Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0033-0136
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-04-14T04:00Z

TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
No.

15.
ACTIVITY
FACTORS
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15.1.
ACTIVITY
PATTERNS
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15.1.1.
Key
Activity
Pattern
Studies
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1
15.1.2.
Relevant
Activity
Pattern
Studies
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7
15.2.
OCCUPATIONAL
MOBILITY
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11
15.2.1.
Background
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11
15.2.2.
Key
Occupational
Mobility
Studies
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11
15.3.
POPULATION
MOBILITY
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12
15.3.1.
Background
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12
15.3.2.
Key
Population
Mobility
Studies
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13
15.3.3.
Relevant
Population
Mobility
Studies
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15
15.4.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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15
15.4.1.
Recommendations
for
Activity
Patterns
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15
15.4.2.
Recommendations:
Occupational
Mobility
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17
15.4.3.
Recommendations:
Population
Mobility
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17
15.4.4.
Summary
of
Recommended
Activity
Factors
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18
15.5.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
15
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18
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
1
15.
ACTIVITY
FACTORS
In
calculating
exposure,
a
person's
average
daily
populations
in
the
U.
S.
The
studies
involve
survey
designs
dose
is
determined
from
a
combination
of
variables
where
time
diaries
were
used
to
collect
information
on
the
including
the
pollutant
concentration,
exposure
duration,
time
spent
at
various
activities
and
locations
for
children,
and
frequency
of
exposure
(
Sexton
and
Ryan,
1987).
These
adolescents,
and
adults,
and
to
collect
certain
demographic
variables
can
be
dependent
on
human
activity
patterns
and
and
socioeconomic
data.
Available
studies
on
time­
activity
time
spent
at
each
activity
and/
or
location.
A
person's
total
data
are
summarized
in
the
following
sections.
It
should
be
exposure
can
be
predicted
using
indirect
approaches
such
noted
that
other
site­
limited
studies,
based
on
small
sample
as
computerized
mathematical
models.
This
indirect
sites,
are
available,
but
are
not
presented
in
this
section.
approach
of
predicting
exposure
also
requires
activity
The
studies
presented
in
this
section
are
ones
believed
to
be
patterns
(
time
use)
data.
Thus,
individual
or
group
the
most
appropriate
for
the
purpose
of
the
handbook.
activities
are
important
determinants
of
potential
exposure
Activity
pattern
studies
are
presented
in
Sections
15.1.1
and
because
toxic
chemicals
introduced
into
the
environment
15.1.2.
may
not
cause
harm
to
an
individual
until
an
activity
is
performed
subjecting
the
individual
to
contact
with
those
contaminants.
An
individual's
choice
on
how
to
spend
time
will
vary
according
to
their
occupation,
hobbies,
culture,
location,
gender,
age,
and
personal
preferences.
Educational
level
attained
and
socioeconomic
status
also
influence
chosen
activities
and
their
duration.
The
purpose
of
this
section
is
to
describe
published
time
use
studies
that
provide
information
on
activities
in
which
various
individuals
engage,
length
of
time
spent
performing
various
activities,
locations
in
which
individuals
spend
time
and
length
of
time
spent
by
individuals
within
those
various
microenvironments.
According
to
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991),
microenvironments
refer
to
a
combination
of
activities
and
locations
that
yield
potential
exposures.
Information
on
time
spent
in
specific
occupations
and
residing
in
specific
areas
also
is
included
in
this
section.
This
section
summarizes
data
on
how
much
time
individuals
spend
doing
various
activities
and
in
various
microenvironments.
These
data
cover
a
wide
scope
of
activities
and
populations.
The
following
table
(
Table
15­
1)
should
be
used
as
a
guide
to
locating
the
information
relevant
to
activities
and
microenvironments
of
concern.
Assessors
can
consider
using
these
data
to
develop
exposure
duration
estimates
for
specific
exposure
scenarios.
Available
studies
are
grouped
as
key
or
relevant
studies.
The
classifications
of
these
studies
are
based
on
the
applicability
of
their
data
to
exposure
assessments.
All
tables
that
provide
data
from
these
studies
are
presented
at
the
back
of
this
chapter.

15.1.
ACTIVITY
PATTERNS
about
the
child's
previous
day's
activities.
Children
in
first
The
purpose
of
this
section
is
to
describe
published
time
use
studies
that
provide
information
on
time­
activity
patterns
of
the
national
population
and
various
sub­

15.1.1.
Key
Activity
Pattern
Studies
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
­
How
Children
Use
Time
­
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
conducted
a
study
using
the
data
obtained
on
children's
time
use
from
a
1981­
1982
Panel
study.
This
study
was
a
follow­
up
of
households
from
a
previous
survey
conducted
in
1975­
76.
The
922
respondents
in
the
1981­
82
study
were
those
who
had
completed
at
least
three
out
of
four
waves
of
interview
in
the
1975
­
1976
survey.
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
conducted
the
survey
during
February
through
December
1981,
and
households
were
contacted
four
times
during
a
3
month
interval
of
the
survey
period.
The
first
contact
was
a
personal
interview,
followed
by
subsequent
telephone
interviews
for
most
of
the
respondents.
However,
families
with
children
were
contacted
personally
and
questionnaires
were
administered
to
a
maximum
of
three
children
per
household.
The
children
surveyed
were
between
the
ages
of
3
and
17
years
and
were
interviewed
twice.
The
questionnaires
administered
to
children
had
two
components:
a
time
diary
and
a
standardized
interview.
The
time
diary
involved
children
reporting
their
activities
beginning
at
12.00
a.
m.
the
previous
night;
the
duration
and
location
of
each
activity;
the
presence
of
another
individual;
and
whether
they
were
performing
other
activities
at
the
same
time.
The
standardized
interview
administered
to
the
children
was
to
gather
information
about
their
psychological,
intellectual
(
using
reading
comprehension
tests),
and
emotional
well­
being;
their
hopes
and
goals;
their
family
environment;
and
their
attitudes
and
beliefs.
For
preschool
children,
parents
provided
information
through
third
grades
completed
the
time
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
2
August
1997
diary
with
their
parents
assistance
and,
in
addition,
created
by
having
younger
children
record
their
data
should
completed
reading
tests.
Children
in
fourth
grade
and
have
been
minimized.
above
provided
their
own
diary
information
and
participated
in
the
interview.
Parents
were
asked
to
assess
their
children's
socioemotional
and
intellectual
development.
A
survey
form
was
sent
to
a
teacher
of
each
school­
age
child
to
evaluate
each
child's
socioemotional
and
intellectual
development.
The
activity
descriptor
codes
used
in
this
study
were
developed
by
Juster
et
al.
(
1983).
The
activity
codes
and
descriptors
used
for
the
adult
time
diaries
in
both
surveys
are
presented
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
1.
The
mean
time
spent
performing
major
activities
on
weekdays
and
weekends
by
age
and
sex,
and
type
of
day
is
presented
in
Table
15­
2.
On
weekdays,
children
spend
about
40
percent
of
their
time
sleeping,
20
percent
in
school,
and
10
percent
eating,
washing,
dressing,
and
performing
other
personal
activities
(
Timmer
et
al.,
1985).
The
data
in
Table
15­
2
indicates
that
girls
spend
more
time
than
boys
performing
household
work
and
personal
care
activities,
and
less
time
playing
sports.
Also,
children
spend
most
of
their
free
time
watching
television.
Table
15­
3
presents
the
mean
time
children
spend
during
weekdays
and
weekends
performing
major
activities
by
five
different
age
groups.
Also,
the
significant
effects
of
each
variable
(
i.
e.,
age,
sex)
are
shown
in
Table
15­
3.
Older
children
spend
more
time
performing
household
and
market
work,
studying
and
watching
television,
and
less
time
eating,
sleeping,
and
playing.
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
estimated
that
on
the
average,
boys
spend
19.4
hours
a
week
watching
television
and
girls
spend
17.8
hours
per
week
performing
the
same
activity.
A
limitation
associated
with
this
study
is
that
the
data
do
not
provide
overall
annual
estimates
of
children's
time
use
since
the
data
were
collected
only
during
the
time
of
the
year
when
children
attend
school
and
not
during
school
vacation.
Another
limitation
is
that
a
distribution
pattern
of
children's
time
use
was
not
provided.
In
addition,
the
survey
was
conducted
in
1981
so
there
is
a
potential
that
activity
patterns
in
children
may
have
changed
significantly
from
that
period
to
the
present.
Therefore,
application
of
these
data
for
current
exposure
situations
may
bias
exposure
assessments
results.
An
advantage
of
this
survey
is
that
diary
recordings
of
activity
patterns
were
kept
and
the
data
obtained
were
not
based
completely
on
recall.
Another
advantage
is
that
because
parents
assisted
younger
children
with
keeping
their
diaries
and
with
interviews,
any
bias
that
may
have
been
James
and
Knuiman
(
1987)
­
An
Application
of
Bayes
Methodology
to
the
Analysis
of
Diary
Records
from
a
Water
Use
Study
­
In
1987,
James
and
Knuiman
provided
a
distribution
of
the
amount
of
time
(
1­
20
minutes)
spent
showering
by
individuals
in
households
located
in
Australia.
The
distribution
presented
in
the
study
of
James
and
Knuiman
was
based
on
diary
records
of
2,500
households.
James
and
Knuiman
(
1987)
reported
that
50
additional
households
provided
data
for
shower
durations
exceeding
20
minutes,
but
were
excluded
from
their
analysis
because
specific
values
over
20
minutes
were
not
reported.
Using
the
data
of
James
and
Knuiman,
a
cumulative
frequency
distribution
was
derived
for
the
handbook,
based
on
the
2,550
households
and
is
presented
in
Table
15­
3.
Based
on
the
results
in
Table
15­
3,
approximate
showering
times
are
7
minutes
for
the
median
value,
13
minutes
for
the
90th
percentile,
16
minutes
for
the
95th
percentile,
and
>
20
minutes
for
the
99th
percentile.
The
mean
shower
length
is
approximately
8
minutes
using
the
shower
durations
of
1
to
20
minutes.
A
mean
value
could
not
be
calculated
using
the
data
for
the
50
households
that
reported
showering
time
>
20
minutes.
However,
if
a
30
minute
showering
time
was
assumed
for
the
>
20
minutes
duration,
the
mean
value
would
be
8.5
minutes
as
compared
to
a
mean
of
8
minutes
if
these
households
are
excluded.
Therefore,
including
the
50
additional
households
would
give
a
similar
mean
and
the
results
at
the
upper
end
of
the
distribution
would
not
be
affected.
A
limitation
of
the
study
is
that
the
data
are
from
households
in
Australia
and
may
not
be
representative
of
U.
S.
households.
An
advantage
is
that
it
presents
cumulative
distribution
data.
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
­
Time
Spent
in
Activities,
Locations,
and
Microenvironments:
A
California­
National
Comparison
­
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
reviewed
and
compared
data
from
the
1987­
88
California
Air
Resources
Board
(
CARB)
time
activity
study
and
from
a
similar
1985
national
study,
American's
Use
of
Time.
Data
from
the
national
study
were
recorded
similarly
to
the
CARB
code
categories,
in
order
to
make
data
comparisons
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
The
CARB
study
involved
residents
who
lived
in
the
state
of
California.
One
adult
18
years
or
older
was
randomly
sampled
in
each
household
and
was
asked
to
complete
a
diary
with
entries
for
the
previous
day's
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
3
activities
and
the
location
of
each
activity.
Time
use
Californians
spent
more
time
on
paid
work,
education
and
patterns
for
other
individuals
12
years
and
older
in
the
training,
obtaining
goods
and
services,
and
communication,
households
contacted
were
also
included
in
the
diaries.
and
less
time
on
household
work,
child
care,
organizational
Telephone
interviews
based
on
the
random­
digit­
dialing
activities,
entertainment/
social
activities,
and
recreation
(
RDD)
procedure
were
conducted
for
approximately
1,762
than
the
national
population.
The
male
and
female
respondents
in
the
CARB
survey.
These
interviews
were
population
closely
followed
the
same
trends
as
the
general
distributed
across
all
days
of
the
week
and
across
different
population.
Table
15­
6
shows
the
mean
time
spent
at
3
months
of
the
year
(
between
October
1987­
August
1988).
major
locations
for
the
CARB
and
national
study
grouped
In
the
1985
National
study,
single
day
diaries
were
by
total
sample
and
gender,
ages
18­
64
years
(
time
use
data
collected
from
over
5,000
respondents
across
the
U.
S.,
12
for
the
44
detailed
microenvironments
are
presented
in
years
of
age
and
older.
The
study
was
conducted
during
Appendix
Table
15A­
3).
Respondents
spent
most
of
their
January
through
December
1985.
Three
modes
of
time
time
at
home,
892
minutes/
day
for
the
CARB
and
954
diary
collection
were
employed
for
this
survey:
mailback,
minutes/
day
for
the
national
study.
Californians
spent
more
telephone
interview,
and
personal
interview.
Data
obtained
of
their
time
away
from
home
and
traveling
compared
to
the
from
the
personal
interviews
were
not
used
in
this
study
national
population.
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
The
sample
population
for
In
addition,
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
defined
a
the
mail­
back
and
telephone
interview
was
selected
based
set
of
16
microenvironments
based
on
the
activity
and
on
a
RDD
method.
The
RDD
was
designed
to
represent
all
location
codes
employed
in
both
studies.
The
analysis
telephone
households
in
the
contiguous
United
States
included
data
for
adolescents
(
12­
17
years)
and
adults
(
65
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
In
addition
to
estimates
of
years
and
older)
in
both
the
CARB
study
and
the
mail­
back
time
spent
at
various
activities
and
locations,
the
survey
portion
of
the
1985
national
study
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
design
provided
information
on
the
employment
status,
age,
1991).
The
mean
duration
of
time
spent
in
locations
for
education,
race,
and
gender
for
each
member
of
the
total
sample
population,
12
years
and
older,
across
three
respondent's
household.
The
mail­
back
procedure
was
types
of
locations
is
presented
in
Table
15­
7
for
both
based
on
a
"
tomorrow"
approach,
and
the
telephone
studies.
Respondents
spent
most
of
their
time
indoors,
interview
was
based
on
recall.
In
the
"
tomorrow"
approach,
1255
and
1279
minutes/
day
for
the
CARB
and
national
respondents
know,
and
agree
ahead
of
time,
that
they
will
be
study,
respectively.
keeping
a
diary
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
Table
15­
8
presents
the
mean
duration
of
time
and
Data
comparisons
by
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
standard
mean
error
for
the
16
microenvironments
grouped
were
based
on
10
major
activity
categories
(
100
sub­
by
total
sample
population
and
gender.
Also
included
is
the
category
codes)
and
3
major
locations
(
44
sub­
location
mean
time
spent
for
respondents
("
Doers")
who
reported
codes)
employed
in
both
the
CARB
and
the
1985
national
participating
in
each
activity.
Table
15­
8
shows
that
in
both
study.
In
order
to
make
data
comparisons,
Robinson
and
studies
men
spend
more
time
in
work
locations,
Thomas
(
1991)
excluded
responses
from
individuals
of
automobiles
and
other
vehicles,
autoplaces
(
garages),
and
ages
65
years
and
older
and
18
years
or
younger
in
both
physical
outdoor
activities,
outdoor
sites.
In
contrast,
surveys.
In
addition,
only
mail­
back
responses
were
women
spend
more
time
cooking,
engaging
in
other
kitchen
analyzed
for
the
1985
national
study.
The
data
were
then
activities,
performing
other
chores,
and
shopping.
The
weighted
to
project
both
the
California
and
national
same
trends
also
occur
on
a
per
participant
basis.
population
in
terms
of
days
of
the
week,
region,
numbers
of
Table
15­
9
shows
the
mean
time
spent
in
various
respondents
per
household,
and
3
monthly
seasons
of
the
microenvironments
grouped
by
type
of
the
day
(
weekday
or
year
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
weekend)
in
both
studies.
Generally,
respondents
spent
Table
15­
5
shows
the
mean
time
spent
in
the
10
most
of
their
time
during
the
weekends
in
restaurants/
bars
major
activities
by
gender
and
for
all
respondents
between
(
CARB
study),
motor
vehicles,
outdoor
activities,
socialthe
ages
of
18­
64
years
(
time
use
data
for
the
individual
cultural
settings,
leisure/
communication
activities,
and
activities
are
presented
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
2).
In
both
sleeping.
Microenvironmental
differences
by
age
are
studies
respondents
spent
most
of
their
time
(
642
mins/
day)
presented
in
Table
15­
10.
Respondents
in
the
age
groups
on
personal
needs
and
care
(
i.
e.,
sleep).
18­
24
years
and
25­
44
years
spent
most
of
their
time
in
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
4
August
1997
restaurants/
bars
and
traveling.
The
oldest
age
group,
65
The
data
obtained
from
the
survey
interviews
years
and
older,
spent
most
of
their
time
in
the
kitchen
resulted
in
ten
major
activity
categories,
113
detailed
(
cooking
and
other
kitchen
related
activities)
and
in
activity
codes,
6
major
categories
of
locations,
and
63
communication
activities.
detailed
location
codes.
The
average
time
respondents
spent
Limitations
associated
with
the
Robinson
and
during
the
10
activity
categories
for
all
children
are
Thomas
(
1991)
study
are
that
the
CARB
survey
was
based
presented
in
Table
15­
11.
Also
included
in
this
table
are
on
recall
and
the
survey
was
performed
in
California
only.
the
detailed
activity,
including
its
code,
with
the
highest
Therefore,
if
applied
to
other
populations,
the
data
set
may
mean
duration
of
time;
the
percentage
of
respondents
who
be
biased.
Another
limitation
is
that
time
distribution
reported
participating
in
any
activity
(
percent
doing);
and
patterns
(
statistical
analysis)
were
not
provided
for
both
the
mean,
median,
and
maximum
time
duration
for
"
doers."
studies.
Also,
the
data
are
based
on
short
term
studies.
An
The
dominant
activity
category,
personal
care
(
night
sleep
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
the
1985
national
study
being
the
highest
contributor),
had
the
highest
time
represents
the
general
U.
S.
population.
Also,
the
1985
expenditure
of
794
mins/
day
(
13.2
hours/
day).
All
national
study
provides
time
estimates
by
activities,
respondents
reported
sleeping
at
night,
resulting
in
a
mean
locations,
and
microenvironments
grouped
by
age,
gender,
daily
time
per
participant
of
794
mins/
day
spent
sleeping.
and
type
of
day.
Another
advantage
is
that
the
data
were
The
activity
category
"
don't
know"
had
a
duration
of
about
compared
and
that,
overall,
both
data
sets
showed
similar
2
mins/
day
and
only
4
percent
of
the
respondents
reported
patterns
of
activity
(
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991).
missing
activity
time.
Wiley
et
al.
(
1991)
­
Study
of
Children's
Activity
Patterns
­
The
California
children's
activity
pattern
survey
design
provided
time
estimates
of
children
(
under
12
years
old)
in
various
activities
and
locations
(
microenvironments)
on
a
typical
day
(
Wiley
et
al.,
1991).
The
sample
population,
which
consisted
of
1,200
respondents
(
including
children
under
12
years
of
age
and
adult
informants
residing
in
the
child's
household),
was
selected
using
Waksberg
RDD
methods
from
English­
speaking
households.
One
child
was
selected
from
each
household.
If
the
selected
child
was
8
years
old
or
less,
the
adult
in
the
same
household
who
spent
the
most
time
with
the
child
responded.
However,
if
the
selected
child
was
between
9
and
11
years
old,
that
child
responded.
The
population
was
also
stratified
to
provide
representative
estimates
for
major
regions
of
the
state.
The
survey
questionnaire
included
a
time
diary
which
provided
information
on
the
children's
activity
and
location
patterns
based
on
a
24­
hour
recall
period.
In
addition,
the
survey
questionnaire
included
questions
about
potential
exposure
to
sources
of
indoor
air
pollution
(
i.
e.,
presence
of
smokers)
on
the
diary
day
and
the
socio­
demographic
characteristics
(
i.
e.,
age,
gender,
marital
status
of
adult)
of
children
and
adult
respondents.
The
questionnaires
and
the
time
diaries
were
administered
via
a
computer­
assisted
telephone
interviewing
(
CATI)
technology
(
Wiley
et
al.,
1991).
The
telephone
interviews
were
conducted
during
April
1989
to
February
1990
over
four
seasons:
Spring
(
April­
June
1989),
Summer
(
July­
September
1989),
Fall
(
October­
December
1989),
and
Winter
(
January­
February
1990).
Table
15­
12
presents
the
mean
time
spent
in
the
10
activity
categories
by
age
and
gender.
Differences
in
activity
patterns
for
boys
and
girls
tended
to
be
small.
Table
15­
13
presents
the
mean
time
spent
in
the
10
activity
categories
grouped
by
seasons
and
California
regions.
There
were
seasonal
differences
for
5
activity
categories:
personal
care,
educational
activities,
social/
entertainment,
recreation,
and
communication/
passive
leisure.
Time
expenditure
differences
in
various
regions
of
the
State
were
minimal
for
childcare,
work­
related
activities,
shopping,
personal
care,
education,
social
life,
and
recreation.
Table
15­
14
presents
the
distribution
of
time
across
six
location
categories.
The
participation
rates
(
percent)
of
respondents,
the
mean,
median,
and
maximum
time
for
"
doers."
The
detailed
location
with
the
highest
average
time
expenditure
are
also
shown.
The
largest
amount
of
time
spent
was
at
home
(
1,078
minutes/
day);
99
percent
of
respondents
spent
time
at
home
(
1,086
minutes/
participant/
day).
Tables
15­
15
and
15­
16
show
the
average
time
spent
in
the
six
locations
grouped
by
age
and
gender,
and
season
and
region,
respectively.
There
are
age
differences
in
time
expenditure
in
educational
settings
for
boys
and
girls
(
Table
15­
15).
There
are
no
differences
in
time
expenditure
at
the
six
locations
by
regions,
and
time
spent
in
school
decreased
in
the
summer
months
compared
to
other
seasons
(
Table
15­
16).
Table
15­
17
shows
the
average
potential
exposure
time
children
spent
in
proximity
to
tobacco
smoke,
gasoline
fumes,
and
gas
oven
fumes
grouped
by
age
and
gender.
The
sampled
children
spent
more
time
closer
to
tobacco
smoke
(
77
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
5
mins/
day)
than
gasoline
fumes
(
2
mins/
day)
and
gas
oven
Computer
Assisted
Telephone
Interviewing
(
CATI).
The
fumes
(
11
mins/
day).
response
rate
was
63
percent,
overall.
If
the
chosen
A
limitation
of
this
study
is
that
the
sampling
respondent
was
a
child
too
young
to
interview,
an
adult
in
population
was
restricted
to
only
English­
speaking
the
household
gave
a
proxy
interview.
Each
participant
was
households;
therefore,
the
data
obtained
does
not
represent
asked
to
recount
their
entire
daily
routine
from
midnight
to
the
diverse
population
group
present
in
California.
Another
midnight
immediately
previous
to
the
day
that
they
were
limitation
is
that
time
use
values
obtained
from
this
survey
interviewed.
The
survey
collected
information
on
duration
were
based
on
short­
term
recall
(
24­
hr)
data;
therefore,
the
and
frequency
of
selected
activities
and
of
the
time
spent
in
data
set
obtained
may
be
biased.
Other
limitations
are:
the
selected
microenvironments.
In
addition,
demographic
survey
was
conducted
in
California
and
is
not
representative
information
was
collected
for
each
respondent
to
allow
for
of
the
national
population,
and
the
significance
of
the
statistical
summaries
to
be
generated
according
to
specific
observed
differences
in
the
data
obtained
(
i.
e.,
gender,
age,
subgroups
of
the
U.
S.
population
(
i.
e.,
by
gender,
age,
race,
seasons,
and
regions)
were
not
tested
statistically.
An
employment
status,
census
region,
season,
etc.).
The
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
time
expenditure
in
various
participants'
responses
were
weighted
according
to
activities
and
locations
were
presented
for
children
grouped
geographic,
socioeconomic,
time/
season,
and
other
by
age,
gender,
and
seasons.
Also,
potential
exposures
of
demographic
factors
to
ensure
that
results
were
respondents
to
pollutants
were
explored
in
the
survey.
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population.
The
weighted
sample
Another
advantage
is
the
use
of
the
CATI
program
in
matches
the
1990
U.
S.
census
population
for
each
gender,
obtaining
time
diaries,
which
allows
automatic
coding
of
age
group,
census
region,
and
the
day­
of­
week
and
seasonal
activities
and
locations
onto
a
computer
tape,
and
allows
responses
are
equally
distributed.
Saturdays
and
Sundays
activities
forgotten
by
respondents
to
be
inserted
into
its
were
over
sampled
to
ensure
an
adequate
weekend
sample.
appropriate
position
during
interviewing
(
Wiley
et
al.,
The
data
presented
are
a
compilation
of
24­
hour
1991).
diary
locations,
activities,
and
follow­
up
exposure
questions
U.
S.
EPA
(
1992)
­
Dermal
Exposure
Assessment:
Principles
and
Applications
­
U.
S.
EPA
(
1992)
addressed
the
variables
of
exposure
time,
frequency,
and
duration
needed
to
calculate
dermal
exposure
as
related
to
activity.
The
reader
is
referred
to
the
document
for
a
detailed
discussion
of
these
variables
in
relation
to
soil
and
water
related
activities.
The
suggested
values
that
can
be
used
for
dermal
exposure
are
presented
in
Table
15­
18.
Limitations
of
this
study
are
that
the
values
are
based
on
small
data
sets
and
a
limited
number
of
studies.
An
advantage
is
that
it
presents
default
values
for
frequency
and
duration
for
use
in
exposure
assessments
when
specific
data
are
not
available.
Tsang
and
Klepeis
(
1996)
­
National
Human
Activity
Pattern
Survey
(
NHAPS)
­
The
National
Human
Activity
Pattern
Survey
was
conducted
by
the
U.
S.
EPA
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
It
is
the
largest
and
most
current
human
activity
pattern
survey
available
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
Data
for
9,386
respondents
in
the
48
contiguous
United
States
were
collected
via
minute­
byminute
24­
hour
diaries
between
October
1992
and
September
1994.
Detailed
data
were
collected
for
a
maximum
of
82
different
possible
locations,
and
a
maximum
of
91
different
activities.
Participants
were
selected
using
a
Random
Digit
Dial
(
RDD)
method
and
based
on
exposure­
related
events
(
personal,
exposure,
household
characteristics,
medical
background)
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
Data
presented
are
reported
in
the
form
of
means,
percentages
of
time
spent,
and
percentages
of
respondent
occurrences.
The
diary
data
are
useful
for
obtaining
national
representative
distributions
of
time
spent
in
a
large
variety
of
activities
and
locations
in
a
single
day
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
According
to
Tsang
and
Klepeis
(
1996),
the
24­
hour
diaries
in
the
NHAPS
are
useful
in
probabilistic
modeling
(
Monte­
Carlo)
that
provides
frequency
distributions
of
exposure.
Overall
survey
results
indicate
that
for
time
spent
in
microenvironments,
the
largest
overall
percentage
of
time
was
spent
in
residential­
indoors
(
67
percent),
followed
by
time
spent
outdoors
(
8
percent),
and
then
time
spent
in
vehicles
(
5
percent)
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
Tables
15­
19
through
15­
146
provide
data
from
the
NHAPS
study.
NHAPS
data
on
the
time
spent
in
selected
activities
are
presented
in
Tables
15­
19
through
15­
92.
NHAPS
data
on
the
time
spent
in
selected
microenvironments
are
presented
in
Tables
15­
93
to
15­
139
and
of
these
tables,
Tables
15­
66
through
15­
139
present
24­
hour
cumulative
statistics
(
mean,
minimum,
maximuim,
and
percentiles)
data
for
time
spent
in
various
activities
and
in
various
microenvironments.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
6
August
1997
C
Tables
15­
19
through
15­
32
provide
working
in
circumstances
where
one
comes
in
information
on
the
frequency
and
duration
of
contact
with
soil
such
as
in
a
garden.
taking
baths,
frequency
of
taking
showers,
and
on
the
amount
of
time
spent
in
the
shower
or
C
Tables
15­
65
through
15­
67
provide
bathroom
after
completion
of
the
activity.
information
on
the
frequency
of
swimming
in
a
C
Table
15­
33
provides
the
frequency
for
washing
time
spent
swimming
during
a
1­
month
period.
the
hands
in
a
day.

C
Tables
15­
34
through
15­
36
present
information
on
time
spent
by
persons
working
with
or
being
near
foods
while
being
grilled
or
barbecued;
working
with
or
near
open
flames;
and
working
or
being
near
excessive
dust
in
the
air.

C
Tables
15­
37
through
15­
39
provide
data
for
the
number
of
times
a
vehicle
was
started
in
a
garage
or
carport
and
if
started
with
the
door
closed;
and
for
time
spent
at
a
gas
station
or
repair
shop.

C
Tables
15­
40
through
15­
42
present
information
on
the
number
of
times
windows
and
doors
were
opened
and
the
number
of
minutes
they
were
left
open
at
home
while
the
respondent
was
at
home.

C
Tables
15­
43
through
15­
47
provide
data
for
time
spent
in
heavy
traffic
either
running,
walking,
standing,
or
in
a
vehicle;
and
for
time
spent
in
indoor
and
outdoor
parking
lots
and
garages.

C
Tables
15­
48
through
15­
50
present
information
for
time
spent
working
for
pay;
working
at
different
times
of
day;
and
for
the
amount
of
that
time
was
spent
working
outdoors.

C
Tables
15­
51
through
15­
56
provide
information
for
number
of
times
of
performing
household
tasks
in
a
day
such
as
vacuuming,
and
washing
dishes
and
clothes
in
a
residence.

C
Tables
15­
57
through
15­
64
present
data
for
number
of
times
per
day
and
the
duration
for
playing
in
sand,
gravel,
and
dirt;
and
for
fresh
water
swimming
pool
and
the
amount
of
C
Tables
15­
68
through
15­
87
present
statistics
for
time
spent
in
various
major
categories.
They
are
as
follows:
Paid
Work
(
main
job);
Household
Work
(
food
preparation
and
cleanup,
cleaning
house,
clothes
care);
Child
Care
(
indoor
and
outdoor
playing);
Obtaining
Goods
and
Services
(
car
repair);
Personal
Needs
and
Care
(
sleeping/
napping);
Free
Time
and
Education
(
school);
and
Recreation
(
active
sports,
exercise,
outdoor
recreation).

C
Tables
15­
88
through
15­
94
provide
statistics
for
time
spent
in
various
activities
that
are
the
results
of
regrouping/
combining
activities
described
in
Tables
15­
68
through
15­
87.
Because
the
occurrences
in
some
major
categories
were
too
small
to
conduct
analyses,
these
categories
were
regrouped
into
broader
categories
so
that
new
categories
could
be
developed
with
a
larger
number
of
occurrences
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).
This
regrouping
was
performed
to
create
a
better
data
set
for
estimating
exposure
activities
from
the
available
data
(
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996).

C
Tables
15­
95
through
15­
103
provide
cumulative
statistics
for
time
spent
in
various
indoor
microenvironments
such
as
repair
shops/
gas
stations;
bar/
night
club/
bowling
alley;
and
at
school.

C
Tables
15­
104
through
15­
112
present
statistical
data
for
time
spent
in
various
outdoor
locations.
These
tables
include
data
for
locations
such
as
schoolgrounds/
playground;
parking
lots;
construction
sites;
parks
and
golf
courses;
and
farms.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
7
C
Tables
15­
113
through
15­
120
present
statistics
for
time
spent
in
various
locations
in
the
home.
Data
are
presented
for
the
number
of
minutes
spent
in
the
kitchen,
bathroom,
bedroom,
garage,
basement,
utility
room
or
laundry
room;
in
the
outdoor
pool
or
spa;
and
in
the
yard
or
other
areas
outside
the
house.

C
Tables
15­
121
through
15­
130
provide
data
on
time
spent
traveling
and
for
traveling
in
various
types
of
vehicles;
and
for
time
spent
walking.

C
Tables
15­
131
through
15­
140
provide
statistics
for
total
time
spent
indoors
at
home
(
categories
regrouped/
combined
based
on
various
data
described
in
Tables
15­
95
through
15­
130),
including
all
rooms;
outdoors
at
home;
traveling
inside
a
vehicle;
outdoors
near
a
vehicle;
outdoors
other
than
near
a
residence;
in
an
office
or
factory;
in
malls
and
other
stores;
in
various
public
buildings;
in
bars,
restaurants,
etc.;
and
outdoor
locations
such
as
auto
repair
shops
and
laundromats.

C
Table
15­
141
provides
the
number
of
minutes
spent
in
an
activity
or
microenvironment
where
a
smoker
was
present.

C
Tables
15­
142
and
15­
143
present
data
for
time
spent
smoking
in
a
day.

C
Tables
15­
144
through
15­
148
provide
information
for
time
spent
smoking
selected
tobacco
products
such
as
cigars,
cigarettes,
and
pipe
tobacco.

