Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0629-0029
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2009-12-23T05:00Z

November 4, 2009

Office of Pesticide Programs

Regulatory Public Docket (7502P)

Docket: EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0629

Environmental Protection Agenc

1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW

Washington DC, 20460-0001

Re:  Supporting materials for American Bird Conservancy Petition to
Revoke Import Tolerances for 13 Pesticides

Dear Sir/Madam:

Thank you in advance for considering these additional data and
supporting comments filed on behalf of American Bird Conservancy in
response to the Environmental Protection Agency’s request for comments
on the American Bird Conservancy (ABC) July 23, 2009 petition to revoke
import tolerances for 13 pesticides.

ABC is providing data on migratory bird species use of agricultural
crops and identified habitats used by these species in Latin America
during their winter migrations.  Additionally we identify those
migratory species listed under the Endangered Species Act as Threatened
or Endangered, and those species listed as Birds of Conservation Concern
by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008).

Use of Agricultural Crops by Migratory Birds:

We have compiled data on the use of agricultural crops by migratory
birds by examining over 1300 published scientific articles, theses, and
reports, compiling and annotating data from more than 700 of these
sources to develop a database of avian foraging, nesting, and incidental
use of agricultural crops, largely from data within the United States. 
The data in the ABC Birds in Agricultural Areas (BIAA) database include
400 species of birds and document avian use of 66 different crops, which
have been organized into 16 crop groups as presented in Appendix A.  The
BIAA database currently includes 22,483 records of individual bird
species-crop data, including activity, geographic location, season, and
conservation status for each bird species.   American Bird Conservancy
maintains the BIAA database as a free publically available database on
our website at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/pesticides/biaa/index.html" 
http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/pesticides/biaa/index.html   

The data presented here focus only on those crop-groups including the
commodities for which tolerances have been established for the 13
pesticides we have petitioned to be revoked.  In addition to data from
BIAA we have included data on coffee and mangoes, which are crops not
included in BIAA, but for which tolerances have been established for the
13 pesticides listed in our petition.  A list of commodity tolerances,
pesticide, and BIAA crop-group are given in Appendix A.  The crop-groups
included in this analysis are field crops (FICR), citrus orchards
(CITR), fruit orchards (ORCH), bush-berries (BERR), grape vineyards
(GRAP), coffee plantations (COFF), and mangoes (MANG).  We have been
unable to locate sufficient data on avian species utilization of bananas
to develop a database for that crop.  Analysis of these crop groups
document agricultural use by 153 of the 305 Western Hemisphere
neotropical migratory species identified by Stotz et al (1996).  These
include 3 Endangered species and 16 additional species of Birds of
Conservation Concern (2008).

We have extracted data from BIAA and correlated it with the neotropical
migratory species list provided by Stotz et al (1996) to analyze data
only on those neotropical migratory species using agricultural crops. 
The species lists for each crop-group and list of crops comprising each
crop group are given in Appendix B.  

Assessment of Agricultural Field Use by Neotropical Migrant Species in
Latin America:

The data for bird use of agricultural areas in Latin America are few. We
have summarized the available data for coffee and mangoes, which include
limited species lists and only one published article on pesticide
exposure to birds in banana plantations in Costa Rica (Mortenson et al
1998).  The Mortenson, et al paper analyzed blood samples from 30 birds,
including 18 from a banana plantation where carbamates had been applied.
 Seven of 18 birds in bananas (39%) had detectable carbamate residues in
blood.  This is a very high rate of exposure, and indicates that it  is
highly probable birds are at risk when they forage in crops while
wintering in Latin America.  

Because agricultural crop use data are limited, we have analyzed the
habitats identified in Stotz et al (1996) for each migratory species,
and complied a table of the habitats used by each of the 153 neotropical
migrant species using the listed crop groups.  Many species utilize
multiple habitats, and the table of habitat occurrence matched to
Crop-group is given in Appendix C.   Each of the crop-group lists have
been graphed in Appendix D, showing that birds using agricultural
landscapes in the US frequent similar habitats in Latin America.  The
four most prominent habitats in Appendix C are: tropical lowland forest,
second-growth forest habitats, pastures/agricultural lands, and second
growth scrub/grassland habitats.  These habitats are the most similar to
agricultural landscapes in the US, and indicate that migratory birds
wintering in Latin America utilize habitats similar to their breeding
and foraging habitats in the US.  We believe this is good evidence that
the species using agricultural landscapes in the US also will use
agricultural landscapes in the neotropics.   The total number of US
neotropical migrants using agricultural landscapes and at risk from
pesticide use in Latin American agriculture cannot be accurately known
without complete censuses of all agricultural areas in Latin America,
which is highly unlikely.  Our analysis is based on known agricultural
association in the US correlated with observed habitat usage in Latin
America for all neotropical migrant species, and identifies a strong
association with the four most commonly associated neotropical habitats.

We believe that the data compiled for avian use of agricultural lands in
the US is biased toward common birds simply because limited field
observations will generate species lists of the birds most easily
observed or present in greatest numbers.  We believe that less common
bird species, including many of Conservation Concern and those listed
under the ESA, are under represented in published papers and field
studies of limited duration.  In an effort to evaluate the risk to
species not documented in BIAA, we analyzed the habitat types of all 305
neotropical migrant species in Stotz et al (1996) and identified 165
species using these four habitats, including 112 species identified in
BIAA.  The additional 53 species using one or more of the top 4 habitats
(1: second-growth forest habitats; 2: tropical lowland forest; 3: second
growth scrub/grassland habitats; and 4: pastures/agricultural lands)
results in a list of 206 “agricultural use” species.  The list of
206 species is given in Appendix E, and includes 12 ESA listed species
and 54 Bird species of Conservation Concern.   We have included
Bachman’s Warbler, although the species may be extinct.

Hazardous Pesticides and Import Tolerances

ABC petitioned for the tolerance revocation of 13 hazardous pesticides
with no current registrations for these commodities in the US, because
of their high toxicity to birds.  There are 40 additional pesticides
with tolerances not registered in the US for which the risk to birds is
less, and we have not petitioned for revocation of these tolerances.  

Each of the 13 pesticides have alternatives for each crop with much
reduced avian toxicity, providing crop protection at greatly reduced
migratory bird risk.  ABC understands that specific uses tailored to
individual pests may limit the utility of specific alternatives, but the
lists given here demonstrate that existing pesticides are available with
greatly reduced risk, and tolerances have already been established for
these active ingredients.  Appendix A provides tables of each commodity,
hazardous pesticide, toxicity, and alternatives (including both avian
toxicity and World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of
Pesticides By Hazard.  The WHO classification and Avian HD5 frequently
do not parallel each other, because of the large variations in
sensitivity to pesticides of avian species.  For this reason, we have
selected only those pesticides with high risk to birds, rather than
requesting the revocation of pesticides based on the WHO hazard
rankings.

Obligation of EPA under Executive Order 13186:

Excerpts from EO 13186 are given below in italics.  

