                                       $315,000
                                                                       $268,000
                                                                       $-47,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $73
                                                                         $4,206
                                                                         $4,133
                                                                           $204
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                       $109,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $9,694
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                       $114,000
                                                                       $413,000
                                                                       $299,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $30
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                           $247
                                                                     $1,942,000
                                                                     $1,942,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $196,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,729
                                                                         $3,729
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                        $73,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $622,000
                                                                       $622,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                        $85,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $130,000
                                                                       $130,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $2,011,000
                                                                     $2,256,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                     $2,346,000
                                                                     $5,621,000
                                                                     $3,276,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.475: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $6,871,000
                                                                     $6,871,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,880,000
                                                                     $6,880,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $77,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $75,000
                                                                        $24,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $269,000
                                                                       $281,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $677,000
                                                                       $698,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $3,053
                                                                         $9,522
                                                                         $6,469
                                                                         $7,154
                                                                        $37,000
                                                                        $29,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                       $156,000
                                                                        $98,000
                                                                       $505,000
                                                                     $1,626,000
                                                                     $1,121,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,939
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                     $5,279,000
                                                                     $5,265,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $725,000
                                                                       $725,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,323
                                                                         $9,323
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,013,000
                                                                     $2,013,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                       $239,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $439,000
                                                                       $439,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $7,255,000
                                                                     $8,376,000
                                                                     $1,121,000
                                                                     $8,135,000
                                                                    $17,817,000
                                                                     $9,682,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.476: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $15,893,000
                                                                    $15,893,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $15,941,000
                                                                    $15,941,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $105,000
                                                                        $29,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $320,000
                                                                       $338,000
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                       $976,000
                                                                     $1,017,000
                                                                        $41,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $4,542
                                                                         $5,687
                                                                         $1,145
                                                                         $9,725
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                         $6,806
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $241,000
                                                                       $412,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                     $1,161,000
                                                                     $3,155,000
                                                                     $1,995,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,461
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                     $4,399,000
                                                                     $4,379,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                       $303,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,562,000
                                                                     $1,562,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $65,000
                                                                        $65,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                       $643,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,608,000
                                                                     $3,608,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $658,000
                                                                       $658,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $16,538,000
                                                                    $18,264,000
                                                                     $1,726,000
                                                                    $18,184,000
                                                                    $30,529,000
                                                                    $12,346,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.477: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $38,171,000
                                                                    $38,171,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $38,193,000
                                                                    $38,193,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $71,000
                                                                       $112,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                       $110,000
                                                                        $39,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $478,000
                                                                       $436,000
                                                                       $-42,000
                                                                     $1,224,000
                                                                     $1,196,000
                                                                       $-28,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $8,645
                                                                         $3,571
                                                                        $-5,074
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $-1,845
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                     $1,225,000
                                                                       $960,000
                                                                     $2,388,000
                                                                     $5,700,000
                                                                     $3,312,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,033
                                                                       $408,000
                                                                       $405,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                     $3,143,000
                                                                     $3,125,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $910,000
                                                                       $910,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,002,000
                                                                     $3,002,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,228,000
                                                                     $1,228,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,467,000
                                                                     $4,467,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $427,000
                                                                       $427,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $872,000
                                                                       $872,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $38,996,000
                                                                    $42,931,000
                                                                     $3,935,000
                                                                    $41,917,000
                                                                    $56,765,000
                                                                    $14,848,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.478: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $24,078,000
                                                                    $24,078,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $24,052,000
                                                                    $24,052,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $8,592
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-8,592
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $-7,646
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $31
                                                                            $31
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $397
                                                                           $397
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $190,000
                                                                       $565,000
                                                                       $376,000
                                                                     $1,067,000
                                                                     $1,694,000
                                                                       $627,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                       $104,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $478,000
                                                                       $478,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $386,000
                                                                       $386,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,413,000
                                                                     $1,413,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,252
                                                                         $3,252
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $425,000
                                                                       $425,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,199,000
                                                                     $1,199,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                       $163,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $248,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $24,296,000
                                                                    $25,760,000
                                                                     $1,464,000
                                                                    $25,190,000
                                                                    $29,183,000
                                                                     $3,993,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.479: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $57,150,000
                                                                    $57,150,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $57,251,000
                                                                    $57,251,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $31,000
                                                                        $16,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $2,827
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,827
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $-2,879
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $53
                                                                            $53
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                       $427,000
                                                                       $954,000
                                                                       $527,000
                                                                     $2,429,000
                                                                     $4,760,000
                                                                     $2,331,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                        $81,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $707,000
                                                                       $707,000
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $822,000
                                                                       $822,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $3,154,000
                                                                     $3,154,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,776
                                                                         $2,776
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $17,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $634,000
                                                                       $634,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,697,000
                                                                     $2,697,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                       $248,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $456,000
                                                                       $456,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $57,594,000
                                                                    $59,923,000
                                                                     $2,329,000
                                                                    $59,716,000
                                                                    $69,092,000
                                                                     $9,376,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.480: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                    $25,699,000
                                                                    $25,699,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,719,000
                                                                    $25,719,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,517
                                                                         $2,561
                                                                         $1,044
                                                                         $1,517
                                                                         $2,561
                                                                         $1,044
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,399
                                                                         $3,399
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                       $237,000
                                                                       $202,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                       $197,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $189,000
                                                                       $189,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                        $96,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $106,000
                                                                       $106,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,475
                                                                         $9,475
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,542
                                                                         $9,542
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                    $25,734,000
                                                                    $26,175,000
                                                                       $440,000
                                                                    $25,756,000
                                                                    $26,267,000
                                                                       $511,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.481: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                     $1,879,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $155,000
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                       $140,000
                                                                       $153,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                     $1,100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-1,100,000
                                                                     $3,293,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-3,293,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,222
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-1,222
                                                                         $3,058
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-3,058
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                           $483
                                                                       $-13,000
                                                                       $101,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-101,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $54
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-54
                                                                           $290
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-290
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $123,000
                                                                       $123,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,332
                                                                         $1,332
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $18,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,882
                                                                         $2,882
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                       $251,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $261,000
                                                                       $261,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,135,000
                                                                     $2,304,000
                                                                      $-831,000
                                                                     $5,416,000
                                                                     $2,461,000
                                                                    $-2,955,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.482: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                     $2,412,000
                                                                     $2,412,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,412,000
                                                                     $2,412,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $131,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $115,000
                                                                       $129,000
                                                                        $14,000
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $763,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                      $-763,000
                                                                     $2,525,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $-2,525,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $837
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-837
                                                                         $2,390
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $-2,390
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                         $3,831
                                                                       $-21,000
                                                                       $132,000
                                                                         $1,890
                                                                      $-130,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $108
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-108
                                                                           $351
                                                                           $371
                                                                            $20
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $145,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $666
                                                                           $666
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                        $19,000
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,312
                                                                         $5,312
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $72,000
                                                                        $72,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                       $204,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $220,000
                                                                       $220,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $3,316,000
                                                                     $2,767,000
                                                                      $-548,000
                                                                     $5,186,000
                                                                     $2,999,000
                                                                    $-2,187,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.483: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $864,000
                                                                       $864,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $864,000
                                                                       $864,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $36,000
                                                                         $4,209
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                         $3,808
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $227,000
                                                                         $2,333
                                                                      $-225,000
                                                                       $700,000
                                                                           $926
                                                                      $-699,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $199
                                                                           $198
                                                                            $-1
                                                                           $540
                                                                             $0
                                                                          $-540
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $9,940
                                                                         $3,323
                                                                        $-6,617
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                         $8,322
                                                                       $-44,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $27
                                                                           $742
                                                                           $715
                                                                           $113
                                                                         $1,390
                                                                         $1,277
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,301
                                                                         $3,301
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                        $66,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $416
                                                                           $416
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,159
                                                                         $7,159
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $7,082
                                                                         $7,082
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $70,000
                                                                        $70,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                        $51,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $58,000
                                                                        $58,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                     $1,133,000
                                                                       $969,000
                                                                      $-164,000
                                                                     $1,650,000
                                                                     $1,112,000
                                                                      $-537,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.484: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                       $655,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $3,358
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                         $3,137
 CCT Installation
                                                                       $127,000
                                                                         $7,002
                                                                      $-120,000
                                                                       $388,000
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                      $-371,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                         $1,217
                                                                           $283
                                                                          $-934
                                                                         $4,133
                                                                           $850
                                                                        $-3,283
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                         $3,902
                                                                        $-7,166
                                                                        $45,000
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                       $-35,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $522
                                                                           $795
                                                                           $273
                                                                         $1,237
                                                                         $1,377
                                                                           $141
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,777
                                                                         $6,777
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                        $40,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $476
                                                                           $476
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,235
                                                                         $3,235
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                        $44,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                        $33,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $813,000
                                                                       $737,000
                                                                       $-76,000
                                                                     $1,112,000
                                                                       $828,000
                                                                      $-284,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.485: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                       $245,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $3,898
                                                                         $4,503
                                                                           $604
                                                                         $3,892
                                                                         $4,465
                                                                           $573
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $35,000
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                       $-20,000
                                                                        $91,000
                                                                        $40,000
                                                                       $-50,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $325
                                                                           $311
                                                                           $-14
                                                                         $1,100
                                                                           $856
                                                                          $-245
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $4,322
                                                                         $3,309
                                                                        $-1,013
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                         $9,357
                                                                        $-5,653
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $64
                                                                           $138
                                                                            $74
                                                                           $237
                                                                           $393
                                                                           $156
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,717
                                                                         $1,717
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $15,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $56
                                                                            $56
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $799
                                                                           $799
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,106
                                                                         $8,106
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $8,494
                                                                         $8,494
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,947
                                                                         $9,947
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $288,000
                                                                       $286,000
                                                                        $-2,456
                                                                       $356,000
                                                                       $358,000
                                                                         $1,611
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.486: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                       $100,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $416
                                                                           $518
                                                                           $101
                                                                           $415
                                                                           $515
                                                                           $100
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $5,499
                                                                         $4,170
                                                                        $-1,329
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $-3,381
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $118
                                                                            $38
                                                                           $-80
                                                                           $337
                                                                           $123
                                                                          $-214
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,560
                                                                         $1,554
                                                                            $-6
                                                                         $4,562
                                                                         $3,536
                                                                        $-1,026
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $18
                                                                            $30
                                                                            $12
                                                                            $40
                                                                            $71
                                                                            $31
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $522
                                                                           $522
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,047
                                                                         $6,047
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $9
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $137
                                                                           $137
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,570
                                                                         $2,570
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,542
                                                                         $9,542
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,297
                                                                         $1,297
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,560
                                                                         $1,560
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $107,000
                                                                       $111,000
                                                                         $3,095
                                                                       $121,000
                                                                       $134,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.487: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $76
                                                                           $103
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $76
                                                                           $103
                                                                            $27
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $604
                                                                           $123
                                                                          $-481
                                                                         $1,811
                                                                           $291
                                                                        $-1,520
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $6
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $321
                                                                           $321
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,956
                                                                         $1,956
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $42
                                                                            $42
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $216
                                                                           $216
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,180
                                                                         $1,180
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $144
                                                                           $144
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $154
                                                                           $154
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                        $53,000
                                                                           $233
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                        $56,000
                                                                         $1,844
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.488: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                       $306,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,029
                                                                         $5,395
                                                                         $1,366
                                                                         $4,038
                                                                         $5,313
                                                                         $1,275
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-22,000
                                                                        $66,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-66,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $22
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-22
                                                                            $62
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-62
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,069
                                                                           $119
                                                                        $-1,950
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-15,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $11
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-11
                                                                            $46
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-46
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,620
                                                                         $2,620
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $216
                                                                           $216
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,664
                                                                         $2,664
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $382
                                                                           $382
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,945
                                                                         $2,945
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $9,847
                                                                         $9,847
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                       $325,000
                                                                        $-9,324
                                                                       $392,000
                                                                       $348,000
                                                                       $-44,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.489: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $4,660
                                                                         $6,085
                                                                         $1,425
                                                                         $4,662
                                                                         $6,016
                                                                         $1,355
 CCT Installation
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-22,000
                                                                        $68,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $-68,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $23
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-23
                                                                            $63
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-63
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,245
                                                                           $366
                                                                        $-2,879
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                            $91
                                                                       $-17,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $14
                                                                            $93
                                                                            $79
                                                                            $48
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $-48
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,723
                                                                         $1,723
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $21,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $183
                                                                           $183
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,697
                                                                         $2,697
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,159
                                                                         $1,159
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $11,000
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $347,000
                                                                       $337,000
                                                                        $-9,958
                                                                       $407,000
                                                                       $369,000
                                                                       $-38,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.490: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                       $173,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,758
                                                                         $2,272
                                                                           $514
                                                                         $1,758
                                                                         $2,245
                                                                           $487
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $4,540
                                                                             $2
                                                                        $-4,538
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                            $82
                                                                       $-13,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $4
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $-4
                                                                            $10
                                                                             $7
                                                                            $-4
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $1,713
                                                                           $831
                                                                          $-882
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $2,101
                                                                        $-8,155
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $6
                                                                           $146
                                                                           $140
                                                                            $23
                                                                           $280
                                                                           $257
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,101
                                                                         $1,101
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $115
                                                                           $115
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,201
                                                                         $1,201
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,451
                                                                         $1,451
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $10,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,344
                                                                         $3,344
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,684
                                                                         $3,684
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $181,000
                                                                       $182,000
                                                                         $1,241
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $203,000
                                                                         $4,827
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.491: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                       $317,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $2,632
                                                                         $3,575
                                                                           $943
                                                                         $2,631
                                                                         $3,542
                                                                           $910
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $7,788
                                                                           $386
                                                                        $-7,401
                                                                        $19,000
                                                                           $648
                                                                       $-19,000
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                           $103
                                                                            $16
                                                                           $-87
                                                                           $238
                                                                            $40
                                                                          $-199
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $5,500
                                                                         $2,570
                                                                        $-2,930
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                         $5,905
                                                                       $-14,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $186
                                                                           $363
                                                                           $177
                                                                           $451
                                                                           $742
                                                                           $290
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,225
                                                                         $2,225
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $23,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $147
                                                                           $147
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,698
                                                                         $1,698
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,315
                                                                         $3,315
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $22,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,614
                                                                         $4,614
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,038
                                                                         $5,038
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $333,000
                                                                       $334,000
                                                                         $1,003
                                                                       $359,000
                                                                       $379,000
                                                                        $20,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.492: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                       $403,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                         $1,995
                                                                         $2,608
                                                                           $613
                                                                         $1,994
                                                                         $2,594
                                                                           $600
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $2,871
                                                                         $1,386
                                                                        $-1,485
                                                                         $9,598
                                                                         $3,700
                                                                        $-5,898
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                            $46
                                                                            $35
                                                                           $-11
                                                                           $101
                                                                            $77
                                                                           $-24
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $8,478
                                                                         $5,466
                                                                        $-3,012
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                       $-11,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $159
                                                                           $245
                                                                            $86
                                                                           $416
                                                                           $659
                                                                           $243
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,623
                                                                         $3,623
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $27,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $120
                                                                           $120
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,390
                                                                         $1,390
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $6,427
                                                                         $6,427
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $32,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,578
                                                                         $4,578
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $5,168
                                                                         $5,168
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $417,000
                                                                       $428,000
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                       $442,000
                                                                       $492,000
                                                                        $50,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.493: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                       $210,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                           $393
                                                                           $602
                                                                           $209
                                                                           $393
                                                                           $599
                                                                           $206
 CCT Installation
                                                                         $1,291
                                                                         $1,102
                                                                          $-189
                                                                         $4,034
                                                                         $3,566
                                                                          $-468
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $8
                                                                             $6
                                                                            $-3
                                                                            $48
                                                                            $24
                                                                           $-24
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $3,470
                                                                         $3,124
                                                                          $-346
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                         $7,953
                                                                        $-2,070
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                            $24
                                                                            $59
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $80
                                                                           $162
                                                                            $83
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,483
                                                                         $1,483
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $12
                                                                            $12
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $313
                                                                           $313
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,842
                                                                         $2,842
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $13,000
                                                                        $13,000
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,595
                                                                         $1,595
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,779
                                                                         $1,779
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $215,000
                                                                       $221,000
                                                                         $5,639
                                                                       $224,000
                                                                       $249,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.494: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                        $59,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $78
                                                                           $105
                                                                            $27
                                                                            $78
                                                                           $105
                                                                            $27
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                           $823
                                                                           $141
                                                                          $-681
                                                                         $2,145
                                                                           $312
                                                                        $-1,833
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $2
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $6
                                                                             $6
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $282
                                                                           $282
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $2,568
                                                                         $2,568
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $45
                                                                            $45
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $165
                                                                           $165
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $1,558
                                                                         $1,558
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $144
                                                                           $144
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $155
                                                                           $155
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                           $-58
                                                                        $62,000
                                                                        $64,000
                                                                         $2,525
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

 Exhibit C.495: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)
                                        
                               Low Cost Estimate
                               High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                                     Final LCRR
                                                                    Incremental
 CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                             $0
 CCT Related Sanitary Survey and Source or Treatment Change Notification Activities
                                                                            $88
                                                                           $123
                                                                            $35
                                                                            $88
                                                                           $123
                                                                            $35
 CCT Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Installation Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $0
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to ALE)
                                                                         $2,566
                                                                           $597
                                                                        $-1,969
                                                                         $5,413
                                                                         $1,288
                                                                        $-4,125
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to ALE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $5
                                                                             $5
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $13
                                                                            $13
 CCT Re-Optimization (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $773
                                                                           $773
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,658
                                                                         $4,658
 CCT Re-Optimization Ancillary Activities (Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $3
                                                                             $0
                                                                            $43
                                                                            $43
 Find and Fix Installation
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $631
                                                                           $631
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $3,582
                                                                         $3,582
 Find and Fix Ancillary Activities
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $278
                                                                           $278
                                                                             $0
                                                                           $307
                                                                           $307
 Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                       $143,000
                                                                          $-244
                                                                       $146,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                         $4,513
 Notes: Detail may not add exactly to total due to independent rounding.

Annualized Incremental Cost per Water System
CWS-level costs by system size and source water
Exhibit C.496 and Exhibit C.497 show the annualized incremental costs for CWSs by primary water source and size category for the low and high cost scenarios, respectively. These costs were calculated using the annual cost of capital. These data illustrate significant variability in the incremental costs of rule between system types. 
 Exhibit C.496: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category - Low Costs (2016$)
 Funding
 Source Water
 Size
                                                                10th Percentile
                                                                25th Percentile
                                                                50th Percentile
                                                                75th Percentile
                                                                90th Percentile
 Private
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $351
                                                                           $391
                                                                           $419
                                                                           $533
                                                                           $958
 Private
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                           $380
                                                                           $419
                                                                           $439
                                                                           $570
                                                                         $1,219
 Private
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $414
                                                                           $442
                                                                           $478
                                                                           $674
                                                                         $1,615
 Private
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $454
                                                                           $488
                                                                           $535
                                                                           $669
                                                                         $1,767
 Private
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $750
                                                                           $859
                                                                         $1,009
                                                                         $1,353
                                                                         $4,791
 Private
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $978
                                                                         $1,262
                                                                         $1,769
                                                                         $8,570
                                                                        $19,000
 Private
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $3,457
                                                                         $4,422
                                                                         $6,604
                                                                        $23,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Private
 Ground
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $3,531
                                                                         $5,793
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                        $34,000
                                                                        $62,000
 Private
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $372
                                                                           $405
                                                                           $664
                                                                           $849
                                                                         $1,302
 Private
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                           $400
                                                                           $429
                                                                           $908
                                                                         $1,111
                                                                         $2,184
 Private
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $420
                                                                           $455
                                                                           $626
                                                                         $1,464
                                                                         $3,182
 Private
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $458
                                                                           $518
                                                                           $694
                                                                         $1,848
                                                                         $2,445
 Private
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $724
                                                                           $875
                                                                         $1,192
                                                                         $4,281
                                                                         $6,396
 Private
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,091
                                                                         $1,668
                                                                         $8,086
                                                                        $18,000
                                                                        $32,000
 Private
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,024
                                                                         $3,241
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $21,000
                                                                        $48,000
 Private
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $4,504
                                                                         $8,827
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $54,000
                                                                       $168,000
 Private
 Surface
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                       $145,000
                                                                       $147,000
                                                                       $151,000
                                                                       $152,000
                                                                       $156,000
 Public
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $312
                                                                           $358
                                                                           $392
                                                                           $676
                                                                         $1,172
 Public
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                           $368
                                                                           $394
                                                                           $434
                                                                           $635
                                                                         $1,592
 Public
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $389
                                                                           $418
                                                                           $475
                                                                           $860
                                                                         $1,710
 Public
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $420
                                                                           $468
                                                                           $532
                                                                           $807
                                                                         $2,142
 Public
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $733
                                                                           $847
                                                                           $995
                                                                         $1,392
                                                                         $5,035
 Public
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $972
                                                                         $1,321
                                                                         $1,852
                                                                         $9,234
                                                                        $19,000
 Public
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,813
                                                                         $4,213
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $20,000
                                                                        $25,000
 Public
 Ground
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $7,465
                                                                         $9,807
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $43,000
                                                                        $93,000
 Public
 Ground
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                       $138,000
                                                                       $141,000
                                                                       $198,000
                                                                       $209,000
                                                                       $210,000
 Public
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $344
                                                                           $370
                                                                           $674
                                                                           $783
                                                                         $1,302
 Public
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                           $380
                                                                           $404
                                                                           $653
                                                                         $1,068
                                                                         $2,220
 Public
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $389
                                                                           $436
                                                                           $633
                                                                         $1,401
                                                                         $2,783
 Public
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $434
                                                                           $484
                                                                           $615
                                                                         $1,789
                                                                         $2,776
 Public
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $759
                                                                           $891
                                                                         $1,184
                                                                         $4,196
                                                                         $6,140
 Public
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,125
                                                                         $1,570
                                                                         $3,179
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $34,000
 Public
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,259
                                                                         $4,086
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $22,000
                                                                        $43,000
 Public
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $5,163
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $30,000
                                                                        $55,000
                                                                       $126,000
 Public
 Surface
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $135,000
                                                                       $194,000
                                                                       $776,000

 Exhibit C.497: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)
 Funding
 Source Water
 Size
                                                                10th Percentile
                                                                25th Percentile
                                                                50th Percentile
                                                                75th Percentile
                                                                90th Percentile
 Private
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                          $-380
                                                                           $388
                                                                           $410
                                                                           $510
                                                                         $1,283
 Private
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                           $373
                                                                           $418
                                                                           $446
                                                                           $648
                                                                         $2,185
 Private
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $416
                                                                           $448
                                                                           $583
                                                                         $2,955
                                                                         $6,095
 Private
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $461
                                                                           $497
                                                                           $599
                                                                         $2,295
                                                                         $6,428
 Private
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $752
                                                                           $882
                                                                         $1,115
                                                                         $5,812
                                                                        $15,000
 Private
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,018
                                                                         $1,313
                                                                         $2,240
                                                                         $9,534
                                                                        $34,000
 Private
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $3,301
                                                                         $4,405
                                                                         $6,029
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                       $135,000
 Private
 Ground
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $4,006
                                                                        $14,000
                                                                        $44,000
                                                                       $161,000
                                                                       $479,000
 Private
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $253
                                                                           $404
                                                                           $511
                                                                         $1,370
                                                                         $3,262
 Private
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                           $390
                                                                           $432
                                                                         $1,370
                                                                         $2,497
                                                                         $7,303
 Private
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $431
                                                                           $507
                                                                         $2,954
                                                                         $4,628
                                                                        $19,000
 Private
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $465
                                                                           $615
                                                                         $2,679
                                                                         $6,374
                                                                        $22,000
 Private
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $741
                                                                         $1,065
                                                                         $5,424
                                                                        $10,000
                                                                        $31,000
 Private
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,176
                                                                         $1,908
                                                                         $9,667
                                                                        $33,000
                                                                       $102,000
 Private
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,038
                                                                         $3,268
                                                                         $7,741
                                                                        $28,000
                                                                       $137,000
 Private
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $5,882
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $61,000
                                                                       $244,000
                                                                       $676,000
 Private
 Surface
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                       $171,000
                                                                       $172,000
                                                                       $177,000
                                                                       $178,000
                                                                       $182,000
 Public
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                          $-372
                                                                           $348
                                                                           $385
                                                                           $528
                                                                         $1,417
 Public
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                           $365
                                                                           $396
                                                                           $451
                                                                         $1,422
                                                                         $3,736
 Public
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $393
                                                                           $426
                                                                           $584
                                                                         $3,425
                                                                         $7,850
 Public
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $431
                                                                           $476
                                                                           $624
                                                                         $2,983
                                                                         $8,599
 Public
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $733
                                                                           $862
                                                                         $1,173
                                                                         $6,001
                                                                        $17,000
 Public
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,005
                                                                         $1,364
                                                                         $2,213
                                                                        $11,000
                                                                        $54,000
 Public
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,884
                                                                         $4,217
                                                                        $15,000
                                                                        $25,000
                                                                       $135,000
 Public
 Ground
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $7,852
                                                                        $12,000
                                                                        $52,000
                                                                       $196,000
                                                                       $527,000
 Public
 Ground
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                       $144,000
                                                                       $149,000
                                                                       $253,000
                                                                       $265,000
                                                                       $266,000
 Public
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $318
                                                                           $367
                                                                           $799
                                                                         $1,337
                                                                         $2,566
 Public
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                           $378
                                                                           $407
                                                                         $1,308
                                                                         $2,710
                                                                         $7,626
 Public
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $401
                                                                           $491
                                                                         $3,029
                                                                         $4,709
                                                                        $18,000
 Public
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $444
                                                                           $540
                                                                         $2,536
                                                                         $5,423
                                                                        $19,000
 Public
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $779
                                                                         $1,004
                                                                         $5,269
                                                                         $8,819
                                                                        $30,000
 Public
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                         $1,198
                                                                         $1,785
                                                                         $8,645
                                                                        $27,000
                                                                        $95,000
 Public
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                         $2,276
                                                                         $3,927
                                                                        $16,000
                                                                        $29,000
                                                                       $137,000
 Public
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $7,167
                                                                        $17,000
                                                                        $60,000
                                                                       $234,000
                                                                       $603,000
 Public
 Surface
 Greater than 1,000,000
                                                                        $49,000
                                                                        $76,000
                                                                       $148,000
                                                                       $263,000
                                                                       $893,000

NTNCWS-Level costs by system size and source water
Exhibit C.498 and Exhibit C.499 show the annualized incremental costs for NTNCWSs by primary water source and size category for the low and high scenarios, respectively. These costs were calculated using the annual cost of capital.
 Exhibit C.498: Annualized Incremental Cost per NonTransient Non-Community Water System Category- Low Costs (2016$)
 Source Water
 Size
                                                                10th Percentile
                                                                25th Percentile
                                                                50th Percentile
                                                                75th Percentile
                                                                90th Percentile
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                            $98
                                                                           $117
                                                                           $130
                                                                           $151
                                                                           $362
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                           $116
                                                                           $140
                                                                           $156
                                                                           $200
                                                                           $610
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $154
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $207
                                                                           $277
                                                                         $1,036
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $155
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $221
                                                                           $347
                                                                         $1,151
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $300
                                                                           $363
                                                                           $421
                                                                           $638
                                                                         $2,550
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $437
                                                                           $517
                                                                           $644
                                                                         $1,219
                                                                         $4,118
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                           $855
                                                                           $949
                                                                         $1,093
                                                                         $1,244
                                                                         $1,455
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                           $108
                                                                           $120
                                                                           $147
                                                                           $241
                                                                           $394
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                           $121
                                                                           $140
                                                                           $167
                                                                           $284
                                                                           $652
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $161
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $217
                                                                           $293
                                                                           $762
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $167
                                                                           $189
                                                                           $226
                                                                           $321
                                                                         $1,167
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $333
                                                                           $370
                                                                           $435
                                                                           $589
                                                                         $2,502
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $455
                                                                           $558
                                                                           $800
                                                                         $1,480
                                                                         $5,943
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                           $922
                                                                         $1,032
                                                                         $1,226
                                                                         $1,357
                                                                         $1,624
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $1,415
                                                                         $1,544
                                                                         $1,750
                                                                         $2,053
                                                                         $2,505

 Exhibit C.499: Annualized Incremental Cost per Non Transient Non- Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)
 Source Water
 Size
                                                                10th Percentile
                                                                25th Percentile
                                                                50th Percentile
                                                                75th Percentile
                                                                90th Percentile
 Ground
 100 and Fewer
                                                                          $-127
                                                                           $116
                                                                           $129
                                                                           $156
                                                                           $366
 Ground
 101 to 500
                                                                          $-283
                                                                           $133
                                                                           $159
                                                                           $218
                                                                           $632
 Ground
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $-91
                                                                           $174
                                                                           $207
                                                                           $304
                                                                         $1,072
 Ground
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                          $-425
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $226
                                                                           $424
                                                                         $1,191
 Ground
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $304
                                                                           $363
                                                                           $451
                                                                           $900
                                                                         $3,730
 Ground
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $437
                                                                           $517
                                                                           $686
                                                                         $1,616
                                                                         $6,200
 Ground
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                           $845
                                                                           $965
                                                                         $1,093
                                                                         $1,297
                                                                         $7,387
 Surface
 100 and Fewer
                                                                          $-141
                                                                           $120
                                                                           $147
                                                                           $263
                                                                           $484
 Surface
 101 to 500
                                                                          $-213
                                                                           $140
                                                                           $167
                                                                           $314
                                                                           $709
 Surface
 501 to 1,000
                                                                           $159
                                                                           $181
                                                                           $228
                                                                           $371
                                                                         $1,177
 Surface
 1,001 to 3,300
                                                                           $166
                                                                           $191
                                                                           $243
                                                                           $407
                                                                         $1,961
 Surface
 3,301 to 10,000
                                                                           $325
                                                                           $377
                                                                           $470
                                                                           $880
                                                                         $4,882
 Surface
 10,001 to 50,000
                                                                           $457
                                                                           $558
                                                                         $1,024
                                                                         $4,047
                                                                         $8,771
 Surface
 50,001 to 100,000
                                                                           $912
                                                                         $1,053
                                                                         $1,226
                                                                         $1,469
                                                                         $7,114
 Surface
 100,001 to 1,000,000
                                                                         $1,389
                                                                         $1,588
                                                                         $1,750
                                                                         $2,181
                                                                        $21,000

	