Advantages
of
the
NHAPS
dataset
are
that
it
is
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population
and
it
has
been
adjusted
to
be
balanced
geographically,
seasonally,
and
for
day/
time.
Also,
it
is
representative
of
all
ages,
gender,
and
is
race
specific.
A
disadvantage
of
the
study
is
that
means
cannot
be
calculated
for
time
spent
over
60,
120,
and
181
minutes
in
selected
activities.
Therefore,
actual
time
spent
at
the
high
end
of
the
distribution
for
these
activities
cannot
be
captured.
15.1.2.
Relevant
Activity
Pattern
Studies
Robinson
­
Changes
in
Americans'
Use
of
Time:
1965­
1975
(
1977)
­
Robinson
(
1977)
compared
time
use
data
obtained
from
two
national
surveys
that
were
conducted
in
1965­
1966
and
in
1975.
Each
survey
used
the
time­
diary
method
to
collect
data.
The
1965­
66
survey
excluded
people
in
the
following
categories:
(
a)
Non­
Standard
Metropolitan
Statistical
Area
(
non­
SMSA)
(
designation
of
Census
Bureau
areas
having
no
city
with
more
than
50,000
population);
(
b)
households
where
no
adult
members
were
in
the
labor
force
for
at
least
10
hours
per
week;
(
c)
age
65
and
over;
and
(
d)
farm­
related
occupations
(
Robinson,
1977).
The
1,244
respondents
in
the
1965­
66
study
included
either
employed
men
and
women
or
housewives
(
Robinson,
1977).
The
survey
was
conducted
between
November­
December
1965
and
March­
April
1966.
Respondents
recorded
their
daily
activities
in
time
diaries
by
using
the
"
tomorrow"
approach.
In
this
approach,
diaries
were
kept
on
the
day
following
the
interviewer's
initial
contact.
The
interviewer
then
made
a
second
call
to
the
respondent
to
determine
if
the
information
in
diaries
were
correct
and
to
obtain
additional
data.
Only
one
person
per
household
was
interviewed.
The
survey
was
designed
to
obtain
information
on
time
spent
with
family
members,
time
spent
at
various
locations
during
activities,
and
performing
primary
and
secondary
activities.
A
similar
study
was
conducted
in
1975
from
October
through
December.
Unlike
the
1965­
1966
survey,
the
1975
survey
included
rural
areas,
farmers,
the
unemployed,
students,
and
retirees.
Time
diary
data
were
collected
using
the
"
yesterday"
approach.
In
this
approach,
interviewers
made
only
one
contact
with
respondents
(
greater
than
1500)
and
the
diaries
were
filled
out
based
on
a
24­
hour
recall
(
Robinson,
1977).
Time
diary
data
were
also
collected
from
the
respondents'
spouses.
In
both
surveys,
the
various
activities
were
coded
into
96
categories,
and
then
were
combined
into
five
major
categories.
Free­
time
activities
were
grouped
into
5
subcategories
(
Appendix
Table
15A­
2).
In
order
to
compare
data
obtained
from
both
surveys,
Robinson
(
1977)
excluded
the
same
population
groups
in
the
1975
survey
that
were
excluded
in
the
1965­
66
survey
(
i.
e.,
farmers,
rural
residents).
Results
obtained
from
the
surveys
were
presented
by
gender,
age,
marital
and
employment
status,
race,
and
education.
Robinson
(
1977)
reported
the
data
collected
in
hours/
week;
however,
the
method
for
converting
daily
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
8
August
1997
activities
to
hours/
week
were
not
presented.
Table
15­
149
shows
the
differences
in
time
use
by
gender,
employment,
and
marital
status
for
five
major
activity
categories
and
five
subcategories
for
1965
and
1975.
Time
spent
on
work
related
activities
(
i.
e.,
work
for
pay
and
family
care)
was
lower
in
1975
than
in
1965
for
employed
men
and
women.
Table
15­
149
also
shows
that
there
was
an
overall
increase
in
free
time
activities
for
all
the
six
groups.
The
difference
in
time
use
in
1965
and
1975
are
presented
by
age,
education,
and
race
in
Tables
15­
150,
15­
151,
and
15­
152,
respectively.
These
tables
include
data
for
students
and
certain
employed
respondents
that
were
excluded
in
Table
15­
148
(
Robinson,
1977).
In
1975,
the
eldest
group
(
ages
56­
65
years)
showed
a
decline
in
paid
work,
and
an
increase
in
family
care,
personal
care
and
sleep
(
Table
15­
150).
Education
level
comparisons
across
the
ten­
year
interval
indicated
that
the
less
educated
had
a
decrease
in
paid
work
and
an
increase
in
sleep
and
personal
care;
the
most
educated
had
an
increase
in
work
time
and
a
decrease
in
other
leisure
(
Table
15­
151).
For
racial
comparisons,
Blacks
spent
less
time
at
paid
work
than
Whites
across
the
ten­
year
interval
(
Table
15­
152).
Table
15­
152
also
shows
that
Blacks
spent
more
time
than
Whites
at
free
time
activities
in
1975.
A
limitation
of
the
study
survey
design
is
that
time
use
data
were
gathered
as
social
indicators.
Therefore,
the
activity
categories
presented
may
not
be
relevant
in
exposure
assessments.
Another
limitation
is
that
statistical
analysis
of
the
data
set
was
not
provided.
Additional
limitations
are
that
the
time
use
data
are
old
and
the
data
may
not
reflect
recent
changes
in
time
use.
The
1965
and
1975
data
sets
excluded
certain
population
groups
and,
therefore,
may
not
be
entirely
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population.
Another
limitation
is
that
these
are
short­
term
studies
and
may
not
necessarily
represent
long­
term
activity
patterns.
An
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
time
use
data
were
presented
by
age,
gender,
race,
education
level,
and
employment
and
marital
status.
Another
advantage
is
that
earlier
investigations
on
the
study
method
(
24­
hr
recall)
employed
in
the
1965
study
revealed
no
systematic
biases
in
reported
activities
(
Robinson,
1977).
Robinson
(
1977)
also
noted
that
the
time­
diary
method
provides
a
"
zero­
sum"
measure
(
i.
e.,
since
there
are
only
24
daily
hours
or
168
weekly
hours,
if
time
on
one
activity
increases
then
time
on
another
activity
must
decrease).
Juster
et
al.
(
1983)
­
1975­
1981
Time
Use
Longitudinal
Panel
Study
­
The
Time
Allocation
longitudinal
study
of
the
U.
S.
population
began
as
part
of
a
multinational
project
with
the
first
survey
conducted
in
1965­
66.
A
second
national
time
use
survey
was
conducted
in
1975­
1976
and
another
in
1981
(
Juster
et
al.
1983).
Juster
et
al.
(
1983)
provided
study
descriptions
of
the
second
and
third
surveys.
The
surveys
included
a
probability
sample
of
the
adult
population
(
18
years
and
older)
and
children
between
the
ages
of
3
and
17
years
in
the
United
States.
In
both
surveys,
time
use
was
measured
from
24­
hour
recall
diaries
administered
to
respondents
and
their
spouses.
The
1975­
1976
survey
involved
four
waves
of
interview:
wave
1,
October­
November
1975;
wave
2,
February
1976;
wave
3,
May­
June
1976;
wave
4,
September
1976.
The
first
wave
was
a
personal
interview
and
the
other
three
waves
were
telephone
interviews.
The
1975­
1976
survey
sample
consisted
of
2,300
individuals,
and
of
that
sample,
1,519
respondents.
Four
recall
diaries
(
one
from
each
wave
of
interviews)
were
obtained
from
947
respondents,
with
data
on
time
use
measures
for
two
weekdays,
one
Saturday
and
one
Sunday.
The
survey
was
designed
to
gather
information
for:
employment
status;
earnings
and
other
income;
"
consumption
benefits
for
activities
of
respondents
and
their
spouses;"
health,
friendships
and
associations
of
the
respondents;
stock
technology
available
to
the
household,
house
repair,
and
maintenance
activities
of
the
family;
division
of
labor
in
household
work
and
related
attitudes;
physical
characteristics
of
the
respondents
housing
structure,
net
worth
and
housing
values;
job
characteristics;
and
characteristics
of
mass
media
usage
on
a
typical
day
(
Juster
et
al.,
1983).
The
1981
survey
was
a
follow­
up
of
respondents
and
spouses
who
had
completed
at
least
three
waves
of
interview
in
the
1975­
1976
survey.
For
the
1981
survey,
920
individuals
were
eligible.
The
survey
design
was
similar
to
the
1975­
1976
survey,
however
in
this
survey,
the
adult
population
was
25
years
and
older
and
consisted
of
620
respondents.
Four
waves
of
interviews
were
conducted
between
February
­
March
1981
(
wave
1),
May
­
June
1981
(
wave
2),
September
1981
(
wave
3),
and
November
­
December
(
wave
4).
The
1981
survey
included
the
respondents'
children
between
the
ages
of
3
and
17
years.
The
survey
design
for
children
provided
information
on
time
use
measures
from
two
time
diary
reports:
one
school
day
and
one
non­
school
day.
In
addition,
information
for
academic
achievement
measures,
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
9
school
and
family
life
measures,
and
ratings
from
the
through
the
fall
of
1976
for
the
1975­
1976
Time
Allocation
children's
teachers
were
gathered
during
the
survey.
Study.
The
sampling
periods
included
two
weekdays,
one
Juster
et
al.
(
1983)
did
not
report
the
time
use
data
Saturday
and
one
Sunday.
The
1975­
1976
Time
Allocation
obtained
for
the
1975­
1976
survey
or
the
1981
survey.
Study
provided
information
on
the
amount
of
time
spent
These
data
are
stored
in
four
tape
files
and
can
be
obtained
performing
primary
activities.
The
information
gathered
from
the
Inter­
university
Consortium
for
Political
and
Social
were
responses
to
the
survey
question
"
What
were
you
Research
(
ICPSR)
in
Michigan.
The
response
rate
for
the
doing?"
The
survey
also
provided
information
on
secondary
first
wave
of
interview
(
1975­
76
survey)
based
on
the
activities
(
i.
e.,
respondents
performing
more
than
one
original
sample
population
was
66
percent,
and
response
activity
at
the
same
time).
Hill
(
1985)
analyzed
time
rates
for
the
subsequent
waves
ranged
from
42
percent
estimates
for
10
broad
categories
of
activities
based
on
data
(
wave
4)
to
50
percent
(
wave
2).
In
the
1981
survey,
the
collected
from
87
activities.
These
estimates
included
response
rate
based
on
eligible
respondents
was
67
percent
seasonal
variation
in
time
use
patterns
and
comparisons
of
for
the
first
interview,
and
ranged
from
54
percent
(
wave
4)
time
use
patterns
for
different
days
of
the
week.
The
10
to
60
percent
(
wave
2)
in
the
subsequent
interviews
(
Juster
major
categories
and
ranges
of
activity
codes
are
listed
in
et
al.,
1983).
The
1975­
1976
survey
included
87
activities.
Appendix
Table
15A­
4.
Hill
(
1985)
collected
data
on
time
In
the
1981
survey,
these
87
activities
were
broken
down
use
for
the
major
activity
patterns
in
four
different
age
into
smaller
components,
resulting
in
223
activities
(
Juster
groups
(
18­
24,
25­
44,
45­
64,
and
65
years
and
older).
et
al.,
1983).
The
activity
codes
and
descriptors
used
for
However,
the
time
use
data
were
summarized
in
graphs
the
adult
time
diaries
in
both
surveys
are
presented
in
rather
than
in
tables.
Appendix
Table
15A­
3.
Analysis
of
the
1975­
76
survey
data
revealed
very
A
limitation
of
this
study
is
that
the
surveys
were
not
small
regional
differences
in
time
use
among
the
broad
designed
for
exposure
assessment
purposes.
Therefore,
the
activity
patterns
(
Hill,
1985).
The
weighted
mean
hours
per
time
use
data
set
may
be
biased.
Another
limitation
is
that
week
spent
performing
the
10
major
activity
categories
time
use
data
collected
were
based
on
a
24­
hour
diary
presented
by
region
are
shown
in
Table
15­
153.
In
all
recall.
This
may
somewhat
bias
the
data
set
obtained
from
regions,
adults
spent
more
time
on
personal
care
(
included
this
survey.
An
advantage
associated
with
this
survey
is
that
night
sleep).
Adults
in
the
North
Central
region
of
the
it
provides
a
database
of
information
on
various
human
country
spent
more
time
on
market
work
activities
than
activities.
This
information
can
be
used
to
assess
various
adults
in
other
regions
of
the
country.
Adults
in
the
South
exposure
pathways
and
scenarios
associated
with
these
spent
more
time
on
leisure
activities
(
passive
and
active
activities.
Also,
some
of
the
data
from
these
surveys
were
combined)
than
adults
elsewhere
(
Table
15­
153).
Table
used
in
the
studies
conducted
by
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
and
15­
154
presents
the
time
spent
per
day,
by
the
day
of
the
Hill
(
1985).
In
addition,
the
activity
descriptor
codes
week
for
the
10
major
activity
categories.
Time
spent
on
developed
in
these
studies
were
used
by
Timmer
et
al
the
87
activities
(
components
of
the
10
major
categories)
(
1985),
Hill
(
1985),
and
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991).
are
presented
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
5.
Adult
time
use
These
studies
are
presented
in
Sections
15.1.1
and
15.1.2.
was
dominated
in
descending
order
by
personal
care
Another
advantage
of
this
survey
is
that
the
data
are
based
(
including
sleep),
market
work,
passive
leisure,
and
house
on
a
national
survey
and
conducted
over
a
one
year
period,
work.
Collectively,
these
activities
represent
about
80
resulting
in
a
seasonally
balanced
survey
and
one
percent
of
available
time
(
Hill,
1985).
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population.
According
to
Hill
(
1985),
sleep
was
the
single
most
Hill
(
1985)
­
Patterns
of
Time
Use
­
Hill
(
1985)
investigated
the
total
amount
of
time
American
adults
spend
in
one
year
performing
various
activities
and
the
variation
in
time
use
across
three
different
dimensions:
demographic
characteristics,
geographical
location,
and
seasonal
characteristics.
In
this
study,
time
estimates
were
based
on
data
collected
from
time
diaries
in
four
waves
(
1
per
season)
of
a
survey
conducted
in
the
fall
of
1975
dominant
activity
averaging
about
56.3
hours
per
week.
Television
watching
(
passive
leisure)
averaged
about
21.8
hours
per
week,
and
housework
activities
averaged
about
14.7
hours
per
week.
Weekdays
were
predominantly
market­
work
oriented.
Weekends
(
Saturday
and
Sunday)
were
predominantly
devoted
to
household
tasks
("
sleeping
in,"
socializing,
and
active
leisure)
(
Hill,
1985).
Table
15­
155
presents
the
mean
time
spent
performing
these
10
groups
of
activities
during
each
wave
of
interview
(
fall,
winter,
spring,
and
summer).
Adjustments
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
10
August
1997
were
made
to
the
data
to
assure
equal
distributions
of
or
at
home
in
the
presence
of
a
parent
or
an
adult
careweekdays
Saturdays,
and
Sundays
(
Hill,
1985).
The
data
provider.
In
the
course
of
the
interview,
children
were
indicates
that
the
time
periods
adults
spent
performing
asked
to
identify
locations
of
activity
areas,
social
areas
(
i.
e.,
market
work,
child
care,
shopping,
organizational
activities,
places
they
went
with
friends),
favorite
areas,
and
locations
and
active
leisure
were
fairly
constant
throughout
the
year
of
forts
or
clubhouses.
Aerial
photographs
were
used
to
(
Hill,
1985).
The
mean
hours
spent
per
week
in
performing
mark
these
areas.
the
10
major
activity
patterns
are
presented
by
gender
in
The
second
survey
involved
only
preschool
children.
Table
15­
156
(
time
use
patterns
for
all
87
activities
are
Parents
completed
questionnaires
which
provided
presented
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
6).
Table
15­
156
information
on
the
amount
of
time
their
children
spent
indicates
that
time
use
patterns
determined
by
data
collected
outdoors,
outdoor
play
locations,
favorite
places,
digging
for
the
mid­
1970'
s
survey
show
gender
differences.
Men
areas,
use
of
park
or
playgrounds,
and
swimming
or
wading
spent
more
time
on
activities
related
to
labor
market
work
locations.
This
survey
was
conducted
between
June­
July
and
education,
and
women
spent
more
time
on
household
1989.
One
thousand
(
1,000)
parents
were
sampled,
but
work
activities.
only
211
questionnaires
were
usable
out
of
886
A
limitation
associated
with
this
study
is
that
the
time
questionnaires
received
resulting
in
a
response
rate
for
the
data
were
obtained
from
an
old
survey
conducted
in
the
preschool's
survey
of
about
24
percent.
The
sample
mid­
1970s.
Because
of
fairly
rapid
changes
in
American
population
consisted
of
children
1
month
and
up
to
society,
applying
these
data
to
current
exposure
assessments
preschool
age.
Of
this
population,
53
percent
were
Anglos,
may
result
in
some
biases.
Another
limitation
is
that
time
18
percent
Hispanics,
2
percent
Blacks,
and
3
percent
use
data
were
not
presented
for
children.
An
advantage
of
Asians.
this
study
is
that
time
diaries
were
kept
and
data
were
not
The
survey
design
considered
the
kinds
of
activities
based
on
recall.
The
former
approach
may
result
in
a
more
children
engaged
in,
but
not
the
amount
of
time
children
accurate
data
set.
Another
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
the
spent
in
each
activity.
Therefore,
Sell
(
1989)
presented
the
survey
is
seasonally
balanced
since
it
was
conducted
data
obtained
from
the
survey
in
terms
of
percent
of
throughout
the
year
and
the
data
are
from
a
large
survey
respondents
who
engaged
in
specific
activities
or
locations.
sample.
A
summary
of
percent
responses
of
the
preschool
and
Sell
(
1989)
­
The
Use
of
Children's
Activity
Patterns
in
the
Development
of
a
Strategy
for
Soil
Sampling
in
West
Central
Phoenix
­
In
a
report
prepared
for
the
Arizona
Department
of
Environmental
Quality,
Sell
(
1989)
investigated
the
activity
patterns
of
preschool
and
school
age
children
in
the
west
central
portion
of
Phoenix
known
as
Maryvale.
The
survey
was
conducted
in
two
parts:
(
1)
most
of
the
school
age
children
were
interviewed
personally
from
May
through
June,
1989
in
three
schools;
and
(
2)
survey
questionnaires
were
mailed
to
parents
of
preschool
children.
In
the
first
survey,
15
percent
of
the
total
school
population
(
2,008)
was
sampled
with
111
children
in
grades
K­
6
participating
(
response
rate
of
37
percent).
The
surveyed
population
was
53.2
percent
male
and
46.8
percent
female.
Of
this
population,
41
percent
were
Hispanics,
49.5
percent
Anglos,
7.2
percent
Blacks,
and
1.7
percent
Asians.
The
children
interviewed
were
between
the
ages
of
5
and
13
years.
Within
each
school,
the
children
in
grades
K­
6
were
stratified
into
two
groups,
primary
(
grades
K­
3)
and
intermediate
(
grades
4­
6),
and
children
were
selected
randomly
from
each
group.
Children
in
grades
K­
2
were
either
interviewed
in
school
school­
age
children's
activities
at
various
locations
in
the
Maryvale
study
areas
are
presented
in
Table
15­
157.
Also
included
in
this
table
is
a
ranking
of
children's
play
locations
based
on
other
existing
research
works.
Based
on
the
survey
data,
Sell
(
1989)
reported
that
the
median
time
preschool
children
spent
outdoors
on
weekdays
was
1­
2
hours,
and
on
weekends
the
median
time
spent
outdoors
was
2­
5
hours.
Most
of
these
children
played
outside
in
their
own
yards,
and
some
played
in
other
people's
yards
or
parks
and
playgrounds
(
Sell,
1989).
Limitations
associated
with
this
study
are
that
the
survey
design
did
not
report
the
time
spent
in
various
activities
or
locations
and
the
response
rates
obtained
from
the
surveys
were
low
and,
therefore,
may
result
in
biased
data.
In
addition,
because
the
survey
was
conducted
in
Arizona,
the
surveyed
population
does
not
represent
the
children's
population
on
a
national
basis.
Advantages
of
this
study
are
that
it
provides
data
on
various
activities
children
engage
in
and
locations
of
these
activities,
and
provides
for
time
spent
outdoors.
This
information
is
useful
in
determining
exposure
pathways
to
toxic
pollutants
for
children.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
11
Tarshis
(
1981)
­
The
Average
American
Book
­
Tarshis
(
1981)
compiled
a
book
addressing
the
habits,
tastes,
lifestyles,
and
attitudes
of
the
American
people
in
which
he
reported
data
on
time
spent
in
personal
grooming.
The
data
presented
are
gathered
from
small
surveys,
the
Newspaper
Advertising
Bureau,
and
magazines.
Tarshis
reported
frequency
and
percentage
data
by
gender
and
age
15.2.
OCCUPATIONAL
MOBILITY
for
grooming
activities
such
as
showering
and
bathing
as
15.2.1.
Background
follows:

°
90
percent
take
some
sort
of
a
bath
in
an
average
24­
hour
period;
°
5
percent
average
more
than
1
shower
or
bath
a
day;
°
75
percent
of
men
shower,
25
percent
take
baths;
°
50
percent
of
women
take
showers,
50
percent
take
baths;
°
65
percent
of
teenage
girls
16­
19
shower
daily;
°
55
percent
of
teenage
girls
take
at
least
one
bath
a
week;
°
50
percent
of
women
use
an
additive
in
their
bath
every
time
they
bathe;
°
People
are
more
likely
to
shower
than
bathe
if
they
are
young
and
have
higher
income;
and
°
Showering
is
more
popular
than
bathing
in
large
15.2.2.
Key
Occupational
Mobility
Studies
cities.
Carey
(
1988)
­
Occupational
Tenure
in
1987:

Limitations
of
this
study
are
that
the
data
are
compiled
from
other
sources,
and
that
the
data
are
old;
it
is
possible
that
these
data
may
not
reflect
the
current
trends
of
the
general
population.
An
advantage
of
the
study
is
that
it
presents
frequency
data
that
are
useful
in
exposure
assessment,
especially
concerning
volatilization
of
chemicals
from
water.
AIHC
(
1994)
­
Exposure
Factors
Sourcebook
­
The
was
obtained
from
supplemental
data
to
the
January
1987
activity
factors
data
presented
in
the
Sourcebook
are
similar
Current
Population
Study,
a
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
to
that
in
this
handbook.
The
AIHC
Sourcebook
uses
publication.
Carey
(
1988)
did
not
present
information
on
tenure
data
from
the
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics
(
1987),
the
survey
design.
while
this
handbook
uses
more
recent
data
(
Carey,
1988)
The
median
occupational
tenure
by
age
and
gender,
and
provides
general
and
specific
recommendations
for
ethnicity,
and
employment
status
are
presented
in
Tables
various
age
groups.
Distributions
were
derived
using
data
15­
158,
15­
159,
and
15­
160,
respectively.
The
median
presented
in
U.
S.
EPA
(
1989)
version
of
this
handbook,
the
occupational
tenure
of
the
working
population
(
109.1
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics
(
1987),
and
various
other
million
people)
16
years
of
age
and
older
in
January
of
references.
Distribution
data
and/
or
recommendations
are
1987,
was
6.6
years
(
Table
15­
158).
Table
15­
158
also
presented
for
time
in
one
residence,
residential
occupancy,
shows
that
median
occupational
tenure
increased
from
1.9
time
spent
indoors/
outdoors,
hours
at
home/
away
from
years
for
workers
16­
24
years
old
to
21.9
years
for
workers
home
for
adults
and
children,
hours
at
work
for
adults,
70
years
and
older.
The
median
occupational
tenure
for
working
tenure,
and
shower
duration.
For
each
distribution,
men
16
years
and
older
was
higher
(
7.9
years)
than
for
the
@
Risk
formula
is
provided
for
women
of
the
same
age
group
(
5.4
years).
Table
direct
use
in
the
@
Risk
software
(
Palisade,
1992).
The
Sourcebook
has
been
classified
as
a
relevant
rather
than
a
key
study
because
it
is
not
the
primary
source
for
the
data
used
to
make
recommendations.
It
is
a
relevant
source
of
alterative
information.

The
amount
of
time
spent
in
different
types
of
occupations
may
affect
the
duration
and/
or
magnitude
of
exposures
to
contaminants
specific
to
those
occupations.
For
example,
an
individual
who
spends
an
entire
lifetime
as
a
farmer
may
experience
a
longer
duration
of
exposure
to
certain
contaminants,
especially
pesticides,
than
individuals
who
have
indoor
occupations.
Also,
individual
exposures
to
specific
chemicals
in
the
work
place
may
be
significantly
reduced
when
individuals
change
jobs.
Work
place
exposures
among
women
may
be
of
shorter
duration
than
among
men
because
women's
careers
may
be
interrupted
by
home
and
family
responsibilities.
The
key
studies
presented
in
the
following
section
provide
occupational
tenure
for
workers
grouped
by
age,
race,
gender,
and
employment
status.

Many
Workers
Have
Remained
in
Their
Fields
­
Carey
(
1988)
presented
median
occupational
and
employer
tenure
for
different
age
groups,
gender,
earnings,
ethnicity,
and
educational
attainment.
Occupational
tenure
was
defined
as
"
the
cumulative
number
of
years
a
person
worked
in
his
or
her
current
occupation,
regardless
of
number
of
employers,
interruptions
in
employment,
or
time
spent
in
other
occupations"
(
Carey,
1988).
The
information
presented
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
12
August
1997
15­
159
indicates
that
whites
had
longer
occupational
tenure
mobility
was
defined
as
"
the
number
of
workers
who
change
(
6.7
years)
than
blacks
(
5.8
years),
and
Hispanics
(
4.5
from
one
occupation
to
another"
(
Carey,
1990).
years).
Full­
time
workers
had
more
occupational
tenure
Occupational
mobility
was
measured
by
asking
individuals
than
part­
time
workers
7.2
years
and
3.1
years,
respectively
who
were
employed
in
both
January
1986
and
January
1987
(
Table
15­
160).
if
they
were
doing
the
same
kind
of
work
in
each
of
these
Table
15­
161
presents
the
median
occupational
months
(
Carey,
1990).
Carey
(
1990)
further
analyzed
the
tenure
among
major
occupational
groups.
The
median
occupational
mobility
data
and
obtained
information
on
tenure
ranged
from
4.1
years
for
service
workers
to
10.4
entry
and
exit
rates
for
occupations.
These
rates
were
years
for
people
employed
in
farming,
forestry,
and
fishing.
defined
as
"
the
percentage
of
persons
employed
in
an
In
addition,
median
occupational
tenure
among
detailed
occupation
who
had
voluntarily
entered
it
from
another
occupations
ranged
from
24.8
years
for
barbers
to
1.5
years
occupation"
and
an
exit
rate
was
defined
as
"
the
percentage
for
food
counter
and
fountain
workers
(
Appendix
Table
of
persons
employed
in
an
occupation
who
had
voluntarily
15A­
7).
left
for
a
new
occupation"
(
Carey,
1990).
The
strength
of
an
individual's
attachment
to
a
Table
15­
162
shows
the
voluntary
occupational
specific
occupation
has
been
attributed
to
the
individual's
mobility
rates
in
January
1987
for
workers
16
years
and
investment
in
education
(
Carey,
1988).
Carey
(
1988)
older.
For
all
workers,
the
overall
voluntary
occupational
reported
the
median
occupational
tenure
for
the
surveyed
mobility
rate
was
5.3
percent.
These
data
also
show
that
working
population
by
age
and
educational
level.
Workers
younger
workers
left
occupations
at
a
higher
rate
than
older
with
5
or
more
years
of
college
had
the
highest
median
workers.
Carey
(
1990)
reported
that
10
million
of
the
occupational
tenure
of
10.1
years.
Workers
that
were
65
100.1
million
individuals
employed
in
January
1986
and
in
years
and
older
with
5
or
more
years
of
college
had
the
January
1987
had
changed
occupations
during
that
period,
highest
occupational
tenure
level
of
33.8
years.
The
median
resulting
in
an
overall
mobility
rate
of
9.9
percent.
occupational
tenure
was
10.6
years
for
self­
employed
Executive,
administrative,
and
managerial
occupations
had
workers
and
6.2
years
for
wage
and
salary
workers
(
Carey,
the
highest
entry
rate
of
5.3
percent,
followed
by
1988).
administrative
support
(
including
clerical)
at
4.9
percent.
A
limitation
associated
with
this
study
is
that
the
Sales
had
the
highest
exit
rate
of
5.3
percent
and
service
survey
design
employed
in
the
data
collection
was
not
had
the
second
highest
exit
rate
of
4.8
percent
(
Carey,
presented.
Therefore,
the
validity
and
accuracy
of
the
data
1990).
In
January
1987,
the
median
employer
tenure
for
all
set
cannot
be
determined.
Another
limitation
is
that
only
workers
was
4.2
years.
The
median
employee
tenure
was
median
values
were
reported
in
the
study.
An
advantage
of
12.4
years
for
those
workers
that
were
65
years
of
age
and
this
study
is
that
occupational
tenure
(
years
spent
in
a
older
(
Carey,
1990).
specific
occupation)
was
obtained
for
various
age
groups
by
Because
the
study
was
conducted
by
Carey
(
1990)
in
gender,
ethnicity,
employment
status,
and
educational
level.
a
manner
similar
to
that
of
the
previous
study
(
Carey,
Another
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
the
data
were
based
1988),
the
same
advantages
and
disadvantages
associated
on
a
survey
population
which
appears
to
represent
the
with
Carey
(
1988)
also
apply
to
this
data
set.
general
U.
S.
population.
Carey
(
1990)
­
Occupational
Tenure,
Employer
15.3.
POPULATION
MOBILITY
Tenure,
and
Occupational
Mobility
­
Carey
(
1990)
conducted
another
study
that
was
similar
in
scope
to
the
study
of
Carey
(
1988).
The
January
1987
Current
Population
Study
(
CPS)
was
used.
This
study
provided
data
on
occupational
mobility
and
employer
tenure
in
addition
to
occupational
tenure.
Occupational
tenure
was
defined
in
Carey
(
1988)
as
the
"
the
cumulative
number
of
years
a
person
worked
in
his
or
her
current
occupation,
regardless
of
number
of
employees,
interruptions
in
employment,
or
time
spent
in
other
locations."
Employer
tenure
was
defined
as
"
the
length
of
time
a
worker
has
been
with
the
same
employer,"
while
occupational
15.3.1.
Background
An
assessment
of
population
mobility
can
assist
in
determining
the
length
of
time
a
household
is
exposed
in
a
particular
location.
For
example,
the
duration
of
exposure
to
site­
specific
contamination,
such
as
a
polluted
stream
from
which
a
family
fishes
or
contaminated
soil
on
which
children
play
or
vegetables
are
grown,
will
be
directly
related
to
the
period
of
time
residents
live
near
the
contaminated
site.
Information
regarding
population
mobility
is
compiled
and
published
by
the
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
(
BOC).
Banks,
insurance
companies,
credit
card
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
13
companies,
real
estate
and
housing
associations
use
The
authors
note
that
the
data
presented
are
for
the
residence
history
information.
However,
usually
this
expected
time
a
household
will
stay
in
the
same
residence.
information
is
confidential.
Information
compiled
by
the
The
data
do
not
predict
the
expected
residence
time
for
each
BOC
provides
information
about
population
mobility;
member
of
the
household,
which
is
generally
expected
to
be
however,
it
is
difficult
to
determine
the
average
residence
smaller
(
Israeli
and
Nelson,
1992).
These
values
are
more
time
of
a
homeowner
or
apartment
dweller
from
this
realistic
estimates
for
the
individual
total
residence
time,
information.
Census
data
provide
representations
of
a
than
the
average
time
a
household
has
been
living
at
its
cross­
section
of
the
population
at
specific
points
in
time,
but
current
residence.
The
expected
total
residence
time
for
a
the
surveys
are
not
designed
to
follow
individual
families
household
is
consistently
less
than
the
average
current
through
time.
The
most
current
BOC
information
about
residence
time.
This
is
the
result
of
greater
weighting
of
annual
geographical
mobility
and
mobility
by
State
is
short
residence
time
when
calculating
the
average
total
summarized
in
Appendix
15B.
Figure
15­
1
graphically
residence
time
than
when
calculating
the
average
current
displays
the
distribution
of
movers
by
type
of
move.
residence
time
(
Israeli
and
Nelson,
1992).
When
averaging
Available
information
was
provided
by
the
Oxford
total
residence
over
a
time
interval,
frequent
movers
may
Development
Corporation,
the
National
Association
of
appear
several
times,
but
when
averaging
current
residence
Realtors
(
NAR),
and
the
BOC.
According
to
Oxford
times,
each
household
appears
only
once
(
Israeli
and
Development
Corporation,
a
property
management
firm,
the
Nelson,
1992).
According
to
Israeli
and
Nelson
(
1992),
the
typical
residence
time
for
an
apartment
dweller
for
their
residence
time
distribution
developed
by
the
model
is
corporation
has
been
estimated
to
range
from
18
to
30
skewed
and
the
median
values
are
considerably
less
than
the
months
(
S.
Cameron
Hendricks,
Sales
Department,
Oxford
means
(
T),
which
are
less
than
the
average
current
Development
Corporation,
Gaithersburg,
MD,
personal
residence
times.
communication
with
P.
Wood
(
Versar)
August
10,
1992).

15.3.2.
Key
Population
Mobility
Studies
Israeli
and
Nelson
(
1992)
­
Distribution
and
Expected
Time
of
Residence
for
U.
S.
Households
­
In
risk
householders,
and
Hispanic
householders.
The
data
reflect
assessments,
the
average
current
residence
time
(
time
since
the
number
of
years
a
unit
has
been
occupied
and
represent
moving
into
current
residence)
has
often
been
used
as
a
all
occupied
housing
units
that
the
residents'
rented
or
substitute
for
the
average
total
residence
time
(
time
between
owned
at
the
time
of
the
survey.
moving
into
and
out
of
a
residence)
(
Israeli
and
Nelson,
The
results
of
the
survey
pertaining
to
residence
time
1992).
Israeli
and
Nelson
(
1992)
have
estimated
of
owner/
renter
occupied
units
in
the
U.
S.
are
presented
in
distributions
of
expected
time
of
residence
for
U.
S.
Table
15­
165.
Using
the
data
in
Table
15­
165,
the
households.
Distributions
and
averages
for
both
current
and
percentages
of
householders
living
in
houses
for
specified
total
residence
times
were
calculated
for
several
housing
time
ranges
were
determined
and
are
presented
in
Table
15­
categories
using
the
1985
and
1987
BOC
housing
survey
166.
Based
on
the
BOC
data
in
Table
15­
165,
the
50th
data.
The
total
residence
time
distribution
was
estimated
percentile
and
the
90th
percentile
values
were
calculated
for
from
current
residence
time
data
by
modeling
the
moving
the
number
of
years
lived
in
the
householder's
current
process
(
Israeli
and
Nelson,
1992).
Israeli
and
Nelson
house.
These
values
were
calculated
by
apportioning
the
(
1992)
estimated
the
average
total
residence
time
for
a
total
sample
size
(
93,147
households)
to
the
indicated
household
to
be
approximately
4.6
years
or
1/
6
of
the
percentile
associated
with
the
applicable
range
of
years
expected
life
span
(
see
Table
15­
163).
The
maximal
total
lived
in
the
current
home.
Assuming
an
even
distribution
residence
time
that
a
given
fraction
of
households
will
live
within
the
appropriate
range,
the
50th
and
90th
percentile
in
the
same
residence
is
presented
in
Table
15­
164.
For
values
for
years
living
in
current
home
were
determined
to
example,
only
5
percent
of
the
individuals
in
the
"
All
be
9.1
and
32.7
years,
respectively.
These
were
then
Households"
category
will
live
in
the
same
residence
for
23
rounded
to
9
and
33
years.
Based
on
the
above
data,
the
years
and
95
percent
will
move
in
less
than
23
years.
range
of
9
to
33
years
is
assumed
to
best
represent
a
central
tendency
estimate
of
length
of
residence
and
upper
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
(
1993)
­
American
Housing
Survey
for
the
United
States
in
1991
­
This
survey
is
a
national
sample
of
55,000
interviews
in
which
collected
data
were
presented
owners,
renters,
Black
percentile
estimate
of
residence
time,
respectively.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
15
Descriptive
statistics
for
subgroups
defined
by
over
100
miles
from
their
previous
homes
and
49
percent
current
ages
were
also
calculated.
These
data,
presented
by
purchased
homes
less
than
10
miles
away.
gender,
are
shown
in
Table
15­
168.
The
mean
ROP
increases
from
age
3
to
age
12
and
there
is
a
noticeable
decrease
at
age
24.
However,
there
is
a
steady
increase
from
age
24
through
age
81.
There
are
a
few
biases
within
this
methodology
that
have
been
noted
by
the
authors.
The
probability
of
not
moving
is
estimated
as
a
function
only
of
gender
and
age.
The
Monte
Carlo
process
assumes
that
this
probability
is
independent
of
(
1)
the
calendar
year
to
which
it
is
applied,
and
(
2)
the
past
history
of
the
person
being
simulated.
These
assumptions,
according
to
Johnson
and
Capel
(
1992),
are
not
entirely
correct.
They
believe
that
extreme
values
are
a
function
of
sample
size
and
will,
for
the
most
part,
increase
as
the
number
of
simulated
persons
increases.

15.3.3.
Relevant
Population
Mobility
Studies
National
Association
of
Realtors
(
NAR)
(
1993)
The
Home
Buying
and
Selling
Process
­
The
NAR
survey
was
Assessors
are
commonly
interested
in
a
number
of
conducted
by
mailing
a
questionnaire
to
15,000
home
specific
types
of
time
use
data
including
time/
frequencies
buyers
throughout
the
U.
S.
who
purchased
homes
during
for
bathing,
showering,
gardening,
residence
time,
indoor
the
second
half
of
1993.
The
survey
was
conducted
in
versus
outdoor
time,
swimming,
occupational
tenure,
and
December
1993
and
1,763
usable
responses
were
received,
population
mobility.
Recommendations
for
each
of
these
equaling
a
response
rate
of
12
percent
(
NAR,
1993).
Of
the
are
discussed
below.
The
confidence
recommendations
for
respondents,
forty­
one
percent
were
first
time
buyers.
activity
patterns
is
presented
in
Table
15­
172.
Home
buyer
names
and
addresses
were
obtained
from
Dataman
Information
Services
(
DIS).
DIS
compiles
information
on
residential
real
estate
transactions
from
more
Following
are
recommendations
for
selected
than
600
counties
throughout
the
United
States
using
activities
known
to
increase
an
individual's
exposure
to
courthouse
deed
records.
Most
of
the
250
Metropolitan
certain
chemicals.
These
activities
are
time
spent
indoors
Statistical
Areas
are
also
covered
in
the
DIS
data
versus
outdoors
and
gardening,
bathing
and
showering,
compilation.
swimming,
residential
time
spent
indoors
and
outdoors,
and
The
home
buyers
were
questioned
on
the
length
of
traveling
inside
a
vehicle.
time
they
owned
their
previous
home.
Typical
homebuyer
(
41%)
was
found
to
have
lived
in
their
previous
home
between
4
and
7
years
(
Table
15­
169).
The
survey
results
indicate
that
the
average
tenure
of
home
buyers
is
7.1
years
based
on
an
overall
residence
history
of
the
respondents
(
NAR,
1993).
In
addition,
the
median
length
of
residence
in
respondents'
previous
homes
was
found
to
be
6
years
(
see
Table
15­
170).
The
distances
the
respondents
moved
to
their
new
homes
were
typically
short
distances.
Data
presented
in
Table
15­
171
indicate
that
the
mean
distances
range
from
230
miles
for
new
home
buyers
and
repeat
buyers
to
8
years
for
first
time
buyers
and
existing
home
buyers.
Seventeen
(
17)
percent
of
respondents
purchased
homes
Lehman
(
1994)
­
Homeowners
Relocating
at
Faster
Pace
­
Lehman
(
1994)
presents
data
gathered
by
the
Chicago
Title
and
Trust
Family
Insurers.
The
data
indicate
that,
in
1993,
average
U.
S.
homeowners
moved
every
12
years.
In
1992,
homeowners
moved
every
13.4
years
and
in
1991,
every
14.3
years.
Data
from
the
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
indicate
that
7
percent
of
the
owner
population
moved
in
1991.
Based
on
this
information,
Lehman
has
concluded
that
it
would
take
12
years
for
100
percent
of
owners
to
move.
According
to
Lehman,
Bill
Harriett
of
the
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
has
been
said
that
14
years
is
a
closer
estimate
for
the
time
required
for
100
percent
of
home
owners
to
move.
An
advantage
of
this
study
is
that
it
provides
percentile
data
for
the
residential
occupancy
period.

15.4.
RECOMMENDATIONS
15.4.1.
Recommendations
for
Activity
Patterns
Time
Spent
Indoors
Versus
Outdoors
and
Gardening
­
Assessors
often
require
knowledge
of
time
individuals
spend
indoors
versus
outdoors.
Ideally,
this
issue
would
be
addressed
on
a
site­
specific
basis
since
the
times
are
likely
to
vary
considerably
depending
on
the
climate,
residential
setting
(
i.
e.,
rural
versus
urban),
personal
traits
(
i.
e.,
age,
health)
and
personal
habits.
The
following
general
recommendation
is
offered
in
the
absence
of
site­
specific
information.
The
key
study
by
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
compares
the
time
use
values
derived
in
the
CARB
and
National
Studies;
data
are
presented
only
for
persons
12
years
and
older.
The
time
use
values
did
not
differ
significantly
between
the
two
studies
and
were
averaged
to
provide
the
following
recommended
values.
These
values
are
applicable
to
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
16
August
1997
individuals
12
years
and
older.
Approximately
21
hrs/
day
(
Table
15­
62)
for
the
90th,
95th,
and
99th
percentile
are
spent
indoors;
1.5
hrs/
day
are
spent
outdoors,
and
1.5
at
16,
40,
and
200
hours/
month,
respectively.
hrs/
day
are
spent
in
a
vehicle.
Activities
can
vary
significantly
with
differences
in
U.
S.
EPA's
Dermal
Exposure
Assessment
age.
Special
attention
should
be
given
to
the
activities
of
Document
(
1992)
recommends,
on
the
basis
of
judgement,
populations
under
the
age
of
12
years.
Timmer
et
al.
(
1985)
an
event
frequency
for
the
adult
gardener,
working
outside:
presented
data
on
time
spent
in
various
activities
for
boys
1
to
2
events/
week
during
warmer
months
or
about
40
and
girls
ages
3­
11
years.
The
study
focused
on
activities
events/
year.
An
upper
percentile
value
of
40
hours/
month
performed
indoors
such
as
household
work,
personal
care,
is
recommended
based
on
Tsang
and
Klepeis
(
1996)
eating,
sleeping,
school,
studying,
attending
church,
watching
television,
and
engaging
in
household
conversations.
The
average
times
spent
in
each
indoor
activity
(
and
half
the
times
spent
in
each
activity
which
could
have
occurred
indoors
or
outdoors)
were
summed.
This
procedure
resulted
in
the
following
recommendations:

°
Indoor
activities
accounted
for
about
78
percent
of
the
total
time
in
weekdays
and
70
percent
total
time
in
weekend
days.
The
corresponding
times
spent
indoors
are
19
hrs/
day
for
weekdays
and
17
hrs/
day
on
weekends.

°
Outdoor
activities
accounted
for
about
22
percent
of
children's
time
during
weekdays
and
30
percent
during
the
weekend.
The
corresponding
times
spent
outdoors
are
5
hrs/
day
for
weekdays
and
7
hrs/
day
on
weekends.

Assessors
evaluating
soil
exposures
are
commonly
interested
in
data
on
gardening
times
and
frequencies.
No
data
specific
to
time
spent
gardening
could
be
found;
thus,
no
firm
recommendation
could
be
made.
However,
three
sets
of
data
were
found
which
indirectly
relate
to
this
issue
which
the
assessor
can
consider
in
deriving
time
estimates
for
gardening:

°
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
estimated
the
time
spent
in
"
other
outdoor
activities"
(
Table
15­
8)
as
1
hr/
day.
These
data
apply
to
populations
12
years
and
older.

°
Hill
(
1985)
estimated
that
time
spent
in
"
house
work
and/
or
yard
work"
(
Table
15­
153)
as
2
hr/
day.
These
data
apply
to
adult
populations.