The Executive Order was issued by President Clinton on January 10, 2001
and directs each Executive Agency to develop a Memorandum of
Understanding with the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) within two years:

Sec. 3. Federal Agency Responsibilities. (a) Each Federal agency taking 

      actions that have, or are likely to have, a measurable negative
effect on 

      migratory bird populations is directed to develop and implement,
within 2 

      years, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Fish and
Wildlife 

      Service (Service) that shall promote the conservation of migratory
bird 

      Populations

(b) In coordination with affected Federal agencies, the Service shall 

      develop a schedule for completion of the MOUs within 180 days of
the date 

      of this order. The schedule shall give priority to completing the
MOUs 

      with agencies having the most substantive impacts on migratory
birds.

The FWS and EPA have both failed to develop the required MOU in more
than 7 years.  ABC is requesting that an MOU be developed soon, because
of the demonstrated use of agricultural areas and associated risk of
pesticide exposure to more than 200 species of birds protected under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Endangered Species Act.  This is not
only important for US agriculture, but also for birds using agricultural
areas in Latin America.  Although no MOU has been developed, the EPA has
made significant effort to evaluate the pesticide risk to birds within
the US, and has taken action to limit exposure in the US by specific
label restrictions and pesticide use practices.  

EO 13186 continues: 

(e) Pursuant to its MOU, each agency shall, to the extent permitted by
law 

      and subject to the availability of appropriations and within 

      Administration budgetary limits, and in harmony with agency
missions:

 (9) identify where unintentional take reasonably attributable to agency

      Actions is having, or is likely to have, a measurable negative
effect on 

      migratory bird populations, focusing first on species of concern,
priority 

      habitats, and key risk factors. With respect to those actions so 

      identified, the agency shall develop and use principles,
standards, and 

      practices that will lessen the amount of unintentional take,
developing 

      any such conservation efforts in cooperation with the Service.

This paragraph instructs EPA to identify unintentional take and identify
agency actions that will lessen the take.  Because no MOU has been
developed to address this potential take, ABC is requesting EPA to
initiate - on its own – actions that will reduce, to the extent
possible, exposure risk of highly hazardous pesticides to wintering US
migratory birds in Latin America.  ABC understands that the United
States cannot require foreign governments to undertake actions or
policies.  However, EPA does have the authority to regulate pesticide
residues on commodities entering this country, and should use that
authority to protect US birds.  

ABC believes that EPA has the authority to restrict imports of goods
based on agreements made under the World Trade Organization General
Agreement On Tariffs And Trade.  Specific Exemptions are given in
Article XX as excerpted in italics below: 

Article XX General Exceptions:  Subject to the requirement that such
measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of
arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the
same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international
trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the
adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures: 

(a) necessary to protect public morals; 

(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; 

(c) relating to the importation or exportation of gold or silver; 

(d) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are
not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, including those
relating to customs enforcement, the enforcement of monopolies operated
under paragraph 4 of Article II and Article XVII, the protection of
patents, trade marks and copyrights, and the prevention of deceptive
practices; 

(e) relating to the products of prison labour; 

(f) imposed for the protection of national treasures of artistic,
historic or archaeological value; 

(g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if
such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on
domestic production or consumption; 

ABC believes exemptions (b) and (g) give the US the authority to
restrict imports of hazardous pesticides on commodities, because it is
necessary to protect animal life, and it relates to the conservation of
exhaustible natural resources.  We believe both of these conditions are
applicable, and EPA has the authority to set import tolerances under
FIFRA.

Conclusions:

We hope that the accompanying data and arguments will help provide EPA
additional information in support of the ABC petition to revoke the
tolerances of 13 pesticides hazardous to birds.  If you should need any
further information, or clarification of any data presented, please
contact us at 202-234-7181 or by email at   HYPERLINK
"mailto:mfry@abcbirds.org"  mfry@abcbirds.org  

Thank you in advance for considering this supplemental information.

Sincerely,

Michael Fry, PhD

Director, Conservation Advocacy

American Bird Conservancy

Moira McKernan, PhD

Director, Pesticides and Birds Program

American Bird Conservancy

Appendices:

Appendix A:  Pesticides for which tolerances are petitioned to be
revoked.  Data include 

	pesticide type, Avian HD5 , and WHO Hazard Classification

Appendix B:  Species lists for each crop-group and list of crops
comprising each crop-group.

Appendix C:  Species Documented in BIAA or using the four habitat types
associated with 

	agriculture. All neotropical migratory species (Stotz et al, 1996)   

For formatting Appendix C has been placed after Appendix E.

Appendix D:  Graphs of BIAA associated species distributions in
neotropical habitats 

Appendix E:Neotropical Migrant Species using Agricultural Habitats: 
Conservation Status

Appendix A  Pesticides for which tolerances are petitioned to be
revoked.  Data include pesticide type, Avian HD5 , and WHO Hazard
Classification

The pesticides ABC has petitioned for revocation of tolerances includes
:  cadusafos, cyproconazole, diazinon, dithianon,  diquat, dimethoate,
fenamiphos, mevinphos, methomyl, naled, phorate, terbufos, and
dichlorvos.  The commodities that these pesticides have tolerances for
include: banana, coffee beans, kiwi fruit, pome fruit, hops, blueberry,
citrus, garlic, grapes, pineapple, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower,
celery, cucumber, lettuce, melon, pea, pepper, spinach, summer squash,
strawberry, tomato, watermelon, pumpkin, winter squash, and turnip tops.
 ABC has gone through each commodity and listed a similar pesticide
(e.g. herbicide, insecticide, etc) that also has a tolerance for that
commodity but is significantly less toxic to birds.  In the appendix, we
list these pesticides and the corresponding HD5 (Hazardous Dose 5%),
which represents the LD50 at the 5% tail of susceptibility.  At this
dose half of the individuals of a sensitive species at the 5% tail of
susceptibility would be expected to die.  We included only the
pesticides with an HD5 of over 15.  In addition, we included the World
Health Organization’s (WHO) hazardous pesticide classification.  This
classification is based on risk to human health, with 1 being the most
toxic and higher numbers being less toxic.  The suggested alternatives
to the 13 pesticides with import tolerances have lower risk to human
health.  These tables demonstrate that there are potential replacement
pesticides that could be used on these crops which represent less risk
to endangered and migratory birds.

Banana

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

cadusafos	insecticide	6.3	IB

diquat	herbicide	17.8	II

fenamiphos	insecticide	0.43	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

diuron	herbicide	193	U

paraquat	herbicide	88.5	II

glyphosate	herbicide	232	U

oxyfluorfen	herbicide	614	U

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

pyriproxyfen	insecticide	208	U

buprofezin	insecticide	680	U



Coffee, green bean

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

cyproconazole	fungicide	14.2	III

diquat	herbicide	17.8	III

phorate	insecticide	0.34	IA

terbufos	insecticide	0.16	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

epoxiconazole	fungicide	232	 

fluazifop p-butyl	herbicide	339	III

glyphosate	herbicide	232	U

napropamide	herbicide	78.0	U

oxyflurofen	herbicide	614	U

paraquat	herbicide	88.5	III

Kiwi

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

diazinon	insecticide	0.59	II

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

esfenvalerate	insecticide	131	II

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II

Fruit, pome, group 11

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

dithianon	fungicide	5.29	III

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

defenconazole	fungicide	207	III

pyrimethanil	fungicide	208	U

tebuconazole	fungicide	347	III

thiabendazole	fungicide	261	U

Hop, dried cones

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

dithianon	fungicide	5.29	III

methomyl	insecticide	8.46	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

azoxystrobin	fungicide	232	U

cymoxanil	fungicide	234	III

dimethomorph	fungicide	208	U

folpet	fungicide	118	U

metalaxyl	fungicide	89.0	III

myclobutanil	fungicide	59.2	III

tebuconazole	fungicide	347	III

tolyfluanid	fungicide, insecticide	482	U

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II 

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II 

lambda-cyhalothrin	insecticide	428	II 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

pymetrozine	insecticide	208	 

pyridaben	insecticide	279	III

Blueberry

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

dimethoate	insecticide	5.78	II

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

pyrethrins	insecticide	963	II 



Citrus

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

fenamiphos	insecticide	0.43	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acetamiprid	insecticide	20.9	 