: Adverse Health Effects Associated with Lead Exposures
This appendix provides a qualitative discussion of the adult and child health effects associated with lead exposure, which are anticipated to be reduced by the rule. The health effects discussed in this chapter were identified using two comprehensive U.S. Government documents summarizing the recent literature on lead exposure and its health impacts: EPA's Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (U.S. EPA, 2013) (hereafter referred to as the EPA ISA) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead (National Toxicology Program, 2012) (hereafter referred to as the NTP Monograph). Both sources present comprehensive reviews of the literature on adverse health effects associated with lead. Specifically, the EPA ISA reviewed the literature published since its 2006 review of health outcomes associated with all levels of lead exposure. The NTP Monograph reviewed available literature on lead exposures resulting in blood lead levels <10 micrograms per deciliter (ug/dL), that are representative of current U.S. lead exposure levels.
The EPA ISA and the NTP Monograph both provide conclusions on the association between lead exposure and adverse health outcomes. The EPA (2013) ISA uses a five-level hierarchy to classify the weight of evidence for causation based on epidemiologic and toxicological studies. This section primarily discusses health endpoints assigned causal determinations in the top two levels of the hierarchy. These top two categories are:
          Causal relationship: Pollutant (Contaminant) has been shown to result in health effects in studies in which chance, bias, and confounding could be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
          Likely to be a causal relationship: Pollutant (Contaminant) has been shown to result in health effects in studies in which chance and bias can be ruled out with reasonable confidence but potential issues remain.
Similarly, the NTP Monograph conducted a review of the epidemiological literature for the association between low-level lead exposure (defined by blood lead levels <10 ug/dL) and select health endpoints, and categorized their conclusions using a four-level hierarchy. This section primarily discusses health endpoints assigned conclusions in the top two levels of the NTP Monograph hierarchy. These top two categories are: 
          Sufficient evidence of association: Chance, bias, and confounding could be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
          Limited evidence of association: Chance, bias, and confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
Among the causal and likely to be causal health endpoints in the EPA (2013) ISA, and the sufficient and limited evidence of association health endpoints in the NTP Monograph, six categories of health effects were identified and are therefore discussed in this section: cardiovascular effects (Section D.1), renal effects (Section D.2), reproductive and developmental effects (Section D.3), immune effects (Section D.4), neurological effects (Section D.7), and cancer (Section D.8). It is anticipated that a reduction in lead exposures to adults and children due to the rule will subsequently result in a reduction in the health effects associated with lead exposures described in this section. If expected changes in exposure as a result of the rule are quantified, it would be possible to develop quantitative estimates of changes in several of these health endpoints. Additionally, other health effects of lead exposure not discussed in this section may also be reduced because of the Final Rule.
Cardiovascular Effects
Recent evidence suggests that exposure to lead may result in cardiovascular disease (CVD); specifically, increases in hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), CVD, and CVD-related mortality (NTP, 2012; U.S. EPA, 2013). Lead is thought to impact the cardiovascular system in several ways. According to the EPA (2013) ISA, the mechanistic evidence from toxicological studies is strongest for the role of lead-induced oxidative stress in hypertension. Multiple studies cited in the EPA (2013) ISA show that lead changes enzymatic activity, leading to an increase in formation of reactive oxygen species, which results in increased risk of oxidative damage to the cardiovascular system. Additionally, these additional reactive oxygen species interfere with nitrogen dioxide (a vasodilator), resulting in the constriction of blood vessels and therefore an increase in blood pressure (BP). High BP is a well-recognized risk factor for CVD and CVD related mortality (Ezzati et al., 2006).
Another potential mechanism through which lead may adversely affect the cardiovascular system is by altering the normal function of vascular cells, including endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (U.S. EPA, 2013). For example, lead induces inflammatory damage to endothelial cells, which line the interior of blood vessels and help to regulate BP (Cines et al., 1998; U.S. EPA, 2013). There is also evidence that lead exposure stimulates migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, which are both significant events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (U.S. EPA, 2013). Atherosclerosis is a key component of the pathological process of peripheral arterial disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, all of which can cause CVD mortality (CDC, 2004). 
Lead may also exert cardiovascular toxicity through disruption of calcium homeostasis. Evidence suggests that dysregulated calcium levels alter heart rate, which is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older adults (U.S. EPA, 2013). Calcium-induced pro-coagulant activity may contribute to thrombosis, a risk factor for stroke and heart attack (U.S. EPA, 2013). 
The remainder of Section D.1 discusses specific evidence regarding potential effects of lead exposure on cardiovascular health. With the exception of BP and hypertension (Section D.1.1) and electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities (Section D.1.2), health outcomes are discussed for adults only. This is because several of the longer-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality endpoints typically do not manifest until later in life.
Blood Pressure and Hypertension
The association between lead and BP or hypertension is the most widely studied of the cardiovascular endpoints. BP is the force exerted by the heart against the walls of the arteries and is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is the maximum pressure exerted during the pumping phase of the heartbeat. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the minimum pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle relaxes between beats (National Toxicology Program, 2012). Hypertension is the medical term for high BP (currently, SBP >=140 mmHg or DBP >=90 mmHg) compared to an optimal BP of <120/80 mmHg. BPs of 120-139/80-89 mmHg are considered prehypertension (National Toxicology Program, 2012).
Adults
Both the EPA (2013) ISA and the NTP Monograph assigned the highest categorization to the relationship between lead exposure and hypertension. The EPA ISA indicated that there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and hypertension based on evidence from several prospective epidemiologic studies that identified an association between higher blood and bone lead levels and higher incidence of hypertension plus increased BP in adults. The link between lead levels and higher BP is further supported by findings from studies using other study designs including cross-sectional studies, meta-analyses, and animal studies. However, uncertainties remain regarding the timing, frequency, duration, and level of lead exposure contributing to the BP effects observed in epidemiology studies (U.S. EPA, 2013). The NTP Monograph states that there is sufficient evidence of association between blood lead levels <10 ug/dL and increased BP and risk of hypertension (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 63). The NTP Monograph notes that two recent meta-analyses (Navas-Acien et al., 2008; Nawrot, Thijs, Den Hond, Roels, & Staessen, 2002) concluded that there is an association between lead exposure and hypertension. 
Sensitive subpopulations may have unique lead related risks for increased BP and hypertension. In particular, pregnant women and post-menopausal women may experience the mobilization of bone lead due to the body's effort to increase the amount of calcium in the blood stream from bone stores (Gulson et al., 1997; S. J. Rothenberg, Khan, et al., 2000). The NTP Monograph states that there is sufficient evidence of association between blood lead levels <10 ug/dL and increased BP and risk of hypertension during pregnancy (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 64). However, it reports that the evidence is mixed for post-menopausal women. 
Children
Compared to adults, children have a much lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease, which makes it difficult to determine the relationship between lead exposure and cardiovascular endpoints. For example, the EPA (2013) ISA points out that more than half of 60- to 69-year-olds have hypertension (Daniels, 2011; Steinthorsdottir et al., 2011) compared to 2-5 percent of 9- to 10-year-olds (Chobanian et al., 2003). As a result, only a handful of studies have been published examining cardiovascular endpoints in children. The NTP Monograph found inadequate evidence of association to evaluate the potential association between blood lead and effects on BP and hypertension in children (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 64). Similarly, the EPA (2013) ISA concluded that the evidence is suggestive of a causal relationship between biomarkers of lead exposure and cardiovascular effects in children based on a small number of studies (U.S. EPA, 2013). Because neither document reports strong evidence regarding lead exposure effects on BP and hypertension in children, this endpoint is not further discussed in this section.
Electrocardiogram Abnormalities
Adults
The NTP Monograph concluded that there is limited evidence of association between blood lead <10 ug/dL and EKG abnormalities (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 70). EKG abnormalities are changes in the typical pattern of electrical activity of the heart, including the P wave (atrial activity), QRS wave (ventricle activity), and T wave (return to resting state). The NTP Monograph concluded that polymorphisms in iron metabolism genes may modify the relationship between lead and EKG abnormalities. The NTP Monograph also concluded that there is inadequate evidence of an association between lead exposure and heart rate variability due to inconsistent results among four publications on lead and heart rate variability with mean blood lead levels <10 μg/dL (Gump et al., 2011; Jhun, Kim, & Paek, 2005; National Toxicology Program, 2012; S. K. Park et al., 2008; S. K. Park et al., 2006). Heart rate variability is defined as changes in the interval between heartbeats (American Heart Association, 2011). Heart rate variability "reflects sympathetic (low frequency) and parasympathetic (high and low frequency) autonomic nervous system function, with decreases in variability indicating abnormal autonomic function" (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 87). Several studies have examined the relationship between lead exposures, as determined by blood or bone lead levels, and EKG abnormalities using the Normative Aging Studypopulation. In a study of 775 cohort men, bone lead (in both the tibia and patella) was significantly associated with EKG abnormalities, but blood lead was not (Cheng et al., 1998). A prospective study using 496 men from the Normative Aging Study also found tibia lead to be significantly associated with changes in the heart's electrical activity over an 8-year follow-up (Eum, 2011). Findings from a 2009 study reported bone lead to be significantly associated with specific changes in the electrical activity of the heart (S. K. Park et al., 2009). These, however, were the only lead exposure studies focusing on EKG abnormalities in the NTP Monograph. The EPA (2013) ISA did not assign a determination to this endpoint.
Children
The NTP Monograph concluded that there is limited evidence of association between blood lead <5 ug/dL and EKG abnormalities (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 75). The NTP Monograph conclusion is based on findings from the Oswego Children's Study that revealed an association between decreased stroke volume and increased total peripheral resistance in response to acute stress tasks and concurrent blood lead among 9.5-year-olds (Gump et al., 2011; Gump et al., 2007; Gump et al., 2005). EKG abnormalities among children are not discussed in the EPA (2013) ISA.
Clinical Cardiovascular Conditions
The EPA (2013) ISA concluded that there is sufficient evidence that there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and coronary heart disease, specifically atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease, based on evidence from several prospective epidemiology studies (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-418). The EPA (2013) ISA acknowledges that there is some uncertainty in the effects of timing, frequency, duration, and level of lead exposures on these cardiovascular outcomes. The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of association between blood lead <5 ug/dL and general clinical CVD (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 70). A recent meta-analysis supports these findings. Chowdhury et al., (2018) looked at 37 studies examining the relationship between metals and cardiovascular disease in a systematic reveiw. In order to standardize the analysis they compared top versus bottom thirds of baseline levels, pooled relative risks and found a RR (confidence interval) for lead 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) for cardiovascular disease, 1.85 (1.27 to 2.69) for coronary heart disease, 1.63 (1.14 to 2.34) for stroke. 
Atherosclerosis is the process where lipids, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood) deposit or accumulate in the inner lining of an artery (American Heart Association, 2014). The buildup that results is called plaque. Atherosclerosis is measured using various indicators such as intima-media thickness, arterial stiffness, stenosis, and aortic media thickness. Several studies have found associations between lead exposure and these indicators (Lee, Tseng, Chen, & Lin, 2009; Poręba, Gać, Poręba, Antonowicz-Juchniewicz, & Andrzejak, 2011a; Zeller et al., 2010). 
Peripheral arterial disease is caused by atherosclerosis, which narrows the arteries and reduces the amount of blood reaching tissues in a person's arms or legs. The NTP Monograph noted that for conditions that are exacerbated by increases in BP, such as peripheral arterial disease, there has been a demonstrated increased risk from lead exposure. Studies have indicated that increased blood lead levels are associated with a higher risk of peripheral arterial disease (Guallar et al., 2006; Muntner, Menke, DeSalvo, Rabito, & Batuman, 2005; Navas-Acien et al., 2004). 
As with peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease is also exacerbated by increases in BP. Evidence using a variety of lead measures (blood lead, bone lead and environmental levels, e.g. airborn dust, has shown that higher lead levels are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (N. B. Jain et al., 2007; K. R. Kim, Lee, Paik, & Choi, 2008) and myocardial infarction (Afridi et al., 2010; Gustavsson et al., 2001). Blood lead exposure is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in the heart, an outcome associated with coronary heart disease (J. Schwartz, 1991).
Cardiovascular Mortality
Lead-induced cardiovascular morbidity has implications for CVD mortality. CVD mortality is defined as death attributed to heart or circulatory causes (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 62). The EPA (2013) ISA concluded that there is sufficient evidence that the association between lead exposure and coronary heart disease (including CVD-related mortality) should be classified as a causal relationship. Specifically, EPA stated, "despite the differences in design and methods across studies, with few exceptions associations between higher levels of Pb biomarkers and higher risk of CHD-related mortality were consistently observed" (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-412). On the other hand, the NTP concluded that there is limited evidence of association between blood lead levels <10 ug/dL and increased mortality from cardiovascular causes and that the "association between increased CVD mortality and increased blood Pb was supported by three prospective studies but not supported by two prospective studies, one of which reported a significant association with bone Pb" (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 90). However, several studies published after the NTP Monograph have found significant associations between CVD mortality and lead exposure (Aoki et al., 2016; B. P. Lanphear, Rauch, Auinger, Allen, & Hornung, 2018; Ruiz-Hernandez et al., 2017). However, differences in exposure metrics, timing of exposure, and extent of exposure yield differences in estimates of risk, and thus warrant further analysis. For further information on these studies, the reader is referred to Appendix I. 
Investigations of the association between lead exposure and cardiovascular mortality have been conducted using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Menke et al. (2006) evaluated participants in NHANES with blood lead data collected between 1988 to 1994 and found a significant relationship between blood lead levels and increased mortality after 12 years of follow-up. After controlling for a large number of confounding factors including hypertension and kidney function, the authors observed an association between lead exposure and cardiovascular mortality at a low mean blood lead concentration (2.58 μg/dL). Analyses of smaller studies also find a positive relationship between lead exposure and CVD-related mortality. A study of American 65- to 87-year-old females, found a higher risk of combined CVD mortality and coronary heart disease mortality among women with blood lead levels >8 μg/dL (Khalil et al., 2009).
The two studies cited in the NTP Monograph as the reason for the limited, rather than sufficient evidence, of an association between lead exposure and CVD mortality are Moller & Kristensen (1992) and Weisskopf et al. (2009). Moller & Kristensen (1992) examined the risk of developing coronary heart disease and CVD disease using both fatal and non-fatal cases. The authors found a significant univariate association between blood lead and total mortality, coronary heart disease, and CVD. The statistically significant association was attenuated when the models included potential confounders, although the association remained positive (i.e., an increase in blood lead was related to an increase in mortality). The authors did not examine the risk of CVD mortality after eliminating the non-fatal cases included in the analysis. Weisskopf et al. (2009) evaluated the relationship between bone and blood lead and several health endpoints including all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related deaths. The authors found bone lead, specifically patella lead, to be associated with a slight increase in CVD mortality; however, this association was not statistically significant. Weisskopf et al. (2009) did not find an association between blood lead and any other mortality category.
Since the NTP Monograph was published, three new analyses of the NHANES data have found significant associations between lead exposures and CVD mortality.  Aoki et al. (2016) examined over 18,600 adults in NHANES 1999-2010 and found that hematocrit-corrected blood lead levels were significantly associated with CVD mortality. Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) examined changes in uncorrected blood lead levels and CVD mortality between participants in NHANES 1988-1994 and NHANES 1999-2004. The study found that declines in lead exposure were associated with reductions in cardiovascular deaths. . Lanphear et al. (2018) examined the same cohort as the (Menke et al., 2006) study described above, but used a longer period of follow-up for CVD mortality, allowing for additional deaths to be included in the analysis. The Lanphear et al. (2018) analyses found significant associations between blood lead levels and CVD mortality, with greater increases in CVD mortality for a given increase in blood lead observed in individuals with blood lead levels below 5 ug/dL.
Renal Effects
The primary functions of the kidney include regulating water levels and balancing the levels of water and essential chemicals in the body (U.S. EPA, 2013). The key measurement that reflects kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which estimates how much blood passes through the tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, each minute (National Library of Medicine, 2015). The best method for measuring GFR is very invasive and time consuming because it involves the measurement of exogenously delivered radionuclide or radiocontrast markers in timed, sequential blood samples or kidney imaging (U.S. EPA, 2013). Therefore, alternative methods to measure kidney function have been developed and used in health effect studies such as measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cystatin C, and creatinine clearance.
Adults
The NTP Monograph concluded that there is sufficient evidence of an association between lead exposure and decreased kidney function. Specifically, the NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of an association between blood lead levels <5 ug/dL and decreased GFR (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 80). The EPA ISA states that the evidence of renal effects from lead exposure is suggestive of a causal relationship based on multiple high-quality epidemiologic studies; however, uncertainty remains regarding the potential for reverse causality to explain the findings in humans (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-482). 
Lead exposure was found to contribute to kidney effects in the general population. Several high-quality epidemiology studies found an association between increased blood lead and increased serum creatinine (C de Burbure et al., 2003; R. Kim et al., 1996; Lai, Chou, Wu, Chen, & Kuo, 2008; Muntner, He, Vupputuri, Coresh, & Batuman, 2003; Navas-Acien et al., 2009; J. A. Staessen, Yeoman, W.B., Fletcher, A.E., Markowe, H.L., Mrmot, M.G., Rose, G., Semmence, A., Shipley, M.J., Bulpitt, C.J., 1990; Tsaih et al., 2004). Serum creatinine levels >=30 mg/g indicate albuminuria, or the presence of excess protein in urine; if persistent, albuminuria can indicate kidney damage. The relationship between blood lead and serum creatinine was also identified as it pertains to specific subpopulations. Specifically, Muntner et al. (2003) found an increased risk for elevated serum creatinine in hypertensives but not normotensives. Additionally, Tsaih et al. (2004) found a relationship between changes in serum creatinine and baseline blood and bone lead in diabetics but not nondiabetics. Further, Staessen (1990) found a correlation between blood lead and serum creatinine only in males, but not in females. Thus, the large outcomes from large population studies may be impacted by comingling individuals with specific sensitivities with the general population.
Epidemiology studies using other markers of kidney dysfunction found similar associations between lead levels and kidney dysfunction. Studies have observed an association between blood lead and decreased creatinine clearance, which is another marker of kidney dysfunction (Akesson et al., 2005; Muntner et al., 2005; Payton, Hu, Sparrow, & Weiss, 1994; J. A. Staessen et al., 1992). Similarly, studies measuring adverse renal effects by measuring cystatin C as an indicator of kidney dysfunction have found a relationship between decreased kidney function and blood lead (C. de Burbure et al., 2006; Fadrowski et al., 2010). Studies measuring GFR as an indicator of kidney function have found an increased risk of decreased GFR with increasing lead levels (Akesson et al., 2005; Muntner et al., 2005). Muntner et al. (2005) specifically found an increased risk for chronic kidney disease in individuals with higher blood lead (1.63 - 2.47 μg/dL) when compared to people with blood lead less than 1.06 μg/dL. In addition, the patterns between lead exposure and decreased kidney function have been identified in adolescents (C. de Burbure et al., 2006; Fadrowski et al., 2010). However, some research that has found no association between blood lead and adverse renal effects in the general population (Coria et al., 2009; Mortada, 2004) and in adolescents (C. de Burbure et al., 2006; Fadrowski et al., 2010).
Children
The NTP Monograph concluded that there is limited evidence of association between blood lead levels <5 μg/dL and decreased kidney function among 12- to 20-year-olds (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 84). The limited evidence of association conclusion is based primarily on a study by Fadrowski et al. (2010) using 1988-1994 NHANES III data that observed a relationship between blood lead levels and decreased estimated GFR (eGFR, based on cystatin C) among 12- to 20-year-olds. The NTP Monograph notes that the weight of this evidence is bolstered by the findings at similar lead levels in adults (Needleman, Schell, Bellinger, Leviton, & Allred, 1990), p. 84). The EPA ISA does not assign a conclusion category for renal effects in children but does note that recent studies of elevated lead exposure in children did not consistently indicate reduced kidney function (Coria et al., 2009; Khan, Qayyum, Saleem, Ansari, & Khan, 2010).
Reproductive and Developmental Effects
Lead exposure has been linked to adverse reproductive and developmental effects including delayed puberty, decreased postnatal growth, changes to sperm, decreased fertility, increased time to conception, fetal development effects, and reduced gestational age.
Delayed Puberty
Measures of sexual maturation and puberty include age at menarche and Tanner developmental staging of breasts, testicular volume, and pubic hair. The EPA (2013) ISA found a causal relationship between lead exposure and developmental effects, which includes delayed puberty, based on the epidemiology and toxicology literature. The NTP Monograph stated that there is sufficient evidence of association between concurrent blood lead <10 μg/dL and delays in sexual maturation or puberty onset in 8- to 17-year-olds, and limited evidence that blood lead <5 μg/dL is associated with delayed puberty (Needleman et al., 1990, p. 94).The NTP Monograph's sufficient evidence conclusion is based on the agreement of reported inverse associations between blood lead level and measures of sexual maturation in eight cross-sectional studies and one prospective study (Denham et al., 2005; Gollenberg, Hediger, Lee, Himes, & Buck Louis, 2010; Hauser et al., 2008; Naicker, Norris, Mathee, Becker, & Richter, 2010; Selevan et al., 2003; J. A. Staessen et al., 2001; Tomoum, Mostafa, Ismail, & Ahmed, 2010; Williams et al., 2010; Wu, Buck, & Mendola, 2003). The limited evidence conclusion was made based on the availability of only four cross-sectional studies reporting associations between blood lead levels <5 μg/dL and delayed markers of puberty (Denham et al., 2005; Selevan et al., 2003; J. A. Staessen et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2003), coupled with a study reporting a lack of association in a cross-sectional study of girls (Wolff et al., 2008). Several large, cross-sectional analyses using 1988-1994 NHANES III data have reported delayed development in girls as determined by Tanner pubic hair and breast stages and age at menarche with low levels of blood lead (Gollenberg et al., 2010; Selevan et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2003).
While fewer studies of delayed puberty have been conducted in boys, the limited evidence suggests lead-related associations with decreased testicular volume, lower Tanner genital stages, and lower Tanner stages of pubic hair development (Hauser et al., 2008; J. A. Staessen et al., 2001; Tomoum et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2010). Similar associations have been found in studies conducted internationally (Naicker et al., 2010; Tomoum et al., 2010). Associations between lead exposure and significant delays in sexual maturation reported in these studies remained when adjusting for factors such as race, body mass index, and socioeconomic status.
Postnatal Growth
The NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of association between concurrent blood lead <10 μg/dL in children and decreased postnatal growth (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 94), p. 94. Findings from several cross-sectional studies and three prospective studies support the significant association between concurrent blood lead levels and indicators of decreased postnatal growth in 1- to 16-year-olds. For example, this association between blood lead and height has been observed through the analysis of the 1988-1994 NHANES III data in 1- to 7-year-olds (Ballew et al., 1999), as well as in 8- to 16-year-old girls (Selevan, Hornung, Kissling, Cottrill, & Leffingwell, 1984). Other effects of blood lead on postnatal growth reported in cross-sectional studies include height, leg and arm length, head and chest circumference, and body weight (Hauser et al., 2008; Ignasiak, Slawinska, Rozek, Little, & Malina, 2006; Kafourou et al., 1997; Kordas et al., 2004; Little et al., 2009).
The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of an association between maternal blood lead levels and postnatal growth. Specifically, the NTP Monograph noted limited evidence that maternal blood lead <10 ug/dL is associated with decreased head circumference in children up to 4 years old based on three prospective studies (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 98 ; S. J. Rothenberg et al., 1993; S. J. Rothenberg et al., 1999; Schell, Denham, Stark, Parsons, & Schulte, 2009). Additionally, the EPA (2013) ISA stated that there was mixed evidence for an association between lead exposure and postnatal growth, but it did not differentiate between maternal and childhood exposures (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 7-704). Lead exposure has also been shown to affect child height and body weight later in life. A study of Mexican children found that increases in maternal bone lead during pregnancy were associated with decreased body weight in 5-year-old girls (Afeiche et al., 2011).
Although the EPA ISA found a causal relationship between lead exposure and developmental effects, the report notes that this causal determination is based on the findings of delayed pubertal onset among males and females rather than postnatal growth. The report further states that "[findings from epidemiology studies of the effect of Pb on postnatal growth are inconsistent and findings from the toxicological literature on the developmental effects of Pb exposure are mixed..." (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-704). 
Sperm Parameters
Sperm parameters include characteristics such as sperm count or concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. The EPA (2013) ISA concluded that there is sufficient evidence that there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and male reproductive function, which includes sperm quality based on animal toxicological studies showing detrimental effects on semen quality, sperm, and fecundity/fertility with supporting evidence in epidemiology studies of associations between lead exposure and detrimental effects on sperm. The NTP Monograph states that there is sufficient evidence of association between blood lead levels >=15 ug/dL and adverse changes in sperm parameters predominantly based on occupational studies of men reporting effects at blood lead levels ranging from 15 to 50 ug/dL (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 98). Several studies found that higher blood or semen lead was associated with lower sperm count or concentration (Alexander et al., 1998; Alexander et al., 1996; Assennato et al., 1986; Bonde et al., 2002; Chowdhury et al., 1986; Fisher-Fischbein, Fischbein, Melnick, & Bardin, 1987; Lancranjan, Popescu, O, Klepsch, & Serbanescu, 1975; Lerda, 1992; Mahmoud, Kiss, Vanhoorne, De Bacquer, & Comhaire, 2005; Naha, Bhar, Mukherjee, & Chowdhury, 2005; Naha & Chowdhury, 2006; Naha & Manna, 2007; Robins et al., 1997; Telisman et al., 2000). 
Higher blood or semen lead levels have also been found to be associated with decreased sperm motility (Chowdhury et al., 1986; Kasperczyk et al., 2008; Lancranjan et al., 1975; Lerda, 1992; Naha & Chowdhury, 2006; Naha & Manna, 2007). One study found that sperm motility improved in male battery workers undergoing treatment to lower blood lead (Viskum, Rabjerg, Jorgensen, & Grandjean, 1999). Abnormal sperm morphology is also associated with lead exposure in the epidemiology literature (Chowdhury et al., 1986; Fisher-Fischbein et al., 1987; Hsu, Chang, Guo, Liu, & Shih, 2009; Lancranjan et al., 1975; Lerda, 1992; Naha et al., 2005; Naha & Chowdhury, 2006; Naha & Manna, 2007; Robins et al., 1997; Telisman et al., 2000). The effect of lead on sperm parameters at lower lead exposure levels is unclear based on the available literature. A threshold below which blood lead levels will not exert an effect has not been clearly established. Toxicological data indicate that lead exposure can damage sperm and be harmful to testicular germ cells (the cells responsible for sperm production) (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-664). 
Fertility and Time to Conception
Evidence indicates that lead exposure increases the risk of reduced fertility and increased time to conception (reduced fecundity) in men. The EPA (2013) ISA determined that there is sufficient evidence to conclude there is a causal relationship between male reproductive function and lead exposure based primarily on toxicological studies. The NTP Monograph concluded that "there is sufficient evidence that paternal blood levels >= 20 ug/dL are associated with delayed conception time and limited evidence that blood Pb levels >= 10 ug/dL in men are associated with other measures of reduced fertility" (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 104). The NTP Monograph states that their sufficient evidence of delayed conception time conclusion is based on four studies reporting increased time to pregnancy with blood lead levels of 20-40 μg/dL in men, and that the limited evidence of reduced fertility conclusion is also based on these four studies plus a single large retrospective occupational study that reported increased odds of infertility among men with blood lead levels >=10 μg/dL. The inverse association between male fertility and lead exposure appears to be present for males with above-average blood lead levels. Several studies reported an increased time to pregnancy or decreased fecundability in men with blood lead levels between 20 and 40 ug/dL (Apostoli, Bellini, Porru, & Bisanti, 2000; De Rosa, 2003; Sallmen, Lindbohm, Anttila, Taskinen, & Hemminki, 2000; Shiau, Wang, & Chen, 2004). In addition, a study of male workers at a lead battery plant found decreased odds for a live birth in the wives of lead workers with mean blood lead of 46 ug/dL compared to workers with mean blood lead of 10 μg/dL or relative to pre-exposure (Gennart et al., 1992). Large occupational cohorts have also demonstrated that blood lead >= 10 ug/dL can lead to higher odds of male infertility (Sallmen, Lindbohm, & Nurminen, 2000).
Spontaneous Abortions
The association between lead exposure and likelihood of spontaneous abortion has been investigated in both men and women. The NTP Monograph states that there is limited evidence that maternal blood lead <10 ug/dL is associated with spontaneous abortion (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 107). This conclusion is based on a prospective nested case-control study by Borja-Aburto et al. (1999). NTP also states that there is limited evidence that paternal blood lead >31 ug/dL is associated with spontaneous abortions based on a retrospective nested case-control study by Lindbohm et al. (1991) (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 107). Borja-Aburto et al. (1999) suggests increased odds of spontaneous abortion for maternal blood lead <10 ug/dL. Borja-Aburto et al. (1999) found evidence for a concentration-response relationship and significant odds ratios for spontaneous abortions (odds ratios of 2.3, 5.4, and 12) with maternal blood lead during the first trimester of pregnancy of 5-9, 10-14, and >=15 ug/dL as compared to pregnant women with maternal blood lead of <5 ug/dL. Results from a Chinese study of anembryonic pregnancy, as well as several occupational exposure studies, support these findings (Faikoglu, Savan, Utku, Takar, & Zebitay, 2006; Gundacker et al., 2010; Lamadrid-Figueroa et al., 2007; Yin et al., 2008). Among women with a history of previous spontaneous abortions, evidence exists that the rate of spontaneous abortion may be higher in women with higher plasma/blood lead ratios compared to women with lower plasma/blood lead ratios (Lamadrid-Figueroa et al., 2007). Evidence also suggests that women with higher placental lead levels were more likely to have had a previous miscarriage compared to women with lower placental lead levels (Gundacker et al., 2010).
As for paternal lead levels being associated with spontaneous abortions, several occupational studies indicate that elevated blood lead is associated with increased odds of spontaneous abortion. A Finnish study of men with occupational exposure to lead and with wives aged 18-40 found that paternal blood lead >31 ug/dL was associated with a higher odds of spontaneous abortion (odds ratio = 3.8 (95 percent CI: 1.2, 12)) compared to men with blood lead <21 ug/dL (Lindbohm et al., 1991). Similar findings have been reported in other occupational epidemiology studies (Al-Hakkak, Hamamy, Murad, & Hussain, 1986; Beckman & Nordström, 1982).
Reduced Fetal Growth/Low Birth Weight
When examining the reduced fetal growth/low birth weight outcome, there are several measures of reduced growth or intrauterine growth restrictions: small for gestational age (babies with birth weight below the 10[th] percentile for a given gestational age), lower birth weight (evaluated as a continuous variable), and low birth weight (<2,500 g after at least 37 weeks of gestation). Several indicators of lead exposure can be used to examine the relationship between lead exposure and reduced fetal growth including blood lead, bone (patella and tibia) lead, umbilical cord lead, placental lead, air lead, and breast milk lead (2 months postpartum). The NTP Monograph states that there is sufficient evidence of association between maternal blood lead <5 ug/dL and reduced fetal growth or lower birth weight based on several prospective studies, a large retrospective cohort study of over 43,000 mother-infant pairs by Zhu et al. (2010), and a number of cross-sectional studies with maternal or umbilical cord blood lead at delivery (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 109). The EPA (2013) ISA combined all adverse birth outcomes (i.e., neural tube defects, which are birth defects of the brain or spinal cord, preterm birth, low birth weight) into one category, whereas the NTP Monograph reviewed measures of an infant's birth weight (e.g., small for gestation age or lower birth weight) as a stand-alone category. The EPA (2013) ISA concluded the evidence was suggestive of a causal relationship between lead exposure and adverse birth outcomes (i.e., neural tube defects, preterm birth, and low birth weight/fetal growth) based on a few high-quality epidemiologic studies that show associations with relevant blood lead levels among overall inconsistent findings (Chen, Pan, & Wang, 2006; Gundacker et al., 2010; Jelliffe-Pawlowski, Miles, Courtney, Materna, & Charlton, 2006; U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-709; Vigeh et al., 2011; Zhu, Fitzgerald, Gelberg, Lin, & Druschel, 2010). 
The relationship between lead exposure and low birth weight (<2,500 g after at least 37 weeks of gestation) was investigated heavily using both maternal blood lead and cord blood lead levels. Many of the studies looking at the effect of maternal blood lead on birth weight have found an inverse relationship between this exposure metric and response (Bornschein et al., 1989; Cantonwine, Hu, Tellez-Rojo, et al., 2010; K. N. Dietrich, Krafft, Shukla, Bornschein, & Succop, 1987; C. B. Ernhart et al., 1986; Gundacker et al., 2010; Kordas et al., 2009; Osman et al., 2000; Srivastava, Mehrotra, Srivastava, Tandon, & Siddiqui, 2001; Zhu et al., 2010). In the largest cohort study of the association to date, Zhu et al. (2010) found that the slope of the association between birth weight and lead exposure was steeper at lower blood lead levels. For example, a 2 ug/dL increase in blood lead would be expected to decrease birth weight by approximately 40 grams given an initial blood lead level of 0 ug/dL and by 10 grams given an initial blood lead of 8 ug/dL. However, the magnitude of observed decreases in birth weight varies by study. Several analyses found the relationship between blood lead and birth weight to be linear. A handful of studies referenced in the EPA (2013) ISA and NTP Monograph did not find any relationship between maternal blood lead and birth weight (Gonzalez-Cossio et al., 1997; Iranpour et al., 2007; Loiacono et al., 1992; Rahman & Hakeem, 2003; Sowers et al., 2002). Since the documents were published, several additional cohort studies have also found significant associations between lead exposure and decreased birth weight (Rabito et al., 2014; Taylor, Golding, & Emond, 2014; Taylor, Tilling, Golding, & Emond, 2016).A few have found evidence of an association only in certain segments of the population (e.g., women with low calcium intake as in Hong et al., 2014) or only in male infants (Nishioka et al., 2014; Perkins et al., 2014). 
Elevated cord blood lead was also shown to adversely affect infant birth weight (Atabek, Kurtoglu, Pirgon, Uzum, & Saraymen, 2007; Bellinger et al., 1991; Cantonwine, Hu, Tellez-Rojo, et al., 2010; C. B. Ernhart et al., 1986; Gundacker et al., 2010; Neuspiel, Markowitz, & Drucker, 1994; Osman et al., 2000; Srivastava et al., 2001; Zentner, Rondó, & Mastroeni, 2006). However, some studies have not found the same association (Gonzalez-Cossio et al., 1997; Iranpour et al., 2007; Janjua et al., 2009; Loiacono et al., 1992; Wells et al., 2011). 
Placental lead has also been used to study the effects of lead exposure on low birth weight. Although some studies have found that higher placental lead levels are associated with lower birth weight (Llanos & Ronco, 2009; Ward, Durrant, Snakey, Bound, & Bryce-Smith, 1990), several have either not found an association or found a positive association between placental lead level and birth weight (Gundacker et al., 2010; Odland, 2004; Wibberly, 1977). Elevated bone lead levels were associated with lower birth weight in several studies (Cantonwine, Hu, Tellez-Rojo, et al., 2010; Gonzalez-Cossio et al., 1997; Kordas et al., 2009).
Preterm Birth and Gestational Age
The NTP Monograph states that there is limited evidence of an association between maternal blood lead or umbilical blood lead <10 ug/dL and preterm birth or reduced gestational age (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 112). Increases in maternal blood lead levels during pregnancy have been associated with increased incidence of preterm birth in several prospective and cross-sectional studies (Cantonwine, Hu, Sanchez, et al., 2010; K. N. Dietrich et al., 1987; Fagher, Laudanski, Schutz, Sipowicz, & Akerlund, 1993; Fahim, Fahim, & Hall, 1976; Jelliffe-Pawlowski et al., 2006; McMichael, Vimpani, Robertson, Baghurst, & Clark, 1986; Vigeh et al., 2011). However, there is inconsistency among the results using each of these metrics (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 114). In addition, a large retrospective cohort (43,288 mother - infant pairs) from the New York State Heavy Metals Registry did not find an association between maternal blood lead (mean, 2.1 ug/dL) and preterm birth (Zhu et al., 2010). Associations between lead exposure and risk of preterm birth have also been observed when examining umbilical cord blood lead (Cantonwine, Hu, Sanchez, et al., 2010; Fagher et al., 1993; Fahim et al., 1976; McMichael et al., 1986; Patel & Prabhu, 2009; Torres-Sanchez et al., 1999) and placental lead levels (Falcon, Vinas, & Luna, 2003; Ward et al., 1990; Ward, Watson, & Bryce-Smith, 1987). Therefore, NTP assigned this endpoint a conclusion of limited, rather than sufficient, evidence. 
Immune Effects
The immune system is responsible for protecting organisms from foreign agents, such as microbes or chemicals (Schultz & Grieder, 1987). The immune system is dependent on its ability to distinguish between "self" and "non-self" initiators of response. White blood cells, antibodies, and other proteins and chemical substances along with a complex signaling system are components of an immune response. Immune function can be measured in several ways including by the level and function of different immune cells (e.g., T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, or cells involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)); and immune cell secretions (e.g., cytokines). Immune function can also be measured through the presence of antibodies (e.g., immunoglobulins such as IgE, IgG, IgA); clinical indicators of allergy (e.g., positive skin prick tests); and the presence of immune-based disease (e.g., asthma, autoimmunity).
Health outcomes related to the immune system associated with lead exposure will be discussed in this section. These include increased hypersensitivity and allergy response in children exposed prenatally, and decreased resistance to bacterial infections.
Increased Hypersensitivity and Allergy Response
Adults
The EPA (2013) ISA found that there is evidence to conclude there is likely to be a causal relationship between lead exposure and atopic and inflammatory responses based on epidemiologic and toxicological evidence but with some uncertainty regarding potential confounding. The NTP Monograph found inadequate evidence in adults to address the potential association between blood lead <10 μg/dL and IgE, allergy, eczema, or asthma in adults due to a general lack of studies at lower doses and inconsistency in the available data ((National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 45), p. 45). In adults, lead exposure has been linked to changes in a spectrum of cellular and humoral immune responses including changes in T-lymphocyte and macrophage function, suppression of the DTH response, increased IgE production, changes in cytokine production, and inflammation. Lead exposure is more likely to cause these subtle effects in contrast to overt cytotoxicity to lymphoid tissues (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-485).
Children
The EPA (2013) ISA found sufficient evidence to conclude there is likely to be a causal relationship between lead exposure and atopic and inflammatory responses. This conclusion is based on evidence for associations of blood lead levels with asthma and allergy in studies in children (Jedrychowski et al., 2011; Joseph et al., 2005; Pugh Smith & Nriagu, 2011), lead-associated increases in IgE in children and animals, and evidence describing modes of action (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-542). The NTP Monograph states that there is limited evidence of association between lead exposure and increased IgE in children. This conclusion is based on evidence for lead-related increases in IgE from several cross-sectional studies (K.L. Hon, 2011; K.L.  Hon, Ching, Hung, & Leung, 2009; K.L.  Hon et al., 2010; Karmaus et al., 2005; Lutz et al., 1999; Sun, Hu, Zhao, Li, & Cheng, 2009). The NTP Monograph additionally concluded that there is limited evidence of a link between lead exposures and increased allergic sensitization, based on the aforementioned studies of lead and IgE together with a prospective study on allergic sensitization by Jedrychowski et al. (2011) (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 49). Jedrychowski et al. (2011) collected data on both concurrent and prenatal exposure in 5-year-olds and examined the allergic sensitization or atopy (determined by a skin prick test) to common allergens administered when the children were 5-year-olds. Maternal blood lead and umbilical cord blood lead were significantly associated with frequency of sensitization in the children, but current blood lead levels were not. Data from the Jedrychowski et al. (2011) study also showed a lead-associated increase in serum IgE. There is also evidence that low levels of prenatal lead exposure (<10 ug/dL in blood) in adults is associated with increased hypersensitivity and allergy in their offspring.
Resistance to Bacterial Infection
Adults
The EPA (2013) ISA states that there is likely to be a causal relationship between lead exposure and decreased host resistance in adults based on consistent observations that relevant lead exposures decrease responses to antigens and increase bacterial infection and subsequent mortality in rodents. This endpoint was not considered in the NTP Monograph. Evidence from human studies indicates an association between lead exposure and weakened resistance to bacterial infection. In fact, as described in the EPA (2013) ISA, the ability of lead to cause reduced bacterial resistance in animals has been known for several decades. Animal studies suggest that a potential mode of action for this outcome is the suppression of Th1 cytokine production and reduction of macrophage function. The epidemiology studies demonstrated that increased susceptibility to bacterial infections and suppressed DTH reactions are associated with blood lead levels (7-25 ug/dL) in adults as a consequence of dietary lead exposure (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 1-34). 
Children
Epidemiology studies found a higher prevalence of respiratory infections among children with higher concurrent blood lead levels. A study of children in Boston found a relationship between an increase in infections and cord blood lead >= 10 μg/dL at the time of birth (Rabinowitz, Allred, Bellinger, Leviton, & Needleman, 1990). Higher blood lead levels were also associated with an increase in infections in a study of German children with a mean blood lead level of 3.34 μg/dL (Karmaus et al., 2005). While the EPA (2013) ISA states that there is likely to be a causal relationship between lead exposure and decreased host resistance to infection, inadequate statistical analysis and consideration of confounders in the identified studies are not sufficient to support a conclusion for children (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-552).
Neurological Effects
The nervous system is responsible for controlling the body's sensory, integrative, and motor functions by transmitting signals that initiate a response throughout the body (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2013). The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of the somatic nerves and ganglia. Neurological function can be measured in several ways depending on the outcome of interest. In this section, the following health outcomes will be discussed: cognitive function, behavior, conduct disorders, internalizing behaviors, psychological effects, neurodegeneration, and sensory function.
Cognitive Function
Cognitive function is typically measured through Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests (Srivastava et al., 2001). Other measures of cognitive function include pattern comparison speed, vocabulary, and word list memory (National Toxicology Program, 2012). Strong associations have been found between decreased IQ and early childhood lead exposures, including in utero exposures. The effects of childhood lead exposure can persist through adulthood. 
Adults
Based on prospective studies indicating associations of higher bone lead levels with declines in cognitive function in adults, the EPA (2013) ISA determined a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and cognitive function decrements. The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of association between decreased cognitive function in adults at exposure levels <10 μg/dL due to mixed results for an association with blood lead and a more consistent association with bone lead (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 27). In non-occupationally exposed adults, bone lead levels are associated with decreased cognitive function. The same associations have not been found for blood lead levels, suggesting that lifetime lead exposures are more likely to influence cognitive function than short-term exposures. Blood lead had a negative association with cognitive function in occupationally exposed adults with blood lead levels ranging from 14-40 ug/dL.
A study of 141 older men from the Normative Aging Study reported that concurrent blood lead levels (mean, 5.5 μg/dL) were associated with decreases in specific measures of cognitive function, including pattern comparison speed, vocabulary, word list memory, the Boston Naming Test (Payton, Riggs, Spiro, Weiss, & Hu, 1998). The study authors found that tibia lead (but not patella lead) level was associated with decreased performance in a test of spatial ability. Wright et al. (2003) studied 736 older men from the Normative Aging Study and reported and associations between blood lead (mean, 4.5 μg/dL), patella lead, and tibia lead and decreased performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Muldoon et al. (1996) also examined cognitive performance, with the MMSE and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, for 530 older women and found that blood lead level (mean, 4.8 μg/dL) was associated with decreased performance on the Trail Making Test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. However, this result was found among rural participants but not urban subjects. 
Other studies reported an association between bone lead and decreased performance but did not find an association with blood lead levels. Shih et al. (2006) reported a lack of an association between current blood lead level (mean, 3.5 μg/dL) and cognitive function but found tibia lead levels to be significantly associated with lower scores in all seven domains of the cognitive test battery. Weuve et al. (2009) reported that tibia lead levels were associated with reduced cognitive function measured by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status in a study of 587 older women from the Nurses' Health Study. However, blood lead and patella lead levels were not significantly related to the test score. 
Two additional studies did not find associations with blood lead levels. Nordberg et al. (2000) did not find an association between blood lead level (mean, 3.7 μg/dL) and performance on the MMSE in a study of 762 older adults in Sweden. Gao et al. (2008) reported that concurrent blood lead (mean, 3.9 μg/dL) was not significantly related to cognitive function in a study of 188 people from rural China.
Children: IQ
The EPA (2013) ISA and NTP Monograph found that the strongest evidence for an association between lead and neurological effects is captured in studies that examine intellectual function among children. Intellectual function is typically assessed using IQ scores, which are evaluated by administering a test such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) or the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 20). Since IQ is a measure of general intelligence, these scales include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, reasoning, memory, speed, and arithmetic. Raw IQ scores are standardized at the population level to obtain a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15 for each age group (Beres et al., 2000). Cognitive function in children can also be assessed using alternative tests that do not measure IQ, including the Mental Development Index (MDI) and the General Cognitive Index (GCI).
The EPA (2013) ISA found sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and cognitive function decrements in children based on several lines of evidence including findings from prospective studies in diverse populations and coherence with evidence in animals, and evidence identifying potential modes of action. The NTP Monograph concluded that there is sufficient evidence of association between blood lead levels <5 μg/dL and decreases in various general and specific measures of cognitive function in children from 3 months to 16 years of age. This conclusion is based on prospective and cross-sectional studies using a wide range of tests to assess cognitive function (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 27).
Evidence from multiple high-quality studies using longitudinal cohorts of children shows an association between higher blood lead levels and decreased IQ (U.S. EPA, 2013). Canfield et al. (2003) studied 6- to 60-month-olds and 3- to 5-year-olds in Rochester, NY and found that each 10 μg/dL increase in average lifetime blood lead level was associated with a 4.6-point decrease in IQ. In a study of the same cohort, Jusko et al. (2008) found that children with blood lead levels <5 μg/dL scored 4.9 points higher on IQ tests than children with blood lead levels between 5 and 9.9 μg/dL. A pooled analysis of seven international cohort studies by Lanphear et al. (2005) estimated IQ decreases of 3.9, 1.9, and 1.1 points when blood lead increases from 2.4 to 10 μg/dL, 10 to 20 μg/dL, and 20 to 30 μg/dL, respectively. Thus, the effects of incremental changes in lead on IQ appear to be larger in magnitude at lower levels of lead exposure than at higher levels (e.g. nonlinear).
In 2013, Crump et al. published a statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. (2005) pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children. In this work Crump et al. had two main goals: (1) to reproduce the results of Lanphear et al. (2005) and correct any errors, and (2) perform an independent analysis of the Lanphear et al. (2005) database. In 2019, Lanphear published a correction to the original 2005 paper. Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013) reanalyzed the Lanphear et al. (2005) data using additional statistical methods and a benchmark dose approach. All three paper are summarized in more detail in Appendix J and Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013), Crump et al., (2013) and Lanphear et al (2019) reinforce the findings in the original Lanphear et al. (2005) paper. Jusko et al (2008) and Min et al (2009), which use more recent blood lead levels than those used in the Crump and Lanphear analyses, both identified deficits in IQ at a lower BLL than Crump et al (2013), who used the data published by Lanphear et al in 2005. Min et al (2009) only examines concurrent exposure, and the authors identify that at age 4 there is a decrease of 0.77 IQ points for every 1 ug/dL increase in blood lead level. In Min et al (2009), the dose-response relationship between concurrent BLL and Performance IQ at 4 years showed a steep slope at lower levels (up to 7 ug/dL) but did not reach significance. Jusko et al (2008) demonstrated that the slope of the blood-lead IQ relationship was steeper at lower levels of lead exposure where IQ decreased by 1.2, 0.32, and 0.15 points per 1-μg/dL increase in peak blood lead over the range of 2.1 - 10 μg/dL, 10 - 20 μg/dL, and 20 - 30 μg/dL, respectively. In both the studies, the steeper slopes at lower BLL without log transformation showed increased deficits; this reinforces the fact that reducing lead levels in lower ranges of average BLL has a significant impact on preventing IQ loss.
The NTP Monograph also found limited evidence of decreased cognitive function in children with prenatal exposure levels <5 μg/dL. This conclusion is based on strong, consistent support for an association between umbilical cord blood lead and MDI scores, plus the mixed evidence for maternal blood lead and MDI or other measures of cognitive function in children (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 31). Several prospective studies indicated a negative association between prenatal lead exposures <5 μg/dL and both general and specific cognitive function. General cognitive function is measured using general non-IQ assessment tools (e.g. the MDI and GCI tests). Specific cognitive function may be measured using individual subsets of the WISC (e.g., Block Design or Digit Span) tool. There is strong epidemiologic evidence of the effects of lead exposure on cognitive function from MDI scores in children aged 6 months to 3 years, and scores on specific cognitive function tests in children aged 6 months to 16 years (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 27). A study of a Mexican cohort found an association between maternal patella lead and MDI scores among 2-year-olds, suggesting that maternal cumulative lead exposure also plays a role in decreased cognitive function in children (Gomaa et al., 2002). 
Children: Academic Achievement
The relationship between lead exposure and decrements in Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) has been reviewed by several researchers and government agencies. There also is agreement that lower FSIQ and learning are linked with poorer academic performance and achievement. FSIQ is a combination of 10 subtest scores most commonly evaluated using the WISC and is considered the most representative measure of full cognitive function. The EPA (2013) ISA determined a causal relationship between lead exposure and decrements in children's cognitive functioning, which includes academic performance and achievement. This conclusion is based on several lines of evidence including findings from prospective studies in diverse populations, coherence with evidence in animals, and evidence describing modes of action. The NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of decreases in measures of academic achievement in 6- to 18-year-olds with blood lead <5 μg/dL based on the consistency of effects on several measures of academic achievement in multiple studies (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 23). Both prospective and cross-sectional studies conducted on children with blood lead <10 μg/dL in North America, Europe, and Africa have documented an inverse relationship between blood lead and class rank, end-of-grade testing, and scores on academic performance tests. Associations between decreased academic achievement and lead exposure have been noted in prospective studies for early-childhood lead exposure in blood (9-36 months of age) and tooth dentin (6- to 8-year-olds) and later in life achievement (Chandramouli, Steer, Ellis, & Emond, 2009; Miranda, Kim, Reiter, Overstreet Galeano, & Maxson, 2009; Needleman et al., 1990). However, these findings are complicated by the fact that blood lead measurement change over time. Cross-sectional study results support the negative association between concurrent blood lead and academic achievement for children (Al-Salea et al., 2001; B.P. Lanphear, Dietrich, Auinger, & Cox, 2000; Rabinowitz, Wang, & Soong, 1992; C. L. Wang et al., 2002).
The studies reviewed in the EPA (2013) ISA revealed lower performance on tests of math, reading, and spelling skills, as well as lower probability of completing high school, lower class rank, and lower teacher ratings of academic function. The confidence in the association between blood lead in children and decreased academic performance is bolstered by the fact that it is consistent regardless of the academic achievement measure used. Miranda et al. (2009) found that an increase in blood lead from 1 to 10 μg/dL was associated with a 2.3-point decrease in end-of-grade (EOG) score in children in the 5[th] percentile of EOG compared to a 0.8-point decrease in children in the 95[th] percentile of EOG score. This impact was shown to be independently associated with EOG score even after accounting for socioeconomic factors. 
Several studies found the association between blood lead and math or reading test scores to remain significant after the consideration of confounders such as socioeconomic status, maternal education, material intelligence, and parental caregiving. For example, a study of 488 children in the UK found that Standard Assessment Test (SAT) grades decreased 0.3 points (95 percent CI: -0.5, -0.1) when blood lead at 30 months old was doubled. The study adjusted for maternal education, maternal smoking, home ownership, parental socioeconomic status, and parental caregiving quality (Chandramouli et al., 2009). The same study revealed that SAT scores did not differ between children with blood lead 0-2 μg/dL compared to those with 2-5 μg/dL (Chandramouli et al., 2009). Similarly, Needleman et al. (1990) found an increased probability of dropping out of high school in 18-year-olds with tooth lead levels >20 ppm compared to those with tooth lead levels <10 ppm. Although Needleman et al. (1990) adjusted for several confounders including maternal education, IQ, and age, socioeconomic status, and subject alcohol use, controlling for these variables could have contributed to the imprecision of the effect estimate. The small sample size (132 subjects) could also have impacted the results.
Cross-sectional studies reviewed in the EPA (2013) ISA also reported relationships between lower scores in math and reading test results and higher concurrent blood lead. The association between lead exposure and lower math and reading scores was identified in more than one analysis of NHANES data. For example, Lanphear et al. (2000) found a supralinear relationship between blood lead and math scores among nearly 5,000 6- to- 16-year-olds. This was similar to that for the relationship between FSIQ and lead levels. The analysis of the 1988-1994 NHANES III data revealed that a 1 μg/dL increase in concurrent blood lead was associated with a 0.70-point decrease in math score among all subjects and a 1.1-point decrease among 6- to 16-year-olds with blood lead <5 μg/dL (B.P. Lanphear et al., 2000). In addition to its large sample size, the examination of multiple chemical exposures included in this analysis of NHANES III data provides increased confidence in the results. 
Of the studies reviewed in the NTP Monograph and conducted in the past 15 years, many revealed decrements in academic achievement in relation to blood lead <10 μg/dL and as low as 2 μg/dL. This relationship remains stable after controlling for several confounders such as socioeconomic factors, sex, race/ethnicity, and age of subject during blood lead measurement, parental education, and tobacco exposure. An analysis of 4,853 6- to 16-year-olds in the 1988-1994 NHANES III dataset revealed an association between decreased achievement measured via the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and concurrent blood lead <5 μg/dL (B.P. Lanphear et al., 2000). Some studies have reported differential effects of blood lead on test scores: in a study of fourth graders in North Carolina, children with lower test scores experienced greater decreases in scores given the same increase in blood lead than children with higher test scores (Miranda, Kim, Reiter, Overstreet Galeano, et al., 2009). Lower parental education and lower socioeconomic status were also shown to affect children with lower test scores in the studies reviewed, implying that lead with other confounders can increase the impact from lead alone among children with low baseline achievement levels.
EPA reviewed the Kordas et al (2005) and Evens et al (2015) cross-sectional studies suggested by the EPA Science Advisory Board. Kordas et al used a battery of 14 cognitive tests that examined different aspects of executive functions, which showed steeper slopes for tests on math, memory and a picture vocabulary test. The second study, Evens et al (2015), utilized a standardized test that focused on examining critical and quantitative reasoning abilities, which were shown to be influenced by lead levels even below 5 ug/dL. 
Attention-Related Behavior
The NTP Monograph noted limited evidence of association between maternal blood lead levels <10 ug/dL and incidence of attention-related behaviors via in utero lead exposures based on the mixed results of studies with prenatal exposure data (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 37). A study of 1,923 15- and 17-year-olds in the Boston area found cord blood lead and tooth dentin lead to be associated with inflexible behavior but not hyperactivity in 8-year-olds (Leviton et al., 1993). Another study of 195 children in the Cincinnati area reported that scores on the Continuous Performance Test was inversely associated with average childhood blood lead at <5 years of age, blood lead at 6.5 years of age, and maternal blood lead level during the first and second trimester of pregnancy (Ris, Dietrich, Succop, Berger, & Bornschein, 2004). Some participants in the Ris et al. (2004) study also had early childhood blood lead levels above 10 μg/dL, indicating that in addition to prenatal exposures to lead, they were exposed to high levels of lead in early childhood.
The NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of attention-related behavioral problems in 3- to 18-year-olds with blood lead <5 μg/dL based on the consistency of effects in the studies reviewed and the support for effects down to and below 2 μg/dL blood lead (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 34). Rather than basing this determination solely on the outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the broader category of attention-related behaviors is used in the NTP Monograph for two reasons. First, NTP states in the Monograph that using "attention-related behaviors" more accurately reflects the diversity of the behavioral effects data presented in the literature. The diagnostic criteria for attention-related behaviors can include several types of behavioral deficits in addition to hyperactivity, inattention, and the overall diagnosis of ADHD. Secondly, the diagnosis of ADHD in the studies reviewed lacks the strength of a diagnosis given by trained clinicians using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria. For example, several of the studies examined diagnosed ADHD based on untrained teacher evaluations, parental reporting of a physician's diagnosis, or whether a child was taking ADHD medication.
Most of the studies reviewed in the NTP Monograph identified significant associations between blood lead <5 μg/dL in children and attention-related behaviors, with several reporting the association at blood lead <2 μg/dL. As described in the NTP Monograph, over 10 studies published in the past 15 years suggest an association between current average blood lead of 1-11 μg/dL and attention-related behavioral issues, ADHD, or other indicators of decreased attention or increased hypersensitivity in 3- to 18-year-olds. For example, Wang et al. (H. L. Wang et al., 2008) reported a significant association between ADHD determined from a structured diagnostic interview and concurrent blood lead >5 μg/dL in a case-control study of 1,260 Chinese 4- to 12-year-olds. A study of Romanian children also found an increase in attention-related behavioral problems based on parent and teacher ratings using German diagnostic surveys in a study of 83 8- to 12-year-olds with concurrent mean blood lead of 3-5 μg/dL (Nicolescu et al., 2010). Two studies conducted in the United States with 7- to 9-year-old inner-city black children found that blood lead was positively related to several attention-related behaviors including higher ADHD and inattention scores (Chiodo et al., 2007; Chiodo, Jacobson, & Jacobson, 2004).
NHANES data were used to support the relationship between blood lead and attention-related behaviors. Braun et al. (2006) found the odds of ADHD to be more than four times greater among 4- to 15-year-olds in the 1999-2002 NHANES with blood lead >2 μg/dL compared to children with blood lead <0.8 μg/dL. Similarly, Froehlich et al. (2009) found that children in the 2001-2004 NHANES with concurrent blood lead >1.3 μg/dL and concurrent blood lead of >=0.9 to 1.3 μg/dL had a 2.3-greater and 1.7-greater odds, respectively, of ADHD compared to children with blood lead <0.8 μg/dL. While Froehlich et al. (2009) used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children to determine ADHD in subjects, Braun et al. (2006) relied on parental report of stimulant medication or previous diagnosis of ADHD.
The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of attention-related behavioral problems in children with prenatal lead exposure at blood lead <10 μg/dL based on the review of several studies (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 34). The limited conclusion was chosen because the children in the studies were also exposed to lead in early childhood, therefore the timing of exposure that is most important in causing the adverse effect could not be determined. A prospective study of prenatal and early childhood lead exposure up to 6 years old found that performance on the Continuous Performance Test  -  Conners' Version at ages 15-17 years old was inversely related to maternal blood lead during the first or second trimester of pregnancy (mean=8.9 μg/dL), mean blood lead under 5 years old, and concurrent blood lead at age 6.5 years old (Ris et al., 2004). However, blood lead levels of participants during early childhood were above 10 μg/dL. Studies of cord lead levels (mean=6.8 μg/dL) and tooth dentin lead levels in 1,923 8-year-olds in Boston were associated with inflexible behavior but not with hyperactivity (Leviton et al., 1993). The NTP Monograph conclusion is also based on bone lead studies that found an association between lead exposure and attention-related behaviors such as hyperactivity and inattention. Lead levels in primary teeth and tibiae have been reported to be significantly associated with measures of inattention in 19- to 20-year-olds (Bellinger, Hu, Titlebaum, & Needleman, 1994).
The EPA (2013) ISA concluded that there was a causal relationship between lead exposure and inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in children based on multiple lines of evidence including findings from prospective studies in diverse populations, coherence with evidence in animals, relevant lead exposures, and evidence for plausible modes of action. The EPA ISA did not draw conclusions on the relationship between lead exposures and clinical diagnosis of ADHD. This is because EPA determined that there were study design limitations in the body of research on the endpoint of ADHD. Specifically, EPA noted that studies on lead and an ADHD diagnosis did not have adequate control for confounders such as parental education and caregiving quality that could affect the observed associations. 
The causal relationship for inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity cited in the EPA (2013) ISA relies on data from both cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies. The studies characterized as strongest were the prospective studies that investigated attention and found associations with blood or tooth lead level. Several of the studies cited in the EPA (2013) ISA were also cited in the NTP Monograph including Ris et al. (2004) and Bellinger et al. (1994). The prospective studies demonstrated the temporality of the association between lead exposure and onset of attention-related effects. The research collectively looked at lead exposures at various points in time including prenatal blood lead, blood lead measured 9-11 years before attention was measured, lifetime average blood lead, and tooth lead. Several confounders were controlled for in most prospective studies including parental education; IQ; caregiving quality; socioeconomic status; birth outcomes; and exposure to alcohol, drugs, or smoking. The newer studies reviewed in the EPA (2013) ISA found evidence of an association between measures of decreased attention and concurrent blood lead level between 2 and 5 μg/dL. However, there are several limitations that should be taken into account when interpreting these results. For example, the studies did not consider the effects of potential confounders such as parental caregiving quality and examined adolescents who may have been influenced by higher lead exposures during early childhood. 
Conduct Disorders
The EPA (2013) ISA determined a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and conduct disorders in children primarily based on consistent results from a few high-quality epidemiology studies. The determination was influenced by the uncertainty introduced by inconsistent animal evidence with relevant exposures and the small number of epidemiologic studies identified. Several prospective studies indicate a positive association between conduct issues and prenatal maternal blood lead measurements, concurrent (age 6 years), and lifetime average (4-5 years or 11-13 years) blood lead (mean=6.8-14.3 μg/dL) (Burns, Baghurst, Sawyer, McMichael, & Tong, 1999; K.N. Dietrich, Ris, Succop, Berger, & Bornschein, 2001; G. A. Wasserman, Liu, Pine, & Graziano, 2001). Dietrich et al. (2001) reported an association between lead exposure and self and parent-reported delinquent and antisocial acts. The study used prenatal maternal first trimester blood lead measurements, average childhood lead exposure, and a late body burden of lead levels for 15- to 17-year-olds. Several cross-sectional studies reported associations between conduct problems and lead exposure at blood lead lower than those reported in the prospective studies (1-5 μg/dL). Although the cross-sectional studies reported relationships between lead exposure and outcome, the EPA (2013) ISA notes that confidence in these results is limited due to inadequate adjustment for confounding variables.
The NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of increased incidence of problem behaviors in children with blood lead <5 μg/dL based on the consistency of effects in multiple prospective and cross-sectional studies (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 46). The NTP Monograph included delinquent, criminal, or antisocial behavior in its review of problem behaviors. The conclusion was based on data from several prospective and cross-sectional studies illustrating increased criminal behavior in 6- to 15-year-olds with concurrent blood lead <1-15 μg/dL. Adjustments for confounders were made in several of the studies for socioeconomic variables including: sex, race/ethnicity, age of blood lead measurement, parental education, and tobacco exposure. One of the key studies reviewed in the NTP Monograph is a cross-sectional study of the 2001-2004 NHANES data that found a relationship between conduct disorders and blood lead >=0.8 μg/dL in 8- to 15-year-olds compared to 8- to 15-year-olds with blood lead <0.7 μg/dL conducted by Braun et al. (2008). 
Several studies found associations between elevated blood lead levels in young adults and criminal behavior. Wright et al. (2008) analyzed 250 young adults aged 19-24 enrolled in the Cincinnati Lead Study. The study reported a relationship between higher rates of total criminal arrests and blood lead at 6 years old. The association between crime and increased lead exposure is supported by studies measuring tooth dentin lead. In a New Zealand study of 1,265 21-year-olds, Fergusson et al. (2008) found an association between reported crimes and tooth dentin lead from primary teeth shed at 6 to 8 years old. Bellinger et al. (1994) also reported a significant relationship between tooth dentin lead levels and problem behaviors in 8-year-olds in Boston. The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of increased incidence of problem behaviors in children with prenatal exposure to lead levels <10 μg/dL. The analysis by Wright et al. (2008) suggested a relationship between higher maternal blood lead during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and higher rates of total criminal arrests among 19- to 24-year-olds enrolled in the Cincinnati Lead Study. Several studies supported the association between lead exposure and delinquent behavior or criminal arrests. However, the blood lead levels in some of the participants were above 10 μg/dL, thus making the generalizability of these studies' findings to blood lead <10 μg/dL limited. 
Internalizing Behaviors
In contrast to studies that investigated externalizing behaviors in children such as inattention, impulsivity, and conduct disorders, there are also studies that investigated internalized behaviors. Internalizing behaviors include withdrawn behaviors, symptoms of depression, fearfulness, and anxiety. Internalized behaviors are most often assessed through parent or teacher reports using the Child Behavior Checklist. 
The EPA (2013) ISA determined a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and internalized behaviors in children (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-317). Multiple prospective studies of various populations provide key evidence for an association between increased lead exposure and higher ratings of internalized behaviors. These studies reported cord blood, concurrent blood (age 3), lifetime average blood, and tooth lead levels to be associated with higher ratings of internalized behaviors in children 3- to 13-year-old children. Results from cross-sectional studies also support the EPA (2013) ISA's causal determination of a relationship between lead exposure and internalized behaviors in children for concurrent blood (Liu et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2009) and hair lead levels (Bao et al., 2009).
Psychological Effects
The EPA (2013) ISA states that there is a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and psychopathological effects based on the associations found between concurrent blood or bone lead level and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and panic disorder from large cross-sectional studies of adults. In some cases, the epidemiology results are supported by evidence from studies of toxicology. The NTP Monograph concluded that there is limited evidence for an association between lead levels and psychiatric symptoms based on the small number of studies supporting such effects. Two of these studies were from a single cohort (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 38). The NTP Monograph points out that in adults, the studies "do not include cohorts where that blood Pb levels were consistently below 10 ug/dL from birth to the time of the behavioral assessment". Thus, the evidence for effects below 10 ug/dL is not strong.
Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults are linked to higher concurrent blood lead or tibia lead levels in cross-sectional studies. Three studies on the association between lead levels and psychological effects were referenced by both reports (Bouchard et al., 2009; Rajan et al., 2007; Rhodes, Spiro, Aro, & Hu, 2003). The studies indicated an association between lead levels and panic disorder, somatization, and the global severity index. One study, Bouchard et al. (2009), determined that what they described as a generalized anxiety disorder was not associated with lead levels, but Rhodes et al. (2003) found that elevated anxiety and phobic anxiety were significantly associated with blood, tibia and patella lead levels. 
Neurodegeneration
Some studies described in the NTP Monograph and the EPA (2013) ISA looked at measures of the progressive loss of neurological functions as manifest in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and essential tremor disorders. 
The EPA ISA found inadequate evidence to infer a causal relationship between lead exposure and neurodegenerative diseases. The NTP Monograph concluded that there is limited evidence of an association between increased occurrence of ALS and blood lead levels <10 ug/dL (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 38). Both the NTP Monograph and the EPA ISA discuss the potential of reverse causation. That is, the observed associations between blood lead and ALS may not necessarily mean that lead exposure contributes to the development of ALS. Instead, it could be that the decreases in activity associated with ALS increase bone turnover, which releases lead from bone and thereby increases blood lead levels. Five studies on the association between lead and ALS were reviewed in both reports; while three studies observed effects, only two of these studies had significant results (Fang et al., 2010; Kamel et al., 2005). Fang et al. (2010) conducted a case-control study of U.S. military veterans and found that associations between blood lead and ALS remained significant after adjustment for indicators of bone turnover. Although this study suggests that reverse causation is not likely, the EPA (2013) ISA points out that the study lacked actual measurements of bone lead, and that directionality still cannot be established. In addition, studies in ALS patients have generally produced inconsistent results. The EPA ISA specifically points to the mixed findings of the Kamel studies (Kamel et al., 2005; Kamel et al., 2003; Kamel et al., 2002) of a New England cohort of ALS cases recruited from the Neuromuscular Research Unit at the New England Medical Center and the Neurophysiology Laboratory at Brigham and Women's Hospital (p. 4-223).
The NTP Monograph determined that there is evidence of a sufficient association between essential tremor incidence in adults and blood lead levels <10 ug/dL, but evidence of a limited association in adults with blood lead levels <5 ug/dL (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 39). The four studies on this endpoint identified in the NTP Monograph examined more than 300 cases of essential tremor, and all indicated consistent associations between diagnosis and blood lead levels. However, the NTP Monograph found limited evidence at <5 μg/dL because the two identified studies examining participants with blood lead <5 μg/dL are representative of only a small group of patients. NTP concluded that there is sufficient evidence of a relationship at blood lead levels of <10 μg/dL because the same pattern of effects was observed in two "widely separated" groups in terms of geography (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 51). 
Auditory Function
Auditory function can be evaluated through measurements of hearing thresholds, auditory processing, and changes to brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP). 
Adults
The EPA ISA states that the evidence on lead exposure and auditory function is suggestive of a causal relationship based on limited epidemiologic evidence with relevant bone or blood lead levels, and a lack of animal evidence at relevant exposures (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-322). The NTP Monograph found limited evidence for associations between decreased auditory function and both prenatal and adult blood lead levels of <10 ug/dL based on a supportive but small body of studies on the subject (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 40).
Four studies in adults are highlighted in the NTP Monograph. These address individuals with lower blood lead levels. Forst et al. (1997) reported that blood lead level (mean, 5 μg/dL; range, 1-18 μg/dL) was associated with an elevated hearing threshold at 4,000 Hz, but not at other frequencies. Hwang et al. (2009) found at blood lead levels >=7 μg/dL that hearing thresholds were significantly increased in a study of 259 steel plant workers in Taiwan. In a case-control study of 121 adult cases (mean lead level, 10.7 μg/dL) referred for hearing testing, elevated blood lead was significantly associated with higher hearing thresholds compared to controls (Chuang et al., 2007). In a cross-sectional analysis of 448 men in the Normative Aging Study, tibia lead (mean, 23 μg/g) and patella lead (mean, 33 μg/g) were significantly associated with hearing loss indicated by higher hearing thresholds (S. K. Park et al., 2010).
Children
The NTP Monograph found sufficient evidence of decreased hearing in children with blood lead <10 μg/dL (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 40). The conclusion set in the NTP Monograph is based on several cross-sectional studies that reported increased hearing thresholds and an increase in BAEP in 4-to 19-year-olds. The NTP Monograph references two studies conducted by Schwartz and Otto on blood lead and hearing loss, which are also reviewed in the EPA ISA. In their analysis of NHANES II (1976-1980) data, Schwartz and Otto (J. Schwartz & Otto, 1987) found a significant relationship between blood lead and increased hearing thresholds for pure-tone frequencies in 4,519 4- to 19-year-olds. The researchers also found an association between hearing loss and blood lead >=8 μg/dL, as well as a 2-decibel decrease in hearing at all frequencies with an increase in blood lead from 6 to 18 μg/dL in an analysis of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 3,545 six- to 19-year-olds (J. Schwartz & Otto, 1991).
The NTP Monograph found limited evidence of decreased hearing in children with prenatal lead exposure at blood lead <10 μg/dL (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 40). A limited conclusion was assigned rather than a sufficient conclusion because few of the studies identified addressed low-level lead exposures. The limited conclusion is based on three studies that demonstrated an association between prenatal exposure to blood lead <10 μg/dL and auditory effects. Two studies reported changes in the latency and interpeak interval of BAEP in infants born to mothers with blood lead <10 μg/dL and 5- to 6-year-olds born to mothers with mean blood lead of 8 μg/dL (S. Rothenberg, Poblano, & Garza-Morales, 1994; S. J. Rothenberg, Poblano, & Schnaas, 2000). In an analysis of 259 children enrolled in the Cincinnati Lead Study, Dietrich et al. (1992) found associations between auditory processing disorders at age 5 and both prenatal lead exposure (mean prenatal blood lead=8 μg/dL) and early childhood lead exposure (mean infant blood lead=5 μg/dL). However, the applicability of Dietrich et al.'s, (1992) findings to blood lead <10 μg/dL is limited given that mean blood lead of subjects age 1-5 was 10-17 μg/dL.
The EPA (2013) ISA determined a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and decreased auditory function in children ages 3-17 based on consistent findings from a few high-quality epidemiologic studies with relevant blood lead levels. The uncertainty in this determination is due to a lack of animal evidence in juveniles and at relevant exposures. Both prospective and cross-sectional studies demonstrated a relationship between higher blood lead and decreased auditory function in children. Most studies reviewed adjusted for socioeconomic factors, and several studies controlled for child health and nutrition. The association between higher lead exposure and decreased auditory function was found for several time periods of exposure including prenatal maternal, neonatal, lifetime average (to age 5), and concurrent (age 4-19) blood lead (K.N. Dietrich et al., 1992; S. J. Rothenberg, Poblano, et al., 2000; J. Schwartz & Otto, 1987, 1991). This association is also supported by animal studies, but at levels higher than relevant to the scope of the EPA ISA.
Motor Function
Motor function includes both fine and gross motor function. Fine motor function includes skills such as response speed and dexterity, while gross motor function includes postural balance, action tremor, and agility. Since there is little evidence on this endpoint available in adults, the EPA (2013) ISA did not provide a conclusion on the association between lead exposure and motor function during adulthood. In children aged 3 to 17 years old, the EPA (2013) ISA determined a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and decreased motor function (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-319). This relationship was demonstrated for both fine and gross motor function. A few studies provided EPA with key evidence to determine a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and motor function decrements. Ris et al. (2004) found that higher early childhood blood lead (mean age=78 months; mean blood lead=11.7 μg/dL) was associated with poorer fine motor function in adolescents aged 12-17 from the Cincinnati Lead Study. Bhattacharya et al. (2006) found a significant relationship between decrements in gross motor skills and higher early childhood blood lead among participants in the Cincinnati Lead Study. Additional analyses of this cohort suggests that decreased upper limb dexterity, fine motor composite score, and poorer postural balance are associated with higher concurrent, lifetime average, and neonatal (but not prenatal maternal blood lead measurements) blood lead (Bhattacharya, Shuklo, Dietrich, Bornschein, & Berger, 1995; K.N. Dietrich, Berger, & Succop, 1993). The EPA ISA reports that the studies reviewed adjusted for confounders such as child health, parental caregiving quality, and socioeconomic factors. On the other hand, cross-sectional studies and toxicological data reviewed in the EPA ISA provided mixed evidence of an association between motor function decrements and higher blood lead.
Cancer
Animal studies provided EPA with evidence to determine a likely causal relationship between lead exposure and cancer (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. 4-782). Additionally, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists inorganic lead compounds as probable human carcinogens, and organic lead compounds as not classifiable (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006). The NTP Monograph did not review cancer because it reviewed the carcinogenic effects of lead in its Report on Carcinogens. In the 2004 Report on Carcinogens, NTP found that lead and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence from toxicological studies and limited evidence from human studies. Lead exposure is associated most strongly with lung and stomach cancer, but is also been associated with increased risk for urinary-bladder cancer (National Toxicology Program, 2004). 
Inconsistent results have been reported in the epidemiologic literature on the relationship between lead exposure and cancer mortality. One epidemiologic study using NHANES III (1988-1994) data demonstrated an association between blood lead and increased cancer mortality (Schober, Mirel, Graubard, Brody, & Flegal, 2006). However, other studies have reported weak or no associations (Khalil et al., 2009; Menke et al., 2006; M.G. Weisskopf et al., 2009). Several epidemiological studies investigated the association between blood lead and specific cancers including those of the lung, brain, and breast. Some studies reviewed for lead reported associations between lead exposure and lung cancer as part of EPA's 2006 Air Quality Criteria Document (U.S. EPA, 2006). However, more recent epidemiology studies of lung cancer reported no associations. Overall, the recent epidemiology studies included only men, limiting the generalizability. 
Despite the inconclusiveness of epidemiology evidence, toxicological studies demonstrate associations between lead exposure and cancer. Although dosed at high concentrations, lead has had carcinogenic effects in animal toxicology models (U.S. EPA, 2013). There is strong evidence of lead-induced tumor development in animal studies with long-term exposures (18-24 months) to high lead concentrations (> 2,600 ppm) (Azar, Trochimowicz, & Maxfield, 1973; Kasprzak, Hoover, & Poirier, 1985; Koller, Kerkvliet, & Exon, 1985; Van Esch & Kroes, 1969).
References