C
Tsang
and
Klepeis
(
1996)
estimated
that
time
spent
in
the
garden
or
other
circumstances
working
with
soil
for
persons
18­
64
years
old
Baths
and
Showers
­
In
the
NHAPS
study,
649
(~
7
percent)
of
the
total
participants
indicated
either
taking
or
giving
at
least
one
bath
in
a
day.
Those
649
respondents
were
subsequently
asked
the
number
of
times
they
took
or
gave
a
bath
in
one
day.
The
majority,
459
of
649
respondents,
recorded
taking
or
giving
one
bath
in
a
day.
These
results
are
presented
in
Table
15­
24.
The
recommended
bathing
duration
is
20
minutes.
This
is
a
50th
percentile
value
based
on
the
NHAPS
distribution
shown
on
Table
15­
26;
the
reported
90th
percentile
value
is
45
minutes.
The
recommended
shower
frequency
of
one
shower
per
day
is
based
on
the
NHAPS
data
summarized
in
Table
15­
19.
This
table
showed
that
3,594
of
the
9,386
total
participants
indicated
taking
at
least
one
shower
the
previous
day.
When
asked
the
number
of
actual
showers
taken
the
previous
day,
the
reported
results
ranged
from
one
to
ten
showers;
a
majority
(
76
percent),
of
those
3,549
respondents,
reported
taking
one
shower
the
previous
day.
The
NHAPS
data
shown
on
Table
15­
19,
Table
15­
24,
and
Table
15­
26
provide
information
grouped
according
to
gender,
age,
race,
employment,
education,
day
of
the
week,
seasonal
conditions,
and
health
conditions
such
as
asthma,
angina,
and
bronchitis/
emphysema.
Recommendations
for
showering
duration
are
based
on
the
key
study
conducted
by
Tsang
and
Klepeis
(
1996).
A
recommended
value
for
average
showering
time
is
10
minutes
(
Table
15­
20)
based
on
professional
judgement.
This
approximates
the
average
showering
value
(
8
minutes)
of
James
and
Knuiman
(
1987)
(
Table
15­
18).
The
recommended
50th
percentile
value
is
15
minutes,
and
the
95th
percentile
value
is
35
minutes
(
Table
15­
21).
Although
these
values
are
slightly
higher
than
those
of
James
and
Knuiman
(
1987),
they
are
believed
to
be
more
representative
of
U.
S.
households.
Swimming
­
Data
for
swimming
frequency
is
taken
from
the
NHAPS
Study
(
Tsang
ad
Klepeis,
1996).
Of
9,386
participants,
653
(
about
7
percent),
answered
yes
to
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
17
the
question
"
in
the
past
month,
did
you
swim
in
a
region,
day
of
the
week,
season,
and
health
condition
of
freshwater
pool?".
The
results
to
this
question
are
respondents.
summarized
in
Table
15­
65.
The
recorded
number
of
times
respondents
swam
in
the
past
month
ranged
from
1
to
60
with
the
greatest
number
of
respondents,
147
(
23
percent),
The
median
occupational
tenure
of
the
working
reporting
they
swam
one
time
per
month.
Thus,
the
population
(
109.1
million
people)
ages
16
years
of
age
and
recommended
swimming
frequency
is
one
event/
month
for
older
in
January
1987
was
6.6
years
(
Carey,
1988).
Since
the
general
population.
The
recommended
swimming
the
occupational
tenure
varies
significantly
according
to
age
duration,
60
minutes
per
swimming
event,
is
based
on
the
it
is
recommended
to
use
the
age
dependent
values
NHAPS
distribution
shown
on
Table
15­
67.
Sixty
minutes
presented
in
Carey's
1988
study
(
Table
15­
158).
When
age
is
based
on
the
50th
percentile
value;
the
90th
percentile
cannot
be
determined,
it
is
recommended
to
use
the
median
value
is
180
minutes
per
swimming
event
(
based
on
one
tenure
value
of
6.6
years
for
working
men
and
women
16
event/
month);
and
the
99th
percentile
value
is
181
minutes.
years
and
older.
For
persons
70
years
and
older,
a
tenure
This
value
(
181)
indicates
that
more
than
180
minutes
were
value
of
21.9
years
is
recommended
for
a
working
lifetime.
spent.
A
value
of
30.5
years
and
18.8
years
is
recommended
for
In
addition,
users
can
obtain
frequency
and
duration
men
and
women,
respectively.
Part­
time
employment,
race
data
grouped
according
to
gender,
age,
race,
employment,
and
the
position
held
are
important
to
consider
in
education,
day
of
the
week,
and
season.
Frequency
and
determining
occupational
tenure.
The
ratings
indicating
duration
data
is
also
available
in
Table
15­
65
and
Table
15­
confidence
in
the
occupational
mobility
recommendations
67,
for
swimmer
respondents
reporting
health
conditions
are
presented
in
Table
15­
173.
It
should
be
noted
that
the
such
as
asthma,
angina,
and
bronchitis/
emphysema.
recommended
values
are
not
for
use
in
evaluating
job
Residential
Time
Spent
Indoors
and
Outdoors
­
The
recommendations
for
time
spent
indoors
at
one's
residence
is
16.4
hours/
day.
This
is
based
on
the
NHAPS
data
summarized
in
Table
15­
131
which
records
the
50th
15.4.3.
Recommendations:
Population
Mobility
percentile
value
of
985.0
minutes
per
day
(
16.4
hours/
day);
and
a
90th
percentile
value
of
1,395
minutes
per
day
(
23.3
hours/
day).
The
recommended
value
for
time
spent
outdoors
at
one's
residence
is
2
hours
per
day
based
on
Table
15­
102
(
generated
by
the
NHAPS
data).
Values
of
105
minutes
per
day
for
the
50th
percentile
and
362
minutes
per
day
for
the
90th
percentile
are
shown
in
Table
15­
102.
Traveling
Inside
a
Vehicle
­
The
recommendation
for
time
spent
in
a
vehicle
is
1
hour
and
20
minutes
per
day.
This
recommendation
is
based
on
two
studies
and
(
1)
Robinson
and
Thomas
(
1991)
and
(
2)
The
NHAPS
data.
The
Robinson
and
Thomas
study
evaluated
two
independent
studies,
the
CARB
and
the
National
Study.
They
respectively
reported
mean
durations
for
time
spent
in
a
vehicle
as
98
and
87
minutes
per
day
which
averages
to
92
minutes
per
day
or
about
1.5
hours
per
day.
The
NHAPS
data,
as
summarized
on
Table
15­
133,
provide
a
50th
percentile
value
of
70
minutes
per
day
(
or
1
hour
and
10
minutes)
and
a
90th
percentile
value
of
190
minutes
per
day.
Thus,
the
averaged
value
from
these
two
studies
is
about
1
hour
and
20
minutes.
NHAPS
data
is
grouped
according
to
gender,
race,
age,
employment
status,
census
15.4.2.
Recommendations:
Occupational
Mobility
tenure.
These
data
can
be
used
for
determining
time
spent
in
an
occupation
and
not
for
time
spent
at
a
specific
job
site.

There
are
three
key
studies
from
which
the
population
mobility
recommendations
were
derived:
Israeli
and
Nelson
(
1992),
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
(
1993)
­
and
Johnson
and
Capel
(
1992).
Each
study
used
a
unique
approach
to
estimate
the
length
of
time
a
person
resides
in
a
household.
The
respective
approaches
were
to
(
1)
average
current
and
total
residence
time;
(
2)
model
current
residence
time;
and
(
3)
determine
the
residential
occupancy
period.
A
summary
of
the
approaches
used
and
values
recommended
by
each
of
these
studies
is
presented
in
Table
15­
174.
The
three
studies
provide
residence
time
estimates
that
are
very
similar
to
the
9
year
(
50th
percentile)
and
30
year
(
95th
percentile).
Tables
15­
163
and
15­
164
show
residence
times
for
different
types
of
residences
and
are
recommended
where
assessors
are
interested
in
specific
types
of
residences.
The
ratings
indicating
confidence
in
the
population
mobility
recommendations
is
presented
in
Table
15­
175.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
18
August
1997
15.4.4.
Summary
of
Recommended
Activity
Factors
Table
15­
176
includes
a
summation
of
the
Lehman,
H.
J.
(
1994)
Homeowners
relocating
at
faster
recommended
activity
pattern
factors
presented
in
this
pace.
Virginia
Homes
Newspaper,
Saturday,
June
15,
section
and
the
studies
which
provided
data
on
the
specific
P.
E1.
activities.
The
type
of
activities
include
indoor
activities,
National
Association
of
Realtors
(
NAR).
(
1993)
The
outdoor
activities,
time
inside
a
vehicle,
taking
a
bath
or
homebuying
and
selling
process:
1993.
The
Real
shower,
swimming,
working
at
a
specific
occupation,
and
Estate
Business
Series.
Washington,
DC:
NAR.
residing
in
a
particular
location.
Palisade.
(
1992)
@
Risk
users
guide.
Newfield,
NY:

15.5.
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CHAPTER
15
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1994)
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Industrial
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Robinson,
J.
P;
Thomas,
J.
(
1991)
Time
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1987)
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occupational
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How
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its
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general
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F.
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F.
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eds.
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Environmental
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goods,
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well­
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for
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F.
T.;
Hill,
M.
S.;
Stafford,
F.
P.;
Parsons,
J.
E.
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A.
M.;
Klepeis,
N.
E.
(
1996)
Results
tables
from
a
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1983)
Study
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1981
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use
detailed
analysis
of
the
National
Human
Activity
longitudinal
panel
study.
Ann
Arbor,
MI:
The
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Survey
(
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response.
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Report
University
of
Michigan,
Survey
Research
Center,
prepared
for
the
U.
S.
Environmental
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for
Social
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by
Lockheed
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68­
W6­
Juster,
F.
T.
(
1985)
A
note
on
recent
changes
in
time
use.
001,
Delivery
Order
No.
13.
In:
Juster,
F.
T.;
Stafford,
F.
P.;
eds.
Time,
goods,
and
well­
being.
Ann
Arbor,
MI:
University
of
Michigan,
Survey
Research
Center,
Institute
for
Social
Research.
pp.
313­
330.

Palisade
Corporation.
Robinson,
J.
P.
(
1977)
Changes
in
Americans'
use
of
time:
1965­
1975.
A
progress
report.
Cleveland,
OH:
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
19
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census.
(
1993)
American
Housing
Wiley,
J.
A.;
Robinson,
J.
P.;
Cheng,
Y.;
Piazza,
T.;
Stork,
Survey
for
the
United
States
in
1991.
Washington,
L.;
Plasden,
K.
(
1991)
Study
of
children's
activity
DC:
U.
S.
Government
Printing
Office.
patterns.
California
Environmental
Protection
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census.
(
1993)
Geographical
Agency,
Air
Resources
Board
Research
Division.
mobility:
March
1991
to
March
1992.
Current
Sacramento,
CA.
population
reports
P.
20­
473.
U.
S.
EPA.
(
1989)
Exposure
factors
handbook.
Washington,
DC:
Office
of
Health
and
Environmental
Assessment.
EPA/
600/
08­
89/
043.
U.
S.
EPA.
(
1992)
Dermal
exposure
assessment:
principles
and
applications.
Washington,
DC:
Office
of
Health
and
Environmental
Assessment.
EPA
No.
600/
8­
91­
011B.
Interim
Report.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
20
August
1997
Table
15­
1.
Time
Use
Table
Locator
Guide
Percentile
Basis
Population
Application
Study
Table
Averages
Activity
Children
3­
17
yrs
National
Timmer
et
al.,
1985
15­
2
Distribution
Activity
Children
and
Teens
National
Timmer
et
al.,
1985
15­
3
Distribution
Showering
Adults
Foreign­
Australia
James
and
Knuiman,
1987
15­
4
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
15­
24
Averages
Activity
Adults
18­
64
yrs
National
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
15­
5
Averages
Activity
Adults
18­
64
yrs
Regional­
CA
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
15­
5
Averages
Microenvironment
Adults
18­
64
yrs
National/
Regional­
CA
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
15­
6
Averages
Microenvironment
Children
and
Adult
Regional­
California
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
15­
7
to
15­
10
Averages
Microenvironment
Children
and
Adults
National
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
15­
7
to
15­
10
Averages
Activity
Infants
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
11
Distribution
Activity
Infants
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
12
Averages
Activity
by
season
Infants
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
13
Averages
Microenvironment
Infants
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
14
Distribution
Microenvironment
Infant
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
15
Averages
Microenvironment
by
Infants
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
16
season
Distribution
Microenvironment
near
Infant
and
Children
Regional­
California
Wiley
et
al.,
1991
15­
17
pollutant
Averages
Bathing
and
swimming
Adults
Regional­
National
USEPA,
1992
15­
18
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
15­
22,
15­
63
Average
Activity
by
employment
Adults
National
Robinson,
1977
15­
147
Averages
Occupational
Tenure
by
Teens
and
Adults
National
Carey,
1988
15­
157
race
and
gender
Averages
Occupational
Tenure
by
Teens
and
Adults
National
Carey,
1988
15­
158
employment
and
gender
Distribution
Occupational
Tenure
by
Teens
and
Adults
National
Carey,
1988
15­
159
employment
Distribution
Occupational
Mobility
by
Teens
and
Adults
National
Carey,
1990
15­
160
age
Distribution
Population
Mobility
by
All
ages
National
Census,
1993
Figure
15­
1
locale
Averages
Residence
Time
by
All
ages
National
Israeli
and
Nelson,
1992
15­
161
region,
setting
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
All
ages
National
Israeli
and
Nelson,
1992
15­
162
region,
setting
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
year
All
ages
National
Census,
1993
15­
163
moved
in
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
years
All
ages
National
Census,
1993
15­
164
in
current
home
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
All
ages
National
Johnson
and
Capel,
1992
15­
165
gender
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
age
All
ages
National
Johnson
and
Capel,
1992
15­
166
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
years
All
ages
National
NAR,
1993
15­
167
in
previous
house
Distribution
Residence
Time
by
tenure
All
ages
National
NAR,
1993
15­
168
in
previous
home
Distribution
Relocation
Distance
All
ages
National
NAR,
1993
15­
169
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
21
Table
15­
2.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes)
Performing
Major
Activities
Grouped
by
Age,
Sex
and
Type
of
Day
Activity
Age
(
3­
11
years)
Age
(
12­
17
years)

Duration
of
Time
(
mins/
day)
Duration
of
Time
(
mins/
day)

Weekdays
Weekends
Weekdays
Weekends
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
(
n=
118)
(
n=
111)
(
n=
118)
(
n=
111)
(
n=
77)
(
n=
83)
(
n=
77)
(
n=
83)

Market
Work
16
0
7
4
23
21
58
25
Household
Work
17
21
32
43
16
40
46
89
Personal
Care
43
44
42
50
48
71
35
76
Eating
81
78
78
84
73
65
58
75
Sleeping
584
590
625
619
504
478
550
612
School
252
259
­­
­­
314
342
­­
­­

Studying
14
19
4
9
29
37
25
25
Church
7
4
53
61
3
7
40
36
Visiting
16
9
23
37
17
25
46
53
Sports
25
12
33
23
52
37
65
26
Outdoors
10
7
30
23
10
10
36
19
Hobbies
3
1
3
4
7
4
4
7
Art
Activities
4
4
4
4
12
6
11
9
Playing
137
115
177
166
37
13
35
24
TV
117
128
181
122
143
108
187
140
Reading
9
7
12
10
10
13
12
19
Household
Conversations
10
11
14
9
21
30
24
30
Other
Passive
Leisure
9
14
16
17
21
14
43
33
NA
22
25
20
29
14
17
10
4
a
Percent
of
Time
Accounted
for
94%
92%
93%
89%
93%
92%
88%
89%
by
Activities
Above
a
NA
=
Unknown
Source:
Timmer
et
al.,
1985.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
22
August
1997
Table
15­
3.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes)
in
Major
Activities
Grouped
by
Type
of
Day
for
Five
Different
Age
Groups
Time
Duration
(
mins)
Significant
Effectsa
Weekday
Weekend
Age
(
years)
3­
5
6­
8
9­
11
12­
15­
17
3­
5
6­
8
9­
11
12­
14
15­
17
14
Activities
Market
Work
­­
14
8
14
28
­­
4
10
29
48
Personal
Care
41
49
40
56
60
47
45
44
60
51
A,
S,
AxS
(
F>
M)

Household
Work
14
15
18
27
34
17
27
51
72
60
A,
S,
AxS
(
F>
M)

Eating
82
81
73
69
67
81
80
78
68
65
A
Sleeping
630
595
548
473
499
634
641
596
604
562
A
School
137
292
315
344
314
­­
­­
­­
­­
­­

Studying
2
8
29
33
33
1
2
12
15
30
A
Church
4
9
9
9
3
55
56
53
32
37
A
Visiting
14
15
10
21
20
10
8
13
22
56
A
(
Weekend
only)

Sports
5
24
21
40
46
3
30
42
51
37
A,
S
(
M>
F)

Outdoor
activities
4
9
8
7
11
8
23
39
25
26
Hobbies
0
2
2
4
6
1
5
3
8
3
Art
Activities
5
4
3
3
12
4
4
4
7
10
Other
Passive
Leisure
9
1
2
6
4
6
10
7
10
18
A
Playing
218
111
65
31
14
267
180
92
35
21
A,
S
(
M>
F)

TV
111
99
146
142
108
122
136
185
169
157
A,
S,
AxS
(
M>
F)

Reading
5
5
9
10
12
4
9
10
10
18
A
Being
read
to
2
2
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
A
NA
30
14
23
25
7
52
7
14
4
9
A
a
Effects
are
significant
for
weekdays
and
weekends,
unless
otherwise
specified
A
=
age
effect,
P<
0.05,
for
both
weekdays
and
weekend
activities;
S
=
sex
effect
P<
0.05,
F>
M,
M>
F
=
females
spend
more
time
than
males,
or
vice
versa;
and
AxS
=
age
by
sex
interaction,
P<
0.05.
Source:
Timmer
et
al.,
1985.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
23
Table
15­
4.
Cumulative
Frequency
Distribution
of
Average
Shower
Duration
for
2,550
Households
Shower
duration
(
minutes)
Cumulative
frequency
(
percentage)

1
0.2
2
0.8
3
3.1
4
9.6
5
22.1
6
37.5
7
51.6
8
62.5
9
72.0
10
79.4
11
84.5
12
88.4
13
90.6
14
92.3
15
93.7
16
94.9
17
95.7
18
96.7
19
97.6
20
98.0
<
20
100.0
Source:
Adapted
from
James
and
Knuiman,
1987.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
24
August
1997
Table
15­
5.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes/
day)
in
Ten
Major
Activity
Categories
Grouped
by
Total
Sample
and
Gender
for
the
CARB
and
National
Studies
(
age
18­
64
years)

Time
Duration
(
mins/
day)

Activity
Category
Activity
CARB
National
CARB
National
a
Codes
(
1987­
88)
(
1985)
(
1987­
88)
(
1985)
b
Total
Sample
Men
Women
Men
Women
n
=
1,359
n
=
1,980
n
=
639
n
=
720
n
=
921
n
=
1,059
c
Paid
Work
00­
09
273
252
346
200
323
190
Household
Work
10­
19
102
118
68
137
79
155
Child
Care
20­
29
23
25
12
36
11
43
Obtaining
Goods
and
30­
39
61
55
48
73
44
62
Services
Personal
Needs
and
Care
40­
49
642
642
630
655
636
645
Education
and
Training
50­
59
22
19
25
20
21
16
Organizational
Activities
60­
69
12
17
11
13
12
20
Entertainment/
Social
70­
79
60
62
57
55
64
62
Activities
Recreation
80­
89
43
50
53
31
69
43
Communication
90­
99
202
196
192
214
197
194
a,
b
Time
use
for
components
of
activity
categories
and
codes
are
shown
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
6.
c
n
=
total
diary
days.
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991
Table
15­
6.
Total
Mean
Time
Spent
at
Three
Major
Locations
Grouped
by
Total
Sample
and
Gender
for
the
CARB
and
National
Study
(
ages
18­
64
years)

Location
Code
CARB
National
CARB
National
a
b
(
1987­
88)
(
1985)
(
1987­
88)
(
1985)

Total
Sample
Men
Women
Men
Women
n
=
1359
n
=
1980
n
=
39
n
=
720
n
=
921
n
=
1059
c
c
c
c
c
c
At
Home
WC01­
13
892
954
822
963
886
1022
Away
From
Home
WC21­
40
430
384
487
371
445
324
Travel
WC51­
61
116
94
130
102
101
87
Not
Ascertained
WC99
2
8
1
4
8
7
Total
Time
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
a,
b
Time
use
data
for
the
44
components
of
location
and
location
codes
are
presented
in
Appendix
Table
15A­
7.
c
n
=
total
diary
days.
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
25
Table
15­
7.
Mean
Time
Spent
at
Three
Locations
for
both
CARB
and
National
Studies
(
ages
12
years
and
older)

Mean
duration
(
mins/
day)

Location
Category
CARB
National
(
n
=
1762)
S.
E.
(
n
=
2762)
S.
E.
b
a
b
Indoor
1255
28
1279
21
c
c
Outdoor
86
5
74
4
d
d
In­
Vehicle
98
4
87
2
d
d
Total
Time
Spent
1440
1440
S.
E.
=
Standard
Error
of
Mean
a
Weighted
Number
­
National
sample
population
was
weighted
to
obtain
a
ratio
of
46.5
males
and
53.5
females,
in
equal
b
proportion
for
each
day
of
the
week,
and
for
each
quarter
of
the
year.
Difference
between
the
mean
values
for
the
CARB
and
national
studies
is
not
statistically
significant.
c
Difference
between
the
mean
values
for
the
CARB
and
national
studies
is
statistically
significant
at
the
0.05
level.
d
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
26
August
1997
Table
15­
8.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes/
day)
in
Various
Microenvironments
Grouped
by
Total
Population
and
Gender
(
12
years
and
over)
in
the
National
and
CARB
Data
National
Data
Mean
Duration
(
mins/
day)
(
standard
error)
a
Microenvironment
Men
Men
Women
Women
Total
Total
N
=
1284
"
Doer"
N
=
1478
"
Doer"
N
=
2762
"
Doer"
b
c
b
b
Autoplaces
5
(
1)
90
1
(
0)
35
3
(
0)
66
Restaurant/
bar
22
(
2)
73
20
(
2)
79
21
(
1)
77
In­
vehicle
92
(
3)
99
82
(
3)
94
87
(
2)
97
In­
Vehicle/
other
1
(
1)
166
1
(
0)
69
1
(
0)
91
Physical/
outdoors
24
(
3)
139
11
(
2)
101
17
(
2)
135
Physical/
indoors
11
(
1)
84
6
(
1)
57
8
(
1)
74
Work/
study­
residence
17
(
2)
153
15
(
2)
150
16
(
1)
142
Work/
study­
other
221
(
10)
429
142
(
7)
384
179
(
6)
390
Cooking
14
(
1)
35
52
(
2)
67
34
(
1)
57
Other
activities/
kitchen
54
(
3)
69
90
(
4)
102
73
(
2)
88
Chores/
child
88
(
3)
89
153
(
5)
154
123
93)
124
Shop/
errand
23
(
2)
56
38
(
2)
74
31
(
1)
67
Other/
outdoors
70
(
6)
131
43
(
4)
97
56
(
4)
120
Social/
cultural
71
(
4)
118
75
(
4)
110
73
(
3)
118
Leisure­
eat/
indoors
235
(
8)
241
215
(
7)
224
224
(
5)
232
Sleep/
indoors
491
(
14)
492
496
(
11)
497
494
(
9)
495
CARB
Data
Mean
Duration
(
mins/
day)
(
standard
error)
a
Microenvironment
Men
Men
Women
Women
Total
Total
N
=
867
"
Doer"
N
=
895
"
Doer"
N
=
1762
"
Doer"
b
c
b
b
Autoplaces
31
(
8)
142
9
(
2)
50
20
(
4)
108
Restaurant/
bar
45
(
4)
106
28
(
3)
86
36
(
3)
102
In­
vehicle
105
(
7)
119
85
(
4)
100
95
(
4)
111
In­
Vehicle/
other
4
(
1)
79
3
(
2)
106
3
(
1)
94
Physical/
outdoors
25
(
3)
131
8
(
1)
86
17
(
2)
107
Physical/
indoors
8
(
1)
63
5
(
1)
70
7
(
1)
68
Work/
study­
residence
14
(
3)
126
11
(
2)
120
13
(
2)
131
Work/
study­
other
213
(
14)
398
156
(
11)
383
184
(
9)
450
Cooking
12
(
1)
43
42
(
2)
65
27
(
1)
55
Other
activities/
kitchen
38
(
3)
65
60
(
4)
82
49
(
2)
74
Chores/
child
66
(
4)
75
134
(
6)
140
100
(
4)
109
Shop/
errand
21
(
3)
61
41
(
3)
78
31
(
2)
70
Other/
outdoors
95
(
9)
153
44
(
4)
82
69
(
5)
117
Social/
cultural
47
(
4)
112
59
(
5)
114
53
(
3)
112
Leisure­
eat/
indoors
223
(
10)
240
251
(
10)
263
237
(
7)
250
Sleep/
indoors
492
(
17)
499
504
(
15)
506
498
(
12)
501
a
Standard
error
of
the
mean
b
Weighted
number
c
Doer
=
Respondents
who
reported
participating
in
each
activity/
location
spent
in
microenvironments.
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
27
Table
15­
9.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes/
day)
in
Various
Microenvironments
by
Type
of
Day
for
the
California
and
National
Surveys
(
sample
population
ages
12
years
and
older)

Weekday
Mean
Duration
(
standard
error)
Mean
Duration
for
"
Doer"
Microenvironment
(
mins/
day)
(
mins/
day)
a
b
CARB
NAT
(
n=
1259)
(
n=
1973)
CARB
NAT
c
c
1
Autoplaces
21
(
5)
3
(
1)
108
73
2
Restaurant/
Bar
29
(
3)
20
(
2)
83
73
3
In­
Vehicle/
Internal
Combustion
90
(
5)
85
(
2)
104
95
4
In­
Vehicle/
Other
3
(
1)
1
(
0)
71
116
5
Physical/
Outdoors
14
(
2)
15
(
2)
106
118
6
Physical/
Indoors
7
(
1)
8
(
1)
64
68
7
Work/
Study­
Residence
14
(
2)
16
(
2)
116
147
8
Work/
Study­
Other
228
(
11)
225
(
8)
401
415
9
Cooking
27
(
2)
35
(
2)
58
57
10
Other
Activities/
Kitchen
51
(
3)
73
(
3)
76
87
11
Chores/
Child
99
(
5)
124
(
4)
108
125
12
Shop/
Errand
30
(
2)
30
(
2)
67
63
13
Other/
Outdoors
67
(
6)
51
(
4)
117
107
14
Social/
Cultural
42
(
3)
62
(
3)
99
101
15
Leisure­
Eat/
Indoors
230
(
9)
211
(
6)
244
218
16
Sleep/
Indoors
490
(
14)
481
(
10)
495
483
Weekend
Mean
Duration
(
standard
error)
Mean
Duration
for
"
Doer"
Microenvironment
(
mins/
day)
(
mins/
day)
a
b
CARB
NAT
(
n=
503)
(
n=
789)
CARB
NAT
c
c
1
Autoplaces
19
(
4)
3
(
1)
82
62
2
Restaurant/
Bar
55
(
6)
23
(
2)
127
84
3
In­
Vehicle/
Internal
Combustion
108
(
8)
91
(
6)
125
100
4
In­
Vehicle/
Other
5
(
3)
0
(
0)
130
30
5
Physical/
Outdoors
23
(
3)
23
(
4)
134
132
6
Physical/
Indoors
7
(
1)
9
(
2)
72
80
7
Work/
Study­
Residence
10
(
2)
15
(
3)
155
165
8
Work/
Study­
Other
74
(
11)
64
(
6)
328
361
9
Cooking
27
(
2)
34
(
2)
60
55
10
Other
Activities/
Kitchen
44
(
3)
73
(
4)
71
90
11
Chores/
Child
103
(
7)
120
(
5)
114
121
12
Shop/
Errand
35
(
4)
35
(
3)
81
75
13
Other/
Outdoors
74
(
7)
67
(
7)
126
132
14
Social/
Cultural
79
(
7)
99
(
6)
140
141
15
Leisure­
Eat/
Indoors
256
(
12)
257
(
11)
273
268
16
Sleep/
Indoors
520
(
20)
525
(
17)
521
525
Standard
Error
of
Mean
a
Doer
=
Respondent
who
reported
participating
in
each
activity/
location
spent
in
microenvironments.
b
Weighted
Number
c
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
28
August
1997
Table
15­
10.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes/
day)
in
Various
Microenvironments
by
Age
Groups
for
the
National
and
California
Surveys
Microenvironment
National
Data
Mean
Duration
(
Standard
Error)
a
Age
12­
17
years
N=
340b
"
Doer"
c
Age
18­
24
years
N=
340
"
Doer"
Age
24­
44
years
N=
340
"
Doer"
Age
45­
64
years
N=
340
"
Doer"
Age
65+
years
N=
340
"
Doer"

Autoplaces
2
(
1)
73
7
(
2)
137
2
(
1)
43
4
(
1)
73
4
(
2)
57
Restaurant/
bar
9
(
2)
60
28
(
3)
70
25
(
3)
86
19
(
2)
67
20
(
5)
74
In­
vehicle/
internal
combustion
79
(
7)
88
103
(
8)
109
94
(
4)
101
82
(
5)
91
62
(
5)
80
In­
vehicle/
other
0
(
0)
12
1
(
1)
160
1
(
0)
80
1
(
1)
198
1
(
1)
277
Physical/
outdoors
32
(
8)
130
17
(
4)
110
19
(
4)
164
7
(
1)
79
15
(
4)
81
Physical/
indoors
15
(
3)
87
8
(
2)
76
7
(
1)
71
7
(
2)
77
7
(
1)
51
Work/
studyresidence
22
(
4)
82
19
(
6)
185
16
(
2)
181
9
(
2)
169
5
(
3)
297
Work/
study­
other
159
(
14)
354
207
(
20)
391
220
(
11)
422
180
(
13)
429
35
(
6)
341
Cooking
11
(
3)
40
18
(
2)
39
38
(
2)
57
43
(
3)
64
50
(
5)
65
Other
activities/
kitchen
53
(
4)
64
42
(
3)
55
70
(
4)
86
90
(
6)
101
108
(
9)
119
Chores/
child
91
(
7)
92
124
(
9)
125
133
(
6)
134
121
(
6)
122
119
(
7)
121
Shop/
errands
26
(
4)
68
31
(
4)
65
33
(
2)
66
33
(
3)
67
35
(
5)
69
Other/
outdoors
70
(
13)
129
34
(
4)
84
48
(
6)
105
60
(
7)
118
82
(
13)
140
Social/
cultural
87
(
10)
120
100
(
12)
141
56
(
3)
94
73
(
6)
116
85
(
8)
122
Leisure­
eat/
indoors
237
(
16)
242
181
(
11)
189
200
(
8)
208
238
(
11)
244
303
(
20)
312
Sleep/
indoors
548
(
31)
551
511
(
26)
512
479
(
14)
480
472
(
15)
472
507
(
26)
509
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
29
Table
15­
10.
Mean
Time
Spent
(
minutes/
day)
in
Various
Microenvironments
by
Age
Groups
(
continued)

Microenvironment
CARB
Data
Mean
Duration
(
Standard
Error)
a
Age
12­
17
years
N=
183b
"
Doer"
c
Age
18­
24
years
N=
250
"
Doer"
Age
24­
44
years
N=
749
"
Doer"
Age
45­
64
years
N=
406
"
Doer"
Age
65+

years
N=
158
"
Doer"

Autoplaces
16
(
8)
124
16
(
4)
71
25
(
9)
114
20
(
5)
94
9
(
2)
53
Restaurant/
bar
16
(
4)
44
40
(
8)
98
44
(
5)
116
31
(
4)
82
25
(
7)
99
In­
vehicle/
internal
combustion
78
(
11)
89
111
(
13)
122
98
(
5)
111
100
(
11)
117
63
(
8)
89
In­
vehicle/
other
1
(
0)
19
3
(
1)
60
5
(
2)
143
2
(
1)
56
2
(
1)
53
Physical/
outdoors
32
(
7)
110
13
(
3)
88
17
(
3)
128
14
(
3)
123
15
(
4)
104
Physical/
indoors
20
(
4)
65
5
(
2)
77
6
(
1)
61
5
(
1)
77
3
(
1)
48
Work/
study­
residence
25
(
5)
76
30
(
11)
161
7
(
2)
137
10
(
3)
139
5
(
3)
195
Work/
study­
other
196
(
30)
339
201
(
24)
344
215
(
14)
410
173
(
20)
429
30
(
11)
336
Cooking
3
(
1)
19
14
(
2)
40
32
(
2)
59
31
(
3)
68
41
(
7)
69
Other
activities/
kitchen
31
(
4)
51
31
(
5)
55
43
(
3)
65
62
(
6)
91
97
(
14)
119
Chores/
child
72
(
11)
77
79
(
8)
85
110
(
6)
119
99
(
8)
109
123
(
15)
141
Shop/
errands
14
(
3)
50
35
(
7)
71
33
(
4)
71
32
(
3)
77
35
(
5)
76
Other/
outdoors
58
(
8)
78
80
(
15)
130
68
(
8)
127
76
(
12)
134
55
(
7)
101
Social/
cultural
63
(
14)
109
65
(
10)
110
50
(
5)
122
50
(
5)
107
49
(
7)
114
Leisure­
eat/
indoors
260
(
27)
270
211
(
19)
234
202
(
9)
215
248
(
15)
261
386
(
34)
394
Sleep/
indoors
557
(
44)
560
506
(
30)
510
487
(
17)
491
485
(
23)
491
502
(
31)
502
Standard
error.

a
All
N's
are
weighted
number.

b
Doer
=
Respondents
who
reported
participating
in
each
activity/
location
spent
in
microenvironments.

c
Source:
Robinson
and
Thomas,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
30
August
1997
Table
15­
11.
Mean
Time
(
minutes/
day)
Children
Spent
in
Ten
Major
Activity
Categories
for
All
Respondents
Activity
Category
(
mins/
day)
Doing
(
mins/
day)
(
mins/
day)
(
mins/
day)
(
code)
Mean
Duration
Duration
Duration
Detailed
Activity
with
Duration
%
for
Doers
for
Doer
for
Doers
Highest
Avg.
Minutes
Mean
Median
Maximum
b
Work­
related
10
25
39
30
405
Eating
at
work/
school/
daycare
(
06)
a
Household
53
86
61
40
602
Travel
to
household
(
199)

Childcare
<
1
<
1
83
30
290
Other
child
care
(
27)

Goods/
Services
21
26
81
60
450
Errands
(
38)

Personal
Needs
and
Care
794
100
794
770
1440
Night
sleep
(
45)
c
Education
110
35
316
335
790
School
classes
(
50)
d
Organizational
Activities
4
4
111
105
435
Attend
meetings
(
60)

Entertain/
Social
15
17
87
60
490
Visiting
with
others
(
75)

Recreation
239
92
260
240
835
Games
(
87)

Communication/
Passive
192
93
205
180
898
TV
use
(
91)
Leisure
Don't
know/
Not
coded
2
4
41
15
600
­­

All
Activities
1441
e
Includes
eating
at
school
or
daycare,
an
activity
not
grouped
under
the
"
education
activities"
(
codes
50­
59,
549).
a
"
Doers"
indicate
the
respondents
who
reported
participating
in
each
activity
category.
b
Personal
care
includes
night
sleepand
daytime
naps,
eating,
travel
for
personal
care.
c
Education
includes
student
and
other
classes,
homework,
library,
travel
for
education.
d
Column
total
may
not
sum
to
1440
due
to
rounding
error
e
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.

Table
15­
12.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Ten
Major
Activity
Categories
Grouped
by
Age
and
Gender
Activity
Category
Mean
Duration
(
minutes/
day)

Boys
Girls
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Ages
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Ages
All
All
Work­
related
4
9
14
12
10
5
12
11
10
10
Household
33
45
55
65
48
58
44
51
76
57
Childcare
0
0
0
1
<
1
0
0
0
4
1
Goods/
Services
20
22
19
14
19
22
25
23
22
23
Personal
Needs
and
Care
914
799
736
690
792
906
816
766
701
797
a
Education
60
67
171
138
106
41
95
150
176
115
b
Organizational
Activities
1
3
7
6
4
6
1
4
6
4
Entertainment/
Social
3
15
5
34
13
5
16
9
36
17
Recreation
217
311
236
229
250
223
255
238
194
228
Communication/
Passive
187
166
195
250
197
171
173
189
213
186
Leisure
Don't
know/
Not
coded
1
4
1
1
2
3
1
<
1
3
2
All
Activities
1440
1441
1439
1440
1442
1440
1438
1441
1441
1440
c
Sample
Sizes
172
151
145
156
624
141
151
124
160
576
Unweighted
N's
Personal
needs
and
care
includes
night
sleep
and
daytime
naps,
eating,
travel
for
personal
care.
a
Education
includes
student
and
other
classes,
homework,
library,
travel
for
education.
b
The
column
totals
may
differ
from
1440
due
to
rounding
error.
C
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
31
Table
15­
13.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Ten
Major
Activity
Categories
Grouped
by
Seasons
and
Regions
Activity
Category
Mean
Duration
(
minutes/
day)

Season
Region
of
California
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
All
So.
Bay
Rest
of
All
(
Jan­
Mar)
(
Apr­
June)
(
July­
Sept)
(
Oct­
Dec)
Seasons
Coast
Area
State
Regions
Work­
related
10
10
6
13
10
10
10
8
10
Household
47
58
53
52
53
45
62
55
53
Childcare
<
1
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
1
<
1
Goods/
Services
19
17
26
23
21
20
21
23
21
Personal
Needs
and
799
774
815
789
794
799
785
794
794
Carea
Education
124
137
49
131
110
109
115
109
110
b
Organizational
3
5
5
3
4
2
6
6
4
Activities
Entertainment/
Social
14
12
12
22
15
17
10
16
15
Recreation
221
243
282
211
239
230
241
249
239
Communication/
Passi
203
180
189
195
192
206
190
175
192
ve
Leisure
Don't
know/
Not
<
1
2
3
<
1
2
1
1
3
2
coded
All
Activities
1442
1439
1441
1441
1441
1440
1442
1439
1441
c
Sample
Sizes
318
204
407
271
1200
224
263
713
1200
(
Unweighted)

Personal
needs
and
care
includes
night
sleep
and
daytime
naps,
eating,
travel
for
personal
care.
a
Education
includes
student
and
other
classes,
homework,
library,
travel
for
education.
B
The
column
totals
may
not
be
equal
to
1440
due
to
rounding
error.
c
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.

Table
15­
14.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Six
Major
Location
Categories
for
All
Respondents
(
minutes/
day)

Location
Category
Duration
%
Duration
Duration
Duration
for
Detailed
Location
with
Highest
Avg.
Mean
Mean
Median
Maximum
(
mins)
Doing
for
Doers
for
Doers
Doers
Time
(
mins)
(
mins)
(
mins)

Home
1,078
99
1,086
1,110
1,440
Home
­
bedroom
School/
Childcare
109
33
330
325
1,260
School
or
daycare
facility
Friend's/
Other's
House
80
32
251
144
1,440
Friend's/
other's
house
­
bedroom
Stores,
Restaurants,
Shopping
24
35
69
50
475
Shopping
mall
Places
In­
transit
69
83
83
60
1,111
Traveling
in
car
Other
Locations
79
57
139
105
1,440
Park,
playground
Don't
Know/
Not
Coded
<
1
1
37
30
90
­­

All
Locations
1,440
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
32
August
1997
Table
15­
15.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Six
Location
Categories
Grouped
by
Age
and
Gender
Location
Category
Mean
Duration
(
minutes/
day)

Boys
Girls
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Boys
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Girls
All
All
Home
1,157
1,134
1,044
1,020
1,094
1,151
1,099
1,021
968
1,061
School/
Childcare
86
88
144
120
108
59
102
133
149
111
Friend's/
Other's
House
67
73
77
109
80
56
47
125
102
80
Stores,
Restaurants,
21
25
22
15
21
23
35
27
26
28
Shopping
Places
In­
transit
54
62
61
62
59
76
88
53
93
79
Other
Locations
54
58
92
114
77
73
68
81
102
81
Don't
Know/
Not
Coded
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
All
Locations
1,439
1,440
1,439
1,440
1,439
1,438
1,440
1,440
1,440
1,440
a
Sample
Sizes
172
151
145
156
624
141
151
124
160
576
(
Unweighted)

The
column
totals
may
not
sum
to
1,440
due
to
rounding
error.
a
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.