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

carbaryl	insecticide	30.0	II

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II

cypermethrin	insecticide	579	 

pyriproxyfen	insecticide	208	U

tebufenozide	insecticide	249	U

Garlic

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

fenamiphos	insecticide	0.43	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

oxamyl	insecticide	0.778	IB

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II 

cyromazine	insecticide	604	U

lambda-cyhalothrin	insecticide	428	II



Grape

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

fenamiphos	insecticide	0.43	IB

mevinphos	insecticide	0.695	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acequinocyl	insecticide	193	 

acetamiprid	insecticide	20.9	 

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

carbaryl	insecticide	30.0	II

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II

cypermethrin	insecticide	579	 

indoxicarb	insecticide	234	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

phosalone	insecticide	106	II

pyrethrins	insecticide	963	II

pyriproxyfen	insecticide	208	U

tebufenozide	insecticide	249	U

Pineapple

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

fenamiphos	insecticide	0.43	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

carbaryl	insecticide	30.0	II

hydramethylnon	insecticide	222	III

malathion	insecticide	139	III

pyrethrins	insecticide	963	II

pyriproxyfen	insecticide	208	U



Broccoli

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

cyromazine	insecticide	604	U

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II

thiodicarb	insecticide	234	II

tralomethrin	insecticide	291	 

Cabbage

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

carbaryl	insecticide	30.0	II

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II

thiodicarb	insecticide	234	II

cypermethrin	insecticide	579	 

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

Cauliflower

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acephate	insecticide	18.5	III

permethrin	insecticide	3127	III

thiodicarb	insecticide	234	III



Celery

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acephate	insecticide	18.5	III

Cucumber

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

naled	insecticide	3.95	II

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

Lettuce

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

naled	insecticide	3.95	II

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acephate	insecticide	18.5	III

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II

cypermethrin	insecticide	579	 

tralomethrin	insecticide	291	 

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II

lambda-cyhalothrin	insecticide	428	II

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

buprofezin	insecticide	680	U

esfenvalerate	insecticide	131	II



Melon

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

Pea

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

Pepper

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

acephate	insecticide	18.5	III

malathion	insecticide	139	III

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II 

Spinach

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II



Squash, summer

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

Strawberry

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

malathion	insecticide	139	III

pyridaben	insecticide	279	III

pyriproxyfen	insecticide	208	U

Tomato

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

mevinphos	insecticide	0.69	IA

naled	insecticide	3.95	II

dichlorvos	insecticide	5.18	IB

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III

permethrin	insecticide	3127	II 

cyfluthrin	insecticide	44.2	II

lambda-cyhalothrin	insecticide	428	II

bifenthrin	insecticide	204	II

pyridaben	insecticide	279	III

novaluron	insecticide	192	 



Pumpkin

Tolerances	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	WHO Hazardous Classification

naled	insecticide	3.95	II

 	 	 	 

Substitute	Pesticide Type	Avian HD5	 

malathion	insecticide	139	III



Appendix B:  Species lists for each crop-group and list of crops
comprising each crop group.

Crop Group:  Field Crops 

(FICR)

Asparagus

Mountain Plover

Cabbage

Mallard

Northern Pintail

Castor bean

American Wigeon

Green-winged Teal

Mallard

Northern Pintail

Cotton

Bank Swallow

Barn Owl

Barn Swallow

Common Grackle

Eastern Meadowlark

European Starling

Greater Prairie-Chicken

House Sparrow

Laughing Gull

Mourning Dove

Northern Bobwhite

Red-winged Blackbird

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Sandhill Crane

Tree Swallow

Lettuce

Mountain Plover

Peas

Canada Goose

Gray Partridge

Ring-necked Pheasant

Swainson's Hawk

Row Crops

Acadian Flycatcher

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Kestrel

American Redstart

American Robin

American Tree Sparrow

American Wigeon

Baltimore Oriole

Barn Swallow

Barred Owl

Bay-breasted Warbler

Black Vulture

Black-and-white Warbler

Black-billed Cuckoo

Black-capped Chickadee

Blackpoll Warbler

Black-throated Green Warbler

Blue Grosbeak

Blue Jay

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Blue-headed Vireo

Boat-tailed Grackle

Bobolink

Brewer's Blackbird

Brown Creeper

Brown Thrasher

Brown-headed Cowbird

Canada Goose

Cape May Warbler

Carolina Chickadee

Carolina Wren

Cattle Egret

Cedar Waxwing

Chimney Swift

Chipping Sparrow

Common Grackle

Common Ground-Dove

Common Nighthawk

Common Yellowthroat

Connecticut Warbler

Dark-eyed Junco

Dickcissel

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

Eastern Meadowlark

Eastern Towhee

Eastern Wood-Pewee

European Starling

Field Sparrow

Fish Crow

Fox Sparrow

Grasshopper Sparrow

Gray Catbird

Gray Partridge

Great Crested Flycatcher

Great Horned Owl

Green Heron

Hairy Woodpecker

Harris's Sparrow

Hermit Thrush

Horned Lark

House Finch

House Sparrow

House Wren

Indigo Bunting

Killdeer

Lapland Longspur

Lark Sparrow

Least Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Mallard

Marsh Wren

Mississippi Kite

Mourning Dove

Nashville Warbler

Northern Bobwhite

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Mockingbird

Northern Parula

Northern Pintail

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Orchard Oriole

Ovenbird

Palm Warbler

Pileated Woodpecker

Pine Warbler

Purple Martin

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-eyed Vireo

Red-headed Woodpecker

Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-necked Pheasant

Rock Pigeon

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Sandhill Crane

Savannah Sparrow

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Sedge Wren

Short-eared Owl

Song Sparrow

Sora

Summer Tanager

Swainson's Hawk

Swamp Sparrow

Tennessee Warbler

Tufted Titmouse

Turkey Vulture

Upland Sandpiper

Vesper Sparrow

Western Meadowlark

White Ibis

White-crowned Sparrow

White-eyed Vireo

White-throated Sparrow

Wild Turkey

Willow Flycatcher

Wilson's Warbler

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Yellow-throated Vireo

Sorghum

American Crow

American Tree Sparrow

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck

Brewer's Blackbird

Bronzed Cowbird

Brown-headed Cowbird

Canada Goose

Chihuahuan Raven

Eastern Meadowlark

European Starling

Greater Prairie-Chicken

Greater White-fronted Goose

Great-tailed Grackle

Horned Lark

Killdeer

Lapland Longspur

Lark Bunting

Lesser Prairie-Chicken

McCown's Longspur

Mourning Dove

Northern Bobwhite

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-necked Pheasant

Sandhill Crane

Savannah Sparrow

Tricolored Blackbird

Western Meadowlark

White-throated Swift

Whooping Crane

Yellow-headed Blackbird

Soybean

Alder Flycatcher

American Black Duck

American Coot

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Kestrel

American Pipit

American Redstart

American Robin

American Tree Sparrow

American Woodcock

Baltimore Oriole

Bank Swallow

Barn Swallow

Bay-breasted Warbler

Belted Kingfisher

Black-and-white Warbler

Black-billed Cuckoo

Blackburnian Warbler

Black-capped Chickadee

Blackpoll Warbler

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Black-throated Green Warbler

