Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2003-0074-0522
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-12-24T05:00Z

1
EXCERPTS
FROM
THE
MINERALS
YEARBOOK
AVAILABLE
AT
HTTP://
WWW.
USGS.
GOV/
MINERALS
BAUXITE
AND
ALUMINA
1
(
Data
in
thousand
metric
dry
tons,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Domestic
ore,
which
for
many
years
has
accounted
for
less
than
1%
of
the
U.
S.
requirement
for
bauxite,
was
used
in
the
production
of
nonmetallurgical
products,
such
as
abrasives,
chemicals,
and
refractories.
Thus,
nearly
all
bauxite
consumed
in
the
United
States
was
imported;
of
the
total,
about
95%
was
converted
to
alumina.
Also,
the
United
States
imported
approximately
one­
half
of
the
alumina
it
required.
Of
the
total
alumina
used,
about
90%
went
to
primary
aluminum
smelters
and
the
remainder
went
to
nonmetallurgical
uses.
Annual
alumina
capacity
was
5.75
million
tons,
with
three
Bayer
refineries
in
operation
and
one
temporarily
idled
at
midyear.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
2
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
bauxite,
mine
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Imports
of
bauxite
for
consumption
3
11,600
10,400
9,030
8,670
8,500
Imports
of
alumina
4
4,050
3,810
3,820
3,100
3,000
Exports
of
bauxite
3
108
168
147
88
70
Exports
of
alumina
4
1,280
1,230
1,090
1,250
1,200
Shipments
of
bauxite
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
3
3,300
4,180
1,100
3,640
1,000
Consumption,
apparent,
bauxite
and
alumina
(
in
aluminum
equivalents)
5
5,000
4,870
3,840
3,670
3,300
Price,
bauxite,
average
value
U.
S.
imports
(
f.
a.
s.)
dollars
per
ton
23
22
23
23
21
Stocks,
bauxite,
industry,
yearend
3
1,860
1,440
1,300
1,750
1,300
Net
import
reliance,
6
bauxite
and
alumina,
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
100
100
100
100
100
Recycling:
None.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
7
Bauxite:
Guinea,
39%;
Jamaica,
28%;
Brazil,
14%;
Guyana,
11%;
and
other,
8%.
Alumina:
Australia,
63%;
Suriname,
15%;
Jamaica,
9%;
and
other,
13%.
Total:
Australia,
29%;
Guinea,
21%;
Jamaica,
19%;
Brazil,
9%;
and
other,
22%.
Tariff:
Import
duties
on
bauxite
and
alumina
were
abolished
in
1971
by
Public
Law
92­
151.
Only
imports
from
non­
normal­
trade­
relations
nations
were
dutiable.
Countries
that
supplied
commercial
quantities
of
bauxite
or
alumina
to
the
United
States
during
the
first
8
months
of
2002
had
normal­
trade­
relations
status.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
2
ALUMINUM
1
(
Data
in
thousand
metric
tons
of
metal,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
In
2002,
11
companies
operated
16
primary
aluminum
reduction
plants;
6
smelters
were
temporarily
idled.
The
11
smelters
east
of
the
Mississippi
River
accounted
for
75%
of
the
production;
whereas
the
remaining
11
smelters,
which
included
the
9
Pacific
Northwest
smelters,
accounted
for
only
25%.
Based
upon
published
market
prices,
the
value
of
primary
metal
production
was
$
3.9
billion
in
2002.
Aluminum
consumption
was
centered
in
the
East
Central
United
States.
Transportation
accounted
for
an
estimated
34%
of
domestic
consumption
in
2002;
packaging,
25%;
building,
17%;
consumer
durables,
7%;
electrical,
7%;
and
other,
10%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Primary
3,713
3,779
3,668
2,637
2,700
Secondary
(
from
old
scrap)
1,500
1,570
1,370
1,210
1,200
Imports
for
consumption
3,550
4,000
3,910
3,740
4,000
Exports
1,590
1,640
1,760
1,590
1,500
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
(
2
)
 
 
 
 
Consumption,
apparent
3
7,090
7,770
7,530
6,230
6,400
Price,
ingot,
average
U.
S.
market
(
spot),
cents
per
pound
65.5
65.7
74.6
68.8
65.0
Stocks:
Aluminum
industry,
yearend
1,930
1,870
1,550
1,300
1,300
LME,
U.
S.
warehouses,
yearend
4
13
14
(
2
)
28
10
Employment,
primary
reduction,
number
18,400
17,900
17,100
15,100
13,700
Net
import
reliance
5
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
27
31
33
38
39
Recycling:
In
2002,
aluminum
recovered
from
purchased
scrap
was
about
3
million
tons,
of
which
about
60%
came
from
new
(
manufacturing)
scrap
and
40%
from
old
scrap
(
discarded
aluminum
products).
Aluminum
recovered
from
old
scrap
was
equivalent
to
about
20%
of
apparent
consumption.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Canada,
60%;
Russia,
18%;
Venezuela,
4%;
Mexico,
2%;
and
other,
16%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Unwrought
(
in
coils)
7601.10.3000
2.6%
ad
val.
Unwrought
(
other
than
aluminum
alloys)
7601.10.6000
Free.
Waste
and
scrap
7602.00.0000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
Not
applicable.
1
Government
Stockpile:
None.
3
COPPER
(
Data
in
thousand
metric
tons
of
copper
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Domestic
mine
production
in
2002
declined
to
1.13
million
metric
tons
and
was
valued
at
about
$
1.9
billion.
The
principal
mining
States,
in
descending
order,
Arizona,
Utah,
and
New
Mexico,
accounted
for
99%
of
domestic
production;
copper
was
also
recovered
at
mines
in
three
other
States.
Although
copper
was
recovered
at
22
mines
operating
in
the
United
States,
just
13
mines
accounted
for
more
than
99%
of
production.
Three
primary
smelters,
4
electrolytic
and
3
fire
refineries,
and
12
solvent
extraction­
electrowinning
facilities
operated
during
the
year.
Refined
copper
and
direct
melt
scrap
were
consumed
at
about
35
brass
mills;
13
rod
mills;
and
600
foundries,
chemical
plants,
and
miscellaneous
consumers.
Copper
and
copper
alloy
products
consumed
1
in
building
construction
totaled
44%;
electric
and
electronic
products,
25%;
transportation
equipment,
11%;
industrial
machinery
and
equipment,
10%;
and
consumer
and
general
products,
10%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
1,860
1,600
1,450
1,340
1,130
Refinery:
Primary
2,140
1,890
1,590
1,630
1,450
Secondary
349
230
209
172
95
Copper
from
all
old
scrap
466
381
357
316
250
Imports
for
consumption:
Ores
and
concentrates
217
143
(
2
)
46
95
Refined
683
837
1,060
991
900
Unmanufactured
1,190
1,280
1,350
1,400
1,220
Exports:
Ores
and
concentrates
37
64
116
45
20
Refined
86
25
94
23
30
Unmanufactured
412
395
650
556
400
Consumption:
Reported
refined
2,890
2,980
3,030
2,620
2,500
Apparent
unmanufactured
3
3,030
3,130
3,100
2,500
2,700
Price,
average,
cents
per
pound:
Domestic
producer,
cathode
78.6
75.9
88.2
76.9
75
London
Metal
Exchange,
high­
grade
75.0
71.3
82.2
71.6
70
Stocks,
yearend,
refined,
held
by
U.
S.
producers,
consumers,
and
metal
exchanges
532
565
334
952
1,020
Employment,
mine
and
mill,
thousands
13.0
10.3
9.1
8.2
7
Net
import
reliance
4
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
14
27
37
22
37
Recycling:
Old
scrap,
converted
to
refined
metal
and
alloys,
provided
250,000
tons
of
copper,
equivalent
to
9%
of
apparent
consumption.
Purchased
new
scrap,
derived
from
fabricating
operations,
yielded
900,000
tons
of
contained
copper;
about
90%
of
the
copper
contained
in
new
scrap
was
consumed
at
brass
or
wire­
rod
mills.
Of
the
total
copper
recovered
from
scrap
(
including
aluminum­
and
nickel­
base
scrap),
brass
mills
recovered
70%;
copper
smelters
and
refiners,
8%;
ingot
makers,
11%;
and
miscellaneous
manufacturers,
foundries,
and
chemical
plants,
11%.
Copper
in
all
old
and
new,
refined
or
remelted
scrap
contributed
32%
of
the
U.
S.
copper
supply.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Unmanufactured:
Canada,
30%;
Chile,
23%;
Peru,
19%;
Mexico,
15%;
and
other,
13%.
Refined
copper
accounted
for
68%
of
unwrought
copper
imports.
4
ZINC
(
Data
in
thousand
metric
tons
of
zinc
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
value
of
zinc
mined
in
2002,
based
on
contained
zinc
recoverable
from
concentrate,
was
about
$
660
million.
It
was
produced
in
5
States
by
12
mines
operated
by
7
companies.
Alaska,
Missouri,
New
York,
and
Tennessee
accounted
for
98%
of
domestic
mine
output;
Alaska
alone
accounted
for
about
85%
of
production.
Two
primary
and
13
large­
and
medium­
sized
secondary
smelters
refined
zinc
metal
of
commercial
grade
in
2002.
Of
zinc
metal
consumed,
about
75%
was
used
in
Illinois,
Indiana,
Michigan,
New
York,
Ohio,
and
Pennsylvania,
mostly
by
steel
companies.
Of
the
total
zinc
consumed,
about
55%
was
used
in
galvanizing,
17%
in
zinc­
base
alloys,
13%
in
brass
and
bronze,
and
15%
in
other
uses.
Zinc
compounds
and
dust
were
used
principally
by
the
agriculture,
chemical,
paint,
and
rubber
industries.
Major
coproducts
of
zinc
mining
and
smelting,
in
order
of
decreasing
tonnage,
were
lead,
sulfur,
cadmium,
silver,
gold,
and
germanium.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine,
zinc
in
ore
1
755
852
852
842
740
Primary
slab
zinc
234
241
228
203
210
Secondary
slab
zinc
134
131
143
108
130
Imports
for
consumption:
Ore
and
concentrate
46
75
53
84
80
Refined
zinc
879
1,060
915
813
900
Exports:
Ore
and
concentrate
552
531
523
696
710
Refined
zinc
2
2
3
1
1
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
26
22
39
18
20
Consumption:
Apparent,
refined
zinc
1,290
1,430
1,330
1,140
1,244
Apparent,
all
forms
1,590
1,700
1,630
1,400
1,500
Price,
average,
cents
per
pound:
Domestic
producers
2
51.4
53.5
55.6
44.0
40.0
London
Metal
Exchange,
cash
46.4
48.8
51.2
40.2
36.0
Stocks,
slab
zinc,
yearend
68
84
77
75
90
Employment:
Mine
and
mill,
number
e
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,400
2,000
Smelter
primary,
number
e
1,000
1,000
1,000
900
900
Net
import
reliance
3
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption:
Refined
zinc
71
74
72
73
73
All
forms
of
zinc
58
62
60
59
60
Recycling:
In
2002,
an
estimated
370,000
tons
of
zinc
was
recovered
from
waste
and
scrap;
about
30%
was
recovered
in
the
form
of
slab
zinc
and
the
remainder
in
alloys,
oxide,
and
chemicals.
Of
the
total
amount
of
scrap
recycled,
300,000
tons
was
derived
from
new
scrap
and
70,000
tons
was
derived
from
old
scrap.
About
25,000
tons
of
scrap
was
exported,
mainly
to
China,
Canada,
and
Taiwan,
and
40,000
tons
was
imported,
90%
of
which
came
from
Canada.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Ore
and
concentrate:
Peru,
53%;
Mexico,
19%;
Australia,
17%;
and
other,
11%.
Metal:
Canada,
57%;
Mexico,
12%;
Kazakhstan,
9%;
and
other,
22%.
Combined
total:
Canada,
54%;
Mexico,
12%;
Kazakhstan,
8%;
and
other,
26%.
5
LEAD
(
Data
in
thousand
metric
tons
of
lead
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
value
of
recoverable
mined
lead
in
2002,
based
on
the
average
U.
S.
producer
price,
was
$
415
million.
Six
lead
mines
in
Missouri
plus
lead­
producing
mines
in
Alaska,
Idaho,
and
Montana
yielded
most
of
the
total.
Primary
lead
was
processed
at
two
smelter­
refineries
in
Missouri.
Of
the
24
plants
that
produced
secondary
lead,
15
had
annual
capacities
of
15,000
tons
or
more
and
accounted
for
more
than
99%
of
secondary
production.
Lead
was
consumed
at
about
130
manufacturing
plants.
The
transportation
industries
were
the
principal
users
of
lead,
consuming
76%
of
it
for
batteries,
fuel
tanks,
solder,
seals,
bearings,
and
wheel
weights.
Electrical,
electronic,
communications
uses
(
including
batteries),
ammunition,
television
glass,
construction
(
including
radiation
shielding),
and
protective
coatings
accounted
for
approximately
22%
of
consumption.
The
balance
was
used
in
ballast
and
counterweights,
ceramics
and
crystal
glass,
tubes
and
containers,
type
metal,
foil,
wire,
and
specialized
chemicals.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine,
lead
in
concentrates
493
520
465
466
450
Primary
refinery
337
350
341
290
260
Secondary
refinery,
old
scrap
1,060
1,060
1,080
1,050
1,040
Imports
for
consumption,
lead
in
concentrates
33
12
31
2
5
Exports,
lead
in
concentrates
72
94
117
181
120
Imports
for
consumption,
refined
metal,
wrought
and
unwrought
275
323
366
284
255
Exports,
refined
metal,
wrought
and
unwrought
40
37
49
35
30
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses,
metal
50
61
32
41
30
Consumption:
Reported
1,630
1,680
1,720
1,590
1,510
Apparent
1,690
1,760
1,740
1,650
1,580
Price,
average,
cents
per
pound:
North
American
Producer
45.3
43.7
43.6
43.6
44
London
Metal
Exchange
24.0
22.8
20.6
21.6
21
Stocks,
metal,
producers,
consumers,
yearend
89
91
124
100
80
Employment:
Mine
and
mill
(
peak),
number
1,200
1,100
1,100
1,100
900
Primary
smelter,
refineries
450
450
450
400
320
Secondary
smelters,
refineries
1,800
1,700
1,700
1,600
1,600
Net
import
reliance
1
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
18
20
18
19
18
Recycling:
About
1.1
million
tons
of
secondary
lead
were
produced,
an
amount
equivalent
to
69%
of
domestic
lead
consumption.
Nearly
all
of
it
was
recovered
from
old
(
post­
consumer)
scrap.
About
1
million
tons
(
equivalent
to
63%
of
domestic
lead
consumption)
was
recovered
from
used
batteries
alone.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Lead
in
concentrates:
Peru,
26%;
Mexico,
18%;
Canada,
8%;
Australia,
3%;
and
other,
45%.
Metal,
wrought
and
unwrought:
Canada,
62%;
Mexico,
10%;
Australia,
6%;
Peru,
2%;
and
other,
20%.
Total
lead
content:
Canada,
60%;
Mexico,
11%;
Australia,
6%;
Peru,
3%;
and
other,
20%.
6
25
ANTIMONY
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
antimony
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
There
was
no
domestic
mine
production
of
antimony
in
2002.
The
only
domestic
source
of
antimony,
a
silver
mine
that
produced
antimony
as
a
byproduct,
closed
early
in
2001
without
any
output
in
the
year.
A
small
amount
of
antimony
was
recovered
as
a
byproduct
of
lead
and
silver­
copper
smelting.
Primary
antimony
metal
and
oxide
was
produced
by
three
companies
in
Montana,
New
Jersey,
and
Texas,
using
foreign
feedstock
and
a
small
amount
of
domestic
feed
material.
The
estimated
value
of
primary
antimony
metal
and
oxide
produced
in
2002
was
$
30
million.
Secondary
antimony
was
recovered,
mostly
in
alloy
form,
at
lead
smelters;
its
value,
based
on
the
price
of
antimony
metal,
was
about
$
2
million.
The
estimated
distribution
of
antimony
uses
was
as
follows:
flame
retardants,
55%;
transportation,
including
batteries,
18%;
chemicals,
10%;
ceramics
and
glass,
7%;
and
other,
10%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
(
recoverable
antimony)
1
489
450
W
 
