Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0049-0474
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2006-03-03T05:00Z

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      <H2>Federal Highway Administration</H2></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=2>
      <H1>Transportation/Air Quality<BR>Issues in Rural Areas</H1></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=2>
      <H3><EM>Final Report</EM><BR>April 2003</H3></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=2>
      <H4>Prepared by<BR>Dye Management Group, Inc.<BR>500 108th Avenue NE, 
      Suite 1700<BR>Bellevue, WA 98004</H4></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<H4 align=center><BR><BR>Federal Highway Administration</H4>
<H3 align=center>Transportation/Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas</H3>
<H2 align=center>Table of Contents</H2>
<P align=center><IMG height=12 alt="black square" 
src="Transportation-Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas_files/black_sq.jpg" 
width=13 border=0></P><A name=toc></A>
<P>I. <A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#intro">Introduction</A></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#bkgrnd">Background</A><BR>B. 
  <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#appr">Approach</A><BR>C. 
  <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#rpt">Report 
  Structure</A></BLOCKQUOTE>II. <A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#sum">Summary 
of Findings</A><BR>III. <A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#id">Identification 
of Isolated Rural Areas</A><BR>IV. <A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#res">Survey 
Results</A> 
<BLOCKQUOTE>A. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#CO">Carbon 
  Monoxide</A><BR>B. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#O2">Ozone</A><BR>C. 
  <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#pm10">Particulate 
  Matter-10</A></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#A">Appendix 
A: Survey A-1</A></P>
<H4 align=center><BR><BR>Federal Highway Administration</H4>
<H3 align=center>Transportation/Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas</H3>
<P align=center><IMG height=12 alt="black square" 
src="Transportation-Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas_files/black_sq.jpg" 
width=13 border=0></P><A name=intro></A>
<H3><BR>I. Introduction</H3>
<P>Although air quality has been mainly an urban concern, it is beginning to 
become an issue that rural areas will also have to manage. Several rural 
counties have exceeded the national standard for one or more air pollutants. The 
purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how many rural areas are 
facing this problem and to identify the main causes for their exceeding air 
quality standards. The study also focuses on transportation's contribution to 
the air quality problems in rural areas and how these areas are meeting certain 
Clean Air Act requirements related to motor vehicle emission sources. In order 
to build this understanding, the research identified rural nonattainment and 
maintenance areas: how many are there, where are they, and are they isolated 
rural areas or donut areas? (These two different types of areas are defined in 
Section III.) Once the delineation of areas was accomplished, the study's 
in-depth evaluation of air quality and transportation conformity issues was 
restricted to only isolated rural areas.</P>
<P>The research reported in this paper accomplished the following:</P>
<UL>
  <LI>Determined if transportation is generating the pollutants in each isolated 
  rural area or if another source is primarily responsible for the pollutant. 
  <LI>Identified what analysis rural areas have conducted to meet the Clean Air 
  Act requirements for transportation conformity and the control measures they 
  have undertaken to address transportation-related sources of pollutants. 
  <LI>Assessed the resources and planning capabilities of isolated rural areas 
  to address the issue of conformity between transportation plans for their 
  areas and State Implementation Plans (SIPs). </LI></UL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=bkgrnd></A>
<H4><BR>A. Background</H4>
<P>The conformity provisions of the Clean Air Act are intended to integrate 
transportation and air quality planning in areas that are designated by the US 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as nonattainment or maintenance.<SUP><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#1">1</A></SUP> 
The transportation conformity process establishes a connection between 
transportation planning and the emissions levels for transportation sources that 
are established in the SIP. These emissions levels (or "budgets") in the SIP 
represent the maximum amount of emissions that can be generated from on-road 
transportation sources (e.g., cars, trucks, public transit) and still allow the 
area to attain or maintain the air quality standards. Under the CAA, 
nonattainment and maintenance areas must demonstrate through the conformity 
process that emissions projected from their transportation investments, 
strategies, and programs will be at or below the emissions budgets in the SIP. 