Blue Jay

Blue-winged Warbler

Bobolink

Brewer's Blackbird

Broad-winged Hawk

Brown Thrasher

Brown-headed Cowbird

Canada Goose

Canada Warbler

Cape May Warbler

Carolina Chickadee

Carolina Wren

Cedar Waxwing

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Chimney Swift

Chipping Sparrow

Cliff Swallow

Common Grackle

Common Nighthawk

Common Redpoll

Common Yellowthroat

Dark-eyed Junco

Dickcissel

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

Eastern Meadowlark

Eastern Wood-Pewee

European Starling

Field Sparrow

Fox Sparrow

Fulvous Whistling-Duck

Grasshopper Sparrow

Gray Catbird

Gray Partridge

Great Crested Flycatcher

Great Egret

Great Horned Owl

Greater Prairie-Chicken

Greater White-fronted Goose

Horned Lark

House Finch

House Sparrow

House Wren

Indigo Bunting

Killdeer

Lapland Longspur

Lark Bunting

Least Flycatcher

Lincoln's Sparrow

Loggerhead Shrike

Magnolia Warbler

Mallard

Mottled Duck

Mourning Dove

Mourning Warbler

Nashville Warbler

Northern Bobwhite

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Harrier

Northern Mockingbird

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Northern Shoveler

Northern Waterthrush

Ovenbird

Palm Warbler

Philadelphia Vireo

Purple Martin

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Red-eyed Vireo

Red-tailed Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-billed Gull

Ring-necked Pheasant

Rock Pigeon

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Rough-legged Hawk

Rusty Blackbird

Sandhill Crane

Savannah Sparrow

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Sedge Wren

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Snow Bunting

Snow Goose

Song Sparrow

Sora

Spotted Sandpiper

Swainson's Thrush

Swamp Sparrow

Tennessee Warbler

Tree Swallow

Tufted Titmouse

Turkey Vulture

Upland Sandpiper

Veery

Vesper Sparrow

Warbling Vireo

Western Meadowlark

White-throated Sparrow

Whooping Crane

Willow Flycatcher

Wilson's Warbler

Winter Wren

Wood Thrush

Yellow Warbler

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Yellow-headed Blackbird

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Strawberry

American Robin

Ring-necked Pheasant

Tobacco

American Crow

Common Grackle

Eastern Bluebird

House Sparrow

Northern Mockingbird

Red-winged Blackbird

Tomato

American Crow

American Golden-Plover

American Pipit

Baird's Sandpiper

Black-bellied Plover

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Horned Lark

Lapland Longspur

Least Sandpiper

Mottled Duck

Mountain Plover

Red-throated Pipit

Ring-necked Pheasant



Crop Group: Citrus (CITR)

Citrus

American Kestrel

Black-and-white Warbler

Blue Jay

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Brown Thrasher

Carolina Wren

Cattle Egret

Chipping Sparrow

Common Grackle

Common Ground-Dove

Common Moorhen

Common Nighthawk

Common Pauraque

Common Yellowthroat

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Meadowlark

Eastern Towhee

Fish Crow

Gray Catbird

Great Blue Heron

Great Crested Flycatcher

Great-tailed Grackle

Green Heron

Inca Dove

Killdeer

Little Blue Heron

Loggerhead Shrike

Long-billed Thrasher

Mourning Dove

Northern Bobwhite

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Mockingbird

Palm Warbler

Pied-billed Grebe

Prairie Warbler

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Sandhill Crane

Smooth-billed Ani

White-tipped Dove

White-winged Dove

Wilson's Warbler

Wood Duck

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Grapefruit

Brown Thrasher

Common Ground-Dove

Fish Crow

Great-tailed Grackle

Northern Cardinal

Northern Mockingbird

Red-winged Blackbird

Orange

American Crow

American Robin

Blue Jay

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Brown Thrasher

Brown-headed Cowbird

Common Ground-Dove

Common Yellowthroat

Eastern Phoebe

Fish Crow

Great Blue Heron

Hepatic Tanager

House Wren

Mourning Dove

Northern Cardinal

Northern Mockingbird

Palm Warbler

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Swamp Sparrow

White-eyed Vireo

White-tailed Kite

Yellow-rumped Warbler





Crop Group : Orchards (ORCH)

Apple

Acorn Woodpecker

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Kestrel

American Redstart

American Robin

American Tree Sparrow

American Woodcock

Ash-throated Flycatcher

Baltimore Oriole

Bank Swallow

Barn Swallow

Barred Owl

Bay-breasted Warbler

Bewick's Wren

Black Phoebe

Black-billed Cuckoo

Black-billed Magpie

Black-capped Chickadee

Black-headed Grosbeak

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Blue Jay

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Blue-winged Teal

Blue-winged Warbler

Bobolink

Brewer's Blackbird

Broad-winged Hawk

Brown Thrasher

Brown-headed Cowbird

Bushtit

California Towhee

Canada Goose

Cape May Warbler

Carolina Chickadee

Cedar Waxwing

Chestnut-backed Chickadee

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Chimney Swift

Chipping Sparrow

Chuck-will's-widow

Cliff Swallow

Common Grackle

Common Nighthawk

Common Yellowthroat

Cooper's Hawk

Dark-eyed Junco

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

Eastern Meadowlark

Eastern Phoebe

Eastern Screech-Owl

Eastern Towhee

Eastern Wood-Pewee

European Starling

Field Sparrow

Fox Sparrow

Gray Catbird

Great Crested Flycatcher

Great Horned Owl

Hairy Woodpecker

Horned Lark

House Finch

House Sparrow

House Wren

Indigo Bunting

Killdeer

Least Flycatcher

Loggerhead Shrike

Long-eared Owl

Magnolia Warbler

Mallard

Mourning Dove

Nashville Warbler

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Harrier

Northern Mockingbird

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Northern Saw-whet Owl

Nuttall's Woodpecker

Oak Titmouse

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Orange-crowned Warbler

Orchard Oriole

Ovenbird

Pacific-slope Flycatcher

Palm Warbler

Pine Siskin

Pine Warbler

Purple Martin

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Red-breasted Sapsucker

Red-eyed Vireo

Red-headed Woodpecker

Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-tailed Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-necked Pheasant