Afeiche, M., Peterson, K. E., Sanchez, B. N., Cantonwine, D., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Schnaas, L., . . . Tellez-Rojo, M. M. 2011. Prenatal lead exposure and weight of 0- to 5-year-old children in Mexico city. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(10), 1436-1441. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003184
Afridi, H. I., Kazi, T. G., Kazi, N., Kandhro, G. A., Baig, J. A., Shah, A. Q., . . . Arain, M. B. 2010. Evaluation of toxic elements in scalp hair samples of myocardial infarction patients at different stages as related to controls. Biol Trace Elem Res, 134(1), 1-12. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8450-6
Akesson, A., Lundh, T., Vahter, M., Bjellerup, P., Lidfeldt, J., Nerbrand, C., . . . Skerfving, S. 2005. Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1627-1631. doi:10.1289/ehp.8033
Al-Hakkak, Z. S., Hamamy, H. A., Murad, A. M., & Hussain, A. F. 1986. Chromosome aberrations in workers at a storage battery plant in Iraq. Mutat Res, 171(1), 53-60. 
Al-Salea, I., Nester, M., DeVol, E., Shinwari, N., Munchari, L., & Al-Shahria, S. 2001. Relationships between blood lead concentrations, intelligence, and academic achievement of Saudi Arabian schoolgirls. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 204, 165-174. doi:1438-4639/01/204-165 $ 15.00/0
Alexander, B. H., Checkoway, H., Faustman, E. M., van Netten, C., Muller, C. H., & Ewers, T. G. 1998. Contrasting associations of blood and semen lead concentrations with semen quality among lead smelter workers. Am J Ind Med, 34(5), 464-469. 
Alexander, B. H., Checkoway, H., Van Netten, C., Kaufman, J. D., Vaughan, T. L., Mueller, B. A., & Faustman, E. M. 1996. Paternal Occupational Lead Exposure and Pregnancy Outcome. Int J Occup Environ Health, 2(4), 280-285. 
American Heart Association. 2011. Cardiac Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/HeartAttackToolsResources/Cardiac-Glossary_UCM_303945_Article.jsp
American Heart Association. 2014. Atherosclerosis. Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/WhyCholesterolMatters/Atherosclerosis_UCM_305564_Article.jsp#.WCOGYNUrKUk
Aoki, Y., Brody, D. J., Flegal, K. M., Fakhouri, T. H., Axelrad, D. A., & Parker, J. D. 2016. Blood Lead and Other Metal Biomarkers as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(1), e2223. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000002223
Apostoli, P., Bellini, A., Porru, S., & Bisanti, L. 2000. The effect of lead on male fertility: a time to pregnancy (TTP) study. Am J Ind Med, 38(3), 310-315. 
Assennato, G., Paci, C., Baser, M. E., Molinini, R., Candela, R. G., Altamura, B. M., & Giorgino, R. 1986. Sperm count suppression without endocrine dysfunction in lead-exposed men. Arch Environ Health, 41(6), 387-390. doi:10.1080/00039896.1986.9935784
Atabek, M. E., Kurtoglu, S., Pirgon, O., Uzum, K., & Saraymen, R. 2007. Relation of in utero lead exposure with insulin-like growth factor-I levels and neonatal anthropometric parameters. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 210(1), 91-95. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.06.007
Azar, A., Trochimowicz, H. J., & Maxfield, M. E. 1973. Review of Lead Studies in Animals Carried Out in Haskell Laboratory: Two-Year Feeding Study and Response to Hemorrhage Study Environmental health aspects of lead: Proceedings of an international symposium (pp. 199-210). Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities.
Ballew, C., Khan, L. K., Kaufmann, R., Mokdad, A., Miller, D. T., & Gunter, E. W. 1999. Blood lead concentration and children's anthropometric dimensions in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. The Journal of Pediatrics, 134(5), 623-630. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70250-7
Bao, Q. S., Lu, C. Y., Song, H., Wang, M., Ling, W., Chen, W. Q., . . . Rao, S. 2009. Behavioural development of school-aged children who live around a multi-metal sulphide mine in Guangdong province, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 9(217). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-217
Beckman, L., & Nordström, S. 1982. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden. Hereditas, 97(1), 1-7. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00703.x
Bellinger, D., Hu, H., Titlebaum, L., & Needleman, H. L. 1994. Attentional Correlates of Dentin and Bone Lead Levels in Adolescents. Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal, 49(2), 95-105. doi:10.1080/00039896.1994.9937461
Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., Rabinowitz, M., Allred, E., Needleman, H., & Schoenbaum, S. 1991. Weight gain and maturity in fetuses exposed to low levels of lead. Environ Res, 54(2), 151-158. 
Beres KA, Kaufman AS, Perlman MD. Assessment of child intelligence. In: Goldstein G, Hersen M, editors. Handbook of Psychological Assessment. 3rd Ed. Oxford: United Kingdom: Elsevier Science Ltd.; 2000. pp. 65 - 96. [Google Scholar]
Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Dietrich, K. N., & Bornschein, R. L. 2006. Effect of early lead exposure on the maturation of children's postural balance: A longitudinal study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 28(3), 376-385. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.02.003
Bhattacharya, A., Shuklo, R., Dietrich, K., Bornschein, R., & Berger, O. 1995. Effect of Early Lead Exposure on Children's Postural Balance. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 37(10), 861-878. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11939.x
Bonde, J. P., Joffe, M., Apostoli, P., Dale, A., Kiss, P., Spano, M., . . . Zschiesche, W. 2002. Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), 234-242. 
Borja-Aburto, V. H., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Lopez, M. R., Farias, P., Rios, C., & Blanco, J. 1999. Blood Lead Levels Measured Prospectively and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(6), 590-597. 
Bornschein, R. L., Grote, J., Mitchell, T., Succop, P., Dietrich, K. N., Krafft, K. M., & Hammond, P. B. 1989. Effects of prenatal lead exposure on infant size at birth. Lead Exposure and Child Development: An International Assessment (pp. 307-319). Lancaster, UK: Kluwer Publishers.
Bouchard, M. F., Bellinger, D. C., Weuve, J., Matthews-Bellinger, J., Gilman, S. E., Wright, R. O., . . . Weisskopf, M. G. 2009. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(12), 1313-1319. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164
Braun, J. M., Froehlich, T. E., Daniels, J. L., Dietrich, K. N., Hornung, R., Auinger, P., & Lanphear, B. P. 2008. Association of Environmental Toxicants and Conduct Disorder in U.S. Children: NHANES 2001 - 2004. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(7), 956-962. doi:10.1289/ehp.11177
Braun, J. M., Kahn, R. S., Froehlich, T., Auinger, P., & Lanphear, B. P. 2006. Exposures to Environmental Toxicants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in U.S. Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12), 1904-1909. doi:10.1289/ehp.9478
Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Bellinger, D., Lanphear, B., Grandjean, P., & International Pooled Lead Study, I. 2013. An international pooled analysis for obtaining a benchmark dose for environmental lead exposure in children. Risk Anal, 33(3), 450-461. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01882.x
Burns, J. M., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., McMichael, A. J., & Tong, S. l. 1999. Lifetime Low-Level Exposure to Environmental Lead and Children's Emotional and Behavioral Development at Ages 11-13 Years. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(8), 740-749. 
Canfield, R. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. 2003. Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517-1526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022848
Cantonwine, D., Hu, H., Sanchez, B. N., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Smith, D., Ettinger, A. S., . . . Tellez-Rojo, M. M. 2010a. Critical windows of fetal lead exposure: adverse impacts on length of gestation and risk of premature delivery. J Occup Environ Med, 52(11), 1106-1111. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f86fee
Cantonwine, D., Hu, H., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Sanchez, B. N., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Ettinger, A. S., . . . Wright, R. O. 2010b. HFE gene variants modify the association between maternal lead burden and infant birthweight: a prospective birth cohort study in Mexico City, Mexico. Environ Health, 9, 43. doi:10.1186/1476-069x-9-43
CDC. 2004. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/pdfs/insidecover.pdf
Chandramouli, K., Steer, C. D., Ellis, M., & Emond, A. M. 2009. Effects of early childhood lead exposure on academic performance and behaviour of school age children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 94(11), 844-848. doi:10.1136/adc.2008.149955
Chen, P. C., Pan, I. J., & Wang, J. D. 2006. Parental exposure to lead and small for gestational age births American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49(6), 417-422. 
Cheng, Y., Schwartz, J., Vokonas, P. S., Weiss, S. T., Aro, A., & Hu, H. 1998. Electrocardiographic conduction disturbances in association with low-level lead exposure (the Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol, 82(5), 594-599. 
Chiodo, L. M., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J., Hannigan, J. H., Jannise, J., Ager, J., . . . Delaney-Black, V. 2007. Blood lead levels and specific attention effects in young children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 29, 538-546. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2007.04.001
Chiodo, L. M., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. 2004. Neurodevelopmental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26, 359-371. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.01.010
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo Jr., J. L., . . . National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. 2003. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6), 1206-1252. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2
Chowdhury, A. R., Chinoy, N. J., Gautam, A. K., Rao, R. V., Parikh, D. J., Shah, G. M., . . . Chatterjee, B. B. 1986. Effect of lead on human semen. Adv Contracept Deliv Syst, 2(2-3), 208-210. 
Chowdhury, R., Ramond, A., O'Keeffe, L. M., Shahzad, S., Kunutsor, S. K., Muka, T., . . . Di Angelantonio, E. 2018. Environmental toxic metal contaminants and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 362, k3310. doi:10.1136/bmj.k3310
Chuang, H. Y., Kuo, C. H., Chiu, Y. W., Ho, C. K., Chen, C. J., & Wu, T. N. 2007. A case-control study on the relationship of hearing function and blood concentrations of lead, manganese, arsenic, and selenium. Science of the Total Environment, 387(1-3), 79-85. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.032
Cines, D. B., Pollak, E. S., Buck, C. A., Loscalzo, J., Zimmerman, G. A., McEver, R. P., . . . Stern, D. M. 1998. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood, 91(10), 3527-3561. 
Coria, C., Cabello, A., Tassara, E., Lopez, E., Rosales, H., Perez, M., . . . Kirsten, L. 2009. Long term consequences among children exposed to lead poisoning. Revista Medica de Chile, 137(8), 1037-1044. doi:10.4067/s0034-98872009000800006
Crump, K. S., Van Landingham, C., Bowers, T. S., Cahoy, D., & Chandalia, J. K. 2013. A statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. ( 2005 ) pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children. Crit Rev Toxicol, 43(9), 785-799. doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.832726
Daniels, S. R. 2011. International Differences in Secular Trends in Childhood Blood Pressure: A Puzzle to be Solved. Circulation, 124(4), 378-380. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.042747
de Burbure, C., Buchet, J., Bernard, A., Leroyer, A., Nisse, C., Haguenoer, J., . . . Mutti, A. 2003. Biomarkers of renal effects in children and adults with low environmental exposure to heavy metals. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 66(9), 783-798. 
de Burbure, C., Buchet, J. P., Leroyer, A., Nisse, C., Haguenoer, J. M., Mutti, A., . . . Bernard, A. 2006. Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: Evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 584-590. doi:10.1289/ehp.8202
De Rosa, M., Zarrilli, S., Paesano, L., Carbone, U., Boggia, B., Petretta, M., Maisto, A., Cimmino, F., Puca, G., Colao, A., Lombardi, G. 2003. Traffic pollutants affect fertility in men. Hum Reprod, 18(5), 1055-1061. 
Denham, M., Schell, L. M., Deane, G., Gallo, M. V., Ravenscroft, J., DeCaprio, A. P., & Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment. 2005. Relationship of Lead, Mercury, Mirex, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, Hexachlorobenzene, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Timing of Menarche Among Akwesasne Mohawk Girls. Pediatrics, 15(2), 127-134. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1161
Dietrich, K. N., Berger, O. G., & Succop, P. A. 1993. Lead exposure and the motor developmental status of urban six-year-old children in the Cincinnati Prospective Study. Pediatrics, 91(2), 301-307. 
Dietrich, K. N., Krafft, K. M., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., & Succop, P. A. 1987. The neurobehavioral effects of early lead exposure. Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic(8), 71-95. 
Dietrich, K. N., Ris, M. D., Succop, P. A., Berger, O. G., & Bornschein, R. L. 2001. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23(6), 511-518. doi:10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00184-2
Dietrich, K. N., Succop, P. A., Berger, O. G., & Keith, R. W. 1992. Lead Exposure and the Central Auditory Processing Abilities and Cognitive Development of Urban Children: The Cincinnati Lead Study Cohort at Age 5 Years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 14, 51-56. doi:10.1016/0892-0362(92)90028-9
Ernhart, C. B., Wolf, A. W., Kennard, M. J., Erhard, P., Filipovich, H. F., & Sokol, R. J. 1986. Intrauterine exposure to low levels of lead: the status of the neonate. Archives of Environmental Health, 41(5), 287-291. doi:10.1080/00039896.1986.9936698
Eum, K. N., LH; Schwartz, J; Vokonas, PS; Sparrow, D; Hu, H; Weisskopf, MG. 2011. Prospective cohort study of lead exposure and electrocardiographic conduction disturbances in the Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 490-494. 
Evens, A., Hryhorczuk, D., Lanphear, B. P., Rankin, K. M., Lewis, D. A., Forst, L., & Rosenberg, D. 2015. The impact of low-level lead toxicity on school performance among children in the Chicago Public Schools: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Environ Health, 14, 21. doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0008-9
Ezzati, M., Vander Hoorn, S., Lopez, A., Danaei, G., Rodgers, A., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. 2006. Comparative quantification of mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Fadrowski, J. J., Navas-Acien, A., Tellez-Plaza, M., Guallar, E., Weaver, V. M., & Furth, S. L. 2010. Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170(1), 75-82. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.417
Fagher, U., Laudanski, T., Schutz, A., Sipowicz, M., & Akerlund, M. 1993. The relationship between cadmium and lead burdens and preterm labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 40(2), 109-114. 
Fahim, M. S., Fahim, Z., & Hall, D. G. 1976. Effects of subtoxic lead levels on pregnant women in the state of Missouri. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 13(2), 309-331. 
Faikoglu, R., Savan, K., Utku, C., Takar, N., & Zebitay, A. G. 2006. Significance of maternal plasma lead level in early pregnancy loss. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 41(3), 501-506. doi:10.1080/10934520500428435
Falcon, M., Vinas, P., & Luna, A. 2003. Placental lead and outcome of pregnancy. Toxicology, 185(1-2), 59-66. 
Fang, F., Kwee, L. C., Allen, K. D., Umbach, D. M., Ye, W., Watson, M., . . . Kamel, F. 2010. Association between blood lead and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Epidemiol, 171(10), 1126-1133. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq063
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. 2008. Dentine lead levels in childhood and criminal behaviour in late adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62, 1017. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.072827
Fisher-Fischbein, J., Fischbein, A., Melnick, H. D., & Bardin, C. 1987. Correlation between biochemical indicators of lead exposure and semen quality in a lead-poisoned firearms instructor. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 257(6), 803-805. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390060093031
Forst, L. S., Freels, S., & Persky, V. 1997. Occupational lead exposure and hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med, 39(7), 658-660. 
Froehlich, T. E., Lanphear, B. P., Auinger, P., Hornung, R., Epstein, J. N., Braun, J., & Kahn, R. S. 2009. Association of Tobacco and Lead Exposures With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, 124(6), 1054-1063. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0738
Gao, S., Jin, Y., Unverzagt, F. W., Ma, F., Hall, K. S., Murrell, J. R., . . . Hendrie, H. C. 2008. Trace element levels and cognitive function in rural elderly Chinese. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 63(6), 635-641. 
Gennart, J. P., Buchet, J. P., Roels, H., Ghyselen, P., Ceulemans, E., & Lauwerys, R. 1992. Fertility of male workers exposed to cadmium, lead, or manganese. Am J Epidemiol, 135(11), 1208-1219. 
Gollenberg, A. L., Hediger, M. L., Lee, P. A., Himes, J. H., & Buck Louis, G. M. 2010. Association between Lead and Cadmium and Reproductive Hormones in Peripubertal U.S. Girls. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(12), 1782-1787. doi:10.1289/ehp.1001943
Gomaa, A., Hu, H., Bellinger, D., Schwartz, J., Tsaih, S.-W., Gonzalez-Cossio, T., . . . Hernandez-Avila, M. 2002. Maternal Bone Lead as an Independent Risk Factor for Fetal Neurotoxicity: A Prospective Study. Pediatrics, 110(1), 110-118. 
Gonzalez-Cossio, T., Peterson, K. E., Sanin, L. H., Fishbein, E., Palazuelos, E., Aro, A., . . . Hu, H. 1997. Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone-lead burden. Pediatrics, 100(5), 856-862. 
Guallar, E., Silbergeld, E. K., Navas-Acien, A., Malhotra, S., Astor, B. C., Sharrett, A. R., & Schwartz, B. S. 2006. Confounding of the relation between homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease by lead, cadmium, and renal function. Am J Epidemiol, 163(8), 700-708. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj090
Gulson, B. L., Jameson, C. W., Mahaffey, K. R., Mizon, K. J., Korsch, M. J., & Vimpani, G. 1997. Pregnancy increases mobilization of lead from maternal skeleton. J Lab Clin Med, 130(1), 51-62. 
Gump, B. B., MacKenzie, J. A., Bendinskas, K., Morgan, R., Dumas, A. K., Palmer, C. D., & Parsons, P. J. 2011. Low-level Pb and cardiovascular responses to acute stress in children: The role of cardiac autonomic regulation. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 212-219. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2010.10.001
Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., & Matthews, K. A. 2007. Blood Lead (Pb) Levels: A Potential Environmental Mechanism Explaining the Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Reactivity in Children. Health Psychology, 26(3), 296-304. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.296
Gump, B. B., Stewart, P., Reihman, J., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., Matthews, K. A., & Parsons, P. J. 2005. Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascularfunctioning in 9 (1/2) year old children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 655-665. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2005.04.002
Gundacker, C., Frohlich, S., Graf-Rohrmeister, K., Eibenberger, B., Jessenig, V., Gicic, D., . . . Husslein, P. 2010. Perinatal lead and mercury exposure in Austria. Science of the Total Environment, 408(23), 5744-5749. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.079
Gustavsson, P., Plato, N., Hallqvist, J., Hogstedt, C., Lewne, M., Reuterwall, C., & Scheele, P. 2001. A population-based case-referent study of myocardial infarction and occupational exposure to motor exhaust, other combustion products, organic solvents, lead, and dynamite stockholm heart epidemiology program (SHEEP) study group. Epidemiology, 12(2), 222-228. 
Hauser, R., Sergeyev, O., Korrick, S., Lee, M. M., Revich, B., Gitin, E., . . . Williams, P. L. 2008. Association of Blood Lead Levels with Onset of Puberty in Russian Boys. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(7), 976-980. doi:10.1289/ehp.10516
Hon, K. L. 2011. Concerning heavy metals in childhood eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 22(3), 343-343. 
Hon, K. L., Ching, G. K., Hung, E. C., & Leung, T. 2009. Serum lead levels in childhood eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol, 34(7), e508-e509. 
Hon, K. L., Wang, S. S., Hung, E. C., Lam, H. S., Lui, H. H., Chow, C. M., . . . Leung, T. F. 2010. Serum levels of heavy metals in childhood eczema and skin diseases: friends or foes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 21(5), 831-836. 
Hong, Y. C., Kulkarni, S. S., Lim, Y. H., Kim, E., Ha, M., Park, H., . . . Ha, E. H. 2014. Postnatal growth following prenatal lead exposure and calcium intake. Pediatrics, 134(6), 1151-1159. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1658
Hsu, P. C., Chang, H. Y., Guo, Y. L., Liu, Y. C., & Shih, T. S. 2009. Effect of smoking on blood lead levels in workers and role of reactive oxygen species in lead-induced sperm chromatin DNA damage. Fertil Steril, 91(4), 1096-1103. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.005
Hwang, Y. H., Chiang, H. Y., Yen-Jean, M. C., & Wang, J. D. 2009. The association between low levels of lead in blood and occupational noise-induced hearing loss in steel workers. Science of the Total Environment, 408(1), 43-49. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.016
Ignasiak, Z., Slawinska, T., Rozek, K., Little, B. B., & Malina, R. M. 2006. Lead and growth status of schoolchildren living in the copper basin of south-western Poland: Differential effects on bone growth. Annals of Human Biology, 33(4), 401-414. doi:10.1080/03014460600730752
International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2006. Preamble to the IARC Monographs. Retrieved from http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb6evalrationale0706.php
Iranpour, R., Besharati, A. A., Nasseri, F., Hashemipour, M., Balali-Mood, M., & Kelishadi, R. 2007. Comparison of blood lead levels of mothers and cord blood in intrauterine growth retarded neonates and normal term neonates. Saudi Med J, 28(6), 877-880. 
Jain, N. B., Potula, V., Schwartz, J., Vokonas, P. S., Sparrow, D., Wright, R. O., . . . Hu, H. 2007. Lead levels and ischemic heart disease in a prospective study of middle-aged and elderly men: the VA Normative Aging Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(6), 871-875. doi:10.1289/ehp.9629
Janjua, N. Z., Delzell, E., Larson, R. R., Meleth, S., Kristensen, S., Kabagambe, E., & Sathiakumar, N. 2009. Determinants of low birth weight in urban Pakistan. Public Health Nutr, 12(6), 789-798. doi:10.1017/s1368980008002942
Jedrychowski, W., Perera, F., Maugeri, U., Miller, R. L., Rembiasz, M., Flak, E., . . . Zembala, M. 2011. Intrauterine exposure to lead may enhance sensitization to common inhalant allergens in early childhood: A prospective prebirth cohort study. Environmental Research, 111(1), 119-124. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.002
Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L. L., Miles, S. Q., Courtney, J. G., Materna, B., & Charlton, V. 2006. Effect of magnitude and timing of maternal pregnancy blood lead (Pb) levels on birth outcomes. J Perinatol, 26(3), 154-162. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211453
Jhun, H. J., Kim, H., & Paek, D. M. 2005. The association between blood metal concentrations and heart rate variability: a cross-sectional study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 78(3), 243-247. doi:10.1007/s00420-004-0591-5
Joseph, C. L. M., Havstad, S., Ownby, D. R., Peterson, E. L., Maliarik, M., McCabe Jr., M. J., . . . Johnson, C. C. 2005. Blood Lead Level and Risk of Asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 900-904. doi:10.1289/ehp.7453
Jusko, T. A., Henderson Jr., C. R., Lanphear, B. P., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Parson, P. J., & Canfield, R. L. 2008. Blood Lead Concentrations < 10 ìg/dL and Child Intelligence at 6 Years of Age. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(2), 243-248. doi:10.1289/ehp.10424
Kafourou, A., Touloumi, G., Makropoulos, V., Loutradi, A., Papanagiotou, A., & Hatzakis, A. 1997. Effects of Lead on the Somatic Growth of Children. Archives of Environmental Health, 52(5), 377-383. doi:10.1080/00039899709602214
Kamel, F., Umbach, D. M., Hu, H., Munsat, T. L., Shefner, J. M., Taylor, J. A., & Sandler, D. P. 2005. Lead exposure as a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis, 2(3-4), 195-201. doi:10.1159/000089625
Kamel, F., Umbach, D. M., Lehman, T. A., Park, L. P., Munsat, T. L., Shefner, J. M., . . . Taylor, J. A. 2003. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lead, and genetic susceptibility: polymorphisms in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and vitamin D receptor genes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(10), 1335-1339. 
Kamel, F., Umbach, D. M., Munsat, T. L., Shefner, J. M., Hu, H., & Sandler, D. P. 2002. Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Epidemiology, 13(3), 311-319. 
Karmaus, W., Brooks, K. R., Nebe, T., Witten, J., Obi-Osius, N., & Kruse, H. 2005. Immune function biomarkers in children exposed to lead and organochlorine compounds: a cross-sectional study. Environmental Health, 4(5). doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-5
Kasperczyk, A., Kasperczyk, S., Horak, S., Ostalowska, A., Grucka-Mamczar, E., Romuk, E., . . . Birkner, E. 2008. Assessment of semen function and lipid peroxidation among lead exposed men. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 228(3), 378-384. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.024
Kasprzak, K. S., Hoover, K. L., & Poirier, L. A. 1985. Effects of dietary calcium acetate on lead subacetate carcinogenicity in kidneys of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis, 6(2), 279-282. 
Khalil, N., Wilson, J. W., Talbott, E. O., Morrow, L. A., Hochberg, M. C., Hillier, T. A., . . . Cauley, J. A. 2009. Association of blood lead concentrations with mortality in older women: a prospective cohort study. Environmental Health, 8(15). doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-15
Khan, D. A., Qayyum, S., Saleem, S., Ansari, W. M., & Khan, F. A. 2010. Lead exposure and its adverse health effects among occupational worker's children. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(8), 497-504. doi:10.1177/0748233710373085
Kim, K. R., Lee, S. W., Paik, N. W., & Choi, K. 2008. Low-level lead exposure among South Korean lead workers, and estimates of associated risk of cardiovascular diseases. J Occup Environ Hyg, 5(6), 399-416. doi:10.1080/15459620802081587
Kim, R., Rotnitsky, A., Sparrow, D., Weiss, S. T., Wager, C., & Hu, H. 1996. A longitudinal study of low-level lead exposure and impairment of renal function The Normative Aging Study. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(15), 1177-1181. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530390043032
Koller, L. D., Kerkvliet, N. I., & Exon, J. H. 1985. Neoplasia Induced in Male Rats Fed Lead Acetate, Ethyl Urea, and Sodium Nitrite. Toxicologic Pathology, 13(1), 50-57. 
Kordas, K., Ettinger, A. S., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Hernandez-Avila, M., Hu, H., & Wright, R. O. 2009. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR) C677T, A1298C and G1793A genotypes, and the relationship between maternal folate intake, tibia lead and infant size at birth. Br J Nutr, 102(6), 907-914. doi:10.1017/s0007114509318280
Kordas, K., Lopez, P., Rosado, J. L., Vargas, G. G., Rico, J. A., Ronquillo, D., . . . Stoltzfus, R. J. 2004. Blood Lead, Anemia, and Short Stature Are Independently Associated with Cognitive Performance in Mexican School Children. Community and International Nutrition, 363-371. 
Lai, L. H., Chou, S. Y., Wu, F. Y., Chen, J. J. H., & Kuo, H. W. 2008. Renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia with low blood lead levels and ethnicity in community-based study. Science of the Total Environment, 401(1-3), 39-43. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.004
Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Hernandez-Avila, M., Trejo-Valdivia, B., Solano-Gonzalez, M., Mercado-Garcia, A., . . . Wright, R. O. 2007. Association between the plasma/whole blood lead ratio and history of spontaneous abortion: a nested cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 7, 22. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-7-22
Lancranjan, I., Popescu, H. I., O, G. A., Klepsch, I., & Serbanescu, M. 1975. Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health, 30(8), 396-401. 
Lanphear, B. P., Dietrich, K., Auinger, P., & Cox, C. 2000. Cognitive Deficits Associated with Blood Lead Concentrations <10 pg/dL in US Children and Adolescents. Public Health Reports, 115, 521-529. 
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P. A., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. 2005. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894-899. doi:10.1289/ehp.7688
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. (2019). Erratum: "Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis". Environ Health Perspect, 127(9), 99001. doi:10.1289/EHP5685
Lanphear, B. P., Rauch, S., Auinger, P., Allen, R. W., & Hornung, R. W. 2018. Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e177-e184. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30025-2
Lee, T. H., Tseng, M. C., Chen, C. J., & Lin, J. L. 2009. Association of high body lead store with severe intracranial carotid atherosclerosis. NeuroToxicology, 30(6), 876-880. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.004
Lerda, D. 1992. Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Am J Ind Med, 22(4), 567-571. 
Leviton, A., Bellinger, D., Allred, E. N., Rabinowitz, M., Needleman, H., & Schoenbaum, S. 1993. Pre- and Postnatal Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children's Dysfunction in School. Environmental Research, 60, 30-43. doi:10.1006/enrs.1993.1003
Lindbohm, M. L., Hemminki, K., Bonhomme, M. G., Anttila, A., Rantala, K., Heikkila, P., & Rosenberg, M. J. 1991. Effects of paternal occupational exposure on spontaneous abortions. Am J Public Health, 81(8), 1029-1033. 
Little, B. B., Spalding, S., Walsh, B., Keyes, D. C., Wainer, J., Pickens, S., . . . Gratton, T. 2009. Blood lead levels and growth status among AfricanAmerican and Hispanic children in Dallas, Texas 1980 and 2002: Dallas Lead Project II. Annals of Human Biology, 1-11. doi:10.1080/03014460902806615
Liu, J., Xu, X., Wu, K., Piao, Z., Huang, J., Guo, Y., . . . Huo, X. 2011. NeuroToxicology. 32(458-464). doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.03.012
Llanos, M. N., & Ronco, A. M. 2009. Fetal growth restriction is related to placental levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic but not with antioxidant activities. Reprod Toxicol, 27(1), 88-92. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.11.057
Loiacono, N. J., Graziano, J. H., Kline, J. K., Popovac, D., Ahmedi, X., Gashi, E., . . . Rajovic, B. 1992. Placental cadmium and birthweight in women living near a lead smelter. Arch Environ Health, 47(4), 250-255. doi:10.1080/00039896.1992.9938357
Louis, E. D., Applegate, L., Graziano, J. H., Parides, M., Slavkovich, V., & Bhat, H. K. 2005. Interaction between blood lead concentration and delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene polymorphisms increases the odds of essential tremor. Mov Disord, 20(9), 1170-1177. doi:10.1002/mds.20565
Louis, E. D., Factor-Litvak, P., Gerbin, M., Slavkovich, V., Graziano, J. H., Jiang, W., & Zheng, W. 2011. Blood harmane, blood lead, and severity of hand tremor: evidence of additive effects. NeuroToxicology, 32(2), 227-232. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.002
Lutz, P. M., Wilson, T. J., Ireland, J., Jones, A. L., Gorman, J. S., Gale, N. L., . . . Hewett, J. E. 1999. Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in children with exposure to environmental lead. Toxicology, 134(1), 63-78. 
Mahmoud, A., Kiss, P., Vanhoorne, M., De Bacquer, D., & Comhaire, F. 2005. Is inhibin B involved in the toxic effect of lead on male reproduction? Int J Androl, 28(3), 150-155. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00524.x
McMichael, A. J., Vimpani, G. V., Robertson, E. F., Baghurst, P. A., & Clark, P. D. 1986. The Port Pirie cohort study: maternal blood lead and preganancy outcome. J Epidemiol Community lth, 40(1), 18-25. 
Menke, A., Muntner, P., Batuman, V., Silbergeld, E. K., & Guallar, E. 2006. Blood lead below 0.48 micromol/L (10 microg/dL) and mortality among US adults. Circulation, 114(13), 1388-1394. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.628321
Min, M. O., Singer, L. T., Kirchner, H. L., Minnes, S., Short, E., Hussain, Z., & Nelson, S. 2009. Cognitive development and low-level lead exposure in poly-drug exposed children. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 31(4), 225-231. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.03.002
Miranda, M. L., Kim, D., Reiter, J., Overstreet Galeano, M. A., & Maxson, P. 2009. Environmental contributors to the achievement gap. NeuroToxicology, 30(6), 1019-1024. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.012.
Moller, L., & Kristensen, T. S. 1992. Blood Lead as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(9), 1091-1100. 
Mortada, W., Sobh MA, El-Defrawy MM. 2004. The exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from smoking and its impact on renal integrity. Med Sci Monit, 10(3), CR112-116. 
Mt. Sinai Medical Center. 2012. Bone Lead X-Ray Fluorescence Testing Facility. 
Muldoon, S. B., Cauley, J. A., Kuller, L. H., Morrow, L., Needleman, H. L., Scott, J., & Hooper, F. J. 1996. Effects of blood lead levels on cognitive function of older women. Neuroepidemiology, 15(2), 62-72. 
Muntner, P., He, J., Vupputuri, S., Coresh, J., & Batuman, V. 2003. Blood lead and chronic kidney disease in the general United States population: Results from NHANES III. Kidney International, 63(3), 1044-1050. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00812.x
Muntner, P., Menke, A., DeSalvo, K. B., Rabito, F. A., & Batuman, V. 2005. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(18), 2155-2161. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.18.2155
Naha, N., Bhar, R. B., Mukherjee, A., & Chowdhury, A. R. 2005. Structural alteration of spermatozoa in the persons employed in lead acid battery factory. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 49(2), 153-162. 
Naha, N., & Chowdhury, A. R. 2006. Inorganic lead exposure in battery and paint factory: effect on human sperm structure and functional activity. J UOEH, 28(2), 157-171. 
Naha, N., & Manna, B. 2007. Mechanism of lead induced effects on human spermatozoa after occupational exposure. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 5(1), 85-94. 
Naicker, N., Norris, S. A., Mathee, A., Becker, P., & Richter, L. 2010. Lead exposure is associated with a delay in the onset of puberty in South African adolescent females: Findings from the Birth to Twenty cohort. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 4949-4954. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.037
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013. What are the parts of the nervous system?  
National Library of Medicine. 2015. Glomerular Filtration Rate. Medline Plus. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007305.htm
National Toxicology Program. 2004. Eleventh report on carcinogens: Lead (CAS no 7439-92-1) and lead compounds http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf
National Toxicology Program. 2012. Prepublication Copy: NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead. 
Navas-Acien, A., Schwartz, B. S., Rothenberg, S. J., Hu, H., Silbergeld, E. K., & Guallar, E. 2008. Bone lead levels and blood pressure endpoints: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology, 19(3), 496-504. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31816a2400.
Navas-Acien, A., Selvin, E., Sharrett, A. R., Calderon-Aranda, E., Silbergeld, E., & Guallar, E. 2004. Lead, cadmium, smoking, and increased risk of peripheral arterial disease. Circulation, 109(25), 3196-3201. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000130848.18636.b2
Navas-Acien, A., Tellez-Plaza, M., Guallar, E., Muntner, P., Silbergeld, E., Jaar, B., & Weaver, V. 2009. Blood cadmium and lead and chronic kidney disease in US adults: A joint analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170(9), 1156-1164. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp248
Nawrot, T. S., Thijs, L., Den Hond, E. M., Roels, H. A., & Staessen, J. A. 2002. An epidemiological re-appraisal of the association between blood pressure and blood lead: a meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens, 16(2), 123-131. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001300
Needleman, H. L., Schell, A., Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., & Allred, E. 1990. The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood An 11-Year Follow-up Report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 322(2), 83-88. 
Neuspiel, D. R., Markowitz, M., & Drucker, E. 1994. Intrauterine cocaine, lead, and nicotine exposure and fetal growth. Am J Public Health, 84(9), 1492-1495. 
Nicolescu, R., Petcu, C., Cordeanu, A., Fabritius, K., Schlumpf, M., Krebs, R., . . . Winneke, G. 2010. Environmental exposure to lead, but not other neuro toxic metals,relates to core elements of ADHD in Romanian children: Performance and questionnaire data. Environmental Research, 110, 476-483. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.04.002
Nishioka, E., Yokoyama, K., Matsukawa, T., Vigeh, M., Hirayama, S., Ueno, T., . . . Takeda, S. 2014. Evidence that birth weight is decreased by maternal lead levels below 5 ug/dl in male newborns. Reprod Toxicol, 47, 21-26. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.007
Nordberg, M., Winblad, B., Fratiglioni, L., & Basun, H. 2000. Lead concentrations in elderly urban people related to blood pressure and mental performance: results from a population-based study. Am J Ind Med, 38(3), 290-294. 
Odland, J. O., Nieboer, E., Romanova, N., Thomassen, Y. 2004. Elements in placenta and pregnancy outcome in arctic and subarctic areas. Int J Circumpolar Health, 63(2), 169-187. 
Osman, K., Akesson, A., Berglund, M., Bremme, K., Schutz, A., Ask, K., & Vahter, M. 2000. Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women. Clin Biochem, 33(2), 131-138. 
Park, S. K., Elmarsafawy, S., Mukherjee, B., Spiro, A., 3rd, Vokonas, P. S., Nie, H., . . . Hu, H. 2010. Cumulative lead exposure and age-related hearing loss: the VA Normative Aging Study. Hear Res, 269(1-2), 48-55. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2010.07.004
Park, S. K., Mukherjee, B., Xia, X., Sparrow, D., Weisskopf, M. G., Nie, H., & Hu, H. 2009. Bone lead level prediction models and their application to examine the relationship of lead exposure and hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Occup Environ Med, 51(12), 1422-1436. 
Park, S. K., O'Neill, M. S., Vokonas, P. S., Sparrow, D., Wright, R. O., Coull, B., . . . Schwartz, J. 2008. Air Pollution and Heart Rate Variability: Effect Modification by Chronic Lead Exposure. Epidemiology, 19(1), 111-120. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c408a
Park, S. K., Schwartz, J., Weisskopf, M., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P. S., Wright, R. O., . . . Hu, H. 2006. Low-Level Lead Exposure, Metabolic Syndrome, and Heart Rate Variability: The VA Normative Aging Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(11), 1718-1724. doi:10.1289/ehp.8992
Patel, A. B., & Prabhu, A. S. 2009. Determinants of lead level in umbilical cord blood. Indian Pediatr, 46(9), 791-793. 
Payton, M., Hu, H., Sparrow, D., & Weiss, S. T. 1994. Low-level lead exposure and renal function in the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140(9), 821-829. 
Payton, M., Riggs, K. M., Spiro, A., 3rd, Weiss, S. T., & Hu, H. 1998. Relations of bone and blood lead to cognitive function: the VA Normative Aging Study. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 20(1), 19-27. 
Perkins, M., Wright, R. O., Amarasiriwardena, C. J., Jayawardene, I., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., & Oken, E. 2014. Very low maternal lead level in pregnancy and birth outcomes in an eastern Massachusetts population. Ann Epidemiol, 24(12), 915-919. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.007
Peters, J., Kubzansky L, McNeely E, Schwartz J, Spiro A, Sparrow D, Wright RO, Nie H, Hu H. 2007. Stress as a potential modifier of the impact of lead levels on blood pressure: the normative aging study. Epidemiology, 17(5), 531-537. 
Poręba, R., Gać, P., Poręba, M., Antonowicz-Juchniewicz, J., & Andrzejak, R. 2011a. Relationship between occupational exposure to lead and local arterial stiffness and left ventricular diastolic function in individuals with arterial hypertension. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 254(3), 342-348. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.009
Pugh Smith, P., & Nriagu, J. O. 2011. Lead poisoning and asthma among low-income and African American children in Saginaw, Michigan. Environmental Research, 111, 81-86. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.007
Rabinowitz, M. B. 1991. Toxicokinetics of bone lead. Environmental Health Perspectives, 91, 33-37. 
Rabinowitz, M. B., Allred, E. N., Bellinger, D. C., Leviton, A., & Needleman, H. L. 1990. Lead and Childhood Propensity to Infectious and Allergic Disorders: Is There an Association? Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44, 657-660. 
Rabinowitz, M. B., Wang, J. D., & Soong, W. T. 1992. Children's Classroom Behavior and Lead in Taiwan. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 282-288. 
Rabito, F. A., Kocak, M., Werthmann, D. W., Tylavsky, F. A., Palmer, C. D., & Parsons, P. J. 2014. Changes in low levels of lead over the course of pregnancy and the association with birth outcomes. Reprod Toxicol, 50, 138-144. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.10.006
Rahman, A., & Hakeem, A. 2003. Blood lead levels during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome in Karachi women. J Pak Med Assoc, 53(11), 529-533. 
Rajan, P., Kelsey, K. T., Schwartz, J. D., Bellinger, D. C., Weuve, J., Sparrow, D., . . . Wright, R. O. 2007. Lead burden and psychiatric symptoms and the modifying influence of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism: the VA Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol, 166(12), 1400-1408. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm220
Rhodes, D., Spiro, A., 3rd, Aro, A., & Hu, H. 2003. Relationship of bone and blood lead levels to psychiatric symptoms: the normative aging study. J Occup Environ Med, 45(11), 1144-1151. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000094995.23808.7b
Ris, M. D., Dietrich, K. N., Succop, P. A., Berger, O. G., & Bornschein, R. L. 2004. Early exposure to lead and neuropsychological outcome in adolescence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 10(2), 261-270. doi:10.1017/s1355617704102154
Robins, T. G., Bornman, M. S., Ehrlich, R. I., Cantrell, A. C., Pienaar, E., Vallabh, J., & Miller, S. 1997. Semen quality and fertility of men employed in a South African lead acid battery plant. Am J Ind Med, 32(4), 369-376. 
Rothenberg, S., Poblano, A., & Garza-Morales, S. 1994. Prenatal and perinatal low level lead exposure alters brainstem auditory evoked responses in infants. NeuroToxicology, 15(3), 695-700. 
Rothenberg, S. J., Khan, F., Manalo, M., Jiang, J., Cuellar, R., Reyes, S., . . . Johnson, C. 2000a. Maternal bone lead contribution to blood lead during and after pregnancy. Environ Res, 82(1), 81-90. doi:10.1006/enrs.1999.4007
Rothenberg, S. J., Poblano, A., & Schnaas, L. 2000b. Brainstem auditory evoked response at five years and prenatal and postnatal blood lead. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22, 503-510. 
Rothenberg, S. J., Schnaas-Arrieta, L., Perez, -. G., I.A., Perroni-Hernandez, E., Mercardo-Torres, L., Gomez-Ruiz, C., & Zea, F. 1993. Prenatal and Postnatal Blood Lead Levels and Head Circumference in Children to Three Years: Preliminary Results from the Mexico City Prospective Lead Study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 3(1), 165-172. 
Rothenberg, S. J., Schnaas, L., Perroni, E., Hernandez, R. M., Martinez, S., & Hernandez, C. 1999. Pre- and postnatal lead effect on head circumference: a case for critical periods. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 21(1), 1-11. 
Roy, A., Bellinger, D., Hu, H., Schwartz, J., Ettinger, A. S., Wright, R. O., . . . Balakrishnan, K. 2009. Lead Exposure and Behavior among Young Children in Chennai, India. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(10). doi:10.1289/ehp.0900625
Ruiz-Hernandez, A., Navas-Acien, A., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Crainiceanu, C. M., Redon, J., Guallar, E., & Tellez-Plaza, M. 2017. Declining exposures to lead and cadmium contribute to explaining the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in the US population, 1988-2004. Int J Epidemiol, 46(6), 1903-1912. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx176
Sallmen, M., Lindbohm, M. L., Anttila, A., Taskinen, H., & Hemminki, K. 2000a. Time to pregnancy among the wives of men occupationally exposed to lead. Epidemiology, 11(2), 141-147. 
Sallmen, M., Lindbohm, M. L., & Nurminen, M. 2000b. Paternal exposure to lead and infertility. Epidemiology, 11(2), 148-152. 
Schell, L. M., Denham, M., Stark, A. D., Parsons, P. J., & Schulte, E. E. 2009. Growth of infants' length, weight, head and arm circumferences in relation to low levels of blood lead measured serially. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(2), 180-187. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20842
Schober, S. E., Mirel, L. B., Graubard, B. I., Brody, D. J., & Flegal, K. M. 2006. Blood Lead Levels and Death from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Results from the NHANES III Mortality Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(10), 1538-1541. doi:10.1289/ehp.9123
Schultz, K. T., & Grieder, F. 1987. Structure and Function of the Immune System. Toxicologic Pathology, 15(3), 262-264. doi:10.1177/019262338701500301
Schwartz, J., & Otto, D. 1987. Blood Lead, Hearing Thresholds, and Neurobehavioral Development in Children and Youth. Archives of Environmental Health, 42(2). 
Schwartz, J., & Otto, D. 1991. Lead and minor hearing impairment. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, 46(5), 300-305. doi:10.1080/00039896.1991.9934391
Scinicariello, F., Yesupriya, A., Chang, M. H., & Fowler, B. A. 2010. Modification by ALAD of the Association between Blood Lead and Blood Pressure in the U.S. Population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 259-264. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900866
Selevan, S. G., Hornung, R., Kissling, G. E., Cottrill, C., & Leffingwell, S. G. 1984. Reproductive Outcomes in Wives of Lead Exposed Workers. 
Selevan, S. G., Rice, D. C., Hogan, K. A., Euling, S. Y., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., & Bethel, J. 2003. Blood Lead Concentration and Delayed Puberty in Girls. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1527-1536. 
Shiau, C. Y., Wang, J. D., & Chen, P. C. 2004. Decreased fecundity among male lead workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(11), 915-923. doi:10.1136/oem.2004.014944
Shih, R. A., Glass, T. A., Bandeen-Roche, K., Carlson, M. C., Bolla, K. I., Todd, A. C., & Schwartz, B. S. 2006. Environmental lead exposure and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Neurology, 67(9), 1556-1562. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000239836.26142.c5
Sowers, M., Jannausch, M., Scholl, T., Li, W., Kemp, F. W., & Bogden, J. D. 2002. Blood lead concentrations and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Environ Health, 57(5), 489-495. doi:10.1080/00039890209601442
Srivastava, S., Mehrotra, P. K., Srivastava, S., Tandon, I., & Siddiqui, M. K. 2001. Blood lead and zinc in pregnant women and their offspring in intrauterine growth retardation cases. J Anal Toxicol, 25(6), 461-465. 
Staessen, J. A., Lauwerys, R. R., Buchet, J. P., Bulpitt, C. J., Rondia, D., VanRenterghem, Y., & Amery, A. 1992. Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations in the general population. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(3), 151-156. doi:10.1056/nejm199207163270303
Staessen, J. A., Nawrot, T., Hond, E. D., Thijs, L., Fagard, R., Hoppenbrouwers, K., . . . Roels, H. A. 2001. Renal function, cytogenetic measurements, and sexual development in adolescents in relation to environmental pollutants: a feasibility study of biomarkers. The Lancet, 357. 
Staessen, J. A., Yeoman, W.B., Fletcher, A.E., Markowe, H.L., Mrmot, M.G., Rose, G., Semmence, A., Shipley, M.J., Bulpitt, C.J. 1990. Blood lead concentration, renal function, and blood pressure in London civil servants. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47(7), 442-447. 
Steinthorsdottir, S. D., Eliasdottir, S. B., Indridason, O. S., Agustsdottir, I. M., Palsson, R., & Edvardsson, V. O. 2011. Prevalence of Hypertension in 9- to 10-Year-Old Icelandic School Children. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 13(10), 774-779. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00496.x
Sun, L., Hu, J., Zhao, Z., Li, L., & Cheng, H. 2009. Influence of exposure to environmental lead on serum immunoglobulin in preschool children. Environ Res, 92(2), 124-128. 
Taylor, C. M., Golding, J., & Emond, A. M. 2014. Adverse effects of maternal lead levels on birth outcomes in the ALSPAC study: a prospective birth cohort study. Bjog, 122(3), 322-328. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12756
Taylor, C. M., Tilling, K., Golding, J., & Emond, A. M. 2016. Low level lead exposure and pregnancy outcomes in an observational birth cohort study: dose-response relationships. BMC Res Notes, 9, 291. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2092-5
Telisman, S., Cvitkovic, P., Jurasovic, J., Pizent, A., Gavella, M., & Rocic, B. 2000. Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(1), 45-53. 
Tomoum, H. Y., Mostafa, G. A., Ismail, N. A., & Ahmed, S. M. 2010. Lead exposure and its association with pubertal development in school-age Egyptian children: Pilot study. Pediatrics International, 52, 89-93. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02893.x
Torres-Sanchez, L. E., Berkowitz, G., Lopez-Carrillo, L., Torres-Arreola, L., Rios, C., & Lopez-Cervantes, M. 1999. Intrauterine lead exposure and preterm birth. Environ Res, 81(4), 297-301. doi:10.1006/enrs.1999.3984
Tsaih, S. W., Korrick, S., Schwartz, J., Amarasiriwardena, C., Aro, A., Sparrow, D., & Hu, H. 2004. Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: The normative aging study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(11), 1178-1182. doi:10.1289/ehp.7024
U.S. EPA. 2006. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. EPA/600/R-05/114aF, Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment. 
U.S. EPA. 2013. Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. EPA/600/R-10/075F. Research Triangle Park, NC. 
Van Esch, G. J., & Kroes, R. 1969. THE INDUCTION OF RENAL TUMOURS BY FEEDING BASIC LEAD ACETATE TO MICE AND HAMSTERS. 
Vigeh, M., Yokoyama, K., Seyedaghamiri, Z., Shinohara, A., Matsukawa, T., Chiba, M., & Yunesian, M. 2011. Blood lead at currently acceptable levels may cause preterm labour. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68(3), 231-234. doi:10.1136/oem.2009.050419
Viskum, S., Rabjerg, L., Jorgensen, P. J., & Grandjean, P. 1999. Improvement in semen quality associated with decreasing occupational lead exposure. Am J Ind Med, 35(3), 257-263. 
Wang, C. L., Chuang, H. Y., Ho, C. K., Yang, C. Y., Tsai, J. L., Wu, T. S., & Wu, T. N. 2002. Relationship between Blood Lead Concentrations and Learning Achievement among Primary School Children in Taiwan1. Environmental Research, 89, 12-18. doi:10.1006/enrs.2002.4342
Wang, H. L., Chen, X. T., Yang, B., Ma, F. L., Wang, S., Tang, M. L., . . . Ruan, D. Y. 2008. Case - Control Study of Blood Lead Levels and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10), 1401-1406. doi:10.1289/ehp.11400
Ward, N. I., Durrant, S., Snakey, R. J., Bound, J. P., & Bryce-Smith, D. 1990. Elemental Factors in Human Fetal Development. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, 1(1), 19-26. 
Ward, N. I., Watson, R., & Bryce-Smith, D. 1987. Placental element levels in relation to fetal development for obstetrically "normal" births: a study of 37 elements. International Journal of Biosocial Research, 9(1), 63-81. 
Wasserman, G. A., Liu, X., Pine, D. S., & Graziano, J. H. 2001. Contribution of maternal smoking during pregnancy and lead exposure to early child behavior problems. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23, 13-21. 
Weisskopf, M. G., Jain, N., Nie, H., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P., Schwartz, J., & Hu, H. 2009. A Prospective Study of Bone Lead Concentration and Death From All Causes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer in the Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Bone Lead and Mortality, 120, 1056-1064. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827121
Weisskopf, M. G., Sparrow, D., Hu, H., & Power, M. C. 2015. Biased Exposure-Health Effect Estimates from Selection in Cohort Studies: Are Environmental Studies at Particular Risk? Environ Health Perspect, 123(11), 1113-1122. doi:10.1289/ehp.1408888
Wells, E. M., Jarrett, J. M., Lin, Y. H., Caldwell, K. L., Hibbeln, J. R., Apelberg, B. J., . . . Goldman, L. R. 2011. Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns. Environ Res, 111(3), 411-417. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.009
Weuve, J., Korrick, S. A., Weisskopf, M. G., Ryan, L. M., Schwartz, J., Nie, H., . . . Hu, H. 2009. Cumulative exposure to lead in relation to cognitive function in older women. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(4), 574-580. doi:10.1289/ehp.11846
Wibberly, D. G., Khera, A.K., Edwards, J.H., Rushton, D.I. 1977. Lead levels in human placentae from normal and malformed births. J Med Genet, 14(5), 339-345. 
Williams, P. L., Sergeyev, O., Lee, M. M., Korrick, S. A., Burns, J. S., Humblet, O., . . . Hauser, R. 2010. Blood Lead Levels and Delayed Onset of Puberty in a Longitudinal Study of Russian Boys. Pediatrics, 125(5), 1088-1096. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2575
Wolff, M. S., Britton, J. A., Boguski, L., Hochman, S., Maloney, N., Serra, N., . . . Forman, J. 2008. Environmental Exposures and Puberty in Inner-City Girls. Environmental Research, 107(3), 393-400. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.006
Wright, J. B., Dietrich, K. N., Douglas Ris, M., Hornung, R., Wessel, S. D., Lanphear, B. P., . . . Rae, M. N. 2008. Association of Prenatal and Childhood Blood Lead Concentrations with Criminal Arrests in Early Adulthood. PLoS Med, 5(5), 0732-0740. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050101
Wright, R. O., Tsaih, S. W., Schwartz, J., Spiro, A., 3rd, McDonald, K., Weiss, S. T., & Hu, H. 2003. Lead exposure biomarkers and mini-mental status exam scores in older men. Epidemiology, 14(6), 713-718. doi:10.1097/01.EDE.0000081988.85964.db
Wu, T., Buck, G. M., & Mendola, P. 2003. Blood Lead Levels and Sexual Maturation in U.S. Girls: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 - 1994. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(5), 737-741. doi:10.1289/ehp.6008
Yin, Y., Zhang, T., Dai, Y., Bao, Y., Chen, X., & Lu, X. 2008. The effect of plasma lead on anembryonic pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1140, 184-189. doi:10.1196/annals.1454.042
Zeller, I., Knoflach, M., Seubert, A., Kreutmayer, S., Stelzmuller, M., Wallnoefer, E., . . . Bernhard, D. 2010. Lead contributes to arterial intimal hyperplasia through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-mediated endothelial interleukin 8 synthesis and subsequent invasion of smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 30(9), 1733-1740. 
Zentner, L. E., Rondó, P. H., & Mastroeni, S. S. 2006. Lead contamination and anthropometry of the newborn baby. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 52(5), 369-371. doi:10.1093/tropej/fml009
Zhu, M., Fitzgerald, E. F., Gelberg, K. H., Lin, S., & Druschel, C. M. 2010. Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1471-1475. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901561