 
Smelter:
Primary
24,000
23,800
20,900
18,000
16,000
Secondary
7,710
8,220
7,920
6,660
4,000
Imports
for
consumption
34,600
36,800
41,600
37,900
16,000
Exports
of
metal,
alloys,
oxide,
and
waste
and
scrap
2
4,170
3,660
7,120
7,610
7,000
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
4,160
5,790
4,540
4,620
4,000
Consumption,
apparent
3
42,700
36,500
49,400
45,200
18,000
Price,
metal,
average,
cents
per
pound
4
72
63
66
65
79
Stocks,
yearend
10,600
10,900
6,780
4,970
4,000
Employment,
plant,
number
e
80
75
40
40
 
Net
import
reliance
5
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
81
82
84
61
41
Recycling:
Traditionally,
the
bulk
of
secondary
antimony
has
been
recovered
as
antimonial
lead,
most
of
which
was
generated
and
then
also
consumed
by
the
battery
industry.
However,
changing
trends
in
this
industry
in
recent
years
have
caused
lesser
amounts
of
secondary
antimony
to
be
produced.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Metal:
China,
86%;
Mexico,
6%;
Hong
Kong,
5%;
and
other,
3%.
Ore
and
concentrate:
China,
37%;
Australia,
29%;
Austria,
6%;
and
other,
28%.
Oxide:
China,
43%;
Mexico,
20%;
Belgium,
13%;
South
Africa,
10%;
Bolivia,
6%;
Hong
Kong,
3%;
and
other,
5%.
Total:
China,
52%;
Mexico,
21%;
Belgium,
9%;
South
Africa,
9%;
Hong
Kong,
6%;
and
other,
3%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Ore
and
concentrates
2617.10.0000
Free.
Antimony
and
articles
thereof,
8110.00.0000
Free.
including
waste
and
scrap
Antimony
oxide
2825.80.0000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Sales
of
antimony
from
the
Defense
National
Stockpile
Center
proceeded
for
the
10th
consecutive
year.
Sales
were
conducted
on
a
negotiated
bid
basis
and
were
held
bimonthly
on
the
first
Thursday
of
the
month.
There
was
no
maximum
quantity
for
which
a
company
could
submit
a
bid,
but
the
minimum
quantity
was
18
metric
tons.
Grade
A
and
grade
B
ingots,
cakes,
and
broken
pieces
were
offered.
The
antimony
sulfide
ore
inventory
has
been
depleted.
The
Somerville,
NJ,
depot
holds
the
remaining
antimony
inventory.
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
6
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Antimony
2,588
1,154
2,588
4,500
2,091
Prepared
by
James
F.
Carlin,
Jr.
[(
703)
648­
4985,
jcarlin@
usgs.
gov,
fax:
(
703)
648­
7757]
ANTIMONY
Events,
Trends,
and
Issues:
In
2002,
antimony
production
from
domestic
source
materials
was
derived
mainly
from
the
recycling
of
lead­
acid
batteries.
Recycling
supplied
only
a
minor
portion
of
estimated
domestic
demand.
The
price
of
antimony
metal
held
fairly
steady
during
the
first
half
of
2002.
Prices
started
the
year
at
$
0.63
per
pound
and
ended
the
first
half
at
$
0.67
per
pound.
Prices
rose
sharply
in
July
and
August,
ending
August
at
$
0.89
per
pound.
Prices
in
September
increased
to
$
1.13
per
pound.
Industry
observers
thought
the
significant
price
increases
were
caused
by
a
dearth
of
antimony
worldwide,
caused
mostly
by
the
success
of
China's
export
control
system.
During
2002,
the
United
States
and
most
major
antimony­
consuming
countries
experienced
a
marked
decrease
in
demand
that
lasted
through
most
of
the
year.
It
affected
virtually
all
consumption
categories,
and
observers
attributed
it
mostly
to
the
economic
slowdown
of
recent
years.
World
Mine
Production,
Reserves,
and
Reserve
Base:
Reserves
and
reserve
base
estimates
have
been
revised
for
China,
Kyrgyzstan,
South
Africa,
and
Tajikistan
based
on
new
information
from
those
countries.
Mine
production
Reserves
7
Reserve
base
7
2001
2002
e
United
States
 