Table
15­
16.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Six
Location
Categories
Grouped
by
Season
and
Region
Location
Category
Mean
Duration
(
minutes/
day)

Season
Region
of
California
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
All
So.
Bay
Rest
of
All
(
Jan­
Mar)
(
Apr­
June)
(
July­
Sept)
(
Oct­
Dec)
Seasons
Coast
Area
State
Regions
Home
1,091
1,042
1,097
1,081
1,078
1,078
1,078
1,078
1,078
School/
Childcare
119
141
52
124
109
113
103
108
109
Friend's/
Other's
House
69
75
108
69
80
73
86
86
80
Stores,
Restaurants,
22
21
30
24
24
26
23
23
24
Shopping
Places
In­
transit
75
75
60
65
69
71
73
63
69
Other
Locations
63
85
93
76
79
79
76
81
79
Don't
Know/
Not
Coded
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
<
1
All
Locations
1,439
1,439
1,440
1,439
1,439
1,439
1,440
1,440
1,439
a
Sample
Sizes
318
204
407
271
1,200
224
263
713
1,200
(
Unweighted
N's)

The
column
totals
may
not
sum
to
1,440
due
to
rounding
error.
a
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
33
Table
15­
17.
Mean
Time
Children
Spent
in
Proximity
to
Three
Potential
Exposures
Grouped
by
All
Respondents,
Age,
and
Gender
Potential
Exposures
Mean
Duration
(
minutes/
day)

Boys
Girls
All
All
All
Children
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Boys
0­
2
yrs
3­
5
yrs
6­
8
yrs
9­
11
yrs
Girls
Tobacco
Smoke
77
115
75
66
66
82
77
68
71
74
73
Gasoline
Fumes
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
1
1
Gas
Oven
Fumes
11
10
15
12
11
12
12
10
10
7
10
Sample
Sizes
(
Unweighted
N's)
1,166
168
148
144
150
610
140
147
122
147
556
a
Respondents
with
missing
data
were
excluded.
a
Source:
Wiley
et
al.,
1991.

Table
15­
18.
Range
of
Recommended
Defaults
for
Dermal
Exposure
Factors
Water
Contact
Soil
Contact
Bathing
Swimming
Central
Upper
Central
Upper
Central
Upper
Event
time
and
10
min/
event
15
min/
event
0.5
hr/
event
1.0
hr/
event
40
events/
yr
350
events/
yr
frequency
1
event/
day
1
event/
day
1
event/
day
1
event/
day
a
350
days/
yr
350
days/
yr
5
days/
yr
150
days/
yr
Exposure
9
years
30
years
9
years
30
years
9
years
30
years
duration
Bathing
event
time
is
presented
to
be
representative
of
baths
as
well
as
showers.
a
Source:
U.
S.
EPA
1992.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
34
August
1997
Table
15­
19.
Number
of
Times
Taking
a
Shower
at
Specified
Daily
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
TImes/
Day
Total
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
8
10
11:
1­
0+
DK
Overall
3594
2
2747
802
30
1
1
1
1
4
5
Gender
Male
1720
*
1259
436
21
1
*
*
*
1
2
Female
1872
2
1486
366
9
*
1
1
1
3
3
Refused
2
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
*
64
*
46
17
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1­
4
41
*
30
9
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
5­
11
140
*
112
26
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
12­
17
270
*
199
65
6
*
*
*
*
*
*
18­
64
2650
1
1983
636
21
1
1
1
1
3
2
>
64
429
1
377
49
1
*
*
*
*
1
*

Race
White
2911
2
2323
562
17
*
1
*
*
4
2
Black
349
*
199
140
7
1
*
1
*
*
1
Asian
64
*
49
14
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
65
*
40
23
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
162
*
103
56
2
*
*
*
1
*
*
Refused
43
*
33
7
1
*
*
*
*
*
2
Hispanic
No
3269
2
2521
711
24
1
1
1
*
4
4
Yes
277
*
190
81
5
*
*
*
1
*
*
DK
17
*
13
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
31
*
23
6
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
Employment
*
439
*
330
99
8
*
*
*
*
*
2
Full
Time
1838
1
1361
454
17
*
*
*
1
2
2
Part
Time
328
1
261
65
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
Not
Employed
967
*
780
177
5
1
*
1
*
2
1
Refused
22
*
15
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Education
*
515
*
382
121
9
*
*
*
*
*
3
<
High
School
297
*
240
54
2
*
*
*
*
1
*
High
School
Graduate
1042
1
789
243
5
*
1
1
*
1
1
<
College
772
1
589
176
4
*
*
*
1
*
1
College
Graduate
576
*
434
133
7
1
*
*
*
1
*
Post
Graduate
392
*
313
75
3
*
*
*
*
1
*

Census
Region
Northeast
828
*
622
196
7
*
*
*
*
*
3
Midwest
756
*
621
131
3
*
*
*
*
*
1
South
1246
1
893
334
14
1
*
*
*
3
*
West
764
1
611
141
6
*
1
1
1
1
1
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2481
*
1889
563
17
1
1
1
1
4
4
Weekend
1113
2
858
239
13
*
*
*
*
*
1
Season
Winter
941
*
732
198
9
*
*
*
*
1
1
Spring
889
*
674
205
7
*
*
*
1
*
2
Summer
1003
*
735
254
10
1
*
*
*
2
1
Fall
761
2
606
145
4
*
1
1
*
1
1
Asthma
No
3312
2
2543
730
25
1
1
1
1
4
4
Yes
261
*
189
67
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
21
*
15
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Angina
No
3481
1
2653
786
29
1
1
1
1
4
4
Yes
91
1
77
12
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
22
*
17
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3419
2
2620
758
27
1
1
1
1
4
4
Yes
154
*
112
39
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
21
*
15
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
Dk=
don't
know;
N
=
sample
size.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
35
Table
15­
20.
Times
(
minutes)
Spent
Taking
Showers
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Total
N
Minutes/
Shower
*­*
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
60­
61
Overall
3594
47
1640
1348
397
72
52
51
17
Gender
Male
1720
13
788
625
213
35
25
14
7
Female
1872
34
850
693
184
37
27
37
10
Refused
2
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
*
64
6
27
23
3
1
*
2
2
1­
4
41
1
13
14
10
1
*
2
*
5­
11
140
1
60
52
18
3
2
4
*
12­
17
270
2
94
104
40
13
9
7
1
18­
64
2650
16
1238
977
288
50
37
33
11
>
64
429
21
208
148
38
4
4
3
3
Race
White
2911
38
1406
1070
292
39
31
26
9
Black
349
5
115
120
58
20
11
16
4
Asian
64
*
25
25
10
1
2
*
1
Some
Others
65
*
18
29
6
3
4
4
1
Hispanic
162
1
57
60
25
8
4
5
2
Refused
43
3
19
14
6
1
*
*
*

Hispanic
No
3269
43
1526
1188
352
61
42
44
13
Yes
277
1
98
109
40
10
8
7
4
DK
17
*
5
9
1
*
2
*
*
Refused
31
3
11
12
4
1
*
*
*

Employment
*
439
4
163
165
66
17
10
12
2
Full
Time
1838
10
875
682
191
32
20
20
8
Part
Time
328
4
160
112
39
4
5
3
1
Not
Employed
967
27
431
355
97
19
16
16
6
Refused
22
2
11
4
4
*
1
*
*

Education
*
515
10
190
186
79
21
13
14
2
<
High
School
297
8
93
125
51
6
7
6
1
High
School
Graduate
1042
12
451
409
108
23
17
16
6
<
College
772
12
377
271
79
14
6
7
6
College
Graduate
576
2
297
211
50
5
5
5
1
Post
Graduate
392
3
232
116
30
3
4
3
1
Census
Region
Northeast
828
7
374
326
79
15
11
12
4
Midwest
756
11
385
253
70
16
9
9
3
South
1246
26
490
461
179
35
26
23
6
West
764
3
391
278
69
6
6
7
4
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2481
34
1134
908
279
46
38
32
10
Weekend
1113
13
506
410
118
26
14
19
7
Season
Winter
941
12
421
358
95
18
15
16
6
Spring
889
14
410
314
93
21
14
18
5
Summer
1003
11
435
366
128
29
17
12
5
Fall
761
10
374
280
81
4
6
5
1
Asthma
No
3312
38
1526
1222
362
65
44
41
14
Yes
261
4
108
89
33
7
8
10
2
DK
21
5
6
7
2
*
*
*
1
Angina
3481
No
91
36
1591
1276
389
70
51
51
17
Yes
22
7
38
36
8
1
1
*
*
DK
4
11
6
*
1
*
*
*

Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3419
40
1566
1258
375
67
47
50
16
Yes
154
3
66
54
19
5
5
1
1
DK
21
4
8
6
3
*
*
*
*

NOTE:
*
­
Missing
data;
DK
=
don't
know;
N
=
sample
size;
Refused
=
Refused
to
answer.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
36
August
1997
Table
15­
21.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Taking
a
Shower
(
minutes/
shower)

Category
Population
Group
N
Total
Percentiles
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
91
95
98
99
100
Overall
3547
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
50
60
61
Gender
Male
1707
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
61
Gender
Female
1838
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Age
(
years)
1­
4
40
5
5
5
5
5
10
17.5
30
50
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
5­
11
139
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
12­
17
268
5
5
5
7
10
15
25
35
45
60
60
61
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2634
3
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
408
3
3
5
5
10
10
20
30
30
45
60
61
Race
White
2873
3
4
5
5
10
13
20
30
30
45
60
61
Race
Black
344
4
4
5
6
10
20
30
40
60
60
61
61
Race
Asian
64
1
3
4
5
10
15
20
30
40
48
61
61
Race
Some
Others
65
3
3
5
10
10
15
30
45
60
60
61
61
Race
Hispanic
161
3
4
5
6
10
15
25
40
45
60
61
61
Hispanic
No
3226
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
61
Hispanic
Yes
276
3
4
5
6
10
15
22.5
39
45
60
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
1828
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
61
Employment
Part
Time
324
2
3
5
5
10
12
20
30
30
45
60
60
Employment
Not
Employed
940
3
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Education
<
High
School
289
4
5
5
8
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
1030
2
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Education
<
College
760
3
5
5
5
10
12
20
30
30
45
60
61
Education
College
Graduate
574
3
3
5
5
10
10
20
25
30
40
60
61
Education
Post
Graduate
389
2
3
4
5
7
10
15
25
30
45
60
61
Census
Region
Northeast
821
4
5
5
5
10
15
20
30
32
50
60
61
Census
Region
Midwest
745
3
4
5
5
10
10
20
30
30
45
60
61
Census
Region
South
1220
3
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Census
Region
West
761
2
3
5
5
10
10
15
30
30
45
60
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2447
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
48
60
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1100
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Season
Winter
929
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Season
Spring
875
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
61
Season
Summer
992
2
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
45
60
61
Season
Fall
751
3
4
5
5
10
12
20
30
30
40
48
61
Asthma
No
3274
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
32
45
60
61
Asthma
Yes
257
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
40
50
60
60
61
Angina
No
3445
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
50
60
61
Angina
Yes
84
3
4
5
5
10
15
15
30
30
40
45
45
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3379
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
50
60
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
151
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
48
60
61
NOTE:
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
37
Table
15­
22.
Time
(
minutes)
Spent
in
the
Shower
Room
Immediately
After
Showering
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Shower
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
61­
61
Overall
3594
61
241
2561
509
138
24
28
27
5
Gender
Male
1720
22
113
1316
207
46
5
4
6
1
Female
1872
39
128
1243
302
92
19
24
21
4
Refused
2
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
*
64
6
9
37
7
3
*
1
1
*
1­
4
41
*
5
31
3
1
*
1
*
*
5­
11
140
3
9
110
14
3
*
*
1
*
12­
17
270
1
17
206
29
10
3
2
1
1
18­
64
2650
31
171
1897
388
99
19
18
23
4
>
64
429
20
30
280
68
22
2
6
1
*

Race
White
2911
39
189
2074
430
110
20
23
21
5
Black
349
8
23
254
42
17
*
3
2
*
Asian
64
*
7
45
9
2
*
*
1
*
Some
Others
65
3
7
41
6
3
3
1
1
*
Hispanic
162
6
11
118
19
4
1
1
2
*
Refused
43
5
4
29
3
2
*
*
*
*

Hispanic
No
3269
48
216
2328
470
130
23
26
23
5
Yes
277
8
19
200
35
8
1
2
4
*
DK
17
1
2
11
3
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
31
4
4
22
1
*
*
*
*
*

Employment
*
439
4
28
336
48
14
3
4
2
?*
Full
Time
1838
20
109
1332
267
71
12
11
16
*
Part
Time
328
5
21
223
55
13
4
4
3
*
Not
Employed
967
29
81
655
138
39
5
9
6
5
Refused
22
3
2
15
1
1
*
*
*
*

Education
*
515
11
38
390
51
15
3
4
2
1
<
High
School
297
14
18
193
48
16
*
6
1
1
High
School
Graduate
1042
17
68
733
160
37
6
7
13
1
<
College
772
11
56
536
118
33
7
4
5
2
College
Graduate
576
3
28
426
86
19
8
3
3
*
Post
Graduate
392
5
33
283
46
18
*
4
3
*

Census
Region
Northeast
828
6
61
603
116
20
6
8
8
*
Midwest
756
19
39
536
118
29
5
3
7
*
South
1246
26
74
885
171
58
10
15
4
3
West
764
10
67
537
104
31
3
2
8
2
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2481
43
165
1784
342
88
20
16
19
4
Weekend
1113
18
76
777
167
50
4
12
8
1
Season
Winter
941
11
50
678
138
36
13
9
4
2
Spring
889
13
56
636
125
37
4
8
9
1
Summer
1003
25
92
691
138
39
5
5
7
1
Fall
761
12
43
556
108
26
2
6
7
1
Asthma
No
3312
52
225
2374
465
123
19
24
26
4
Yes
261
2
14
178
42
15
5
3
1
1
DK
21
7
2
9
2
*
*
1
*
*

Angina
No
3481
52
233
2495
486
132
24
27
27
5
Yes
91
3
5
55
22
5
*
1
*
*
DK
22
6
3
11
1
1
*
*
*
*

Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3419
53
226
2446
482
131
23
27
26
5
Yes
154
2
12
104
26
7
1
1
1
*
DK
21
6
3
11
1
*
*
*
*
*

NOTE:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
DK=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
38
August
1997
Table
15­
23.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
the
Shower
Room
Immediately
After
Showering
(
minutes/
shower)

Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
3533
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Gender
Male
1698
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
15
20
30
30
61
Gender
Female
1833
0
0
0
1
3
5
12
20
30
45
60
61
Age
(
years)
1­
4
41
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
45
45
45
Age
(
years)
5­
11
137
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
Age
(
years)
12­
17
2619
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
52
61
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2619
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
52
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
409
0
0
0
1
4
5
10
20
30
35
45
60
Race
White
2872
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Race
Black
341
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
25
30
45
60
Race
Asian
64
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
20
30
60
60
Race
Some
Others
62
0
0
0
0
3
5
10
30
35
45
52
52
Race
Hispanic
156
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
25
40
60
60
Hispanic
No
3221
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Hispanic
Yes
269
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
25
45
60
60
Employment
Full
Time
1818
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
35
50
60
Employment
Part
Time
323
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
50
60
Employment
Not
Employed
938
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
60
61
Education
<
High
School
283
0
0
0
1
3
5
15
20
30
45
45
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
1025
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
60
61
Education
<
College
761
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
35
50
61
Education
College
Graduate
573
0
0
1
1
3
5
10
20
30
35
45
60
Education
Post
Graduate
387
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
30
45
60
Census
Region
Northeast
822
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
25
40
50
60
Census
Region
Midwest
737
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
35
45
60
Census
Region
South
1220
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
45
61
Census
Region
West
754
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
30
60
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2438
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1095
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Season
Winter
930
0
0
0
1
4
5
10
20
30
40
45
61
Season
Spring
876
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
45
60
61
Season
Summer
978
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
30
50
61
Season
Fall
749
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
25
40
53
61
Asthma
No
3260
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
38
50
61
Asthma
Yes
259
0
0
0
1
3
5
13
20
30
40
45
61
Angina
No
3429
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Angina
Yes
88
0
0
0
2
3
8.5
15
20
30
30
45
45
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3366
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
152
0
0
0
1
2.5
5
10
20
30
30
45
60
NOTE:
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
39
Table
15­
24.
Number
of
Baths
Given
or
Taken
in
One
Day
by
Number
of
Respondents
Number
of
Baths/
Day
Total
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
15
DK
Overall
649
459
144
20
9
4
2
1
1
1
3
5
Gender
Male
159
117
33
5
1
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
Female
490
342
111
15
8
4
1
*
1
1
2
5
Age
(
years)
*
9
8
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
18­
64
491
322
127
20
9
4
2
1
1
1
2
2
>
64
149
129
16
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
3
Race
White
487
364
92
13
7
2
1
*
*
1
2
5
Black
106
68
29
5
1
*
1
1
1
*
*
*
Asian
12
5
5
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Some
Others
12
7
4
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
26
10
13
1
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
6
5
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
600
430
127
19
9
2
2
1
1
1
3
5
Yes
40
21
16
1
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
6
5
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
3
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Full
Time
283
183
76
12
5
*
2
1
1
1
1
1
Part
Time
76
56
17
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Not
Employed
287
217
51
7
3
3
*
*
*
*
2
4
Refused
2
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
4
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
<
High
School
96
66
19
3
2
2
*
*
*
*
1
3
High
School
Graduate
235
167
54
8
2
*
1
1
*
*
*
2
<
College
163
112
38
6
2
2
1
*
*
1
1
*
College
Graduate
102
68
28
3
2
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
Post
Graduate
49
42
5
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Census
Region
Northeast
137
100
25
3
4
1
1
*
*
1
*
2
Midwest
151
116
29
4
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
South
255
164
70
9
2
3
1
1
*
*
2
3
West
106
79
20
4
2
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Day
of
Week
Weekday
415
299
89
10
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
Weekend
234
160
55
10
5
2
*
*
*
*
1
1
Season
Winter
178
124
37
10
1
3
*
*
*
*
1
2
Spring
160
126
27
4
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
Summer
174
112
49
4
3
1
1
*
1
*
2
1
Fall
137
97
31
2
4
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
Asthma
No
596
424
129
19
7
4
2
1
1
1
3
5
Yes
52
34
15
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
620
435
141
19
9
4
2
1
1
1
3
4
Yes
26
22
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
DK
3
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
610
429
137
20
9
4
2
1
1
1
2
4
Yes
36
27
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
DK
3
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

NOTE:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
Dk=
respondents
answered
don't
know;
N
=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
40
August
1997
Table
15­
25.
Total
Time
Spent
Taking
or
Giving
a
Bath
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Bath
Total
N
*­*
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
61­
61
Overall
649
18
153
237
128
27
29
36
21
Gender
Male
159
4
48
59
23
8
4
7
6
Female
490
14
105
178
105
19
25
29
15
Age
(
years)
*
9
2
2
4
1
*
*
*
*
18­
64
491
6
105
174
111
22
24
31
18
>
64
149
10
46
59
16
5
5
5
3
Race
White
487
11
124
185
97
16
19
24
11
Black
106
4
16
35
19
8
9
9
6
Asian
12
*
2
6
3
1
*
*
*
Some
Others
12
*
2
3
5
1
*
*
1
Hispanic
26
1
8
6
3
1
1
3
3
Refused
6
2
1
2
1
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
600
16
136
224
120
26
27
33
18
Yes
40
1
15
10
6
1
1
3
3
DK
6
*
1
2
2
*
1
*
*
Refused
3
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
Full
Time
283
4
58
107
64
12
12
19
7
Part
Time
76
1
26
26
15
5
1
2
*
Not
Employed
287
12
69
104
48
10
16
15
13
Refused
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Education
*
4
1
*
2
1
*
*
*
*
<
High
School
96
7
15
35
16
3
6
7
7
High
School
Graduate
235
6
57
85
51
13
5
11
7
<
College
163
4
45
53
32
4
11
8
6
College
Graduate
102
*
18
44
20
5
5
9
1
Post
Graduate
49
*
18
18
8
2
2
1
*
Census
Region
Northeast
137
5
43
36
31
6
7
6
3
Midwest
151
2
42
67
26
3
3
5
3
South
255
9
42
87
55
16
14
21
11
West
106
2
26
47
16
2
5
4
4
Day
of
Week
Weekday
415
12
90
161
84
11
23
23
11
Weekend
234
6
63
76
44
16
6
13
10
Season
Winter
178
5
44
63
33
9
11
9
4
Spring
160
6
39
60
27
9
7
6
6
Summer
174
3
43
62
34
7
4
14
7
Fall
137
4
27
52
34
2
7
7
4
Asthma
No
596
16
144
218
114
26
28
33
17
Yes
52
1
9
19
14
1
1
3
4
DK
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
620
14
147
226
124
25
28
35
21
Yes
26
3
6
10
3
2
1
1
*
DK
3
1
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
610
15
150
218
119
26
26
35
21
Yes
36
2
3
17
9
1
3
1
*
DK
3
1
*
2
*
*
*
*
*

NOTE:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
Dk=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
a
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
41
Table
15­
26.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Giving
and
Taking
the
Bath(
s)
(
minutes/
bath)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
631
2
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Gender
Male
155
1
4
5
6
10
15
30
45
60
61
61
61
Gender
Female
476
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
18­
64
485
2
5
5
10
15
20
30
60
60
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
139
3
5
5
5
10
15
20
40
60
61
61
61
Race
White
476
1
4
5
10
10
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Race
Black
102
5
5
9
10
15
22.5
40
60
61
61
61
61
Race
Asian
12
10
10
10
10
15
20
27.5
30
40
40
40
40
Race
Some
Others
12
5
5
5
10
15
27.5
30
40
61
61
61
61
Race
Hispanic
25
2
2
5
5
10
20
45
61
61
61
61
61
Hispanic
No
584
2
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Hispanic
Yes
39
2
2
5
5
10
20
30
60
61
61
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
279
1
4
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Employment
Part
Time
75
3
4
5
10
10
20
30
35
40
60
60
60
Employment
Not
Employed
275
2
5
5
10
10
20
30
60
60
61
61
61
Education
<
High
School
89
1
5
10
10
15
20
35
60
61
61
61
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
229
5
5
5
10
12
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Education
<
College
159
1
2
5
6
10
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Education
College
Graduate
102
5
5
8
10
15
20
30
45
60
60
60
61
Education
Post
Graduate
49
1
1
5
5
10
15
25
40
45
60
60
60
Census
Region
Northeast
132
1
5
5
6
10
15
30
45
60
61
61
61
Census
Region
Midwest
149
2
4
5
7
10
20
30
30
60
61
61
61
Census
Region
South
246
3
5
10
10
15
20
35
60
60
61
61
61
Census
Region
West
104
5
5
5
10
11
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
403
2
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
228
4
5
5
10
10
20
30
60
60
61
61
61
Season
Winter
173
2
5
5
10
10
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Season
Spring
154
1
3
5
10
10
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Season
Summer
171
5
5
5
10
10
20
30
60
60
61
61
61
Season
Fall
133
4
5
8
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Asthma
No
580
2
5
5
10
12
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Asthma
Yes
51
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
60
61
61
61
61
Angina
No
606
2
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Angina
Yes
23
5
5
5
5
10
15
30
40
45
60
60
60
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
595
2
5
5
10
10
20
30
45
60
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
34
5
5
8
15
15
20
30
45
45
60
60
60
NOTE:
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
42
August
1997
Table
15­
27.
Time
Spent
in
the
Bathroom
Immediately
After
the
Bath(
s)
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Bath
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
61­
61
Overall
649
25
85
422
74
23
7
6
5
2
Gender
Male
159
6
18
118
11
4
1
1
*
*
Female
490
19
67
304
63
19
6
5
5
2
Age
(
years)
*
9
2
2
4
1
*
*
*
*
*
18­
64
491
7
71
336
50
14
4
5
2
2
>
64
149
16
12
82
23
9
3
1
3
*
Race
White
487
22
59
319
58
15
4
4
5
1
Black
106
2
14
67
13
5
3
2
*
*
Asian
12
*
2
9
1
*
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
12
*
5
6
1
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
26
*
4
18
*
3
*
*
*
1
Refused
6
1
1
3
1
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
600
25
76
390
71
20
7
6
4
1
Yes
40
*
7
28
1
3
*
*
*
1
DK
6
*
1
3
1
*
*
*
1
*
Refused
3
*
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Full
Time
283
6
35
203
30
7
1
1
*
*
Part
Time
76
1
9
54
8
2
2
*
*
*
Not
Employed
287
18
41
164
35
14
4
4
5
2
Refused
2
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
Education
*
4
1
*
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
<
High
School
96
10
11
51
12
7
1
*
2
2
High
School
Graduate
235
6
35
158
22
7
3
3
1
*
<
College
163
4
17
113
18
4
3
2
2
*
College
Graduate
102
2
14
66
15
4
*
1
*
*
Post
Graduate
49
2
8
32
6
1
*
*
*
*
Census
Region
Northeast
137
8
13
91
16
8
*
*
1
*
Midwest
151
5
20
100
18
3
2
1
2
*
South
255
9
31
164
30
9
5
4
1
2
West
106
3
21
67
10
3
*
1
1
*
Day
of
Week
Weekday
415
17
53
280
40
16
2
4
2
1
Weekend
234
8
32
142
34
7
5
2
3
1
Season
Winter
178
3
14
122
24
7
3
1
2
2
Spring
160
8
21
96
20
8
4
2
1
*
Summer
174
9
31
110
16
6
*
2
*
*
Fall
137
5
19
94
14
2
*
1
2
*
Asthma
No
596
24
75
388
69
21
7
5
5
2
Yes
52
1
10
34
4
2
*
1
*
*
DK
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
620
23
82
405
70
22
6
6
4
2
Yes
26
2
2
17
3
1
*
*
1
*
DK
3
*
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
610
22
78
400
71
21
6
5
5
2
Yes
36
3
6
21
2
2
1
1
*
*
DK
3
*
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*

Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
Dk=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
43
Table
15­
28.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
the
Bathroom
Immediately
After
the
Bath(
s)
(
minutes/
bath)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
624
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
45
55
61
Gender
Male
153
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
12
20
30
35
45
Gender
Female
471
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
45
60
61
Age
(
years)
18­
64
484
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
25
40
50
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
133
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
30
35
55
60
60
Race
White
465
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
18
30
45
58
61
Race
Black
104
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
40
45
45
Race
Asian
12
0
0
0
0
2
5
7.5
10
20
20
20
20
Race
Some
Others
12
0
0
0
0
0
3
7.5
10
15
15
15
15
Race
Hispanic
26
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
25
25
61
61
61
Hispanic
No
575
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
40
50
61
Hispanic
Yes
40
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
22.5
25
61
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
277
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
Employment
Part
Time
75
0
0
0
0
3
5
10
15
25
35
40
40
Employment
Not
Employed
269
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
25
35
58
60
61
Education
<
High
School
86
0
0
0
0
5
10
15
30
35
61
61
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
229
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
30
40
45
58
Education
<
College
159
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
30
45
60
60
Education
College
Graduate
100
0
0
0
0
1.5
5
10
19
25
30
37.5
45
Education
Post
Graduate
47
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
30
30
30
Census
Region
Northeast
129
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
30
30
60
Census
Region
Midwest
146
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
25
50
60
60
Census
Region
South
246
0
0
0
0
3
5
10
20
30
45
55
61
Census
Region
West
103
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
20
20
30
45
58
Day
of
Week
Weekday
398
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
18
30
40
50
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
226
0
0
0
0
3
5
10
20
30
45
60
61
Season
Winter
175
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
58
61
61
Season
Spring
152
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
40
45
60
Season
Summer
165
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
20
30
45
50
Season
Fall
132
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
20
45
55
60
Asthma
No
572
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
45
58
61
Asthma
Yes
51
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
30
30
45
45
Angina
No
597
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
45
58
61
Angina
Yes
24
0
0
0
1
5
5
10
15
30
55
55
55
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
588
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
45
58
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
33
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
30
40
45
45
45
NOTE:
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
A
value
of
61
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
60
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
44
August
1997
Table
15­
29.
Total
Time
Spent
Altogether
in
the
Shower
or
Bathtub
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Bath
Total
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
70­
80
80­
90
90­
100­
110­
121­
N
100
110
120
121
Overall
4290
38
5
1903
1577
548
46
65
67
3
6
2
1
21
8
Gender
Male
1934
8
1
872
735
234
19
24
24
1
1
1
1
10
3
Female
2355
30
4
1031
841
314
27
41
43
2
5
1
*
11
5
Refused
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
86
5
1
26
36
12
*
1
4
*
*
*
*
*
1
1­
4
198
*
*
35
84
50
2
13
7
1
1
1
*
4
*
5­
11
265
2
*
64
107
66
3
7
7
2
2
1
1
2
1
12­
17
239
*
*
78
96
46
5
5
8
*
*
*
*
1
*
18­
64
2919
15
1
1429
1051
303
32
31
35
*
3
*
*
13
6
>
64
583
16
3
271
203
71
4
8
6
*
*
*
*
1
*
Race
White
3452
27
4
1616
1248
401
35
44
50
1
3
*
1
16
6
Black
453
7
1
141
177
89
7
11
11
2
*
1
*
4
2
Asian
74
*
*
33
31
7
*
1
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
78
*
*
24
28
19
2
3
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
180
2
*
63
79
24
2
4
2
*
2
1
*
1
*
Refused
53
2
*
26
14
8
*
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
3892
31
4
1744
1423
496
41
56
62
3
4
1
1
18
8
Yes
333
5
1
128
136
40
5
8
5
*
2
1
*
2
*
DK
21
1
*
7
8
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Refused
44
1
*
24
10
8
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
692
2
*
172
284
162
9
24
22
3
3
2
1
7
1
Full
Time
1985
11
2
1002
707
190
20
20
18
*
*
*
*
12
3
Part
Time
400
5
1
190
147
44
4
4
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
Not
Employed
1181
20
2
524
429
146
13
17
22
*
3
*
*
1
4
Refused
32
*
*
15
10
6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Education
*
775
6
*
200
317
175
10
26
24
3
3
2
1
7
1
<
High
School
386
10
2
132
147
66
7
8
10
*
1
*
*
1
2
High
School
Graduate
1254
12
1
574
476
138
14
14
18
*
*
*
*
4
3
<
College
864
2
*
414
331
93
6
7
8
*
1
*
*
2
*
College
Graduate
558
4
1
308
168
53
7
7
4
*
1
*
*
5
*
Post
Graduate
453
4
1
275
138
23
2
3
3
*
*
*
*
2
2
Census
Region
Northeast
927
7
*
436
328
106
11
14
12
1
2
1
*
6
3
Midwest
956
9
3
440
343
126
5
15
10
*
2
1
*
2
*
South
1513
16
2
601
588
208
22
25
35
2
1
*
1
8
4
West
894
6
*
426
318
108
8
11
10
*
1
*
*
5
1
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2881
23
3
1346
1038
336
30
40
39
1
1
2
1
16
5
Weekend
1409
15
2
557
539
212
16
25
28
2
5
*
*
5
3
Season
Winter
1124
8
1
504
417
137
14
13
19
1
*
*
*
7
3
Spring
1145
15
3
499
417
149
9
22
17
1
3
1
*
7
2
Summer
1165
11
1
495
420
176
14
19
19
1
2
1
*
5
1
Fall
856
4
*
405
323
86
9
11
12
*
1
*
1
2
2
Asthma
No
3946
35
5
1767
1445
502
38
53
65
3
5
2
1
19
6
Yes
327
2
*
128
128
43
8
11
2
*
1
*
*
2
2
DK
17
1
*
8
4
3
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
4151
34
5
1839
1529
530
45
62
66
3
6
2
1
21
8
Yes
114
3
*
52
41
14
1
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
25
1
*
12
7
4
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4059
34
3
1803
1502
517
42
58
63
3
5
2
1
19
7
Yes
207
2
2
86
71
28
4
6
4
*
1
*
*
2
1
DK
24
2
*
14
4
3
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
DK
=
respondents
answered
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
45
Table
15­
30.
Total
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Altogether
in
the
Shower
or
Bathtub
(
minutes/
bath)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4252
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
60
121
Gender
Male
1926
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Gender
Female
2325
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
75
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
198
1
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
5­
11
263
4
5
5
10
13
20
30
30
60
90
120
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
239
4
4
5
7
10
15
30
30
45
60
60
120
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2904
3
4
5
5
10
13.5
20
30
30
50
60
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
567
2
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
120
Race
White
3425
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Race
Black
446
4
4
5
6
10
15
25
30
45
75
120
121
Race
Asian
74
5
5
5
7
10
15
15
30
30
60
90
90
Race
Some
Others
78
5
5
5
7
10
15
30
30
45
60
60
60
Race
Hispanic
178
1
3
5
7
10
15
20
30
45
90
100
120
Hispanic
No
3861
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
60
121
Hispanic
Yes
328
1
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
90
120
Employment
Full
Time
1974
3
4
5
5
10
10
20
30
30
45
60
121
Employment
Part
Time
395
3
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
60
Employment
Not
Employed
1161
2
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
60
121
Education
<
High
School
376
1
4
5
5
10
15
25
30
45
60
90
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
1242
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Education
<
College
862
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
120
Education
College
Graduate
554
3
3
5
5
10
10
15
30
30
45
90
120
Education
Post
Graduate
449
3
4
5
5
8
10
15
20
30
45
60
121
Census
Region
Northeast
920
4
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
100
121
Census
Region
Midwest
947
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
120
Census
Region
South
1497
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
75
121
Census
Region
West
888
3
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
60
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2858
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1394
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
75
121
Season
Winter
1116
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
60
121
Season
Spring
1130
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
90
121
Season
Summer
1154
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
60
121
Season
Fall
852
3
5
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Asthma
No
3911
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Asthma
Yes
325
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
120
121
Angina
No
4117
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
35
60
60
121
Angina
Yes
111
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
45
45
60
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4025
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
60
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
205
1
3
5
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
120
121
Note:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
46
August
1997
Table
15­
31.
Time
Spent
in
the
Bathroom
Immediately
Following
a
Shower
or
Bath
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Shower
or
Bath
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
70­
80
80­
90
110­
120
121­
121
Overall
4290
108
348
2770
713
250
20
32
35
1
2
7
4
Gender
Male
1934
37
138
1357
312
67
5
8
6
*
*
1
3
Female
2355
71
210
1413
400
183
15
24
29
1
2
6
1
Refused
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
86
12
8
38
19
6
*
1
1
*
*
*
1
1­
4
198
2
59
123
12
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
5­
11
265
5
33
198
23
3
1
*
1
*
*
1
*
12­
17
239
1
17
165
34
16
1
3
2
*
*
*
*
18­
64
2919
53
184
1901
517
189
14
25
26
1
1
5
3
>
64
583
35
47
345
108
36
3
2
5
*
1
1
*
Race
White
3452
80
271
2235
590
194
15
29
24
1
2
7
4
Black
453
15
49
276
63
35
4
2
9
*
*
*
*
Asian
74
*
8
48
12
4
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
78
2
7
46
19
3
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
180
4
8
134
21
12
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
Refused
53
7
5
31
8
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
3892
95
316
2504
655
227
19
32
32
1
1
6
4
Yes
333
8
28
227
46
21
1
*
2
*
*
*
*
DK
21
*
1
10
5
2
*
*
1
*
1
1
*
Refused
44
5
3
29
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
692
8
111
479
66
17
3
4
3
*
*
1
*
Full
Time
1985
36
122
1302
357
120
10
16
14
1
1
3
3
Part
Time
400
8
22
256
71
32
2
5
2
*
*
2
*
Not
Employed
1181
52
93
712
214
79
5
7
16
*
1
1
1
Refused
32
4
*
21
5
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
775
14
114
531
82
20
3
7
3
*
*
1
*
<
High
School
386
28
30
220
65
30
2
1
5
*
2
1
2
High
School
Graduate
1254
34
89
799
204
92
8
12
10
1
*
4
1
<
College
864
17
59
568
158
46
4
2
9
*
*
*
1
College
Graduate
558
8
27
362
115
31
2
8
5
*
*
*
*
Post
Graduate
453
7
29
290
89
31
1
2
3
*
*
1
*
Census
Region
Northeast
927
20
69
614
161
49
3
2
6
*
*
1
2
Midwest
956
27
86
600
155
57
5
13
11
*
*
1
1
South
1513
41
119
971
255
93
8
7
10
1
2
5
1
West
894
20
74
585
142
51
4
10
8
*
*
*
*
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2881
79
224
1889
474
153
15
19
19
1
1
5
2
Weekend
1409
29
124
881
239
97
5
13
16
*
1
2
2
Season
Winter
1124
34
77
726
193
65
7
8
9
*
1
3
1
Spring
1145
26
99
756
167
70
4
12
10
*
*
1
*
Summer
1165
36
112
740
184
66
6
9
8
1
1
2
*
Fall
856
12
60
548
169
49
3
3
8
*
*
1
3
Asthma
No
3946
101
306
2540
673
236
18
30
32
1
1
6
2
Yes
327
5
41
219
37
14
2
2
3
*
1
1
2
DK
17
2
1
11
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
4151
99
333
2687
691
241
20
32
34
1
2
7
4
Yes
114
6
13
68
17
9
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
DK
25
3
2
15
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4059
98
325
2623
684
236
19
31
32
1
1
6
3
Yes
207
6
22
133
24
14
1
1
3
*
1
1
1
DK
24
4
1
14
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
DK=
respondents
answered
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
a
specified
range
or
number
of
minutes
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
47
Table
15­
32.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
the
Bathroom
Immediately
Following
a
Shower
or
Bath
(
minutes/
bath)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4182
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Gender
Male
1897
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
15
20
30
40
121
Gender
Female
2284
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
30
30
45
60
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
196
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
20
35
45
Age
(
years)
5­
11
260
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
15
30
35
120
Age
(
years)
12­
17
238
0
0
0
2
5
5
10
20
30
45
45
60
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2866
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
548
0
0
0
1
4
10
15
20
30
40
60
120
Race
White
3372
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Race
Black
438
0
0
0
0
4
6
15
30
30
60
60
60
Race
Asian
74
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
35
45
45
Race
Some
Others
76
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
60
60
Race
Hispanic
176
0
0
1
1
3
5
10
20
30
30
30
60
Hispanic
No
3797
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
45
60
121
Hispanic
Yes
325
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
30
30
60
Employment
Full
Time
1949
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
30
40
60
121
Employment
Part
Time
392
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
25
30
45
60
120
Employment
Not
Employed
1129
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
30
45
60
121
Education
<
High
School
358
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
30
30
60
90
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
1220
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
25
30
45
60
121
Education
<
College
847
0
0
0
1
5
10
15
20
30
30
60
121
Education
College
Graduate
550
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
20
30
45
45
60
Education
Post
Graduate
446
0
0
0
1
5
8
15
20
30
30
50
120
Census
Region
Northeast
907
0
0
0
1
5
5
10
20
30
30
45
121
Census
Region
Midwest
929
0
0
0
1
5
5
15
20
30
45
60
121
Census
Region
South
1472
0
0
0
1
3.5
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Census
Region
West
874
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
45
60
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2802
0
0
0
1
4
5
10
20
30
35
50
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1380
0
0
0
1
4
8
15
20
30
45
60
121
Season
Winter
1090
0
0
0
1
5
7
15
20
30
45
60
121
Season
Spring
1119
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
50
120
Season
Summer
1129
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
40
52
120
Season
Fall
844
0
0
0
1
5
8
15
20
30
35
60
121
Asthma
No
3845
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Asthma
Yes
322
0
0
0
0
3
5
10
20
30
60
90
121
Angina
No
4052
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Angina
Yes
108
0
0
0
0
4.5
5.5
12.5
20
30
30
30
60
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
3961
0
0
0
1
4
5
15
20
30
40
60
121
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
201
0
0
0
0
4
10
10
30
30
60
88
121
Note:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
48
August
1997
Table
15­
33.
Range
of
Number
of
Times
Washing
the
Hands
at
Specified
Daily
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Number
of
Times/
Day
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
1­
2
3­
5
6­
9
10­
19
20­
29
30+
DK
Overall
4663
38
34
311
1692
1106
892
223
178
189
Gender
Male
2163
16
19
218
975
487
286
59
49
54
Female
2498
22
15
92
716
619
606
164
129
135
Refused
2
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
84
8
*
1
25
15
11
4
5
15
1­
4
263
*
15
62
125
35
11
2
3
10
5­
11
348
1
5
61
191
48
21
4
2
15
12­
17
326
3
6
46
159
64
30
7
2
9
18­
64
2972
18
7
131
1029
760
640
168
143
76
>
64
670
8
1
10
163
184
179
38
23
64
Race
White
3774
21
28
251
1377
902
740
181
140
134
Black
463
6
2
30
149
120
85
19
23
29
Asian
77
1
*
5
29
19
12
4
1
6
Some
Others
96
*
1
10
39
16
15
8
5
2
Hispanic
193
1
3
14
78
42
31
10
5
9
Refused
60
9
*
1
20
7
9
1
4
9
Hispanic
No
4244
27
29
276
1536
1022
823
205
164
162
Yes
347
2
5
33
130
76
57
17
10
17
DK
26
*
*
1
12
4
5
1
1
2
Refused
46
9
*
1
14
4
7
*
3
8
Employment
*
926
4
26
165
471
145
61
13
7
34
Full
Time
2017
12
4
96
707
525
406
116
103
48
Part
Time
379
*
*
13
142
101
86
10
15
12
Not
Employed
1309
18
4
36
365
327
334
83
52
90
Refused
32
4
*
1
7
8
5
1
1
5
Education
*
1021
13
26
174
507
158
74
13
12
44
<
High
School
399
2
*
8
120
96
88
26
24
35
High
School
Graduate
1253
12
4
56
391
318
298
70
47
57
<
College
895
2
3
28
284
246
197
59
48
28
College
Graduate
650
6
*
23
238
174
139
28
27
15
Post
Graduate
445
3
1
22
152
114
96
27
20
10
Census
Region
Northeast
1048
9
6
68
404
243
195
55
38
30
Midwest
1036
5
7
68
373
251
212
41
38
41
South
1601
14
11
108
559
379
299
79
66
86
West
978
10
10
67
356
233
186
48
36
32
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3156
34
22
199
1103
764
599
155
147
133
Weekend
1507
4
12
112
589
342
293
68
31
56
Season
Winter
1264
6
10
91
507
286
223
55
51
35
Spring
1181
13
9
78
406
283
238
60
44
50
Summer
1275
15
9
78
443
315
232
65
48
70
Fall
943
4
6
64
336
222
199
43
35
34
Asthma
No
4287
28
32
283
1562
1024
819
207
165
167
Yes
341
1
2
26
126
77
69
16
10
14
DK
35
9
*
2
4
5
4
*
3
8
Angina
No
4500
28
34
306
1652
1069
851
218
171
171
Yes
125
2
*
3
32
34
36
5
3
10
DK
38
8
*
2
8
3
5
*
4
8
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4424
27
33
302
1627
1040
835
213
172
175
Yes
203
3
1
7
57
61
55
10
3
6
DK
36
8
*
2
8
5
2
*
3
8
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
a
specified
range
or
number
of
minutes
spent.
DK=
respondents
answered
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
49
Table
15­
34.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
(
at
home)
Working
or
Being
Near
Food
While
Fried,
Grilled,
or
Barbequed
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
1055
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
105
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
485
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
570
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
35
0
0
2
2
5
20
30
45
60
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
5­
11
82
0
0
0
2
5
15
30
60
90
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
82
0
0
2
4
10
20
45
60
90
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
747
0
2
3
5
10
20
40
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
96
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
121
121
Race
White
848
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
105
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
115
2
2
5
5
10
20
30
61
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
18
0
0
0
0
5
10
20
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
16
5
5
5
5
12.5
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
48
0
0
5
5
15
30
60
90
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
960
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
84
0
1
2
5
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
506
1
2
3
5
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
95
0
1
2
5
10
15
40
90
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
252
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
96
0
1
2
5
10
22.5
52.5
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
318
0
2
5
5
10
20
30
120
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
208
0
2
3
5
10
20
35
121
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
135
1
1
2
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
83
0
2
5
5
10
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
198
0
2
3
5
10
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
248
0
0
4
5
10
20
30
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
399
0
1
2
5
10
20
40
90
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
210
0
0
2
5
7
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
662
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
393
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
267
0
2
2
5
10
20
30
60
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
296
0
0
3
5
10
20
45
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
299
0
0
3
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
193
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
960
0
1
2.5
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
92
0
0
2
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
1032
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
95
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
19
0
0
0
5
15
30
30
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1005
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
90
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
47
0
0
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Note:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
50
August
1997
Table
15­
35.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
(
at
home)
Working
or
Being
Near
Open
Flames
Including
Barbeque
Flames
(
minutes/
day)

Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
479
0
0
1
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
252
0
0
1
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
227
0
0
2
2
10
20
30
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
14
0
0
0
0
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
29
0
0
0
0
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
28
0
0
1
2
10
22.5
42.5
60
60
90
90
90
Age
(
years)
18­
64
372
0
0
1
3
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
:>
64
31
2
2
2
4
5
17
30
120
121
121
121
121
Race
White
407
0
0
1
2
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
31
0
0
0
2
5
20
30
60
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
5
5
5
5
5
20
40
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
8
10
10
10
10
11
22.5
60
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
22
2
2
3
5
5
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
436
0
0
1
2
10
20
42.5
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
36
2
2
3
5
11
60
90
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
262
0
0
1
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
44
0
0
1
4
5
15
52.5
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
99
0
1
2
3
10
20
40
120
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
27
2
2
2
3
5
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
130
0
0
2
3
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
92
0
0
1
2
10
30
90
121
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
95
0
1
2
5
10
20
40
121
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
55
0
0
0
2
10
20
40
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
124
0
0
1
3
10
15
30
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
112
0
0
2
3
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
149
0
0
1
2
5
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
94
0
0
1
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
284
0
0
1
3
10
15
30
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
195
0
0
1
2
10
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
142
0
0
0
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
115
0
1
2
3
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
137
0
0
2
3
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
85
1
1
1
3
10
20
40
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
443
0
0
1
2
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
35
0
0
3
3
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
461
0
0
1
2
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
15
2
2
2
2
10
15
60
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
461
0
0
1
2
10
20
45
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
16
3
3
3
5
12.5
37.5
106
121
121
121
121
121
Note:
A
value
of"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
51
Table
15­
36.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Working
or
Being
Near
Excessive
Dust
in
the
Air
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
679
0
2
5
7
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
341
1
2
5
8
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
338
0
2
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
22
0
0
0
2
5
75
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
50
0
0.5
2
4
15
75
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
52
0
1
2
5
5
20
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
513
2
5
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5:>
64
38
2
2
2
5
35
105.5
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
White
556
0
2
5
8
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
66
1
3
5
5
20
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
7
20
20
20
20
60
90
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
15
5
5
5
10
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
29
3
3
5
7
20
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
611
0
2
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
57
0
3
3
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
368
2
5
7
15
37.5
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
66
0
2
5
5
20
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
122
0
2
5
8
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
52
2
5
5
7
35
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
199
0
0
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
140
5
5
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
82
1
2
5
15
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
76
3
5
5
10
37.5
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
138
0
0
5
5
20
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
145
2
2
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
227
1
2
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
169
0
3
5
10
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
471
0
1
5
7
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
208
2
2
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
154
0
0
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
193
0
1
3
5
20
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
193
2
2
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
139
3
5
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
606
0
2
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
73
0
3
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
662
0
2
5
7
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
15
3
3
3
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
637
0
2
5
7
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
41
0
0
5
5
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Note:
A
valueof
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
52
August
1997
Table
15­
37.
Range
of
the
Number
of
Times
an
Automobile
or
Motor
Vehicle
was
Started
in
a
Garage
or
Carport
at
Specified
Daily
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Times/
day
Total
N
1­
2
3­
5
6­
9
10+
Dk
Overall
2009
1321
559
78
17
34
Gender
Male
939
588
290
40
7
14
Female
1070
733
269
38
10
20
Age(
years)
*
20
13
2
1
1
3
1­
4
111
68
39
2
2
*
5­
11
150
93
49
6
*
2
12­
17
145
86
42
12
1
4
18­
64
1287
840
367
50
12
18
>
64
296
221
60
7
1
7
Race
White
1763
1164
486
69
17
27
Black
110
70
31
4
*
5
Asian
46
34
10
2
*
*
Some
Others
24
19
5
*
*
*
Hispanic
55
26
24
3
*
2
Refused
11
8
3
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
1879
1239
519
74
17
30
Yes
111
68
35
4
*
4
DK
12
9
3
*
*
*
Refused
7
5
2
*
*
*
Employment
*
398
241
127
20
3
7
Full
Time
919
610
253
35
9
12
Part
Time
149
93
48
4
2
2
Not
Employed
536
372
129
19
3
13
Refused
7
5
2
*
*
*
Education
*
427
262
134
21
4
6
<
High
School
84
59
17
2
1
5
High
School
Graduate
464
336
107
13
2
6
<
College
440
304
107
20
5
4
College
Graduate
326
201
106
10
2
7
Post
Graduate
268
159
88
12
3
6
Census
Region
Northeast
289
213
64
8
2
2
Midwest
541
360
142
29
2
8
South
702
430
221
27
8
16
West
477
318
132
14
5
8
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1383
903
386
63
11
20
Weekend
626
418
173
15
6
14
Season
Winter
567
396
136
20
5
10
Spring
518
336
141
25
5
11
Summer
525
313
178
18
6
10
Fall
399
276
104
15
1
3
Asthma
No
1861
1228
514
70
17
32
Yes
146
92
44
8
*
2
DK
2
1
1
*
*
*
Angina
No
1959
1288
545
76
17
33
Yes
48
33
12
2
*
1
DK
2
*
2
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1922
1266
532
74
17
33
Yes
84
54
25
4
*
1
DK
3
1
2
*
*
*

Note:
"*"
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
Refused
­
the
respondent
refused
to
answer;
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
53
Table
15­
38.
Range
of
the
Number
of
Times
Motor
Vehicle
Was
Started
with
Garage
Door
Closed
at
Specified
Daily
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Times/
day
Total
N
None
1­
2
3­
5
6­
9
Dk
Overall
2009
1830
99
26
2
52
Gender
Male
939
860
41
15
*
23
Female
1070
970
58
11
2
29
Age
(
years)
*
20
14
1
*
*
5
1­
4
111
99
8
2
*
2
5­
11
150
141
6
*
*
3
12­
17
145
127
9
4
1
4
18­
64
1287
1184
57
18
1
27
>
64
296
265
18
2
*
11
Race
White
1763
1616
82
22
1
42
Black
110
95
6
2
1
6
Asian
46
41
4
*
*
1
Some
Others
24
21
2
*
*
1
Hispanic
55
46
5
2
*
2
Refused
11
11
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
1879
1714
92
23
2
48
Yes
111
97
7
3
*
4
DK
12
12
*
*
*
*
Refused
7
7
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
398
360
22
5
1
10
Full
Time
919
840
46
13
1
19
Part
Time
149
137
6
2
*
4
Not
Employed
536
488
24
5
*
19
Refused
7
5
1
1
*
*
Education
*
427
387
23
6
1
10
<
High
School
84
74
2
1
*
7
High
School
Graduate
464
429
24
2
*
9
<
College
440
399
24
8
1
8
College
Graduate
326
299
12
6
*
9
Post
Graduate
268
242
14
3
*
9
Census
Region
Northeast
289
270
10
5
1
3
Midwest
541
500
22
4
1
14
South
702
628
42
8
*
24
West
477
432
25
9
*
11
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1383
1269
66
21
*
27
Weekend
626
561
33
5
2
25
Season
Winter
567
509
32
9
1
16
Spring
518
470
29
3
*
16
Summer
525
476
23
11
*
15
Fall
399
375
15
3
1
5
Asthma
No
1861
1696
92
23
1
49
Yes
146
132
7
3
1
3
DK
2
2
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
1959
1785
96
26
2
50
Yes
48
43
3
*
*
2
DK
2
2
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1922
1747
96
26
2
51
Yes
84
80
3
*
*
1
DK
3
3
*
*
*
*

Note:
"*"
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondents
answered
don't
know;
N
=
doer
sample
size;
Refused
=
the
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
54
August
1997
Table
15­
39.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
at
a
Gas
Station
or
Auto
Repair
Shop
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
967
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
30
90
121
121
121
Gender
Male
552
2
2
3
4
5
7
10
30
120
121
121
121
Gender
Female
414
0
1
2
3
5
5.5
10
15
30
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
29
0
0
0
0
5
5
10
20
60
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
42
2
2
2
3
5
5
10
15
15
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
12­
17
57
1
3
3
5
5
5
10
20
30
60
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
760
1
2
3
4
5
5.5
10
30
120
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
67
0
2
3
4
5
10
15
15
40
120
120
120
Race
White
788
1
2
3
4
5
7.5
10
30
120
121
121
121
Race
Black
95
0
1
2
3
5
5
10
15
15
20
120
120
Race
Asian
13
2
2
2
2
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
Race
Some
Others
22
5
5
5
5
5
5
12
20
30
30
30
30
Race
Hispanic
42
0
0
3
4
5
10
15
25
30
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
875
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
30
120
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
82
0
2
2
3
5
8
10
20
35
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
542
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
30
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
107
2
3
4
5
5
10
10
30
120
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
186
1
1
3
4
5
10
10
20
40
120
120
121
Education
<
High
School
70
0
2
3
4.5
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
293
1
2
3
5
5
8
15
30
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
213
1
2
2
4
5
8
10
15
60
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
143
2
2
3
4
5
5
10
15
30
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
106
1
2
3
3
5
7
10
15
35
56
90
120
Census
Region
Northeast
167
1
2
3
5
5
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
246
0
2
2
3
5
8
10
30
120
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
348
0
1
3
4
5
6.5
10
20
45
120
121
121
Census
Region
West
206
2
2
3
4
5
8
10
20
70
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
634
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
30
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
333
1
1
3
4
5
5
10
15
30
120
121
121
Season
Winter
236
1
1
3
4
5
6
10
20
60
121
121
121
Season
Spring
232
2
2
3
5
5
7.5
15
30
120
121
121
121
Season
Summer
282
0
2
3
4
5
10
10
30
120
121
121
121
Season
Fall
217
1
2
2
3
5
5
10
15
35
121
121
121
Asthma
No
892
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
25
90
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
74
0
2
2
3
5
5
10
30
120
121
121
121
Angina
No
947
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
30
90
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
17
3
3
3
4
10
10
15
15
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
920
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
25
60
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
45
2
2
2
3
5
5
15
120
120
121
121
121
Note:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
55
Table
15­
40.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
at
Home
While
the
Windows
Were
Left
Open
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
1960
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Gender
Male
893
5
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Gender
Female
1067
2
10
30
119
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Age
(
years)
1­
4
99
0
1
10
180
180
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Age
(
years)
5­
11
159
3
10
20
60
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Age
(
years)
12­
17
101
2
5
24
180
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Age
(
years)
18­
64
1282
6
16
60
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Age
(
years)
>
64
282
1
5
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Race
White
1558
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Race
Black
208
3
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Race
Asian
47
10
10
16
180
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Race
Some
Others
44
1
1
60
90
180
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Race
Hispanic
80
2
20
30
60
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Hispanic
No
1775
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Hispanic
Yes
156
20
20
30
180
180
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Employment
Full
Time
822
5
15
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Employment
Part
Time
190
1
7
30
60
180
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Employment
Not
Employed
576
5
10
60
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Education
<
High
School
163
1
6
30
90
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Education
High
School
Graduate
542
2
10
60
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Education
<
College
408
5
15
30
119
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Education
College
Graduate
247
15
15
60
100
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Education
Post
Graduate
216
10
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Census
Region
Northeast
498
3
10
30
119
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Census
Region
Midwest
390
5
10
60
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Census
Region
South
494
1
6
30
90
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Census
Region
West
578
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1285
3
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Day
of
Week
Weekend
675
2
10
30
119
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Season
Winter
308
1
2
10
24
180
360
961
961
961
961
961
961
Season
Spring
661
10
20
60
180
360
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Season
Summer
680
10
30
180
180
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
Season
Fall
311
3
5
30
60
180
600
961
961
961
961
961
961
Asthma
No
1809
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Asthma
Yes
145
5
10
60
118
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Angina
No
1902
3
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Angina
Yes
49
1
1
24
30
180
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1850
2
10
30
180
360
840
961
961
961
961
961
961
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
100
5
15
35
180
480
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
Note:
Values
of
"
180",
"
360",
"
600","
840"
and
"
961"
for
number
of
minutes
signify
that
2­
4
hours,
4­
8
hours,
8­
12
hours,
12­
16
hours,
and
more
than
16
hours,
respectively,
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
56
August
1997
Table
15­
41.
Number
of
Minutes
the
Outside
Door
Was
Left
Open
While
at
Home
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
1170
0
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Gender
Male
505
0
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Gender
Female
665
1
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Age
(
years)
1­
4
68
0
0
2
10
30
180
360
721
721
721
721
721
Age
(
years)
5­
11
109
0
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
600
721
721
721
Age
(
years)
12­
17
79
0
1
3
5
60
180
360
600
721
721
721
721
Age
(
years)
18­
64
718
1
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Age
(
years)
>
64
180
1
1
10
20
180
360
600
721
721
721
721
721
Race
White
968
0
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Race
Black
100
1
2.5
5.5
13
60
180
600
600
600
660.5
721
721
Race
Asian
23
1
1
2
60
180
360
600
600
721
721
721
721
Race
Some
Others
22
1
1
1
15
30
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Race
Hispanic
45
0
0
5
5
45
180
360
600
600
721
721
721
Hispanic
No
1073
0
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Hispanic
Yes
81
0
1
5
10
45
180
360
600
600
721
721
721
Employment
Full
Time
451
1
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Employment
Part
Time
93
0
3
5
15
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Employment
Not
Employed
362
1
1
5
10
60
360
600
600
721
721
721
721
Education
<
High
School
96
1
1
2
11
75
360
600
600
721
721
721
721
Education
High
School
Graduate
309
1
3
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Education
<
College
225
0
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Education
College
Graduate
150
0
0.5
1
15
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Education
Post
Graduate
124
2
2
3
5
30
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Census
Region
Northeast
223
1
2
5
10
90
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Census
Region
Midwest
221
0
0
2
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Census
Region
South
361
1
1
5
10
60
180
360
600
600
721
721
721
Census
Region
West
365
0
1
5
15
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Day
of
Week
Weekday
732
0
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Day
of
Week
Weekend
438
1
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Season
Winter
184
0
0
2
3
10
60
180
600
600
600
600
600
Season
Spring
407
1
1
5
20
180
360
600
600
721
721
721
721
Season
Summer
385
0
2
10
30
180
360
600
721
721
721
721
721
Season
Fall
194
1
1
2
10
30
180
360
600
600
600
600
600
Asthma
No
1072
0
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Asthma
Yes
97
1
1
3
6
30
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Angina
No
1133
0
1
5
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Angina
Yes
36
1
1
3
10
104.5
360
360
600
721
721
721
721
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
1105
0
1
3
10
60
180
600
600
721
721
721
721
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
63
5
5
10
10
90
180
600
600
600
721
721
721
Note:
Values
of
"
180",
"
360","
600",
and
"
721"
for
number
of
minutes
signify
that
2­
4
hours,
4­
8
hours,
8­
12
hours,
and
over
12
hours,
respectively,
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
57
Table
15­
42.
Number
of
Times
an
Outside
Door
Was
Opened
in
the
Home
at
Specified
Daily
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Times/
Day
Total
N
1­
2
3­
5
6­
9
10­
19
20+
DK
Overall
1187
192
248
229
267
196
55
Gender
Male
511
80
96
100
118
93
24
Female
676
112
152
129
149
103
31
Age
(
years)
*
19
6
3
2
3
1
4
1­
4
68
13
14
8
17
13
3
5­
11
109
15
16
18
31
23
6
12­
17
79
11
17
17
13
17
4
18­
64
730
112
145
156
171
123
23
>
64
182
35
53
28
32
19
15
Race
White
979
155
193
188
233
168
42
Black
103
22
28
21
12
14
6
Asian
23
1
9
4
6
2
1
Some
Others
22
3
4
2
7
4
2
Hispanic
46
8
11
10
8
8
1
Refused
14
3
3
4
1
*
3
Hispanic
No
1086
179
227
208
244
180
48
Yes
83
11
17
16
20
15
4
DK
7
*
2
1
3
1
*
Refused
11
2
2
4
*
*
3
Employment
*
255
40
46
43
60
53
13
Full
Time
458
79
98
95
104
72
10
Part
Time
95
14
20
19
22
18
2
Not
Employed
369
58
81
69
80
52
29
Refused
10
1
3
3
1
1
1
Education
*
267
42
48
46
63
54
14
<
High
School
98
21
17
15
18
20
7
High
School
Graduate
318
48
66
65
71
54
14
<
College
228
44
52
37
49
34
12
College
Graduate
150
21
37
39
31
19
3
Post
Graduate
126
16
28
27
35
15
5
Census
Region
Northeast
228
37
38
49
53
38
13
Midwest
225
44
54
39
50
33
5
South
365
59
81
69
71
66
19
West
369
52
75
72
93
59
18
Day
of
Week
Weekday
746
116
167
156
167
106
34
Weekend
441
76
81
73
100
90
21
Season
Winter
185
19
51
39
42
27
7
Spring
417
73
94
66
90
73
21
Summer
387
72
68
81
80
66
20
Fall
198
28
35
43
55
30
7
Asthma
No
1087
175
228
211
245
179
49
Yes
99
16
20
18
22
17
6
DK
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
1147
183
241
221
259
192
51
Yes
39
8
7
8
8
4
4
DK
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
1121
179
230
216
258
186
52
Yes
64
12
18
12
9
10
3
DK
2
1
*
1
*
*
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N
=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
58
August
1997
Table
15­
43.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Running,
Walking,
or
Standing
Alongside
a
Road
with
Heavy
Traffic
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
401
0
1
2
2
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
202
1
1
2
3
5
17.5
45
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
198
0
0
1
2
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
12
1
1
1
2
4
7.5
30
60
60
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
5­
11
20
1
1
1.5
2
5
6
12.5
25
60
90
90
90
Age
(
years)
12­
17
27
0
0
2
2
4
5
30
60
90
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
18­
64
304
0
1
1
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
31
2
2
2
4
5
20
45
60
121
121
121
121
Race
White
306
0
1
2
2
5
15
30
110
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
51
0
0
1
1
3
7
30
50
60
60
121
121
Race
Asian
10
3
3
3
4
5
7.5
15
17.5
20
20
20
20
Race
Some
Others
7
2
2
2
2
5
10
45
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
24
2
2
2
3
10
17.5
40
60
60
120
120
120
Hispanic
No
356
0
1
1
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
43
1
1
2
2
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
214
0
1
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
50
0
0.5
2
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
76
0
1
2
3
5.5
15
30
60
110
120
121
121
Education
<
High
School
18
4
4
4
5
6
10
15
30
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
106
1
1
2
2
5
15
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
84
0
0
1
3
5.5
20
40
120
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
79
0
1
1
2
5
15
30
60
90
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
50
1
1
2
2
5
10
20
52.5
90
120
120
120
Census
Region
Northeast
129
1
1
2
2
5
20
50
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
83
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
105
0
0
1
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
84
1
2
2
3
5
15
30
60
120
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
303
0
0
2
2
5
15
30
60
120
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
98
1
1
2
3
5
15
30
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
104
0
0
1
2
4.5
10
20
60
110
121
121
121
Season
Spring
114
1
1
2
2
6
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
104
0
1
2
2
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
79
0
1
2
3
5
20
35
120
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
370
0
1
2
2
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
31
0
0
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
393
0
1
2
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
8
2
2
2
2
6.5
17.5
30
60
60
60
60
60
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
378
0
1
1
2
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
22
2
2
5
5
5
17.5
30
121
121
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
59
Table
15­
44.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
a
Car,
Van,
Truck,
or
Bus
in
Heavy
Traffic
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
1197
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
534
1
2
4
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
663
1
2
5
5
10
25
60
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
33
4
4
5
5
10
15
30
60
60
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
63
1
2
5
5
10
20
45
60
120
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
52
3
3
4
5
9
12.5
27.5
90
120
120
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
889
1
2
5
5
10
25
60
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
139
3
3
5
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Race
White
959
1
2
4
5
10
25
60
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
133
2
3
5
5
10
20
40
90
120
121
121
121
Race
Asian
20
5
5
5
5
11
20
30
45
52.5
60
60
60
Race
Some
Others
24
5
5
10
10
12.5
30
60
90
120
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
55
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
1097
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
95
1
2
5
5
10
20
90
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
659
1
2
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
108
2
2
4
5
10
20
48.5
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
279
1
2
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
81
0
3
5
10
10
20
40
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
352
1
2
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
276
1
2
3
5
15
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
176
1
2
4
5
12.5
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
150
2
2
5
5
10
20
60
97.5
120
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
229
2
2
4
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
263
2
2
5
5
10
30
45
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
429
1
2
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
276
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
927
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
270
2
2
5
5
10
25
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
286
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
317
1
2
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
312
1
3
5
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
282
2
2
4
5
10
20
45
120
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
1108
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
89
2
2
5
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
1159
1
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
35
0
0
5
5
10
30
70
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
1130
2
2
5
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
64
1
1
2
5
10
27.5
51
120
121
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
60
August
1997
Table
15­
45.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
a
Parking
Garage
or
Indoor
Parking
Lot
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
294
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Gender
Male
138
1
1
1
2
4
5
15
60
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
156
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
20
40
60
120
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
8
0
0
0
0
2
3.5
5
10
10
10
10
10
Age
(
years)
5­
11
15
1
1
1
2
3
5
10
45
60
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
12­
17
20
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
7.5
15
45
90.5
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
229
1
1
2
2
5
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
18
0
0
0
2
3
5
15
45
90
90
90
90
Race
White
208
1
1
2
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Race
Black
34
0
0
1
1
5
5
15
20
30
30
30
30
Race
Asian
15
2
2
2
2
2
10
60
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
7
3
3
3
3
3
5
15
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
28
1
1
1
2
4.5
10
20
60
120
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
251
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
120
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
39
1
1
1
3
5
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
171
1
1
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
23
2
2
5
5
5
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
58
0
1
1
2
4
10
20
40
120
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
13
0
0
0
5
5
10
10
30
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
58
1
1
1
2
3
9.5
30
90
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
54
1
1
2
2
4
5
15
40
120
120
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
72
1
1
2
2
4.5
5
10
15
60
120
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
50
1
1
2
2
5
5
10
12.5
20
40
60
60
Census
Region
Northeast
53
2
2
2
2
5
6
10
30
90
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
59
0
0
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
92
1
1
2
2
3.5
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
90
0
1
1
1.5
4
5
15
45
60
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
208
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
86
1
1
2
2
5
7
15
30
60
121
121
121
Season
Winter
67
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
20
30
120
121
121
Season
Spring
78
0
1
1
2
3
5.5
15
60
120
121
121
121
Season
Summer
85
0
1
2
2
5
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
Season
Fall
64
1
1
2
2
4.5
5
10
30
45
121
121
121
Asthma
No
263
1
1
2
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
30
0
0
1
1
4
7
10
30
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
291
0
1
1
2
4
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
2
3
3
3
3
3
46.5
90
90
90
90
90
90
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
281
0
1
1
2
3
5
10
30
60
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
12
2
2
2
5
5
5.5
10
60
120
120
120
120
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
61
Table
15­
46.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Walking
Outside
to
a
Car
in
the
Driveway
or
Outside
Parking
Areas
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
3303
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
121
121
Gender
Male
1511
0
0
0
0
2
4
10
20
30
60
121
121
Gender
Female
1791
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
60
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
132
0
0
0
0
1.5
2
5
15
20
30
60
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
245
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
15
30
45
80
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
202
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
20
30
30
60
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2303
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
373
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
30
30
88
121
Race
White
2756
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Race
Black
279
0
0
0
0
1
3
5
10
20
30
45
88
Race
Asian
53
0
0
0
0
1
3
10
15
30
32
45
45
Race
Some
Others
63
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
30
30
60
120
120
Race
Hispanic
127
0
0
1
1
2
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
Hispanic
No
3029
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Hispanic
Yes
235
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
60
120
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
1613
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Employment
Part
Time
312
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
45
120
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
785
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
60
121
Education
<
High
School
241
0
0
0
0
2
4
10
20
30
110
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
935
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
121
121
Education
<
College
680
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Education
College
Graduate
445
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
60
121
Education
Post
Graduate
381
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
25
30
120
121
Census
Region
Northeast
680
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
30
60
90
121
Census
Region
Midwest
763
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
30
60
120
121
Census
Region
South
1149
0
0
0
0
2
4
10
20
30
60
90
121
Census
Region
West
711
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2209
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1094
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Season
Winter
855
0
0
0
0
1
4
10
15
30
30
100
121
Season
Spring
890
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
100
120
121
Season
Summer
903
0
0
0
0
2
4
10
20
30
60
60
121
Season
Fall
655
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
30
45
110
121
Asthma
No
3063
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Asthma
Yes
234
0
0
0
1
2
5
10
15
30
120
121
121
Angina
No
3219
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Angina
Yes
72
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
15
30
45
110
110
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3132
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
60
120
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
162
0
0
0
0
2
5
10
20
30
110
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
62
August
1997
Table
15­
47.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Running
or
Walking
Outside
Other
Than
to
the
Car
(
minutes/
day)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
1273
1
1
3
5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
605
2
2
5
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
668
0
1
2
5
15
30
116
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
82
3
3
5
10
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
21
Age
(
yeaars)
5­
11
149
4
5
5
10
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
21
Age
(
years)
12­
17
110
5
5
5
10
15
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
772
0
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5:>
64
143
1
1
2
5
15
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Race
White
1051
1
1
3
5
15
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
111
0
1
3
5
15
35
120
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
21
2
2
10
10
15
30
70
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
23
5
5
10
15
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
5:
hispanic
55
2
3
8
10
20
40
90
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
1156
1
1
3
5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
99
1
2
2
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
517
0
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
112
1
2
2
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
300
1
1
3
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
97
0
1
3
5
15
30
90
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
287
0
0
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
234
1
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
153
1
2
5
10
20
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
138
1
1
3
5
15
37.5
90
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
265
1
1
3
5
20
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
286
1
2
5
5
15
40
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
412
1
1
3
5
15
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
310
1
1
3
5.5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
843
1
1
3
5
15
40
120
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
430
1
2
4
5
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
21
Season
Winter
312
0
2
2
5
10
42.5
90
121
121
121
121
21
Season
Spring
403
1
2
4
10
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
396
1
1
3
10
20
55
121
121
121
121
121
21
Season
Fall
162
1
1
2
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
1162
1
1
3
5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
21
Asthma
Yes
105
2
4
5
6
15
45
121
121
121
121
121
21
Angina
No
1240
1
1
3
5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
Yes
25
1
1
5
5
15
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1204
1
1
3
5
15
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
62
1
2
4
5
15
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
63
Table
15­
48.
Number
of
Hours
Spent
Working
for
Pay
(
hours/
week)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4896
0
0
0
12
33
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Gender
Male
2466
0
0
0
18
40
40
53
61
61
61
61
61
Gender
Female
2430
0
0
0
6
28
40
43
55
60
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
1­
4
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
5­
11
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
12­
17
14
0
0
0
1
9
18.5
24
26
31
31
31
31
Age
(
years)
18­
64
4625
0
0
0
15
35
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
181
0
0
0
0
5
21
40
50
61
61
61
61
Race
White
3990
0
0
0
10
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Race
Black
499
0
0
0
18
35
40
46
60
61
61
61
61
Race
Asian
76
0
0
0
7
36.5
40
50
61
61
61
61
61
Race
Some
Others
87
0
0
0
0
30
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Race
Hispanic
194
0
0
0
15
32
40
48
60
60
61
61
61
Hispanic
No
4494
0
0
0
12
33
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Hispanic
Yes
341
0
0
0
8
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
4094
0
0
0
30
40
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Employment
Part
Time
802
0
0
0
0
10
20
30
38
40
61
61
61
Employment
Not
Employed
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Education
<
High
School
308
0
0
0
1
21
40
48
61
61
61
61
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
1598
0
0
0
12
32
40
48
60
61
61
61
61
Education
<
College
1251
0
0
0
15
30
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Education
College
Graduate
954
0
0
0
16
40
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Education
Post
Graduate
716
0
0
0
10
35
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Census
Region
Northeast
1096
0
0
0
14
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Census
Region
Midwest
1118
0
0
0
12
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Census
Region
South
1675
0
0
0
12
35
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Census
Region
West
1007
0
0
0
9
30
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3306
0
0
0
10
33
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1590
0
0
0
12
33
40
48
60
61
61
61
61
Season
Winter
1306
0
0
0
10
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Season
Spring
1197
0
0
0
15
35
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Season
Summer
1343
0
0
0
3
33
40
48
60
61
61
61
61
Season
Fall
1050
0
0
0
14.5
32
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Asthma
No
4579
0
0
0
12
34
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Asthma
Yes
302
0
0
0
9
30
40
48
60
61
61
61
61
Angina
No
4811
0
0
0
12
34
40
50
60
61
61
61
61
Angina
Yes
66
0
0
0
0
20
40
44
60
61
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4699
0
0
0
12
33
40
50
6
61
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
182
0
0
0
6
30
40
48
60
61
61
61
61
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
A
value
of
"
61"
for
number
of
hours
signifies
that
more
than
60
hours
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
hours.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
64
August
1997
Table
15­
49.
Number
of
Hours
Spent
Working
for
Pay
Between
6PM
and
6AM
(
hours/
week)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4894
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
45
61
61
61
Gender
Male
2465
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
35
50
61
61
61
Gender
Female
2429
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
20
39
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
1­
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
5­
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
12­
17
14
0
0
0
0
0
4.5
20
24
25
25
25
25
Age
(
years)
18­
64
4623
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
42
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
181
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
61
61
61
61
Race
White
3989
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
25
40
61
61
61
Race
Black
499
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
40
61
61
61
61
Race
Asian
75
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
30
61
61
61
61
Race
Some
Others
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
25
45
61
61
61
Race
Hispanic
194
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
35
48
61
61
61
Hispanic
No
4492
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
27
40
61
61
61
Hispanic
Yes
341
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
35
50
61
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
4092
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
45
61
61
61
Employment
Part
Time
802
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
20
35
61
61
61
Employment
Not
Employed
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Education
<
High
School
308
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
50
61
61
61
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
1597
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
35
50
61
61
61
Education
<
College
1251
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
26
40
60
61
61
Education
College
Graduate
953
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
20
40
61
61
61
Education
Post
Graduate
716
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
20
30
61
61
61
Census
Region
Northeast
1096
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
24
40
61
61
61
Census
Region
Midwest
1118
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
30
42
61
61
61
Census
Region
South
1674
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
30
48
61
61
61
Census
Region
West
1006
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
30
47
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3306
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
48
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1588
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
28
40
61
61
61
Season
Winter
1305
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
28
40
61
61
61
Season
Spring
1197
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
48
61
61
61
Season
Summer
1342
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
30
48
61
61
61
Season
Fall
1050
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
25
40
61
61
61
Asthma
No
4578
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
45
61
61
61
Asthma
Yes
301
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
28
36
61
61
61
Angina
No
4809
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
44
61
61
61
Angina
Yes
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
36
40
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4697
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
43
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
182
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
40
50
61
61
61
Note:
A
Value
of
"
61"
for
number
of
hours
signifies
that
more
than
60
hours
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
hours.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
65
Table
15­
50.
Number
of
Hours
Worked
in
a
Week
That
Was
Outdoors
(
hours/
week)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4891
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
50
61
61
61
Gender
Male
2463
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
42
60
61
61
61
Gender
Female
2428
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12
55
61
61
Age
(
years)
1­
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
5­
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
12­
17
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
18­
64
4621
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
50
61
61
61
Age
(
years)
>
64
181
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
29
60
61
61
61
Race
White
3986
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
30
50
61
61
61
Race
Black
499
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
48
61
61
61
Race
Asian
75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
30
40
61
61
Race
Some
Others
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
17
40
48
61
61
Race
Hispanic
194
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
30
50
61
61
61
Hispanic
No
4489
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
48
61
61
61
Hispanic
Yes
341
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
35
60
61
61
61
Employment
Full
Time
4090
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
35
50
61
61
61
Employment
Part
Time
801
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
30
61
61
61
Employment
Not
Employed
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Education
<
High
School
308
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.5
55
61
61
61
61
Education
High
School
Graduate
1594
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
40
60
61
61
61
Education
<
College
1251
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
46
61
61
61
Education
College
Graduate
953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
35
50
61
61
Education
Post
Graduate
716
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
15
60
61
61
Census
Region
Northeast
1094
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
40
61
61
61
Census
Region
Midwest
1117
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
50
61
61
61
Census
Region
South
1674
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
32
55
61
61
61
Census
Region
West
1006
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
33
50
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3305
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
32
50
61
61
61
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1586
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
48
61
61
61
Season
Winter
1305
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
50
61
61
61
Season
Spring
1195
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
30
50
61
61
61
Season
Summer
1341
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
36
50
61
61
61
Season
Fall
1050
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
45
61
61
61
Asthma
No
4576
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
50
61
61
61
Asthma
Yes
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
50
61
61
61
Angina
No
4806
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
50
61
61
61
Angina
Yes
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
35
50
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4694
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
50
61
61
61
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
182
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
30
60
61
61
61
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
61"
for
number
of
hours
signifies
that
more
than
60
hours
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
hours.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
66
August
1997
Table
15­
51.
Number
of
Times
Floors
Were
Swept
or
Vacuumed
at
Specified
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Total
N
Number
of
Times
Almost
Every
Day
3­
5/
week
1­
2/
week
1­
2/
month
<
Often
Never
DK
Overall
4663
921
1108
2178
373
48
10
25
Gender
Male
2163
415
520
976
201
27
5
19
Female
2498
505
588
1201
172
21
5
6
Refused
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
*
84
16
11
41
12
3
0
1
1­
4
263
96
74
88
4
0
0
1
5­
11
348
115
107
120
6
0
0
0
12­
17
326
82
83
144
15
2
0
0
18­
64
2972
524
723
1420
252
34
6
13
>
64
670
88
110
365
84
9
4
10
Race
White
3774
641
879
1868
324
36
8
18
Black
463
167
115
150
19
5
2
5
Asian
77
11
15
39
8
3
0
1
Some
Others
96
26
29
32
8
1
0
0
Hispanic
193
68
61
55
7
2
0
0
Refused
60
8
9
34
7
1
0
1
Hispanic
No
4244
799
988
2035
345
43
9
25
Yes
347
106
107
110
21
3
0
0
DK
26
8
3
11
2
1
1
0
Refused
46
8
10
22
5
1
0
0
Employment
*
926
290
267
342
24
2
0
1
Full
Time
2017
291
486
1018
184
27
2
9
Part
Time
379
82
82
177
34
1
0
3
Not
Employed
1309
256
263
626
127
18
8
11
Refused
32
2
10
15
4
0
0
1
Education
*
1021
314
285
384
31
4
0
3
<
High
School
399
110
91
162
20
6
2
8
High
School
Graduate
1253
269
302
591
69
12
3
7
<
College
895
130
223
438
93
8
2
1
College
Graduate
650
64
132
346
93
9
3
3
Post
Graduate
445
34
75
257
67
9
0
3
Census
Region
Northeast
1048
236
230
484
83
8
2
5
Midwest
1036
156
249
527
86
10
2
6
South
1601
376
403
707
93
11
2
9
West
978
153
226
460
111
19
4
5
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3156
631
765
1458
248
33
5
16
Weekend
1507
290
343
720
125
15
5
9
Season
Winter
1264
268
309
557
105
15
2
8
Spring
1181
217
286
560
96
12
3
7
Summer
1275
251
312
596
94
13
1
8
Fall
943
185
201
465
78
8
4
2
Asthma
No
4287
821
1013
2030
351
39
10
23
Yes
341
95
88
133
17
7
0
1
DK
35
5
7
15
5
2
0
1
Angina
No
4500
892
1080
2098
352
44
10
24
Yes
125
21
23
63
16
2
0
0
DK
38
8
5
17
5
2
0
1
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
4424
871
1064
2063
349
44
9
24
Yes
203
45
39
99
17
2
1
0
DK
36
5
5
16
7
2
0
1
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
DK
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N
=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
67
Table
15­
52.
Number
of
Days
Since
the
Floor
Area
in
the
Home
Was
Swept
or
Vacuumed
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Number
of
Days
since
That
Area
Was
Swept­
vacuumed
Total
0
Vacuumed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
14
Weeks
Dk
N
Yes'day
Swept­
>
2
Overall
9386
8112
550
278
189
85
63
31
17
26
2
1
5
16
11
Gender
Male
4294
3688
245
136
100
35
37
19
8
10
1
0
3
7
5
Female
5088
4421
304
142
89
50
26
12
9
16
1
1
2
9
6
Refused
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Age
(
years)
*
187
180
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1­
4
499
67
199
93
54
24
19
17
9
7
0
1
2
6
1
5­
11
703
393
121
70
50
23
22
8
2
4
1
0
2
2
5
12­
17
589
533
30
12
6
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
18­
64
6059
5592
198
102
76
34
22
6
5
13
1
0
1
5
4
>
64
1349
1347
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Race
White
7591
6586
398
232
152
72
55
29
14
24
2
1
5
13
8
Black
945
825
72
18
17
7
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Asian
157
138
5
6
2
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Some
Others
182
141
21
7
9
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hispanic
385
300
52
15
9
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
Refused
126
122
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hispanic
No
8534
7421
460
248
170
80
57
29
15
24
2
1
5
14
8
Yes
702
549
88
29
17
5
4
2
2
2
0
0
0
1
3
Dk
47
42
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Refused
103
100
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Employment
*
1773
974
349
175
112
50
41
25
12
13
1
1
4
9
7
Full
Time
4096
3826
96
64
50
21
18
6
4
6
1
0
0
4
0
Part
Time
802
741
28
10
8
6
2
0
0
4
0
0
1
1
1
Not
Employed
2644
2502
77
29
18
8
2
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
3
Refused
71
69
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Education
*
1968
1162
353
175
114
50
41
25
12
13
1
1
4
10
7
<
High
School
834
793
24
13
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
High
School
Graduate
2612
2447
76
39
26
9
7
1
2
0
1
0
0
2
2
<
College
1801
1681
55
25
18
10
6
0
1
3
0
0
0
2
0
College
Graduate
1247
1155
28
19
17
10
5
3
1
7
0
0
0
1
1
Post
Graduate
924
874
14
7
12
5
4
2
1
3
0
0
1
1
0
Census
Region
Northeast
2075
1793
129
65
35
18
4
9
9
6
0
0
0
5
2
Midwest
2102
1826
108
59
47
21
17
7
2
6
2
1
2
2
2
South
3243
2805
193
87
75
26
27
8
3
8
0
0
2
5
4
West
1966
1688
120
67
32
20
15
7
3
6
0
0
1
4
3
Day
of
Week
Weekday
6316
5487
366
160
125
57
51
18
13
15
2
1
4
11
6
Weekend
3070
2625
184
118
64
28
12
13
4
11
0
0
1
5
5
Season
Winter
2524
2144
162
79
61
27
17
7
3
13
0
0
1
5
5
Spring
2438
2112
121
90
48
19
19
9
7
4
0
0
2
5
2
Summer
2536
2187
167
68
41
26
19
12
3
3
0
1
2
4
3
Fall
1888
1669
100
41
39
13
8
3
4
6
2
0
0
2
1
Asthma
No
8629
7455
502
262
171
80
59
30
13
22
2
1
5
16
11
Yes
694
596
48
15
17
5
4
1
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
Dk
63
61
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Angina
No
9061
7793
547
277
189
83
63
31
17
26
2
1
5
16
11
Yes
250
246
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dk
75
73
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
8882
7645
536
268
182
84
61
31
17
25
2
1
5
15
10
Yes
433
397
13
10
7
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Dk
71
70
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
DK
=
respondents
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
68
August
1997
Table
15­
53.
Number
of
Loads
of
Laundry
Washed
in
a
Washing
Machine
at
Home
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Total
N
Number
of
Loads/
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
>
10
DK
Overall
1762
582
604
303
123
55
27
11
12
1
5
1
38
Gender
Male
678
219
241
120
41
17
8
*
*
1
1
*
30
Female
1083
363
363
183
82
38
19
10
12
*
4
1
8
Refused
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
30
9
14
2
3
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1­
4
109
29
36
24
12
5
2
*
*
*
1
*
*
5­
11
141
38
55
28
8
6
2
1
*
1
1
*
1
12­
17
127
39
52
22
10
1
1
*
1
*
*
*
1
18­
64
1161
385
376
209
80
35
22
9
11
*
3
1
30
>
64
194
82
71
18
10
7
*
1
*
*
*
*
5
Race
White
1511
513
519
254
101
48
23
11
12
1
3
*
26
Black
112
27
41
23
11
4
1
*
*
*
1
*
4
Asian
22
7
4
3
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
Some
Others
31
8
12
5
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
3
Hispanic
68
18
24
15
5
2
2
*
*
*
1
*
1
Refused
18
9
4
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
Hispanic
No
1615
536
556
271
115
50
24
11
12
1
4
*
35
Yes
126
38
42
26
8
5
3
*
*
*
1
*
3
DK
6
*
2
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
15
8
4
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
Employment
*
369
102
143
71
29
12
5
1
1
1
2
*
2
Full
Time
734
259
244
128
42
20
10
5
4
*
2
*
20
Part
Time
160
58
53
23
10
8
3
*
1
*
*
*
4
Not
Employed
482
158
158
79
41
15
8
5
6
*
1
1
10
Refused
17
5
6
2
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
2
Education
*
413
118
160
77
32
12
6
1
1
1
2
*
3
<
High
School
133
44
44
22
10
4
3
2
*
*
*
*
4
High
School
Graduate
508
175
166
85
35
18
8
3
4
*
*
*
14
<
College
321
105
101
61
25
9
3
2
5
*
2
1
7
College
Graduate
212
83
68
32
11
8
4
*
1
*
*
*
5
Post
Graduate
175
57
65
26
10
4
3
3
1
*
1
*
5
Census
Region
Northeast
367
111
146
57
23
13
7
2
1
*
*
*
7
Midwest
406
125
123
76
42
14
5
3
6
1
*
1
10
South
628
205
228
110
39
17
6
6
4
*
3
*
10
West
361
141
107
60
19
11
9
*
1
*
2
*
11
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1172
418
409
194
62
29
17
7
7
1
1
1
26
Weekend
590
164
195
109
61
26
10
4
5
*
4
*
12
Season
Winter
458
154
159
73
31
14
6
3
4
1
3
1
9
Spring
465
154
159
87
28
10
10
3
2
*
1
*
11
Summer
482
158
166
85
38
11
8
4
3
*
1
*
8
Fall
357
116
120
58
26
20
3
1
3
*
*
*
10
Asthma
No
1615
548
545
274
105
50
27
11
12
1
5
1
36
Yes
140
31
56
28
18
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
DK
7
3
3
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
1710
564
592
294
113
54
26
11
12
1
5
1
37
Yes
40
14
9
7
8
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
12
4
3
2
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1658
544
572
285
112
53
26
10
12
1
5
1
37
Yes
96
36
28
16
11
2
1
1
*
*
*
*
1
DK
8
2
4
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
And
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
69
Table
15­
54.
Number
of
Times
Using
a
Dishwasher
at
Specified
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Total
N
Number
of
Times/
Week
*
Almost
Every
Day
3­
5/
Week
1­
2/
Week
<
1­
2/
Week
DK
Overall
2635
1
557
678
529
824
46
Gender
Male
1235
*
259
282
247
417
30
Female
1399
1
298
396
282
406
16
Refused
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
Age
(
years)
*
35
*
4
13
11
6
1
1­
4
145
*
9
4
3
118
11
5­
11
211
*
14
8
15
157
17
12­
17
206
*
27
33
31
113
2
18­
64
1718
*
438
512
397
360
11
>
64
320
1
65
108
72
70
4
Race
White
2267
1
504
603
487
637
35
Black
163
*
19
32
19
90
3
Asian
54
*
7
8
7
31
1
Some
Others
45
*
9
8
1
24
3
Hispanic
84
*
13
15
12
40
4
Refused
22
*
5
12
3
2
*
Hispanic
No
2444
1
524
635
504
739
41
Yes
164
*
27
32
21
79
5
DK
11
*
2
2
2
5
*
Refused
16
*
4
9
2
1
*
Employment
*
552
*
49
45
46
382
30
Full
Time
1191
*
276
359
298
249
9
Part
Time
204
*
48
70
46
38
2
Not
Employed
678
1
181
200
136
155
5
Refused
10
*
3
4
3
*
*
Education
*
593
*
55
51
55
400
32
<
High
School
124
1
29
27
26
41
*
High
School
Graduate
582
*
153
173
114
132
10
<
College
560
*
144
181
117
117
1
College
Graduate
446
*
105
134
126
80
1
Post
Graduate
330
*
71
112
91
54
2
Census
Region
Northeast
538
*
133
144
95
159
7
Midwest
514
*
116
130
110
152
6
South
953
*
200
251
169
312
21
West
630
1
108
153
155
201
12
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1768
1
378
466
341
549
33
Weekend
867
*
179
212
188
275
13
Season
Winter
711
*
144
175
149
223
20
Spring
664
1
122
181
132
214
14
Summer
721
*
157
185
134
239
6
Fall
539
*
134
137
114
148
6
Asthma
No
2439
1
521
622
492
765
38
Yes
189
*
35
54
35
58
7
DK
7
*
1
2
2
1
1
Angina
No
2570
1
538
664
512
809
46
Yes
60
*
19
11
16
14
*
DK
5
*
*
3
1
1
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
2533
1
540
646
504
796
46
Yes
93
*
16
27
23
27
*
DK
9
*
1
5
2
1
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
And
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
70
August
1997
Table
15­
55.
Number
of
Times
Washing
Dishes
by
Hand
at
Specified
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Total
N
Number
of
Times/
Week
*
Almost
Every
Day
3­
5/
Week
1­
2/
Week
<
1­
2/
Week
DK
Overall
3626
1
2600
490
326
197
12
Gender
Male
1554
*
982
264
183
117
8
Female
2071
1
1618
225
143
80
4
Refused
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
65
*
51
6
2
6
*
1­
4
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
5­
11
103
*
12
14
33
44
*
12­
17
228
*
57
45
69
56
1
18­
64
2642
1
1979
379
201
76
6
>
64
587
*
501
46
20
15
5
Race
White
2928
1
2114
391
257
157
8
Black
385
*
261
61
40
21
2
Asian
61
*
48
6
3
4
*
Some
Others
67
*
44
9
9
5
*
Hispanic
147
*
108
17
12
8
2
Refused
38
*
25
6
5
2
*
Hispanic
No
3322
1
2383
454
296
178
10
Yes
258
*
185
32
25
14
2
DK
21
*
16
*
3
2
*
Refused
25
*
16
4
2
3
*
Employment
*
328
*
71
57
102
97
1
Full
Time
1765
*
1282
284
145
50
4
Part
Time
349
*
270
44
17
15
3
Not
Employed
1165
1
965
104
60
31
4
Refused
19
*
12
1
2
4
*
Education
*
386
*
101
65
107
112
1
<
High
School
354
*
298
26
15
12
3
High
School
Graduate
1106
1
856
140
74
30
5
<
College
796
*
606
116
57
16
1
College
Graduate
591
*
445
86
47
13
*
Post
Graduate
393
*
294
57
26
14
2
Census
Region
Northeast
832
*
636
90
60
43
3
Midwest
811
*
569
114
81
45
2
South
1214
1
840
175
124
70
4
West
769
*
555
111
61
39
3
Day
of
Week
Weekday
2474
*
1759
335
236
136
8
Weekend
1152
1
841
155
90
61
4
Season
Winter
985
*
691
138
90
63
3
Spring
902
1
648
117
85
46
5
Summer
987
*
705
132
92
55
3
Fall
752
*
556
103
59
33
1
Asthma
No
3345
1
2407
455
290
183
9
Yes
263
*
179
33
34
14
3
DK
18
*
14
2
2
*
*
Angina
No
3501
*
2499
475
321
194
12
Yes
105
1
86
11
5
2
*
DK
20
*
15
4
*
1
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3438
1
2459
460
314
192
12
Yes
169
*
126
27
11
5
*
DK
19
*
15
3
1
*
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
And
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
71
Table
15­
56.
Number
of
Times
for
Washing
Clothes
in
a
Washing
Machine
at
Specified
Frequencies
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Number
of
Times/
Week
Total
N
*
Almost
Every
Day
3­
5
/
Day
1­
2/
week
<
1/
week
Never
DK
Overall
4663
404
566
1033
1827
331
465
37
Gender
Male
2163
212
211
458
811
154
300
17
Female
2498
191
355
575
1015
177
165
20
Refused
2
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
84
3
6
11
47
3
2
12
1­
4
263
261
*
*
*
*
1
1
5­
11
348
101
2
4
16
15
206
4
12­
17
326
1
22
29
83
67
124
*
18­
64
2972
31
489
832
1328
197
83
12
>
64
670
7
47
157
353
49
49
8
Race
White
3774
316
499
883
1445
246
370
15
Black
463
39
33
72
207
52
55
5
Asian
77
4
1
12
39
13
8
*
Some
Others
96
16
10
15
36
8
11
*
Hispanic
193
29
19
41
77
10
17
*
Refused
60
*
4
10
23
2
4
17
Hispanic
No
4244
342
528
950
1674
307
424
19
Yes
347
59
31
69
130
20
38
*
DK
26
2
3
6
10
3
2
*
Refused
46
1
4
8
13
1
1
18
Employment
*
926
366
23
32
97
76
327
5
Full
Time
2017
21
305
569
929
119
66
8
Part
Time
379
6
64
101
166
29
13
*
Not
Employed
1309
10
170
326
628
105
58
12
Refused
32
1
4
5
7
2
1
12
Education
*
1021
367
33
37
129
89
343
23
<
High
School
399
3
61
88
178
40
27
2
High
School
Graduate
1253
14
218
367
548
55
47
4
<
College
895
3
126
261
432
51
19
3
College
Graduate
650
12
78
171
321
57
9
2
Post
Graduate
445
5
50
109
219
39
20
3
Census
Region
Northeast
1048
84
119
216
454
81
87
7
Midwest
1036
88
108
229
408
78
121
4
South
1601
147
229
376
557
97
182
13
West
978
85
110
212
408
75
75
13
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3156
257
407
697
1217
232
320
26
Weekend
1507
147
159
336
610
99
145
11
Season
Winter
1264
121
157
273
472
101
129
11
Spring
1181
122
135
259
464
82
113
6
Summer
1275
102
163
280
484
88
142
16
Fall
943
59
111
221
407
60
81
4
Asthma
No
4287
371
522
951
1700
303
421
19
Yes
341
32
42
79
118
26
43
1
DK
35
1
2
3
9
2
1
17
Angina
No
4500
403
555
993
1759
321
451
18
Yes
125
*
8
37
58
7
13
2
DK
38
1
3
3
10
3
1
17
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
4424
397
549
979
1724
315
441
19
Yes
203
7
15
51
92
14
23
1
DK
36
*
2
3
11
2
1
17
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
And
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
72
August
1997
Table
15­
57.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
on
Sand
or
Gravel
in
a
Day
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Day
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
70­
80
80­
90
90­
100
110­
120
121
Overall
700
41
348
42
34
57
4
12
66
2
9
2
27
56
Gender
Male
352
18
189
20
13
25
*
7
32
*
7
1
10
30
Female
347
23
158
22
21
32
4
5
34
2
2
1
17
26
Refusedused
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
*
3
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1­
4
216
13
115
15
9
15
2
3
15
1
5
*
7
16
5­
11
200
7
96
11
12
14
*
5
25
1
2
1
6
20
12­
17
41
1
23
1
2
4
*
*
3
*
*
1
3
3
18­
64
237
18
112
15
10
24
2
4
23
*
2
*
11
16
>
64
3
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Race
White
568
34
274
37
30
49
2
9
57
1
8
2
21
44
Black
68
4
42
5
3
2
*
1
4
*
*
*
3
4
Asian
5
*
2
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
Some
Others
16
2
9
*
*
*
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
3
Hispanic
41
*
19
*
1
5
*
2
3
1
1
*
3
4
Refused
2
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Hispanic
No
619
36
309
41
29
49
4
10
59
1
7
2
23
49
Yes
77
5
36
1
4
8
*
2
7
1
2
*
4
7
DK
3
*
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Employment
*
461
22
234
27
24
33
2
8
43
2
7
2
16
41
Full
Time
149
9
73
7
7
16
1
3
17
*
2
*
6
8
Part
Time
29
2
10
4
1
2
1
*
4
*
*
*
2
3
Not
Employed
60
7
31
4
2
6
*
1
2
*
*
*
3
4
Refused
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Education
*
461
22
234
27
24
33
2
8
43
2
7
2
16
41
<
High
School
22
5
9
*
*
3
*
*
1
*
*
*
2
2
High
School
Graduate
73
4
39
4
1
8
1
*
6
*
1
*
2
7
<
College
66
2
34
6
2
6
*
2
6
*
*
*
4
4
College
Graduate
54
4
26
3
3
6
1
2
7
*
*
*
*
2
Post
Graduate
24
4
6
2
4
1
*
*
3
*
1
*
3
*