: Adverse Health Effects Associated with Copper Exposures
Although copper is an essential trace element required for several metabolic processes, excess copper intake is toxic and linked to various adverse health effects. Copper is common in human diets: the average adult ingests approximately 1 mg/day, and absorbs approximately half of that amount (National Research Council, 2000). Copper is necessary for many physiological functions including aerobic metabolism, immune and cardiac function, glucose metabolism regulation, and essential for adequate human growth. Additionally, copper deficiency has been linked to altered cholesterol metabolism, and anemia and bone-marrow abnormalities among children (Bost et al., 2016; National Research Council, 2000). The National Academy of Science has set a Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for copper in healthy adults of 0.9 mg/day, and RDAs ranging from 0.34 mg/day to 0.7 mg/day for children 1 years up to 13 years old (Institute of Medicine, 2001). RDAs represent the necessary daily amount of copper needed for normal metabolic functions. The National Academy of Science also developed Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for copper, which range from 1 mg/day for children 1-3 years of age to 10 mg/day for adults, including pregnant mothers. These UL values are contentious, as varying concentrations of excess copper intake have been found to cause excess retention in the body, leading to adverse health effects (Turnlund, Keyes, Kim, & Domek, 2005).
Studies show that adverse gastrointestinal and hepatic effects are associated with high copper ingestion. Acute gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common adverse effect observed among adults and children. Chronic hepatic effects are also a concern, particularly for those with Wilson's disease and children pre-disposed to genetic cirrhosis syndromes. These diseases disrupt copper homeostasis, leading to excess accumulation that can be worsened by excess copper ingestion (National Research Council, 2000). 
This appendix provides a qualitative discussion of the adult and child health effects associated with ingested copper exposure, which are anticipated to be reduced by the rule. The monetary value associated with the benefits of the Final LCRR are not quantified in this section because quantitative changes in exposure were not estimated. 
The health effects discussed in this Appendix were identified using various sources. The US DHHS Toxicological Profile for Copper (ATSDR, 2004) provides a comprehensive review of all effects associated with copper exposure in literature before 2004. The National Research Council's Copper in Drinking Water provides a comprehensive review of effects associated with ingesting copper via drinking water in literature before 2000. An additional search was conducted to identify studies published after 2004. However, these health effects are not expected to occur at the concentrations currently found in public drinking water systems that are in compliance with the previous LCR.  In testing recently conducted by 22 large public water systems, the 90[th] percentiles of copper concentrations were below those expected to result in gastrointestinal symptoms, with values ranging from 0.007 to 0.8 mg/L (Consumer Confidence Reports). The action level for copper is 1.3mg/L.
Acute Gastrointestinal Distress
Copper exposure via drinking water has been linked to gastrointestinal distress, most often nausea and vomiting, and less often, diarrhea and abdominal pain (ATSDR, 2004), however, as described below these levels were higher than are found in most U.S. water in compliance with the previous LCR. The gastrointestinal system absorbs 12-60% of ingested copper and is suggested as an explanation for gastrointestinal effects (de Romana, Olivares, Uauy, & Araya, 2011; Wapnir, 1998). Copper absorption primarily occurs in the duodenum, but also the stomach and distal part of the small intestine. Copper is then transported to the liver via the portal vein (Bost et al., 2016; Kodama, C., & Bhadhprasit, 2012). Since the literature on this endpoint primarily examines adults, gastrointestinal effects discussed in this section pertain to healthy adults unless otherwise specified. 
Many studies have found nausea to be the primary acute health effect of a single exposure to copper in drinking water among healthy adults. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) EPA established in the NPDWR for Copper is 1.3 mg/L. The MCLG is the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, allowing an adequate margin of safety.The Toxicological Profile for Copper, in proposing a Minimal Risk Level (MRL) for Copper, summarized a series of experimental studies in which healthy adults were exposed to a single dose of copper in drinking water at concentrations ranging from 0 to 12 mg/L (ATSDR, 2004). The primary symptom was acute nausea, typically within 15 minutes after ingestion, and vomiting. In deriving their acute exposure MRL, ATSDR used a NOAEL of 0.0272 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.7 mg/day for a 64 kg woman). ATSDR also reported a low-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 5 mg/L (0.096 mg/kg/day) for nausea, vomiting and/or abdominal pain among women (ATSDR, 2004). The World Health Organization's Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality summarized various case studies of copper contamination in beverages and public water supplies. It found nausea, vomiting and diarrhea to be acute onset symptoms of copper exposure at concentrations as low as 4 mg/L, typically occurring within 15 to 60 minutes of initial exposure (World Health Organization, 2004). 
Nausea and vomiting resulting from acute exposures are thought to be caused by a reflex response from the stimulation of the vagal nerve, which originates in the stomach (de Romana et al., 2011). Larger ingested copper doses directly stimulate the hypothalamic vomit center in addition to the vagal nerve causing vomiting. The physiological changes that result in diarrhea, are not well understood (de Romana et al., 2011). Copper ingestion reduces the mucosal barrier capacity and gastric permeability to sucrose and delays the first phase of gastric emptying by decreasing antral area. However, these effects have been found to be independent of gastrointestinal symptoms (Araya et al., 2003; Gotteland, Araya, Pizarro, & Olivares, 2001). Generally, the ionic form of copper is considered an irritant of the GI tract, and has been suggested as an explanation for gastrointestinal symptoms caused by copper in drinking water (National Research Council, 2000).
Chronic Liver Toxicity 
Copper exposure has been linked to hepatic effects in susceptible individuals, such as those with Wilson's disease or infants and children who have genetic susceptibilities. For these populations, chronic liver disease is a primary concern. Liver effects are not considered a major concern for healthy adults, as long term daily exposure to copper in a regular diet of up to 12 mg/day has shown no adverse liver effects (Institute of Medicine, 2001). This level is higher than the expected copper levels in water systems in compliance with the previous LCR.
Wilson's Disease 
Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of copper metabolism, characterized by defective ATP7B function leading to impaired biliary excretion of copper, affecting 1 in 30,000 individuals (Ala, Walker, Ashkan, Dooley, & Schilsky, 2007). High copper deposition in the liver, brain, cornea and low levels of ceruloplasmin are markers of the disease that typically do not present before age 7, and often manifest into chronic liver cirrhosis (de Romana et al., 2011). Other clinical manifestations of the disease include neurological, psychiatric, and ophthalmic symptoms. It is generally agreed that the disease does not manifest as a result of excess copper exposure, but excess dietary copper intake can worsen the disease once present (Ala et al., 2007; ATSDR, 2004).
Currently, individuals with Wilson's disease are advised to avoid foods high in copper and to test drinking water levels, in addition to undergoing medicinal treatment. High hepatic copper levels have been observed in individuals with Wilson's disease who consume average copper intakes, therefore excess copper from foods and water are of concern in this population (ATSDR, 2004). Due to the rarity of Wilson's disease, there are currently no controlled trials examining effects of ingested copper. Despite this, current literature still suggests that individuals with Wilson's disease should avoid high copper intake, even if they are stable and adhering to medical therapy (Russell, Gillanders, Orr, & Plank, 2018).
Infants and Children with Genetic Susceptibilities 
Effects on the liver are primarily a concern among infants and children who have genetic susceptibilities affecting copper homeostasis. Infants have a higher absorption and reduced capacity to excrete copper at high doses compared to other age groups, and the same is assumed for children (National Research Council, 2000). However, the literature does not support an association between elevated copper exposure and hepatic effects in non-susceptible infants and children. 
There are several disorders associated with liver toxicosis and copper exposures in children. Indian Childhood Cirrhosis (ICC) is characterized by swelling and degeneration of liver cells and the presence of excess copper deposits (Prasad, Kaur, Nath, & Walia, 1996). It was thought to be found exclusively among Indian children, and incidence has rapidly declined in the last three decades (Yadav, Sharma, Yadav, & Shastri, 2015). Idiopathic Copper Toxicosis (ICT) refers to cases that have similar presentation to ICC but occur outside of India (Nayak & Chitale, 2013). 
The exact etiology of these diseases is unknown, but has been hypothesized to involve both genetic susceptibilities and high copper exposure. Childhood cirrhosis in India has been attributed to the use of copper containers and consumption of high-copper animal milk during infancy, as incidence of ICC significantly decreased with promotion of preventative activities (de Romana et al., 2011). However, a review of 103 case studies of childhood cirrhosis in Germany found that less than 10% were attributable to copper exposures (World Health Organization, 2004). In a recent review of the literature on ICC and ICC-like diseases, Nayak and Chitale (2013) concluded that excessive copper ingestion through water and food are not a primary cause of the development of the disease nor further liver injury. Furthermore, genealogic studies of families suggest that genetic inheritance is necessary for the manifestation of ICC and ICT (Nayak & Chitale, 2013). Therefore, while these disorders involve genetic predisposition and accumulation of copper, the significance of copper ingestion to the development of ICC and ICT remains unclear. 
In the general population of infants and children, epidemiological and human controlled exposure studies have failed to find any associations between copper exposure and adverse effects on the liver. In a study by Scheinberg & Sternlieb (1996), death from cirrhosis or any liver disease among children under 6 years of age in towns exposed to drinking water containing approximately 9 mg/L of copper were compared to children in towns with lower copper concentrations. No difference in incidence of hepatic mortality was observed (Scheinberg & Sternlieb, 1996). A 2011 review of studies on liver diseases in infants concluded that genetic susceptibility is important because infant populations with similar high levels of exposure in the same geographical areas did not develop liver abnormalities (de Romana et al., 2011). In a study by Olivares et al. (1998), no alterations in liver function were found in healthy infants exposed to 0.315 mg/kg/day of copper in drinking water for 9 months. In addition, no differences in serum concentrations of copper were observed, which suggests that infants and children are able to adapt to different levels of copper intake by varying absorption of copper. 
References
Ala, A., Walker, A. P., Ashkan, K., Dooley, J. S., & Schilsky, M. L. (2007). Wilson's disease. The Lancet, 369(9559), 397-408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2
Araya, M., Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., Gonzalez, M., Speisky, H., & Uauy, R. (2003). Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 77(3), 646-650. doi:DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.3.646
ATSDR. (2004). TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR COPPER 314. 
Bost, M., Houdart, S., Oberli, M., Kalonji, E., Huneau, J.-F., & Margaritis, I. (2016). Dietary copper and human health: Current evidence and unresolved issues. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 35, 107-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.02.006
de Romana, D. L., Olivares, M., Uauy, R., & Araya, M. (2011). Risks and benefits of copper in light of new insights of copper homeostasis. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25(1), 3-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.11.004
Gotteland, M., Araya, M., Pizarro, F., & Olivares, M. (2001). Effect of acute copper exposure on gastrointestinal permeability in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci., 46(9), 1909-1914. 
Institute of Medicine. (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Kodama, H., C., F., & Bhadhprasit, W. (2012). Inherited Copper Transport Disorders: Biochemical Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Current Drug Metabolism, 13(237-250). doi:doi: 10.2174/138920012799320455
National Research Council. (2000). Copper in Drinking Water. Washington, D.C. : National Academies Press.
Nayak, N. C., & Chitale, A. R. (2013). Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) & ICC-like diseases: The changing scenario of facts versus notions. Indian J Med Res, 137(6), 1029-1042. 
Prasad, R., Kaur, G., Nath, R., & Walia, B. N. (1996). Molecular basis of pathophysiology of Indian childhood cirrhosis: role of nuclear copper accumulation in liver. Mol Cell Biochem, 156(1), 25-30. 
Russell, K., Gillanders, L. K., Orr, D. W., & Plank, L. D. (2018). Dietary copper restriction in Wilson's disease. Eur J Clin Nutr, 72(3), 326-331. doi:doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0002-0
Scheinberg, I. H., & Sternlieb, I. (1996). Wilson disease and idiopathic copper toxicosis. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 63(5), 842-845. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.5.842
Turnlund, J. R., Keyes, W. R., Kim, S. K., & Domek, J. M. (2005). Long-term high copper intake: effects on copper absorption, retention, and homeostasis in men. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 81, 822-828. 
Wapnir, R. A. (1998). Copper absorption and bioavailability. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 67, 1054-1060. doi:doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.1054S.
World Health Organization. (2004). Copper in Drinking-water 23. 
Yadav, J., Sharma, D., Yadav, S., & Shastri, S. (2015). Indian Childhood Cirrhosis: Case Report and Pediatric Diagnostic Challenges. International Journal of Pediatrics, 3(5-1), 865-869. 

: Water Lead Level Analysis and Simulation
In this appendix, EPA presents a more detailed description of the process used to model water concentrations from existing data. Section F.1 presents a detailed description of data selection and data characteristics used to determine LSL and CCT status. Section F.2 discusses the use of flexible curves (i.e., splines) to model the effect of position in the sampling series on lead concentrations at the tap. The choice of the post-stagnation volume for simulation of blood lead level modeling is discussed in Section F.3. Finally, Section F.4 describes the use of an additional dataset received through public comment for the evaluation of the effects of CCT in homes without LSL. 
Approach to data selection and identification of LSL and CCT categories
EPA combined data from multiple sources for use in estimating lead concentration at the tap based on LSL and CCT status. These combined data represented 18,039 tap samples collected from 1,638 homes in 15 cities representing 14 water systems across the United States and Canada (Exhibit F-1). Each of the original data sources included post-stagnation sample profiles, but the profiles were taken using a variety of methods, which complicates the interpretation of study-specific summary statistics with regard to the effects of intervention (LSL replacement and CCT improvement). The greatest differences in tap sampling methods were in post-stagnation sample volume collection. Some studies collected consecutive samples starting directly after stagnation, while others incorporated specified flushing volumes into the sampling scheme, where some number of liters were discarded during the sampling series. Samples were of differing volumes and collected at different points in the cumulative volume flushed through the tap after stagnation. EPA chose to explicitly control for the effects of these tap sampling differences by combining all of the raw data from studies where profile data were available, and adding an explicit model term to describe the effect of cumulative sample volume. More information about this modeling can be found in Section 6.2 and Appendix F.2.

Data collected from multiple sources were not standardized with respect to the representation of lead service line replacement, corrosion control treatment technology, or tap sampling and analytical methods. Therefore, data selection and cleaning were necessary when compiling the full dataset. Details of this cleaning for each dataset are presented in Exhibit F-1. In general, this cleaning involved confirmation of LSL status, CCT categorization, cumulative sample volume measures, and sample selection in locations where multiple sampling events occurred post LSL. 

Wherever possible, designations regarding LSL status were confirmed using notes and metadata from the original sources. Most data sources included explicit notes regarding LSL status. For data that was sourced from published studies, LSL status designations were part of peer-reviewed studies and designations were confirmed with the study authors where needed. For data obtained from water systems that had not been previously published, most data sources contained detailed notes regarding service line material, and service line changes (LSL replacement). As these data were incorporated, the Agency conducted a thorough review of data, dates of sampling, and available notes. Where multiple samples were available after an LSL replacement, only the last sample taken was used in analysis. This was intended to minimize representation of post-replacement effects on lead concentration during a period of time when homes might be instructed to rely on flushing and filters to reduce drinking water lead concentration. Samples were also excluded when they lacked data for key parameters, such as lead concentration, cumulative sample volume (Profile Liter), or LSL status. One sample from a site under construction was excluded based on communication with the data provider (Schmelling, 2017). Samples were included if they were taken after at least 30 minutes of stagnation, as shorter periods are likely to greatly underestimate actual exposure (Riblet et al., 2019). 30 minutes of stagnation may slightly underestimate exposure relative to longer stagnation periods, but as 6 hour stagnation periods may overestimate exposure (Riblet et al., 2019), including both was intended to provide more realistic exposure estimates and improve the estimation of within-site variability. 

Exhibit F- 1 Data cleaning notes for each source.
                            Citation of data source
                 City water system represented by data source
                    Data cleaning notes specific to dataset
Camara et al., 2013
Halifax, NS
Data obtained from graphs. Samples collected after unknown flushing volume were excluded. Characterized CCT as `Partial,' based on peer review comments of concurrent manuscript (Stanek et al. 2020).
The Cadmus Group Inc., 2007
Washington, DC
Excluded one sample for a profile taken at a non-LSL location.
Campbell, 2016 
Ottawa, ON
LSL replacements occurred with water main replacement and were categorized as `Partial.'
Commons, 2011
Providence, RI
Excluded samples collected after unknown flushing volume. Changed city name from `Cranston' to `Providence.' Characterized CCT as `Partial,' based on public comment.1
Commons, 2014
Providence, RI
Standardized site identification (ID) and city at follow-up sampling locations to align with Commons (2011). Characterized CCT as `Partial,' based on public comment.
Craik, 2016
Edmonton, AB
Removed locations where service line material was unidentified. Removed samples where volume and position in sampling series could not be determined. Estimated cumulative volume of some samples assuming 8.3 liter/min.
Del Toral et al., 2013
Chicago, IL
Data were unavailable for a small number of sites without LSL. Characterized CCT as `Representative' based on pH of 8.0 at the time of sampling. 
Del Toral, 2016
Flint, IL
Selected records for 2016, after CCT study had begun. Assigned `Partial' CCT to 2016 records prior to September, and `Representative' for later samples.
Deshommes et al., 2016
Montreal, QC
Estimated cumulative volume of some samples assuming 8.3 liter/min.
Desmarais et al., 2015
London, ON
Same as for Deshomes et al. (2016).
EPCOR Water Services, 2008
Edmonton, AB
Same as for Craik (2016).
Hayes et al., 2014
Calgary, AB
None.
Muylwyk, 2016
Guelph, ON
LSL replacement designations obtained from notes in the data source. Included only samples with sample volume descriptions.
O'Brien & Gere, 2015
Providence, RI
Characterized CCT as `Partial,' based on public comment.[1]
DC Water, 2016
Washington, DC
Excluded samples taken less than a month after LSL replacement. Excluded samples from one site that was under construction and sampled from utility sink (Schmelling, 2017). Designations of CCT as `Partial' or `Representative' based on orthophosphate and pH. 
Schock, 2016
Sebring, OH
None.
Estes-Smargiassi et al., 2006
Boston, MA
None. Characterized CCT as representative for period of data.
Swertfeger et al., 2006
Desmarais et al., 2015
Triantafyllidou et al., 2015
Cincinnati, OH
Data from citations received as a combined dataset. Characterized samples before 2006 as `Partial' CCT and samples afterwards as `Representative' based on timing of Pb(IV) scale approach to CCT.
 American Water Works Association (AWWA) (Doc. #1012, p. 116-118)
Spline fitting and knot placement
EPA used a natural cubic basis spline to describe the fluctuations in lead concentration that frequently occur as water is flushed through the tap after a stagnation period. A cubic spline transformation allows cubic functions to be fitted to data in segments, with breakpoints, or knots, where the segments meet smoothly. This transformation replaces the Profile Liter variable with a linear system of equations used to fit a flexible curve to the data without specifying a predetermined shape. Natural cubic basis splines also constrain the model to be linear at the lower and upper ranges of the underlying variable to avoid overfitting sparse data. The spline transformation replaces a single vector for the Profile Liter with a matrix to describing the system of equations, and the corresponding fitted model coefficients must be interpreted together. Otherwise, the use of this transformation does not necessitate special handling during model fitting or interpretation.

Knots define different sections of the natural cubic spline. Boundary knots define upper and lower ranges where there may not be enough data points to fit a curve, and interior knots define segments that will have different polynomial curve fits. EPA considered several positions for knot placement during the initial model design. These were fitted only to assess whether the conceptually driven knot placement based on typical tap volume, plumbing volume, and volume of service line produced results similar to other knot positions, such as the knot chosen by quantile position. Models with three to five knots typically produced similar results (Exhibit F-2). As these models were not intended to be used for final predictions, they were not included in formal model comparisons. This analysis was performed in R (R Core Team 2020), with lme4 (Bates et al. 2015) for model fitting, relying on data processing and visualization tools from the tidyverse (Wickam et al. 2019)

Exhibit F-2: Models used for visual comparison of conceptually selected knot positions.

Illustration of spline curves comparison based on using two to five interior knots to define the SplineProfile Literi term in  for the model selected for the benefits analysis (Equation 2, Section 6.2.2). The position of knots was selected by quantile. Boundary knots were set to the minimum and maximum profile liter for this comparison. The peaks of the fitted curves are similar when splines include three or more knots.
Selection of post-stagnation volume for simulation of BLL
For benefits analysis, the point selected for simulation was the arithmetic mean profile liter value for all samples in the analysis dataset (4.45), which was approximately the fifth liter after sampling. There were many fifth liter samples in most intervention categories, which improved support from the underlying data (Exhibit F-3). 

Exhibit F-3: Distribution of cumulative sample volume by LSL and CCT status combinations.

Violin plot showing distribution of calculated cumulative sample volume in the data used in the analysis, by category. Points where the plotted objects are thicker represent points in the sampling series with more samples. The horizontal line shows the position of the fifth liter sample. Samples at or very near the fifth liter were well-represented in most intervention categories.
Comparisons with compliance data for estimating CCT benefit in locations without LSL
The data used for the primary benefits profile liter analysis did not provide enough samples of non-LSL locations to accurately estimate the effect of CCT on water lead concentration when no LSLs were present, and as such, EPA did not quantify the incremental benefits of CCT improvements when LSLs were absent for the primary benefits analysis (Section 6.2). However, the CCT status of each PWS was tracked throughout the benefits analysis regardless of LSL status (Section 6.3). The effect of CCT for non-LSL households is likely larger than assumed in the primary analysis, and the total benefit could be large, as homes with no LSL make up the bulk of US housing stock. This section outlines a supplemental analysis incorporating data obtained through public comment. This data is from locations in Michigan where CCT presence/absence and LSL status could be reasonably inferred from system information and compliance sampling. 
The Michigan 2019 compliance sampling dataset contains 12,960 samples collected from homes, businesses, and other buildings in 630 water systems from January to October of 2019. The MI sampling protocol prohibits systematic flushing of a sampling site or aerator removal/cleaning before compliance sampling, and samples are to be collected after a minimum of six hour stagnation period (cite: MI rule).    
EPA cleaned the Michigan dataset and linked it to water-system level data to aid in inferring corrosion control presence/absence. Data cleaning included a) identifying fifth liter samples with unclear labels, b) adding flags for samples with information identifying them as being from non-residential or multi-family locations, c) adding flags for samples with information identifying tap type other than kitchen tap, and d) adding flags for duplicate samples and locations with repeated sampling events. EPA also added information from the federal version of the Safe Drinking Water Act Information System (SDWIS/Fed) relating systems to service line inventories and source water/inferred CCT information (Cadmus, 2019). Despite this data cleaning, a number of dataset limitations remained that limit the applicability of these data.
The presence of lead service lines (LSL) in the Michigan 2019 database was inferred from the presence or absence of a fifth liter sample, as this is not tracked in the Michigan system. Fifth liter samples are required by MI regulations for homes with lead service lines. As such, the presence/absence of a fifth liter sample should be a reasonable indicator of LSL presence/absence for the dataset as a whole. However, this inference is not a positive identifier signifying each specific location has been examined carefully for LSL presence/absence and does not indicate whether a location has experienced a recent LSL removal or other disturbances. 
Some locations had fifth liter samples that were not clearly labelled in the correct identifying field in the original dataset. During data cleaning, a number of samples were identified as first and fifth liter samples that contained the identifier for the sampling liter in the address rather than in the field intended to describe cumulative liter of a sample. These samples were included in the following analysis as first and fifth liter samples. Addresses were corrected to be the same for both liters in these cases. 
Some systems had not yet completed an inventory for LSL by the time of sampling, and may not have begun to collect fifth liter samples for uncertain locations. For example, Eau Claire collected only first liter samples before the fall of 2019. Many LSLs have since been identified there (cite), and very high (699 ug/L) concentrations in the first liter at some locations suggests the presence of unidentified LSLs in the data set. As such, the following discussion assumes that systems with no inventory data, or systems that list a large number of service lines as `unknown material' may have unidentified LSL, particularly when no fifth liter samples were present in any of the locations for a system. 
Some locations were resampled and showed large declines in lead concentration of first-liter draws over several months; the pattern suggests LSL replacement despite the lack of fifth liter samples. Locations with multiple days of sampling or samples of the same liter taken on the same day were excluded if they could not be distinguished as different liters or tap types.    
These data are used to show the reduction in water lead level (WLL) and variability in WLL in non-LSL locations. Data were not used to supplement or replace the estimates of LSL concentrations due to very large GSDs compared to the original data (cross-ref Exhibit F-5). These data contain proportionately more non-detects than those used in the primary analysis (cross-ref Exhibit F-6). Although variances for locations without LSL were also large, locations without LSL were under-represented in the data used for the primary analysis, and multiple public comments noted the need for additional information regarding CCT benefits in non-LSL locations. 

Exhibit F-5: Summary Statistics, including geometric mean lead concentration, geometric SD, and total number of samples. Inferred single family kitchen taps filtered to remove duplicates of indeterminate sample liter and locations that had been resampled on multiple dates.
                                   Inferred 
                                      LSL
                                 Inferred 
CCT
                           Liter of sampling series
                    Geometric Mean Lead Concentration ug/L
                                 Geometric SD
                             Total Number Samples
                                       
LSL
No
L1
                                     0.088
                                     18.11
                                      388
LSL
CCT
L1
                                     0.18
                                     18.73
                                     2424
LSL
No
L5
                                     0.05
                                     13.50
                                      388
LSL
CCT
L5
                                     0.26
                                     22.63
                                     2423
None
No
L1
                                     0.067
                                     12.52
                                     2328
None
CCT
L1
                                     0.032
                                     8.64
                                     3923
Cleaned data can be found in 2020_MI_LCR_sample_database.xlsx.
The dataset used in the primary benefits analysis had many records from studies in locations where source water quality characteristics and system history may have impacted the effectiveness of CCT and increased the likelihood of exceedances. Systems such as Flint improved CCT over the course of data collection, and these data may represent a more comprehensive view of the effectiveness of CCT in controlling lead concentrations at the tap over a broader range of initial water quality conditions. However, much of the original profile liter dataset was collected in the course of peer-reviewed research, was more detailed regarding LSL and CCT status, and was more standardized regarding the reporting of detection limits. The Michigan 2019 compliance dataset does not provide information regarding CCT methods or extent of LSL, and thus cannot be directly compared to the original data used in the primary benefits analysis. 

Exhibit F-6: Histograms by category and liter for showing frequency of samples at each concentration. Count of non-detects shown in text for each group. 

This plot shows samples filtered to remove possible duplicates, locations that underwent re-sampling, and systems that had inventories suggesting they had not yet identified LSL at the time of sampling in 2019. No information regarding detection or reporting limits was available, but discontinuities in the histograms suggest that those limits vary by system, with many systems reporting only values >1ug/l.

Overall, in the pooled data from all systems, the presence of any CCT at non-LSL sites was related to a reduction of approximately 50% in geometric mean lead concentration. CCT was also related to a reduction in the geometric standard deviation of approximately ~30%. Increased variance, indicated by high geometric standard deviation, is related to the presence of a small subset of locations that have very high concentrations relative to the rest of the intervention category. This can cause very high blood lead levels (BLL) (Stanek et al., 2020) to occur in categories with high variance, even if the overall geometric mean water concentration is low. Reducing variability in this category could thus result in markedly lower BLL in non-LSL locations when CCT is improved. 
In general, data collected from Michigan during 2019 compliance sampling provides evidence of benefit when CCT is improved in locations without LSL, particularly through reduction in variability and a reduction in the incidence of very high lead concentration. Overall, such continued sampling as part of compliance efforts will better identify systems that have lead concentration exceedances, as well as improve evidence regarding the effectiveness and consistency of CCT to manage lead concentrations under a variety of different source water conditions.
References
Camara, E., Montreuil, K. R., Knowles, A. K., & Gagnon, G. A. 2013. Role of the water main in lead service line replacement: A utility case study. Journal of the American Water Works Association. doi:10.5942/jawwa.2013.105.0102
Campbell, A. 2016. Unpublished raw data. 
Commons, C. 2011. Effect of partial lead service line replacement on total lead at the tap. Rhode Island, USA: Office of Drinking Water Quality, Department of Health.
Commons, C. 2014. A four-year follow-up on total lead at the tap following partial service line replacement in Cranston, RI. Addendum to a paper originally published in June 2012 entitled: Effect of partial lead service line replacement on total lead at the tap in Cranston, Rhode Island. Journal New England Water Works Association, 2015, 187-188. 
Craik, S. 2016. Unpublished raw data. 
DC Water. 2016. Unpublished raw data. 
Del Toral, M. A. 2016. Unpublished raw data. Flint sequential water sampling data for 2016. 
Del Toral, M. A., Porter, A., & Schock, M. R. 2013. Detection and Evaluation of Elevated Lead Release from Service Lines: A Field Study. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 9300-9307. 
Deshommes, E., Bannier, A., Laroche, L., Nour, S., & Prevost, M. 2016. Monitoring-based framework to detect and manage lead water service lines. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 108(11), E555-E570. 
Desmarais, M.-C., Trueman, B., Wilson, P., Huggins, D., Swertfeger, J., Deshommes, E., & Prevost, M. 2015. In Impact of partial lead service line replacements on water quality: Lead profiling sampling results in 6 North-American utilities. Paper presented at the American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC), Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 
Bates, D. M. 2010. lme4: Mixed effects modeling with R. Springer. 
Bates, D, Mächler, M. Bolker, B., Walker, S. 2015. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1):1 - 48. Available: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
EPCOR Water Services. 2008. Lead at Customers Taps. Results of the 2007 Sampling Program. Draft Report. 
Estes-Smargiassi, S., Steinkrauss, S. J. J., Sandvig, A., & Young, T. 2006. Impacts of Lead Service Line Replacement on Lead Levels at the Tap. Paper presented at the American Water Works Association-Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA.Hayes, C. R., Croft, T. N., Campbell, A., Douglas, I. P., Gadoury, P., & Schock, M. R. 2014. Computational modelling techniques in the optimization of corrosion control for reducing lead in Canadian drinking water. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 49(1), 82. 
Muylwyk, Q. 2016. Unpublished raw data. 
O'Brien, & Gere. 2015. Lead Service Line Monitoring to Assess Treatment pH Change 
R Core Team. 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 3.6.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available: https://www.R-project.org/.   
Riblet, C. Deshommes, E., Laroche, L. and Prevost, M. 2019. True exposure to lead at the tap: Insights from proportional sampling,regulated sampling and water use monitoring Water Research. 156:327-336
Schmelling, 2017. Personal communication.
Schock, M. 2016. Unpublished raw data. 
Stanek, L., Xue, J. Lay, C.R., Helm, E., Schock, M., Lytle, D.A., Speth, T. Zartarian, V. 2020, Modeled Impacts of Drinking Water Pb Reduction Scenarios on Children's Exposures and Blood Lead Levels. Environmental Science and Technology. Publication Date (Web): 08 Jul 2020. Downloaded from pubs.acs.org on July 13, 2020. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00479
Swertfeger, J., Harman, D. J., Shrive, C., Metz, D. H., & DeMarco, J. 2006. Water quality effects of partial lead line replacement. Paper presented at the American Water Works Association-Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA. 
The Cadmus Group Inc. 2007. Review of the Interim Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment for Washington, D.C. [OCCT Review 2007].
Triantafyllidou, S., Schock, M., DeSantis, M. K., & White, C. 2015. Low contribution of PbO2-coated lead service lines to water lead contamination at the tap. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(6), 3746-3754. 
Wickham, H., M. Averick, J. Bryan, W. Chang, L. D'Agostino McGowan, R. François, G. Grolemund, A. Hayes, L. Henry, J. Hester, M. Kuhn, T. Lin Pedersen, E. Miller, S. Milton Bache, K. Müller, J. Ooms, D. Robinson, D. Paige Seidel, V. Spinu, K. Takahashi, D. Vaughan, C. Wilke, K. Woo, and H. Yutani. 2019. Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software 4(43):1686. Available: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686 
: Sensitivity Analysis for Blood Lead and IQ Benefits in Children
In this section, EPA presents a sensitivity analysis for the quantitative benefits in children. Section G.1 presents additional estimates of blood lead values in children using the SHEDS-IEUBK model for comparison purposes. In this section both the sensitivity around the lead water concentration simulation and estimated BLLs from the SHEDS-IEUBK, and from the alternative use of the All Ages Lead Model are described. Benefits were also estimated using additional concentration-response functions for IQ described in Section G.2 and the alternate value of an IQ point presented in Section G.3. Section G.4 briefly explains the estimated benefits for the alternative regulatory option based on the first liter compliance sampling protocol.  Section G.5 contains results of the sensitivity analysis for children's benefits. 
Additional Estimates of Blood Lead in Children 
In this section EPA presents alternate BLLs in children. First, the EPA modeled the full distribution of blood leads using SHEDS-IEUBK for the geometric mean estimates presented in Exhibit 6-12. Additional summary statistics from this modeling are presented in Section G.1.1. Alternative BLLs based on alternative water concentrations in the case where no LSL is present are presented in Section G.1.2. Results of modeling with the All Ages Lead Model (AALM), rather than IEUBK are presented in Section G.1.3.
SHEDS-IEUBK Distributional Information
EPA used the SHEDS-IEUBK coupling method, described previously in Section 6.4.1, to estimate BLLs in children. EPA ran SHEDS-IEUBK using full distributions for the inputs as described in Chapter 6, and the output was summarized for a variety of summary statistics including the geometric mean, standard deviation, and percentiles such as the 25[th], the 75[th], the 95[th], and the 99[th] percentiles. 
The BLLs at the 25[th], the 75[th], the 95[th], and the 99[th] percentiles are displayed in Exhibit G.1, Exhibit G.2, Exhibit G.3, and Exhibit G.4.
Exhibit G.1: 25[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures 
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
25[th] Percentile Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]

                                    0-1[b]
                                      1-2
                                      2-3
                                      3-4
                                      4-5
                                      5-6
                                      6-7
                                    Avg.[c]
LSL
None
                                     2.39
                                     1.63
                                     1.75
                                     1.60
                                     1.66
                                     1.73
                                     1.51
                                     1.75
Partial
None
                                     1.54
                                     1.28
                                     1.32
                                     1.26
                                     1.24
                                     1.30
                                     1.12
                                     1.29
No LSL
None
                                     0.68
                                     0.83
                                     0.89
                                     0.85
                                     0.82
                                     0.86
                                     0.73
                                     0.81
LSL
Partial
                                     1.68
                                     1.32
                                     1.40
                                     1.34
                                     1.30
                                     1.38
                                     1.19
                                     1.37
Partial
Partial
                                     1.17
                                     1.07
                                     1.14
                                     1.09
                                     1.07
                                     1.10
                                     0.97
                                     1.09
No LSL
Partial
                                     0.68
                                     0.83
                                     0.89
                                     0.85
                                     0.82
                                     0.86
                                     0.73
                                     0.81
LSL
Representative
                                     1.24
                                     1.11
                                     1.19
                                     1.13
                                     1.11
                                     1.14
                                     1.01
                                     1.13
Partial
Representative
                                     0.96
                                     0.98
                                     1.01
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.98
                                     0.87
                                     0.96
No LSL
Representative
                                     0.68
                                     0.83
                                     0.89
                                     0.85
                                     0.82
                                     0.86
                                     0.73
                                     0.81
POU
                                     0.68
                                     0.83
                                     0.89
                                     0.85
                                     0.82
                                     0.86
                                     0.73
                                     0.81
[a] These represent the 25[th] percentile blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead.
[b] Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only. 
[c] This column contains calculated average lifetime blood lead levels assuming a child lived in the corresponding LSL/CCT scenario for their entire life. Lifetime average blood lead levels above 5 ug/dL are in bold lettering.
This table presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead levels in children by year of life.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Exhibit G.2: 75[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures 
                           Lead Service Line Status
                      Corrosion Control Treatment Status
   75[th] Percentile Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]
                                       
                                       
                                    0-1[b]
                                      1-2
                                      2-3
                                      3-4
                                      4-5
                                      5-6
                                      6-7
                                    Avg.[c]
LSL
None
                                     5.92
                                     3.66
                                     3.92
                                     3.70
                                     3.58
                                     3.95
                                     3.58
                                     4.04
Partial
None
                                     3.73
                                     2.55
                                     2.60
                                     2.48
                                     2.49
                                     2.56
                                     2.31
                                     2.68
No LSL
None
                                     1.36
                                     1.47
                                     1.47
                                     1.44
                                     1.45
                                     1.48
                                     1.21
                                     1.41
LSL
Partial
                                     4.22
                                     2.74
                                     2.88
                                     2.70
                                     2.73
                                     2.87
                                     2.52
                                     2.95
Partial
Partial
                                     2.60
                                     2.04
                                     2.04
                                     2.01
                                     2.02
                                     2.08
                                     1.84
                                     2.09
No LSL
Partial
                                     1.36
                                     1.47
                                     1.47
                                     1.44
                                     1.45
                                     1.48
                                     1.21
                                     1.41
LSL
Representative
                                     2.84
                                     2.16
                                     2.19
                                     2.13
                                     2.13
                                     2.20
                                     1.91
                                     2.22
Partial
Representative
                                     1.98
                                     1.74
                                     1.72
                                     1.70
                                     1.68
                                     1.73
                                     1.53
                                     1.73
No LSL
Representative
                                     1.36
                                     1.47
                                     1.47
                                     1.44
                                     1.45
                                     1.48
                                     1.21
                                     1.41
POU
                                     1.36
                                     1.47
                                     1.47
                                     1.44
                                     1.45
                                     1.48
                                     1.21
                                     1.41
a These represent the 75[th] percentile blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead.