 
80,000
90,000
7
Bolivia
2,000
2,200
310,000
320,000
China
135,000
125,000
790,000
2,400,000
Kyrgyzstan
150
200
120,000
250,000
Russia
4,500
5,000
350,000
370,000
South
Africa
3,900
4,000
33,000
250,000
Tajikistan
2,500
3,000
50,000
150,000
Other
countries
2,950
2,000
25,000
75,000
World
total
(
may
be
rounded)
151,000
141,000
1,800,000
3,900,000
World
Resources:
U.
S.
resources
are
mainly
in
Alaska,
Idaho,
Montana,
and
Nevada.
Principal
identified
world
resources
are
in
Bolivia,
China,
Mexico,
Russia,
and
South
Africa.
Additional
antimony
resources
may
occur
in
Mississippi
Valley­
type
lead
deposits
in
the
Eastern
United
States.
Substitutes:
Compounds
of
chromium,
tin,
titanium,
zinc,
and
zirconium
substitute
for
antimony
chemicals
in
paint,
pigments,
and
enamels.
Combinations
of
cadmium,
calcium,
copper,
selenium,
strontium,
sulfur,
and
tin
can
be
used
as
substitutes
for
hardening
lead.
Selected
organic
compounds
and
hydrated
aluminum
oxide
are
widely
accepted
substitutes
as
flame­
retardants.
8
GOLD
(
Data
in
metric
tons
1
of
gold
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Gold
was
produced
at
about
52
major
lode
mines,
a
dozen
or
more
large
placer
mines
(
nearly
all
in
Alaska),
and
numerous
smaller
placer
mines
(
mostly
in
Alaska
and
in
the
Western
States).
In
addition,
a
small
amount
of
domestic
gold
was
recovered
as
a
byproduct
of
processing
base
metals,
chiefly
copper.
Thirty
mines
yielded
more
than
99%
of
the
gold
produced
in
the
United
States.
In
2002,
the
value
of
mine
production
was
more
than
$
2.9
billion.
Commercial­
grade
refined
gold
came
from
about
two
dozen
producers.
A
few
dozen
companies,
out
of
several
thousand
companies
and
artisans,
dominated
the
fabrication
of
gold
into
commercial
products.
U.
S.
jewelry
manufacturing
was
heavily
concentrated
in
the
New
York,
NY,
and
Providence,
RI;
areas
with
lesser
concentrations
include
California,
Florida,
and
Texas.
Estimated
uses
were:
jewelry
and
arts,
85%;
dental,
10%;
and
electrical
and
electronics,
5%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
366
341
353
335
300
Refinery:
Primary
277
265
197
191
180
Secondary
(
new
and
old
scrap)
163
143
82
83
85
Imports
2
278
221
223
193
125
Exports
2
522
523
547
489
165
Consumption,
reported
219
245
183
179
170
Stocks,
yearend,
Treasury
3
8,130
8,170
8,140
8,120
8,140
Price,
dollars
per
ounce
4
295
280
280
272
305
Employment,
mine
and
mill,
number
5
13,400
10,300
10,400
9,500
9,000
Net
import
reliance
6
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
E
E
E
E
E
Recycling:
85
metric
tons
of
new
and
old
scrap,
equal
to
50%
of
reported
consumption,
was
recycled
in
2002.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
2
Canada,
46%;
Brazil,
14%;
Peru,
8%;
Australia,
7%;
and
other,
25%.
Tariff:
Most
imports
of
unwrought
gold,
including
bullion
and
doré,
enter
duty
free.
Depletion
Allowance:
15%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
The
U.
S.
Department
of
the
Treasury
maintains
stocks
of
gold
(
see
salient
statistics
above)
and
the
U.
S.
Department
of
Defense
administers
a
Government­
wide
secondary
precious
metals
recovery
program.
Events,
Trends,
and
Issues:
Domestic
gold
mine
production
in
2002
was
estimated
at
about
10%
less
than
the
level
of
2001,
but
high
enough
to
maintain
the
United
States'
position
as
the
world's
second
largest
gold­
producing
nation,
after
South
Africa.
Domestic
output
continued
to
be
dominated
by
Nevada,
where
combined
production
accounted
for
more
than
75%
of
the
U.
S.
total.
Between
July
2001
and
August
2002,
four
gold
mines
were
closed
in
the
United
States.
During
this
12­
month
period,
the
average
output
per
mine
remained
about
the
same,
companies
merged,
and
the
size
of
gold
mining
operations
increased.
Companies
were
beginning
to
have
difficulties
in
successfully
replacing
annual
production
with
new
reserves.
Estimates
by
an
industry
association
indicate
that
worldwide
gold
exploration
expenditures
decreased
for
the
fifth
consecutive
year,
with
1997
marking
the
peak
of
exploration
spending
for
the
1990s.
The
expenditures
of
U.
S.
gold
producers
continued
to
fall,
but
at
a
lesser
rate
than
in
2001
owing
to
the
recovering
gold
price.
9
PLATINUM­
GROUP
METALS
(
Platinum,
palladium,
rhodium,
ruthenium,
iridium,
osmium)
(
Data
in
kilograms,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
Stillwater
Mine
is
the
only
primary
platinum­
group
metals
(
PGM)
producer
in
the
United
States.
The
mine,
near
Nye,
MT,
processed
more
than
820,000
metric
tons
of
ore
and
recovered
more
than
16,000
kilograms
of
palladium
and
platinum
in
2002.
Small
quantities
of
PGM
were
also
recovered
as
byproducts
of
copper
refining
by
two
companies
in
Texas
and
Utah.
Catalysts
for
air
pollution
abatement
continued
to
be
the
largest
demand
sector
for
PGM.
In
the
United
States,
more
than
100,000
kilograms
of
PGM
were
used
by
the
automotive
industry
in
the
manufacture
of
catalytic
converters.
Catalysts
were
also
used
in
other
air­
pollution­
abatement
processes
to
remove
organic
vapors,
odors,
and
carbon
monoxide.
Chemical
uses
include
catalysts
for
organic
synthesis,
production
of
nitric
acid,
and
fabrication
of
laboratory
equipment.
Platinum
alloys,
in
cast
or
wrought
form,
are
commonly
used
for
jewelry.
Platinum,
palladium,
and
a
variety
of
complex
gold­
silver­
copper
alloys
are
used
as
dental
restorative
materials.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Mine
production:
1
Platinum
3,240
2,920
3,110
3,610
3,900
Palladium
10,600
9,800
10,300
12,100
13,000
Imports
for
consumption:
Platinum
96,700
125,000
93,700
84,200
105,000
Palladium
176,000
189,000
181,000
160,000
75,800
Rhodium
13,500
10,300
18,200
12,400
7,560
Ruthenium
8,880
11,400
20,900
8,170
10,800
Iridium
1,950
2,270
2,700
3,110
2,060
Osmium
71
23
133
77
6
Exports:
Platinum
14,300
19,400
25,000
31,300
30,500
Palladium
36,700
43,800
57,900
37,000
41,600
Rhodium
811
114
797
982
226
Price,
2
dollars
per
troy
ounce:
Platinum
374.61
378.94
549.30
533.29
558.75
Palladium
289.76
363.20
691.84
610.71
330.50
Rhodium
619.83
904.35
1,990.00
1,598.67
750.75
Ruthenium
47.95
40.70
129.76
130.67
60.00
Employment,
mine,
number
620
954
1,290
1,320
1,400
Net
import
reliance
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption:
e
Platinum
94
96
78
90
93
Palladium
90
92
84
87
69
Recycling:
An
estimated
6,000
kilograms
of
PGM
was
recovered
from
new
and
old
scrap
in
2001.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Platinum:
South
Africa,
55%;
United
Kingdom,
15%;
Germany,
9%;
Russia,
4%;
and
other,
17%.
Palladium:
Russia,
44%;
South
Africa,
14%;
United
Kingdom,
13%;
Belgium,
10%;
and
other,
19%.
Tariff:
All
unwrought
and
semimanufactured
forms
of
PGM
can
be
imported
duty
free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
3
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Platinum
649
 
649
4,354
4,055
Palladium
7,027
241
16,714
18,662
9,687
Iridium
784
 
784
187
 
10
MERCURY
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
mercury
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
2
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Recovery
of
mercury
from
obsolete
or
wornout
items
remains
the
principal
source
of
domestic
mercury
production.
Several
companies
in
the
eastern
and
central
United
States
recovered
mercury
from
a
variety
of
secondary
sources,
such
as
batteries,
chloralkali
wastewater
sludges,
dental
amalgams,
electrical
apparatus,
fluorescent
light
tubes,
and
measuring
instruments.
Domestic
mine
production
of
mercury
was
limited
to
a
very
small
quantity
of
byproduct
production
from
fewer
than
10
Western
State
gold
mines.
The
manufacture
of
chlorine
and
caustic
soda,
along
with
its
use
in
electrical
and
electronic
applications
probably
accounted
for
two­
thirds
to
three­
fourths
of
the
mercury
consumed
domestically.
The
remainder
was
used
in
other
applications
such
as
measuring
and
control
instruments
and
dental
amalgams.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Secondary,
industrial
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Imports
for
consumption
(
gross
weight)
128
62
103
100
100
Exports
(
gross
weight)
63
181
182
108
300
Price,
average
value,
dollars
per
flask,
free
market
139.84
140.00
155.00
155.00
140.00
Recycling:
Recycling
of
old
scrap
represented
essentially
all
of
domestic
mercury
production
in
2002.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
United
Kingdom,
30%;
Chile,
15%;
Kazakhstan,
13%;
Germany,
13%;
and
other,
29%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Mercury
2805.40.0000
1.7%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
In
addition
to
the
quantities
shown
below,
146
tons
of
secondary
mercury
was
held
by
the
U.
S.
Department
of
Energy
at
Oak
Ridge,
TN.
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
3
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Mercury
4,435
 
4,435
 
 
11
SILVER
(
Data
in
metric
tons
1
of
silver
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
In
2002,
U.
S.
mine
production
of
silver
was
about
1,470
tons
with
an
estimated
value
of
$
214
million.
Nevada
was
the
largest
producer,
with
more
than
600
tons.
Precious
metal
ores
accounted
for
approximately
one­
half
of
domestic
silver
production;
the
remainder
was
recovered
as
a
byproduct
from
the
processing
of
copper,
lead,
and
zinc
ores.
There
were
21
principal
refiners
of
commercial­
grade
silver,
with
an
estimated
total
output
of
approximately
2,900
tons.
About
30
fabricators
accounted
for
more
than
90%
of
the
silver
consumed
in
arts
and
industry.
The
remainder
was
consumed
mostly
by
small
companies
and
artisans.
Aesthetic
uses
of
silver
for
decorative
articles,
jewelry,
tableware,
and
coinage
were
overshadowed
by
industrial
and
technical
uses.
Industrial
and
technical
uses
include
photographic
materials,
electrical
and
electronic
products,
catalysts,
brazing
alloys,
dental
amalgam,
and
bearings.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
2,060
1,950
1,860
1,740
1,470
Refinery:
Primary
2,300
2,000
2,780
2,640
2,900
Secondary
1,700
1,500
1,680
1,060
1,600
Imports
for
consumption
2
3,330
2,660
3,810
3,310
3,630
Exports
2
2,250
481
279
963
885
Consumption,
apparent
e
5,300
5,500
6,300
5,800
5,340
Price,
dollars
per
troy
ounce
3
5.54
5.25
5.00
4.39
4.52
Stocks,
yearend:
Treasury
Department
4
582
617
220
220
220
COMEX,
CBT
5
2,360
2,360
2,920
3,342
3,272
National
Defense
Stockpile
1,030
778
458
200
 
Employment,
mine
and
mill,
6
number
1,550
1,500
1,500
1,100
1,100
Net
import
reliance
7
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
e
43
39
43
44
61
Recycling:
About
1,100
tons
of
silver
was
recovered
from
old
and
new
scrap
in
2001.
Import
Sources
2
(
1998­
2001):
Canada,
40%;
Mexico,
37%;
Peru,
7%;
United
Kingdom,
3%;
and
other,
13%.
Tariff:
No
duties
are
imposed
on
imports
of
unrefined
silver
or
refined
bullion.
Depletion
Allowance:
15%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
The
Defense
Logistics
Agency
(
DLA)
has
transferred
all
of
the
remaining
silver
in
the
National
Defense
Stockpile
to
the
U.
S.
Mint
for
use
in
the
manufacture
of
numismatic
and
bullion
coins.
Under
an
agreement
with
the
U.
S.
Department
of
the
Treasury,
the
metal
will
continue
to
be
carried
as
DLA
stocks
until
the
metal
is
consumed
by
the
Mint.
The
transfer
marked
the
end
of
silver
requirements
in
the
National
Defense
Stockpile.
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
8
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Silver
21
21
21
249
300
12
TUNGSTEN
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
tungsten
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
last
reported
U.
S.
production
of
tungsten
concentrates
was
in
1994.
In
2002,
approximately
eight
companies
in
the
United
States
processed
tungsten
concentrates,
ammonium
paratungstate,
tungsten
oxide,
and/
or
scrap
to
make
tungsten
powder,
tungsten
carbide
powder,
and/
or
tungsten
chemicals.
More
than
70
industrial
consumers
were
surveyed
on
a
monthly
or
annual
basis.
Data
reported
by
these
consumers
indicates
that
62%
of
the
tungsten
consumed
in
the
United
States
was
used
in
cemented
carbide
parts
for
cutting
and
wear­
resistant
materials
primarily
in
the
metalworking,
oil
and
gas
drilling,
mining,
and
construction
industries.
The
remaining
tungsten
was
consumed
in
making
lamp
filaments,
electrodes,
and
other
components
for
the
electrical
and
electronics
industries;
steels,
superalloys,
and
wear­
resistant
alloys;
and
chemicals
for
catalysts
and
pigments.
The
total
estimated
value
of
tungsten
consumed
in
2002
was
$
250
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
 
 
 