Census
Region
Northeast
124
8
60
8
5
7
*
4
16
*
1
*
6
9
Midwest
128
6
69
8
6
14
*
2
11
*
2
*
3
7
South
273
17
133
18
12
25
3
3
30
*
3
2
6
21
West
175
10
86
8
11
11
1
3
9
2
3
*
12
19
Day
of
Week
Weekday
445
35
216
27
22
40
3
10
37
2
6
2
17
28
Weekend
255
6
132
15
12
17
1
2
29
*
3
*
10
28
Season
Winter
107
10
44
9
6
11
1
2
8
2
1
*
4
9
Spring
240
8
113
21
14
22
1
3
25
*
2
*
12
19
Summer
262
12
146
5
9
20
2
5
25
*
5
2
9
22
Fall
91
11
45
7
5
4
*
2
8
*
1
*
2
6
Asthma
No
638
38
319
39
34
51
4
10
57
2
9
2
22
51
Yes
61
3
28
3
*
6
*
2
9
*
*
*
5
5
DK
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Angina
No
699
40
348
42
34
57
4
12
66
2
9
2
27
56
DK
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Bronchitis/
Emphyseme
No
679
41
339
41
34
54
4
12
62
2
9
2
26
53
Yes
21
*
9
1
*
3
*
*
4
*
*
*
1
3
Note:
"*"
=
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
Don't
know.
Refused
=
refused
to
answer.
N
=
Doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
73
Table
15­
58.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
in
Sand
or
Gravel
(
minutes/
day)

Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
659
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
334
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
324
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
203
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
193
0
0
0
0
0
3
60
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
219
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Race
White
534
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
64
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
5
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
39
0
0
0
0
0
15
60
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
583
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
72
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
60
120
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
140
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
105
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
27
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
69
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
64
0
0
0
0
0
0
37.5
120
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
60
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
20
0
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
120
120
120
120
Census
Region
Northeast
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
122
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
165
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
410
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
120
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
249
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
97
0
0
0
0
0
5
45
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
232
0
0
0
0
0
1
52.5
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
80
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
105
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
600
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
58
0
0
0
0
0
3
60
120
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
659
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Bronch/
emphys
No
638
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
120
121
121
121
121
Bronch/
emphys
Yes
21
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
74
August
1997
Table
15­
59.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
in
Outdoors
on
Sand,
Gravel,
Dirt,
or
Grass
When
Fill
Dirt
Was
Present
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Day
Total
N
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
70­
80
80­
90
110­
120
121
Overall
700
53
380
51
29
48
1
6
60
7
1
21
43
Gender
Male
352
26
183
22
18
33
*
3
24
5
1
16
21
Female
347
27
196
29
11
15
1
3
36
2
*
5
22
Refused
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
3
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
1­
4
216
11
118
14
10
13
1
4
18
4
*
7
16
5­
11
200
15
103
14
8
15
*
1
17
1
*
9
17
12­
17
41
3
19
3
2
7
*
*
4
1
*
2
*
18­
64
237
23
138
19
9
13
*
1
20
1
1
3
9
>
64
3
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Race
White
568
40
317
40
21
38
*
5
48
5
1
15
38
Black
68
8
33
5
2
6
*
1
7
1
*
3
2
Asian
5
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Some
Others
16
*
10
1
2
1
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
41
5
17
5
4
*
*
*
4
1
*
3
2
Refused
2
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
619
45
345
42
21
44
1
6
54
5
1
17
38
Yes
77
8
32
9
8
3
*
*
6
2
*
4
5
DK
3
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
461
29
240
32
20
35
1
5
40
6
*
18
35
Full
Time
149
11
91
8
8
8
*
1
12
1
1
3
5
Part
Time
29
4
17
3
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
*
1
Not
Employed
60
8
32
8
1
3
*
*
6
*
*
*
2
Refused
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
461
29
240
32
20
35
1
5
40
6
*
18
35
<
High
School
22
5
9
*
*
3
*
*
2
*
*
1
2
High
School
Graduate
73
6
44
7
2
3
*
*
7
1
1
1
1
<
College
66
4
38
7
3
3
*
1
7
*
*
*
3
College
Graduate
54
3
35
3
4
4
*
*
3
*
*
*
2
Post
Graduate
24
6
14
2
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
Census
Region
Northeast
124
6
70
13
3
5
*
*
18
1
*
2
6
Midwest
128
12
77
6
7
10
*
1
7
2
*
2
4
South
273
23
153
17
12
20
*
3
17
4
*
11
13
West
175
12
80
15
7
13
1
2
18
*
1
6
20
Day
of
Week
Weekday
445
39
235
34
21
34
1
2
38
6
1
10
24
Weekend
255
14
145
17
8
14
*
4
22
1
*
11
19
Season
Winter
107
14
51
6
6
5
*
2
7
2
*
2
12
Spring
240
10
134
17
10
20
1
2
21
2
*
10
13
Summer
262
17
143
19
12
19
*
1
25
2
1
8
15
Fall
91
12
52
9
1
4
*
1
7
1
*
1
3
Asthma
No
638
48
354
47
25
41
1
5
50
7
1
19
40
Yes
61
5
25
4
4
7
*
1
10
*
*
2
3
DK
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Anngina
No
699
53
380
51
29
48
1
6
60
6
1
21
43
DK
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
679
52
368
51
28
46
1
5
57
7
1
21
42
Yes
21
1
12
*
1
2
*
1
3
*
*
*
1
Note:
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
k
=
Respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
Respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
Doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
75
Table
15­
60.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
on
Sand,
Gravel,
Dirt,
or
Grass
When
Fill
Dirt
Was
Present
(
minutes/
day)

Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
647
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
100
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
326
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
320
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
205
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
185
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
38
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
30
60
120
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
18­
64
214
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Race
White
528
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
74
120
121
121
121
Race
Asian
5
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
40
60
60
60
60
Race
Hispanic
36
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
120
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
574
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
90
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
69
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
120
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
138
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
60
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
60
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
67
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
88
120
121
121
Education
<
College
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
60
60
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
51
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
30
60
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
120
120
120
120
Census
Region
Northeast
118
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
90
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
163
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
406
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
88
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
241
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
93
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
230
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
105
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
245
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
90
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
79
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
120
121
121
121
Asthma
No
590
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
110
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
56
0
0
0
0
0
10
60
60
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
646
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
100
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
627
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
120
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
37.5
60
90.5
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
76
August
1997
Table
15­
61.
Range
of
the
Time
Spent
Working
in
a
Garden
or
Other
Circumstances
in
a
Month
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Hours/
Month
Total
*­*
0­
0
0­
24
24­
48
48­
72
72­
96
96­
120­
144­
168­
192­
216­
240­
264­
288­
312­
N
120
144
168
192
216
240
264
288
312
336
Overall
4663
91
2928
1312
145
81
28
23
1
10
5
12
8
3
1
1
14
Gender
Male
2163
38
1309
628
77
41
16
9
1
8
4
10
8
2
1
*
11
Female
2498
53
1618
683
68
40
12
14
*
2
1
2
*
1
*
1
3
Refused
2
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
84
11
51
17
*
2
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1­
4
263
7
189
55
4
3
2
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5­
11
348
7
225
100
9
4
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
1
12­
17
326
5
236
75
6
1
*
1
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
18­
64
2972
37
1813
900
97
52
16
16
1
7
1
8
8
3
*
*
13
>
64
670
24
414
165
29
19
8
3
*
2
2
3
*
*
*
1
*
Race
White
3774
59
2303
1128
127
69
22
21
1
7
4
11
7
3
1
1
10
Black
463
9
351
77
9
8
3
*
*
2
1
*
1
*
*
*
2
Asian
77
1
50
25
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
96
2
64
23
2
2
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
193
6
126
50
5
1
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
Refused
60
14
34
9
1
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
4244
65
2669
1206
135
73
25
20
1
8
5
12
8
3
1
1
12
Yes
347
11
218
94
9
6
3
3
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
DK
26
1
18
5
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
46
14
23
7
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
926
19
638
230
20
8
2
3
*
1
2
1
*
*
1
*
1
Full
Time
2017
18
1235
600
68
35
12
9
1
7
1
10
8
2
*
*
11
Part
Time
379
4
234
120
9
3
2
4
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Not
Employed
1309
39
808
354
48
35
12
7
*
*
2
1
*
1
*
1
1
Refused
32
11
13
8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
1021
34
699
246
22
8
3
3
*
1
2
1
*
*
1
*
1
<
High
School
399
18
263
86
11
9
4
4
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
2
High
School
1253
25
770
355
41
22
9
7
*
5
2
8
4
*
*
1
4
Graduate
895
11
545
265
33
18
6
3
*
1
*
2
4
3
*
*
4
<
College
650
1
406
200
19
12
3
5
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
2
College
Graduate
445
2
245
160
19
12
3
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Post
Graduate
Census
Region
Northeast
1048
17
714
259
24
12
4
8
*
3
*
2
1
*
1
*
3
Midwest
1036
23
687
273
19
18
5
3
*
*
*
3
*
3
*
*
2
South
1601
35
989
446
64
26
11
7
1
4
4
3
6
*
*
1
4
West
978
16
538
334
38
25
8
5
*
3
1
4
1
*
*
*
5
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3156
62
1982
890
96
54
18
15
1
8
3
6
7
2
*
1
11
Weekend
1507
29
946
422
49
27
10
8
*
2
2
6
1
1
1
*
3
Season
Winter
1264
9
1038
171
20
9
5
3
*
2
2
2
*
*
*
1
2
Spring
1181
29
614
434
50
20
8
7
*
4
1
4
5
2
*
*
3
Summer
1275
39
690
421
56
33
12
9
1
2
1
3
3
1
*
*
4
Fall
943
14
586
286
19
19
3
4
*
2
1
3
*
*
1
*
5
Asthma
No
4287
70
2697
1206
135
77
27
23
1
10
5
12
6
3
1
1
13
Yes
341
6
216
101
10
4
1
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
1
DK
35
15
15
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
4500
74
2825
1277
143
77
28
21
1
10
5
12
8
3
1
1
14
Yes
125
4
86
29
1
3
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
38
13
17
6
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
4424
72
2766
1265
140
77
27
22
1
10
5
12
8
3
1
1
14
Yes
203
5
146
43
5
2
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
DK
36
14
16
4
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
DK
=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
77
Table
15­
62.
Number
of
Hours
Spent
Working
with
Soil
in
a
Garden
or
Other
Circumstances
Working
(
hours/
month)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
4572
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
88
160
320
Gender
Male
2125
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
20
50
150
230
320
Gender
Female
2445
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12
30
60
90
320
Age
(
years)
1­
4
256
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
20
60
120
150
Age
(
years)
5­
11
341
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
20
50
60
320
Age
(
years)
12­
17
321
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
40
60
200
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2935
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
16
40
90
200
320
Age
(
years)
>
64
646
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
25
60
90
160
300
Race
White
3715
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
16
40
88
160
320
Race
Black
454
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
30
60
160
320
Race
Asian
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
6
15
24
40
40
Race
Some
Others
94
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
15
60
150
200
200
Race
Hispanic
187
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12
25
90
320
320
Hispanic
No
4179
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
80
180
320
Hispanic
Yes
336
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
15
32
90
120
320
Employment
Full
Time
1999
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
20
45
144
240
320
Employment
Part
Time
375
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
12
32
90
120
320
Employment
Not
Employed
1270
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
20
45
64
100
320
Education
<
High
School
381
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
16
60
120
160
320
Education
High
School
Grad
1228
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.5
20
50
120
200
320
Education
<
College
884
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
20
40
90
240
320
Education
College
Grad.
649
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
16
40
70
100
320
Education
Post
Grad.
443
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
20
40
61
90
320
Census
Region
Northeast
1031
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
10
30
90
120
320
Census
Region
Midwest
1013
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
30
60
120
320
Census
Region
South
1566
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
18
40
90
180
320
Census
Region
West
962
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
20
50
90
200
320
Day
of
Week
Weekday
3094
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
80
160
320
Day
of
Week
Weekend
1478
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
90
150
320
Season
Winter
1255
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
12
50
90
320
Season
Spring
1152
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
20
45
110
200
320
Season
Summer
1236
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
25
50
96
160
320
Season
Fall
929
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
10
30
88
180
320
Asthma
No
4217
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
90
160
320
Asthma
Yes
335
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
12
30
60
80
320
Angina
No
4426
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
88
160
320
Angina
Yes
121
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
24
60
110
120
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4352
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
15
40
88
180
320
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
198
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
24
60
80
100
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
DK
=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Refused
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
78
August
1997
Table
15­
63.
Range
of
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
on
Grass
in
a
Day
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Day
Total
*­*
0­
0
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
60­
70
70­
80
80­
90
90­
100­
110­
121­
N
100
110
120
121
Overall
700
43
79
49
49
85
7
11
125
1
1
21
1
2
66
160
Gender
Male
352
25
35
23
25
41
3
5
64
*
1
12
*
1
33
84
Female
347
18
44
26
24
44
4
6
61
1
*
9
1
1
33
75
Refused
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Age
(
years)
*
3
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1­
4
216
10
24
19
21
25
1
4
35
*
1
8
*
1
18
49
5­
11
200
15
24
10
10
19
2
3
38
1
*
8
1
*
20
49
12­
17
41
2
5
1
2
8
*
1
8
*
*
1
*
*
8
5
18­
64
237
16
26
18
15
32
4
3
44
*
*
4
*
1
20
54
>
64
3
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
Race
White
568
36
65
40
39
58
7
9
98
1
1
17
1
1
56
139
Black
68
3
4
6
7
14
*
1
15
*
*
2
*
*
5
11
Asian
5
*
*
1
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Some
Others
16
*
4
*
1
1
*
*
4
*
*
1
*
*
2
3
Hispanic
41
4
5
2
2
9
*
*
8
*
*
1
*
1
3
6
Refused
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
619
38
65
44
42
73
6
11
110
1
1
18
1
1
62
146
Yes
77
5
13
5
7
11
1
*
14
*
*
3
*
1
4
13
DK
3
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Refused
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
461
27
54
31
34
52
3
8
81
1
1
17
1
1
46
104
Full
Time
149
8
16
12
10
21
3
3
25
*
*
2
*
*
13
36
Part
Time
29
2
5
1
1
6
*
*
4
*
*
2
*
*
3
5
Not
Employed
60
5
4
5
4
6
1
*
15
*
*
*
*
1
4
15
Refused
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
461
27
54
31
34
52
3
8
81
1
1
17
1
1
46
104
<
High
School
22
2
2
1
1
4
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
1
3
5
High
School
73
4
8
9
4
6
1
1
9
*
*
3
*
*
6
22
Graduate
66
2
7
4
6
13
2
*
20
*
*
*
*
*
3
9
<
College
54
3
5
3
4
6
1
1
10
*
*
*
*
*
6
15
College
Graduate
24
5
3
1
*
4
*
1
2
*
*
1
*
*
2
5
Post
Graduate
Census
Region
Northeast
124
5
14
10
4
13
*
3
26
*
*
2
1
*
10
36
Midwest
128
8
7
10
10
15
1
3
23
*
1
4
*
*
15
31
South
273
21
22
20
25
30
5
4
52
1
*
11
*
2
23
57
West
175
9
36
9
10
27
1
1
24
*
*
4
*
*
18
36
Day
of
Week
Weekday
445
33
55
35
32
55
3
7
82
*
1
15
1
1
38
87
Weekend
255
10
24
14
17
30
4
4
43
1
*
6
*
1
28
73
Season
Winter
107
12
22
6
6
15
2
*
15
*
*
5
*
*
5
19
Spring
240
9
23
16
13
28
1
5
49
*
*
7
1
1
26
61
Summer
262
12
20
20
18
36
2
5
48
1
*
7
*
1
29
63
Fall
91
10
14
7
12
6
2
1
13
*
1
2
*
*
6
17
Asthma
No
638
38
73
46
44
78
7
9
114
1
1
18
1
2
60
146
Yes
61
5
6
3
5
7
*
2
10
*
*
3
*
*
6
14
DK
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
699
43
79
49
48
85
7
11
125
1
1
21
1
2
66
160
DK
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
679
43
76
49
47
83
7
11
120
1
1
20
1
2
65
153
Yes
21
*
3
*
2
2
*
*
5
*
*
1
*
*
1
7
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
79
Table
15­
64.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Playing
on
Grass
(
minutes/
day)

Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
657
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Male
327
0
0
0
0
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Gender
Female
329
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
1­
4
206
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
5­
11
185
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
12­
17
39
0
0
0
0
30
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
18­
64
221
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Age
(
years)
>
64
3
30
30
30
30
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
White
532
0
0
0
0
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Black
65
0
0
0
3
20
58
90
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Asian
5
10
10
10
10
30
30
30
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Some
Others
16
0
0
0
0
10
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Race
Hispanic
37
0
0
0
0
30
60
110
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
No
581
0
0
0
0
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Hispanic
Yes
72
0
0
0
0
10
35
100
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Full
Time
141
0
0
0
0
20
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Part
Time
27
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Employment
Not
Employed
55
0
0
0
5
23
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
High
School
20
0
0
0
5
30
60
120.5
121
121
121
121
121
Education
High
School
Graduate
69
0
0
0
0
15
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
<
College
64
0
0
0
0
17.5
46.5
60
121
121
121
121
121
Education
College
Graduate
51
0
0
0
1
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Education
Post
Graduate
19
0
0
0
0
25
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Northeast
119
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
Midwest
120
0
0
0
7.5
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
South
252
0
0
0
1
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Census
Region
West
166
0
0
0
0
10
45
120
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekday
412
0
0
0
0
15
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Day
of
Week
Weekend
245
0
0
0
1
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Winter
95
0
0
0
0
4
30
120
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Spring
231
0
0
0
1
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Summer
250
0
0
0
1.5
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
Season
Fall
81
0
0
0
0
10
35
120
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
No
600
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Asthma
Yes
56
0
0
0
0
22.5
60
120.5
121
121
121
121
121
Angina
No
656
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
636
0
0
0
0
20
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
21
0
0
0
0
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
NOTE:
A
value
of
"
121"
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
120
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
80
August
1997
Table
15­
65.
Number
of
Times
Swimming
in
a
Month
in
Freshwater
Swimming
Pool
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Times/
Month
Total
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Overall
653
147
94
73
47
42
26
11
26
2
38
3
27
2
2
27
2
Gender
Male
300
62
47
37
20
16
17
5
9
2
16
2
13
1
*
16
1
Female
352
85
47
36
27
26
9
6
17
*
22
1
14
1
1
11
1
Refused
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
8
2
2
1
1
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1­
4
63
11
14
7
3
3
4
1
3
1
4
*
2
1
1
2
*
5­
11
100
16
15
7
9
6
4
2
4
*
7
*
5
*
*
11
2
12­
17
84
21
13
7
4
8
4
2
3
1
8
*
1
*
*
2
*
18­
64
360
86
48
50
27
22
11
5
14
*
18
3
15
1
1
10
*
>
64
38
11
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
*
1
*
4
*
*
2
*
Race
White
555
126
74
64
44
32
25
10
23
2
36
1
23
2
2
21
1
Black
30
8
7
1
*
2
*
*
1
*
*
2
*
*
*
2
1
Asian
13
3
2
2
*
1
*
1
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
12
2
*
2
2
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
Hispanic
35
5
8
4
1
6
1
*
1
*
1
*
3
*
*
*
*
Refused
8
3
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
591
135
81
68
44
35
25
10
25
2
36
3
24
1
2
24
2
Yes
55
10
11
5
2
6
1
1
1
*
2
*
3
1
*
3
*
DK
2
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
5
2
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
243
47
41
21
17
15
12
5
10
2
18
*
8
1
1
15
2
Full
Time
240
56
38
38
15
13
10
3
8
*
10
1
8
1
1
6
*
Part
Time
43
13
2
4
3
8
*
1
1
*
4
2
2
*
*
1
*
Not
Employed
122
30
12
10
12
6
3
2
7
*
6
*
9
*
*
5
*
Refused
5
1
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Education
*
257
51
43
21
18
17
12
5
11
2
19
*
8
1
1
15
2
<
High
School
16
2
2
3
*
3
1
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
High
School
Graduate
112
28
15
16
11
6
5
1
1
*
5
1
5
*
1
3
*
<
College
104
29
11
11
2
9
2
3
7
*
4
1
7
*
*
3
*
College
Graduate
93
22
12
14
10
2
3
*
2
*
5
*
6
*
*
4
*
Post
Graduate
71
15
11
8
6
5
3
1
4
*
5
*
1
1
*
2
*
Census
Region
Northeast
136
32
15
10
16
9
4
1
4
*
13
1
8
1
2
4
*
Midwest
130
35
21
17
8
6
7
2
4
*
9
*
4
1
*
6
*
South
235
46
36
29
13
15
12
7
10
2
10
2
8
*
*
9
2
West
152
34
22
17
10
12
3
1
8
*
6
*
7
*
*
8
*
Day
of
Week
Weekday
445
97
67
52
36
25
15
9
14
1
24
2
18
2
2
21
1
Weekend
208
50
27
21
11
17
11
2
12
1
14
1
9
*
*
6
1
Season
Winter
62
19
12
5
3
1
2
*
6
*
2
1
3
*
*
*
*
Spring
174
55
25
19
13
9
7
3
7
*
8
*
7
*
*
2
1
Summer
363
61
45
41
29
26
15
8
12
2
27
2
14
2
2
24
1
Fall
54
12
12
8
2
6
2
*
1
*
1
*
3
*
*
1
*
Asthma
No
590
132
81
67
43
38
25
10
24
2
37
3
25
2
2
22
2
Yes
56
14
11
5
4
3
1
1
2
*
1
*
2
*
*
5
*
DK
7
1
2
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
639
143
90
73
47
41
26
10
26
2
37
3
27
2
2
26
2
Yes
8
3
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
DK
6
1
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
621
138
91
71
45
40
25
10
24
2
38
2
27
2
2
25
2
Yes
26
8
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
2
*
DK
6
1
2
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
81
Table
15­
65.
Number
of
Times
Swimming
in
a
Month
in
Freshwater
Swimming
Pool
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
(
continued)
Times/
Month
18
20
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
40
42
45
50
60
DK
Overall
2
25
1
1
9
2
1
1
26
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
5
Gender
Male
*
10
*
*
4
2
1
*
10
2
1
1
1
*
*
*
4
Female
2
15
1
1
5
*
*
1
16
*
*
1
1
1
1
2
1
Refused
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Age
(
years)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1­
4
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
1
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
5­
11
*
3
*
1
2
*
*
*
5
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
12­
17
1
4
*
*
*
1
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
18­
64
*
15
1
*
7
1
1
*
15
2
*
2
1
1
*
*
3
>
64
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
1
Race
White
2
19
1
1
9
2
1
1
19
2
1
2
2
*
*
2
5
Black
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Asian
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Some
Others
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
Hispanic
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
Refused
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hispanic
No
2
23
1
1
9
2
1
1
20
2
1
2
2
*
1
2
4
Yes
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
6
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
DK
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Refused
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Employment
*
1
9
*
1
2
1
*
1
9
*
1
*
*
*
1
1
1
Full
Time
*
8
*
*
5
*
1
*
10
2
*
2
1
1
*
*
2
Part
Time
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Not
Employed
1
7
1
*
1
1
*
*
6
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
1
Refused
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Education
*
1
11
*
1
2
2
*
1
9
*
1
*
*
*
1
1
1
<
High
School
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
High
School
Graduate
*
6
*
*
1
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
1
<
College
*
3
1
*
4
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
2
College
Graduate
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
*
3
2
*
2
1
*
*
*
1
Post
Graduate
1
2
*
*
*
*
1
*
5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Census
Region
Northeast
*
7
*
*
2
1
*
*
2
1
*
1
1
*
*
*
1
Midwest
*
4
*
*
1
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
South
2
7
1
1
4
*
1
1
9
1
*
1
*
*
1
1
4
West
*
7
*
*
2
1
*
*
11
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
Day
of
Week
Weekday
1
18
1
1
7
1
1
*
19
*
1
1
*
1
1
2
4
Weekend
1
7
*
*
2
1
*
1
7
2
*
1
2
*
*
*
1
Season
Winter
1
3
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
Spring
*
8
*
*
2
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
1
*
1
1
2
Summer
1
10
1
1
7
1
*
1
21
1
1
2
*
1
*
1
3
Fall
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Asthma
No
2
21
1
1
9
1
1
1
23
2
1
2
2
1
*
2
5
Yes
*
3
*
*
*
1
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
DK
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Angina
No
2
24
1
1
9
2
1
1
26
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
Yes
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
DK
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
2
22
1
1
9
2
1
1
23
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
Yes
*
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
DK
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data;
"
DK"
=
respondent
answered
don't
know;
N=
sample
size;
Refused
=
respondent
refused
to
answer.
Source:
Tsang
And
Klepeis,
1996
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
82
August
1997
Table
15­
66.
Range
of
the
Average
Amount
of
Time
Actually
Spent
in
the
Water
by
Swimmers
by
the
Number
of
Respondents
Minutes/
Month
Total
110­
150­
180­
181­
N
*­*
0­
10
10­
20
20­
30
30­
40
40­
50
50­
60
60­
70
70­
80
80­
90
90­
120
150
180
181
100
Overall
653
13
62
75
120
20
39
131
8
2
31
2
68
10
32
40
Gender
Male
300
5
31
38
60
6
17
55
3
*
18
1
28
6
17
15
Female
352
7
31
37
60
14
22
76
5
2
13
1
40
4
15
25
Refused
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Age
(
years)
*
8
1
2
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
1­
4
63
3
5
12
12
1
4
8
*
*
2
*
7
1
3
5
5­
11
100
5
3
2
12
5
4
25
*
*
7
*
16
2
11
8
12­
17
84
1
3
7
10
2
6
15
*
1
8
1
14
4
6
6
18­
64
360
3
45
50
75
8
22
74
8
*
13
1
26
3
12
20
>
64
38
*
4
3
9
4
3
9
*
1
1
*
3
*
*
1
Race
White
555
7
53
67
105
18
36
109
8
2
24
2
59
9
26
30
Black
30
3
1
1
4
*
*
8
*
*
5
*
1
1
1
5
Asian
13
*
1
1
3
1
*
4
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
1
Some
Others
12
*
1
2
1
*
*
3
*
*
*
*
2
*
1
2
Hispanic
35
1
5
4
4
1
2
7
*
*
1
*
4
*
4
2
Refused
8
2
1
*
3
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*