[b] Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only. 
[c] This column contains calculated average lifetime blood lead levels assuming a child lived in the corresponding LSL/CCT scenario for their entire life. Lifetime average blood lead levels above 5 ug/dL are in bold lettering.
This table presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead levels in children by year of life.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Exhibit G.3: 95[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures
                           Lead Service Line Status
                      Corrosion Control Treatment Status
   95[th] Percentile Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]
                                       
                                       
                                    0-1[b]
                                      1-2
                                      2-3
                                      3-4
                                      4-5
                                      5-6
                                      6-7
                                    Avg.[c]
LSL
None
                                     11.44
                                     6.91
                                     6.94
                                     7.14
                                     6.68
                                     7.37
                                     6.58
                                     7.58
Partial
None
                                     6.98
                                     4.47
                                     4.71
                                     4.74
                                     4.57
                                     4.85
                                     4.26
                                     4.94
No LSL
None
                                     2.41
                                     2.74
                                     2.79
                                     2.91
                                     2.89
                                     3.21
                                     2.31
                                     2.75
LSL
Partial
                                     7.94
                                     5.04
                                     5.22
                                     5.18
                                     5.11
                                     5.48
                                     4.66
                                     5.52
Partial
Partial
                                     4.62
                                     3.71
                                     3.63
                                     3.94
                                     3.82
                                     4.16
                                     3.48
                                     3.91
No LSL
Partial
                                     2.41
                                     2.74
                                     2.79
                                     2.91
                                     2.89
                                     3.21
                                     2.31
                                     2.75
LSL
Representative
                                     5.32
                                     3.77
                                     3.86
                                     4.17
                                     3.96
                                     4.00
                                     3.61
                                     4.10
Partial
Representative
                                     3.50
                                     3.10
                                     3.04
                                     3.17
                                     3.30
                                     3.62
                                     2.97
                                     3.24
No LSL
Representative
                                     2.41
                                     2.74
                                     2.79
                                     2.91
                                     2.89
                                     3.21
                                     2.31
                                     2.75
POU
                                     2.41
                                     2.74
                                     2.79
                                     2.91
                                     2.89
                                     3.21
                                     2.31
                                     2.75
a These represent the 95[th] percentile blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead. 
[b] Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only.[c] This column contains calculated average lifetime blood lead levels assuming a child lived in the corresponding LSL/CCT scenario for their entire life. Lifetime average blood lead levels above 5 ug/dL are in bold lettering.
This table presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead levels in children by year of life.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Exhibit G.4: 99[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures
                           Lead Service Line Status
                      Corrosion Control Treatment Status
   99[th] Percentile Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]
                                       
                                       
                                    0-1[b]
                                      1-2
                                      2-3
                                      3-4
                                      4-5
                                      5-6
                                      6-7
                                    Avg.[c]
LSL
None
                                     18.45
                                     10.77
                                     11.47
                                     11.11
                                     10.72
                                     10.73
                                     10.33
                                     11.94
Partial
None
                                     10.83
                                     7.10
                                     7.07
                                     7.21
                                     7.51
                                     7.51
                                     6.58
                                     7.69
No LSL
None
                                     3.58
                                     4.31
                                     4.49
                                     4.69
                                     5.15
                                     5.32
                                     4.21
                                     4.53
LSL
Partial
                                     12.22
                                     7.80
                                     7.99
                                     7.54
                                     8.15
                                     8.46
                                     7.07
                                     8.46
Partial
Partial
                                     7.21
                                     5.41
                                     5.68
                                     6.34
                                     6.82
                                     6.40
                                     5.56
                                     6.20
No LSL
Partial
                                     3.58
                                     4.31
                                     4.49
                                     4.69
                                     5.15
                                     5.32
                                     4.21
                                     4.53
LSL
Representative
                                     8.06
                                     5.99
                                     5.63
                                     6.02
                                     6.24
                                     6.41
                                     5.63
                                     6.28
Partial
Representative
                                     5.27
                                     4.96
                                     4.68
                                     5.03
                                     5.64
                                     6.23
                                     4.88
                                     5.24
No LSL
Representative
                                     3.58
                                     4.31
                                     4.49
                                     4.69
                                     5.15
                                     5.32
                                     4.21
                                     4.53
POU
                                     3.58
                                     4.31
                                     4.49
                                     4.69
                                     5.15
                                     5.32
                                     4.21
                                     4.53
a These represent the 99[th] percentile blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead. 
[b] Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only.
[c] This column contains calculated average lifetime blood lead levels assuming a child lived in the corresponding LSL/CCT scenario for their entire life. Lifetime average blood lead levels above 5 ug/dL are in bold lettering.
This table presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead levels in children by year of life.
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

This sensitivity analysis exemplifies the combined contribution that exposure factors assumptions such as background lead, drinking water ingestion rate, and drinking water lead concentration have on the resulting BLLs. These blood lead estimates show further distributional information from SHEDS-IEUBK for children in each water lead scenario. 
Alternative Assumptions for Drinking Water Inputs When No Lead Service Line is Present
In the main LCRR analysis described in Chapter 6, EPA assumes there is no difference in the assigned geometric mean water lead concentration of systems with no LSL, regardless of the CCT status. In other words, for each of the three scenarios of no LSL  -  no CCT, no LSL  -  partial CCT, and no LSL  -  representative CCT, the geometric mean water lead concentration is equivalent: 0.82 ug/L. For this sensitivity analysis, EPA chose to model the effect of changing this assumption to reflect a higher geometric mean water lead concentration in the no CCT and partial CCT scenarios than in the representative CCT scenario. Two analyses are considered. The first sensitivity analysis assumes that both the no CCT and partial CCT scenarios have a geometric mean water lead concentration of 1.15 ug/L (see Exhibit G.5), and the second sensitivity analysis assumes that both the no CCT and partial CCT scenarios have a geometric mean water lead concentration of 1.86 ug/L (see Exhibit G.6). These numbers were chosen from the geometric means in the raw data for these two treatment combinations (see Chapter 6, Exhibit 6‒5). In some systems that inform the estimates, systems with "partial" CCT can have water lead concentrations that are higher than those with no CCT, depending on the pH of the source water and effectiveness of the CCT. EPA thus chose to keep the no LSL  -  representative CCT scenario geometric mean water lead concentration at 0.82 ug/L in this analysis, based on the simulated geomean for all three no-LSL water scenarios combined. 
In order to carry out these sensitivity analyses, it was necessary to obtain predicted geometric mean blood lead levels for each of these additional water lead concentrations. EPA obtained blood leads for these sensitivity analysis scenarios for children aged 0 to 7 by estimating linear regression equations for each year of age. These equations related geometric mean water lead concentrations from each existing LCRR scenario to SHEDS outputted geometric mean BLLs for those same scenarios. EPA then used each of these linear regression models to predict geometric mean blood lead levels for the new water lead concentration scenarios for each year of age. Each regression equation yielded R-squared values of 0.99 or higher, showing that the relationship between geometric mean water lead and geometric mean blood lead from SHEDS within each year of age is indeed linear. Thus, EPA concluded that reasonably accurate blood lead predictions could be made using these models. Due to the skewed data, this linear regression would likely not hold at the tails of the distribution. 
Exhibit G.5: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.15 ug/L CCT Sensitivity Analysis
Lead Service Line
Corrosion Control Treatment
Geometric Mean (GM) Water Conc. (μg/L)
GM Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]

0-1[b]
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
LSL
None
                                     18.08
                                     3.61
                                     2.47
                                     2.65
                                     2.47
                                     2.48
                                     2.66
                                     2.34
Partial
None
                                     8.43
                                     2.35
                                     1.83
                                     1.88
                                     1.81
                                     1.81
                                     1.88
                                     1.65
No LSL
None
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.23
                                     1.25
                                     1.24
                                     1.22
                                     1.25
                                     1.07
LSL
Partial
                                     9.92
                                     2.57
                                     1.93
                                     2.05
                                     1.95
                                     1.94
                                     2.03
                                     1.76
Partial
Partial
                                     4.72
                                     1.72
                                     1.52
                                     1.57
                                     1.54
                                     1.51
                                     1.58
                                     1.37
No LSL
Partial
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.23
                                     1.25
                                     1.24
                                     1.22
                                     1.25
                                     1.07
LSL
Representative
                                     5.48
                                     1.85
                                     1.57
                                     1.64
                                     1.60
                                     1.57
                                     1.63
                                     1.43
Partial
Representative
                                     2.64
                                     1.36
                                     1.33
                                     1.36
                                     1.34
                                     1.32
                                     1.37
                                     1.19
No LSL
Representative
                                     0.82
                                     0.97
                                     1.14
                                     1.18
                                     1.15
                                     1.14
                                     1.19
                                     0.98
POU
                                     0.82
                                     0.97
                                     1.14
                                     1.18
                                     1.15
                                     1.14
                                     1.19
                                     0.98
Values in bold represent those that are different from Exhibit 6-24, the BLLs used in the main analysis.
a These represent the GM blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead.
[b] Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5 (6 months) to 1 (12 Months) year olds only.
Acronyms: BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Exhibit G.6: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.86 ug/L CCT Sensitivity
Lead Service Line
Corrosion Control Treatment
Geometric Mean (GM) Water Conc. (μg/L)
GM Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Year of Life[a]

0-1[b]
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
LSL
None
                                     18.08
                                     3.61
                                     2.47
                                     2.65
                                     2.47
                                     2.48
                                     2.66
                                     2.34
Partial
None
                                     8.43
                                     2.35
                                     1.83
                                     1.88
                                     1.81
                                     1.81
                                     1.88
                                     1.65
No LSL
None
                                     1.86
                                     1.26
                                     1.28
                                     1.31
                                     1.30
                                     1.27
                                     1.31
                                     1.13
LSL
Partial
                                     9.92
                                     2.57
                                     1.93
                                     2.05
                                     1.95
                                     1.94
                                     2.03
                                     1.76
Partial
Partial
                                     4.72
                                     1.72
                                     1.52
                                     1.57
                                     1.54
                                     1.51
                                     1.58
                                     1.37
No LSL
Partial
                                     1.86
                                     1.26
                                     1.28
                                     1.31
                                     1.30
                                     1.27
                                     1.31
                                     1.13
LSL
Representative
                                     5.48
                                     1.85
                                     1.57
                                     1.64
                                     1.60
                                     1.57
                                     1.63
                                     1.43
Partial
Representative
                                     2.64
                                     1.36
                                     1.33
                                     1.36
                                     1.34
                                     1.32
                                     1.37
                                     1.19
No LSL
Representative
                                     0.82
                                     0.97
                                     1.14
                                     1.18
                                     1.15
                                     1.14
                                     1.19
                                     0.98
POU
                                     0.82
                                     0.97
                                     1.14
                                     1.18
                                     1.15
                                     1.14
                                     1.19
                                     0.98
Values in bold represent those that are different from Exhibit 6-24, the BLLs used in the main analysis[.]
a These represent the GM blood lead from SHEDS-IEUBK for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year's blood lead corresponding to a representative child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead. Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5 to 1 year olds only.
b Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5 to 1 year olds only.
Acronyms: BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; IEUBK = Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Alternate Models for Estimating Blood Lead Levels in Children
LCR drinking water scenarios summarized in the main chapter (Exhibit 6‒12) were used as inputs to run the All Ages Lead Model (AALM), version 2.0 released in 2019, to estimate the BLLs in children. Drinking water exposure was modeled based on the drinking water concentrations used in the main analysis described in Chapter 6.
All Ages Lead Model Runs Using SHEDS Exposure Data
EPA used the SHEDS exposure data which includes exposures to lead from air, dust and food in addition to water. These are the same exposure inputs used in the SHEDS-IEUBK model, and were also used to model BLLs in children between the ages 0-7 with AALM. It should be noted that EPA ran the AALM using either the arithmetic or geometric mean exposure values, as AALM is currently set up as a deterministic model. 
The AALM default inputs were replaced with the SHEDS data providing exposure levels from air, dust, water and food for each age group. The ventilation rate for exposure via air, ingestion of lead via dust and soil and ingestion rate from water were all set to 1 as these factors have been accounted for in the SHEDS model. Since the exposures were chronic and not episodic, the parameter (f_Pulse_Pb) was set to 0 for all modes of exposures. The GI absorption fraction for each age in the AALM model was computed within AALM based on the formula built within the model (U.S. EPA, 2019, Equation 2.3-28, p. 24). The relative bioavailability for all exposure routes was set to 1, as bioavailability was accounted for in the SHEDS model. Exhibit G.7 displays the BLLsby year of age when using the arithmetic mean of the SHEDS exposure levels in AALM. Exhibit G.8 displays the BLLs by year of age estimated using geometric mean of the SHEDS exposure levels in AALM. 

Exhibit G.7: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Arithmetic Mean of SHEDS Exposure
Lead Service Line
Corrosion Control Treatment
Sex
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7

                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     5.67
                                     4.32
                                     4.47
                                     4.59
                                     5.14
                                     5.74
                                     5.87

                                    Females
                                     6.00
                                     4.55
                                     4.69
                                     4.81
                                     5.36
                                     5.93
                                     5.97
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     3.46
                                     2.82
                                     2.93
                                     3.10
                                     3.56
                                     4.03
                                     4.16

                                    Females
                                     3.66
                                     2.97
                                     3.08
                                     3.25
                                     3.71
                                     4.16
                                     4.23
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.64
                                     1.66
                                     1.82
                                     1.98
                                     2.38
                                     2.78
                                     2.82

                                    Females
                                     1.73
                                     1.75
                                     1.92
                                     2.08
                                     2.48
                                     2.88
                                     2.87
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     3.83
                                     3.07
                                     3.22
                                     3.37
                                     3.86
                                     4.32
                                     4.41

                                    Females
                                     4.05
                                     3.23
                                     3.38
                                     3.54
                                     4.03
                                     4.47
                                     4.49
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     2.52
                                     2.24
                                     2.40
                                     2.59
                                     3.03
                                     3.48
                                     3.58

                                    Females
                                     2.66
                                     2.36
                                     2.52
                                     2.71
                                     3.16
                                     3.59
                                     3.64
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.64
                                     1.66
                                     1.82
                                     1.98
                                     2.38
                                     2.78
                                     2.82

                                    Females
                                     1.73
                                     1.75
                                     1.92
                                     2.08
                                     2.48
                                     2.88
                                     2.87
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     2.71
                                     2.37
                                     2.51
                                     2.68
                                     3.10
                                     3.55
                                     3.65

                                    Females
                                     2.87
                                     2.49
                                     2.63
                                     2.81
                                     3.24
                                     3.67
                                     3.72
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     2.05
                                     1.92
                                     2.06
                                     2.23
                                     2.66
                                     3.11
                                     3.18

                                    Females
                                     2.17
                                     2.02
                                     2.16
                                     2.33
                                     2.78
                                     3.22
                                     4.23
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.64
                                     1.66
                                     1.82
                                     1.98
                                     2.38
                                     2.78
                                     2.82

                                    Females
                                     1.73
                                     1.75
                                     1.92
                                     2.08
                                     2.48
                                     2.88
                                     2.87
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     1.64
                                     1.66
                                     1.82
                                     1.98
                                     2.38
                                     2.78
                                     2.82

                                    Females
                                     1.73
                                     1.75
                                     1.92
                                     2.08
                                     2.48
                                     2.88
                                     2.87
Acronyms: AALM = All Ages Lead Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Exhibit G.8: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Geometric Mean of SHEDS Exposure
Lead Service Line
Corrosion Control Treatment
Sex
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7

                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     2.95
                                     2.50
                                     2.65
                                     2.74
                                     3.16
                                     3.62
                                     3.74

                                    Females
                                     3.12
                                     2.63
                                     2.78
                                     2.87
                                     3.29
                                     3.75
                                     3.81
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.94
                                     1.75
                                     1.86
                                     1.96
                                     2.32
                                     2.73
                                     2.83

                                    Females
                                     2.06
                                     1.84
                                     1.95
                                     2.05
                                     2.42
                                     2.82
                                     2.88
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.12
                                     1.15
                                     1.26
                                     1.36
                                     1.68
                                     2.06
                                     2.13

                                    Females
                                     1.18
                                     1.21
                                     1.33
                                     1.43
                                     1.75
                                     2.13
                                     2.17
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     2.10
                                     1.87
                                     2.00
                                     2.10
                                     2.46
                                     2.88
                                     2.98

                                    Females
                                     2.23
                                     1.97
                                     2.10
                                     2.20
                                     2.57
                                     2.98
                                     3.03
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.53
                                     1.45
                                     1.57
                                     1.67
                                     2.01
                                     2.41
                                     2.50

                                    Females
                                     1.62
                                     1.53
                                     1.65
                                     1.76
                                     2.10
                                     2.49
                                     2.55
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.12
                                     1.15
                                     1.26
                                     1.36
                                     1.68
                                     2.06
                                     2.13

                                    Females
                                     1.18
                                     1.21
                                     1.33
                                     1.43
                                     1.75
                                     2.13
                                     2.17
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.61
                                     1.51
                                     1.63
                                     1.74
                                     2.07
                                     2.47
                                     2.57

                                    Females
                                     1.70
                                     1.59
                                     1.72
                                     1.82
                                     2.16
                                     2.56
                                     2.61
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.31
                                     1.29
                                     1.40
                                     1.50
                                     1.82
                                     2.22
                                     2.31

                                    Females
                                     1.39
                                     1.36
                                     1.47
                                     1.57
                                     1.90
                                     2.29
                                     2.88
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.12
                                     1.15
                                     1.26
                                     1.36
                                     1.68
                                     2.06
                                     2.13

                                    Females
                                     1.18
                                     1.21
                                     1.33
                                     1.43
                                     1.75
                                     2.13
                                     2.17
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     1.12
                                     1.15
                                     1.26
                                     1.36
                                     1.68
                                     2.06
                                     2.13

                                    Females
                                     1.18
                                     1.21
                                     1.33
                                     1.43
                                     1.75
                                     2.13
                                     2.17
Acronyms: AALM = All Ages Lead Model; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use; SHEDS = Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model.

Compared to BLLs estimated using the SHEDS-IEUBK method, the BLLs tend to be much higher: for certain age and sex groups, BLLs are over 1 ug/dL higher. However, BLLs estimated with the AALM do not vary as much by LCR scenario as those generated using SHEDS-IEUBK. Therefore, the changes in blood lead associated with changes in drinking water scenarios under the LCR tend to be lower using the AALM BLLs. 
Alternative Concentration-Response Functions for Lead and IQ 
In the sensitivity analysis for children's benefits of the Final LCRR, EPA opted to use two additional concentration-response functions. These functions were based on an analysis of the original Lanphear et al. (2005) from the quantitative risk assessment in support of the 2008 review of the NAAQS for lead (U.S. EPA, 2007). As in the main analysis described in Chapter 6 for the Final LCRR, lifetime blood lead metrics were used in the concentration-response functions (rather than concurrent blood lead), since the Final LCRR are expected to reduce chronic exposures to lead. Additionally, EPA used the central estimate BLLs from the SHEDS-IEUBK model (Exhibit 6‒17), not the percentiles summarized in the previous section of this appendix.
One of the functions that EPA (2007) evaluated was a log-linear function with low-dose linearization to estimate IQ changes below the cut point (i.e., the lowest observed blood lead level in Lanphear et al. 2005). Thus, there are two equations to estimate avoided IQ loss in this concentration-response function: one for BLLs above or equal to the cut point, and one for BLLs below the cut point. The low-dose linearization was derived by taking a tangent to the log-linear function at the point of departure.
For initial blood leads >= cut point and final blood leads < cutpoint,
                                       
            IQ loss=β1 xlnPbB1cut point + β2 x(cut point-PbB2)
(Equation G1)
For initial and final blood leads < cut point,
                                       
                           IQ loss=β2 x(PbB1-PbB2)
                                 (Equation G2)
Where:
      β1		=	Regression coefficient 
      β2		= 	Linear slope for low-dose region below the cut point
      Cut point 	=	Lowest observed blood lead level from Lanphear et al. (2005)
      PbB2 		= 	Final blood lead level
      PbB1 		= 	Initial blood lead level
Exhibit G.9 displays the inputs for the log-linear function with low-dose linearization using lifetime blood lead metrics. 
Exhibit G.9: Regression Coefficients (β), Linear Slopes, and Cut Points for Lifetime Blood Lead from EPA (2007) Log-Linear Function with Low-Dose Linearization
Blood Lead Metric
Regression Coefficient (β1)
Linear Slope (β2)
Cut Point (Low End of Observed Blood Lead Range ug/dL)
Lifetime
                                   -3.14[a]
                                     -2.1
                                     1.47
[a] This value is the corrected beta from Kirrane and Patel (2014) of - 3.14 (-4.39, -1.88) for lifetime blood lead. The NAAQS used the beta of -3.04 from the original Lanphear paper. 
Source: (U.S. EPA, 2007, pp. 4-3)
Acronyms: NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

EPA additionally estimated IQ loss in the sensitivity analysis using the log-linear function without the low-dose linearization, as shown below in Equation G3. 
Avoided IQ Loss= -3.14 xln∆PbB			 (Equation G3)
The low-dose linearization was used in EPA (2007) to avoid potential overestimation of IQ loss at low BLLs (<1 ug/dL) as a result of use of the log-linear function, which has a steep slope at these levels. However, estimated BLLs in children (see Exhibit 6‒24) are all above or approximately equal to 1 ug/dL. Therefore, EPA deemed the log-linear function without a low-dose linearization to be appropriate for use in the sensitivity analysis for the benefits of the Final LCRR. Section G.5 presents the results of the sensitivity analysis using the log-linear function from EPA (2007b) with low-dose linearization. The results of the analysis using the slope for lifetime blood lead based on the Kirrane and Patel (2014) correction of Lanphear et al. (2005) without any low-dose linearization (i.e. for all BLLs) are also presented in Section G.5.
Alternative Valuation of Avoided IQ Loss
EPA also calculated benefits using an estimate for the value of an IQ point based on Lin et al.'s (2018) estimates for IQ's effects on earnings, rather than on EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995) as in the main analysis discussed in Chapter 6. This section presents the alternate estimate for the value of an IQ point from Lin et al. (2018). 
An advantage of Lin et al. (2018) is the use of data that extend throughout the lifecycle up to age 50. However, the Lin et al. (2018) analysis lacked some control variables included in Salkever (1995). In addition, the inclusion of non-cognitive traits in the Lin et al. (2018) regression may attenuate the estimated effect of IQ on earnings, leading to a downward bias on the estimate of the total earnings effects of reduced lead exposure. Further discussion of Lin et al. (2018) is presented in Appendix K.
The results presented here use Lin et al.'s preferred estimates, which are 1.113 and 1.773 percent for males and females, respectively, after performing the conversion to a per IQ point estimate (see Lin et al. (2018, footnote 42). Unlike the estimates based on the EPA reanalysis of Salkever (1995), lost earnings while in school are implicitly accounted for in the Lin et al. (2018) IQ effect percentage. 
The overall estimate for males and females combined is estimated assuming a population that is 52 percent male based on the male: female ratio of births (CDC, 2017). For the reasons described above, the estimated values of an IQ point for males and females based on the Lin et al. estimates are lower than the EPA Salkever reanalysis estimates. 
As was the case with the main analysis, the IQ point values need to be discounted to age 7 for use in the benefits analysis. The Lin et al. value of an IQ point discounted to age 7 is $12,155 using a 3% discount rate, and $2,977 using a 7% discount rate.
Sensitivity Based on an Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Protocol
In an alternative regulatory option, EPA considered maintaining the previous rule's compliance tap sampling protocol using a first liter draw from all taps including those at LSL households. In order to estimate the benefits for this option, EPA ran a benefits sensitivity analysis. The same benefits analysis methods described in Chapter 6 were followed; however, the PWS compliance actions (changes in LSL/CCT/POU status) occurred at lower rates given the first liter sampling protocol described in Chapter 9, section 9.3. The number of people that change LSL/CCT or POU status and the estimated annual benefits are presented in Section G.5.
Results of the Sensitivity Analysis for Benefits in Children 
The blood lead concentrations in Exhibit G.5 and Exhibit G.6 were used in conjunction with the lifetime blood lead concentration-response function described in Chapter 6. Additionally, as in the main analysis, the IQ point valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995) was used, following the methods described in Section 6.4. The only difference is the change in the assumption of water and thus blood lead concentration in the instances where there is no LSL (described in Section G.1). 
Exhibit G.10 and Exhibit G.11 display the results of the assumed 1.15 ug/L for none and partial CCT with no LSL present at a 3% and a 7% discount rate back to the first year of the analysis period. The assumption of changing the mean water concentration from 0.82 ug/L to 1.15 ug/L results in an additional 14 million children avoiding a small change in IQ loss. This is because additional benefits are realized when switching from no LSL  -  no CCT, or no LSL  -  partial CCT, to no LSL  -  representative CCT; in the main analysis, a change in CCT is assumed to have no quantified benefits unless an LSL is present. There are a total of 1,654,000 additional avoided IQ points over the 35-year analysis period due to the changed assumption. At the 3% discount rate this results in $30,100,000,000 in additional benefits and $5,423,000,000 at the 7% discount rate.
Exhibit G.10: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                      7,542,000
                                                                     23,840,000
                                                                     16,298,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                         29,000
                                                                         62,000
                                                                         32,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                   $541,973,000
                                                                 $1,118,698,000
                                                                   $576,725,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         38,000
                                                                         38,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $693,286,000
                                                                   $693,286,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          2,584
                                                                          7,383
                                                                          4,799
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $51,190,000
                                                                   $141,000,000
                                                                    $89,809,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,050
                                                                          3,050
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $58,091,000
                                                                    $58,091,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,490
                                                                          1,490
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $25,917,000
                                                                    $25,917,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,062
                                                                          3,062
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $61,456,000
                                                                    $61,456,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $593,164,000
                                                                 $2,098,449,000
                                                                 $1,505,285,000
 [a]These estimates use the Crump (Ln+1) concentration-response function and the BLLs from Exhibit G.5. IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.
 

Exhibit G.11: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                      7,542,000
                                                                     23,840,000
                                                                     16,298,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                         29,000
                                                                         62,000
                                                                         32,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                    $99,603,000
                                                                   $201,072,000
                                                                   $101,469,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         38,000
                                                                         38,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $126,685,000
                                                                   $126,685,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          2,584
                                                                          7,383
                                                                          4,799
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $10,588,000
                                                                    $27,650,000
                                                                    $17,062,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,050
                                                                          3,050
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $11,371,000
                                                                    $11,371,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,490
                                                                          1,490
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,466,000
                                                                     $4,466,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,062
                                                                          3,062
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $12,988,000
                                                                    $12,988,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $110,191,000
                                                                   $384,233,000
                                                                   $274,042,000
[a]These estimates use the Crump (Ln+1) concentration-response function and the BLLs from Exhibit G.5. IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results.
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.12 and Exhibit G.13 display the results of the assumed 1.86 ug/L for no CCT and partial CCT with no LSL at a 3% discount rate and 7% discount rate, respectively, back to the first year of the analysis period. The assumption of changing the mean water concentration from 0.82 ug/L to 1.86 ug/L results in approximately the same number of additional children avoiding a small change in IQ loss as under the 1.15 ug/L assumption: 14 million. However, at this concentration, there are a total of 2,741,000 avoided IQ points over the 35-year analysis period due to the changed assumption. At 3% this results in $49,593,000,000 in additional benefits and $8,942,000,000 at a 7% discount rate when compared to the main analysis in Chapter 6, where these children experience no quantified benefit.
Exhibit G.12: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                      7,542,000
                                                                     23,840,000
                                                                     16,298,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                         45,000
                                                                         90,000
                                                                         45,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                   $830,417,000
                                                                 $1,637,007,000
                                                                   $806,590,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         56,000
                                                                         56,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                 $1,018,665,000
                                                                 $1,018,665,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          2,246
                                                                          6,852
                                                                          4,606
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $44,497,000
                                                                   $130,753,000
                                                                    $86,256,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,864
                                                                          2,864
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $54,504,000
                                                                    $54,504,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,368
                                                                          1,368
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $23,778,000
                                                                    $23,778,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,610
                                                                          3,610
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $72,428,000
                                                                    $72,428,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $874,914,000
                                                                 $2,937,135,000
                                                                 $2,062,221,000
 [a]These estimates use the Crump (Ln+1) concentration-response function and the BLLs from Exhibit G.6. IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.
 

Exhibit G.13: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                      7,542,000
                                                                     23,840,000
                                                                     16,298,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                         45,000
                                                                         90,000
                                                                         45,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                   $152,691,000
                                                                   $294,481,000
                                                                   $141,790,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         56,000
                                                                         56,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $186,349,000
                                                                   $186,349,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          2,246
                                                                          6,852
                                                                          4,606
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                     $9,206,000
                                                                    $25,611,000
                                                                    $16,404,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,864
                                                                          2,864
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $10,654,000
                                                                    $10,654,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,368
                                                                          1,368
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,092,000
                                                                     $4,092,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,610
                                                                          3,610
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $15,305,000
                                                                    $15,305,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $161,897,000
                                                                   $536,492,000
                                                                   $374,594,000
 [a]These estimates use the Crump (Ln+1) concentration-response function and the BLLs from Exhibit G.6. IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; BLL = blood lead level; CCT = corrosion control treatment; GM = geometric mean; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.14 and Exhibit G.15 present the results of the sensitivity analysis at a 3% discount rate using the alternative concentration-response functions with and without a low-dose linearization, respectively. Exhibit G.16 and Exhibit G.17 present the results of the sensitivity analysis at a 7% discount rate using the alternative concentration-response functions with and without a low-dose linearization. Both of the alternative concentration-response functions result in higher benefits than those calculated using the concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013) in Chapter 6. As can be seen below, use of the low-dose linearization slightly decreases national annual benefits as compared to use of the log-linear function with the same slope but without a low-dose linearization. Specifically, using the alternative concentration-response function increases the benefits by 50% and 54% with and without the low-dose linearization assuming a 3% discount rate, and 50% and 54% with and without the low-dose linearization assuming a 7% discount rate, compared to the high cost estimate Crump et al. (2013) based estimates presented in Chapter 6.
Exhibit G.14: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using the Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low-Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,506,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          7,988
                                                                         26,000
                                                                         18,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                   $147,360,000
                                                                   $478,886,000
                                                                   $331,526,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,000
                                                                         16,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $287,245,000
                                                                   $287,245,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          4,664
                                                                         12,000
                                                                          7,678
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $92,405,000
                                                                   $235,942,000
                                                                   $143,536,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,021
                                                                          5,021
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $95,761,000
                                                                    $95,761,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,524
                                                                          2,524
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $43,955,000
                                                                    $43,955,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,319
                                                                          3,319
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $66,710,000
                                                                    $66,710,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $239,765,000
                                                                 $1,208,498,000
                                                                   $968,733,000
a With the updated beta coefficient for lifetime blood lead levels from the reanalysis of Lanphear et al. (2005) by Kirrane and Patel (2014). Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995) following the methods described in Section 6.4.4. IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100.  This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.15: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,506,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          8,157
                                                                         27,000
                                                                         18,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                   $150,380,000
                                                                   $481,660,000
                                                                   $331,281,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,000
                                                                         16,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $288,904,000
                                                                   $288,904,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          5,102
                                                                         13,000
                                                                          8,186
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                   $100,825,000
                                                                   $253,398,000
                                                                   $152,573,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,422
                                                                          5,422
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $103,138,000
                                                                   $103,138,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,712
                                                                          2,712
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $47,128,000
                                                                    $47,128,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,552
                                                                          3,552
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $71,219,000
                                                                    $71,219,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                   $251,205,000
                                                                 $1,245,448,000
                                                                   $994,243,000
a With the updated beta coefficient for lifetime blood lead levels from the reanalysis of Lanphear et al. (2005) by Kirrane and Patel (2014). Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6‒24 and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.16: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,506,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          7,988
                                                                         26,000
                                                                         18,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                    $27,178,000
                                                                    $85,899,000
                                                                    $58,721,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,000
                                                                         16,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $52,265,000
                                                                    $52,265,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          4,664
                                                                         12,000
                                                                          7,678
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $19,117,000
                                                                    $46,342,000
                                                                    $27,225,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,021
                                                                          5,021
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $18,784,000
                                                                    $18,784,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,524
                                                                          2,524
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $7,587,000
                                                                     $7,587,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,319
                                                                          3,319
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $14,120,000
                                                                    $14,120,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                    $46,296,000
                                                                   $224,997,000
                                                                   $178,701,000
a With the updated beta coefficient for lifetime blood lead levels from the reanalysis of Lanphear et al. (2005) by Kirrane and Patel (2014). Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.17: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,506,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          8,157
                                                                         27,000
                                                                         18,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                    $27,708,000
                                                                    $86,374,000
                                                                    $58,665,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         16,000
                                                                         16,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $52,553,000
                                                                    $52,553,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          5,102
                                                                         13,000
                                                                          8,186
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $20,769,000
                                                                    $49,567,000
                                                                    $28,798,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,422
                                                                          5,422
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $20,145,000
                                                                    $20,145,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,712
                                                                          2,712
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,106,000
                                                                     $8,106,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,552
                                                                          3,552
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $15,016,000
                                                                    $15,016,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                    $48,477,000
                                                                   $231,762,000
                                                                   $183,284,000
 a With the updated beta coefficient for lifetime blood lead levels from the reanalysis of Lanphear et al. (2005) by Kirrane and Patel (2014). 
Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.18 and Exhibit G.19 present results based on the alternative IQ valuation from Lin et al. (2018) with a 3% and 7% discount rate, respectively. These results were calculated using the BLLs and concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013) presented in the main analysis (see Chapter 6). Use of the value from Lin et al. (2018) generates lower estimates of national annual benefits than the EPA reanalysis of Salkever (1995) (see Exhibit 6-27 and Exhibit 6-28). Specifically, use of the alternative IQ value based on Lin et al (2018) decreases the valuation of the IQ benefits by 46% assuming a 3% discount rate, and 48% assuming a 7% discount rate, when compared with the high cost estimate results presented in Chapter 6 that use an IQ valuation approach based on EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). 
Exhibit G.18: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 3% Discount Rate (2016$) 

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,507,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          5,228
                                                                         18,000
                                                                         12,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                    $52,097,000
                                                                   $171,884,000
                                                                   $119,787,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,000
                                                                         10,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $103,075,000
                                                                   $103,075,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          3,106
                                                                          8,192
                                                                          5,085
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                    $33,218,000
                                                                    $84,561,000
                                                                    $51,343,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,337
                                                                          3,337
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $34,359,000
                                                                    $34,359,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Initiated)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,677
                                                                          1,677
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Initiated)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $15,771,000
                                                                    $15,771,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,241
                                                                          2,241
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $24,330,000
                                                                    $24,330,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                    $85,315,000
                                                                   $433,980,000
                                                                   $348,666,000
Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and the concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013), substituting the value of the IQ point with the estimate based on Lin et al. (2018). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCR Results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.19: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)

Previous LCR
Final LCRR
Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      3,210,000
                                                                      2,507,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                          5,228
                                                                         18,000
                                                                         12,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                     $9,278,000
                                                                    $29,795,000
                                                                    $20,517,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,000
                                                                         10,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $18,124,000
                                                                    $18,124,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                          3,106
                                                                          8,192
                                                                          5,085
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                     $6,627,000
                                                                    $16,029,000
                                                                     $9,402,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,337
                                                                          3,337
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $6,503,000
                                                                     $6,503,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,677
                                                                          1,677
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $2,628,000
                                                                     $2,628,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,241
                                                                          2,241
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,972,000
                                                                     $4,972,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                    $15,906,000
                                                                    $78,052,000
                                                                    $62,147,000
 Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and the concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013), substituting the value of the IQ point with the estimate based on Lin et al. (2018). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented Final LCRR results. 
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.

Exhibit G.20 and Exhibit G.21 summarize the number of people who move from one treatment combination (beginning condition) to another (ending condition) over the analysis period (35 years) across all model PWS strata in SafeWater LCR for the low cost and high cost scenarios, respectively, for the alternative regulatory first liter option, which requires that first liter compliance tap samples be taken at both LSL and non-LSL locations. See Chapter 9, section 9.3 for additional detail. For the first liter option, under the low cost scenario, approximately 3.5 million fewer households undergo a CCT improvement without an LSL over the 35-year period as compared with the final rule. In the high cost scenario, approximately 3.1 million fewer households undergo a CCT improvement over the 35-year period compared with the final LCRR.

Exhibit G.20: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, Low Cost Scenario)
Beginning Condition
Ending Condition
Number of People (over 35 years)
LSL
CCT
Concentration ug/L
LSL
CCT
POU
Concentration ug/L
Baseline
Option
Incremental
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 No LSL
 None
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                             93
                                                                            899
                                                                            806
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           5.48
                                                                            322
                                                                              0
                                                                           -322
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 LSL
 None
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 No LSL
 Partial
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                            226
                                                                            226
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 Partial
 Rep
 None
                                                                           2.64
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 Partial
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 No LSL
 None
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                      1,855,625
                                                                      1,600,506
                                                                       -255,119
 No LSL
 None
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 None
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                        204,667
                                                                        204,667
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 No LSL
 Partial
 No
                                                                           0.82
                                                                         10,470
                                                                        434,182
                                                                        423,712
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           5.48
                                                                         44,487
                                                                      1,214,969
                                                                      1,170,482
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         43,560
                                                                         43,560
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 LSL
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                            413
                                                                            413
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 No LSL
 Partial
 No
                                                                           0.82
                                                                         15,371
                                                                        105,841
                                                                         90,470
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 Partial
 Rep
 None
                                                                           2.64
                                                                         64,514
                                                                        299,842
                                                                        235,328
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         10,886
                                                                         10,886
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 Partial
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              4
                                                                              4
 No LSL
 Partial
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                      4,170,466
                                                                     14,753,413
                                                                     10,582,946
 No LSL
 Partial
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         26,979
                                                                         26,979
 LSL
 Rep
                                                                           5.48
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         64,179
                                                                         64,179
 LSL
 Rep
                                                                           2.64
 LSL
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Partial
 Rep
                                                                           2.64
 Partial
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 No LSL
 Rep
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.

Exhibit G.21: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, High Cost Scenario)
Beginning Condition
Ending Condition
Number of People (over 35 years)
LSL
CCT
Concentration ug/L
LSL
CCT
POU
Concentration ug/L
Baseline
Option
Incremental
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 No LSL
 None
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                          8,450
                                                                          6,483
                                                                         -1,967
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           5.48
                                                                         31,482
                                                                         22,396
                                                                         -9,086
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 LSL
 None
                                                                          18.08
 LSL
 None
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         14,276
                                                                         14,276
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 No LSL
 Partial
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,770
                                                                          1,770
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 Partial
 Rep
 None
                                                                           2.64
                                                                              0
                                                                          5,599
                                                                          5,599
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Partial
 None
                                                                           8.43
 Partial
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                          3,569
                                                                          3,569
 No LSL
 None
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                      4,250,688
                                                                      3,656,471
                                                                       -594,217
 No LSL
 None
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 None
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                        500,659
                                                                        500,659
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 No LSL
 Partial
 No
                                                                           0.82
                                                                        132,648
                                                                        786,830
                                                                        654,183
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           5.48
                                                                        610,584
                                                                      5,713,470
                                                                      5,102,886
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                        150,261
                                                                        150,261
 LSL
 Partial
                                                                           9.92
 LSL
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         76,197
                                                                         76,197
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 No LSL
 Partial
 No
                                                                           0.82
                                                                        219,833
                                                                        191,858
                                                                        -27,975
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 Partial
 Rep
 None
                                                                           2.64
                                                                        980,129
                                                                      1,420,079
                                                                        439,950
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         37,557
                                                                         37,557
 Partial
 Partial
                                                                           4.72
 Partial
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         17,931
                                                                         17,931
 No LSL
 Partial
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                     16,034,874
                                                                     53,114,813
                                                                     37,079,938
 No LSL
 Partial
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Partial
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                         77,208
                                                                         77,208
 LSL
 Rep
                                                                           5.48
 No LSL
 Rep
 None
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                        230,119
                                                                        230,119
 LSL
 Rep
                                                                           5.48
 LSL
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 Partial
 Rep
                                                                           2.64
 Partial
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
 No LSL
 Rep
                                                                           0.82
 No LSL
 Rep
 Yes
                                                                           0.82
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
Acronyms: CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.

Exhibit G.22 and Exhibit G.23 display the estimated benefits results for the alternative first liter compliance sampling Option at a 3 and 7 percent discount rate, respectively. Using this alternative option using the first liter compliance sampling protocol in place of the sampling protocol of the final LCRR reduced benefits by 48 percent in the low cost option and 16 percent in the high cost option assuming a 3 percent discount rate, and decreases benefits by 49 percent in the low cost and 15 percent in the high cost option assuming a 7 percent discount rate.

Exhibit G.22: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)

Low Cost Estimate
High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                             First Liter Option
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                             First Liter Option
                                                                    Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                         29,000
                                                                        480,000
                                                                        452,000
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      2,812,000
                                                                      2,108,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                            190
                                                                            718
                                                                            528
                                                                          5,228
                                                                         10,000
                                                                          4,997
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                     $3,344,000
                                                                    $12,119,000
                                                                     $8,776,000
                                                                    $96,449,000
                                                                   $186,130,000
                                                                    $89,680,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,673
                                                                          2,673
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,000
                                                                         15,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $46,895,000
                                                                    $46,895,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                   $274,502,000
                                                                   $274,502,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                            128
                                                                            585
                                                                            457
                                                                          3,106
                                                                          4,851
                                                                          1,745
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                     $2,375,000
                                                                    $10,252,000
                                                                     $7,877,000
                                                                    $61,497,000
                                                                    $93,337,000
                                                                    $31,840,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,257
                                                                          1,257
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,522
                                                                          4,522
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $22,831,000
                                                                    $22,831,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $87,103,000
                                                                    $87,103,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,637
                                                                          1,637
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,747
                                                                          1,747
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $28,668,000
                                                                    $28,668,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $30,461,000
                                                                    $30,461,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,389
                                                                          1,389
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                        $26,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $27,930,000
                                                                    $27,930,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                     $5,719,000
                                                                   $120,792,000
                                                                   $115,074,000
                                                                   $157,946,000
                                                                   $699,463,000
                                                                   $541,517,000
 Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and the concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013) and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented First Liter Option results. The benefits are calculated based on the alternative first liter compliance sampling protocol.
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.
                                        
Exhibit G.23: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)

Low Cost Estimate
High Cost Estimate
 
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                             First Liter Option
                                                                    Incremental
                                                                   Previous LCR
                                                             First Liter Option
                                                                    Incremental
 Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)
                                                                         29,000
                                                                        480,000
                                                                        452,000
                                                                        704,000
                                                                      2,812,000
                                                                      2,108,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                            190
                                                                            718
                                                                            528
                                                                          5,228
                                                                         10,000
                                                                          4,997
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to ALE)
                                                                       $581,000
                                                                     $1,975,000
                                                                     $1,395,000
                                                                    $17,790,000
                                                                    $33,645,000
                                                                    $15,856,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                              0
                                                                          2,673
                                                                          2,673
                                                                              0
                                                                         15,000
                                                                         15,000
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT Due to TLE)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $8,111,000
                                                                     $8,111,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $50,532,000
                                                                    $50,532,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Mandatory)
                                                                            128
                                                                            585
                                                                            457
                                                                          3,106
                                                                          4,851
                                                                          1,745
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Mandatory)
                                                                       $451,000
                                                                     $1,781,000
                                                                     $1,330,000
                                                                    $12,707,000
                                                                    $18,481,000
                                                                     $5,774,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Goal Based)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,257
                                                                          1,257
                                                                              0
                                                                          4,522
                                                                          4,522
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Goal Based)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,195,000
                                                                     $4,195,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                    $17,314,000
                                                                    $17,314,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR  -  Customer Requested)
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,637
                                                                          1,637
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,747
                                                                          1,747
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR-Customer Requested)
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $4,991,000
                                                                     $4,991,000
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,268,000
                                                                     $5,268,000
 Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (POU)
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,389
                                                                          1,389
 Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (POU)
                                                                             $0
                                                                         $4,899
                                                                         $4,899
                                                                             $0
                                                                     $5,915,000
                                                                     $5,915,000
 Total Annual Benefits
                                                                     $1,032,000
                                                                    $21,059,000
                                                                    $20,027,000
                                                                    $30,497,000
                                                                   $131,155,000
                                                                   $100,659,000
 Note: Benefits were estimated using blood lead levels in Exhibit 6-24 and the concentration-response function from Crump et al. (2013) and IQ valuation from EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). IQ points are rounded to the nearest 100. This IQ point rounding occasionally results in incremental results that do not equal the exact difference between the presented previous LCR results and the presented First Liter Option results. The benefits are calculated based on the alternative first liter compliance sampling protocol.
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCT = corrosion control treatment; LSLR = lead service line replacement; POU = point-of-use; TLE = trigger level exceedance.
References
CDC. 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports. Births: Final Data for 2015 
Crump, K. S., Van Landingham, C., Bowers, T. S., Cahoy, D., & Chandalia, J. K. 2013. A statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. ( 2005 ) pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children. Crit Rev Toxicol, 43(9), 785-799. doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.832726
Kirrane, E. F.., & Patel, M. M. 2014. Memorandum from EPA NCEA to ISA for Lead Docket: Identification and consideration of errors in Lanphear et al. (2005), "Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis." 
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P. A., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. 2005. Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894-899. doi:10.1289/ehp.7688
Lin, D., Lutter, R., & Ruhm, C. J. 2018. Cognitive performance and labour market outcomes. Labour Economics, 51, 121-135. 
Salkever, D. S. 1995. Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead. Environmental Research, 70, 1-6. doi:0013-9351/95
U.S. EPA. 2007. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. 