 
 
Secondary
3,350
4,980
5,210
5,390
4,500
Imports
for
consumption:
Concentrate
4,750
2,870
2,370
2,680
3,900
Other
forms
8,490
8,230
7,810
8,150
7,000
Exports:
Concentrate
10
26
70
220
90
Other
forms
3,640
2,860
2,800
4,860
3,500
Government
stockpile
shipments:
Concentrate
 
(
1
)
1,240
2,200
1,600
Other
forms
 
(
1
)
591
986
200
Consumption:
Reported,
concentrate
2
3,210
2
2,100
W
W
W
Apparent,
all
forms
12,300
12,900
14,400
14,500
12,900
Price,
concentrate,
dollars
per
mtu
WO3
,
3
average:
U.
S.
spot
market,
Platts
Metals
Week
52
47
47
64
55
European
market,
Metal
Bulletin
44
40
45
65
38
Stocks,
industry,
yearend:
Concentrate
514
W
W
W
W
Other
forms
2,780
2,490
2,280
2,110
1,800
Net
import
reliance
4
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
77
65
66
64
70
Recycling:
During
2002,
the
tungsten
content
of
scrap
consumed
by
processors
and
end
users
was
estimated
at
4,500
tons.
This
represented
approximately
35%
of
apparent
consumption
of
tungsten
in
all
forms.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Tungsten
content
of
ores
and
concentrates,
intermediate
and
primary
products,
wrought
and
unwrought
tungsten,
and
waste
and
scrap:
China,
48%;
Russia,
16%;
and
other,
36%.
In
2001,
imports
of
tungsten
materials
from
Russia
decreased
to
4%
of
total
tungsten
imports.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
5
12/
31/
02
Ore
2611.00.3000
Free.
Concentrate
9902.26.1100
Free.
Ferrotungsten
7202.80.0000
5.6%
ad
val.
Tungsten
powders
8101.10.0000
7.0%
ad
val.
Ammonium
tungstate
2841.80.0010
5.5%
ad
val.
Tungsten
carbide
2849.90.3000
6.5%
ad
val.
Tungsten
oxide
2825.90.3000
5.5%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Sales
of
National
Defense
Stockpile
tungsten
began
in
1999.
Included
in
the
data
listed
in
the
table
below,
as
of
September
30,
2002,
are
the
following
quantities
of
uncommitted
nonstockpile­
grade
materials
authorized
for
disposal
(
tons
of
tungsten
content):
ores
and
concentrates,
6,410,
and
metal
powder,
151.
13
COBALT
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
cobalt
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
United
States
did
not
mine
or
refine
cobalt
in
2002;
however,
negligible
amounts
of
byproduct
cobalt
were
produced
as
intermediate
products
from
some
mining
operations.
U.
S.
supply
comprised
imports,
stock
releases,
and
secondary
materials,
such
as
superalloy
scrap,
cemented
carbide
scrap,
and
spent
catalysts.
There
were
two
domestic
producers
of
extra­
fine
cobalt
powder:
One
produced
powder
from
imported
primary
metal,
and
another
produced
powder
from
cemented
carbide
scrap.
In
addition
to
the
powder
producers,
six
companies
were
known
to
be
active
in
the
production
of
cobalt
compounds.
Nearly
90
industrial
consumers
were
surveyed
on
a
monthly
or
annual
basis.
Data
reported
by
these
consumers
indicate
that
approximately
51%
of
U.
S.
cobalt
use
was
in
superalloys,
which
are
used
primarily
in
aircraft
gas
turbine
engines;
8%
was
in
cemented
carbides
for
cutting
and
wear­
resistant
applications;
19%
was
in
various
other
metallic
uses;
and
the
remaining
22%
was
in
a
variety
of
chemical
uses.
The
total
estimated
value
of
cobalt
consumed
in
2002
was
$
150
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
 
 
 
 
 
Secondary
3,080
2,720
2,550
2,740
2,700
Imports
for
consumption
7,670
8,150
8,770
9,410
9,400
Exports
1,680
1,550
2,630
3,210
2,100
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
2,310
1,530
2,960
3,050
750
Consumption:
Reported
(
includes
secondary)
9,380
8,660
8,980
9,490
8,700
Apparent
(
includes
secondary)
11,500
10,700
11,600
11,800
10,800
Price,
average
annual
spot
for
cathodes,
dollars
per
pound
21.43
17.02
15.16
10.55
6.90
Stocks,
industry,
yearend
1,000
1,160
1,180
1,370
1,300
Net
import
reliance
1
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
73
75
78
77
75
Recycling:
An
estimated
2,700
tons
of
cobalt
was
recycled
from
purchased
scrap
in
2002.
This
represented
31%
of
estimated
reported
consumption
for
the
year.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Cobalt
content
of
metal,
oxide,
and
salts:
Finland,
23%;
Norway,
19%;
Russia,
12%;
Canada,
10%;
and
other,
36%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
2
12/
31/
02
Unwrought
cobalt,
alloys
8105.20.3000
4.4%
ad
val.
Unwrought
cobalt,
other
8105.20.6000
Free.
Cobalt
mattes
and
other
intermediate
products
8105.20.9000
Free.
Cobalt
waste
and
scrap
8105.30.0000
Free.
Wrought
cobalt
and
cobalt
articles
8105.90.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Chemical
compounds:
Cobalt
oxides
and
hydroxides
2822.00.0000
0.1%
ad
val.
Cobalt
sulfates
2833.29.1000
1.4%
ad
val.
Cobalt
chlorides
2827.34.0000
4.2%
ad
val.
Cobalt
carbonates
2836.99.1000
4.2%
ad
val.
Cobalt
acetates
2915.23.0000
4.2%
ad
val.
Cobalt
ores
and
concentrates
2605.00.0000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Sales
of
National
Defense
Stockpile
cobalt
began
in
March
1993.
The
Annual
Materials
Plan
of
the
Defense
Logistics
Agency,
U.
S.
Department
of
Defense,
includes
a
cobalt
disposal
limit
of
2,720
tons
(
6
million
pounds)
during
fiscal
year
2003.
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
3
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Cobalt
6,640
214
6,640
2,720
1,210
14
MOLYBDENUM
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
molybdenum
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
In
2002,
molybdenum,
valued
at
about
$
270
million
(
based
on
average
oxide
price),
was
produced
by
six
mines.
Molybdenum
ore
was
produced
at
three
mines,
one
each
in
Colorado,
Idaho,
and
New
Mexico,
whereas
three
mines
in
Arizona
and
Utah
recovered
molybdenum
as
a
byproduct.
Three
plants
converted
molybdenite
(
MoS2
)
concentrate
to
molybdic
oxide,
from
which
intermediate
products,
such
as
ferromolybdenum,
metal
powder,
and
various
chemicals,
were
produced.
Iron
and
steel,
cast
and
wrought
alloy,
and
superalloy
producers
accounted
for
about
70%
of
the
molybdenum
consumed.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
mine
53,300
42,400
40,900
37,600
32,600
Imports
for
consumption
14,300
14,000
15,000
13,400
9,800
Exports
46,600
32,700
27,900
31,500
23,100
Consumption:
Reported
18,800
18,700
18,300
16,200
13,400
Apparent
16,200
32,500
34,200
22,300
19,900
Price,
average
value,
dollars
per
kilogram
1
5.90
5.90
5.64
5.20
8.30
Stocks,
mine
and
plant
concentrates,
product,
and
consumer
materials
16,200
12,000
11,400
10,700
9,600
Employment,
mine
and
plant,
number
740
610
470
380
360
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
E
E
E
E
E
Recycling:
Secondary
molybdenum
in
the
form
of
molybdenum
metal
or
superalloys
was
recovered,
but
the
amount
was
small.
Although
molybdenum
is
not
recovered
from
scrap
steel,
recycling
of
steel
alloys
is
significant,
and
molybdenum
content
is
reutilized.
Quantities
of
molybdenum
recycled
from
new
and
old
scrap
are
estimated
to
be
30%
of
apparent
supply
of
molybdenum.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
China,
30%;
Mexico,
29%;
Canada,
19%;
United
Kingdom,
11%;
Chile,
8%;
and
other,
3%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Molybdenum
ore
and
concentrates,
roasted
2613.10.0000
12.8
¢
/
kg
+
1.8%
ad
val.
Molybdenum
ore
and
concentrates,
other
2613.90.0000
17.8
¢
/
kg.
Molybdenum
chemicals:
Molybdenum
oxides
and
hydroxides
2825.70.0000
3.2%
ad
val.
Molybdates
of
ammonium
2841.70.1000
4.3%
ad
val.
Molybdates,
all
others
2841.70.5000
3.7%
ad
val.
Molybdenum
pigments:
Molybdenum
orange
3206.20.0020
3.7%
ad
val.
Ferroalloys:
Ferromolybdenum
7202.70.0000
4.5%
ad
val.
Molybdenum
metals:
Powders
8102.10.0000
9.1
¢
/
kg
+
1.2%
ad
val.
Unwrought
8102.94.0000
13.9
¢
/
kg
+
1.9%
ad
val.
Wrought
bars
and
rods
8102.95.3000
6.6%
ad
val.
Wrought
plates,
sheets,
strips,
etc.
8102.95.6000
6.6%
ad
val.
Wire
8102.96.0000
4.4%
ad
val.
Waste
and
scrap
8102.97.0000
Free.
Other
8102.99.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic);
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
None.
15
RHENIUM
(
Data
in
kilograms
of
rhenium
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
During
2002,
ores
containing
rhenium
were
mined
by
six
operations.
Rhenium
compounds
are
included
in
molybdenum
concentrates
derived
from
porphyry
copper
deposits
in
the
Southwestern
United
States,
and
rhenium
is
recovered
as
a
byproduct
from
roasting
such
molybdenum
concentrates.
Rhenium­
containing
products
included
ammonium
perrhenate,
perrhenic
acid,
and
metal
powder.
The
major
uses
of
rhenium
were
in
petroleum­
reforming
catalysts
and
in
high­
temperature
superalloys
used
in
turbine
engine
components,
representing
about
40%
and
50%,
respectively,
of
the
total
demand.
Rhenium
was
used
in
petroleum­
reforming
catalysts
for
the
production
of
high­
octane
hydrocarbons,
which
are
used
in
the
production
of
lead­
free
gasoline.
Bimetallic
platinum­
rhenium
catalysts
have
replaced
many
of
the
monometallic
catalysts.
Rhenium
is
used
in
superalloys,
improving
the
strength
properties,
at
high
temperatures
(
1,000
°
C),
of
nickel­
based
alloys.
Some
of
the
uses
for
rhenium
alloys
were
in
thermocouples,
temperature
controls,
heating
elements,
ionization
gauges,
mass
spectrographs,
electron
tubes
and
targets,
electrical
contacts,
metallic
coatings,
vacuum
tubes,
crucibles,
electromagnets,
and
semiconductors.
The
estimated
value
of
rhenium
consumed
in
2002
was
$
22
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production
1
14,000
12,000
12,400
11,800
9,400
Imports
for
consumption,
gross
weight
25,200
15,600
18,200
24,800
13,600
Exports
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Consumption:
Estimated
28,600
32,500
32,000
35,000
23,000
Apparent
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Price,
average
value,
dollars
per
kilogram,
gross
weight:
Metal
powder,
99.99%
pure
960
1,100
1,010
910
1,060
Ammonium
perrhenate
370
610
510
790
840
Stocks,
yearend,
consumer,
producer,
dealer
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Employment,
number
Small
Small
Small
Small
Small
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
estimated
consumption
88
48
57
71
59
Recycling:
Small
amounts
of
molybdenum­
rhenium
and
tungsten­
rhenium
scrap
have
been
processed
by
several
companies
during
the
past
few
years.
All
spent
platinum­
rhenium
catalysts
were
recycled.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Chile,
61%;
Kazakhstan,
15%;
Germany,
10%;
Russia,
5%;
and
other,
9%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Other
inorganic
acids,
other
 
rhenium,
etc.
2811.19.6050
4.2%
ad
val.
Salts
of
peroxometallic
acids,
other
 
ammonium
perrhenate
2841.90.2000
3.1%
ad
val.
Rhenium,
etc.,
(
metals)
waste
and
scrap
8112.92.0500
Free.
Rhenium,
(
metals)
unwrought;
powders
8112.92.5000
3%
ad
val.
Rhenium,
etc.,
(
metals)
wrought;
etc.
8112.99.0100
4%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
None.
16
VANADIUM
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
vanadium
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Eight
firms
make
up
the
U.
S.
vanadium
industry.
These
firms
produce
ferrovanadium,
vanadium
pentoxide,
vanadium
metal,
and
vanadium­
bearing
chemicals
or
specialty
alloys
by
processing
materials
such
as
petroleum
residues,
spent
catalysts,
utility
ash,
and
vanadium­
bearing
iron
slag.
Metallurgical
use,
primarily
as
an
alloying
agent
for
iron
and
steel,
accounts
for
about
90%
of
the
vanadium
consumed
domestically.
Of
the
other
uses
for
vanadium,
the
major
nonmetallurgical
use
was
in
catalysts
for
the
production
of
maleic
anhydride
and
sulfuric
acid.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
mine,
mill
W
W
 