Rock Pigeon

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Ruffed Grouse

Savannah Sparrow

Scarlet Tanager

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Snowy Owl

Solitary Sandpiper

Song Sparrow

Spotted Sandpiper

Spotted Towhee

Steller's Jay

Tennessee Warbler

Townsend's Warbler

Tree Swallow

Tufted Titmouse

Veery

Vesper Sparrow

Violet-green Swallow

Western Meadowlark

Western Scrub-Jay

White-breasted Nuthatch

White-crowned Sparrow

Willow Flycatcher

Wood Thrush

Yellow Warbler

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Yellow-billed Magpie

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Yellow-throated Vireo

Apricot

European Starling

Purple Finch

Scott's Oriole

Avocado

American Kestrel

American Robin

American Tree Sparrow

Black-and-white Warbler

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

Common Ground-Dove

Eastern Phoebe

Eastern Screech-Owl

Eastern Towhee

Great Crested Flycatcher

Killdeer

Mourning Dove

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Mockingbird

Ovenbird

Palm Warbler

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-shouldered Hawk

Sharp-shinned Hawk

White-eyed Vireo

White-tailed Kite

White-winged Dove

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Yellow-throated Warbler

Cherry

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Robin

Baltimore Oriole

Blue Jay

Brown Thrasher

California Gull

Cedar Waxwing

Common Grackle

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

European Starling

Gray Catbird

Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch

House Finch

House Sparrow

Northern Flicker

Northern Mockingbird

Red-headed Woodpecker

Red-winged Blackbird

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

White-breasted Nuthatch

Fig

Northern Mockingbird

Nectarine

European Starling

Olive

Black-crowned Night-Heron

Bullock's Oriole

European Starling

Loggerhead Shrike

Northern Mockingbird

Orchards

American Kestrel

American Robin

Barn Owl

Black-billed Magpie

Bohemian Waxwing

California Quail

Canada Goose

Chukar

Cooper's Hawk

European Starling

Great Blue Heron

Great Horned Owl

House Finch

House Sparrow

House Wren

Northern Flicker

Northern Goshawk

Northern Saw-whet Owl

Red-tailed Hawk

Ring-necked Pheasant

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Tree Swallow

Peach

American Crow

American Kestrel

American Robin

Blue Jay

Eastern Screech-Owl

European Starling

Ruffed Grouse

Pear

American Crow

American Robin

Brewer's Blackbird

Cassin's Kingbird

European Starling

House Finch

Mourning Dove

Northern Mockingbird

Ring-necked Pheasant

Western Kingbird

Western Scrub-Jay

Yellow-billed Magpie

Plum

Dickcissel

Prune

California Quail

Northern Pygmy-Owl



Crop Group:  Berry (BERR)

Blackberry

Gray Catbird

Sage Thrasher

Blueberry

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Robin

Baltimore Oriole

Blue Jay

Brown Thrasher

Brown-headed Cowbird

Cedar Waxwing

Common Grackle

Common Ground-Dove

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

Eastern Meadowlark

Eastern Towhee

European Starling

Evening Grosbeak

Fish Crow

Grasshopper Sparrow

Gray Catbird

House Finch

Laughing Gull

Loggerhead Shrike

Northern Bobwhite

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Mockingbird

Orchard Oriole

Palm Warbler

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-billed Gull

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Savannah Sparrow

Song Sparrow

Vesper Sparrow

Western Scrub-Jay

Raspberry

Ring-necked Pheasant

Sage Thrasher

Sage Thrasher



Crop Group:  Grape (GRAP)

Grape

American Crow

American Goldfinch

American Kestrel

American Robin

Baltimore Oriole

Bank Swallow

Barn Swallow

Bay-breasted Warbler

Belted Kingfisher

Black-and-white Warbler

Black-capped Chickadee

Black-headed Grosbeak

Blue Jay

Bobolink

Brewer's Blackbird

Brown-headed Cowbird

Bullock's Oriole

California Quail

California Thrasher

Canada Goose

Cape May Warbler

Cedar Waxwing

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Chimney Swift

Chipping Sparrow

Common Grackle

Common Yellowthroat

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Bluebird

Eastern Kingbird

Eastern Wood-Pewee

European Starling

Field Sparrow

Gray Catbird

Gray-cheeked Thrush

Hairy Woodpecker

Horned Lark

House Finch

House Sparrow

House Wren

Indigo Bunting

Killdeer

Mourning Dove

Northern Cardinal

Northern Flicker

Northern Harrier

Northern Mockingbird

Pectoral Sandpiper

Red-headed Woodpecker

Red-tailed Hawk

Red-winged Blackbird

Ring-necked Pheasant

Rock Pigeon

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Sage Thrasher

Savannah Sparrow

Solitary Sandpiper

Song Sparrow

Spotted Sandpiper

Spotted Towhee

Swainson's Thrush

Turkey Vulture

Vesper Sparrow

Warbling Vireo

Western Bluebird

Western Kingbird

Western Scrub-Jay

Western Tanager

White-breasted Nuthatch

Wilson's Warbler

Yellow Warbler

Yellow-billed Magpie



 

Appendix D:  Graphs of BIAA associated species distributions in
neotropical habitats

Appendix D contintinued: 

Appendix D contintinued: 

Appendix D contintinued: 

Appendix D contintinued: 

Appendix D contintinued: 

Appendix E:  Neotropical Migrant Species using Agricultural Habitats: 
Conservation Status