: Alternative Approaches to Estimating Changes in Blood Lead Levels in Adults
In this section, EPA presents an assessment of alternative approaches to estimating the adult blood lead level (BLL) changes that could result from the final Lead and Copper Rule revisions (LCRR). The main approach for modeling BLLs in adults is described in Chapter 6. This approach uses BLLs from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to approximate background exposures from sources other than water, the simulated drinking water concentrations summarized in Exhibit 6-12 and EPA's Adult Lead Methodology (ALM) to estimate adult BLLs under different drinking water treatment scenarios. Section H.1 describes alternative estimates of blood lead values in adults based on the use of an alternative exposure estimation model coupled with the ALM and the use of the All Ages Lead Model (AALM) to estimate BLL impacts. 
In Appendix J, EPA provides a description of studies that inform its understanding about the concentration-response functions for one cardiovascular disease (CVD) endpoint  -  mortality  -  in adults. EPA acknowledges remaining uncertainty about the best quantitative relationship to describe the impacts of small changes in current adult BLLs on the risk of CVD mortality. 
Blood Lead in Adults 
In the main analysis described in Chapter 6, EPA estimated BLLs using the adult lead methodology with geometric mean inputs for background BLLs, drinking water lead concentrations, and drinking water consumption (as described in Section 6.5). 
ALM Based Blood Lead
There are uncertainties in the best blood lead metric to use for estimating adult benefits, and this metric may depend on the health endpoint under consideration. The ALM model can generate yearly blood leads, which in turn can be averaged over various time periods of the adult's life. 
ALM Based on Estimates of Daily Lead Intake from SHEDS Only
EPA also estimated blood lead using the ALM and estimates of daily lead intake from The Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) only. That is, instead of using the background BLLs from NHANES as inputs into the ALM as was done in Chapter 6, EPA instead used geometric mean estimates of daily lead intake (ug/day) from SHEDS for soil, dust, and diet in addition to those for water. This avoids the potential double counting issue for drinking water lead discussed in Section 6.5.1. Exhibit H-1 shows blood lead estimates in adults using this method. For the SHEDS-ALM modeling, EPA continued using the model parameters summarized in Exhibit 6-30.
Exhibit H-1: ALM Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Based on Estimates of Daily Lead Intake from SHEDS 
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Age Group in Years

20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-80
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     2.26
                                     2.88
                                     3.23
                                     3.42
                                     3.23
                                     3.13
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     1.31
                                     1.60
                                     1.71
                                     1.84
                                     1.77
                                     1.68
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     0.54
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.59
                                     0.56
                                     0.54
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     1.44
                                     1.77
                                     1.93
                                     2.10
                                     2.02
                                     1.88
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     0.73
                                     0.82
                                     0.87
                                     0.88
                                     0.86
                                     0.81
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     0.54
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.59
                                     0.56
                                     0.54
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     1.01
                                     1.19
                                     1.27
                                     1.33
                                     1.30
                                     1.22
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     0.93
                                     1.08
                                     1.16
                                     1.21
                                     1.18
                                     1.09
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     0.54
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.59
                                     0.56
                                     0.54
                                      POU
                                     0.54
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.59
                                     0.56
                                     0.54
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.
The SHEDS model does not output exposure estimates separately for males and females, so the values in Exhibit H-1 represent an average of both sexes. To facilitate comparison, the ALM-generated BLLs using NHANES as background (from Chapter 6, Exhibit 6-31) are averaged for males and females and displayed in Exhibit H-2. 
Exhibit H-2: Average of Male and Female Blood Lead Levels from Exhibit 6-31
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
GM Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Age Group in Years from the ALM at the 5[th] liter

20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-80
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     1.72
                                     1.86
                                     2.06
                                     2.32
                                     2.49
                                     2.70
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     1.16
                                     1.28
                                     1.48
                                     1.74
                                     1.89
                                     2.07
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     0.72
                                     0.82
                                     1.02
                                     1.29
                                     1.41
                                     1.57
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     1.25
                                     1.37
                                     1.57
                                     1.83
                                     1.98
                                     2.17
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     0.94
                                     1.06
                                     1.26
                                     1.52
                                     1.66
                                     1.82
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     0.72
                                     0.82
                                     1.02
                                     1.29
                                     1.41
                                     1.57
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     0.99
                                     1.10
                                     1.30
                                     1.57
                                     1.70
                                     1.87
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     0.82
                                     0.93
                                     1.13
                                     1.40
                                     1.53
                                     1.69
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     0.72
                                     0.82
                                     1.02
                                     1.29
                                     1.41
                                     1.57
                                      POU
                                     0.72
                                     0.82
                                     1.02
                                     1.29
                                     1.41
                                     1.57
Acronyms: ALM = Adult Lead Methodology; GM = geometric mean; LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.
                                       
ALM Based Percentiles
As an additional sensitivity analysis of estimates of changes in adult BLLs, EPA calculated BLLs using inputs for background BLLs from NHANES, drinking water ingestion rates, and drinking water concentrations at the 25[th] and 75[th] percentiles. Exhibit H-3 shows the resulting BLLs for the 25[th] percentile and Exhibit H-4, for the 75[th] percentiles. This sensitivity analysis exemplifies the combined contribution that exposure factor assumptions, such as background lead, drinking water ingestion rate, and drinking water lead concentration have on the resulting BLLs. These blood lead estimates can be thought of as reasonable "high" and "low" estimates of BLLs, given the combination of high exposure factors versus low exposure factors.
Exhibit H-3: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 25th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology
Lead Service Line Status 
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
Sex
Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Age Group in Years

20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-80 
25th Percentile
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     0.81
                                     0.88
                                     1.04
                                     1.18
                                     1.30
                                     1.45
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.65
                                     0.71
                                     0.84
                                     1.08
                                     1.17
                                     1.28
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     0.66
                                     0.73
                                     0.88
                                     1.03
                                     1.13
                                     1.26
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.50
                                     0.55
                                     0.69
                                     0.93
                                     1.00
                                     1.09
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     0.54
                                     0.61
                                     0.76
                                     0.91
                                     1.00
                                     1.11
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.38
                                     0.43
                                     0.56
                                     0.81
                                     0.87
                                     0.94
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     0.69
                                     0.76
                                     0.91
                                     1.05
                                     1.16
                                     1.29
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.52
                                     0.58
                                     0.71
                                     0.95
                                     1.03
                                     1.12
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     0.61
                                     0.67
                                     0.82
                                     0.97
                                     1.07
                                     1.19
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.44
                                     0.49
                                     0.63
                                     0.87
                                     0.94
                                     1.02
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     0.54
                                     0.61
                                     0.76
                                     0.91
                                     1.00
                                     1.11
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.38
                                     0.43
                                     0.56
                                     0.81
                                     0.87
                                     0.94
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     0.62
                                     0.68
                                     0.84
                                     0.98
                                     1.08
                                     1.20
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.45
                                     0.51
                                     0.64
                                     0.88
                                     0.95
                                     1.04
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     0.57
                                     0.64
                                     0.79
                                     0.94
                                     1.03
                                     1.15
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.41
                                     0.46
                                     0.59
                                     0.83
                                     0.90
                                     0.98
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     0.54
                                     0.61
                                     0.76
                                     0.91
                                     1.00
                                     1.11
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.38
                                     0.43
                                     0.56
                                     0.81
                                     0.87
                                     0.94
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     0.54
                                     0.61
                                     0.76
                                     0.91
                                     1.00
                                     1.11
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.38
                                     0.43
                                     0.56
                                     0.81
                                     0.87
                                     0.94
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.

Exhibit H-4: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 75th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
Sex
Blood Lead Level (ug/dL) for Specified Age Group in Years

20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-80 
75th Percentile
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     5.79
                                     6.01
                                     6.29
                                     6.68
                                     6.69
                                     6.60
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     5.29
                                     5.52
                                     5.76
                                     6.27
                                     6.18
                                     6.13
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     3.34
                                     3.51
                                     3.80
                                     4.19
                                     4.28
                                     4.33
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.84
                                     3.03
                                     3.26
                                     3.77
                                     3.78
                                     3.86
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.42
                                     1.57
                                     1.85
                                     2.24
                                     2.41
                                     2.56
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.93
                                     1.09
                                     1.32
                                     1.83
                                     1.91
                                     2.09
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     3.72
                                     3.91
                                     4.19
                                     4.58
                                     4.66
                                     4.69
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     3.23
                                     3.42
                                     3.66
                                     4.17
                                     4.16
                                     4.22
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     2.39
                                     2.55
                                     2.84
                                     3.23
                                     3.36
                                     3.45
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.90
                                     2.07
                                     2.30
                                     2.81
                                     2.85
                                     2.99
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.42
                                     1.57
                                     1.85
                                     2.24
                                     2.41
                                     2.56
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.93
                                     1.09
                                     1.32
                                     1.83
                                     1.91
                                     2.09
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     2.60
                                     2.76
                                     3.05
                                     3.44
                                     3.56
                                     3.65
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.10
                                     2.28
                                     2.52
                                     3.03
                                     3.06
                                     3.18
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.87
                                     2.03
                                     2.31
                                     2.70
                                     2.85
                                     2.98
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.38
                                     1.54
                                     1.78
                                     2.29
                                     2.35
                                     2.51
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.42
                                     1.57
                                     1.85
                                     2.24
                                     2.41
                                     2.56
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.93
                                     1.09
                                     1.32
                                     1.83
                                     1.91
                                     2.09
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     1.42
                                     1.57
                                     1.85
                                     2.24
                                     2.41
                                     2.56
                                       
                                    Females
                                     0.93
                                     1.09
                                     1.32
                                     1.83
                                     1.91
                                     2.09
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.
Blood Lead Estimates from the All Ages Lead Model
EPA additionally used the All Ages Lead Model (AALM), version 2.0 released in 2019 as an alternative approach to estimate BLLs in adults. The results from AALM were compared with those of the ALM. The AALM is a model that "has the capability of simulating Pb levels in body tissues (e.g., blood, bone, brain) and excreta at resulting from acute or chronic exposures to inorganic Pb that occur from birth through adulthood" (U.S. EPA, 2019, p. 4). It is a conceptual extension of the EPA IEUBK model and incorporates concepts from other blood lead models including the Leggett (Leggett, 1993) and O'Flaherty (O'Flaherty, 1998) models.  Users may modify inputs for lead concentrations in environmental media, ingestion rates, and other biokinetic parameters such as relative bioavailability. 
Exposure estimates from SHEDS were used as inputs to the AALM to estimate BLLs in adults age 20-80. Exposure estimates from SHEDS include exposures to lead from air, dust, and food, in addition to water. Age and corresponding exposure levels via air, dust, water, and food from SHEDS were used in place of the AALM default exposure levels in the model. The gastrointestinal (GI) absorption fraction for each age in the AALM model was determined based on the formula within the model (U.S. EPA, 2019, Equation 2.3-28, p. 24). The methods used to run the AALM model using the SHEDS output are further detailed in Appendix G.1.3. AALM estimated BLLs using both arithmetic mean lead exposure and geometric mean lead exposure from SHEDS are presented in Exhibit H-5 and Exhibit H-6, respectively.
Exhibit H-5: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates 
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
Sex
20-29
30-39

40-49
50-59

60-69

70-80
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     5.41
                                     5.50
                                     5.74
                                     5.85
                                     5.54
                                     5.18
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     7.00
                                     7.14
                                     7.44
                                     7.57
                                     7.17
                                     6.70
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     2.35
                                     2.24
                                     2.21
                                     2.21
                                     2.12
                                     1.98
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     3.04
                                     2.91
                                     2.86
                                     2.86
                                     2.75
                                     2.56
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.26
                                     1.07
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.90
                                     0.86
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.63
                                     1.39
                                     1.29
                                     1.25
                                     1.17
                                     1.11
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     3.38
                                     3.40
                                     3.32
                                     3.56
                                     3.37
                                     3.09
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     4.37
                                     4.42
                                     4.30
                                     4.61
                                     4.35
                                     4.00
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     2.17
                                     2.00
                                     1.99
                                     1.98
                                     1.95
                                     1.78
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.80
                                     2.60
                                     2.58
                                     2.57
                                     2.52
                                     2.30
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.26
                                     1.07
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.90
                                     0.86
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.63
                                     1.39
                                     1.29
                                     1.25
                                     1.17
                                     1.11
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     3.06
                                     3.00
                                     2.98
                                     3.08
                                     2.97
                                     2.75
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     3.96
                                     3.89
                                     3.86
                                     3.99
                                     3.84
                                     3.56
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.67
                                     1.52
                                     1.47
                                     1.45
                                     1.40
                                     1.29
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.16
                                     1.97
                                     1.90
                                     1.88
                                     1.81
                                     1.66
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.26
                                     1.07
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.90
                                     0.86
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.63
                                     1.39
                                     1.29
                                     1.25
                                     1.17
                                     1.11
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     1.26
                                     1.07
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.90
                                     0.86
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.63
                                     1.39
                                     1.29
                                     1.25
                                     1.17
                                     1.11
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.

Blood lead levels estimated using version 2.0 of the AALM differed than those used in the main analysis, which were estimated using the ALM (see Chapter 6, Section 6.5.1.2). For scenarios with higher water concentrations, AALM generally predicted higher blood leads than ALM, and this is more pronounced when the arithmetic mean SHEDS inputs are used, which is consistent with the higher arithmetic mean than geometric mean in the drinking water data. Since the lead intake for men and women was the same, it was observed and expected that blood lead levels in women would be higher than blood lead levels in men due to differences in biokinetic parameters for each sex.
Exhibit H-6: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates
Lead Service Line Status
Corrosion Control Treatment Status
Sex
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-80

                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     3.04
                                     3.24
                                     3.38
                                     3.55
                                     3.44
                                     3.36
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     3.93
                                     4.20
                                     4.38
                                     4.60
                                     4.45
                                     4.34
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.55
                                     1.47
                                     1.44
                                     1.47
                                     1.45
                                     1.38
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.00
                                     1.90
                                     1.87
                                     1.91
                                     1.88
                                     1.79
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     Males
                                     1.00
                                     0.83
                                     0.77
                                     0.74
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.29
                                     1.08
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.91
                                     0.87
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     2.07
                                     2.08
                                     2.10
                                     2.23
                                     2.18
                                     2.08
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.67
                                     2.69
                                     2.72
                                     2.89
                                     2.83
                                     2.69
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.46
                                     1.35
                                     1.33
                                     1.36
                                     1.33
                                     1.25
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.88
                                     1.76
                                     1.72
                                     1.76
                                     1.72
                                     1.62
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     Males
                                     1.00
                                     0.83
                                     0.77
                                     0.74
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.29
                                     1.08
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.91
                                     0.87
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.91
                                     1.90
                                     1.88
                                     1.97
                                     1.93
                                     1.86
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     2.47
                                     2.46
                                     2.44
                                     2.56
                                     2.50
                                     2.40
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.21
                                     1.08
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.00
                                     0.96
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.57
                                     1.40
                                     1.34
                                     1.33
                                     1.29
                                     1.24
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     Males
                                     1.00
                                     0.83
                                     0.77
                                     0.74
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                       
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.29
                                     1.08
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.91
                                     0.87
                                      POU
                                     Males
                                     1.00
                                     0.83
                                     0.77
                                     0.74
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                       
                                    Females
                                     1.29
                                     1.08
                                     0.99
                                     0.96
                                     0.91
                                     0.87
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; POU = point-of-use.

References 
Leggett, R. W. 1993. An Age-Specific Kinetic Model of Lead Metabolism in Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101: 598-616. 
O'Flaherty, E.J. 1998. A physiologically based kinetic model for lead in children and adults. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, Supplement 6: 1495-1503. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.98106s61495.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2019. Technical Support Document for the All Ages Lead Model (AALM)  -  Parameters, Equations and Evaluations. EPA600/R-19/011. Office of Research and Develop. Washington, D.C.  

: Discussion of Additional Potentially Reduced Adverse Health Endpoints in Children 
In this Appendix, EPA presents methods by which one may consider quantifying two additional endpoints in children: decreases in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Section I.1) and reductions in birth weight (Section I.2) and present potential methods for estimating necessary blood lead levels. Once more detailed methods have been developed, EPA will subject them to external peer review. However, as an external peer review has not yet been conducted on the quantification of these endpoints in regulatory analysis, these endpoints do not appear in the quantified benefits estimates for the Final LCRR.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that is characterized by persistent symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention. Inattentive symptoms include difficulty in sustaining concentration, keeping organized, and completing tasks. Hyperactivity and impulsivity refer to symptoms such as restlessness, excessive talking, and interrupting others. ADHD is linked to decreased academic achievement and performance and increased likelihood of criminal behavior (Doshi et al., 2012). It is thus associated with large economic costs to society as a result of its impact on health care, education, the criminal justice system, and income and productivity losses (Doshi et al., 2012).
EPA (2013) and the National Toxicology Program (2012) have both assigned the highest weight of evidence (causal determination and sufficient determination, respectively) to the association between symptoms of ADHD and lead exposure. The causal relationship cited in the EPA ISA relies on data from both cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies. The research collectively looked at lead exposures at various points in time including prenatal blood lead, blood lead measured 9-11 years before attention was measured, lifetime average blood lead, or tooth lead level. For example, Bellinger et al. (1994) measured tooth lead (dentin) in participants in 1[st]-2[nd] grade and found an association with several measures of attention assessed over a decade later, at ages 19-20 years old. Overall, most studies of children with mean blood lead levels from 1 to 13 μg/dL found an association with attention decrements, though evidence is more variable for blood lead levels from 1 to 6.5 μg/dL. 
Although the EPA ISA did not assign a rating to the relationship between lead exposures and ADHD diagnosis specifically, the report does examine studies on this association separately within the discussion on attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The main limitation of the body of research investigating ADHD as an outcome was that all identified studies were cross-sectional, which means that temporality between lead exposures and ADHD incidence cannot be determined by these studies alone. In addition, the diagnostic criteria for ADHD include a range of behaviors; there may be differences in subjects regarding which specific behaviors led to the ADHD diagnosis. Because of this, the studies specifically looking at ADHD as an outcome are characterized in the ISA as weak relative to those investigating the effects of lead on the broader category of attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. However, numerous studies have shown associations between lead exposures and ADHD incidence in diverse populations. For example, Wang et al. (2008) found a positive association in Chinese children recruited from pediatric clinics. Braun et al. (2006) analyzed data from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and found that children aged 4-15 years old who had blood lead levels above 2 ug/dL had a 4.1 times greater risk of ADHD than children with blood lead below 0.8 ug/dL. Additionally, studies using ADHD diagnosis as the endpoint, rather than symptoms related to ADHD, are more amenable to benefits analysis. This is because diagnoses may be more easily monetized than behaviors. For these reasons, along with the evidence from the ISA on the broader category of attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, EPA tasked Abt Associates to review studies of childhood lead exposure and ADHD and to derive a concentration-response function to link changes in lead exposures to changes in ADHD prevalence in children. In the following sections, we discuss methods for estimating blood lead levels in this population (I.1.1) and describe the concentration-response function derived by Abt Associates (I.1.2), using the findings of Froehlich et al. (2009), a study of lead exposure and ADHD in children aged 8 to 15 years.
 Estimates of Blood Lead in Children Aged 8-15
To estimate changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a result of the rule, estimates of changes in blood lead levels in children aged 8 to 15 years old will be needed. However, there is currently no established model for estimating blood lead levels in children over the age of seven. The All Ages Lead Model (AALM) has the capability to estimate blood lead in this population, but it is currently still in the process of peer review. For this discussion, EPA used two methods for estimating blood lead in this population: estimates based on scaling of changes in blood lead levels in children aged 6-7 from the SHEDS-IEUBK coupling, and those based on the beta version of the AALM. 
To scale blood lead estimates for 6- to 7-year-olds to those of 8- to 15-year-olds, EPA compared blood lead levels reported in the concentration-response function study by Froehlich et al. (2009) to those for 6- to 7-year-olds in the same 2001-2004 NHANES cohort. Blood lead levels in the 8- to 15-year-olds studied by Froehlich et al. (2009) were 0.8 times the BLLs in 6- to 7-year-olds. Thus, EPA multiplied the SHEDS-IEUBK coupling estimates by 0.8 to estimate blood lead levels in 8- to 15-year-olds. Exhibit I-1 shows the blood lead levels from SHEDS-IEUBK used to estimate changes in ADHD. 
Exhibit I.1 Geometric Mean Blood Lead in 8- to 15-Year-Olds Based on SHEDS-IEUBK Coupling
Lead Service Line Status
                          Corrosion Control Treatment
                   Geometric Mean Blood Lead Level (ug/dL)
LSL
None
                                     1.87
Partial
None
                                     1.32
No LSL
None 
                                     0.79
LSL
Partial
                                     1.41
Partial
Partial
                                     1.10
No LSL
Partial
                                     0.79
LSL
Representative
                                     1.15
Partial
Representative
                                     0.96
No LSL
Representative
                                     0.79
                                      POU
                                     0.79

Blood lead estimates were additionally estimated using the beta version of the AALM assuming drinking water concentrations for the various LCR scenarios. Exposure estimates from SHEDS were used as inputs to the AALM to estimate blood lead levels in 8- to 15-year-olds. Exposure estimates from SHEDS include exposures to lead from air, dust, and food, in addition to water. 
Age and corresponding lead exposure levels via air, dust, water and food from SHEDS were used in place of the AALM default exposure levels. The GI absorption fraction for each age in the AALM model was determined based on the formulas built within the model. The methods used to run the AALM model using the SHEDS output are further detailed in Appendix G.1.3. AALM estimated blood lead levels using both arithmetic mean lead exposure and geometric mean lead exposure from SHEDS are presented in Exhbit I.2 and Exhibit I.3, respectively. Since the AALM uses different assumptions for biological parameters in each sex, results for males and females are presented separately. 
Exhibit I.2: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates
                           Lead Service Line Status
                      Corrosion Control Treatment Status
                                     Males
                                    Females
                            Average for Both Sexes
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     4.08
                                     4.09
                                     4.08
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     2.78
                                     2.79
                                     2.78
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     1.77
                                     1.78
                                     1.78
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     2.98
                                     3.00
                                     2.99
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     2.30
                                     2.31
                                     2.30
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     1.77
                                     1.78
                                     1.78
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     2.38
                                     2.39
                                     2.39
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     2.01
                                     2.02
                                     2.01
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     1.77
                                     1.78
                                     1.78
                                      POU
                                     1.77
                                     1.78
                                     1.78

Exhibit I.3: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates 
                           Lead Service Line Status
                      Corrosion Control Treatment Status
                                     Males
                                    Females
                            Average for Both Sexes

                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     3.05
                                     3.12
                                     3.09
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     2.21
                                     2.26
                                     2.23
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     1.56
                                     1.58
                                     1.57
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     2.34
                                     2.39
                                     2.37
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     1.89
                                     1.93
                                     1.91
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     1.56
                                     1.58
                                     1.57
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     1.95
                                     1.99
                                     1.97
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     1.71
                                     1.74
                                     1.72
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     1.56
                                     1.58
                                     1.57
                                      POU
                                     1.56
                                     1.58
                                     1.57

Estimates of blood lead associated with each LSL and CCT combination are lower using the SHEDS-IEUBK scaling method. However, the changes in blood lead levels are smaller when using the SHEDS-IEUBK estimates than the AALM estimates. 
Concentration-Response Function for Lead and ADHD
EPA is exploring the use of a paper by Froehlich et al. (2009), "Association of Tobacco and Lead Exposures with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," to develop a concentration-response function. Froehlich et al. (2009) analyzed 2001-2004 NHANES data on the association between ADHD diagnosis and blood lead levels in 8 to 15 year olds while controlling for several confounders. In the sample of 2,588 children, 8.7% met the criteria for DSM diagnosis for ADHD. There was a significant association between blood lead levels and ADHD: children in the highest tertile of lead exposure (>1.3 ug/dL) were 2.3 times (95% CI, 1.5-3.8) as likely to have ADHD as those in the lowest tertile (0.2-0.8 ug/dL). When BLLs were log-transformed, the adjusted OR for ADHD diagnosis was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8). This study can be used to inform a health impact function to estimate changes in the rate of ADHD as a result of reductions in blood lead that result from the implementation of CCT and LSL replacement under the final changes to the LCR. 
In this appendix, EPA presented two methods of estimating blood leads in 8- to 15-year-olds which could be used in conjunction with a concentration-response function from a study Froehlich et al. (2009) to estimate reductions in ADHD due to reductions in lead exposures.  To scale blood lead estimates for 6- to 7-year-olds to those of 8- to 15-year-olds, EPA compared blood lead levels reported in the study by Froehlich et al. (2009) to those for 6- to 7-year-olds in the same 2001-2004 NHANES cohort. Blood lead levels in the 8- to 15-year-olds studied by Froehlich et al. (2009) were 0.8 times the BLLs in 6- to 7-year-olds. Thus, EPA multiplied the SHEDS-IEUBK coupling estimates by 0.8 to estimate blood lead levels in 8- to 15-year-olds.
Reductions in Birth Weight
Reductions in birth weight can increase the risk of medical complications in infants (Goldenberg & Culhane, 2007). In the long-term, low birth weight can increase the risk of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes in adulthood (Goldenberg & Culhane, 2007). In the 2013 Integrated Science Assessment for Lead, EPA concluded that the scientific literature is suggestive of an association between lead exposure and reduced birth weight. Specifically, the EPA ISA stated:
   "Associations were observed between Pb and low birth weight in epidemiologic studies of maternal bone Pb and studies of air exposures and birth weight. The associations were less consistent when using maternal blood Pb or umbilical cord and placenta Pb as the exposure measurement although some studies did report an association" (U.S. EPA, 2013), p. 4-655.
The NTP Monograph found "sufficient evidence that maternal blood Pb levels <5 ug/dL are associated with reduced fetal growth and lower birth weight" (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 139). NTP makes this conclusion while acknowledging that the results are not entirely consistent across studies but states that "multiple prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies provide sufficient evidence that maternal blood Pb levels <10 ug/dL are associated with reduced fetal growth and lower birth weight" (National Toxicology Program, 2012, p. 140). NTP also stated that the findings between bone lead and birth weight were consistent, but the evidence was limited because all the studies that use bone as the biomarker for maternal lead exposure are based on a single cohort in Mexico City.
Given the sufficient evidence determination by NTP and the fact that EPA noted that associations between lead and lower birth weight were observed in well-conducted epidemiologic studies, EPA tasked Abt Associates to review the literature to select a concentration-response function for the association between maternal blood lead levels and reductions in birth weight. Section I.2.1 describes an approach to estimate blood lead levels in pregnant women for use in a concentration-response function, which is described in Section I.2.2.  
Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Pregnant Women 
To estimate blood lead levels in pregnant women, EPA used the ALM to generate estimates of blood lead in women of childbearing age, who are defined as women between 17 and 45 years old. The geometric mean blood lead level from NHANES 2009-2014 for women aged 17 to 45 years old was used as the baseline blood lead in the ALM model. For drinking water inputs, geometric mean drinking water ingestion for adults was used along with the drinking water lead concentrations for each scenario under the Final LCRR. Exhibit I.3 shows the estimated pre- and post-rule blood lead levels in pregnant women. 

Exhibit I.4: Geometric Mean Estimates of Blood Lead in Pregnant Women
                                  LSL Status
                                  CCT Status
                         Blood Lead Estimate (ug/dL)
                                      LSL
                                     None
                                     1.72
                                    Partial
                                     None
                                     1.14
                                    No LSL
                                     None
                                     0.69
                                      LSL
                                    Partial
                                     1.23
                                    Partial
                                    Partial
                                     0.92
                                    No LSL
                                    Partial
                                     0.69
                                      LSL
                                Representative
                                     0.97
                                    Partial
                                Representative
                                     0.80
                                    No LSL
                                Representative
                                     0.69
                                      POU
                                     0.69
Concentration-Response Function for Maternal Blood Lead and Reduced Birth Weight
EPA commissioned an updated review of the literature on the association between maternal blood lead levels and low birth weight; after EPA conducts additional analysis the intent is to have the report externally peer reviewed. Out of the 11 studies reviewed, nine found a significant negative association between maternal blood lead and reduced birth weight in offspring. Below we consider one of the studies with the most robust data for use in developing a dose-response function.  Zhu et al. (2010) was well-designed and had a very large sample size (approximately 43,000). In the National Toxicology Program's 2012 Monograph on the Health Effects of Low-Level Lead, the study by Zhu et al. (2010) was cited as the main reason for the "sufficient" weight-of-evidence determination for low birth weight and lead exposures. The beta estimate from Zhu et al. (2010) can be applied to a health impact function that could be used to estimate the changes in birth weight from changes in maternal blood lead resulting from the implementation of CCT and LSL replacement under the final changes to the LCR. 
References
Bellinger, D., Hu, H., Titlebaum, L., & Needleman, H. L. (1994). Attentional Correlates of Dentin and Bone Lead Levels in Adolescents. Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal, 49(2), 95-105. doi:10.1080/00039896.1994.9937461
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). The effects of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder on employment and household income. Med Gen Med, 8(12). 
Braun, J. M., Kahn, R. S., Froehlich, T., Auinger, P., & Lanphear, B. P. (2006). Exposures to Environmental Toxicants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in U.S. Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12), 1904-1909. doi:10.1289/ehp.9478
Doshi, J. A., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Sikirica, V., Cangelosi, M. J., Setyawan, J., & Neumann, P. J. (2012). Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 990-1002. 
Fischer, M., & Barkley, R. (2006). Young adult outcomes of children with hyperactivity: leisure, financial, and social activities. Int J Disabil Dev Educ, 53, 229-245. 
Fletcher, J., & Wolfe, B. (2009). Long-term consequences of childhood ADHD on criminal activities. J Ment Health Policy Econ., 12(3), 119-138. 
Froehlich, T. E., Lanphear, B. P., Auinger, P., Hornung, R., Epstein, J. N., Braun, J., & Kahn, R. S. (2009). Association of Tobacco and Lead Exposures With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, 124(6), 1054-1063. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0738
Goldenberg, R. K., & Culhane, J. F. (2007). Low birth weight in the United States. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(2), 584S-590S. 
Guevara, J., Lozano, P., Wickizer, T., Mell, L., & Gephart, H. (2001). Utilization and cost of health care services for children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 108, 71-78. 
Hodgkins, P., Montejano, L., Sasane, R., & Huse, D. (2011). Cost of illness and comorbidities in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective analysis Prim Care Companion CNS Disord, 13. 
Jones, D. E., & Foster, E. M. (2009). Service use patterns for adolescents with ADHD and comorbid conduct disorder. J Behav Health Serv Res, 36, 436-449. 
Kessler, R. C., Lane, M., Stang, P. E., & Van Brundt, D. L. (2009). The prevalence and workplace costs of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a large manufacturing firm. Psychol Med, 39, 137-147. 
Marks, D. J., Mlodnicka, A., Bernstein, M., Chacko, A., Rose, S., & Halperin, J. M. (2009). Profiles of service utilization and the resultant economic impact in preschoolers with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Psychol, 34, 681-689. 
National Toxicology Program. (2012). NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead.
Robb, J. A., Sibley, M. H., Pelham Jr., W. E., Foster, E. M., Molina, B. S., Gnagy, E. M., & Kuriyan, A. B. (2011). The estimated annual cost of ADHD to the US education system. School Mental Health, 3(3), 169-177. 
U.S. EPA. (2013). Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. (EPA/600/R-10/075F). Research Triangle Park, NC.
Wang, H. L., Chen, X. T., Yang, B., Ma, F. L., Wang, S., Tang, M. L., . . . Ruan, D. Y. (2008). Case - Control Study of Blood Lead Levels and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10), 1401-1406. doi:10.1289/ehp.11400
Zhu, M., Fitzgerald, E. F., Gelberg, K. H., Lin, S., & Druschel, C. M. (2010). Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1471-1475. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901561

: Detailed Summaries of Studies That May Potentially Inform Concentration-Response Functions 
This appendix contains longer summaries of studies that EPA used for estimating IQ loss, and may consider using to develop concentration-response functions for additional benefits. It contains the summaries for the endpoints of IQ, ADHD, low birth weight and cardiovascular mortality.
Decreases in Intelligence Quotient
Lanphear et al. (2005)
Lanphear et al. (2005) examined the quantitative relationship between IQ test performance and measures of blood lead levels in children followed prospectively from infancy to age 5 - 10. The authors also explored the concentration-response functions (CRFs) between lead and IQ above and below two blood lead cutoff points (7.5 ug/dL and 10 ug/dL) chosen a priori, hypothesizing that a given increase in lead exposures would be associated with greater IQ deficits in children with blood lead levels below the cutoff points than in those with higher blood lead levels. To examine the CRF, Lanphear et al. (2005) conducted a pooled analysis of seven international cohort studies that investigated the relationship between children's blood lead levels and full-scale IQ (composite of verbal and performance test) scores. Children in all cohorts completed a version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children to measure full-scale IQ scores. Four different measures of blood lead levels in children were studied: concurrent (measurement obtained closest to the IQ test), maximum (peak value at any time prior to IQ test), early (mean blood lead from 6 to 24 months of age), and lifetime (mean from 6 months to concurrent). In six of seven cohorts, IQ tests were administered between the ages of 4 years 10 months and 7 years old; in the final cohort (Boston), IQ test scores were only available at age 10, with the nearest concurrent blood lead measurements at age 5. 
Lanphear et al. (2005) assessed the relationship between blood lead levels and IQ by constructing an adjusted log-linear model for each blood lead measurement type. Lanphear et al. (2005) then examined the R[2] values of each regression model and found that all blood lead measures were highly correlated with IQ (r = 0.74-0.96). The measure with the strongest relationship to IQ, as indicated by the highest R[2] value, was concurrent blood lead, which was thus selected as the primary lead exposure index for further analyses. Based on the R[2] values, Lanphear et al. (2005) also recommended use of lifetime average blood lead levels over maximum and early childhood blood lead levels. The preferred final model chosen by Lanphear et al. (2005) used five factors to predict IQ loss in children: log of concurrent blood lead, site, maternal IQ, HOME Inventory score, birth weight, and maternal education.
Lanphear et al. (2005) found a significant association between intellectual deficits and all four measures of childhood blood lead levels, as shown in Exhibit J.1. The curve of the final log-linear regression model indicated that the steepest declines in IQ occur at lower levels of lead exposures (concurrent blood lead < 10 μg/dL). The estimated decreases in IQ from increases in blood lead levels of 2.4 to 10 μg/dL, 10 to 20 μg/dL, and 20 to 30 μg/dL were 3.9, 1.9 and 1.1 points respectively (Lanphear et al. 2005). Lanphear et al. (2005) also divided the dataset and created two linear models using the aforementioned a priori cutoff points. Concurrent blood lead coefficients were significantly different using the 7.5 μg/dL cutoff point: for any given increase in blood lead, the estimated loss in IQ points was significantly greater in children with maximal blood lead levels < 7.5 μg/dL than in those with blood lead levels >= 7.5 μg/dL (β = -2.94 vs. -0.16, p = 0.015). Although the same trend was observed for a cutoff point of 10 μg/dL, the difference in coefficients failed to reach statistical significance. In summary, the Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis resulted in two main conclusions: IQ loss is most strongly predicted by concurrent and lifetime average blood lead levels; and given the same unit increase in blood lead, IQ loss is greater for children with lower levels of lead exposures versus higher levels. 
Exhibit J.1: Mean Unadjusted and Adjusted* Changes in Full-Scale IQ Score Associated with an Increase in Blood Lead Concentration (Log Scale), from the 5th to 95th Percentile of the Concurrent Blood Lead at the Time of IQ Testing
Blood Lead Variable
Unadjusted IQ Estimates
[β (95% CI)]
Adjusted IQ Estimates
[β (95% CI)]
Blood Lead
(5[th] to 95[th] percentile, ug/dL)
IQ Deficits [5[th] to 95[th] percentile (95% CI)]
Early Childhood
                                     -3.57
                               (-4.86 to -2.28)
                                     -2.04
                               (-3.27 to -0.81)
                                 4.1  -  34.8
                               4.4 (1.7  -  7.0)
Peak
                                     -4.85
                               (-5.16 to -3.54)
                                     -2.85
                               (-4.10 to -1.60)
                                 4.0  -  34.5
                               6.1 (3.4  -  8.8)
Lifetime Average
                                     -5.36
                               (-6.69 to -4.03)
                                     -3.04
                               (-4.33 to -1.75)
                                 6.1  -  47.0
                               6.2 (3.6  -  8.8)
Concurrent
                                     -4.66
                               (-5.72 to -3.60)
                                     -2.70
                               (-3.74 to -1.66)
                                 2.4  -  33.1
                               7.1 (4.4  -  9.8)
Source: Lanphear et al. (2005). 
*Adjusted for site, HOME Inventory score, birth weight, maternal IQ, and maternal education. 

Crump et al. (2013)
In 2013, Crump et al. published a statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. (2005) pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children. In this work Crump et al. had two main goals: (1) to reproduce the results of Lanphear et al. (2005) and correct any errors, and (2) perform an independent analysis of the Lanphear et al. (2005) database. Given that one of Crump et al.'s (2013) aims was to reproduce the Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis, EPA refers to the summary of Lanphear et al. (2005) above for the majority of the methods. In this section, EPA describes minor errors in the original analysis that Crump et al. (2013) identified and corrected. EPA then summarizes the independent analysis. 
Crump et al. (2013) obtained data from all seven cohorts by Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. In attempting to recreate the results of Lanphear et al. (2005), Crump et al. (2013) identified and corrected two minor errors in the original analysis:
 Data from the Boston cohort had been transformed by ln(BLL+1); in untransforming these values, Lanphear et al. (2005) mistakenly added one to the antilog instead of subtracting it. Therefore, Crump et al. (2013) used corrected BLL measurements for the Boston cohort. 
 Although Lanphear et al. (2005) stated that full-scale IQ was used in the Boston cohort, according to Crump et al. (2013), performance IQ was accidentally used instead. Therefore, in the corrections to the Lanphear analysis, Crump et al. (2013) replaced performance IQ with full-scale IQ. 
Correcting these minor errors in the Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis resulted in slightly different β coefficients for the relationship between ln(BLL) and IQ, as displayed in Exhibit J.2. It is apparent from Exhibit J.2 that the minor corrections conducted by Crump et al. (2013) resulted in fairly insignificant changes to the β coefficients for the relationship between ln(BLL) and IQ.
Exhibit J.2: Comparison of Adjusted[a] Coefficients from Lanphear et al. (2005) to Those Obtained in the Crump et al. (2013) Reanalysis and Independent Analysis
BLL Variable
Lanphear et al. (2005)
Crump et al. (2013) Reanalysis ln(PbB)
Crump et al. (2013) Independent Analysis ln(PbB+1)

β (95% CI)
R[2 b]
β (95% CI)
R[2]
β (95% CI)
R[2]
Early
-2.04 (-3.27, -0.81)
0.626
-2.21 (-3.38, -1.03)
0.643
-2.46 (-3.81, -1.10)
0.659
Peak
-2.85 (-4.10, -1.60)
0.624
-2.86 (-4.10, -1.61)
0.640
-2.48 (-3.83, -1.14)
0.656
Lifetime
-3.04 (-4.33, -1.75)
0.624
-3.19 (-4.45, -1.94)
0.641
-3.25 (-4.66, -1.83)
0.659
Concurrent
-2.70 (-3.74, -1.66)
0.626
-2.65 (-3.69, -1.61)
0.641
-3.32 (-4.55, -2.08)
0.658
a Coefficients were adjusted for site, birth weight, mother's education, mother's IQ, & HOME inventory score.
b R[2] not reported in Lanphear et al. (2005) and was calculated using their data.
Source: Table 2 and Table 5, Crump et al. (2013).

Although Lanphear et al. (2005) stated that the best measure of BLL to describe the relationship to IQ (i.e., concurrent) was chosen based on the highest observed R[2] value, the authors did not present the R[2] values in their paper. Based on the R[2] values presented by Crump et al. (2013), the difference in the models seems negligible: concurrent and early BLL have the same R[2] value in the reanalysis conducted by Crump et al. (2013), while early BLL has the highest R2 value in their independent analysis. Interestingly, Lanphear et al. (2005) state that the range of r values is 0.74 - 0.96, whereas the r values calculated from the Crump et al. (2013) reanalysis only range from 0.78 to 0.79. 
For their independent analysis of the Lanphear et al. (2005) database, Crump et al. (2013) took a different approach to defining BLL variables and selecting IQ measurements. Specifically, they set up site-specific a priori definitions for each BLL measurement. In contrast, Lanphear et al. (2005) used general overarching definitions for concurrent, lifetime, early, and peak BLL levels. Because each study had 24-month BLL data available, Crump et al. (2013) also explored this BLL measure as it relates to IQ. For the average BLL measurements (lifetime and early childhood), Crump et al. (2013) weighted the averages using "the trapezoid rule for approximating an integral when the subintervals are of unequal length" (p. 786). Additionally, they used the correct blood lead values for the Boston cohort, as described above. 
Crump et al. (2013) used the same scores as Lanphear et al. (2005) for IQ, except for the Boston cohort. In this cohort, Crump et al. (2013) elected to use IQ measurements from 57 months, as opposed to 120 months as in the original Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis. In Crump et al. (2013), the authors' rationale for this change was to make the timing of IQ test scores align more closely with BLL measurements, which were also taken at 57 months. It should be noted, however, that the 57-month IQ measurements were assessed with the McCarthy General Cognitive Index, whereas all other IQ measurements used were based on some form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Use of the 57-month IQ scores reduced the standard deviation of age at IQ measurement from 20 months to 12 months. 
To assess the potential effects of confounding variables, Crump et al. (2013) examined the same covariates as in Lanphear et al. (2005) and additionally included gestational age. Since several of the confounding variables were measured differently in different cohorts (e.g., maternal alcohol and smoking), Crump et al. (2013) defined them as site-specific. The final model included eight confounding variables: site, HOME score, maternal education, maternal IQ, birth weight, maternal alcohol use, maternal smoking, and birth order. Crump et al. (2013) performed statistical analyses to determine which BLL measure was most significantly associated with IQ, and whether a linear or log-transformed model provided a better fit for the data. 
In support of the conclusions of Lanphear et al. (2005), the independent analysis by Crump et al. (2013) indicated that concurrent and lifetime blood lead measures are the best predictors of IQ. In addition, the log-transformed BLL model (i.e., ln(BLL + 1)) provided a better fit than the linear model. EPA used the lifetime function based on this transformation in the main benefits analysis. Thus, the Crump et al. (2013) reanalysis, as well as the independent analysis, validated the main conclusions made by Lanphear et al. (2005). Crump et al. (2013) stated that "even though our reanalysis of results in Lanphear et al. (2005) found some problems with their analyses, our independent analysis found results that mirrored the conclusions of Lanphear et al., namely that the relationship between BLL and IQ is non-linear, that concurrent BLL provided the best statistical description of the exposure-response, and that there is a statistical evidence for an association of BLL with IQ at peak BLL exposure below 7 ug/dL" (p.797). Exhibit J.2 displays the differences in betas between the Lanphear et al. (2005) and Crump et al. (2013) analyses. 
Kirrane and Patel (2014)
Kirrane and Patel (2014) published a memorandum to identify errors in the Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis and to determine whether these errors would affect any conclusions in EPA's 2013 Lead ISA regarding the effects of lead exposure on IQ. Exhibit J.3 provides a comparison of the findings from Lanphear et al. (2005) and the recalculations by EPA from Kirrane and Patel (2014). 
Exhibit J.3: Statistics Associated with Lanphear et al. (2005) that were Recalculated by EPA Kirrane and Patel (2014)
Finding from Lanphear et al. (2005)
Corrected Information
(Kirrane & Patel, 2014)
Previously Reported Information
(Lanphear et al. 2005)
Log-linear model coefficient for blood lead metrics and IQ, adjusted for site, HOME score, birth weight, maternal IQ, and maternal education (Table 4)
Early childhood: 
-2.21 (-3.38, -1.04)
Peak: 
-2.86 (-4.10, -1.61)
Lifetime average: 
-3.14 (-4.39, -1.88)
Concurrent: 
-2.65 (-3.69, -1.61)
Early childhood: 
-2.04 (-3.27, -0.81)
Peak: 
-2.85 (-4.10, -1.60)
Lifetime average: 
-3.04 (-4.33, -1.75)
Concurrent: 
-2.70 (-3.74, -1.66)
IQ decrement over different concurrent blood lead ranges based on the log-linear model
2.4 to 30 ug/dL: 
6.7 IQ points (4.1-9.3)
2.4 to 10 ug/dL: 
3.8 IQ points (2.3-5.3)
10 to 20 ug/dL: 
1.8 IQ points (1.1-2.6)
20 to 30 ug/dL: 
1.1 IQ points (0.7-1.5)
2.4 to 30 ug/dL: 
6.9 IQ points (4.2-9.4)
2.4 to 10 ug/dL: 
3.9 IQ points (2.4-5.3)
10 to 20 ug/dL: 
1.9 IQ points (1.2-2.6)
20 to 30 ug/dL: 
1.1 IQ points (0.7-1.5)
Linear coefficient, sample size (N), and concurrent blood lead measurements (mean, minimum, 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles, and maximum) for subset with peak BLLs < 7.5 ug/dL 
-2.53 (-4.48, -0.58)
N = 118
(3.3, 0.9, 1.1, 6.7, 7.4 ug/dL)
-2.94 (-5.16, -0.71)
N = 103
(3.24, 0.9, 1.3, 6.0, 7.4 ug/dL)*
Linear coefficient, sample size (N), and concurrent blood lead measurements (mean, minimum, 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles, and maximum) for subset with peak blood lead levels >= 7.5 ug/dL
-0.15 (-0.19, -0.11)
N = 1215
(13.0, 0.1, 3.7, 34.2, 71.7 ug/dL)
-0.16 (-0.24, -0.08)
N = 1230
(12.9, 0.1, 3.5, 34.0, 71.7 ug/dL)*
Linear coefficient, sample size (N), and concurrent blood lead measurements (mean, minimum, 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles, and maximum) for subset with peak blood lead levels < 10 ug/dL
-0.77 (-1.65, 0.12)
N = 258
(4.4, 0.1, 1.4, 8.0, 9.8 ug/dL)
-0.80 (-1.74, 0.14)
N = 244
(4.3, 0.1, 1.4, 8.0, 9.8 ug/dL)*
Linear coefficient, sample size (N), and concurrent blood lead measurements (mean, minimum, 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles, and maximum) for subset with peak blood lead levels >= 10 ug/dL
-0.13 (-0.22, -0.04)
N = 1,075
(14.0, 0.1, 4.4, 35.5, 71.7 ug/dL)
-0.13 (-0.23, -0.03)
N = 1,089
(13.9, 0.1, 4.3, 35.4, 71.7 ug/dL)*
Sensitivity of concurrent blood lead - IQ association to omitting one cohort
Slopes range from -2.36 to -2.94
Slopes range from -2.31 to -2.94
Number of children from Boston cohort with peak blood lead levels < 7.5 ug/dL
Boston = 28
Boston = 13
*Findings were not published in Lanphear et al. (2005), but were obtained from Richard Horning via email correspondence with EPA (see 2006 Pb AQCD, p. 6-70 and docket document number EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0735-5512, available at www.regulations.gov).
Source: Table 1, Kirrane and Patel (2014)

Kirrane and Patel (2014) concluded that none of the identified errors would materially affect any conclusions on the relationship between lead exposure and IQ. The lifetime beta estimate from Kirrane and Patel is used in the Final LCRR sensitivity runs.
Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013)
Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013) reanalyzed the Lanphear et al. (2005) data using additional statistical methods and a benchmark dose approach. The benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose that leads to a specified benchmark response (BMR).  Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013) chose a BMR of 1 IQ point and performed benchmark analyses using log-linear, linear and piecewise linear regressions (with cut points of 7.5 and 10 ug/dL). They found a similar BMD using both the lifetime and concurrent measures of blood lead. Consistent with the results of the original Lanphear et al. (2005) analysis, Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013) concluded that the log-linear model provided the best fit for the data. Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013) also confirmed the conclusions of Lanphear et al. (2005) regarding robustness of the model (i.e., model results did not change when each study site was excluded from the analysis in turn) and choice of concurrent BLL as the measurement showing an association to IQ loss. The authors compared logarithmic models of concurrent blood lead and lifetime blood lead and identified that the BMD's associated with a loss of 1 IQ point were 0.354 and 0.355 ug/dL, respectively. 
Jusko et al. (2008) and Min et al. (2009)
EPA reviewed two additional studies, Jusko et al (2008) and Min et al (2009), which use more recent blood lead levels than those used in the Crump and Lanphear analyses, both identified deficits in IQ at a lower BLL than Crump et al (2013), who used the data published by Lanphear et al in 2005. Min et al (2009) only examines concurrent exposure, and the authors identify that at age 4 there is a decrease of 0.77 IQ points for every 1 ug/dL increase in blood lead level. In Min et al (2009), the dose-response relationship between concurrent BLL and Performance IQ at 4 years showed a steep slope at lower levels (up to 7 ug/dL) but did not reach significance. Jusko et al (2008) concluded that lifetime average of blood lead levels between 5-9.9 ug/dL caused a decrease of 4.9 IQ points whereas the concurrent exposure correlated with a decrease of 3.7 points for levels between 5-9.9 ug/dL. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that the slope of the blood-lead IQ relationship was steeper at lower levels of lead exposure where IQ decreased by 1.2, 0.32, and 0.15 points per 1-μg/dL increase in peak blood lead over the range of 2.1 - 10 μg/dL, 10 - 20 μg/dL, and 20 - 30 μg/dL, respectively. In both the studies, the steeper slopes at lower BLL without log transformation showed increased deficits; this reinforces the fact that reducing lead levels in lower ranges of average BLL has a significant impact on preventing IQ loss.
Lanphear et al. (2019) Erratum
Lanphear et al. published an Erratum (2019) that corrected previous minor mistakes in their 2005 analysis. In the original analysis, performance IQ data were used for the Boston cohort instead of the appropriate full-scale IQ data (Lanphear et al. 2019 Erratum). Additionally, in the log-transformation of the children's blood lead level measurements within the Boston cohort (at 6-, 18-, and 24-months), the value of 1 was added instead of subtracted (Lanphear et al. 2019 Erratum). These errors resulted in an incorrect analysis of the Boston cohort, as well as an incorrect pooled analysis of blood lead levels and IQ data for the broader study group (Lanphear et al. 2019 Erratum). The 2019 Erratum corrected these analytic mistakes; β's from the reanalsysis are presented below. The findings were largely the same with the corrected dataset and reaffirmed the original conclusions.
Exhibit J.4: Statistics from Lanphear et al (2019) Erratum as the corrected analysis of 2005 data
BLL Variable
Lanphear et al. (2019) erratum

β (95% CI)
R2 [a]
                                     Early
                             -2.21 (-3.38, -1.04)
                                      n/a
                                     Peak
                             -2.86 (-4.10, -1.61)
                                      n/a
                                   Lifetime
                             -3.25 (-4.51, -1.99)
                                      n/a
                                  Concurrent
                             -2.65 (-3.69, -1.61)
                              reported as highest
[a]R[2] not reported in Lanphear et al. (2019)

Increases in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Froehlich et al. (2009)
In their 2009 paper "Association of Tobacco and Lead Exposures with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder", Froehlich et al. aimed to investigate the associations between ADHD and childhood lead exposures, both independently and in combination with prenatal tobacco exposures. The authors analyzed data from 2001-2004 NHANES on 2,588 children aged 8 to 15 years old with complete information on ADHD diagnosis, lead and tobacco exposures, and additional covariates. Children with high serum cotinine levels (>10 ng/mL), which are indicative of active smoking, were excluded from the study to prevent confounding of the effects of secondhand tobacco exposure. In the main analyses, ADHD diagnosis in NHANES was based on completion of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) by caregivers. The DISC is a structured interview that contains questions on ADHD symptoms, onset, pervasiveness, and severity in the last 12 months and uses DSM-IV criteria to diagnose ADHD. As a secondary outcome, the definition of ADHD diagnosis was expanded to capture children with ADHD who did not meet full DSM-IV criteria due to appropriate medication treatment. In these secondary analyses, children with caregiver report of both history of ADHD diagnosis and ADHD medication use in the past year were additionally included in the analyses. The authors investigated variables that had previously been shown to be associated with ADHD as potential confounders. In the secondary analyses, health insurance status was also examined as a covariate. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between lead exposures and ADHD, adjusted for confounders that were confirmed to be significantly associated with ADHD (χ[2] test, p < 0.2). The final logistic regression model was adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, preschool attendance, birth weight, income/poverty ratio, maternal age at child's birth, and both current secondhand and prenatal tobacco exposures (operationalized by serum cotinine levels and via maternal report, respectively). Additional analyses were performed restricting the sample to children with blood lead < 5 ug/dL. Joint toxicant (i.e., both lead and tobacco exposure) effects were assessed by examining ADHD incidence at varying levels of co-exposures. 
Froehlich et al. (2009) found that 8.7% of children studied met DSM criteria for ADHD diagnosis. Children in the highest tertile of lead exposure (>1.3 ug/dL) were 2.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD (95% CI, 1.5-3.8) than children in the lowest tertile (0.2 to 0.8 ug/dL). The same adjusted OR was observed when restricting the sample to children with blood lead < 5 ug/dL. When blood lead was logarithmically transformed and analyzed as a continuous variable, the adjusted OR for ADHD diagnosis was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8) given a one-unit increase in natural log blood lead. The significant association between lead exposures and ADHD remained when the definition of ADHD diagnosis was expanded in the secondary analyses: the adjusted OR was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3-3.0). Childhood lead exposures and prenatal tobacco exposures combined had a multiplicative effect on the risk of ADHD. Froehlich et al. (2009) estimated that 25% of ADHD cases among U.S. children with blood lead > 1.3 ug/dL are attributable to lead exposures, corresponding to approximately 598,000 cases. Results of Froehlich et al. (2009) were consistent with prior studies that found a relationship between childhood lead exposures and DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis. 
Increases in Cardiovascular Mortality
Cardiovascular Mortality Study Summaries
Lead has been associated with adverse impacts to the cardiovascular system in numerous studies. In the Integrated Science Assessment for Lead, EPA deemed the association between lead exposure and coronary heart disease (including cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality) to be causal. Specifically, EPA stated, "despite the differences in design and methods across studies, with few exceptions, associations between higher levels of Pb biomarkers and higher risk of [coronary heart disease]-related mortality were consistently observed" (U.S. EPA, 2013a, pp. 4-412). A recent meta-analysis supports these findings. Chowdhury et al., (2018) looked at 37 studies examining the relationship between metals and cardiovascular disease in a systematic review. In order to standardize the analysis, they compared top versus bottom thirds of baseline levels, pooled relative risks and found a RR (95 percent confidence interval) for lead of 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) for cardiovascular disease, 1.85 (1.27 to 2.69) for coronary heart disease, 1.63 (1.14 to 2.34) for stroke. 