 
 
Imports
for
consumption:
Ash,
ore,
residues,
slag
2,400
1,650
1,890
1,670
2,000
Vanadium
pentoxide,
anhydride
847
208
902
600
400
Oxides
and
hydroxides,
other
33
 
14
1,080
100
Aluminum­
vanadium
master
alloys
(
gross
weight)
298
1,210
16
10
100
Ferrovanadium
1,620
1,930
2,510
2,550
2,600
Exports:
Vanadium
pentoxide,
anhydride
681
747
653
71
60
Oxides
and
hydroxides,
other
232
70
100
63
200
Aluminum­
vanadium
master
alloys
(
gross
weight)
856
514
677
363
600
Ferrovanadium
579
213
172
70
100
Consumption,
reported
4,380
3,620
3,520
3,210
3,300
Price,
average,
dollars
per
pound
V2
O5
5.47
1.99
1.82
1.37
1.40
Stocks,
consumer,
yearend
336
348
303
246
300
Employment,
mine
and
mill,
number
400
400
400
400
400
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
reported
consumption
78
76
100
100
100
Recycling:
Some
tool
steel
scrap
was
recycled
primarily
for
its
vanadium
content,
and
vanadium
was
recycled
from
spent
chemical
process
catalysts,
but
these
two
sources
together
accounted
for
only
a
very
small
percentage
of
total
vanadium
used.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Ferrovanadium:
South
Africa,
29%;
Canada,
24%;
China,
20%;
Czech
Republic,
11%;
and
other,
16%.
Vanadium
pentoxide:
South
Africa,
98%;
and
other,
2%.
Tariff:
Ash,
residues,
slag,
and
waste
and
scrap
enter
duty­
free.
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Vanadium
pentoxide
anhydride
2825.30.0010
7.6%
ad
val.
Vanadium
oxides
and
hydroxides,
other
2825.30.0050
7.6%
ad
val.
Vanadates
2841.90.1000
6.6%
ad
val.
Ferrovanadium
7202.92.0000
4.2%
ad
val.
Aluminum­
vanadium
master
alloys
7601.20.9030
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
None.
17
BERYLLIUM
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
beryllium
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
A
company
in
Utah
mined
bertrandite
ore
and
recovered
beryllium
hydroxide
from
this
ore
and
from
imported
beryl.
The
beryllium
hydroxide
was
shipped
to
a
plant
in
Ohio,
where
it
was
converted
into
beryllium
metal,
alloys,
and
oxide.
Beryllium
consumption
of
220
tons
was
valued
at
about
$
80
million,
based
on
the
quoted
producer
price
for
beryllium­
copper
master
alloy.
The
use
of
beryllium
(
as
an
alloy,
metal,
and
oxide)
in
electronic
and
electrical
components
and
aerospace
and
defense
applications
accounted
for
an
estimated
80%
of
total
consumption.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
mine
shipments
243
200
180
100
100
Imports
for
consumption,
ore
and
metal
50
20
20
115
120
Exports,
metal
60
40
35
60
100
Government
stockpile
releases
e
1
57
145
220
60
60
Consumption:
Apparent
320
385
300
230
220
Reported,
ore
270
260
240
170
170
Price,
dollars
(
yearend):
Domestic,
metal,
vacuum­
cast
ingot,
per
pound
327
327
421
338
NA
Domestic,
metal,
powder
blend,
per
pound
385
385
492
375
375
Domestic,
beryllium­
copper
master
alloy,
per
pound
of
contained
beryllium
160
160
160
160
160
Domestic,
beryllium
oxide,
powder,
per
pound
77
77
100
100
NA
Stocks,
consumer,
yearend
80
20
115
100
60
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
24
48
37
57
55
Recycling:
Quantities
of
new
scrap
generated
in
the
processing
of
beryllium­
copper
alloys
and
quantities
of
obsolete
military
equipment
containing
metallic
beryllium
were
recycled.
Data
on
beryllium
recycled
in
this
manner
were
not
available.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Ore,
metal,
scrap,
and
master
alloy:
Kazakhstan,
37%;
Russia,
16%;
Brazil,
9%;
Philippines,
8%;
and
other,
30%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Beryllium
ores
and
concentrates
2617.90.0030
Free.
Beryllium
oxide
or
hydroxide
2825.90.1000
3.7%
ad
val.
Beryllium­
copper
master
alloy
7405.00.6030
Free.
Beryllium:
Unwrought
powders
8112.12.0000
8.5%
ad
val.
Waste
and
scrap
8112.13.0000
Free.
Other
8112.19.0000
5.5%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
3
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Beryl
ore
(
11%
BeO)
227
34
227
145
54
Beryllium­
copper
master
alloy
41
10
41
80
 
Beryllium
metal
294
11
249
36
4
18
NICKEL
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
nickel
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
United
States
did
not
have
any
active
nickel
mines
in
2002.
Limited
amounts
of
byproduct
nickel,
though,
were
recovered
from
copper
and
palladium­
platinum
ores
mined
in
the
Western
United
States.
On
a
monthly
or
annual
basis,
145
facilities
reported
nickel
consumption.
The
principal
consuming
State
was
Pennsylvania,
followed
by
West
Virginia,
Indiana,
and
Illinois.
Approximately
42%
of
the
primary
nickel
consumed
went
into
stainless
and
alloy
steel
production,
38%
into
nonferrous
alloys
and
superalloys,
14%
into
electroplating,
and
6%
into
other
uses.
Ultimate
end
uses
were
as
follows:
transportation,
32%;
chemical
industry,
13%;
electrical
equipment,
10%;
construction,
9%;
fabricated
metal
products,
8%;
household
appliances,
7%;
petroleum
industry,
6%;
machinery,
6%;
and
other,
9%.
Estimated
value
of
apparent
primary
consumption
was
$
775
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Mine
 
 
 
 
 
Plant
4,290
 
 
 
 
Shipments
of
purchased
scrap:
1
89,700
93,000
123,000
141,000
145,000
Imports:
Ore
1,420
 
 
 
 
Primary
148,000
139,000
156,000
136,000
122,000
Secondary
8,500
9,480
10,700
8,760
8,920
Exports:
Primary
8,440
7,440
8,150
8,450
7,000
Secondary
35,100
31,400
49,900
48,600
43,200
Consumption:
Reported,
primary
116,000
116,000
115,000
98,800
84,600
Reported,
secondary
63,100
71,000
84,000
101,000
111,000
Apparent,
primary
149,000
140,000
147,000
129,000
114,000
Total
2
212,000
211,000
231,000
230,000
225,000
Price,
average
annual,
London
Metal
Exchange:
Cash,
dollars
per
metric
ton
4,630
6,011
8,638
5,945
6,776
Cash,
dollars
per
pound
2.100
2.727
3.918
2.696
3.074
Stocks:
Government,
yearend
2,600
 
 
 
 
Consumer,
yearend
15,900
10,000
14,300
13,900
12,500
Producer,
yearend
3
13,100
12,700
12,300
12,600
12,400
Employment,
yearend,
number:
Mine
7
5
1
 
 
Smelter
and
port
7
7
 
 
 