Hispanic
No
591
11
57
67
108
19
35
120
8
2
29
2
62
9
28
34
Yes
55
1
5
8
10
1
3
10
*
*
2
*
5
1
4
5
DK
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
Refused
5
1
*
*
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*

Employment
*
243
9
11
20
34
8
13
48
*
1
16
1
37
7
19
19
Full
Time
240
3
31
29
51
4
14
51
3
*
8
*
21
3
10
12
Part
Time
43
*
3
10
12
1
3
2
1
*
5
*
2
*
*
4
Not
Employed
122
1
16
16
21
7
8
30
4
1
2
1
7
*
3
5
Refused
5
*
1
*
2
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*

Education
*
257
9
13
22
35
8
15
50
*
1
17
1
39
7
20
20
<
High
School
16
*
4
2
3
*
*
3
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
2
High
School
Graduate
112
1
12
10
16
5
8
26
1
1
5
1
11
*
5
10
<
College
104
2
15
16
27
2
4
20
3
*
4
*
6
1
2
2
College
Graduate
93
1
8
15
21
2
6
17
1
*
1
*
10
2
4
5
Post
Graduate
71
*
10
10
18
3
6
15
2
*
3
*
2
*
1
1
Census
Region
Northeast
136
2
12
17
28
5
9
20
3
1
4
*
13
3
9
10
Midwest
130
3
10
17
27
4
8
24
1
*
6
*
17
1
7
5
South
235
8
20
19
37
6
15
56
*
*
13
1
26
4
12
18
West
152
*
20
22
28
5
7
31
4
1
8
1
12
2
4
7
Day
of
Week
Weekday
445
11
45
52
82
14
23
87
7
2
19
*
46
8
22
27
Weekend
208
2
17
23
38
6
16
44
1
*
12
2
22
2
10
13
Season
Winter
62
2
6
6
10
5
3
14
*
*
3
1
7
1
1
3
Spring
174
3
21
24
37
7
12
32
*
2
6
1
13
3
6
7
Summer
363
7
29
36
64
6
20
77
6
*
20
*
44
6
23
25
Fall
54
1
6
9
9
2
4
8
2
*
2
*
4
*
2
5
Asthma
No
590
12
52
71
114
19
33
117
8
2
26
2
64
9
26
35
Yes
56
1
9
3
4
*
5
14
*
*
5
*
3
1
6
5
DK
7
*
1
1
2
1
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
Angina
No
639
13
60
73
118
19
37
130
8
2
30
2
66
10
32
39
Yes
8
*
*
2
1
1
1
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
DK
6
*
2
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
621
13
56
72
115
19
37
123
7
2
31
2
67
10
30
37
Yes
26
*
5
3
4
1
1
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
3
DK
6
*
1
*
1
*
1
1
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*

Note:
*
Signifies
missing
data.
DK
=
respondents
answered
don't
know.
Ref
=
respondents
refused
to
answer.
N
=
doer
sample
size
in
specified
range
of
number
of
minutes
spent.
Values
of
120
,
150
,
and
180
for
number
of
minutes
signify
that
2
hours,
2.5
hours,
and
3
hours,
respectively,
were
spent.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
83
Table
15­
67.
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Swimming
in
a
Month
in
Freshwater
Swimming
Pool
(
minutes/
month)

Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
1
2
5
10
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
100
Overall
640
2
3
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Gender
Male
295
3
4
8
10
30
45
90
180
181
181
181
181
Gender
Female
345
2
3
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Age
(
years)
1­
4
60
3
3
7.5
15
20
42.5
120
180
181
181
181
181
Age
(
years)
5­
11
95
2
3
20
30
45
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Age
(
years)
12­
17
83
4
5
15
20
40
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Age
(
years)
18­
64
357
2
3
5
10
20
45
60
120
181
181
181
181
Age
(
years)
>
64
38
5
5
8
10
30
40
60
120
120
181
181
181
Race
White
548
2
3
10
15
30
45
90
180
181
181
181
181
Race
Black
27
10
10
15
30
60
60
150
181
181
181
181
181
Race
Asian
13
4
4
4
20
30
60
60
120
181
181
181
181
Race
Some
Others
12
2
2
2
15
25
60
150
181
181
181
181
181
Race
Hispanic
34
3
3
5
10
20
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Hispanic
No
580
2
3
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Hispanic
Yes
54
3
5
5
15
30
52.5
120
180
181
181
181
181
Employment
Full
Time
237
3
4
5
10
20
45
60
150
181
181
181
181
Employment
Part
Time
43
2
2
5
15
20
30
90
120
181
181
181
181
Employment
Not
Employed
121
2
2
8
10
20
45
60
120
180
181
181
181
Education
<
High
School
16
1
1
1
2
12.5
30
60.5
181
181
181
181
181
Education
High
School
Graduate
111
3
5
8
10
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Education
<
College
102
3
3
5
10
20
30
60
120
120
180
181
181
Education
College
Graduate
92
2
3
10
15
22.5
42.5
60.5
150
181
181
181
181
Education
Post
Graduate
71
5
10
10
10
20
30
60
70
120
180
181
181
Census
Region
Northeast
134
4
8
10
15
30
45
120
180
181
181
181
181
Census
Region
Midwest
127
5
5
10
15
30
45
90
150
180
181
181
181
Census
Region
South
227
2
3
5
15
30
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Census
Region
West
152
2
3
5
10
20
45
61
120
180
181
181
181
Day
of
Week
Weekday
434
2
3
8
10
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Day
of
Week
Weekend
206
4
5
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Season
Winter
60
2
3
5
12.5
30
52.5
90
120
180.5
181
181
181
Season
Spring
171
2
4
5
10
20
40
60
120
180
181
181
181
Season
Summer
356
3
3
10
15
30
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Season
Fall
53
2
10
10
10
20
45
70
180
181
181
181
181
Asthma
No
578
2
3
10
15
30
55
90
180
181
181
181
181
Asthma
Yes
55
2
3
4
10
30
60
120
180
181
181
181
181
Angina
No
626
2
3
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Angina
Yes
8
15
15
15
15
25
42.5
75
120
120
120
120
120
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
608
3
3
10
15
30
60
90
180
181
181
181
181
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
26
2
2
5
5
15
42.5
60
181
181
181
181
181
Note:
A
Value
of
181
for
number
of
minutes
signifies
that
more
than
180
minutes
were
spent.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
84
August
1997
Table
15­
68.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Working
in
a
Main
Job
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
3259
475.909
179.067
3.1367
1
1440
120
395
500
570
660
740
840
930
Gender
Male
1733
492.305
186.996
4.4919
1
1440
120
417
510
595
690
770
890
955
Gender
Female
1526
457.288
167.74
4.294
2
1440
120
390
485
543
620
690
785
850
Age
(
years)
*
80
472.375
183.298
20.4933
5
940
117.5
377.5
482.5
560
672.5
850
900
940
Age
(
years)
1­
4
3
16.667
11.547
6.6667
10
30
10
10
10
30
30
30
30
30
Age
(
years)
5­
11
10
150.4
185.796
58.754
2
550
2
10
67.5
264
447.5
550
550
550
Age
(
years)
12­
17
38
293.158
180.681
29.3103
5
840
15
185
269
390
510
675
840
840
Age
(
years)
18­
64
2993
484.822
173.083
3.1638
1
1440
140
420
505
570
660
745
840
930
Age
(
years)
>
64
135
366.148
208.656
17.9582
5
990
30
185
395
500
600
660
840
940
Race
White
2630
477.536
179.01
3.4906
1
1440
120
400
500
570
660
735
845
933
Race
Black
343
466.551
175.989
9.5025
5
1037
105
390
490
550
655
735
880
990
Race
Asian
57
464.053
177.305
23.4846
5
870
45
390
493
553
660
750
780
870
Race
Some
Others
56
477.411
181.661
24.2754
45
855
75
415
510
570
680
765
780
855
Race
Hispanic
125
465.88
185.322
16.5757
2
840
95
360
485
580
720
750
825
840
Race
Refused
48
492.083
191.623
27.6584
50
957
120
410
507.5
575
810
840
957
957
Hispanic
No
2980
475.393
179.214
3.2829
1
1440
120
395
500
570
660
740
850
940
Hispanic
Yes
221
481.493
174.32
11.726
2
1106
150
405
505
580
670
740
825
840
Hispanic
DK
12
529.583
146.226
42.2117
295
757
295
425
554
610
710
757
757
757
Hispanic
Refused
46
468.522
201.347
29.687
10
860
115
350
497.5
585
780
818
860
860
Employment
*
47
257.915
202.833
29.5863
2
840
5
65
245
390
540
625
840
840
Employment
Full
Time
2679
504.35
164.818
3.1843
1
1440
180
450
510
582
675
750
855
950
Employment
Part
Time
395
364.587
159.361
8.0183
5
945
80
250
365
480
540
600
675
795
Employment
Not
Employed
112
270.946
216.024
20.4123
4
990
9
82.5
245
377.5
600
675
795
870
Employment
Refused
26
513.577
155.456
30.4875
170
840
225
440
510
570
778
790
840
840
Education
*
108
343.037
211.879
20.3881
2
860
10
176.5
342.5
510
610
675
840
840
Education
<
High
School
217
473.502
216.729
14.7125
4
1440
85
360
485
568
710
795
940
1080
Education
High
School
Graduate
1045
482.03
180.638
5.5879
1
1440
120
405
500
565
670
765
890
979
Education
<
College
795
475.585
174.025
6.172
2
1440
140
409
495
563
648
750
825
905
Education
College
Graduate
627
484.526
159.816
6.3824
5
1005
120
424
510
570
645
720
765
815
Education
Post
Graduate
467
483.041
169.574
7.847
1
945
125
400
510
590
660
730
810
860
Census
Region
Northeast
721
475.964
180.84
6.7348
1
1440
120
405
495
570
669
740
890
950
Census
Region
Midwest
755
477.008
182.167
6.6297
2
1440
120
395
495
570
660
750
825
940
Census
Region
South
1142
478.231
176.739
5.23
1
1440
105
405
505
570
660
735
840
900
Census
Region
West
641
470.415
177.801
7.0227
5
1080
120
390
500
570
657
730
850
880
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
2788
487.858
166.167
3.147
1
1440
155
425
505
570
660
740
840
930
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
471
405.18
229.526
10.576
2
1440
30
245
415
555
670
770
870
960
Season
Winter
864
475.784
172.828
5.8797
5
1440
150
390
495
570
660
735
835
900
Season
Spring
791
472.972
195.425
6.9485
1
1440
75
390
495
570
670
765
850
915
Season
Summer
910
477.185
179.907
5.9639
1
1215
120
400
500
565
670
750
890
979
Season
Fall
694
477.739
165.961
6.2998
2
1005
130
405
510
570
645
720
780
840
Asthma
No
3042
477.013
176.967
3.2086
1
1440
120
400
500
570
660
740
840
930
Asthma
Yes
195
453.354
204.227
14.625
5
1440
45
345
480
550
668
793
855
979
Asthma
DK
22
523.182
216.952
46.2542
170
1215
225
430
500
565
780
860
1215
1215
Angina
No
3192
475.735
178.389
3.1574
1
1440
120
395
500
570
660
740
840
930
Angina
Yes
44
472.068
200.68
30.2536
10
990
60
386
500
572.5
679
730
990
990
Angina
DK
23
507.391
230.296
48.02
80
1215
170
430
500
565
780
860
1215
1215
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
3120
476.547
178.194
3.1902
1
1440
120
400
500
570
660
740
840
930
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
116
446.991
189.381
17.5836
5
985
30
367.5
480
557.5
644
720
800
855
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
DK
23
535.217
226.256
47.1777
170
1215
225
430
500
600
860
875
1215
1215
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
85
Table
15­
69.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Food
Preparation
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
4278
52.35
52.877
0.8084
1
555
5
20
35
65
115
150
210
265
Gender
Male
1342
37.77
42.133
1.1501
1
480
5
13
30
50
80
105
150
210
Gender
Female
2936
59.02
55.872
1.0311
1
555
5
25
45
75
120
155
224
272
Age
(
years)
*
94
52
43.217
4.4575
5
215
5
20
40
60
110
150
195
215
Age
(
years)
1­
4
24
56.46
60.37
12.3229
5
240
5
22.5
30
75
150
180
240
240
Age
(
years)
5­
11
60
25.17
29.688
3.8327
1
120
2
5
11
30
60
107
120
120
Age
(
years)
12­
17
131
21.7
37.69
3.293
1
385
2
5
10
30
55
70
90
90
Age
(
years)
18­
64
3173
52.07
52.872
0.9386
1
555
5
20
35
65
110
145
210
265
Age
(
years)
>
64
796
60.5
54.669
1.9377
1
525
5
25
45
80
120
150
240
270
Race
White
3584
51.62
53.259
0.8896
1
555
5
19
35
65
110
145
210
265
Race
Black
377
57.03
52.289
2.693
1
390
5
20
40
75
120
150
210
240
Race
Asian
62
54
41.822
5.3115
2
210
5
20
50
70
105
130
175
210
Race
Some
Others
66
50.59
53.237
6.553
1
295
5
15
33.5
70
115
150
210
295
Race
Hispanic
132
58.76
49.73
4.3285
2
315
5
23.5
52.5
79.5
110
135
225
285
Race
Refused
57
53.14
49.297
6.5295
2
210
5
20
40
60
120
180
195
210
Hispanic
No
3960
51.84
52.603
0.8359
1
555
5
20
35
65
111
145
205
255
Hispanic
Yes
254
58.99
56.694
3.5573
2
420
5
20
45
75
120
155
240
315
Hispanic
DK
20
54.95
53.2
11.8959
6
240
8
25
45
60
112.5
180
240
240
Hispanic
Refused
44
58.61
53.296
8.0346
2
210
5
27.5
37.5
80
150
180
210
210
Employment
*
210
27.17
40.549
2.7981
1
385
2
5
15
30
60
90
120
180
Employment
Full
Time
1988
45.46
46.66
1.0465
1
480
5
15
30
60
90
130
180
240
Employment
Part
Time
419
53.85
55.413
2.7071
2
520
5
20
40
65
105
125
205
255
Employment
Not
Employed
1626
63.62
57.743
1.432
1
555
5
29
45
90
125
170
240
275
Employment
Refused
35
53.54
66.78
11.2879
2
340
2
20
30
60
120
195
340
340
Education
*
291
31.71
42.621
2.4985
1
385
2
5
15
37
75
120
155
195
Education
<
High
School
450
61.26
53.232
2.5094
1
555
5
30
45
90
120
150
197
225
Education
High
School
Graduate
1449
58.84
56.665
1.4886
1
520
5
22
45
75
120
155
240
310
Education
<
College
954
51.99
52.238
1.6913
1
525
5
20
34.5
65
110
150
210
245
Education
College
Graduate
659
46.2
48.078
1.8728
1
515
5
15
30
60
100
125
180
224
Education
Post
Graduate
475
46.04
48.686
2.2339
1
375
5
15
30
60
95
135
200
270
Census
Region
Northeast
953
52.3
53.178
1.7226
1
480
5
20
40
60
110
140
205
255
Census
Region
Midwest
956
53.23
51.814
1.6758
1
520
5
20
35
65
120
150
210
265
Census
Region
South
1452
53.35
53.471
1.4032
1
555
5
15.5
35
70
120
150
195
245
Census
Region
West
917
49.91
52.72
1.741
1
515
5
15
31
60
105
135
225
265
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
2995
50.05
49.979
0.9132
1
555
5
19
35
60
105
132
180
240
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
1283
57.72
58.762
1.6405
1
420
5
20
40
75
130
180
240
300
Season
Winter
1174
50.62
48.626
1.4192
1
480
5
18
35
65
110
135
195
240
Season
Spring
1038
54.39
54.484
1.6911
1
525
5
20
38.5
70
120
150
224
265
Season
Summer
1147
51.34
54.194
1.6002
1
555
5
20
35
60
110
137
208
300
Season
Fall
919
53.54
54.535
1.7989
1
520
5
20
37
67
120
155
200
265
Asthma
No
3948
52.02
53.176
0.8463
1
555
5
20
35
65
110
145
210
265
Asthma
Yes
300
57.14
49.443
2.8546
1
272
5
20.5
45
75
120
160
199
240
Asthma
DK
30
47.63
44.812
8.1815
2
195
5
10
32.5
60
117.5
120
195
195
Angina
No
4091
52.18
52.97
0.8282
1
555
5
20
35
65
115
150
210
265
Angina
Yes
149
56.81
48.238
3.9518
1
340
5
25
45
80
120
135
180
210
Angina
DK
38
53.97
60.417
9.8009
2
240
2
10
32.5
60
120
240
240
240
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
4024
52.01
53.092
0.837
1
555
5
20
35
65
110
145
210
265
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
216
56.91
46.683
3.1764
3
240
5
20
45
85
120
150
198
210
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
DK
38
62.39
61.703
10.0096
2
240
2
20
42.5
90
150
240
240
240
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
86
August
1997
Table
15­
70.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Food
Cleanup
Group
Name
Group
Code
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
1143
32.9948
40.379
1.1944
1
825
8
15
30
35
60
85
120
135
Gender
Male
204
27.4951
20.398
1.4282
1
180
10
15
25
30
50
60
80
85
Gender
Female
939
34.1896
43.44
1.4176
1
825
5
15
30
35
60
90
120
150
Age
(
years)
*
24
31.0417
28.013
5.7182
10
120
10
15
30
30
60
105
120
120
Age
(
years)
1­
4
5
41.6
48.04
21.4839
3
120
3
15
15
55
120
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
5­
11
9
28.4444
21.634
7.2113
1
75
1
15
30
30
75
75
75
75
Age
(
years)
12­
17
28
26.75
20.573
3.8879
2
90
5
12.5
20
30
60
65
90
90
Age
(
years)
18­
64
808
31.3317
27.053
0.9517
1
330
10
15
30
30
60
80
120
120
Age
(
years)
>
64
269
38.8067
67.357
4.1068
1
825
5
15
30
40
60
105
130
270
Race
White
976
32.9652
41.685
1.3343
1
825
8
15
30
35
60
84
120
130
Race
Black
82
33.2805
28.602
3.1585
5
180
10
15
30
30
65
90
120
180
Race
Asian
11
27.0909
22.047
6.6476
3
75
3
15
15
30
60
75
75
75
Race
Some
Others
17
29.7059
34.797
8.4396
5
150
5
10
15
30
60
150
150
150
Race
Hispanic
42
35.6429
39.899
6.1565
3
255
10
15
30
40
50
60
255
255
Race
Refused
15
34
28.234
7.2899
5
90
5
10
30
60
90
90
90
90
Hispanic
No
1057
32.7351
40.353
1.2412
1
825
5
15
30
35
60
85
120
130
Hispanic
Yes
68
38.9265
44.877
5.4422
3
270
10
15
30
40
60
120
255
270
Hispanic
DK
6
24.1667
9.704
3.9616
10
35
10
15
27.5
30
35
35
35
35
Hispanic
Refused
12
26.6667
18.257
5.2705
5
60
5
12.5
25
32.5
60
60
60
60
Employment
*
39
28.1538
25.77
4.1265
1
120
2
15
15
30
65
90
120
120
Employment
Full
Time
432
28.4236
22.686
1.0915
2
255
8
15
25
30
50
60
90
120
Employment
Part
Time
134
28.903
21.322
1.842
3
150
10
15
25
30
60
60
95
100
Employment
Not
Employed
528
38.2254
53.763
2.3398
1
825
5
15
30
45
60
105
120
250
Employment
Refused
10
28
21.884
6.9202
10
60
10
10
17.5
55
60
60
60
60
Education
*
59
27.2542
22.695
2.9546
1
120
3
10
20
30
60
75
90
120
Education
<
High
School
135
41.8593
58.603
5.0437
2
570
5
15
30
45
85
120
180
270
Education
High
School
Graduate
445
33.3483
45.827
2.1724
1
825
10
15
30
30
60
90
120
120
Education
<
College
259
33.5907
30.026
1.8657
5
255
10
15
30
45
60
85
105
150
Education
College
Graduate
142
27.7254
21.846
1.8333
1
180
10
15
22.5
30
50
60
90
120
Education
Post
Graduate
103
28.9029
34.476
3.397
3
330
5
15
25
30
50
60
60
120
Census
Region
Northeast
295
32.6169
28.347
1.6504
3
270
5
15
30
40
60
90
120
120
Census
Region
Midwest
252
28.4643
22.677
1.4285
1
210
5
15
30
30
50
60
85
120
Census
Region
South
343
35.9242
52.496
2.8345
1
825
10
15
30
40
65
90
120
180
Census
Region
West
253
33.9763
46.539
2.9259
3
570
10
15
27
30
60
75
120
255
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
782
32.1957
43.579
1.5584
1
825
8
15
30
30
60
75
120
120
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
361
34.7258
32.371
1.7037
5
270
8
15
30
40
60
90
120
180
Season
Winter
303
33.1188
51.809
2.9763
1
825
8
15
30
30
60
85
120
120
Season
Spring
245
30.2939
26.108
1.668
2
250
10
15
30
30
60
65
105
120
Season
Summer
293
33.157
29.932
1.7487
2
270
5
15
30
40
60
90
120
135
Season
Fall
302
34.904
45.406
2.6128
1
570
8
15
30
40
60
90
120
180
Asthma
No
1047
32.7708
40.408
1.2488
1
825
6
15
30
35
60
85
120
120
Asthma
Yes
91
35.956
40.996
4.2975
2
255
8
15
30
40
60
90
250
255
Asthma
DK
5
26
20.736
9.2736
10
60
10
10
20
30
60
60
60
60
Angina
No
1092
32.9661
40.95
1.2392
1
825
8
15
30
35
60
85
120
150
Angina
Yes
45
32.3111
22.926
3.4175
5
120
5
15
30
45
60
60
120
120
Angina
DK
6
43.3333
41.793
17.062
10
120
10
10
30
60
120
120
120
120
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1065
31.77
28.195
0.864
1
330
8
15
30
35
60
80
120
120
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
71
50.8592
118.417
14.0535
3
825
5
15
29
35
70
105
570
825
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
DK
7
38.1429
41.119
15.5417
2
120
2
10
30
60
120
120
120
120
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
87
Table
15­
71.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
Cleaning
House
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
1910
114.798
111.683
2.5555
1
810
10
30
80
150
255
335
465
525
Gender
Male
351
100.353
110.445
5.8951
1
810
10
30
60
120
240
310
400
495
Gender
Female
1559
118.051
111.737
2.8299
1
790
15
40
90
160
255
340
465
540
Age
(
years)
*
45
136.2
114.124
17.0127
10
480
10
55
105
180
297
320
480
480
Age
(
years)
1­
4
11
74.091
69.42
20.9308
10
270
10
40
60
90
90
270
270
270
Age
(
years)
5­
11
49
42.633
35.19
5.0271
1
180
5
20
30
53
90
120
180
180
Age
(
years)
12­
17
67
78.746
79.357
9.695
1
300
5
20
55
105
240
240
285
300
Age
(
years)
18­
64
1307
115.55
111.597
3.0868
1
810
15
30
85
150
270
350
435
510
Age
(
years)
>
64
431
125.132
118.341
5.7003
3
790
10
45
90
170
250
340
540
570
Race
White
1614
115.85
111.348
2.7716
1
790
10
35
85
155
255
330
435
540
Race
Black
139
108.712
106.826
9.0609
1
490
5
30
80
135
270
358
480
484
Race
Asian
32
97.656
101.091
17.8705
15
425
15
30
60
127.5
265
345
425
425
Race
Some
Others
26
80.5
58.059
11.3864
5
210
10
35
60
115
185
190
210
210
Race
Hispanic
73
99.781
110.669
12.9528
5
548
10
30
60
120
210
345
470
548
Race
Refused
26
179.615
176.878
34.6886
10
810
20
30
135
240
390
465
810
810
Hispanic
No
1740
114.153
109.99
2.6368
1
790
10
30
80
150
255
330
435
525
Hispanic
Yes
134
110.134
115.754
9.9996
5
658
10
34
60
135
240
360
480
548
Hispanic
DK
14
136.071
131.591
35.1691
10
510
10
30
92.5
210
240
510
510
510
Hispanic
Refused
22
180.682
177.33
37.8069
10
810
20
45
138
240
340
390
810
810
Employment
*
128
64.453
66.811
5.9053
1
300
5
22.5
45
77.5
180
240
270
285
Employment
Full
Time
673
100.944
99.87
3.8497
1
655
10
30
60
120
240
310
410
480
Employment
Part
Time
195
119.415
115.568
8.276
1
660
15
45
85
175
265
390
480
540
Employment
Not
Employed
901
129.566
118.009
3.9314
3
790
15
50
95
180
285
360
480
570
Employment
Refused
13
235
218.908
60.7142
10
810
10
120
180
255
450
810
810
810
Education
*
161
81.379
98.129
7.7337
1
810
5
28
45
100
225
265
300
375
Education
<
High
School
234
135.731
121.618
7.9504
3
715
10
50
115
180
297
390
540
560
Education
High
School
Graduate
665
121.899
118.814
4.6074
2
790
15
40
90
160
270
360
484
610
Education
<
College
432
108.343
100.456
4.8332
1
570
10
30
85
149
240
315
420
470
Education
College
Graduate
247
101.097
96.605
6.1468
1
525
15
30
60
127
240
315
390
465
Education
Post
Graduate
171
126.105
118.897
9.0923
5
655
15
45
90
180
280
390
495
540
Census
Region
Northeast
454
116.969
117.268
5.5037
2
790
10
30
90
164
240
330
480
655
Census
Region
Midwest
406
114.086
111.049
5.5113
1
720
10
30
80
150
240
325
475
495
Census
Region
South
636
114.36
112.921
4.4776
1
810
10
30
80
150
270
360
435
525
Census
Region
West
414
113.79
104.234
5.1228
5
720
15
40
82.5
160
240
330
400
470
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
1287
108.319
108.542
3.0256
1
790
10
30
70
150
240
315
465
540
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
623
128.185
116.861
4.682
1
810
15
45
90
180
290
370
435
525
Season
Winter
464
105.554
98.348
4.5657
1
810
10
30
75
150
240
285
360
465
Season
Spring
445
114.202
109.757
5.203
3
720
15
30
75
165
240
340
465
525
Season
Summer
546
109.908
113.686
4.8653
1
690
10
30
71
135
245
365
465
548
Season
Fall
455
130.677
122.137
5.7259
1
790
15
45
90
180
300
390
480
560
Asthma
No
1764
114.32
110.119
2.6219
1
790
10
30
82.5
150
255
330
450
525
Asthma
Yes
133
114.699
117.523
10.1905
5
690
10
33
64
150
270
390
470
480
Asthma
DK
13
180.769
214.533
59.5007
10
810
10
45
120
240
340
810
810
810
Angina
No
1826
113.702
110.563
2.5874
1
790
14
30
80
150
255
330
465
525
Angina
Yes
70
120.371
103.11
12.324
5
394
5
30
90
190
262.5
320
370
394
Angina
DK
14
230
210.868
56.3569
10
810
10
120
210
255
480
810
810
810
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1791
113.894
111.025
2.6234
1
790
10
30
80
150
255
340
450
540
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
100
118.11
104.363
10.4363
5
480
7.5
32.5
90
180
262.5
297.5
467.5
475
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
DK
19
182.632
179.253
41.1234
5
810
5
50
150
240
340
810
810
810
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
88
August
1997
Table
15­
72.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Outdoor
Cleaning
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
692
145.9
121.42
4.616
2
720
25
60
120
180
300
405
510
570
Gender
Male
417
160.8
131.68
6.448
10
720
30
60
120
200
345
480
533
600
Gender
Female
275
123.2
99.98
6.029
2
635
10
60
90
160
268
330
390
465
Age
(
years)
*
13
210.5
157.91
43.796
30
600
30
112
140
250
395
600
600
600
Age
(
years)
1­
4
4
138.3
116.84
58.421
30
285
30
45
119
231.5
285
285
285
285
Age
(
years)
5­
11
12
104.6
62.921
18.164
30
210
30
58
80
165
190
210
210
210
Age
(
years)
12­
17
20
142.3
96.274
21.527
30
385
32.5
75
127
157.5
300
372.5
385
385
Age
(
years)
18­
64
479
147.4
125.22
5.721
2
690
15
60
120
180
310
435
520
570
Age
(
years)
>
64
164
139.9
112.13
8.756
2
720
30
60
120
172.5
300
350
480
510
Race
White
621
146.4
122.18
4.903
2
720
25
60
120
180
305
410
510
560
Race
Black
30
134.2
99.049
18.084
2
405
10
60
117.5
190
262.5
330
405
405
Race
Asian
6
65
27.568
11.255
30
90
30
30
77.5
85
90
90
90
90
Race
Some
Others
12
163.5
97.091
28.028
39
380
39
90
157.5
187.5
290
380
380
380
Race
Hispanic
14
128.2
82.593
22.074
30
300
30
65
105
180
255
300
300
300
Race
Refused
9
206.7
213.95
71.317
30
600
30
60
120
300
600
600
600
600
Hispanic
No
652
145.6
121.19
4.746
2
720
25
60
120
180
300
405
510
560
Hispanic
Yes
26
115.3
76.402
14.984
10
300
25
60
116.5
145
240
255
300
300
Hispanic
DK
5
218
103.05
46.087
120
380
120
140
210
240
380
380
380
380
Hispanic
Refused
9
216.7
206.64
68.88
60
600
60
60
120
300
600
600
600
600
Employment
*
38
132.1
88.152
14.3
30
385
30
60
115
165
255
360
385
385
Employment
Full
Time
315
147.7
123.2
6.942
4
690
30
60
120
180
300
435
530
560
Employment
Part
Time
52
135.1
103.74
14.387
2
470
15
60
112.5
180
300
325
325
470
Employment
Not
Employed
280
145.1
122.82
7.34
2
720
20
60
120
180
310
412.5
480
655
Employment
Refused
7
252.9
216.41
81.794
15
600
15
120
120
465
600
600
600
600
Education
*
46
136.8
115.99
17.101
2
600
30
60
112.5
165
285
360
600
600
Education
<
High
School
96
146
124.59
12.716
2
510
10
60
119.5
180
330
465
480
510
Education
High
School
Graduate
237
154.2
126.38
8.209
5
720
30
60
120
180
310
415
520
660
Education
<
College
142
146.7
119.87
10.059
4
655
30
60
120
185
270
375
560
570
Education
College
Graduate
99
137.3
124.43
12.505
10
555
15
60
95
175
325
475
533
555
Education
Post
Graduate
72
134.3
103.25
12.168
10
495
30
60
120
165
290
345
465
495
Census
Region
Northeast
144
135.2
113.42
9.451
5
600
15
60
110
185
300
330
510
555
Census
Region
Midwest
155
131
111.34
8.943
4
655
15
60
95
150
270
360
510
560
Census
Region
South
218
158.7
117.58
7.964
2
635
30
70
120
195
330
415
510
520
Census
Region
West
175
151.8
138.65
10.481
2
720
25
60
120
180
355
475
530
690
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
420
132.5
109.32
5.334
4
660
20
60
105
175
285
360
475
530
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
272
166.6
135.66
8.225
2
720
30
60
120
227.5
345
495
533
635
Season
Winter
128
149.5
135.12
11.943
4
600
15
59.5
102.5
225
345
465
510
520
Season
Spring
252
151.3
116.12
7.315
5
690
30
70
120
180
300
410
510
530
Season
Summer
205
133
104.23
7.28
5
635
20
60
120
180
270
325
475
555
Season
Fall
107
153.4
144.65
13.984
2
720
15
60
120
180
360
480
655
660
Asthma
No
640
147.3
121.44
4.8
2
720
27.5
60
120
180
307.5
400
510
560
Asthma
Yes
47
109.1
87.096
12.704
5
510
15
60
90
135
210
240
510
510
Asthma
DK
5
312
230.04
102.879
60
600
60
120
300
480
600
600
600
600
Angina
No
665
143.6
118.92
4.611
2
720
25
60
120
180
300
385
510
560
Angina
Yes
18
144.7
96.703
22.793
30
330
30
60
135
165
330
330
330
330
Angina
DK
9
318.9
213.67
71.223
10
600
10
120
325
480
600
600
600
600
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
661
146.2
120.68
4.694
2
720
30
60
120
180
300
395
510
560
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
26
104.8
85.282
16.725
5
375
10
60
90
135
225
300
375
375
Bronchitis/
emphysema
DK
5
312
230.04
102.879
60
600
60
120
300
480
600
600
600
600
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
89
Table
15­
73.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Clothes
Care
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
893
79.479
73.355
2.455
2
535
10
30
60
118
175
210
300
375
Gender
Male
117
72.248
67.028
6.197
5
360
7
20
60
90
150
210
300
335
Gender
Female
776
80.57
74.241
2.665
2
535
10
30
60
120
180
225
300
375
Age
(
years)
*
10
59.5
34.757
10.991
15
120
15
25
60
90
105
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
1­
4
4
70
94.251
47.126
5
210
5
17.5
32.5
122.5
210
210
210
210
Age
(
years)
5­
11
11
39
33.856
10.208
2
92
2
5
30
60
90
92
92
92
Age
(
years)
12­
17
21
37.476
39.447
8.608
3
150
5
10
20
60
80
120
150
150
Age
(
years)
18­
64
702
80.474
74.354
2.806
2
535
10
28
60
120
180
210
300
360
Age
(
years)
>
64
145
85.455
73.545
6.108
2
375
10
30
60
120
180
245
300
375
Race
White
737
80.096
73.392
2.703
2
535
10
30
60
118
175
223
300
375
Race
Black
99
68.636
65.289
6.562
5
300
5
15
45
110
165
210
240
300
Race
Asian
7
107.857
48.807
18.447
60
210
60
80
90
120
210
210
210
210
Race
Some
Others
10
62.4
39.09
12.361
18
120
18
21
65
90
120
120
120
120
Race
Hispanic
33
92.879
78.01
13.58
5
265
5
20
90
150
210
225
265
265
Race
Refused
7
100.714
166.018
62.749
15
475
15
20
45
60
475
475
475
475
Hispanic
No
836
78.248
72.306
2.501
2
535
10
30
60
115
165
210
300
360
Hispanic
Yes
51
91.176
71.178
9.967
5
265
5
20
90
150
190
225
225
265
Hispanic
DK
3
118.333
62.517
36.094
55
180
55
55
120
180
180
180
180
180
Hispanic
Refused
3
185
251.942
145.459
20
475
20
20
60
475
475
475
475
475
Employment
*
34
43.412
46.313
7.943
2
210
3
10
30
60
92
150
210
210
Employment
Full
Time
402
73.443
73.706
3.676
2
535
5
20
60
100
155
223
300
360
Employment
Part
Time
116
80.724
68.545
6.364
2
335
10
30
67.5
117.5
180
225
240
330
Employment
Not
Employed
336
89.804
75.166
4.101
2
475
10
35
60
120
185
235
300
375
Employment
Refused
5
87.4
74.725
33.418
2
180
2
45
60
150
180
180
180
180
Education
*
43
47.488
48.217
7.353
2
210
5
10
30
60
92
150
210
210
Education
<
High
School
102
86.51
60.048
5.946
10
265
15
38
65
120
175
210
240
245
Education
High
School
Graduate
337
85.19
82.249
4.48
2
535
10
30
60
120
180
240
375
445
Education
<
College
193
85.87
78.466
5.648
2
475
5
21
60
120
190
240
300
375
Education
College
Graduate
127
67.756
56.995
5.058
5
260
10
20
60
90
150
190
225
225
Education
Post
Graduate
91
68.374
64.714
6.784
5
360
5
20
60
90
145
210
245
360
Census
Region
Northeast
222
76.905
67.875
4.555
2
535
10
30
60
120
150
200
245
300
Census
Region
Midwest
201
78.448
75.998
5.36
2
475
5
20
60
115
170
210
265
420
Census
Region
South
304
81.839
75.654
4.339
5
450
10
30
60
115
170
235
330
375
Census
Region
West
166
79.849
73.398
5.697
2
405
5
20
60
120
180
223
300
360
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
607
75.853
72.909
2.959
2
475
5
25
60
105
160
210
300
375
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
286
87.175
73.832
4.366
5
535
10
30
65
120
180
223
300
335
Season
Winter
254
82.291
80.245
5.035
2
475
7
23
60
120
190
225
330
445
Season
Spring
213
86.103
79.325
5.435
2
450
10
30
60
120
180
240
335
375
Season
Summer
259
76.722
68.328
4.246
2
535
8
30
60
115
154
190
240
360
Season
Fall
167
71.03
60.463
4.679
3
300
5
25
60
105
150
195
240
300
Asthma
No
829
79.534
74.024
2.571
2
535
10
30
60
118
180
225
300
360
Asthma
Yes
62
79.855
65.269
8.289
5
375
10
30
66.5
120
154
180
200
375
Asthma
DK
2
45
21.213
15
30
60
30
30
45
60
60
60
60
60
Angina
No
867
79.516
73.48
2.496
2
535
10
30
60
120
178
210
300
375
Angina
Yes
22
81.591
75.756
16.151
5
335
10
30
60
120
155
195
335
335
Angina
DK
4
60
24.495
12.247
30
90
30
45
60
75
90
90
90
90
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
834
78.45
73.617
2.549
2
535
8
25
60
115
170
210
300
375
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
58
94.621
68.927
9.051
5
335
15
60
77.5
120
190
240
300
335
Bronchitis/
emphysema
DK
1
60
0
0
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
90
August
1997
Table
15­
74.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Car
Repair/
Maintenance
Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
145
123.407
147.198
12.224
5
700
5
30
60
150
300
495
670
690
Gender
Male
110
135.582
152.737
14.563
5
700
5
30
85
170
300
505
600
670
Gender
Female
35
85.143
122.441
20.696
5
690
5
15
45
120
180
270
690
690
Age
(
years)
*
1
60
*
*
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
1­
4
1
150
*
*
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
Age
(
years)
5­
11
1
300
*
*
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
Age
(
years)
12­
17
8
106.875
163.837
57.925
20
505
20
30
45
90
505
505
505
505
Age
(
years)
18­
64
114
130.342
156.511
14.659
5
700
5
30
77.5
165
300
520
670
690
Age
(
years)
>
64
20
83.5
68.347
15.283
10
300
12.5
30
70
120
150
240
300
300
Race
White
112
139.607
158.66
14.992
5
700
10
30
90
175
300
520
670
690
Race
Black
19
85.789
93.516
21.454
5
300
5
20
60
95
300
300
300
300
Race
Asian
2
10
7.071
5
5
15
5
5
10
15
15
15
15
15
Race
Some
Others
6
43.333
42.387
17.304
5
120
5
10
32.5
60
120
120
120
120
Race
Hispanic
6
58
51.595
21.063
5
120
5
13
45
120
120
120
120
120
Hispanic
No
133
123.617
144.993
12.573
5
700
5
30
80
150
300
495
670
690
Hispanic
Yes
10
98.8
153.362
48.497
5
520
5
30
45
120
320
520
520
520
Hispanic
DK
2
232.5
321.734
227.5
5
460
5
5
233
460
460
460
460
460
Employment
*
10
130.5
156.87
49.607
20
505
20
30
52.5
150
402.5
505
505
505
Employment
Full
Time
77
122.091
150.192
17.116
5
700
5
30
60
165
300
520
670
700
Employment
Part
Time
12
123.167
138.769
40.059
8
495
8
40
72.5
150
270
495
495
495
Employment
Not
Employed
46
124.13
146.952
21.667
5
690
10
30
90
120
300
480
690
690
Education
*
13
120
139.523
38.697
15
505
15
30
60
120
300
505
505
505
Education
<
High
School
17
185.882
224.418
54.429
5
670
5
30
90
220
555
670
670
670
Education
High
School
Graduate
50
111.52
128.261
18.139
5
690
5
30
67.5
120
270
350
585
690
Education
<
College
31
138.226
169.231
30.395
5
700
10
30
85
180
280
600
700
700
Education
College
Graduate
20
93.25
99.344
22.214
10
300
10
15
45
135
285
300
300
300
Education
Post
Graduate
14
103.429
97.566
26.076
5
300
5
30
75
120
300
300
300
300
Census
Region
Northeast
28
130.75
163.729
30.942
8
690
10
30
60
200
300
520
690
690
Census
Region
Midwest
31
149.839
173.193
31.106
10
670
10
45
90
120
350
600
670
670
Census
Region
South
45
106.778
131.409
19.589
5
700
5
30
60
120
240
300
700
700
Census
Region
West
41
116.659
132.206
20.647
5
505
5
30
60
120
300
460
505
505
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
79
108.519
125.914
14.166
5
690
5
15
60
150
280
350
480
690
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
66
141.227
168.477
20.738
5
700
10
45
82.5
150
495
555
670
700
Season
Winter
49
130.673
167.715
23.959
5
690
5
30
60
165
350
600
690
690
Season
Spring
39
136.667
156.042
24.987
5
700
5
45
85
150
300
555
700
700
Season
Summer
35
121.514
137.704
23.276
5
505
5
30
60
150
300
480
505
505
Season
Fall
22
86.727
87.502
18.655
5
300
8
10
70
120
240
270
300
300
Asthma
No
137
117.657
139.579
11.925
5
700
5
30
60
120
300
495
600
690
Asthma
Yes
8
221.875
235.553
83.281
15
670
15
30
150
365
670
670
670
670
Angina
No
139
125.712
149.156
12.651
5
700
5
30
75
150
300
505
670
690
Angina
Yes
5
51
72.921
32.611
5
180
5
15
20
35
180
180
180
180
Angina
DK
1
165
*
*
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
140
122.279
145.67
12.311
5
700
5
30
67.5
135
300
500
670
690
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
5
155
203.347
90.94
5
460
5
10
30
270
460
460
460
460
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
91
Table
15­
75.
Statitstics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Other
Repairs
Group
Name
Group
Code
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
288
184.816
184.111
10.849
2
1080
10
36.5
120
300
425
525
690
840
Gender
Male
200
205.045
187.704
13.273
2
1080
10
60
150
327.5
460
555
680
810
Gender
Female
88
138.841
167.784
17.886
3
900
5
17.5
72.5
192.5
360
425
750
900
Age
(
years)
*
1
540
*
*
540
540
540
540
540
540
540
540
540
540
Age
(
years)
5­
11
3
66.667
55.076
31.798
10
120
10
10
70
120
120
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
12­
17
14
119.5
103.383
27.63
15
345
15
30
90
180
285
345
345
345
Age
(
years)
18­
64
221
198.471
192.928
12.978
2
1080
10
45
120
325
434
570
750
840
Age
(
years)
>
64
49
141.878
146.868
20.981
2
526
10
30
75
209
390
480
526
526
Race
White
264
186.367
184.944
11.382
2
1080
10
36.5
120
300
430
525
670
840
Race
Black
13
150.385
207.961
57.678
10
750
10
30
90
120
390
750
750
750
Race
Asian
3
321.667
89.489
51.667
270
425
270
270
270
425
425
425
425
425
Race
Some
Others
3
173.667
165.228
95.395
45
360
45
45
116
360
360
360
360
360
Race
Hispanic
4
127.5
122.848
61.424
10
290
10
35
105
220
290
290
290
290
Race
Refused
1
75
*
*
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
Hispanic
No
278
184.917
184.467
11.064
2
1080
10
35
120
300
425
525
690
840
Hispanic
Yes
9
160.556
180.666
60.222
10
575
10
60
60
210
575
575
575
575
Hispanic
DK
1
375
*
*
375
375
375
375
375
375
375
375
375
375
Employment
*
17
110.176
97.439
23.632
10
345
10
30
90
180
285
345
345
345
Employment
Full
Time
140
199.993
206.025
17.412
5
1080
8.5
60
120
297.5
470
600
840
900
Employment
Part
Time
27
167.963
153.74
29.587
5
490
10
25
120
302
390
434
490
490
Employment
Not
Employed
102
183.314
169.14
16.747
2
670
10
30
120
315
420
480
526
600
Employment
Refused
2
61
83.439
59
2
120
2
2
61
120
120
120
120
120
Education
*
18
110.722
94.558
22.287
10
345
10
30
90
180
285
345
345
345
Education
<
High
School
23
214.348
215.017
44.834
15
900
30
45
120
360
480
490
900
900
Education
High
School
Graduate
90
194.4
196.472
20.71
3
840
5
30
132.5
300
447
575
780
840
Education
<
College
64
202.156
200.764
25.095
2
1080
10
32.5
130
355
420
480
600
1080
Education
College
Graduate
54
169
154.537
21.03
5
525
10
60
97.5
270
425
490
510
525
Education
Post
Graduate
39
172.923
174.213
27.896
2
690
7
38
120
270
420
600
690
690
Census
Region
Northeast
55
166.164
181.344
24.452
3
840
5
30
75
210
415
525
600
840
Census
Region
Midwest
77
188.909
170.219
19.398
10
780
15
60
120
315
420
460
670
780
Census
Region
South
89
202.281
212.332
22.507
2
1080
10
30
120
315
480
570
900
1080
Census
Region
West
67
172.224
161.66
19.75
2
750
7
60
120
243
340
526
690
750
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
188
178.213
171.94
12.54
2
780
10
42.5
110
300
430
490
600
750
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
100
197.23
205.392
20.539
3
1080
5
32.5
145
296.5
420
585
870
990
Season
Winter
62
167.097
172.076
21.854
3
600
5
15
90
300
445
490
540
600
Season
Spring
65
203.123
216.629
26.87
5
900
10
45
120
300
480
670
840
900
Season
Summer
95
180.442
182.013
18.674
2
1080
10
60
120
290
390
510
750
1080
Season
Fall
66
189.727
164.551
20.255
2
600
10
55
120
330
420
435
600
600
Asthma
No
264
180.33
183.699
11.306
2
1080
10
36.5
120
288.5
420
525
690
840
Asthma
Yes
24
234.167
185.283
37.821
5
670
10
45
210
352.5
480
510
670
670
Angina
No
281
179.687
175.258
10.455
2
900
10
30
120
295
420
490
670
780
Angina
Yes
6
448.333
369.995
151.05
90
1080
90
100
410
600
1080
1080
1080
1080
Angina
DK
1
45
*
*
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
276
184.681
185.591
11.171
2
1080
10
36.5
120
299
430
526
690
840
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
12
187.917
152.591
44.049
5
405
5
45
165
350
360
405
405
405
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
92
August
1997
Table
15­
76.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Plant
Care
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
254
103.602
108.761
6.824
3
630
10
30
60
130
225
300
480
570
Gender
Male
84
146.274
145.969
15.926
10
630
15
32.5
105
195
380
480
570
630
Gender
Female
170
82.518
76.759
5.887
3
630
10
30
60
120
180
210
270
325
Age
(
years)
*
4
51.25
24.622
12.311
15
70
15
37.5
60
65
70
70
70
70
Age
(
years)
5­
11
5
121
120.955
54.093
35
330
35
60
60
120
330
330
330
330
Age
(
years)
12­
17
3
51
61.262
35.369
3
120
3
3
30
120
120
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
18­
64
157
100.49
104.921
8.374
5
570
10
30
60
135
225
300
475
565
Age
(
years)
>
64
85
112.647
118.439
12.846
5
630
10
35
75
135
240
280
630
630
Race
White
233
102.124
106.695
6.99
3
630
10
30
60
120
225
300
480
570
Race
Black
8
81.25
90.149
31.872
15
280
15
15
50
112.5
280
280
280
280
Race
Asian
3
140
45.826
26.458
90
180
90
90
150
180
180
180
180
180
Race
Some
Others
2
137.5
187.383
132.5
5
270
5
5
138
270
270
270
270
270
Race
Hispanic
6
164.167
209.796
85.649
15
565
15
15
90
210
565
565
565
565
Race
Refused
2
95
49.497
35
60
130
60
60
95
130
130
130
130
130
Hispanic
No
244
102.971
106.161
6.796
3
630
10
30
60
132.5
225
280
480
570
Hispanic
Yes
7
149.286
195.521
73.9
15
565
15
15
60
210
565
565
565
565
Hispanic
DK
1
60
*
*
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Hispanic
Refused
2
42.5
24.749
17.5
25
60
25
25
42.5
60
60
60
60
60
Employment
*
8
94.75
103.657
36.648
3
330
3
32.5
60
120
330
330
330
330
Employment
Full
Time
94
94.436
111.848
11.536
5
630
10
30
60
120
195
325
570
630
Employment
Part
Time
25
112.2
104.812
20.962
15
485
15
30
90
150
210
270
485
485
Employment
Not
Employed
124
108.387
108.655
9.758
5
630
10
40
72.5
127.5
240
270
480
565
Employment
Refused
3
145
99.875
57.663
60
255
60
60
120
255
255
255
255
255
Education
*
9
86.444
100.113
33.371
3
330
3
30
60
120
330
330
330
330
Education
<
High
School
30
92.333
108.753
19.855
10
475
10
15
60
120
170
420
475
475
Education
High
School
Graduate
93
87.656
95.248
9.877
5
565
10
30
60
120
180
255
480
565
Education
<
College
47
118.298
112.855
16.462
5
630
10
50
90
150
240
240
630
630
Education
College
Graduate
35
139
107.818
18.225
15
485
15
55
120
195
280
325
485
485
Education
Post
Graduate
40
104.75
131.036
20.719
15
630
15
30
60
120
217.5
420
630
630
Census
Region
Northeast
55
116.055
116.677
15.733
3
485
10
30
70
150
250
420
480
485
Census
Region
Midwest
41
101.659
109.248
17.062
5
630
30
30
60
120
195
270
630
630
Census
Region
South
77
82.078
76.081
8.67
5
475
10
30
60
120
175
225
300
475
Census
Region
West
81
116.593
126.602
14.067
10
630
14
30
75
150
240
330
570
630
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
170
104.559
105.561
8.096
3
630
14
30
60
130
225
280
480
565
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
84
101.667
115.595
12.612
5
630
10
30
60
127.5
240
325
570
630
Season
Winter
15
135.333
170.592
44.047
5
565
5
30
60
175
485
565
565
565
Season
Spring
96
124.323
108.656
11.09
5
570
15
45
90
150
270
330
475
570
Season
Summer
111
89.82
100.882
9.575
3
630
10
30
60
120
190
225
420
630
Season
Fall
32
74.375
87.894
15.538
5
480
10
25
47.5
102.5
135
195
480
480
Asthma
No
239
105
108.541
7.021
3
630
10
30
60
135
235
300
485
570
Asthma
Yes
15
81.333
113.68
29.352
5
450
5
15
55
90
175
450
450
450
Angina
No
240
103.083
107.762
6.956
3
630
10
30
60
125
225
290
480
570
Angina
Yes
13
120.769
130.286
36.135
15
485
15
55
60
135
270
485
485
485
Angina
DK
1
5
*
*
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
248
105.202
109.525
6.955
3
630
10
30
60
135
235
300
485
570
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
6
37.5
24.238
9.895
5
60
5
15
42.5
60
60
60
60
60
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
93
Table
15­
77.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Animal
Care
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
764
48.168
65.029
2.3527
1
760
5
10
30
60
120
155
230
312
Gender
Male
282
57.291
81.786
4.8703
1
760
5
15
30
65
120
180
308
340
Gender
Female
482
42.83
52.182
2.3768
1
450
3
10
28.5
60
105
140
187
273
Age
(
years)
*
13
37.462
38.606
10.7074
2
135
2
5
30
55
80
135
135
135
Age
(
years)
1­
4
9
59.222
44.291
14.7637
3
140
3
30
60
90
140
140
140
140
Age
(
years)
5­
11
27
47.296
43.1
8.2946
2
179
8
15
38
65
120
150
179
179
Age
(
years)
12­
17
49
55.204
68.276
9.7537
3
308
5
10
25
90
175
180
308
308
Age
(
years)
18­
64
530
45.928
66.581
2.8921
1
760
3
10
30
60
109
150
230
280
Age
(
years)
>
64
136
54.824
64.527
5.5331
1
383
5
15
30
60
135
180
340
340
Race
White
696
47.757
62.011
2.3505
1
760
4
10
30
60
120
155
240
312
Race
Black
26
37.577
39.832
7.8117
1
145
1
10
25
45
120
120
145
145
Race
Asian
5
30.4
21.87
9.7806
10
60
10
15
20
47
60
60
60
60
Race
Some
Others
12
100
193.567
55.878
5
690
5
17.5
30
65
205
690
690
690
Race
Hispanic
17
37.765
44.992
10.9123
5
180
5
15
30
35
120
180
180
180
Race
Refused
8
73.75
58.478
20.675
5
180
5
32.5
55
115
180
180
180
180
Hispanic
No
712
47.81
61.479
2.304
1
760
4
10
30
60
120
151
230
308
Hispanic
Yes
39
50.872
112.78
18.0593
2
690
3
10
20
35
120
180
690
690
Hispanic
DK
6
50
77.071
31.4643
10
205
10
10
15
45
205
205
205
205
Hispanic
Refused
7
67.857
62.039
23.4485
5
180
5
20
60
120
180
180
180
180
Employment
*
86
51.221
56.803
6.1252
2
308
5
15
30
70
120
175
240
308
Employment
Full
Time
376
44.918
71.458
3.6852
1
760
3
10
25
60
90
145
240
340
Employment
Part
Time
60
48.883
56.285
7.2664
3
230
5
12.5
20
60
152.5
176.5
205
230
Employment
Not
Employed
233
52.459
59.357
3.8886
1
383
5
15
30
60
120
180
273
330
Employment
Refused
9
38.889
53.897
17.9656
5
180
5
20
30
30
180
180
180
180
Education
*
98
52.347
57.02
5.7599
2
308
5
15
30
70
140
180
240
308
Education
<
High
School
63
51.492
68.122
8.5825
1
383
5
15
30
60
120
225
273
383
Education
High
School
Graduate
231
52.913
75.819
4.9885
1
760
5
10
30
70
120
165
245
330
Education
<
College
150
40.593
49.247
4.021
1
280
4
10
20
55
97.5
155
205
230
Education
College
Graduate
121
51.273
79.213
7.2012
1
690
3
15
30
60
110
135
340
340
Education
Post
Graduate
101
38.713
40.069
3.987
1
240
5
12
30
57
80
105
150
185
Census
Region
Northeast
171
39.789
44.88
3.432
1
273
3
10
25
60
90
120
205
245
Census
Region
Midwest
181
49.773
58.716
4.3644
1
330
4
14
30
60
120
180
240
312
Census
Region
South
247
51.389
75.022
4.7736
1
760
5
15
30
60
120
165
308
383
Census
Region
West
165
50.267
72.551
5.6481
1
690
3
10
30
60
120
155
210
340
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
527
46.602
66.468
2.8954
1
760
4
10
30
60
115
155
195
280
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
237
51.65
61.703
4.0081
1
383
5
15
30
60
120
180
273
330
Season
Winter
221
44.62
66.372
4.4647
1
690
4
10
25
55
95
160
225
245
Season
Spring
201
52.99
60.351
4.2568
1
340
5
15
30
60
120
175
240
330
Season
Summer
216
51.426
76.405
5.1987
1
760
5
15
30
64
120
165
240
383
Season
Fall
126
41.111
45.413
4.0457
1
280
3
10
25
60
110
135
180
180
Asthma
No
705
48.401
65.505
2.4671
1
760
4
10
30
60
120
155
225
308
Asthma
Yes
57
45.386
60.468
8.0091
1
330
5
10
30
55
105
195
240
330
Asthma
DK
2
45
21.213
15
30
60
30
30
45
60
60
60
60
60
Angina
No
734
47.834
64.308
2.3737
1
760
5
10
30
60
120
155
225
280
Angina
Yes
27
58.704
85.601
16.474
2
340
3
15
30
60
135
330
340
340
Angina
DK
3
35
22.913
13.2288
15
60
15
15
30
60
60
60
60
60
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
718
48.357
65.56
2.4467
1
760
4
10
30
60
120
160
230
308
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
43
45.395
58.522
8.9245
2
330
5
10
30
55
90
150
330
330
Bronchtis/
emphysema
DK
3
42.667
15.535
8.9691
30
60
30
30
38
60
60
60
60
60
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
94
August
1997
Table
15­
78.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Other
Household
Work
Percentiles
Group
Name
Group
Code
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
1322
68.6354
98.697
2.7145
1
905
5
15
30
75
195
255
360
480
Gender
Male
478
70.3661
101.833
4.6577
1
905
5
10
30
90
195
265
375
480
Gender
Female
844
67.6552
96.923
3.3362
1
720
5
15
30
75
190
255
360
496
Age
(
years)
*
21
93.4286
113.994
24.8756
4
403
5
15
30
180
225
300
403
403
Age
(
years)
1­
4
15
57.1333
85.7
22.1277
1
290
1
6
25
60
230
290
290
290
Age
(
years)
5­
11
56
24.9464
30.134
4.0269
1
150
2
5
12.5
30
60
90
120
150
Age
(
years)
12­
17
84
39.4762
51.785
5.6502
1
230
2
5
16.5
50
120
150
210
230
Age
(
years)
18­
64
918
71.2353
101.54
3.3513
1
905
5
15
30
90
195
265
375
540
Age
(
years)
>
64
228
78.114
106.158
7.0305
1
665
5
14.5
30
90
225
295
420
480
Race
White
1118
70.6977
98.015
2.9314
1
720
5
15
30
80
195
265
375
480
Race
Black
102
46.1176
65.201
6.4558
1
300
3
10
15
50
120
210
255
260
Race
Asian
20
71.9
76.619
17.1324
1
315
1.5
22.5
60
105
162.5
260
315
315
Race
Some
Others
22
67.7727
190.288
40.5695
1
905
2
10
15
30
90
155
905
905
Race
Hispanic
43
65.6512
118.419
18.0587
5
660
5
10
20
60
155
270
660
660
Race
Refused
17
72.9412
108.744
26.3742
5
420
5
15
20
75
210
420
420
420
Hispanic
No
1218
67.8342
93.324
2.674
1
720
5
15
30
75
195
255
358
420
Hispanic
Yes
81
80.5185
159.202
17.6891
1
905
5
10
20
60
155
360
665
905
Hispanic
DK
7
54.1429
74.627
28.2062
1
210
1
10
25
90
210
210
210
210
Hispanic
Refused
16
75.8125
113.469
28.3673
5
420
5
15
25
82.5
233
420
420
420
Employment
*
153
37.0196
52.694
4.2601
1
290
2
5
15
45
90
150
225
230
Employment
Full
Time
555
70.0342
103.005
4.3723
1
905
5
15
30
85
195
265
375
540
Employment
Part
Time
124
62.0726
86.315
7.7513
2
420
5
15
30
65
190
240
400
403
Employment
Not
Employed
482
78.3008
105.529
4.8067
1
685
5
15
30
100
224
270
420
575
Employment
Refused
8
95.625
110.014
38.8959
5
300
5
17.5
32.5
180
300
300
300
300
Education
*
175
42.7086
64.901
4.906
1
450
2
5
15
45
120
192
233
300
Education
<
High
School
96
82.5313
114.62
11.6983
1
660
5
15
30
117.5
240
328
420
660
Education
High
School
Graduate
418
75.5574
105.946
5.182
1
720
5
15
30
90
215
270
420
540
Education
<
College
290
71.3724
100.836
5.9213
1
905
5
15
30
100
192.5
270
330
375
Education
College
Graduate
196
73.6173
104.18
7.4414
1
600
5
15
30
85
190
330
400
585
Education
Post
Graduate
147
58.7007
81.662
6.7354
1
570
4
10
30
65
150
210
315
420
Census
Region
Northeast
307
62.8632
91.306
5.2111
1
665
5
15
30
63
180
255
360
400
Census
Region
Midwest
318
70.8679
98.179
5.5056
1
590
5
15
30
90
180
270
375
570
Census
Region
South
394
74.7056
106.703
5.3756
1
720
5
10
30
85
215
296
380
600
Census
Region
West
303
64.2475
95.504
5.4866
1
905
5
13
30
75
180
240
330
420
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
857
71.5496
106.351
3.6329
1
905
5
10
30
85
210
295
380
570
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
465
63.2645
82.596
3.8303
1
600
5
15
30
75
170
225
296
403
Season
Winter
353
64.1558
91.547
4.8726
1
590
5
15
30
65
195
240
345
480
Season
Spring
327
82.844
118.992
6.5803
1
905
5
15
30
115
240
305
420
585
Season
Summer
391
62.1125
97.341
4.9227
1
685
5
10
30
60
160
255
400
570
Season
Fall
251
66.5857
77.867
4.9149
1
480
5
15
35
90
180
230
292
345
Asthma
No
1211
67.8423
98.123
2.8197
1
905
5
15
30
75
190
255
360
480
Asthma
Yes
103
75.6893
104.033
10.2507
1
575
5
15
30
100
210
240
400
480
Asthma
DK
8
97.875
120.21
42.5006
5
300
5
15
17.5
206.5
300
300
300
300
Angina
No
1269
68.2041
99.025
2.7798
1
905
5
15
30
75
190
255
375
496
Angina
Yes
44
77.1364
86.104
12.9807
5
300
5
10
30
132.5
220
240
300
300
Angina
DK
9
87.8889
116.368
38.7895
5
300
5
15
15
180
300
300
300
300
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
1247
67.8043
97.936
2.7734
1
905
5
15
30
75
190
255
360
480
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
64
83.4844
111.726
13.9658
1
575
5
15
32.5
117.5
220
265
480
575
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
DK
11
76.4545
107.17
32.3131
5
300
5
15
20
180
233
300
300
300
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
95
Table
15­
79.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Indoor
Playing
Category
Population
Group
Percentiles
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
188
105
82.7
6.03
2
510
20
55
90
127.5
190
270
390
435
Gender
Male
65
117
97.1
12
10
510
20
60
90
135
255
300
435
510
Gender
Female
123
99.5
73.8
6.65
2
420
20
55
76
120
190
225
340
375
Age
(
years)
*
3
127
47.3
27.3
90
180
90
90
110
180
180
180
180
180
Age
(
years)
1­
4
11
130
80.2
24.2
15
270
15
60
115
180
255
270
270
270
Age
(
years)
5­
11
11
93.6
64.3
19.4
30
195
30
30
60
175
180
195
195
195
Age
(
years)
12­
17
4
82.5
45
22.5
30
120
30
45
90
120
120
120
120
120
Age
(
years)
18­
64
149
103
86
7.05
2
510
20
55
76
120
190
292
420
435
Age
(
years)
>
64
10
124
76.4
24.2
20
270
20
75
100
150
248
270
270
270
Race
White
153
110
84.3
6.82
2
510
20
60
90
130
190
270
390
435
Race
Black
13
95
84.8
23.5
15
255
15
30
60
180
220
255
255
255
Race
Asian
5
71
56.8
25.4
10
150
10
30
60
105
150
150
150
150
Race
Some
Others
7
108
96.5
36.5
30
300
30
55
60
175
300
300
300
300
Race
Hispanic
8
68.4
46.4
16.4
42
180
42
45
50
67.5
180
180
180
180
Race
Refused
2
64
65.1
46
18
110
18
18
64
110
110
110
110
110
Hispanic
No
172
107
83.9
6.4
2
510
20
60
90
132.5
190
270
390
435
Hispanic
Yes
15
88.1
71.4
18.4
42
300
42
45
60
100
180
300
300
300
Hispanic
Refused
1
110
*
*
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Employment
*
26
108
69.9
13.7
15
270
30
55
105
160
195
255
270
270
Employment
Full
Time
74
102
95
11
2
510
15
45
70
125
195
300
435
510
Employment
Part
Time
20
124
74
16.6
30
340
36
60
120
165
200
280
340
340
Employment
Not
Employed
68
102
76
9.21
15
420
30
60
85
120
180
245
390
420
Education
*
27
108
68.6
13.2
15
270
30
55
110
160
195
255
270
270
Education
<
High
School
16
89.4
58.8
14.7
20
220
20
52.5
60
125
180
220
220
220
Education
High
School
Graduate
59
102
83.6
10.9
2
435
20
55
75
135
180
340
375
435
Education
<
College
33
112
97.7
17
10
510
20
55
90
120
190
300
510
510
Education
College
Graduate
37
125
96.1
15.8
15
420
15
60
105
155
270
390
420
420
Education
Post
Graduate
16
72.5
40.4
10.1
10
150
10
37.5
65
102.5
120
150
150
150
Census
Region
Northeast
46
110
94.4
13.9
2
420
20
60
75
120
245
375
420
420
Census
Region
Midwest
40
111
75.8
12
15
340
17.5
50
95
175
193
256
340
340
Census
Region
South
64
100
73
9.13
10
435
30
52.5
87.5
127.5
180
225
270
435
Census
Region
West
38
102
92.2
15
10
510
18
60
60
120
180
300
510
510
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
128
99.4
71
6.27
2
435
20
55
90
120
180
245
300
340
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
60
118
13
13.3
15
510
30
60
90
150
245
382.5
420
510
Season
Winter
49
130
99.2
14.2
18
420
20
60
105
180
300
375
420
420
Season
Spring
36
85.7
55.7
9.28
2
270
20
45
77.5
112.5
155
180
270
270
Season
Summer
47
92.7
77
11.2
10
435
30
45
60
120
180
195
435
435
Season
Fall
56
107
82.7
11
10
510
15
60
90
127.5
195
255
270
510
Asthma
No
174
107
84.1
6.38
2
510
20
55
90
130
190
270
390
435
Asthma
Yes
13
88.5
66.4
18.4
20
245
20
30
75
120
180
245
245
245
Asthma
DK
1
110
*
*
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Angina
No
184
104
80.7
5.95
2
510
20
55
90
122.5
190
270
375
435
Angina
Yes
3
210
167
96.4
60
390
60
60
180
390
390
390
390
390
Angina
DK
1
110
*
*
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
177
107
83.5
6.27
2
510
20
60
90
130
190
270
390
435
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
10
80.1
72.5
22.9
10
245
10
30
60
76
208
245
245
245
Bronchitis/
emphysema
DK
1
110
*
*
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
15­
96
August
1997
Table
15­
80.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
in
Outdoor
Playing
Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
59
97.373
95.372
12.416
5
435
15
45
60
110
210
360
420
435
Gender
Male
26
108.192
94.783
18.588
15
360
15
60
75
135
280
345
360
360
Gender
Female
33
88.848
96.425
16.785
5
435
5
45
60
100
150
420
435
435
Age
(
years)
*
1
170
*
*
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
Age
(
years)
1­
4
4
83.25
89.66
44.83
15
210
15
20
54
146.5
210
210
210
210
Age
(
years)
5­
11
9
148.333
144.265
48.088
5
360
5
55
60
280
360
360
360
360
Age
(
years)
12­
17
1
15
*
*
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Age
(
years)
18­
64
40
92.05
86.358
13.654
20
435
27.5
52.5
65
102.5
142.5
307
435
435
Age
(
years)
>
64
4
52.5
15
7.5
30
60
30
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
Race
White
50
93.94
90.208
12.757
5
420
15
45
60
100
202
345
390
420
Race
Black
2
86.5
37.477
26.5
60
113
60
60
86.5
113
113
113
113
113
Race
Asian
1
100
*
*
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Race
Some
Others
1
30
*
*
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Race
Hispanic
5
149
164.864
73.729
20
435
20
60
110
120
435
435
435
435
Hispanic
No
51
93.333
89.747
12.567
5
420
15
45
60
100
194
345
360
420
Hispanic
Yes
8
123.125
130.218
46.039
20
435
20
60
90
115
435
435
435
435
Employment
*
15
123.533
124.379
32.115
5
360
5
15
60
210
345
360
360
360
Employment
Full
Time
15
67.2
30.887
7.975
20
135
20
45
60
85
113
135
135
135
Employment
Part
Time
7
87.714
54.129
20.459
30
194
30
60
60
110
194
194
194
194
Employment
Not
Employed
22
103.182
110.136
23.481
25
435
30
45
60
105
150
420
435
435
Education
*
15
123.533
124.379
32.115
5
360
5
15
60
210
345
360
360
360
Education
<
High
School
5
57
6.708
3
45
60
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Education
High
School
Graduate
10
148.5
150.482
47.586
30
435
30
60
95
135
427.5
435
435
435
Education
<
College
18
74.667
45.169
10.646
20
194
20
45
60
95
150
194
194
194
Education
College
Graduate
8
75.375
35.492
12.548
30
120
30
45
75
106.5
120
120
120
120
Education
Post
Graduate
3
58.333
24.664
14.24
30
75
30
30
70
75
75
75
75
75
Census
Region
Northeast
17
114.059
103.26
25.044
15
360
15
60
70
120
345
360
360
360
Census
Region
Midwest
12
78.583
32.354
9.34
30
150
30
60
65
97.5
113
150
150
150
Census
Region
South
15
109.667
109.536
28.282
30
420
30
30
60
135
280
420
420
420
Census
Region
West
15
81.2
107.674
27.801
5
435
5
20
60
105
165
435
435
435
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
42
86.81
79.211
12.223
5
360
15
30
60
100
165
280
360
360
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
17
123.471
126.007
30.561
25
435
25
45
60
120
420
435
435
435
Season
Winter
10
66.5
46.251
14.626
5
150
5
30
60
105
135
150
150
150
Season
Spring
10
135.3
114.735
36.283
45
435
45
60
108
165
302.5
435
435
435
Season
Summer
31
92.355
94.966
17.056
5
420
15
45
60
100
210
345
420
420
Season
Fall
8
108
115.681
40.899
25
360
25
30
67.5
142
360
360
360
360
Asthma
No
56
94.821
91.447
12.22
5
435
15
45
60
107.5
194
360
420
435
Asthma
Yes
3
145
173.853
100.374
30
345
30
30
60
345
345
345
345
345
Angina
No
58
96.983
96.158
12.626
5
435
15
45
60
105
210
360
420
435
Angina
Yes
1
120
*
*
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
No
55
90.018
87.056
11.739
5
435
15
45
60
100
170
345
360
435
Bronchitis/
Emphysema
Yes
4
198.5
157.509
78.754
60
420
60
90
157
307
420
420
420
420
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.
Volume
III
­
Activity
Factors
Chapter
15
­
Activity
Factors
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
15­
97
Table
15­
81.
Statistics
for
24­
Hour
Cumulative
Number
of
Minutes
Spent
for
Car
Repair
Services
Percentiles
Category
Population
Group
N
Mean
Stdev
Stderr
Min
Max
5
25
50
75
90
95
98
99
All
259
33.7876
53.772
3.3413
1
358
5
5
10
30
90
180
195
270
Gender
Male
128
41.6953
65.45
5.7851
1
358
4
5
15
45
120
180
270
280
Gender
Female
131
26.0611
37.84
3.3061
2
180
5
5
10
30
65
105
180
180
Age
(
years)
*
2
88
2.828
2
86
90
86
86
88
90
90
90
90
90
Age
(
years)
1­
4
8
33.125
43.666
15.438
5
115
5
5
12.5
55
115
115
115
115
Age
(
years)
5­
11
6
18.3333
20.897
8.531
5
60
5
5
12.5
15
60
60
60
60
Age
(
years)
12­
17
13
31.3077
32.638
9.0521
3
95
3
5
10
55
79
95
95
95
Age
(
years)
18­
64
204
32.4853
52.731
3.6919
1
280
5
5
10
30
85
180
195
265
Age
(
years)
>
64
26
44.8462
75.446
14.796
1
358
2
10
15
50
105
180
358
358
Race
White
226
33.8451
51.028
3.3943
1
280
5
5
10
35
90
175
195
265
Race
Black
19
49.3158
90.675
20.802
1
358
1
5
10
44
180
358
358
358
Race
Asian
3
11.6667
11.547
6.6667
5
25
5
5
5
25
25
25
25
25
Race
Some
Others
5
11
8.944
4
5
25
5
5
5
15
25
25
25
25
Race
Hispanic
6
12.5
6.124
2.5
5
20
5
5
15
15
20
20
20
20
Hispanic
No
247
34.6154
54.728
3.4822
1
358
5
5
10
35
90
180
245
270
Hispanic
Yes
12
16.75
22.471
6.4867
5
86
5
5
12.5
15
20
86
86
86
Employment
*
26
27.7692
33.586
6.5868
3
115
5
5
10
50
90
95
115
115
Employment
Full
Time
137
31.8759
52.912
4.5206
1
280
4
5
10
30
85
175
265
270
Employment
Part
Time
25
32.96
49.672
9.9344
5
180
5
7
15
30
105
180
180
180
Employment
Not
Employed
70
40.4714
62.833
7.51
1
358
4
10
15
35
103
180
245
358
Employment
Refused
1
5
*
*
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Education
*
28
28.4643
32.992
6.2349
3
115
5
5
12.5
52.5
90
95
115
115
Education
<
High
School
20
36.15
51.714
11.564
5
180
5
10
15
45
117.5
177.5
180
180
Education
High
School
Graduate
64
41.0781
62.959
7.8698
2
280
5
5
15
47.5
105
180
265
280
Education
<
College
68
36.2206
59.709
7.2407
1
358
2
5
15
37.5
90
180
180
358
Education
College
Graduate
41
29.6829
54.536
8.5171
1
270
4
5
10
25
60
160
270
270
Education
Post
Graduate
38
24.2632
36.541
5.9277
5
195
5
5
10
20
70
95
195
195
Census
Region
Northeast
45
40.4889
58.498
8.7204
2
270
5
5
15
60
105
180
270
270
Census
Region
Midwest
66
34.6364
56.367
6.9383
2
280
5
5
10
35
70
180
265
280
Census
Region
South
88
34.8182
60.547
6.4543
1
358
3
5
10
30
95
180
245
358
Census
Region
West
60
26.3167
33.054
4.2673
4
175
5
5
12.5
30
80
95.5
115
175
Day
Of
Week
Weekday
176
36.0227
57.142
4.3072
1
358
5
5
15
30
101
180
265
280
Day
Of
Week
Weekend
83
29.0482
45.78
5.025
1
245
3
5
10
30
79
95
195
245
Season
Winter
70
19.4857
27.784
3.3208
1
180
2
5
10
20
60
60
90
180
Season
Spring
70
36.5286
48.821
5.8352
2
245
5
5
15
50
105
150
180
245
Season
Summer
79
41.5316
66.665
7.5004
2
358
5
5
15
30
160
180
270
358
Season
Fall
40
38.725
64.266
10.161
2
280
5
5
12.5
39.5
90.5
222.5
280
280
Asthma
No
238
34.7731
55.08
3.5703
1
358
4
5
10
35
90
180
245
270
Asthma
Yes
21
22.619
34.735
7.5799
5
150
5
5
15
15
35
90
150
150
Angina
No
253
32.6324
51.888
3.2622
1
358
5
5
10
30
90
160
180
270
Angina
Yes
6
82.5
102.896
42.007
10
245
10
15
22.5
180
245
245
245
245
Bronchitis/
emphysema
No
247
33.0607
52.903
3.3661
1
358
5
5
10
30
90
175
195
270
Bronchitis/
emphysema
Yes
12
48.75
70.522
20.358
5
245
5
5
15
77.5
95
245
245
245
Note:
A
"*"
Signifies
missing
data.
"
DK"
=
The
respondent
replied
"
don't
know".
Refused
=
Refused
data.
N
=
doer
sample
size.
Mean
=
Mean
24­
hour
cumulative
number
of
minutes
for
doers.
Stdev
=
standard
deviation.
Stderr
=
standard
error.
Min
=
minimum
number
of
minutes.
Max
=
maximum
number
of
minutes.
Percentiles
are
the
percentage
of
doers
below
or
equal
to
a
given
number
of
minutes.
Source:
Tsang
and
Klepeis,
1996.