Both short-term and longer-term exposure may be important for the role of lead and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. These include indirect impacts (e.g., increasing oxidative stress, disturbing hormone homeostasis, disrupting calcium signaling) for which the cascading impacts can adversely impact cardiovascular health. There is also evidence that lead can directly impact cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as damaging the endothelial lining, causing dose-dependent increases in vasoconstriction and directly impacting heart performance. This evidence is discussed in greater detail in Appendix D.
Building upon the findings of the EPA 2013 ISA and the NTP Monograph, EPA conducted a review of the literature on the association between lead exposures and CVD mortality. This section summarizes four studies that estimated concentration-response functions for the association between adult blood lead and cardiovascular mortality. These four studies were selected from the literature because they are the only studies that met the following criteria:
 The study is representative of the general U.S. population, as characterized by: 
          Mean blood Pb level below 5 ug/dL, 
          Relatively large sample size
 The study included an analysis of CVD mortality with blood Pb as a continuous, rather than categorical, variable.  
In each of these studies, the authors found that increases in blood lead levels were associated with increased risk of CVD mortality. All the studies informing the quantitative relationship between lead and cardiovascular mortality are based on NHANES, which provides a single blood lead measurement for each participant, at a time period prior to death. 
Menke et al. (2006)
In their study Blood Lead Below 0.48 umol/L (10 ug/dL) and Mortality Among US Adults, Menke et al. (2006) used NHANES III data to examine the association between blood lead levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among U.S. adults who have blood lead levels below 10 ug/dL. The following text describes analyses and results pertaining to CVD mortality only. Menke et al. (2006) included 13,946 participants 20 years of age and older. Follow-up for each participant was calculated as the time between their NHANES III examination and the date of death, the date on which they turned 90 years of age, or December 31, 2000. The authors used ICD-9 (World Health Organization, 1975) codes 390 to 434 and 436 to 459 and ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992) codes I00-I99 to identify CVD mortality. Maximum duration of mortality follow-up, which varies depending on date of the participant's NHANES examination, was approximately 12 years. The mean blood lead level for the participants in the Menke et al. (2006) study was 2.58 ug/dL.
Menke et al. (2006) performed several statistical analyses. In one statistical analysis, Menke et al. categorized the participants into blood lead tertiles based on the weighted population distribution. The tertiles were <1.93 ug/dL, 1.94 ug/dL  -  3.62 ug/dL, >=3.63 ug/dL. Baseline confounders were calculated for each tertile after standardizing to the U.S. population by age, sex and race-ethnicity. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were calculated using multivariable Cox regression models by comparing each tertile with the first (low lead) tertile. The authors constructed three models to adjust for various potential confounders. In the first model, adjustment was made only for age, sex, and race-ethnicity. Additional potential confounders of the association between lead and CVD mortality were added in Model 2 (see Exhibit J.5 for list). In the final model, Menke et al. (2006) additionally adjusted for hypertension and kidney function, which are potential intermediates in the causal pathway for the association.
 Exhibit J.5 displays results of the analysis for CVD mortality. When comparing the second (middle) tertile to the first tertile, a slight increase in CVD mortality was observed. When comparing the third tertile to the first tertile, a larger and statistically significant increase in risk was found. CVD mortality remained statistically significantly associated with blood lead levels in all three models. 

Exhibit J.5: Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals of CVD Mortality Associated with Tertile of Lead (Menke et al., 2006)
                                       
                                   Tertile 1
                             (<0.09 umol/L or
                               <1.93 ug/dL)
                                   Tertile 2
                              (0.09-0.17 umol/L
                                      or
                               1.94-3.62 ug/dL)
                                   Tertile 3
                               (>=0.18 umol/L
                                      or
                                >=3.63 ug/dL)
                                    Ptrend
Cardiovascular disease mortality, n
                                      104
                                      219
                                      443
                                       
  Age, race-ethnicity, and sex adjusted
                                     1.00
                              1.01 (0.68 - 1.51)
                              1.51 (1.07 - 2.14)
                                     0.004
  Multivariable 1 adjusted*
                                     1.00
                              1.06 (0.70 - 1.60)
                              1.64 (1.14 - 2.35)
                                     0.001
  Multivariable 2 adjusted†
                                     1.00
                              1.03 (0.69 - 1.55)
                              1.55 (1.08 - 2.24)
                                     0.003
Note: Sample sizes (n) refer to the number of events.
* Adjustment included age, race-ethnicity, sex, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI), current or former smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, low income, c-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, high school education, urban residence, and post-menopausal status.
† Adjustment includes variables in model 1, hypertension, and level of kidney function.
Source: Menke et al. (2006, Table 2)

Tests for linear trend across tertiles of blood lead were computed by including tertile of lead as a continuous variable in the Cox regression models. The trend analysis found statistically significant increases in CVD mortality risk. The results of this analysis are also presented in Exhibit J.4 and support the finding of a concentration-response relationship between blood lead and CVD mortality. 
In an additional analysis, due to the skewedness of the distribution of blood lead, lead was log-transformed and treated as a continuous variable. The study authors calculated HRs for a 3.4-fold increase in blood lead levels or the difference between the logged 80[th] (4.92 ug/dL) and 20[th] (1.46 ug/dL) percentiles of blood lead distribution. After the multivariate adjustment, the HR for a 3.4-fold increase in blood lead level was 1.53 (1.21-1.94) for CVD mortality. That is, for each 3.4-fold increase in blood lead level, there is a subsequent 53% increase in risk of CVD mortality for the adult population. Menke et al. (2006) also determined the association between blood lead as a continuous variable and CVD mortality for subgroups defined by age, race-ethnicity, sex, menopausal status, urban or rural residence, cigarette smoking, overweight, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, no subgroup interaction terms were statistically significant at the 5% level.
Aoki et al. (2016)
The purpose of Aoki et al. (2016) was to "examine the blood Pb-CVD mortality association with hematocrit/hemoglobin-corrected blood lead using NHANES 1999 to 2010" (p. 1). The authors opted to use the hematocrit or hemoglobin corrected values of blood lead in order to examine whether these measures are better biomarkers of exposure than whole blood lead. This is because the majority of blood lead is in red blood cells; if lead causes total red blood cell count to decrease (i.e., lead-induced anemia), there will be an underestimation of the relationship between blood lead and CVD mortality. To explore this idea, Aoki et al. (2016) used data on 18,602 individuals, 40 years of age and older, from the 1999-2010 NHANES. The mean whole, hematocrit- and hemoglobin- corrected blood lead levels in this subset of the NHANES population were 1.73 ug/dL, 1.73 ug/dL, and 1.74 ug/dL, respectively. Follow-up occurred from the date of NHANES examination through December 31, 2011. Deaths were identified by reviewing death records for ICD-10 codes I00-I99, which correspond to CVD mortality. In this population there were 985 CVD deaths with a median follow up time of 6.2 years.
To model the relationship between blood lead and CVD mortality, Aoki et al. (2016) used a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, with age during follow-up (as opposed to elapsed time since enrollment in the cohort) as the time scale. The authors used three blood lead measurements as the main exposure variable in three separate models: (1) hematocrit-corrected blood lead; (2) hemoglobin-corrected blood lead; and (3) (uncorrected) whole blood lead. To correct for hematocrit/hemoglobin, the authors divided whole blood lead by the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration measured in NHANES. Aoki et al. then multiplied the corrected blood lead variable by the weighted geometric mean of hematocrit and hemoglobin, respectively, in the analytic sample so that results for the corrected variables would be comparable to those for whole blood. 
Aoki et al. (2016) examined several variables as confounders in the blood lead-CVD mortality relationship. The authors considered the standard confounders that are often included in analyses related to lead exposure and adverse health outcomes, such as demographic data, smoking status, education, and alcohol intake. The authors also evaluated five non-lead biomarkers as confounders: blood cadmium, serum iron, serum C-reactive protein, serum calcium, and bone mineral density. When entering the confounders and blood lead measurements into the model, all of the right-skewed variables (i.e., the three blood lead measurements, blood cadmium and C-reactive protein) were log-transformed. 
To demonstrate the nature and magnitude of the confounding due to non-lead biomarkers, the authors conducted multiple models for each blood lead measurement, where each non-lead biomarker (i.e., blood cadmium, serum iron, C-reactive protein, and serum calcium) was removed from the fully model adjusted model. In addition, the authors also conducted models in which they adjusted for hemoglobin or hematocrit instead of correcting for it. In the "adjusted for" models, both whole blood lead and the red blood cell concentration (i.e., hemoglobin or hematocrit) are included in the regression model. This is in contrast to the "corrected for" model in which the ratio of whole blood lead to hemoglobin/hematocrit is a single variable in the regression equation. Lastly, the authors also conducted each of the fully adjusted models on a subset of the NHANES population (n=10,264) with bone mineral density (BMD) measures and included BMD as an additional adjustment in the model. Results showed that hematocrit/hemoglobin-corrected blood lead variables are similarly associated with CVD mortality. Additionally, comparing results from the fully adjusted model across lead exposure variables indicated that not correcting for red blood cell concentration may underestimate the risk of CVD mortality. This is exemplified by the fact that the hazard ratio associated with a 10-fold increase in hematocrit- or hemoglobin-corrected blood lead levels is 1.44 or 1.46, respectively, both with confidence intervals that do not include 1. However, the hazard ratio for whole blood lead and CVD mortality is 1.27 with a confidence interval that does encompass the null value of 1. This pattern, with whole blood lead underestimating the relationship with CVD mortality, persists through the models. 
An additional notable pattern is that when blood cadmium and serum iron are excluded from the model, the relative risk increases. The authors interpret this finding as evidence that not adjusting for these variables would result in residual confounding, which could result in an overestimate of the relationship between blood lead and CVD mortality. Removing both serum iron and C-reactive protein did not dramatically increase the relative risk, compared to when only serum iron was removed. Therefore, C reactive-protein was not operating as a strong confounder in this study. Serum calcium also does not appear to be acting as a strong confounder, because removing it from the model does not dramatically shift the relative risk estimate. Additionally, including BMD in the model also did not greatly impact the hazard ratio. Lastly, the adjustment (rather than correction) for hematocrit/hemoglobin resulted in a lower hazard ratio. The authors argue that "if red blood cell concentration acted as an intermediate variable in the causal pathway between exposure to lead and mortality then the lead exposure's effects would have been absorbed into the coefficient representing the association between low red blood concentration and mortality. In fact, we found that the adjusted hazard ratios were attenuated compared to the corresponding hazard ratios for hematocrit/hemoglobin-corrected blood lead." According to Aoki et al. (2016), this is likely due to uncontrolled confounding due to pre-existing anemia (p. 6). 
Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017)
In their paper "Declining exposures to lead and cadmium contribute to explaining the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in the US population," Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) aimed to evaluate whether changes in blood lead and cadmium exposures in the US population would account for changes in rates of CVD mortality between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004, after controlling for established cardiovascular risk factors. Participants in NHANES were included in the study (n = 21,418) if they were aged 40 years old or older and had complete data on lead, cadmium, and other CVD risk factors. Mortality outcomes were determined using National Death Index records and ICD codes for CVD mortality (ICD-10 codes 100-178) and coronary heart disease (ICD-10 codes 120-125). To ensure that the same length of follow-up was used for both cohorts, participants in NHANES 1988-1994 and in NHANES 1996-2004 were followed through December 31, 1996 and December 31, 2006, respectively. The authors used weighting techniques to adjust NHANES data to be representative of the US population. 
To calculate mortality rate ratios associated with a two-fold increase in blood lead, Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) estimated Poisson regression models for individual mortality data on log-transformed metal concentrations, which were adjusted for age at follow-up, sex, race, survey period and traditional CVD risk factors. These risk factors were: baseline smoking status, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol and lipid-lowering medication. Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) additionally conducted analyses including interaction terms for age, smoking status, and survey period. The authors additionally used three approaches to examine mediation of CVD mortality by exposures to lead and cadmium: the causal inference mediation approach, the difference in coefficients approach and the product of coefficients method. For all approaches, three models with varying levels of adjustment were used. In the first model, only age, race, and sex were adjusted for; CVD risk factors and cadmium levels were added in turn to all previous confounders in the second and third models, respectively. Results of the mediation analyses were absolute decreases in deaths attributable to decreases in lead and cadmium exposures, and the percentage of total deaths attributable to these decreases in exposures. 
After adjusting for differences in age, sex, race and risk factors between the two NHANES cohorts, Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) found that decreases in lead exposures were associated with 51.9 avoided deaths per 100,000 person-years. Similar patterns were observed for coronary heart disease mortality. Results were consistent across methods, and in sensitivity analyses when using different methods to adjust for CVD mortality. Exhibit J.6 displays the rate ratios for cardiovascular and coronary heart disease mortality associated with a doubling of blood lead. 
Exhibit J.6: Rate Ratios for Cardiovascular and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Associated with a Two-Fold Increase in Baseline Blood Lead
                                       
                            Cardiovascular Disease
                            Coronary Heart Disease
                                       
                             Mortality rate ratio 
                                   (95% CI)
                               P for interaction
                             Mortality rate ratio 
                                   (95% CI)
                               P for interaction
Overall 
                               1.19 (1.07, 1.31)
                                       -
                               1.24 (1.10, 1.41)
                                       -
Sex
Men
                               1.09 (0.95, 1.25)
                                     0.07
                               1.14 (0.98, 1.33)
                                     0.11
Women
                               1.31 (1.13, 1.52)
                                       
                               1.44 (1.14, 1.82)
                                       
Smoking
Never
                               1.35 (1.14, 1.59)
                                     0.07
                               1.63 (1.32, 2.01)
                                     0.003
Ever
                               1.10 (0.96, 1.25)
                                       
                               1.10 (0.95, 1.28)
                                       
Survey
1988-94
                               1.17 (1.04, 1.31)
                                     0.47
                               1.25 (1.10, 1.42)
                                     0.77
1999-2004
                               1.26 (1.05, 1.50)
                                       
                               1.20 (0.88, 1.62)
                                       
Source: Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017), Table 1

Lanphear et al. (2018)
In their paper Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study, Lanphear et al. (2018) aimed to estimate the relative contribution of lead exposure to all-cause and CVD mortality using a nationally representative sample from NHANES III. Additionally, the authors aimed to expand upon findings on the association between lead and CVD mortality from Menke et al. (2006) by using a longer duration of follow-up. Participants in the study were enrolled in NHANES from 1988 to 1994 and were aged 20 years or older at baseline. NHANES conducted household interviews to obtain demographic information from participants. Participants also underwent medical examinations, during which health information (e.g., BMI, alcohol consumption) and blood and urine samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of lead, cadmium, and creatinine. For the blood lead analyses, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.0 ug/dL. Study participants with blood lead levels below the LOD were assumed to have blood lead of 0.7 ug/dL (i.e., the LOD divided by the square root of 2). Follow-up of all participants occurred through December 31, 2011; personal identifiers (e.g., birth date, social security number) were used to link participants to National Death Index data up to this date. Based on ICD codes, deaths from all causes, CVD (ICD-9 codes 390-459; ICD-10 codes I00-I99), and ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410-414; ICD-10 codes I20-I25) were identified. 
In the statistical analyses, the authors weighted results to account for the oversampling methods used in NHANES III. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations between continuous blood lead and the three types of mortality. Additionally, the shape of the dose-response relationships between lead and the three types of mortality were investigated using five-knot restricted cubic splines. Analyses were adjusted for variables known to be potential confounders for CVD mortality: age, sex, income, ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, urinary cadmium levels, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and cholesterol. The authors used population attributable fractions to estimate the proportional reduction in mortality that would occur if blood lead levels decreased to 1.0 ug/dL in all U.S. adults aged 20 years and above. They additionally investigated the effects of low-level lead exposures by restricting analyses to participants with blood lead levels below 5.0 ug/dL. 
The study analyzed information on 14,280 individuals from NHANES III. The geometric mean blood lead level was 2.71 ug/dL, and 9% (1150) of participants had blood lead below the LOD of 1 ug/dL. During the follow-up period (median of 19.3 years), 4422 participants died. Of these deaths, 38% were attributable to CVD and 22% to ischemic heart disease. Increases in blood lead from 1.0 ug/dL to 6.7 ug/dL (i.e., from the 10[th] to 90[th] percentile) were associated with significant increases in all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and ischemic heart disease mortality. 
 Exhibit J.7 shows the adjusted HRs for these increases and all types of mortality, as well as population attributable fractions and avoidable deaths assuming a decrease in lead to 1.0 ug/dL. 
Exhibit J.7: Adjusted Hazard Ratios, Population Attributable Fractions, and Avoidable Deaths Associated with Lead Exposures (Lanphear et al. 2018)
                               Type of Mortality
                            Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
                             Adjusted HR (95% CI)
                   Population Attributable Fraction (95% CI)
                           Avoidable Deaths (95% CI)
All-cause mortality
                                     3.79
                                  (3.18-4.50)
                                     1.37
                                  (1.17-1.60)
                                    18.0% 
                                  (10.9-26.1)
                                    412,000
                               (250,000-598,000)
CVD mortality 
                                     4.44 
                                  (3.47-5.68)
                                     1.70
                                  (1.30-2.22)
                                     28.7%
                                  (15.5-39.5)
                                    256,00
                               (138,00-352,000)
Ischemic heart disease mortality
                                     5.31
                                  (4.06-6.93)
                                     2.08
                                  (1.52-2.85)
                                     37.5%
                                  (23.4-48.6)
                                    185,000
                               (116,00-241,000)
Source: Lanphear et al. (2018, Table 2)

The cubic spline analyses indicated that the adjusted HRs for all types of mortality were steeper at lower concentrations of lead than higher concentrations. When the analysis was restricted to participants with blood lead levels below 5 ug/dL, the HR for CVD mortality was 1.95 (95% CI = 1.46-2.60). 
Cardiovascular Mortality Uncertainty Discussion
EPA begins this section by providing background on bone and blood lead biomarkers, as well as on the timing of effects and potential modes of action for the association between lead and CVD mortality. Next, EPA describes uncertainties and provides a discussion of their implications for approaches that EPA would develop for modeling benefits of reduced lead exposure in adults. EPA also provides an overview of evidence on applicability of concentration-response functions between lead and CVD mortality in the general population. 
Bone and Blood Lead Biomarkers
Once lead enters the body (through either inhalation or ingestion), it enters the blood stream and has a clearance half-life of approximately 30 days. Although lead can circulate throughout the body and can be found in all organs and tissues, blood is the most readily available biomarker for lead exposure. It is reflective of both recent exposures (<30 days) from exogenous sources and past exposures (years to decades) that had been stored in tissues (e.g., bone) and released endogenously (National Toxicology Program, 2012; U.S. EPA, 2013). Clearance of lead from blood occurs through "the distribution into soft tissues and bone as well as excretion, primarily through kidney filtration and elimination in urine" (Hu et al. 2007, p. 456). The loss of bone lead occurs slowly through bone resorption, the dominant transfer process for bone lead, and by diffusion (U.S. EPA, 2013). Half-life of lead in bone is dependent on age, intensity of exposure, and bone type. EPA states that for cortical bone, the half-life of lead at birth is 0.23 years, 1.2 years at 5 years of age, 3.7 years at 15 years of age, and 23 years in adults; for trabecular bone, the half-life of lead at birth is 0.23 years, 1.0 years at 5 years of age, 2.0 years at 15 years of age, and 3.9 years in adults (U.S. EPA, 2013). As stated previously, the half-life of blood lead is approximately 30 days, but Hu et al. (2007) point out that this half-life is: 
      "a reflection of the 120-day lifespan of erythrocytes and only applies in practice if the total exposure is short (e.g., <30 days). If lead exposure is long-term (i.e., with a duration of years), upon cessation the kinetics of clearance of lead from blood is considerably more complicated, with an initial rapid decline in levels reflecting partial clearance from blood and other soft tissues followed by a much slower clearance, reflecting the replenishment of soft tissue polls of lead with lead from long-lived deposits in bone" (p. 457). 
Therefore, bone lead and blood lead are correlated. This is particularly true in older populations, because of the mobilization from bone later in life (Morrow et al. 2007).
Mode of Action and Timing of Effects
Lead has been associated with adverse impacts to the cardiovascular system in numerous studies. In the Integrated Science Assessment for Lead, EPA deemed the association between lead exposure and coronary heart disease (including cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality) to be causal. Specifically, EPA stated, "despite the differences in design and methods across studies, with few exceptions associations between higher levels of Pb biomarkers and higher risk of [coronary heart disease]-related mortality were consistently observed" (p. 4-412). Both short term and longer term exposure may be important for the role of lead and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and evidence of lead influencing cardiovascular effects via both acute pathways and cumulative injury has been found (Glenn, 2006). 
There are likely to be plausible mechanisms by which lead could contribute to both the long-term processes of cardiovascular disease progression (such as atherosclerosis and chronic increases in blood pressure) and the short-term exacerbating events such as the acute precipitation of "heart attacks" and "strokes." The adverse effects of lead include indirect impacts (e.g., increasing oxidative stress, disturbing hormone homeostasis, disrupting calcium signaling) for which the cascading impacts can adversely impact cardiovascular health. There is evidence that lead can directly impact cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as damaging the endothelial lining, causing dose-dependent increases in vasoconstriction and impacting heart performance directly. 
Because cardiovascular health status is a function of a variety of genetic and lifestyle/behavioral factors as well as exposure to lead, modeling the impact of very small changes in lead exposure is challenging. Additional work is also needed on modeling the cessation lag. For example, how likely is it that changing average blood lead levels in the range of 0.25, 1, or 2 ug/dL for individuals over age 60 is likely to prevent death from CVD at age 70? EPA would have to consider how to take this uncertainty into account in its consideration of methods for modeling lead-related cardiovascular mortality. 
Implications for Benefits Modeling
When EPA published the lead ISA in 2013, questions remained about the time frame over which lead biomarkers most accurately represent risk. As stated in the EPA ISA, "uncertainties remain regarding the timing, frequency, duration and level of Pb exposures contributing to the effects observed in epidemiologic studies" (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. Ixxxv). There is uncertainty over whether the observed associations between lead and CVD are applicable to current cohorts of individuals. This is, in part, because the available studies use a one-time blood lead measure from NHANES rather than examining adult lead exposure over their lifetime. Since environmental levels of lead have been decreasing over time as a result of interventions such as the lead in gasoline ban, individuals examined in these studies may have had a higher exposure profile in childhood and early adulthood than those born in recent years. However, these higher exposures will likely be reflected in higher blood lead levels in their NHANES blood lead samples, as blood and bone lead levels will be correlated. It is not known what their blood lead levels were many years ago, but it is known that on average, older adults have higher blood lead levels than younger adults based on NHANES data.
As described, studies examining different NHANES cohorts, including several published since the 2012 lead ISA, have found significant quantitative associations between blood lead and CVD mortality.  Four key studies on the association were selected by EPA to highlight: Aoki et al. (2016), Lanphear et al. (2018), Menke et al. (2006), and Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017). These selected studies represent all studies available from the literature that met the criteria described at the beginning of Section J.3.1
All of these studies are large, population-based studies that analyze NHANES data and use the National Death Index database to identify cases of CVD mortality among NHANES participants. NHANES is based on a nationally representative sample of individuals throughout the United States and uses a rigorous methodology that includes trained interviewers, standardized procedures, and quality control measures. Another advantage of the use of NHANES is the availability of detailed information on potential confounders, though the possibility of residual confounding remains in each study, and each study looked a slightly different set of potential confounders. The National Death Index is a comprehensive source for death records in the United States. Since all of the studies use this source, the potential for misclassification of CVD mortality cases is similar in each study. 
The EPA ISA indicates that "available human data at ambient concentrations for ... lead [Pb] ... [does] not exhibit thresholds for ... noncancer health effects," (U.S. EPA, 2013, p. Ixiii) thus the association between blood lead and CVD mortality is anticipated, by the Agency, to hold in cohorts with declining blood lead levels.  However, "uncertainties remain regarding the timing, frequency, duration and level of Pb exposures contributing to the effects observed in epidemiological studies" (U.S. EPA 2013). Although EPA finds evidence that reductions in adult lead exposure are likely to result in decreases in CVD mortality, the Agency did not quantify the relationship for the LCRR analysis given these uncertainties.  
Applicability of Observed Concentration-Response Functions to the General Population
Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) investigated interactions in the association between blood lead and CVD mortality by sex, smoking status and survey period. Interactions for sex and smoking status failed to reach significance (p = 0.07), and no interaction was found for survey period (p = 0.47). Menke et al. (2006) also evaluated associations in different portions of the population, such as those above and below 60 years old, and pre- and post-menopausal women, race, smoking status, hypertension and diabetes status and did not find any significant interactions for any groups. 
Based on the above findings from Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) and Menke et al. (2006) and the fact that the studies are based on sampling of the U.S. adult population from NHANES, EPA concluded that each function is applicable to the general population of U.S. adults. Additionally, Lanphear (2018) confirmed that association holds in those with blood lead levels below 5 ug/dL. 
Similar associations between lead and CVD mortality have been observed across different NHANES cohorts and in different segments of the population. In addition, available studies have examined individuals with low blood lead levels (<5 ug/dL) that are within the range of those observed in the current NHANES cohort. The identified concentration-response functions from Aoki et al. (2016), Lanphear et al. (2018), Menke et al. (2006), and Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017) are expected to be applicable to the general U.S. population. In an effort to address the uncertainties in the estimation of changes to CVD mortality risk associated with the changing frequency and level of lead exposures which may occur as a result of regulatory actions, EPA will be soliciting peer-reviewer feedback on the appropriate methods for the quantification of lead related CVD mortality benefits in the regulatory context.
Low Birth Weight
Zhu et al. (2010)
Zhu et al.'s study, Maternal Low-Level Lead Exposure and Fetal Growth (2010), examined the association between low-level (<10 ug/dL) lead exposure and decreased fetal growth, specifically measures of birth weight, pre-term birth, and small for gestational age. In their retrospective cohort study, Zhu et al. matched the blood lead records from New York State's Heavy Metals Registry (HMR) to birth certificate data for singleton births in the state of New York for 43,288 mother - infant pairs from upstate New York (New York State excluding New York City). The mothers were 15 - 49 years of age in 2003 - 2005. The study restricted the cohort to mothers with blood lead levels < 10 ug/dL. The mean and median blood lead levels for the cohort were 2.1 ug/dL and 2 ug/dL, respectively. The mean birth weight was 3,331 grams. 
To assess the relationship between maternal blood lead and the continuous outcomes (e.g., birth weight in grams), Zhu et al. (2010) used a multiple linear regression with fractional polynomials (Royston et al. 1999). They explored one or two terms of fractional polynomials in terms of x[p] where the power of p was -2, -1, -0.5, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3, and also used a natural logarithmic transformation of lead.
The authors state that the model that assumed a linear relationship between birth weight and the square root of blood lead fit the data better than models with all other combinations of fractional polynomials. The final model developed by Zhu et al. (2010) was adjusted for timing of the lead test, gestational age, maternal age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, drug abuse, in wedlock, participation in special financial assistance program, parity, and infant sex. The dose-response relationship from Zhu et al. is:
BW=b0+(-27.4gug/dLxPbB0.5)
Where:
BW		= 	Birth weight in grams
b0 		= 	Birth weight when blood lead is equal to 0 ug/dL
    PbB 	= 	Blood lead in ug/dL

The results from the study are presented in Exhibit J.8, which shows that changes in birth weight associated with a 1 ug/dL change in blood lead vary based on the starting blood lead concentration. For example, the reduction in birth weight from blood lead 0 to 2 ug/dL is approximately 40 grams and from 8 to 10 ug/dL is approximately 10 grams. As Zhu points out, "the model predicts the strongest estimated effects at the lowest levels of exposure, without a lower threshold of PbB [blood lead] below which there would be no predicted effect on birth weight" (p. 1473).

Exhibit J.8: Association between a Change in Blood Lead Concentration and Birth Weight, Upstate New York, 2003 - 2005 from Zhu et al. (2010)
Change in Blood Pb Concentration (μg/dL)
Estimate (grams)
95% CI (grams)
                                       0
                                   Reference
                                       -
                                       1
                                     -27.4
                                -17.1 to -37.8
                                       2
                                     -38.8
                                -24.1 to -53.4
                                       3
                                     -47.5
                                -29.6 to -65.4
                                       4
                                     -54.8
                                -34.2 to -75.5
                                       5
                                     -61.3
                                -38.2 to -84.4
                                       6
                                     -67.2
                                -41.8 to -92.5
                                       7
                                     -72.5
                                -45.2 to -99.9
                                       8
                                     -77.6
                                -48.3 to -106.8
                                       9
                                     -82.3
                                -51.2 to -113.3
                                      10
                                     -86.7
                                -54.0 to -119.4
The model was a linear regression with fractional polynomials after adjustment for timing of Pb test, gestational age, maternal age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol and drinking, drug abuse, in wedlock, participation in special financial assistance programs, parity, and infant sex. Blood Pb concentration was transformed using a square root. The coefficient was -27.4 with a standard error (SE) of 5.3.
Source: Table 3 from Zhu et al. (2010).

Zhu et al. (2010) conducted sensitivity analyses by rerunning their models and excluding blood lead values that were equal to 0 ug/dL in one analysis and also <= 1ug/dL in the second, as the level of detection for the blood lead measurements was 1 ug /dL. They found that the analysis with all blood lead values included provided "robust estimated effects of Pb on birth weight" (p. 1473).
References
 Aoki, Y., Brody, D. J., Flegal, K. M., Fakhouri, T. H., Axelrad, D. A., & Parker, J. D. (2016). Blood Lead and Other Metal Biomarkers as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(1), e2223. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000002223
Baghurst, P., McMichael, A. J., Wigg, N. R., Vimpani, G., Robertson, E. F., & Roberts, R. J. (1992). Environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at the age of seven years. The Port Pirie Cohort Study. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327(1279-1284). 
Bellinger, D., Stiles, K. M., & Needleman, H. (1992). Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a longterm follow-up study. Pediatrics, 90, 855-861.
Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Bellinger, D., Lanphear, B., Grandjean, P., & International Pooled Lead Study, I. (2013). An international pooled analysis for obtaining a benchmark dose for environmental lead exposure in children. Risk Anal, 33(3), 450-461. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01882.x 
Canfield, R. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. (2003). Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517-1526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022848
Chowdhury, R., Ramond, A., O'Keeffe, L. M., Shahzad, S., Kunutsor, S. K., Muka, T., . . . Di Angelantonio, E. (2018). Environmental toxic metal contaminants and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 362, k3310. doi:10.1136/bmj.k3310
Crump, K. S., Van Landingham, C., Bowers, T. S., Cahoy, D., & Chandalia, J. K. (2013). A statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. (2005) pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children. Crit Rev Toxicol, 43(9), 785-799. doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.832726
Ernhart, C. B., Morrow-Tlucak, M., Wolf, A. W., Super, D., & Drotar, D. (1989). Low level lead exposure in the prenatal and early preschool periods: intelligence prior to school entry. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 11, 161-170. 
Froehlich, T. E., Lanphear, B. P., Auinger, P., Hornung, R., Epstein, J. N., Braun, J., & Kahn, R. S. (2009). Association of Tobacco and Lead Exposures With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Pediatrics, 124(6), 1054-1063. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0738
Hu, H., Shih, R., Rothenberg, S., & Schwartz, B. S. (2007). The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(3), 455-462. doi:10.1289/ehp.9783
Jain, R. B. (2016). Trends and variability in blood lead concentrations among US adults aged 20 - 64 years and senior citizens aged>= 65 years. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(14), 14056-14067. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6583-7
Jusko, T. A., Henderson, C. R., Lanphear, B. P., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Parsons, P. J., & Canfield, R. L. (2008). Blood lead concentrations < 10 microg/dL and child intelligence at 6 years of age. Environ Health Perspect, 116(2), 243-248. doi:10.1289/ehp.10424
Kirrane, E. F., & Patel, M. M. (2014). Memorandum from EPA NCEA to ISA for Lead Docket: Identification and consideration of errors in Lanphear et al. (2005), "Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis.". Retrieved from 
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P. A., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. (2005). Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894-899. doi:10.1289/ehp.7688
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. (2019). Erratum: "Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis". Environ Health Perspect, 127(9), 99001. doi:10.1289/EHP5685
Lanphear, B. P., Rauch, S., Auinger, P., Allen, R. W., & Hornung, R. W. (2018). Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e177-e184. doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30025-2
MedlinePlus. (2014). Medical Encyclopedia: Hematocrit.   Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm
MedlinePlus. (2014). Medical Encyclopedia: Hemoglobin.   Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003645.htm
Menke, A., Muntner, P., Batuman, V., Silbergeld, E. K., & Guallar, E. (2006). Blood lead below 0.48 micromol/L (10 microg/dL) and mortality among US adults. Circulation, 114(13), 1388-1394. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.628321
Min, M. O., Singer, L. T., Kirchner, H. L., Minnes, S., Short, E., Hussain, Z., & Nelson, S. (2009). Cognitive development and low-level lead exposure in poly-drug exposed children. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 31(4), 225-231. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2009.03.002
Morrow, L., Needleman, H. L., McFarland, C., Metheny, K., & Tobin, M. (2007). Past occupational exposure to lead: association between current blood lead and bone lead. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 62(4), 183-186. 
Muntner, P., Menke, A., DeSalvo, K. B., Rabito, F. A., & Batuman, V. (2005). Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(18), 2155-2161. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.18.2155
National Toxicology Program. (2012). Prepublication Copy: NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead.
Personal Communication with Andy Menke (2013, 9/2/13).
Royston, P., Ambler, G., & Sauerbrei, W. (1999). The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol, 28(5), 964-974. 
Ruiz-Hernandez, A., Navas-Acien, A., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Crainiceanu, C. M., Redon, J., Guallar, E., & Tellez-Plaza, M. (2017). Declining exposures to lead and cadmium contribute to explaining the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in the US population, 1988-2004. Int J Epidemiol, 46(6), 1903-1912. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx176
Schnaas, L., Rothenberg, S., Perroni, E., Martinez, S., Hernandez, C., & Hernandez, R. M. (2000). Temporal pattern in the effect of postnatal blood lead level on intellectual development of young children. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 22, 805-810. 
U.S. EPA. (2013). Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. (EPA/600/R-10/075F). Research Triangle Park, NC.
U.S. EPA. (2015). External Peer Review of EPA's Approach for Estimating Exposures and Incremental Health Effects from Lead due to Renovation, Repair, and Painting Activities in Public and Commercial Buildings. Springfield, VA.
Wasserman, G., Liu, X., Lolacono, N. J., Factor-Litvak, P., Kline, J. K., & Popovac, D. (1997). Lead exposure and intelligence in 7-year-old children: the Yugoslavia Prospective Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105, 956-962. 
World Health Organization. (1975). International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). v. 1. Geneva, Switzerland.  ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/ICD-9. 
World Health Organization (1992). International classification of diseases and related health problems (10th rev., ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en. 
Zhu, M., Fitzgerald, E. F., Gelberg, K. H., Lin, S., & Druschel, C. M. (2010). Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(10), 1471-1475. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901561

: Estimated Value of an IQ Point
The benefits of the final rule are the monetary value of the avoided IQ decrements in children attributable to final revisions to the LCRR primarily in the areas of CCT and LSLR. EPA's approach to estimating the benefits of regulations that reduce exposure to chemicals and pollutants affecting children's cognitive function relies on two separate literatures: studies that link chemical or pollutant exposures to intelligence quotient (IQ), and studies that link IQ to lifetime earnings. 
This appendix describes EPA's method for estimating an average value per IQ point. Section K.5 provides a summary of the economics literature estimating the relationship between IQ and earnings. Section K.6 describes EPA's reanalysis approach that follows Salkever (1995). Section K.7 provides a critical review of the Salkever approach. Section K.8 describes how EPA estimated lifetime earnings, and Section K.9 describes EPA's method for estimating educational costs and summarizes the IQ value results. Section K.10 discusses limitations to the methods described in this appendix.
Exhibit K.1 summarizes this appendix's estimates of the IQ point dollar values produced in 2016 dollars. The values can be used to estimate the benefits of avoiding IQ decrements. 
Exhibit K.1: Summary of IQ Point Dollar Values (2016$)
Estimate Parameter
Discount Rate