Net
import
reliance
4
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
64
63
56
46
43
Recycling:
About
111,000
tons
of
nickel
was
recovered
from
purchased
scrap
in
2002.
This
represented
about
57%
of
total
reported
consumption
for
the
year.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Canada,
40%;
Norway,
13%;
Russia,
12%;
Australia,
10%;
and
other,
25%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Nickel
oxide,
chemical
grade
2825.40.0000
Free.
Ferronickel
7202.60.0000
Free.
Nickel
oxide,
metallurgical
grade
7501.20.0000
Free.
Unwrought
nickel,
not
alloyed
7502.10.0000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
The
U.
S.
Government
sold
the
last
of
the
nickel
in
the
National
Defense
Stockpile
in
1999.
The
U.
S.
Department
of
Energy
is
holding
6,000
tons
of
nickel
scrap
contaminated
by
low­
level
radioactivity.
Events,
Trends,
and
Issues:
Stainless
steel
accounts
for
two­
thirds
of
the
primary
nickel
consumed
in
the
world.
U.
S.
production
of
austenitic
(
i.
e.,
nickel
bearing)
stainless
steel
was
up
30%
from
the
1.01
million
tons
of
2001.
The
increase
occurred
after
recessionary
forces
began
weakening
in
mid­
2002
and
the
economic
disruption
created
by
the
terrorist
attacks
of
September
11,
2001,
had
partially
subsided.
Imported
steels
accounted
for
22%
of
total
U.
S.
stainless
steel
consumption
in
2002,
down
slightly
from
24%
for
the
previous
year.
On
March
5,
2002,
the
U.
S.
Government
temporarily
raised
tariffs
on
some
forms
of
stainless
steel.
The
new
tariffs
were
part
of
a
much
larger
trade
action
taken
to
slow
dumping
of
excess
foreign
steel
products
at
below
market
prices.
The
new
tariffs
were
to
decrease
annually
over
3
years
and
then
drop
back
down
to
2001
levels.
19
TIN
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
tin
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Tin
has
not
been
mined
domestically
since
1993.
Production
of
tin
at
the
only
U.
S.
tin
smelter,
at
Texas
City,
TX,
stopped
in
1989.
Twenty­
five
firms
used
about
92%
of
the
primary
tin
consumed
domestically
in
2002.
The
major
uses
were
as
follows:
cans
and
containers,
27%;
electrical,
23%;
construction,
10%;
transportation,
10%;
and
other,
30%.
On
the
basis
of
the
New
York
composite
price,
the
estimated
values
of
some
critical
items
were
as
follows:
primary
metal
consumed,
$
243
million;
imports
for
consumption,
refined
tin,
$
243
million;
and
secondary
production
(
old
scrap),
$
43
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production:
Secondary
(
old
scrap)
8,500
7,750
6,560
6,700
6,500
Secondary
(
new
scrap)
7,800
8,650
9,140
7,190
7,000
Imports
for
consumption,
refined
tin
44,000
47,500
44,900
37,500
37,000
Exports,
refined
tin
5,020
6,770
6,640
4,350
3,500
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
12,200
765
12,000
12,000
12,000
Consumption,
reported:
Primary
37,100
38,000
38,100
34,200
37,000
Secondary
8,620
8,890
8,940
6,990
9,000
Consumption,
apparent
60,600
59,700
57,200
48,250
54,000
Price,
average,
cents
per
pound:
New
York
market
261
255
255
211
188
New
York
composite
373
366
370
315
298
London
251
245
246
203
177
Kuala
Lumpur
246
241
244
201
178
Stocks,
consumer
and
dealer,
yearend
10,500
10,700
11,200
14,800
13,000
Net
import
reliance
1
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
85
85
88
86
79
Recycling:
About
14,000
tons
of
tin
from
old
and
new
scrap
was
recycled
in
2002.
Of
this,
about
7,000
tons
was
recovered
from
old
scrap
at
3
detinning
plants
and
65
secondary
nonferrous
metal
processing
plants.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Peru,
27%;
China,
23%;
Indonesia,
14%;
Brazil,
12%;
Bolivia,
12%;
and
other,
12%.
Tariff:
Most
major
imports
of
tin,
including
unwrought
metal,
waste
and
scrap,
and
unwrought
tin
alloys,
enter
duty
free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
The
Defense
National
Stockpile
Center
(
DNSC)
continued
its
active
longtime
tin
sales
program.
The
Annual
Materials
Plan
for
tin
for
fiscal
year
2003
remained
at
12,000
tons.
DNSC
will
continue
to
have
two
long­
term
negotiated
"
contract"
sales
totaling
10,000
tons
for
the
year.
The
remaining
2,000
tons
will
be
sold
using
the
Basic
Ordering
Agreement
(
BOA).
Under
the
BOA
approach,
DNSC
posts
the
amount
of
tin
that
it
wants
to
sell
on
its
Web
site
every
Tuesday.
Interested
parties
submit
a
quote,
and
DNSC
makes
a
sales
determination
by
the
end
of
the
business
day.
BOA
sales
began
in
June
2002.
In
fiscal
year
2002,
DNSC
had
only
one
long­
term
sale,
and
that
was
in
July.
Tin
is
warehoused
at
four
depots,
with
the
largest
inventories
at
Hammond,
IN,
and
Point
Pleasant,
WV.
The
other
sites
are
New
Haven,
IN,
and
Baton
Rouge,
LA.
20
TANTALUM
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
tantalum
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
There
has
been
no
significant
domestic
tantalum
mining
since
1959.
Domestic
tantalum
resources
are
of
low
grade,
some
mineralogically
complex,
and
most
are
not
commercially
recoverable.
Most
metal,
alloys,
and
compounds
were
produced
by
three
companies;
tantalum
units
were
obtained
from
imported
concentrates
and
metal
and
from
foreign
and
domestic
scrap.
Tantalum
was
consumed
mostly
in
the
form
of
metal
powder,
ingot,
fabricated
forms,
compounds,
and
alloys.
The
major
end
use
for
tantalum
was
in
the
production
of
electronic
components,
more
than
60%
of
use,
mainly
in
tantalum
capacitors.
Major
end
uses
for
tantalum
capacitors
include
automotive
electronics,
pagers,
personal
computers,
and
portable
telephones.
The
value
of
tantalum
consumed
in
2002
was
estimated
at
about
$
180
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
mine
 
 
 
 
 
Imports
for
consumption:
Mineral
concentrates
e
380
320
650
690
700
Tantalum
metal
and
tantalum­
bearing
alloys
e
208
244
251
316
300
Exports,
concentrate,
metal,
alloys,
waste,
scrap
e
440
480
530
700
600
Government
stockpile
releases
e
1
213
5
242
(
53)
13
Consumption,
apparent
738
555
650
550
525
Price,
tantalite,
dollars
per
pound
2
34.00
34.00
220.00
37.00
30.00
Net
import
reliance
3
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
80
80
80
80
80
Recycling:
Tantalum
was
mostly
recycled
from
new
scrap
that
was
generated
during
the
manufacture
of
tantalum­
related
electronic
components
and
new
and
old
scrap
products
of
tantalum­
containing
cemented
carbides
and
superalloys.
Combined
prompt
industrial
and
obsolete
scrap
consumed
represented
about
20%
of
apparent
consumption.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Australia,
49%;
China,
10%;
Japan,
8%;
Thailand,
8%;
and
other,
25%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Synthetic
tantalum­
columbium
concentrates
2615.90.3000
Free.
Tantalum
ores
and
concentrates
2615.90.6060
Free.
Tantalum
oxide
2825.90.9000
3.7%
ad
val.
Potassium
fluotantalate
2826.90.0000
3.1%
ad
val.
Tantalum,
unwrought:
Powders
8103.20.0030
2.5%
ad
val.
Alloys
and
metal
8103.20.0090
2.5%
ad
val.
Tantalum,
waste
and
scrap
8103.30.0000
Free.
Tantalum,
other
8103.90.0000
4.4%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
For
fiscal
year
2002,
the
Defense
National
Stockpile
Center
(
DNSC)
sold
about
18
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
metal
ingots
valued
at
about
$
3.53
million
from
the
National
Defense
Stockpile
(
NDS).
There
were
no
sales
of
tantalum
carbide
powder,
tantalum
metal
powder,
tantalum
minerals,
and
tantalum
oxide
in
fiscal
year
2002.
The
DNSC
proposed
maximum
disposal
limits
in
fiscal
year
2003
of
about
2
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
carbide
powder,
about
18
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
metal
ingots,
about
23
tons
4
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
metal
powder,
about
227
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
minerals,
and
about
9
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
tantalum
oxide.
The
NDS
uncommitted
inventories
shown
below
include
a
small
quantity
in
nonstockpile­
grade
tantalum
capacitor­
grade
metal
powder
and
about
325
tons
of
tantalum
contained
in
nonstockpile­
grade
tantalum
minerals.
21
TITANIUM
AND
TITANIUM
DIOXIDE
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Titanium
sponge
metal
was
produced
by
two
operations
in
Nevada
and
Utah.
Ingot
was
made
by
the
two
sponge
producers
and
by
nine
other
firms
in
seven
States.
About
30
firms
consumed
ingot
to
produce
forged
components,
mill
products,
and
castings.
In
2002,
an
estimated
65%
of
the
titanium
metal
used
was
in
aerospace
applications.
The
remaining
35%
was
used
in
armor,
chemical
processing,
power
generation,
marine,
medical,
sporting
goods,
and
other
nonaerospace
applications.
The
value
of
sponge
metal
consumed
was
about
$
148
million,
assuming
an
average
selling
price
of
$
7.77
per
kilogram.
The
value
of
ingot
produced
from
sponge
and
scrap
was
estimated
to
be
$
420
million.
In
2002,
titanium
dioxide
(
TiO2
)
pigment,
valued
at
about
$
2.7
billion,
was
produced
by
four
companies
at
eight
facilities
in
seven
States.
Estimated
use
of
TiO2
pigment
by
end
use
was
paint,
varnishes,
and
lacquers,
49%;
paper,
16%;
plastics,
25%;
and
other,
10%.
Other
uses
of
TiO2
included
catalysts,
ceramics,
coated
fabrics
and
textiles,
floor
coverings,
printing
ink,
and
roofing
granules.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Titanium
sponge
metal:
Production
W
W
W
W
W
Imports
for
consumption
10,900
6,000
7,240
13,300
12,600
Exports
348
807
1,930
2,170
2,000
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
1,384
515
4,870
7,640
3,340
Consumption,
reported
28,200
18,100
18,200
26,200
19,000
Price,
dollars
per
kilogram,
yearend
9.70
9.37
9.37
7.89
7.77
Stocks,
industry
yearend
e
10,600
7,970
5,010
6,340
10,000
Employment,
number
e
300
300
300
300
300
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
reported
consumption
39
44
72
67
54
Titanium
dioxide:
Production
1,330,000
1,350,000
1,400,000
1,330,000
1,380,000
Imports
for
consumption
200,000
225,000
218,000
209,000
220,000
Exports
398,000
384,000
464,000
415,000
470,000
Consumption,
apparent
1,140,000
1,160,000
1,150,000
1,100,000
1,160,000
Price,
rutile,
list,
dollars
per
pound,
yearend
0.98
1.01
1.01
1.05
1.05
Stocks,
producer,
yearend
103,000
137,000
141,000
159,000
130,000
Employment,
number
e
4,600
4,600
4,600
4,600
4,500
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
E
E
E
E
E
Recycling:
New
scrap
metal
recycled
by
the
titanium
industry
totaled
about
13,300
tons
in
2002.
Estimated
use
of
titanium
as
scrap
and
ferrotitanium
by
the
steel
industry
was
about
6,900
tons;
by
the
superalloy
industry,
830
tons;
and,
in
other
industries,
300
tons.
Old
scrap
reclaimed
totaled
about
500
tons.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Sponge
metal:
Japan,
36%;
Russia,
36%;
Kazakhstan,
25%;
and
other,
3%.
Titanium
dioxide
pigment:
Canada,
33%;
Germany,
12%;
France,
8%;
Spain,
6%;
China,
5%;
and
other,
36%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Titanium
oxides
(
unfinished
TiO2
pigment)
2823.00.0000
5.5%
ad
val.
TiO2
pigments,
80%
or
more
TiO2
3206.11.0000
6.0%
ad
val.
TiO2
pigments,
other
3206.19.0000
6.0%
ad
val.
Ferrotitanium
and
ferrosilicon
titanium
7202.91.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Titanium
waste
and
scrap
metal
8108.30.0000
Free.
Unwrought
titanium
metal
8108.20.0000
15.0%
ad
val.
Wrought
titanium
metal
8108.90.6000
15.0%
ad
val.
Other
titanium
metal
articles
8108.90.3000
5.5%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
Not
applicable.
22
TITANIUM
AND
TITANIUM
DIOXIDE
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Titanium
sponge
metal
was
produced
by
two
operations
in
Nevada
and
Utah.
Ingot
was
made
by
the
two
sponge
producers
and
by
nine
other
firms
in
seven
States.
About
30
firms
consumed
ingot
to
produce
forged
components,
mill
products,
and
castings.
In
2002,
an
estimated
65%
of
the
titanium
metal
used
was
in
aerospace
applications.
The
remaining
35%
was
used
in
armor,
chemical
processing,
power
generation,
marine,
medical,
sporting
goods,
and
other
nonaerospace
applications.
The
value
of
sponge
metal
consumed
was
about
$
148
million,
assuming
an
average
selling
price
of
$
7.77
per
kilogram.
The
value
of
ingot
produced
from
sponge
and
scrap
was
estimated
to
be
$
420
million.
In
2002,
titanium
dioxide
(
TiO2
)
pigment,
valued
at
about
$
2.7
billion,
was
produced
by
four
companies
at
eight
facilities
in
seven
States.
Estimated
use
of
TiO2
pigment
by
end
use
was
paint,
varnishes,
and
lacquers,
49%;
paper,
16%;
plastics,
25%;
and
other,
10%.
Other
uses
of
TiO2
included
catalysts,
ceramics,
coated
fabrics
and
textiles,
floor
coverings,
printing
ink,
and
roofing
granules.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Titanium
sponge
metal:
Production
W
W
W
W
W
Imports
for
consumption
10,900
6,000
7,240
13,300
12,600
Exports
348
807
1,930
2,170
2,000
Shipments
from
Government
stockpile
excesses
1,384
515
4,870
7,640
3,340
Consumption,
reported
28,200
18,100
18,200
26,200
19,000
Price,
dollars
per
kilogram,
yearend
9.70
9.37
9.37
7.89
7.77
Stocks,
industry
yearend
e
10,600
7,970
5,010
6,340
10,000
Employment,
number
e
300
300
300
300
300
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
reported
consumption
39
44
72
67
54
Titanium
dioxide:
Production
1,330,000
1,350,000
1,400,000
1,330,000
1,380,000
Imports
for
consumption
200,000
225,000
218,000
209,000
220,000
Exports
398,000
384,000
464,000
415,000
470,000
Consumption,
apparent
1,140,000
1,160,000
1,150,000
1,100,000
1,160,000
Price,
rutile,
list,
dollars
per
pound,
yearend
0.98
1.01
1.01
1.05
1.05
Stocks,
producer,
yearend
103,000
137,000
141,000
159,000
130,000
Employment,
number
e
4,600
4,600
4,600
4,600
4,500
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
E
E
E
E
E
Recycling:
New
scrap
metal
recycled
by
the
titanium
industry
totaled
about
13,300
tons
in
2002.
Estimated
use
of
titanium
as
scrap
and
ferrotitanium
by
the
steel
industry
was
about
6,900
tons;
by
the
superalloy
industry,
830
tons;
and,
in
other
industries,
300
tons.
Old
scrap
reclaimed
totaled
about
500
tons.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Sponge
metal:
Japan,
36%;
Russia,
36%;
Kazakhstan,
25%;
and
other,
3%.
Titanium
dioxide
pigment:
Canada,
33%;
Germany,
12%;
France,
8%;
Spain,
6%;
China,
5%;
and
other,
36%.
23
ZIRCONIUM
AND
HAFNIUM
(
Data
in
metric
tons,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Zircon
sand
was
produced
at
two
mines
in
Florida
and
at
one
mine
in
Virginia.
Zirconium
and
hafnium
metal
were
produced
from
zircon
sand
by
two
domestic
producers,
one
in
Oregon
and
the
other
in
Utah.
Typically,
both
metals
are
in
the
ore
in
a
zirconium
to
hafnium
ratio
of
about
50:
1.
Primary
zirconium
chemicals
were
produced
by
the
Oregon
metal
producer
and
at
a
plant
in
New
Jersey.
Secondary
zirconium
chemicals
were
produced
by
10
other
companies.
Zirconia
(
ZrO2
)
was
produced
from
zircon
sand
at
plants
in
Alabama,
New
Hampshire,
New
York,
Ohio,
and
by
the
metal
producer
in
Oregon.
Zircon
ceramics,
opacifiers,
refractories,
and
foundry
applications
are
the
largest
end
uses
for
zirconium.
Other
end
uses
of
zirconium
include
abrasives,
chemicals,
metal
alloys,
welding
rod
coatings,
and
sandblasting.
The
largest
market
for
hafnium
metal
is
as
an
addition
in
superalloys.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
zircon
(
ZrO2
content)
1
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Imports:
Zirconium,
ores
and
concentrates
(
ZrO2
content)
58,200
37,500
42,400
39,400
20,900
Zirconium,
alloys,
waste
and
scrap,
and
other
(
ZrO2
content)
1,210
1,160
1,400
197
720
Zirconium
oxide
(
ZrO2
content)
2
3,900
3,140
3,950
2,950
2,910
Hafnium,
unwrought,
waste
and
scrap
12
9
11
5
1
Exports:
Zirconium
ores
and
concentrates
(
ZrO2
content)
26,600
45,200
47,400
43,500
25,300
Zirconium,
alloys,
waste
and
scrap,
and
other
(
ZrO2
content)
216
211
259
251
87
Zirconium
oxide
(
ZrO2
content)
2
1,540
1,680
2,100
2,400
2,160
Consumption,
zirconium
ores
and
concentrates,
apparent
(
ZrO2
content)
W
W
W
W
W
Prices:
Zircon,
dollars
per
metric
ton
(
gross
weight):
Domestic
3
320
300
340
340
350
Imported,
f.
o.
b.
4
355
311
396
356
410
Zirconium
sponge,
dollars
per
kilogram
5
20­
26
20­
26
20­
26
20­
31
20­
31
Hafnium
sponge,
dollars
per
kilogram
5
165­
209
165­
209
165­
209
119­
141
119­
141
Net
import
reliance
6
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption:
Zirconium
W
W
W
W
W
Hafnium
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Recycling:
Scrap
zirconium
metal
and
alloys
was
recycled
by
four
companies,
one
each
in
California,
Michigan,
New
York,
and
Texas.
In­
plant
recycled
zirconium
came
from
scrap
generated
during
metal
production
and
fabrication
and
was
recycled
by
companies
in
Oregon
and
Utah.
Zircon
foundry
mold
cores
and
spent
or
rejected
zirconia
refractories
are
often
recycled.
Recycling
of
hafnium
metal
was
insignificant.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Zirconium
ores
and
concentrates:
South
Africa,
53%;
Australia,
43%;
and
other,
4%.
Zirconium,
wrought,
unwrought,
waste
and
scrap:
France,
63%;
Germany,
17%;
Japan,
7%;
Canada,
5%;
and
other,
8%.
Hafnium,
unwrought,
waste
and
scrap:
France,
80%;
Germany,
8%;
United
Kingdom,
3%;
and
other,
9%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Zirconium
ores
and
concentrates
2615.10.0000
Free.
Germanium
oxide
and
zirconium
oxide
2825.60.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Ferrozirconium
7202.99.1000
4.2%
ad
val.
Zirconium,
other
unwrought,
powders
8109.20.0000
4.2%
ad
val.
Zirconium,
waste
and
scrap
8109.30.0000
Free.
Zirconium,
other
wrought,
alloys
8109.90.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Unwrought
hafnium
8112.92.2000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign).
24
GERMANIUM
1
(
Data
in
kilograms
of
germanium
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
value
of
domestic
refinery
production
of
germanium,
based
upon
the
2002
producer
price,
was
$
17
million.
Industry­
generated
scrap,
imported
concentrates,
and
processed
residues
from
certain
domestic
base
metal
ores
were
the
feed
materials
for
the
production
of
refined
germanium
in
2002.
The
domestic
industry
was
based
on
two
zinc
mining
operations,
one
in
Tennessee
and
the
other
in
Alaska.
The
mining
companies
at
these
operations
supplied
domestic
and
export
markets
with
germanium­
bearing
materials
generated
from
the
processing
of
zinc
ores.
The
germanium
refinery
in
Utica,
NY,
produced
germanium
tetrachloride
for
optical
fiber
production.
The
refinery
in
Oklahoma
doubled
its
production
of
germanium
tetrachloride
production
in
response
to
the
growing
demand
expected
in
the
fiber
optics
industry.
The
major
end
uses
for
germanium,
worldwide,
were
estimated
to
be
higher
in
fiber
optics
than
for
2001
 