Scientific Name	Common Name	species BIAA	ESA Listing	BCC 2008

Anser albifrons	Greater White-fronted Goose	x

Anser rossii	Ross's Goose

	Chen caerulescens	Snow Goose	x

Branta canadensis	Canada Goose	x

Aix sponsa	Wood Duck	x

Anas americana	American Wigeon	x

Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	x

Anas discors	Blue-winged Teal	x

Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler	x

Anas acuta	Northern Pintail	x

Anas crecca	Green-winged Teal	x

Egretta caerulea	Little Blue Heron	x

Ardea alba	Great Egret	x

Ardea herodias	Great Blue Heron	x

Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron	x

Ictinia mississippiensis	Mississippi Kite	x

Circus cyaneus	Northern Harrier	x

Accipiter striatus	Sharp-shinned Hawk	x

Accipiter cooperii	Cooper's Hawk	x

Buteo lineatus	Red-shouldered Hawk	x

Buteo platypterus	Broad-winged Hawk	x

Buteo swainsoni	Swainson's Hawk	x

Y

Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed Hawk	x

Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged Hawk	x

Falco sparverius	American Kestrel	x

Falco columbarius	Merlin

	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon	x

Y

Porzana carolina	Sora	x

Fulica americana	American Coot	x

Grus canadensis	Sandhill Crane	x	E

	Gallinago gallinago	Common Snipe

	Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel

	Y

Numenius americanus	Long-billed Curlew

	Y

Bartramia longicauda	Upland Sandpiper	x

Y

Tringa solitaria	Solitary Sandpiper	x

Y

Actitis macularia	Spotted Sandpiper	x

Calidris minutilla	Least Sandpiper	x

Calidris bairdii	Baird's Sandpiper	x

Calidris melanotos	Pectoral Sandpiper	x

Tryngites subruficollis	Buff-breasted Sandpiper

	Y

Philomachus pugnax	Ruff

	Pluvialis dominica	American Golden-Plover	x

Pluvialis fulva	Pacific Golden-Plover

	Charadrius vociferus	Killdeer	x

Charadrius montanus	Mountain Plover	x

Y

Larus delawarensis	Ring-billed Gull	x

Larus californicus	California Gull	x

Larus atricilla	Laughing Gull	x

Larus pipixcan	Franklin's Gull

	Coccyzus erythropthalmus	Black-billed Cuckoo	x

Coccyzus americanus	Yellow-billed Cuckoo	x

Y

Asio flammeus	Short-eared Owl	x

Y

Chordeiles minor	Common Nighthawk	x

Caprimulgus carolinensis	Chuck-will's-widow	x

Caprimulgus vociferus	Northern Whip-poor-will

	Chaetura pelagica	Chimney Swift	x

Archilochus colubris	Ruby-throated Hummingbird	x

Archilochus alexandri	Black-chinned Hummingbird

	Calypte anna	Anna's Hummingbird

	Calypte costae	Costa's Hummingbird

	Y

Selasphorus rufus	Rufous Hummingbird

	Y

Selasphorus sasin	Allen's Hummingbird

	Y

Megaceryle alcyon	Belted Kingfisher	x

Melanerpes lewis	Lewis's Woodpecker

	Y

Sphyrapicus varius	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker	x

Sphyrapicus ruber	Red-breasted Sapsucker	x

Contopus sordidulus	Western Wood-Pewee

	Contopus virens	Eastern Wood-Pewee	x

Empidonax flaviventris	Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

	Empidonax virescens	Acadian Flycatcher	x

Empidonax alnorum	Alder Flycatcher

	Empidonax traillii	Willow Flycatcher	x	E	Y

Empidonax minimus	Least Flycatcher	x

Empidonax difficilis	Pacific-slope Flycatcher	x

Empidonax occidentalis	Cordilleran Flycatcher

	Sayornis phoebe	Eastern Phoebe	x

Sayornis saya	Say's Phoebe

	Myiarchus cinerascens	Ash-throated Flycatcher	x

Myiarchus crinitus	Great Crested Flycatcher	x

Tyrannus vociferans	Cassin's Kingbird	x

Tyrannus verticalis	Western Kingbird	x

Tyrannus dominicensis	Gray Kingbird

	Tyrannus tyrannus	Eastern Kingbird	x

Tyrannus forficatus	Scissor-tailed Flycatcher	x

Myiodynastes luteiventris	Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

	Lanius ludovicianus	Loggerhead Shrike	x

Y

Vireo bellii	Bell's Vireo

E	Y

Vireo griseus	White-eyed Vireo	x

Vireo solitarius	Blue-headed Vireo	x

Vireo cassinii	Cassin's Vireo

	Vireo plumbeus	Plumbeous Vireo

	Vireo flavifrons	Yellow-throated Vireo	x

Vireo philadelphicus	Philadelphia Vireo	x

Vireo olivaceus	Red-eyed Vireo	x

Vireo flavoviridis	Yellow-green Vireo

	Vireo altiloquus	Black-whiskered Vireo

	Vireo gilvus	Warbling Vireo	x

Progne subis	Purple Martin	x

Tachycineta bicolor	Tree Swallow	x

Tachycineta thalassina	Violet-green Swallow	x

Stelgidopteryx serripennis	Northern Rough-winged Swallow	x

Riparia riparia	Sand Martin

	Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow	x

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	Cliff Swallow	x

Petrochelidon fulva	Antillean Cave-Swallow

	Certhia americana	Brown Creeper	x

Cistothorus platensis	Sedge Wren	x

Cistothorus palustris	Marsh Wren	x

Troglodytes troglodytes	Winter Wren	x

Regulus calendula	Ruby-crowned Kinglet

	Sialia currucoides	Mountain Bluebird

	Catharus fuscescens	Veery	x

Catharus minimus	Gray-cheeked Thrush	x

Catharus bicknelli	Bicknell's Thrush

	Y

Catharus ustulatus	Swainson's Thrush	x

Catharus guttatus	Hermit Thrush	x

Hylocichla mustelina	Wood Thrush	x

Y

Turdus migratorius	American Robin	x

Dumetella carolinensis	Gray Catbird	x

Oreoscoptes montanus	Sage Thrasher	x

Toxostoma rufum	Brown Thrasher	x

Toxostoma bendirei	Bendire's Thrasher

	Y

Sturnus vulgaris	European Starling	x

Anthus rubescens	American Pipit	x

Bombycilla cedrorum	Cedar Waxwing	x

Vermivora bachmanii	Bachman's Warbler

E

	Vermivora pinus	Blue-winged Warbler	x

Y

Vermivora chrysoptera	Golden-winged Warbler

	Y

Vermivora peregrina	Tennessee Warbler	x

Vermivora celata	Orange-crowned Warbler	x

Vermivora ruficapilla	Nashville Warbler	x

Parula americana	Northern Parula	x

Dendroica pensylvanica	Chestnut-sided Warbler	x

Dendroica magnolia	Magnolia Warbler	x

Dendroica tigrina	Cape May Warbler	x

Dendroica caerulescens	Black-throated Blue Warbler	x

Dendroica coronata	Yellow-rumped Warbler	x

Dendroica nigrescens	Black-throated Gray Warbler

	Dendroica townsendi	Townsend's Warbler	x

Dendroica virens	Black-throated Green Warbler	x

Dendroica chrysoparia	Golden-cheeked Warbler

E

	Dendroica fusca	Blackburnian Warbler	x

Dendroica dominica	Yellow-throated Warbler	x

Dendroica pinus	Pine Warbler	x

Dendroica discolor	Prairie Warbler	x

Y

Dendroica palmarum	Palm Warbler	x

Dendroica castanea	Bay-breasted Warbler	x

Y

Dendroica striata	Blackpoll Warbler

	Dendroica cerulea	Cerulean Warbler	x

Y

Mniotilta varia	Black-and-white Warbler	x

Setophaga ruticilla	American Redstart	x

Protonotaria citrea	Prothonotary Warbler

	Y