3%, Male
3%, Female
7%, Male
7%, Female
Present value of lifetime earnings
$1,046,830 
$680,742 
$239,634 
$160,998 
IQ value
$19,591 
$23,206 
$4,484 
$5,488 
Additional education costs and lost earnings
$1,324 
$1,343 
$612 
$611 
Net value of an IQ point (IQ value less additional education costs and lost earnings) discounted to the third year of life
$18,267 
$21,862 
$3,873 
$4,877 
Net value of an IQ point, weighted average
$19,993 
$4,355 
Net value of an IQ point, discounted to birth
$18,296 
$3,555 
IQ and Earnings
The economics literature provides a robust basis for estimating the relationship between IQ change and lifetime earnings. Because the literature relies on large datasets that are representative of the US population, it is appropriate to use the results to infer subpopulation-level impacts (though not individual-level impacts) from changes in environmental policy, even when average impacts are very small in magnitude. The estimated effects of IQ on lifetime earnings are not predicated on a particular type or pathway of pollutant exposure. Rather, they are broadly applicable to evaluating any type of policy intended to improve children's cognitive development (Lin et al. 2018).
First, this review discusses Salkever (1995), the study used to derive this estimate most frequently in EPA regulatory analyses. Next, more recent studies are discussed. Then the role that educational attainment plays in mediating the link between IQ and wages or earnings is discussed. A discussion of the uncertainties and limitations of the literature follows, noting a few areas for future research. Last, the implications for use of the literature in regulatory analysis is summarized. 
In the context of lead exposure, which has well-known adverse effects on cognitive development (e.g. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2013), Salkever (1995) and Schwartz (1994) proposed conceptual frameworks to describe the relationships between IQ, education, labor participation, and earnings. IQ can directly affect both participation in the labor force and wages conditional on labor participation, and it can also indirectly affect these outcomes via educational attainment. Some chemicals and pollutants, including lead, can also cause other adverse neurological effects. Some of these effects, such as reduced executive function, also affect wages and labor participation, either directly or indirectly through educational attainment (Heckman et al. 2006; Gensowski 2018). Some studies have found that non-cognitive personality traits are at least as predictive of life outcomes as IQ (Cawley et al. 2001; Heckman et al. 2006; Heckman & Kautz 2012; Borghans et al. 2016). Thus, IQ is one of many proxy variables for the more comprehensive concept of human capital that are predictive of important life outcomes.
Most studies linking cognitive function to earnings have used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1979). NLSY79 is a nationally representative survey of over twelve thousand Americans born from 1957 to 1964 that has tracked participant information about schooling, employment, and earnings for almost four decades. It also includes detailed information about participants' family backgrounds, such as parents' education and income, which allows researchers to isolate the effect of IQ on earnings by controlling for these other potential determinants of earnings. Studies typically use performance on the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), administered to NLSY79 participants in 1980, as a proxy for IQ. The AFQT includes tests of verbal and mathematics skills and has been widely used as a measure of cognitive ability. While AFQT scores are an imperfect measure of cognitive ability and suffer from test-retest variability, the large sample size in the AFQT allows for relatively precise estimates of the effect of IQ on earnings across the sample. 
Salkever (1995) estimated the relationships between IQ, educational attainment, labor participation, and log wages for males and females using data from the NLSY79 on 1990 earnings, when participants were roughly 30 years old. Salkever's analysis included race/ethnicity, region, family income in 1979, and parents' education to control for socioeconomic factors that may be correlated with both IQ and earnings. Salkever found that each 1-point increase in IQ score was associated with an average total gain in earnings of 1.93 percent for males and 3.23 percent for females. While the effect of IQ on schooling and the direct effect of IQ on earnings (after conditioning on schooling) were similar across males and females, the effects of schooling on wages and labor participation were larger for females, resulting in a larger total effect. While Salkever was motivated by the desire to estimate the benefits of reductions in lead exposure, Salkever's empirical analysis was focused only on the IQ to earnings link  -  it does not include data on lead exposure and is based on variation in IQ across the cohort regardless of lead levels.
Since Salkever's 1995 study, other studies in the labor economics literature have used the NLSY79 dataset to examine different aspects of the relationship between IQ and earnings. Neal and Johnson (1996) and Johnson and Neal (1998) examined the wage gap between blacks and whites. Heckman et al. (2006) compared the roles of cognitive and non-cognitive factors in determining earnings, finding that both had statistically significant effects. Ganzach (2011) used more recent data from the NLSY79 to examine the effects of socioeconomic background and IQ on wages over the lifecycle to age 40 for respondents with exactly 12 years of schooling. Zax and Rees (2002) used a different dataset -- the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey -- to examine the relationship between IQ, academic performance, and earnings for white male high school graduates, contrasting effects at age 35 (in 1974) and 53 (in 1992). Both Zax and Rees and Ganzach found that the importance of IQ grows with age, but the effects of socioeconomic background variables on wages are stable over time. 
The results of these studies are qualitatively consistent with Salkever in finding a statistically significant positive relationship between IQ and wages. However, estimates from these studies are not directly comparable to Salkever's because they excluded data from participants with zero earnings, so their findings did not incorporate the effect of IQ on labor participation (Salkever, David S 2014). In addition, Zax and Rees limited their analysis to a subpopulation (white males) in which estimated earnings effects of IQ have been found to be smaller compared to effects for other demographic groups (Salkever, David S 2014). The studies also varied in the extent to which they controlled for educational attainment. Controlling for planned or actual educational attainment without accounting for the endogenous effect of IQ on education will bias the effect of IQ on earnings downward, because higher IQ individuals are likely to attend more years of school and to generate higher earnings (Heckman et al. 2006). This bias is a concern in Zax and Rees, who limited their sample to high school graduates and included educational aspiration variables in some specifications, as well as Ganzach, who limited their sample to participants with exactly 12 years of schooling. The Salkever (1995) approach addressed this potential source of bias by estimating the impact of IQ on schooling in addition to the direct impacts of IQ on labor participation and wages when schooling is held constant and summing the relevant effects together when estimating the total effect of IQ on earnings. 
Lin et al. (2018) is a recent addition to the labor economics literature using the NLSY79 to examine how the effect of IQ on earnings varies over the lifecycle to age 50. Lin et al. generated estimates that are comparable to Salkever's because they included participants with zero earnings in the analysis to capture effects related to labor participation. Rather than Salkever's approach of explicitly modeling the links between IQ, education, and earnings, Lin et al. modeled a reduced form relationship by including IQ in the earnings equation without controlling for education due its endogeneity. Therefore, the coefficient on IQ captures both the direct effect on earnings and the indirect effect resulting from increased educational attainment. Lin et al. included a similar but not identical set of socioeconomic background variables as Salkever. In addition, Lin et al. included three non-cognitive personality traits -- sociability, self-esteem, and perceived level of control over one's life. Lin et al. also compared the results to estimates using a more recent survey -- the NLSY 1997 cohort (NLSY97), a survey of roughly 9,000 Americans born in 1980-1984 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). They found that the effect of IQ on earnings at age 30 was not significantly different across the two cohorts. Lin et al. noted that, after adjusting for years worked, reference age, and IQ scale, their central estimate of the effect of IQ on lifetime earnings is within two percent of EPA (2008b) range of estimates. However, because the Lin et al. estimates of the IQ-earnings effect increase with age, Lin et al.'s estimate of the IQ-earnings effect at age 30 is smaller than Salkever's estimate. Lin et al. note that their estimates are "applicable to a broad variety of policy interventions aimed at improving cognitive performance, such as those designed to reduce exposure to lead or other neurotoxicants, improve children's nutrition, increase breastfeeding, or to promote early childhood development and education."
Salkever and Lin et al. both incorporated features that make them useful for regulatory analysis. Salkever explicitly modeled the role of education in the IQ-earnings relationship, which sheds light on the mechanism by which cognitive skills affect earnings and also allows EPA to account for educational costs when calculating the change in net lifetime earnings from a change in IQ. However, extrapolating the Salkever (1995) IQ-earnings effect at age 30 will generate an estimate of lifetime earnings that is biased downward if the effect of IQ on earnings grows over the lifecycle, a result found in Zax and Rees, Ganzach, and Lin et al. Salkever et al. (1995) relied on older data from the NLSY79 cohort, but EPA's reanalysis of Salkever uses more recent data from the NLSY97 cohort. Lin et al. also used both the NLSY79 and NLSY97 data and examined data that extend throughout the lifecycle, including earnings at age 50 and beyond. However, their analysis lacked some control variables included in Salkever, and the use of estimates from a model that includes non-cognitive traits in the regression is problematic if EPA is unable to estimate the effect of a chemical or pollutant's exposure on these characteristics. Since these variables are correlated with IQ, their inclusion may attenuate the effect of IQ on earnings, leading to a downward bias on EPA's estimate of the total earnings effects of reduced chemical or pollutant exposure. 
Education and Earnings
The labor economics literature discussed above confirms that there is a measurable link between cognitive skills and earnings (as well as a link between non-cognitive skills and earnings). However, the role education plays as a potential pathway from cognitive skills to earnings is challenging to estimate quantitatively. Cognitive skills and level of schooling are highly correlated, and cognitive ability is endogenous with years of education at the time of the test, making it difficult to separately identify these effects on lifetime earnings. Some researchers have made assumptions about the functional form of the earnings function in an attempt to separate out the two effects. However, these assumptions are problematic because not every ability-education combination is observed in the data (Cawley et al. 2001). For a portion of the sample, there is no observable counterfactual: there are not many observations for individuals with high cognitive ability and low levels of education or individuals with low cognitive ability and high levels of education. That said, studies that have examined the effect of IQ on wages or earnings have found statistically significant effects even after fully or partially controlling for educational attainment (Salkever 1995; Zax & Rees 2002; Heckman et al. 2006; Ganzach 2011), suggesting that education is not the only pathway by which cognitive skills affect earnings. 
Researchers have observed a growing wage premium (adjusted for the average share of total hours worked by gender-education-experience) associated with completing a four-year college degree. In 2008, the earnings of an average college graduate exceeded those of an average high school graduate by 97 percent. The wage premium between skilled (college) and unskilled (high school) workers has been mainly driven by rising wages for individuals with post-college degrees and large decreases in wages for the less educated (high school or less) (Acemoglu & Autor 2011). Consistent with Acemoglu and Autor (2011), Cunha et al. (2011) found that shifts in supply and demand for high school and college workers were the main drivers of the change in the wage premium. The increase in the wage premium for college graduation has been mainly due to an increase in the return to cognitive skills. 
Some have argued that a degree marking the completion of a stage of schooling -- high school or college -- matters more than years of schooling. Studies that have allowed for nonlinearities have found some support with respect to college graduation (Hungerford & Solon 1987; Belman & Heywood 1991). Others have observed that the relationship between earnings and years of schooling is largely linear (Park 1994), except at the highest levels of education (MDs and PhDs) (Card 1999). Recent work by Heckman et al. (2018) found that high school and college graduation have important effects on earnings even after controlling for years of schooling, but that attending some college had a positive causal effect on earnings relative to high school graduation only. Returns to education also vary by cognitive ability; they found that low-ability individuals gained the most in lifetime earnings from high school completion but saw fewer additional returns from more schooling. They also found that cognitive and non-cognitive skills were important predictors of educational attainment and therefore lifetime earnings. 
Uncertainties and Areas for Future Research 
The literature summarized above contributes to EPA's understanding of the relationship between cognitive skills, education, and earnings, but several uncertainties remain. One limitation of the studies is measurement error in the test scores used to proxy for IQ. Test scores are not perfect proxies for intelligence and can be affected by contextual factors such as hearing bad news before the test or receiving incentives such as candy or money (Aronson & Steele 2005; Borghans et al. 2011). There is also potential for racial or gender bias in cognitive testing (Aronson & Steele 2005; Nguyen & Ryan 2008; Walton & Spencer 2009). 
Classical measurement error in an independent variable leads to attenuation, biasing the coefficient estimate toward the null (Hausman 2001). When other independent variables in the regression are correlated with the variable of primary interest, their coefficient estimates are also biased, though the sign of the bias depends on the direction of correlation among the variables (Schofield 2014). While error in the earnings data is also likely, measurement error in the dependent variable typically does not bias the coefficient estimates (Hausman 2001). Measurement error in an independent variable also biases t-test statistics toward the null, so researchers are less likely to reject the null hypothesis of no effect (Pischke 2007). Thus, measurement error in AFQT scores implies that the literature may underestimate the association between cognitive ability and earnings. 
Use of standardized test scores to measure intelligence is further complicated by the fact that test performance is affected by other personality traits. Respondents with anxiety perform worse on IQ tests, and incentives disproportionately affect IQ scores of respondents who score low on the traits of conscientiousness and emotional stability (Borghans et al. 2011). However, some chemical or pollutant exposures affect both cognitive and non-cognitive traits. For example, lead exposure affects attention-related behaviors and other problem behaviors (National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2012; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2013). Earnings are affected by non-cognitive traits (Heckman et al. 2006; Gensowski 2018). Indeed, school achievement test scores and grades -- which are more strongly affected by non-cognitive traits than are IQ scores -- are more predictive of earnings and other life outcomes than IQ scores (Borghans et al. 2016). 
Therefore, estimates of the IQ-earnings relationship that do not control for non-cognitive skills may overstate the effect of cognitive skills alone but are not biased upward relative to the full impact of chemical or pollutant exposures on earnings, including non-cognitive factors for chemicals or pollutants that affect both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Valuing changes in non-cognitive skills has not frequently been done in benefit-cost analysis (Jones et al. 2015), but valuation of the impacts of reduced chemical or pollutant exposures on earnings would ideally account for both sets of factors. A goal for future research is to explicitly estimate the links between chemical and pollutant exposures, non-cognitive traits or skills, and earnings, to yield a more complete picture of the effect of lead exposure on earnings and incorporate these effects into EPA's analyses. Another alternative is to examine the effect of chemical and pollutant exposures on achievement test scores and then the impact of test scores on earnings, since achievement test scores reflect both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. An emerging literature has assessed the effect of lead on achievement test scores (e.g., Miranda et al. 2007; Miranda et al. 2009; Elliot et al. 2015; Aizer et al. 2018), while other research has linked test scores or class rank to earnings or wages (Zax & Rees 2002; Chetty et al. 2011). In this case, the specific impacts of cognitive and non-cognitive factors would not need to be distinguished because EPA would estimate the aggregate or net effect. 
Another limitation of the literature is the potential for bias due to other omitted variables likely to be correlated with both test performance and earnings, such as a supportive household or extra educational resources. Most studies discussed here include socioeconomic characteristics such as parents' income, education, or occupation to control for important determinants of earnings and help isolate the impact of IQ. However, the IQ coefficient will be biased if there are additional unobserved individual or household characteristics correlated with both IQ and earnings. Heckman et al. (2006) discussed the potential bias in analyses that do not control for schooling received prior to taking the AFQT, since schooling affects both scores and future earnings. Heckman, et al. also noted that biases due to omitted variables and measurement error tend to have opposite effects, so the net direction of bias when regressing earnings on test scores is ambiguous. Using simulation approaches to reduce both sources of bias decreased their estimated effect of IQ on wages by 9-24 percent. Lin et al. used an approach proposed by Oster (2017) to derive a lower bound on the effect of IQ on earnings, assuming that all omitted variables are positively correlated with both IQ and earnings. This approach reduced the estimated effect of IQ on lifetime earnings by 31 percent. Because this procedure yields a lower bound based on one potential source of bias without generating an upper bound estimate adjusting for potential biases in the opposite direction, use of this approach is not appropriate in regulatory analysis. However, instrumental variables or other quasi-experimental approaches that address both measurement error and omitted variable bias are a potential avenue for future research. For instance, Reyes (2015) used exogenous variation in the rates of phase-out of lead in gasoline across states to identify the effects of lead on criminal behavior and teen pregnancy. 
Another understudied area is the potential for non-linearities or thresholds in the relationship between IQ, education, and earnings. Most of the literature assumed a continuous (typically linear or log-linear) relationship between IQ and earnings. An important exception is Lin et al. (2018), who investigated the stability of the IQ-earnings relationship across the distribution of AFQT scores by estimating a model with polynomial terms. They found that higher order AFQT terms were not significantly associated with earnings, confirming that linearity is a reasonable assumption. As previously described, there is some research on potential thresholds in the relationship between education and earnings (also referred to as "sheepskin effects"), but the evidence is somewhat mixed. Future research could delve further into this issue by examining different functional forms for the relationship between IQ and educational outcomes, as well as using quantile regression to assess whether IQ and education have constant effects across the distribution of earnings (e.g., Arias et al. 2002). 
Still another uncertainty is to what extent estimated relationships from the published literature, which are based on historic data, will apply to future populations. Regulatory analysis for new policy is prospective, while econometric studies are inherently retrospective. It is possible that economic changes will lead to either a larger or smaller IQ premium in the future. Assuming that historic relationships will apply in the future may be reasonable both because historic estimates are the best available and because Lin et al. (2018) found no evidence that the relationship between IQ and earnings at age 30 differed in the NSLY79 cohort compared to the NSLY97 cohort twenty years later. Similarly, uncertainties may be introduced from applying average estimates based on a representative sample of the US population to smaller subgroups that may be disproportionately affected by regulation. Some of the studies discussed examined the effect of IQ on earnings by gender and race/ethnicity and found significant heterogeneity, with larger effects for women and non-whites. 
Implications for Regulatory Analysis
The studies reviewed here derive statistical relationships that represent average effects at a population level. Even when studies have estimated heterogeneous effects across broad demographic subgroups, it is not appropriate to use the estimates to predict a change in earnings at the individual level. Rather, the findings can only be interpreted as representing incremental changes in earnings associated with IQ changes on average across a population. EPA's Science Advisory Board (SAB) has previously recommended that predicting changes in IQ, including mean changes of less than a single IQ point, is appropriate for a population in economic and risk analysis but is not defensible at the individual level (U.S. EPA, 1998). The SAB noted that, "small effects distributed across a large population exert large total health effects," and "the characterization of IQ point loss by the summation of fractional IQ points over the entire population of children is considered defensible and appropriate." 
Because the literature finds support for a continuous relationship between IQ and earnings, it is possible to quantify the impacts of even very small IQ changes. The uncertainty in this relationship can be characterized using confidence intervals derived from the standard errors of the relevant coefficient estimates and/or bootstrapping approaches. Due to the large datasets used in this literature, relatively precise estimates are possible, regardless of the magnitude of the change in IQ. In addition, it is standard practice in the EPA regulatory analysis to quantify benefits that represent incremental improvements toward a threshold (U.S. EPA, 2010).
A review of the labor economics literature points to a few areas for future research that could improve EPA's understanding of the relationship between IQ and lifetime earnings. EPA recognizes that the labor market impacts of changes in educational attainment and behavioral function, among many determinants of income, are active areas of research in the economics literature. Going forward, EPA will continue to review the economics literature and to evaluate new data and methods that could result in improved estimates and a better understanding of the uncertainties surrounding the estimated effect of changes in IQ on lifetime earnings. 
In the meantime, the published literature provides a strong basis for quantifying the effect of IQ on lifetime earnings as a measure of the benefits of reduced chemical and pollutant exposures. David S Salkever (1995) still represents the most comprehensive attempt to estimate the effect of IQ on earnings accounting for both labor participation and intermediate effects on educational attainment. Lin et al. (2018)'s use of lifecycle earnings data for a nationally representative sample of the population represents another significant contribution that can inform regulatory analysis (see Appendix F for a sensitivity analysis that considers the implications of deriving the value of an IQ point using Lin et al. (2018) instead of EPA's reanalysis of David S Salkever (1995).

Reanalysis of the IQ Effect on Lifetime Earnings
The value of an IQ point as a percentage of lifetime earnings is a reanalysis of Salkever (1995), which estimated the effect of IQ on earnings, accounting for both labor participation and intermediate effects on educational attainment. The method begins with an identity relationship between income (I), probability of employment (P), and earnings from employment (E):
I=P xE.
A change in income depends on changes in employment and earnings:
∆I= ∆P xE+ P x∆E+ ∆Px∆E.
Assuming the last term in negligible and rearranging terms, the equation becomes
                          ∆I= I x( ∆PP+ ∆EE ).
Thus, a change in income equals baseline income multiplied by the sum of a percent change in probability of employment and a percent change in earnings. 
The reanalysis followed the same approach as the original analysis, but used more recent 1997 NLSY data instead of the original 1979 NLSY data. This analysis indicates that a one point change in IQ results in a 1.865 percent and 3.397 percent change in lifetime earnings for males and females, respectively. The estimates incorporate the direct and indirect effects that changes in IQ have on earnings. Direct effects include the effect of IQ test scores on participation in employment and earnings with the years of schooling held constant. Indirect effects include the effect of IQ test scores on years of schooling attained, and the subsequent effect on participation and earnings.
Salkever (1995) also produced adjusted estimates that incorporate non-IQ related effects caused by lead exposure on schooling from Schwartz (1994), yielding a 2.094 percent and 3.631 percent change in lifetime earnings for males and females, respectively. Non-IQ effects on schooling caused by lead exposure include effects on hearing, balance, hyperactivity, and perceptual and attention disorders (Schwartz 1994). Schwartz (1994) estimates lead exposure on schooling to be 0.131 years per IQ point, whereas Salkever (1995) estimates the effect to be 0.1007 years per IQ point−the former estimate unsurprisingly larger given that it captures IQ and non-IQ effects of lead exposure. 
In his meta-analysis, however, Salkever (2014) only defended his unadjusted results, implying a belief that his unadjusted results are the most defensible. For this reason, Salkever's (1995) adjusted estimates incorporating Schwartz's (1994) effect on schooling were not updated and are not used to measure the effect of lead exposure on earnings in this analysis, despite the fact that omitting non-IQ effects on schooling may underestimate the actual IQ point dollar value associated with reducing lead exposure. 
Because EPA's reanalysis omits the non-IQ effects on schooling, the valuation results may be applied more generally to value IQ decrements resulting from exposure to any toxin.
Reanalysis of Salkever (1995) Using NLSY 1997 Data
The variables available in the 1997 NLSY are generally very similar to those available in the 1979 NLSY used by Salkever. Therefore, EPA was able to use the more recent data in their reanalysis without making many changes to the variable definitions or approach that Salkever (1995) used for his estimates. However, some changes were necessary, and the discussion below details the variable definitions used, the assumptions made, and compares the EPA reanalysis results with Salkever's (1995) analysis.
Salkever appears to have dropped a set of the individuals not in the labor force from his 1995 analysis (as evidenced by the "participation" rates (rates of individuals with positive earnings) he reports). Although detailed specifics for which individuals were excluded were not included in his paper, based on the high "participation" rate reported it appears that anyone not in the labor force was excluded, except for respondents that reported their employment status as "keeping house." However, "keeping house" is not a labor force variable available in the 1997 data. Thus, there was no way to use the 1997 data while excluding those not in the labor force, except for those "keeping house" or in school. Therefore, the reanalysis includes individuals not in the labor force, excluding only those enrolled in school and 17 observations with missing or unknown employment status. The final analysis included 8,984 respondents. EPA excluded the following respondents because of missing data: 1,843 respondents did not participate in the 2012 survey (the reanalysis uses the income and schooling level reported in the 2012 survey, so the reanalysis can only include respondents that participated in the 2012 survey)
1,371 respondents did not have the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) Math and Verbal combined score percentile
67 respondents did not report highest grade completed
36 respondents did not report race/ethnicity
128 respondents who were active duty military (excluded from the participation and income regressions, which include (2012 employment status variable by week)
17 respondents had incomplete employment status for at least one week (excluded from the participation and income regressions) 
759 respondents enrolled in college during 2012 (excluded from the participation and income regressions.
Whether or not excluding respondents with missing data results in any bias is not known because it is not clear how the various types of missing data result in systematic differences in the effect of IQ, schooling, and family history on earnings. Final respondent counts are as follows:
The schooling data includes 2,869 females and 2,798 males
The participation data includes 2,378 females and 2,385 males
The income data include 1,663 females and 1,886 males.
Exhibit K.2 includes detailed descriptions of the variables used in the EPA reanalysis and summarizes the differences between the reanalysis variables and the variables used in Salkever's (1995) analysis.
Exhibit K.2: Map Between Variables in Salkever (1995) Analysis and EPA's Reanalysis Estimates Using the 1997 NLSY Data
Salkever 1995 Variable
Updated Reanalysis Variable
Notes
Highest Grade
Highest Grade
The variable EPA used appears equivalent to what was used in Salkever's 1995 analysis. EPA used respondent's highest grade completed as of the date of the survey in 2013. The variable name is T8128900.
Participation
Participation (2012)

Log 1990 Earnings
Log 2012 earnings
The variables EPA used appear equivalent to what was used in Salkever's 1995 analysis. EPA used total income from wages and salary in the past year from the 2013 survey. The variable name is T8976700. If the value is positive, then the participation variable is 1; otherwise it is zero.
Family Income Unknown
Family Income Unknown

Family Income (in 1979) x 10[-3]
Family Income (in 1997) x 10[-3]
The variable EPA used appears equivalent to what was used in Salkever's 1995 analysis. EPA used variable R1302500,

Race/Ethnicity Variables:
   African American
   Hispanic
Race Variables:
   White (omitted from regressions)
   African American
   American Indian, Eskimo or Aleut
   Asian or Pacific Islander
   Other
Ethnicity Variable:
   Hispanic
   Non-Hispanic (omitted from
   regressions) 
EPA used the more detailed race (R0538700) and ethnicity (R0538600) variables that were available in the 1997 data. They are not available in the 1979 data.
Binary Geographic:
   Urban 
   Rural nonfarm
   Nonsouth
   
Binary Geographic:
   Urban
   Rural
   Nonsouth   
EPA used variable R1217500 to define binary variables for urban and rural. Unknown is the omitted dummy variable in the regression. EPA used R1200300 to define the binary variable for nonsouth. These indicate the respondent's location in 1997.
Age (in 1987)
Age (on December 31, 2002)
The variable EPA used appears equivalent to what was used in Salkever's 1995 analysis. Variable R0538700 (age in 1981) plus 6.
IQ (AFQT)
IQ (ASVAB)
Estimated with variable R0538700, which indicates the ASVAB Math and Verbal combined score percentile. This was converted to IQ by assuming IQ is normally distributed with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. Salkever 1995 estimates IQ the same way, using the score percentile for the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT).
Mother's Highest Grade
Father's Highest Grade
Mother's Highest Grade
Father's Highest Grade
The variable EPA used appears equivalent to what was used in Salkever's 1995 analysis. R1302500 is the variable for mothers and R1302400 is the variable for fathers.

Exhibit K.3 presents the estimated parameters from Salkever's 1995 model and the updated model using Salkever's approach and 1997 NLSY data (2012 earnings are used here). As noted above, there are differences in labor force participation rates. This difference explains why the participation effect parameters are larger for the EPA reanalysis estimates compared to Salkever's 1995 analysis. However, as the overall participation rate is lower for the EPA reanalysis estimates, the total effect on earnings ends up being similar in both analyses. The direct IQ effect on earnings is very similar for females comparing the original and updated analyses, but decreased for males. At the same time, for males, the schooling effect on earnings increased in the updated analysis compared to the original. This variation might be due to multicollinearity between schooling level and IQ. However, if schooling is picking up some of the effects of IQ on earnings or vice versa, the two effects appear to cancel each other out given that the total effects on earnings are very similar when comparing the original and updated analyses for both males and females.
Exhibit K.3: Parameters from Salkever 1995 and EPA's Reanalysis Estimate Using Salkever's Approach and 1997 NLSY Data
Parameter Name
Male
Female

Parameter Value
Standard Error
Parameter Value
Standard Error
Salkever (1995)
IQ Effect on Schooling
                                    0.1007
                                    0.0022
                                    0.1007
                                    0.0025
IQ Effect on Participation
                                    0.0016
                                 Not Presented
                                    0.0037
                                 Not Presented
Schooling Effect on Participation
                                    0.0035
                                 Not Presented
                                    0.0282
                                 Not Presented
Schooling Effect on Earnings
                                    0.0476
                                    0.0071
                                    0.0960
                                    0.0100
IQ Effect on Earnings
                                    0.0124
                                    0.0013
                                    0.0140
                                    0.0021
Total Effect on Earnings[1]
                                    1.931%
                                not applicable
                                    3.225%
                                not applicable
EPA Reanalysis Estimate using Salkever Approach and 1997 NLSY Data
IQ Effect on Schooling
                                    0.0811
                                    0.0031
                                    0.0916
                                    0.0034
IQ Effect on Participation
                                    0.0036
                                    0.0007
                                    0.0053
                                    0.0009
Schooling Effect on Participation
                                    0.0186
                                    0.0039
                                    0.0297
                                    0.0042
Schooling Effect on Earnings
                                    0.0818
                                    0.0088
                                    0.1089
                                    0.0092
IQ Effect on Earnings
                                    0.0052
                                    0.0016
                                    0.0120
                                    0.0018
Total Effect on Earnings[1]
                                    1.865%
                                not applicable
                                    3.397%
                                not applicable
1. Following Salkever (1995), the total effect on earnings is calculated as ((IQ Effect on Schooling)*(exp(Schooling Effect on Earnings)-1)+exp(IQ Effect on Earnings)-1)+(((IQ Effect on Schooling)*(Schooling Effect on Participation)+(IQ Effect on Participation))/(Labor Force Participation Rate)). The labor force participation rate was 79% for males and 70% for females for the EPA reanalysis. Labor force participation rates from Salkever (1995) were higher, 96% and 81% for males and females, respectively.
EPA used a bootstrap approach to estimate the model parameters and their underlying uncertainty. To implement this approach, EPA drew 10,000 random samples of observations from the schooling data sets (samples of 2,869 and 2,798 for females and males, respectively), using random sampling with replacement, and estimated the model parameters for each of the 10,000 replicates. Exhibit K.4 presents the mean, median, 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles for the resulting estimates. The range between the 5[th] and 95[th] percentiles represents the 95 percent confidence interval for the parameter.
Note that the value of an IQ point used in the benefits analysis relies on the bootstrap model mean parameter results shown in Exhibit K.4.
Exhibit K.4: EPA Reanalysis Mean, Median, 5th and 95th Percentile Parameter Estimates from Bootstrap Model
Parameter Name
Mean
Median
5[th] Percentile
95[th] Percentile
Males
IQ Effect on Schooling
                                    0.08125
                                    0.08119
                                    0.07512
                                    0.08761
IQ Effect on Participation
                                    0.00362
                                    0.00363
                                    0.00239
                                    0.00485
Schooling Effect on Participation
                                    0.01859
                                    0.01864
                                    0.01222
                                    0.02492
Schooling Effect on Earnings
                                    0.08168
                                    0.08181
                                    0.06752
                                    0.09577
IQ Effect on Earnings
                                    0.00529
                                    0.00528
                                    0.00266
                                    0.00801
Total Effect on Earnings
                                    1.871% 
                                    1.867%
                                    1.571%
                                    2.184%
Females
IQ Effect on Schooling
                                    0.09170
                                    0.09164
                                    0.08398
                                    0.09965
IQ Effect on Participation
                                    0.00529
                                    0.00528
                                    0.00380
                                    0.00680
Schooling Effect on Participation
                                    0.02983
                                    0.02981
                                    0.02296
                                    0.03688
Schooling Effect on Earnings
                                    0.10899
                                    0.10896
                                    0.09484
                                    0.12326
IQ Effect on Earnings
                                    0.01198
                                    0.01193
                                    0.00900
                                    0.01516
Total Effect on Earnings
                                    3.409%
                                    3.402%
                                    3.010%
                                    3.820%
1. Following Salkever (1995), the total effect on earnings is calculated as ((IQ Effect on Schooling)*(exp(Schooling Effect on Earnings)-1)+exp(IQ Effect on Earnings)-1)+(((IQ Effect on Schooling)*(Schooling Effect on Participation)+(IQ Effect on Participation))/(Labor Force Participation Rate)). The labor force participation rate was 79% for males and 70% for females for the EPA reanalysis. Labor force participation rates from Salkever (1995) were higher, 96% and 81% for males and females respectively.
Critical Review of Salkever's Estimates 
Salkever's estimates of the impacts of IQ decrements on future earnings are greater than those of other authors, which has led to claims that they overstate the true impacts. Most notably, Grosse (2007) and Robinson (2013) present critical reviews of Salkever's estimates. Their concerns fall into two categories: 
 Measurement and statistical issues, and
 Comparability of earnings impact results with recent findings in the labor economics literature.
Salkever (2014) addresses the concerns of Grosse (2007) and Robinson (2013) by providing a meta-analysis of related studies. Salkever (2014) provides convincing evidence in support of his original estimates. For example, the author found that many of the studies only included males and/or considered hourly wages instead of annual earnings with a participation effect. Because impacts are lower for males (Salkever 2014), Salkever indicates that results from studies that only consider the impact of IQ decrements on male wages will be biased downward. In reference to the latter observation, Salkever (2014) concludes that studies examining impacts on hourly wages omit the impact that IQ decrements have on workforce participation, again biasing the results downward. In fact, Salkever (1995) is the only analysis that separately estimates the IQ effect derived from average annual earnings and the participation effect for both males and females. For a full discussion of Salkever's response to critical review articles see Salkever (2014).
Method for Estimating Lifetime Earnings Stream
This section describes the methods used to estimate the average present value of the earnings stream of the affected birth cohort from age 16 to age 80. The universe of individuals from which annual earnings and enrollment are estimated includes the civilian population only, excluding individuals living in institutional and non-institutional group quarters and unpaid workers. Estimates are presented in 2016 dollars and are discounted using both a rate of 3 percent and of 7 percent. 
Section K.8.1 describes the method used to estimate the distribution of educational attainment associated with each age in the age profile. Section K.8.2 describes the method used to estimate the annual earnings associated with each level of educational attainment for each age in the age profile. Section K.8.3 describes the life tables used in the lifetime earnings estimation and the derivation of male-female population ratios from the life tables. Section K.8.4 summarizes the lifetime earnings estimates. Section K.9 describes the effect changes in IQ have on lifetime earnings. Section K.10 presents a discussion of the limitations of this method.
Educational Attainment
Increases in educational attainment also increase education costs and diminish short-term earnings by reducing hours worked while in school. To accurately portray the benefits of a population with a higher average IQ, the average value of an IQ point must include an offset to reflect the cost of additional education and the opportunity cost of foregone income while in school. EPA used two methods to estimate the distribution of educational attainment over the age profile of the target birth cohort. One method is to estimate primary and secondary school attainment, with the exception of grade 12; and a second method is to estimate postsecondary school attainment. The first subsection below describes primary and secondary school attainment, and the second subsection describes postsecondary school attainment.
Primary and Secondary School Attainment
Primary and secondary school attainment is estimated for ages 1 to 19 by estimating the average proportion of the population that has completed grades 1 to 11 for each age. Primary and secondary school attainment is estimated for ages 20 and older by estimating the average proportion of 20 to 25 year olds that have completed grades 1 to 11. ACS single-year PUMS from 2008 to 2017 are used to produce ten-year average primary and secondary school attainment estimates (U.S. Census Bureau 2017c). 
Postsecondary School Attainment
Postsecondary educational attainment is estimated first by determining the age-sex distribution of degrees conferred and then by applying this distribution to the total number of degrees conferred. The age-sex distribution of enrollment in college and graduate school is used as a proxy for the age-sex distribution of degrees conferred. Lag times are used to stagger enrollment because of the length of time it takes to earn a degree. A lag time of one year is assigned to Associate's and Master's degrees, two years to Bachelor's degrees, and three years to doctoral degrees. For example, if 20 percent of males enrolled as undergraduates in college are 20 years old then it is assumed that 20 percent of Bachelor's degrees are awarded to 22 year old males. 
The proportion of an age group receiving a degree is then calculated by dividing the number of degrees awarded at a particular age by the total number of people of the same age. To account for individuals receiving successive degrees from postsecondary institutions the proportion of individuals with a bachelor's degree that previously received an associate's degree (21 percent) is subtracted from the proportion of individuals with an associate's degree (U.S. Department of Education 2009); the proportion of individuals receiving a master's degree or receiving a doctoral degree without previously receiving a master's degree (25 percent; U.S. Department of Education, 2003) is subtracted from the proportion of individuals receiving a Bachelor's degree; and the proportion of individuals receiving a doctoral degree that previously received a Master's degree is subtracted from the proportion of individuals with a Master's degree (75 percent; U.S. Department of Education, 2003).,  The cumulative proportion of degrees conferred at a particular age represents the proportion of the population for whom the corresponding degree is the highest level of education attained. 
Enrollment statistics are estimated from 2008 to 2017 using ACS single-year PUMS data. Data describing Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and doctoral degrees conferred are taken from the 2016 Digest of Education Statistics, published by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (Snyder and Dillow, 2018). Data describing degrees conferred in the years 2016 and 2017 are projected by the NCES. 
Average Annual Earnings
Annual earnings for males and females are estimated from ACS single-year PUMS for each of the levels of educational attainment previously described for ages ranging from 16 to 80, for each year from 2008 to 2017. Average annual earnings for males and females are equal to the sum of annual earnings associated with each level of educational attainment weighted by the distribution of educational attainment for each year in the age profile of the target birth cohort. Earnings consist of pre-tax wages and salary.
Topcodes
For confidentiality reasons, the Census Bureau topcodes reported income components if it falls below or above a predetermined threshold before making the data publicly available. Amounts above or below the threshold are replaced with the state mean value above or below the threshold (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013).
Real Earnings Growth Rate
Real earnings fluctuate from one year to the next in response to trends in the economy-wide productivity growth rate (Thornton et al., 1997). An annual growth rate of 1 percent is incorporated into the annual earnings estimates. Grosse et al. (2002) and Schwartz (1994) calculate lifetime earnings using a 1 percent growth rate in similar analyses. This rate is also consistent with long term historical averages; for example, the average percent change in real annual earnings from the year 1967 to 2016 as derived from Historical Income Tables published by the U.S. Census Bureau (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017). 
Life Tables 
Life tables present the survival rate or the probability that an individual will survive from age N to age N+1 (e.g. a 60 year old living to 61). Because some individuals die before retirement, the survival rate represents the probability of receiving earnings each year. As an individual ages, the probability declines. Future birth cohorts are expected to live longer, increasing the probability of living to age N+1, thereby increasing the average lifetime earnings for the cohort.
This analysis relies on the Life tables underlying the SSA Trustees' 2015 annual report, which are published on the website of Value Economics LLC (SSA, 2015). The SSA develops projected life tables for future birth cohorts. In this analysis, the life tables associated with the 2015 birth cohort are incorporated to represent a recent cohort. 
Present Value of Lifetime Earnings
Age-earnings profiles are estimated for the years 2008 through 2017. Average earnings are calculated for each year, Step 1, and then the ten averages are averaged to produce the grand mean earnings estimates presented in this report, Step 2:
Step 1
      NPVyr=∑N=380[ YNPNRN1+XN-A+0.51+rN-A+1 ]
where:
NPV = the net present value of earnings between ages A and 80;
yr= survey year from 2008 to 2017
A = current age, which is 3 in this analysis;
N = ages in the future (3, ..., 80);
Y = average annual earnings among earners for a particular age (N);
P = survival rate for a particular age (N);
R = percent of population with earnings;
X = productivity rate assumed at the midpoint of age N; and
r = discount rate for the beginning of age N.
Step 2
      NPVaverage=110∑yr=20082017 NPVyr 
where:
NPV = the net present value of earnings between ages A and 80; and
yr = survey year;
Lifetime earnings are discounted at both 3 percent and 7 percent, and the model assumes that real earnings will increase by 1 percent per year. Earnings are assumed to be zero for individuals under the age of 16 and over the age of 80. Exhibit K.5 presents average lifetime earnings for males and females from 2006 to 2017. 

Exhibit K.5: Lifetime Earnings (2016$)
Earnings Group
3% Discount Rate
7% Discount Rate
Male
$1,046,830 
$239,634 
Female
$680,742 
$160,844 

Effects on Earnings from Changes in IQ
The value of an IQ point is estimated by considering the direct and indirect effects of changes in IQ on earnings, as well as the costs associated with additional years of education. The cost of additional education is comprised of the direct cost of education and forgone earnings while in school. 
Section K.9.1 describes the parameter used to estimate the total value of an IQ point, Section K.9.2 describes the methods used to estimate the components of costs associated with additional education, and Section K.9.3 presents the estimate for the net value of an IQ point.
Total Value of an IQ Point 
EPA's updated analysis based on Salkever (1995) yields a value of an IQ point equal to 1.865 percent and 3.397 percent of earnings for males and females, respectively. The average value of an IQ point is $23,269 and $5,398 discounted at a rate of 3 percent and 7 percent, respectively.
Additional Education: Costs and Lost Earnings
The effect of lead exposure on schooling is estimated to be 0.0811 years per IQ point for males and 0.0916 years per IQ point for females in EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995). Increases in educational attainment signify analogous increases in education costs and diminished earnings resulting from working fewer hours while in school. To accurately portray the benefits of a population with a higher average IQ, the average value of an IQ point is adjusted to reflect the cost of additional education and the opportunity cost of being in school.
ACS PUMS data on enrollment were used to estimate both: (1) the ages at which the marginal increases in educational attainment due to higher IQ would be realized, and (2) the levels of additional educational attainment that would be achieved. 
The distribution of ages at which the last year of education was obtained was estimated based on changes in the percentages of the population enrolled in school by age. For example, if 95 percent of 16 year olds are enrolled in school and 90 percent of 17 year olds are enrolled in school, it was estimated that 5 percent (95 percent minus 90 percent) of the population attained their last year of education at age 16. Thus, the analysis assumes that for 5 percent of the population, the marginal increase in educational attainment would be realized at age 17  -  one year after they achieved their highest level of education in the baseline. 
The level of additional education attained is estimated based on the enrollment for the ages at which the additional education is realized. For example, if 30 percent of enrolled 18 year olds are enrolled in 12th grade and 70 percent of enrolled 18 year olds are enrolled in university, the analysis estimates that additional education attained at age 18 is 30 percent 12th grade and 70 percent university.
Education Costs 
Education costs associated with pursuing additional education are determined by the level of education being pursued. Three categories of education are considered in estimating costs: 
Public elementary and secondary schools (expenditures per pupil enrolled);
Average undergraduate tuition (including fees, room, and board); and
Average graduate tuition (including required fees).
Data describing the cost of education are taken from the 2016 version of the Digest of Education Statistics (Snyder and Dillow 2018-).
For each age in the age profile an individual has a likelihood of pursuing additional education in one of the three categories listed above, and therefore of incurring corresponding education costs. Enrollment is used to determine each category's relative likelihood thereby allowing costs to be apportioned appropriately with respect to each age in the age profile. For example, at age 17, most individuals will be enrolled in secondary schools causing the cost of education to primarily reflect the costs associated with the first category of education. 
The total cost of education for the target cohort is estimated by calculating the sum of education costs corresponding to each level of attainment, weighted by enrollment and the probability of pursuing additional education at age N. For example, suppose that 100 percent of the target cohort's females attain additional education at age 18 or age 19. Twenty-five percent of the target cohort females attain additional education at age 18 and 75 percent of the target cohort females attain additional education at age 19. At age 18, 30 percent of the target cohort currently enrolled in school is enrolled in 12th grade and 70 percent is enrolled in an undergraduate university. At age 19, 10 percent of the target cohort females currently enrolled in school are enrolled in 12th grade and 90 percent are enrolled in an undergraduate university. The annual cost of a secondary school and an undergraduate university is $12,000 and $20,000, respectively. As shown in Exhibit K.6, the weighted cost of education per IQ point (assuming 0.0916 additional years of education) for the target cohort females is $1,722, $403 and $1,319 for 18 and 19 year olds, respectively. 
Exhibit K.6: Example of Education Cost Calculation

Enrollment
Annual Cost of Ed.

Age
12th Grade
a
University
b
12th Grade
c
University
d
Additional Ed. Weight
e
Weighted Costs
f=((a∙c)+(b∙d))∙e
Cost per IQ Point
f ∙.0916
18
30%
70%
$12,000 
$20,000 
25%
$4,400 
$403 
19
10%
90%
$12,000 
$20,000 
75%
$14,400 
$1,319 
 Total

$18,800 
$1,722 

Lost Earnings
Lost earnings are calculated by separately estimating annual earnings for individuals enrolled in school and not enrolled in school and taking the difference of the two estimates. The difference in earnings is assumed to be zero for a given age and sex combination if enrolled and/or not enrolled earnings estimates rely on fewer than 150 observations. As with education costs, the differences in annual earnings are weighted by the probability that an individual will pursue additional education at their current age, N, as described at the beginning of this section. Lost earnings associated with an additional IQ point are generated by applying EPA's IQ effect on schooling to the difference in annual earnings between the enrolled and not enrolled populations. 
Summary of Additional Education Costs
The average estimated costs for additional education (tuition plus lost earnings) are $1,592 and $691, discounted at a rate of 3 percent and 7 percent, respectively. 
Net Value of an IQ Point
The net value of an IQ point is equal to the total value minus the costs of attaining additional education. The estimates presented in Exhibit K.7 are averages produced from ten years of ACS single-year PUMS covering the years 2008 through 2017. The overall estimate for males and females combined is estimated assuming a population that is 52 percent male based on the male:female ratio of births (CDC, 2017).
Exhibit K.7: Effects of a One Point Change in IQ on Earnings (2016$) 
Estimate Parameter
3% Discount Rate
7% Discount Rate

Male
Female
Overall
Male
Female
Overall
1. IQ Value
$19,591 
$23,206 
$21,326 
$4,484 
$5,488 
$4,966 
2. Additional education costs
$992 
$1,123 
$1,055 
$463 
$513 
$487 
3. Forgone earnings
$332 
$250 
$278 
$149 
$98 
$124 
4. Additional education costs and forgone earnings [2 + 3]
$1,324 
$1,343 
$1,333 
$612 
$611 
$611 
5. IQ value without education costs and lost earnings [1  -  4]
$18,267 
$21,862 
$19,993 
$3,873 
$4,877 
$4,355 

Limitations
Nonmarket Work
The use of earnings is an incomplete measure of an individual's value to society. This is particularly true for individuals who choose to not participate in the labor force for all of their working years. If the opportunity cost of non-wage compensated work is assumed to be the average wage earned by persons of the same sex, age, and education, the average lifetime earnings estimates for these people would be significantly higher.
Multiple Degrees
Individuals receiving a second degree within the same attainment group later in life are not taken into account. For example, a second Master's degree is treated as two individuals with a Master's degree. This would increase the proportion of individuals with degrees from postsecondary schooling institutions. Given that a minority of individuals would fall into this attainment category, the lifetime earnings estimate is not expected to be substantially impacted.
Earnings Growth Rate
The earnings growth rate for females is substantially higher than the rate for males. A portion of the difference is likely due to females approaching equal pay to males over time. However, a portion of the difference is likely an artifact of rising female labor force participation, hours worked per year, and educational attainment. These trends have tapered off overtime and in all likelihood will continue to do so. Therefore, the average growth rate of real wages for the 2017 birth cohort may be closer to the earnings growth rate for males compared to older cohorts.
Income vs. Earnings
Although earnings is a significant component of income for the middle quintiles of the distribution of income, Barth et al. (1984) indicates that income may be substantially different from earnings for the tails of the income distribution. Therefore, earnings are assumed to be a good proxy for income in accordance with Salkever (1995).
Benefits
Because benefits have become a greater portion of income, their exclusion could result in lifetime earnings to be underestimated. 
Impact of Ability on Earnings
Barth et al. (1984) found that many studies concluded that the impact of ability on earnings increases with age. Therefore, estimates of the impact of IQ on earnings derived from younger individuals may be smaller than if estimates were derived from individuals over the age of 30 (Barth et al. 1984). The EPA reanalysis of Salkever (1995) relies on data where respondents range in age from 27 to 32. Thus, the estimate of the impact of IQ on earnings may underestimate the true impact of ability on earnings. 
References
Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. 2010. Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 4, pp. 1043-1171): Elsevier.
Aizer, A., Currie, J., Simon, P., & Vivier, P. 2018. Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(1), 307-341. 
Arias, O., Hallock, K., & Sosa-Escudero, W. 2002. Individual heterogeneity in the returns to schooling: instrumental variables quantile regression using twins data Economic Applications of Quantile Regression (pp. 7-40): Springer.
Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M. 2005. Stereotypes and the fragility of human competence, motivation, and self-concept Handbook of competence & motivation: Guilford Press.
Barth, M. C., Janney III, A. M., Arnold, F., and Sheiner, L. 1984. A Survey of the Literature Regarding the Relationship between Measures of IQ and Income.
Belman, D., & Heywood, J. S. 1991. Sheepskin effects in the returns to education: An examination of women and minorities. The review of economics and statistics, 720-724. 
Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B. H. H., Heckman, J., & Humphries, J. E. 2011. Identification problems in personality psychology. Personality and individual differences, 51(3), 315-320. 
Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B. H. H., Heckman, J. J., & Humphries, J. E. 2016. What grades and achievement tests measure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(47), 13354-13359. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 1979. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort. 
BLS. 2015. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1997 cohort.
Card, D. 1999. The causal effect of education on earnings Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3, pp. 1801-1863): Elsevier.
Cawley, J., Heckman, J., & Vytlacil, E. 2001. Three observations on wages and measured cognitive ability. Labour Economics, 8(4), 419-442. 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports. Volume 66, Number 1; Births: Final Data for 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf.
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hilger, N., Saez, E., Schanzenbach, D., & Yagan, D. 2011. How does your kindergarten classroom affect your earnings? Evidence from Project STAR. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1593-1660. 
Cunha, F., Karahan, F., & Soares, I. 2011. Returns to skills and the college premium. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 43, 39-86. 
Elliot, M. R., Zhang, N., & Small, D. S. 2015. Application of propensity scores to a continuous exposure: effect of lead exposure in early childhood on reading and mathematics scores. Obs Stud, 1, 30-55. 
Ganzach, Y. 2011. A dynamic analysis of the effects of intelligence and socioeconomic background on job-market success. Intelligence, 39(2-3), 120-129. 
Gensowski, M. 2018. Personality, IQ, and lifetime earnings. Labour Economics, 51(170-183). 
Grosse, S. D. 2007. How Much Does IQ Raise Earnings? Implications for Regulatory Impact Analyses. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. Newslett., 27, 17-20. 
Grosse, S. D., Matte, T. D., Schwartz, J., and Jack, R. J. 2002. Economic Gains Resulting from the Reduction in Children's Exposure to Lead in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(6), 563. 
Hausman, J. 2001. Mismeasured variables in econometric analysis: problems from the right and problems from the left. Journal of Economic perspectives, 15(4), 57-67. 
Heckman, J. J., Humphries, J. E., & Veramendi, G. 2018. Returns to education: The causal effects of education on earnings, health, and smoking. Journal of political Economy, 126(S1), S197-S246. 
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. 2012. Hard evidence on soft skills. Labour Economics, 19(4), 451-464. 
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. 2006. The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor economics, 24(3), 411-482. 
Hungerford, T., & Solon, G. 1987. Sheepskin effects in the returns to education. The review of economics and statistics, 175-177. 
Jencks, C. 1998. Racial Bias in Testing. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White Test Score Gap (pp. 55-85). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Johnson, W. R., & Neal, D. A. 1998. Basic skills and the black-white earnings gap: Thomas Jefferson Center for Political Economy. University of Virginia.
Jones, D. E., Karoly, L. A., Crowley, D. M., & Greenberg, M. T. 2015. Considering Valuation of Noncognitive Skills in Benefit-Cost Analysis of Programs for Children 1. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 6(3), 471-507. 
Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P. A., Bellinger, D. C., . . . Roberts, R. 2005. Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(7), 894-899. doi:10.1289/ehp.7688
Lin, D., Lutter, R., & Ruhm, C. J. 2018. Cognitive performance and labour market outcomes. Labour Economics, 51, 121-135. 
Miranda, M. L., Kim, D., Galeano, M., Paul, C., Hull, A., & Morgan, S. 2007. The relationship between early childhood blood lead levels and performance on end-of-grade tests. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(8), 1242-1247. 
Miranda, M. L., Kim, D., Reiter, J., Galeano, M., & Maxson, P. 2009. Environmental contributors to the achievement gap. NeuroToxicology, 30(6), 1019-1024. 
National Toxicology Program. 2012. Prepublication Copy: NTP Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead. 
Neal, D. A., & Johnson, W. R. 1996. The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. Journal of political Economy, 104(5), 869-895. 
Nguyen, H. H. D., & Ryan, A. M. 2008. Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of applied psychology, 93(6), 1314. 
Oster, E. 2016. Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 1-18. 
Park, J. H. 1994. Returns to schooling: a peculiar deviation from linearity 
Pischke, S. 2007. Lecture Notes on Measurement Error.
Reuben, A., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Broadbent, J., Harrington, H., Sugden, K., . . . Moffitt, T. E. 2017. Association of childhood blood lead levels with cognitive function and socioeconomic status at age 38 years and with IQ change and socioeconomic mobility between childhood and adulthood. JAMA, 317(12), 1244-1251. 
Reyes, J. W. 2015. Lead exposure and behavior: effects on antisocial and risky behavior among children and adolescents. Economic Inquiry, 53(3), 1580-1605. 
Robinson, L. A. 2013. Lead: Regulations Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (Vol. null, pp. 1636-1646).
Salkever, D. S. 1995. Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead. Environmental Research, 70, 1-6. doi:0013-9351/95
Salkever, D. S. 2014. Assessing the IQ-earnings link in environmental lead impacts on children: Have hazard effects been overstated? Environmental Research, 131(219-230). 
Schofield, L. S. 2014. Measurement error in the AFQT in the NLSY79. Economics letters, 123(3), 262-265. 
Schwartz, J. 1994. Societal benefits of reducing lead exposure. Environmental Research, 66(1), 105-124. 
Social Security Administration (SSA). 2015. Life tables underlying the SSA Trustees' 2015 annual report, in Excel format. Retrieved from: http://www.valueeconomics.com/data.html
Thornton, R. J., Rogers, J. D., and Brookshire, M. L. 1997. On the Interpretations of Age-Earnings Profiles. Journal of Labor Research, 18(2), 351-365. U.S. Census Bureau. 2013. Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Files: 2013 PUMS Top Coded and Bottom Coded Values.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Historical Income Tables: People. Table P-42. Work Experience--All Workers by Mean Earnings and Sex:  1967 to 2016. Retrieved from https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/tables/time-series/historical-income-people/p42ar.xls.
U.S. EPA. 1998. An SAB Report: Technical Review of the Proposed TSCA Section 403 Regulation (Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead). EAP-SAB-EHC-99-004. Washington, DC. 
U.S. EPA. 2008. Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead. Benefits Analysis Approach and Results, Chapter 5. 
U.S. EPA. 2010. Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses. 
U.S. EPA. 2013. Integrated Science Assessment for Lead. EPA/600/R-10/075F. Research Triangle Park, NC. 
Walton, G. M., & Spencer, S. J. 2009. Latent ability: Grades and test scores systematically underestimate the intellectual ability of negatively stereotyped students. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1132-1139. 
Zax, J. S., & Rees, D. I. 2002. IQ, academic performance, environment, and earnings. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), 600-616.