fiber­
optic
systems,
60%;
polymerization
catalysts,
15%;
infrared
optics,
15%;
electronics/
solar
electrical
applications,
5%;
and
other
(
phosphors,
metallurgy,
and
chemotherapy),
5%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
refinery
e
22,000
20,000
23,000
20,000
20,000
Total
imports
2
14,600
12,400
8,220
8,240
8,250
Exports
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Consumption
e
28,000
28,000
28,000
28,000
28,000
Price,
producer,
yearend,
dollars
per
kilogram:
Zone
refined
1,700
1,400
1,250
890
850
Dioxide,
electronic
grade
1,100
900
800
575
500
Stocks,
producer,
yearend
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Employment,
plant,
3
number
e
100
85
90
90
85
Net
import
reliance
4
as
a
percentage
of
estimated
consumption
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Recycling:
More
than
half
of
the
germanium
metal
used
during
the
manufacture
of
most
electronic
and
optical
devices
is
routinely
recycled
as
new
scrap.
As
a
result
of
the
low
unit
use
of
germanium
in
various
devices,
little
germanium
returns
as
old
scrap.
Worldwide,
about
25%
of
the
total
germanium
consumed
is
produced
from
recycled
materials.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
5
China,
35%;
Belgium,
32%;
Taiwan,
10%;
Russia,
10%;
and
other,
13%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Germanium
oxides
2825.60.0000
3.7%
ad
val.
Waste
and
scrap
8112.30.3000
Free.
Metal,
unwrought
8112.30.6000
2.6%
ad
val.
Metal,
wrought
8112.30.9000
4.4%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
Stockpile
Status
 
9­
30­
02
6
Uncommitted
Committed
Authorized
Disposal
plan
Disposals
Material
inventory
inventory
for
disposal
FY
2002
FY
2002
Germanium
42,186
 
42,186
8,000
620
25
GALLIUM
(
Data
in
kilograms
of
gallium
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
No
domestic
primary
gallium
recovery
was
reported
in
2002.
Two
companies
in
Oklahoma
and
Utah
recovered
and
refined
gallium
from
scrap
and
impure
gallium
metal.
Imports
of
gallium,
which
supplied
most
of
U.
S.
gallium
consumption,
were
valued
at
about
$
6
million,
most
of
which
was
low­
purity
material.
Gallium
arsenide
(
GaAs)
components
represented
about
98%
of
domestic
gallium
consumption.
About
34%
of
the
gallium
consumed
was
used
in
optoelectronic
devices,
which
include
light­
emitting
diodes
(
LEDs),
laser
diodes,
photodetectors,
and
solar
cells.
Integrated
circuits
represented
65%
of
gallium
demand.
The
remaining
1%
was
used
in
research
and
development,
specialty
alloys,
and
other
applications.
Optoelectronic
devices
were
used
in
areas
such
as
aerospace,
consumer
goods,
industrial
components,
medical
equipment,
and
telecommunications.
Integrated
circuits
were
used
in
defense
applications,
high­
performance
computers,
and
telecommunications.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
primary
 
 
 
 
 