Helmitheros vermivorus	Worm-eating Warbler

	Y

Limnothlypis swainsonii	Swainson's Warbler

	Y

Seiurus aurocapillus	Ovenbird	x

Seiurus noveboracensis	Northern Waterthrush	x

Seiurus motacilla	Louisiana Waterthrush

	Oporornis formosus	Kentucky Warbler

	Y

Oporornis agilis	Connecticut Warbler	x

Oporornis philadelphia	Mourning Warbler	x

Oporornis tolmiei	MacGillivray's Warbler

	Geothlypis trichas	Common Yellowthroat	x

Wilsonia citrina	Hooded Warbler

	Wilsonia pusilla	Wilson's Warbler	x

Wilsonia canadensis	Canada Warbler	x

Y

Icteria virens	Yellow-breasted Chat

	Piranga rubra	Summer Tanager	x

Piranga olivacea	Scarlet Tanager	x

Piranga ludoviciana	Western Tanager	x

Calcarius mccownii	McCown's Longspur	x

Y

Calcarius lapponicus	Lapland Longspur	x

Calcarius ornatus	Chestnut-collared Longspur	x

Calamospiza melanocorys	Lark Bunting	x

Passerella iliaca	Fox Sparrow	x

Melospiza lincolnii	Lincoln's Sparrow	x

Melospiza georgiana	Swamp Sparrow	x

Zonotrichia leucophrys	White-crowned Sparrow

	Zonotrichia albicollis	White-throated Sparrow	x

Zonotrichia atricapilla	Golden-crowned Sparrow

	Junco hyemalis	Dark-eyed Junco	x

Passerculus sandwichensis	Savannah Sparrow	x

Ammodramus savannarum	Grasshopper Sparrow	x	E

	Spizella passerina	Chipping Sparrow	x

Spizella pallida	Clay-colored Sparrow

	Spizella breweri	Brewer's Sparrow

	Y

Spizella pusilla	Field Sparrow	x

Pooecetes gramineus	Vesper Sparrow	x

Chondestes grammacus	Lark Sparrow	x

Pheucticus ludovicianus	Rose-breasted Grosbeak	x

Pheucticus melanocephalus	Black-headed Grosbeak	x

Passerina caerulea	Blue Grosbeak	x

Passerina amoena	Lazuli Bunting

	Passerina cyanea	Indigo Bunting	x

Passerina ciris	Painted Bunting

	Y

Spiza americana	Dickcissel	x

Y

Icterus galbula	Baltimore Oriole	x

Icterus bullockii	Bullock's Oriole	x

Icterus spurius	Orchard Oriole	x

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	Yellow-headed Blackbird	x

Sturnella neglecta	Western Meadowlark	x

Euphagus cyanocephalus	Brewer's Blackbird	x

Molothrus ater	Brown-headed Cowbird	x

Dolichonyx oryzivorus	Bobolink	x

Carpodacus purpureus	Purple Finch	x

Carduelis pinus	Pine Siskin	x

Carduelis tristis	American Goldfinch	x

Appendix C:  Species documented in BIAA or using the four habitat
types associated with agriculture in Stotz et al 1996.

Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Anser albifrons	Greater White-fronted Goose	 

x

x

Anser rossii	Ross's Goose	 

x

Chen caerulescens	Snow Goose	 

x

x

Branta canadensis	Canada Goose

	x

x

x

x

Aix sponsa	Wood Duck

x

	Anas americana	American Wigeon

	x

Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard

	x

x

Anas discors	Blue-winged Teal

	x

Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler

	x

Anas acuta	Northern Pintail

	x

Anas crecca	Green-winged Teal

	x

Egretta caerulea	Little Blue Heron

x

	Ardea alba	Great Egret

	x

Ardea herodias	Great Blue Heron

x	x

Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron

	x

Ictinia mississippiensis	Mississippi Kite

	x

Circus cyaneus	Northern Harrier	 

x

x

x

x

x

Accipiter striatus	Sharp-shinned Hawk

x

	x

x

x

Accipiter cooperii	Cooper's Hawk

x

	x

x

Buteo lineatus	Red-shouldered Hawk

x

	x	x	x

Buteo platypterus	Broad-winged Hawk	x

x	x

	Buteo swainsoni	Swainson's Hawk

	x

Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed Hawk

x

	x

x

x

x

Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged Hawk

	x

Falco sparverius	American Kestrel

	x

x	x	x

x

x

Falco columbarius	Merlin

	x

Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon

	x

Porzana carolina	Sora

	x

Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Grus canadensis	Sandhill Crane

	x

x	x

	Gallinago gallinago	Common Snipe

	x

Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel

	x

Numenius americanus	Long-billed Curlew

	x

Bartramia longicauda	Upland Sandpiper

	x

x

Tringa solitaria	Solitary Sandpiper

	x

Actitis macularia	Spotted Sandpiper

	x

x

x

Calidris minutilla	Least Sandpiper

	x

Calidris bairdii	Baird's Sandpiper

	x

Calidris melanotos	Pectoral Sandpiper

	x

x

Tryngites subruficollis	Buff-breasted Sandpiper

	x

Philomachus pugnax	Ruff

	x

Pluvialis dominica	American Golden-Plover

	x

x

Pluvialis fulva	Pacific Golden-Plover

	x

Charadrius vociferus	Killdeer

	x

x	x	x

x

Charadrius montanus	Mountain Plover

	x

x

Larus delawarensis	Ring-billed Gull

	x

x

Larus californicus	California Gull

	x

x

Larus atricilla	Laughing Gull

	x

Larus pipixcan	Franklin's Gull

	x

Coccyzus erythropthalmus	Black-billed Cuckoo

x

	x

x

Coccyzus americanus	Yellow-billed Cuckoo	x	x

	x	x	x

Asio flammeus	Short-eared Owl

	x

x

Chordeiles minor	Common Nighthawk	x

x	x	x	x	x

Caprimulgus carolinensis	Chuck-will's-widow	x	x

	x

Caprimulgus vociferus	Northern Whip-poor-will	x

Chaetura pelagica	Chimney Swift

x	x

x

x

Archilochus colubris	Ruby-throated Hummingbird

x

x	x

x

	x

	Archilochus alexandri	Black-chinned Hummingbird

x

	Calypte anna	Anna's Hummingbird

x

	Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Selasphorus rufus	Rufous Hummingbird

x

	Selasphorus sasin	Allen's Hummingbird

x

	Megaceryle alcyon	Belted Kingfisher

	x

x

x

Melanerpes lewis	Lewis's Woodpecker

x

	Sphyrapicus varius	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker	x	x

	x

x

Sphyrapicus ruber	Red-breasted Sapsucker

	x

Contopus sordidulus	Western Wood-Pewee	x

Contopus virens	Eastern Wood-Pewee

x

	x

x

Empidonax flaviventris	Yellow-bellied Flycatcher	x	x

	Empidonax virescens	Acadian Flycatcher	x	x

	x

Empidonax alnorum	Alder Flycatcher

x

x

	Empidonax traillii	Willow Flycatcher	x	x

	x

x

Empidonax minimus	Least Flycatcher	x

x

x

Empidonax difficilis	Pacific-slope Flycatcher	x	x

	x

Empidonax occidentalis	Cordilleran Flycatcher

x

	Sayornis phoebe	Eastern Phoebe

	x	x

x	x

Sayornis saya	Say's Phoebe

	x

Myiarchus cinerascens	Ash-throated Flycatcher

	x

Myiarchus crinitus	Great Crested Flycatcher	x	x

	x	x	x

Tyrannus vociferans	Cassin's Kingbird

	x

Tyrannus verticalis	Western Kingbird

	x	x

	x

x

Tyrannus dominicensis	Gray Kingbird

x

	Tyrannus tyrannus	Eastern Kingbird	x

x	x	x

x

x

Tyrannus forficatus	Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

	x	x	x

Myiodynastes luteiventris	Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher	x	x