Imports
for
consumption
26,300
24,100
39,400
27,100
21,000
Exports
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Consumption:
Reported
26,900
29,800
39,900
27,700
21,000
Apparent
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Price,
yearend,
dollars
per
kilogram,
99.99999%­
pure
595
640
640
640
1
550
Stocks,
producer,
yearend
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Employment,
refinery,
number
e
20
20
20
20
20
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Recycling:
Old
scrap,
none.
Substantial
quantities
of
new
scrap
generated
in
the
manufacture
of
GaAs­
based
devices
were
reprocessed.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
France,
44%;
Kazakhstan,
16%;
Russia,
12%;
China,
8%;
and
other,
20%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Gallium
metal
8112.92.1000
3.0%
ad
val.
Gallium
arsenide
wafers,
undoped
2851.00.0010
2.8%
ad
val.
Gallium
arsenide
wafers,
doped
3818.00.0010
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
Not
applicable.
Government
Stockpile:
None.
Events,
Trends,
and
Issues:
One
of
the
two
refiners
in
the
United
States
announced
that
it
would
exit
the
gallium
business
because
of
a
slump
in
demand
by
the
telecommunications
industry.
The
Oklahoma
firm
said
that
it
would
liquidate
its
remaining
inventory
before
the
end
of
2002.
This
leaves
the
United
States
with
only
one
gallium
refiner,
located
in
Utah.
Imports
continued
to
supply
almost
all
U.
S.
demand
for
gallium
and
decreased
from
those
in
2001
because
of
the
continued
slowdown
in
the
wireless
communications
industry.
Using
partial­
year
data,
China,
France,
and
Russia
were
the
principal
U.
S.
gallium
suppliers
in
2002.
Through
July,
China
had
supplied
nearly
90%
of
total
imports.
Gallium
prices
remained
lower
throughout
the
year
because
of
the
decreased
demand.
The
price
of
low­
purity
gallium
from
China
was
estimated
to
be
about
$
250
per
kilogram
at
midyear,
and
prices
for
high­
purity
gallium
were
estimated
to
be
between
$
400
and
$
500
per
kilogram.
26
188
YTTRIUM
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
yttrium
oxide
(
Y2
O3
)
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
The
rare­
earth
element
yttrium
was
mined
as
a
constituent
of
the
mineral
bastnäsite
at
Mountain
Pass,
CA,
but
was
not
recovered
as
a
separate
element
during
processing.
Bastnäsite,
a
rare­
earth
fluocarbonate
mineral,
was
mined
as
the
primary
product.
Bastnäsite's
yttrium
content
is
very
small
and
represents
a
potential
minor
source
of
the
element.
Yttrium
used
by
the
domestic
industry
was
imported
primarily
as
compounds.
Yttrium
was
used
in
many
applications.
Principal
uses
were
in
phosphors
for
color
televisions
and
computer
monitors,
trichromatic
fluorescent
lights,
temperature
sensors,
and
x­
ray­
intensifying
screens.
Yttrium
was
also
used
as
a
stabilizer
in
zirconia,
in
alumina­
zirconia
abrasives,
wear­
resistant
and
corrosion­
resistant
cutting
tools,
seals
and
bearings,
high­
temperature
refractories
for
continuous­
casting
nozzles,
jet
engine
coatings,
oxygen
sensors
in
automobile
engines,
and
simulant
gemstones.
In
electronics,
yttrium­
iron­
garnets
were
components
in
microwave
radar
to
control
high
frequency
signals.
Yttrium
was
an
important
component
in
yttrium­
aluminum
garnet
laser
crystals
used
in
industrial
cutting
and
welding,
medical
and
dental
surgical
procedures,
temperature
and
distance
sensing,
photoluminescence,
photochemistry,
digital
communications,
and
nonlinear
optics.
Yttrium
was
also
used
in
heating­
element
alloys,
superalloys,
and
high­
temperature
superconductors.
The
approximate
distribution
in
2001
by
end
use
was
as
follows:
lamp
and
cathode­
ray­
tube
phosphors,
82%;
oxygen
sensors,
laser
crystals,
miscellaneous,
13%;
and
ceramics
and
abrasives,
5%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
mine
 
 
 
 
 
Imports
for
consumption:
In
monazite
(
yttrium
oxide
content
e
)
 
 
 
 
 
Yttrium
compounds,
greater
than
19%
to
less
than
85%
oxide
equivalent
(
gross
weight)
107
268
97
92
NA
Exports,
in
ore
and
concentrate
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Consumption,
estimated
2
516
428
454
473
450
Price,
dollars:
Monazite
concentrate,
per
metric
ton
3
400
400
400
400
400
Yttrium
oxide,
per
kilogram,
99.0%
to
99.99%
purity
4
22­
85
22­
85
25­
200
22­
88
22­
88
Yttrium
metal,
per
kilogram,
99.0%
to
99.9%
purity
4
80­
100
80­
100
95­
115
95­
115
95­
115
Stocks,
processor,
yearend
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Net
import
reliance
e
5
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
100
100
100
100
100
Recycling:
Small
quantities,
primarily
from
laser
crystals
and
synthetic
garnets.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
e
Yttrium
compounds,
>
19%
to
<
85%
weight
percent
yttrium
oxide
equivalent:
China,
58%;
Japan,
36%;
France,
4%;
United
Kingdom,
1%;
and
other,
1%.
Import
sources
based
on
Journal
of
Commerce
data
(
year
2001
only):
China,
79%;
United
Kingdom,
10%;
Japan,
6%;
and
Germany,
5%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Thorium
ores
and
concentrates
(
monazite)
2612.20.0000
Free.
Rare­
earth
metals,
scandium
and
yttrium,
whether
or
not
intermixed
or
interalloyed
2805.30.0000
5.0%
ad
val.
Yttrium
bearing
materials
and
compounds
containing
by
weight
>
19%
to
<
85%
Y2
O3
2846.90.4000
Free.
Other
rare­
earth
compounds,
including
yttrium
oxide
>
85%,
yttrium
nitrate,
and
other
individual
compounds
2846.90.8000
3.7%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
Monazite,
thorium
content,
22%
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign);
yttrium,
rare­
earth
content,
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign);
and
xenotime,
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
None.
27
RARE
EARTHS
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons
of
rare­
earth
oxide
(
REO)
content,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Rare
earths
were
mined
by
one
company
in
2002.
Bastnäsite,
a
rare­
earth
fluocarbonate
mineral,
was
mined
as
a
primary
product
at
Mountain
Pass,
CA.
The
United
States
was
a
leading
producer
and
processor
of
rare
earths
and
continued
to
be
a
major
exporter
and
consumer
of
rare­
earth
products.
Domestic
ore
production
was
valued
at
an
estimated
$
28
million.
The
estimated
value
of
refined
rare
earths
consumed
in
the
United
States
was
more
than
$
1
billion.
The
approximate
distribution
in
2001
by
end
use
was
as
follows:
glass
polishing
and
ceramics,
34%;
petroleum
refining
catalysts,
16%;
automotive
catalytic
converters,
15%;
metallurgical
additives
and
alloys,
14%;
rare­
earth
phosphors
for
lighting,
televisions,
computer
monitors,
radar,
and
X­
ray
intensifying
film,
9%;
permanent
magnets,
8%;
and
other,
4%.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
bastnäsite
concentrates
e
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
Imports:
2
Thorium
ore
(
monazite)
 
 
 
 
 
Rare­
earth
metals,
alloy
953
1,780
2,470
1,420
1,520
Cerium
compounds
4,940
3,990
4,310
3,850
2,660
Mixed
REO's
2,530
5,980
2,190
2,040
1,130
Rare­
earth
chlorides
1,680
1,530
1,330
2,590
1,620
Rare­
earth
oxides,
compounds
3,720
7,760
11,200
9,150
6,930
Ferrocerium,
alloys
117
120
118
118
100
Exports:
2
Rare­
earth
metals,
alloys
724
1,600
1,650
884
1,160
Cerium
compounds
4,640
3,960
4,050
4,110
2,980
Other
rare­
earth
compounds
1,630
1,690
1,650
1,600
1,300
Ferrocerium,
alloys
2,460
2,360
2,250
2,500
2,950
Consumption,
apparent
11,500
11,500
12,100
15,100
10,600
Price,
dollars
per
kilogram,
yearend:
Bastnäsite
concentrate,
REO
basis
e
4.19
4.85
5.51
5.51
5.51
Monazite
concentrate,
REO
basis
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.73
Mischmetal,
metal
basis,
metric
ton
quantity
3
6­
8
5­
7
5­
7
5­
7
5­
6
Stocks,
producer
and
processor,
yearend
W
W
W
W
W
Employment,
mine
and
mill,
number
183
78
78
90
95
Net
import
reliance
4
as
a
percentage
of
apparent
consumption
56
70
71
67
53
Recycling:
Small
quantities,
mostly
permanent
magnet
scrap.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
Rare­
earth
metals,
compounds,
etc.:
China,
66%;
France,
27%;
Japan,
3%;
Estonia,
2%;
and
other,
2%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Thorium
ores
and
concentrates
(
monazite)
2612.20.0000
Free.
Rare­
earth
metals,
whether
or
not
intermixed
or
interalloyed
2805.30.0000
5.0%
ad
val.
Cerium
compounds
2846.10.0000
5.5%
ad
val.
Mixtures
of
REO's
except
cerium
oxide
2846.90.2010
Free.
Mixtures
of
rare­
earth
chlorides
except
cerium
chloride
2846.90.2050
Free.
Rare­
earth
compounds,
individual
REO's
(
excludes
cerium
compounds)
2846.90.8000
3.7%
ad
val.
Ferrocerium
and
other
pyrophoric
alloys
3606.90.3000
5.9%
ad
val.
Depletion
Allowance:
Monazite,
22%
on
thorium
content
and
14%
on
rare­
earth
content
(
Domestic),
14%
(
Foreign);
bastnäsite
and
xenotime,
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign).
28
INDIUM
1
(
Data
in
metric
tons,
unless
otherwise
noted)
Domestic
Production
and
Use:
Indium
was
not
recovered
from
ores
in
the
United
States
in
2002.
Domestically
produced
standard
grade
indium
was
derived
by
upgrading
lower
grade
imported
indium
metal.
Two
companies,
one
each
in
New
York
and
Rhode
Island,
were
the
major
producers
of
indium
metal
and
indium
products
in
2002.
Several
additional
firms
produced
high­
purity
indium
shapes,
alloys,
and
compounds
from
imported
indium.
Thin­
film
coatings,
which
are
used
in
applications
such
as
liquid
crystal
displays
(
LCDs)
and
electroluminescent
lamps,
continued
to
be
the
largest
end
use.
Indium
semiconductor
compounds
were
used
in
infrared
detectors,
high­
speed
transistors,
and
high­
efficiency
photovoltaic
devices.
The
estimated
distribution
of
uses
in
2002
indicated
a
moderate
increase
in
semiconductors
and
stable
consumption
in
other
sectors:
Coatings,
45%;
solders
and
alloys,
30%;
electrical
components
and
semiconductors,
15%;
and
research
and
other,
10%.
The
estimated
value
of
primary
indium
metal
consumed
in
2002,
based
upon
the
annual
average
price,
was
about
$
9.5
million.
Salient
Statistics
 
United
States:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
e
Production,
refinery
 
 
 
 
 
Imports
for
consumption
75
77
69
79
90
Exports
NA
NA
NA
e
10
NA
Consumption
e
50
52
55
65
75
Price,
annual
average,
dollars
per
kilogram
(
99.97%
indium)
296
303
188
120
130
Stocks,
producer,
yearend
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Employment,
number
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Net
import
reliance
2
as
a
percentage
of
estimated
consumption
100
100
100
100
100
Recycling:
Only
small
amounts
of
indium
are
recycled
because
there
is
an
adequate
supply
of
primary
indium
as
a
byproduct
of
zinc
smelting.
Compared
with
previous
years,
however
 
when
recycling
occurred
only
if
the
price
of
indium
was
very
high
and/
or
increasing
rapidly
 
recycling
of
both
new
and
old
scrap
is
becoming
more
noteworthy.
Most
of
indium
is
recycled
by
countries
that
have
inadequate
zinc
resources
and
are
dependent
on
imported
zinc,
decreasing
the
possibility
of
primary
indium
production.
For
example,
about
42%
of
Japanese
indium
consumption
is
derived
from
secondary
sources,
mostly
of
domestic
origin.
Recycling
of
new
scrap,
the
scrap
from
fabrication
of
indium
products,
is
only
now
gaining
acceptance
in
the
United
States.
Import
Sources
(
1998­
2001):
China,
40%;
Canada,
30%;
France,
10%;
Russia,
9%;
and
other,
11%.
Tariff:
Item
Number
Normal
Trade
Relations
12/
31/
02
Unwrought
indium
8112.92.3000
Free.
Depletion
Allowance:
14%
(
Domestic
and
foreign).
Government
Stockpile:
None.