	Lanius ludovicianus	Loggerhead Shrike

	x

x	x	x

Vireo bellii	Bell's Vireo

	x

Vireo griseus	White-eyed Vireo	x	x

x	x	x	x

Vireo solitarius	Blue-headed Vireo

x

	x

Vireo cassinii	Cassin's Vireo

x

	Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Vireo flavifrons	Yellow-throated Vireo	x	x

	x

x

Vireo philadelphicus	Philadelphia Vireo	x	x

x	x

Vireo olivaceus	Red-eyed Vireo	x	x

	x

x

Vireo flavoviridis	Yellow-green Vireo	x	x

	Vireo altiloquus	Black-whiskered Vireo	x	x

	Vireo gilvus	Warbling Vireo	x	x

	x

x

Progne subis	Purple Martin

	x	x	x

x

Tachycineta bicolor	Tree Swallow

	x

x

Tachycineta thalassina	Violet-green Swallow

	x

Stelgidopteryx serripennis	Northern Rough-winged Swallow

	x	x	x

x

x

Riparia riparia	Sand Martin

	x

Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow

	x	x	x

x

x

x

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	Cliff Swallow

	x

x

x

Petrochelidon fulva	Antillean Cave-Swallow

	x	x

	Certhia americana	Brown Creeper

	x

Cistothorus platensis	Sedge Wren

	x

Cistothorus palustris	Marsh Wren

	x

Troglodytes troglodytes	Winter Wren

	x

Regulus calendula	Ruby-crowned Kinglet	x	x

	Sialia currucoides	Mountain Bluebird

	x

Catharus fuscescens	Veery	x

x

x

Catharus minimus	Gray-cheeked Thrush	x

x

Catharus bicknelli	Bicknell's Thrush	x

Catharus ustulatus	Swainson's Thrush	x	x

	x

x	x

	Catharus guttatus	Hermit Thrush

x

	x

Hylocichla mustelina	Wood Thrush	x	x

	x

x

Turdus migratorius	American Robin

x

x	x	x	x

x

Dumetella carolinensis	Gray Catbird

x

x	x	x	x

x	x

	Oreoscoptes montanus	Sage Thrasher

	x

Toxostoma rufum	Brown Thrasher

	x	x	x	x

	Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Sturnus vulgaris	European Starling

	x	x	x

x

x

Anthus rubescens	American Pipit

	x

x

Bombycilla cedrorum	Cedar Waxwing	x

x

x

x

x

Vermivora bachmanii	Bachman's Warbler	x

Vermivora pinus	Blue-winged Warbler	x	x

	x

x

Vermivora chrysoptera	Golden-winged Warbler	x	x

	Vermivora peregrina	Tennessee Warbler	x	x

	x

x

	x	x

Vermivora celata	Orange-crowned Warbler

x

x

	x

Vermivora ruficapilla	Nashville Warbler	x	x

	x

x

Parula americana	Northern Parula	x	x

	x

Dendroica pensylvanica	Chestnut-sided Warbler	x	x

	x

x

x

Dendroica magnolia	Magnolia Warbler	x	x

	x

x

Dendroica tigrina	Cape May Warbler	x

x

x

x

Dendroica caerulescens	Black-throated Blue Warbler	x	x

	x

x

Dendroica coronata	Yellow-rumped Warbler	x	x

	x	x	x

x

Dendroica nigrescens	Black-throated Gray Warbler

x

	Dendroica townsendi	Townsend's Warbler

	x

Dendroica virens	Black-throated Green Warbler	x	x

	x

	x

	Dendroica chrysoparia	Golden-cheeked Warbler

x

	Dendroica fusca	Blackburnian Warbler

	x

Dendroica dominica	Yellow-throated Warbler	x	x

	x

Dendroica pinus	Pine Warbler

	x

x

Dendroica discolor	Prairie Warbler	x

	x

x

	Dendroica palmarum	Palm Warbler

x	x	x	x

Dendroica castanea	Bay-breasted Warbler	x	x

	x

x

x

Dendroica striata	Blackpoll Warbler	x	x

	Dendroica cerulea	Cerulean Warbler	x

	x

	Mniotilta varia	Black-and-white Warbler	x	x

	x	x	x

x

Setophaga ruticilla	American Redstart	x	x

	x

x

	x

	Protonotaria citrea	Prothonotary Warbler	x

Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Limnothlypis swainsonii	Swainson's Warbler	x

Seiurus aurocapillus	Ovenbird	x	x

	x

x

	x

	Seiurus noveboracensis	Northern Waterthrush	x	x

	x

Seiurus motacilla	Louisiana Waterthrush	x

Oporornis formosus	Kentucky Warbler	x	x

	Oporornis agilis	Connecticut Warbler

x

	x

Oporornis philadelphia	Mourning Warbler

x

	x

Oporornis tolmiei	MacGillivray's Warbler	x	x

x

	Geothlypis trichas	Common Yellowthroat

x	x	x	x

x

Wilsonia citrina	Hooded Warbler	x	x

	Wilsonia pusilla	Wilson's Warbler	x	x

	x	x

x

	Wilsonia canadensis	Canada Warbler	x	x

	x

Icteria virens	Yellow-breasted Chat

x

	Piranga rubra	Summer Tanager

x

	x

x

Piranga olivacea	Scarlet Tanager	x	x

	x

	x

	Piranga ludoviciana	Western Tanager

x

	x	x

	Calcarius mccownii	McCown's Longspur

	x

x

Calcarius lapponicus	Lapland Longspur

	x

x

Calcarius ornatus	Chestnut-collared Longspur

	x

Calamospiza melanocorys	Lark Bunting

	x	x	x

Passerella iliaca	Fox Sparrow

x	x

x

Melospiza lincolnii	Lincoln's Sparrow

	x	x	x

Melospiza georgiana	Swamp Sparrow

x	x	x

	Zonotrichia leucophrys	White-crowned Sparrow

	x	x

	Zonotrichia albicollis	White-throated Sparrow

x	x

Zonotrichia atricapilla	Golden-crowned Sparrow

x

	Junco hyemalis	Dark-eyed Junco

	x

x

Passerculus sandwichensis	Savannah Sparrow

	x

x

x

Ammodramus savannarum	Grasshopper Sparrow

	x

x

	x

	Spizella passerina	Chipping Sparrow

x

x	x	x	x

x

Scientific Name	Common Name	habitat - tropical lowland forest	habitat -
forest, second growth habitats	habitat - pasture ag lands	habitat -
scrub, second growth habitats	BIAA 

field crops	BIAA 

citrus	BIAA 

orchard	BIAA 

berry	BIAA grape

vine	

coffee	

mango

Spizella breweri	Brewer's Sparrow

	x

Spizella pusilla	Field Sparrow

x	x

x

x

Pooecetes gramineus	Vesper Sparrow

	x

x

x

x

Chondestes grammacus	Lark Sparrow

x	x

x

Pheucticus ludovicianus	Rose-breasted Grosbeak	x	x

	x

x

x

Pheucticus melanocephalus	Black-headed Grosbeak

	x

x

x

Passerina caerulea	Blue Grosbeak

x	x

Passerina amoena	Lazuli Bunting

x

	Passerina cyanea	Indigo Bunting

x

x	x

x

x

x

Passerina ciris	Painted Bunting

x

	Spiza americana	Dickcissel

	x

x

x

Icterus galbula	Baltimore Oriole

x

	x

x	x

x

	Icterus bullockii	Bullock's Oriole

x

	x

x

Icterus spurius	Orchard Oriole

x

	x

x	x

x

	Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	Yellow-headed Blackbird

	x

x

x

Sturnella neglecta	Western Meadowlark

	x

x

x

Euphagus cyanocephalus	Brewer's Blackbird

	x	x	x

x

x

Molothrus ater	Brown-headed Cowbird

	x	x	x	x	x

x

x

Dolichonyx oryzivorus	Bobolink

	x	x	x

x

x

Carpodacus purpureus	Purple Finch

	x

Carduelis pinus	Pine Siskin

x

	x

Carduelis tristis	American Goldfinch

x

x	x

x

x