In order to comply with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, federal, 
state, and local governments must take action. These actions, or control 
measures, are typically identified in the SIP. Depending on the classification 
and severity of the air quality problem, some areas may find that they need to 
reduce emissions from transportation sources. One option for reducing emissions 
for on-road mobile sources is to limit vehicle miles traveled (VMT). VMT is the 
sum of distances traveled by all motor vehicles in a specified region. In order 
to address VMT, some states have included Transportation Control Measures (TCMs) 
as strategies that are specifically identified and committed to in the SIP. TCMs 
are strategies that are listed in Section 108 of the Clean Air Act and include 
projects such as public transit and ride-share programs. Areas might also invest 
in other technology-based strategies that will reduce transportation-related 
emissions such as inspection and maintenance and fuels programs. </P>
<HR align=left width="50%">

<P><SUP><A name=1>1</A></SUP> A nonattainment area is a region that does not 
meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not 
meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the 
pollutant. The area must take specified actions within a certain time frame to 
reduce emissions and attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 
A maintenance area is a region previously designated as nonattainment, and 
subsequently redesignated to attainment.</P>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=appr></A>
<H4><BR>B. Approach</H4>
<P>To meet the objectives of this study, research was conducted to determine the 
classification of areas. A comprehensive survey was designed, administered, and 
analyzed. The entire process was overseen by officials from the FHWA and EPA 
Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ).</P>
<OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Oversight</H4>
  <P>Study oversight was provided by officials from the FHWA and EPA-OTAQ. The 
  following officials were involved in the study oversight: </P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Bob Gorman, FHWA 
    <LI>Dee Spann, FHWA 
    <LI>Cecilia Ho, FHWA 
    <LI>Angela Spickard, EPA-OTAQ </LI></UL>
  <P>The oversight group provided input and validated the study at key points, 
  including study inception, survey design, and presentation of findings.</P>
  <LI>
  <H4>Research and Analysis</H4>
  <P>August 2001 data on rural nonattainment and maintenance areas was compiled 
  from the EPA Greenbook website (http://epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/). The EPA 
  Greenbook data included information on all nonattainment and maintenance areas 
  in the United States for six pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen 
  dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and lead. The data also 
  distinguished between nonattainment and maintenance areas that are part of a 
  Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and those that are not. In this 
  research, the three transportation-related pollutants examined were carbon 
  monoxide, ozone, and particulate matter-10 (PM-10). Although nitrogen dioxide 
  is also a pollutant emitted from transportation sources, there are no isolated 
  rural areas violating the nitrogen dioxide air quality standard. A list of 
  nonattainment and maintenance isolated rural areas was compiled.</P>
  <P>In order to differentiate between the isolated rural areas and the donut 
  areas, many sources of information were used. (The two types of rural areas 
  are defined in Section II.) The Association of Metropolitan Planning 
  Organizations (AMPO) was consulted for determining which geographic areas MPOs 
  covered. Organizational websites (where available) were used to determine the 
  exact coverage area of the MPO; an organization without a website was 
  contacted by phone. The MPO areas were mapped out, as were the nonattainment 
  and maintenance areas, to determine if the area was a donut or an isolated 
  rural area. The regional EPA offices were contacted by phone to verify the 
  list of isolated rural nonattainment/maintenance areas and the donut areas. 
  The Code of Federal Regulations was consulted to determine the current air 
  quality classification of the area and to incorporate any updates since the 
  Greenbook data was last updated in August 2001. The analysis and survey 
  conducted was based on designations as of mid January 2002.</P>
  <LI>
  <H4>Survey</H4>
  <P>In conjunction with the EPA and the FHWA, a survey was developed to 
  determine how isolated rural areas designated as nonattainment or maintenance 
  for one or more national ambient air quality standards are addressing air 
  quality and transportation conformity requirements. The survey specifically 
  addresses Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, and PM-10 isolated rural areas. The main 
  questions addressed in the survey are:</P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Why are these isolated rural areas in nonattainment or maintenance 
    (i.e., what are the main sources of their air quality problems)? 
    <LI>How are these air quality problems being addressed by the different 
    agencies involved? 
    <LI>How are these areas meeting the transportation conformity requirements? 
    </LI></UL>
  <P>The survey was e-mailed to the state department of transportation and state 
  air quality agency for each area. In addition, regional FHWA and regional EPA 
  offices were also e-mailed a survey. The consultant team answered survey 
  respondents' questions and encouraged those who had not completed a survey to 
  do so.</P>
  <LI>
  <H4>Interviews</H4>
  <P>One jurisdiction from each pollutant nonattainment or maintenance area -- 
  Presque Isle, Maine; Fairbanks, Alaska; and Greenbrier County, West Virginia 
  -- was selected for a follow-up interview. These focused discussions were used 
  to clarify how the area has used the conformity process and to identify the 
  practical issues associated with different aspects of the process. The 
  interviews confirmed the conclusions the study team reached from the survey 
  data.</P></LI></OL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=rpt></A>
<H4><BR>C. Report Structure</H4>
<P>This report is organized into the following sections:</P>
<DL>
  <DD><STRONG>II. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#sum">Summary 
  of Findings.</A></STRONG> This section presents the general findings from the 
  surveys collected for all the isolated rural nonattainment and maintenance 
  areas that responded. 
  <DD><BR><STRONG>III. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#id">Identification 
  of Isolated Rural Areas.</A></STRONG> This section identifies which rural 
  areas are isolated and which areas are donut areas. 
  <DD><BR><STRONG>IV. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#res">Survey 
  Results</A>.</STRONG> This section presents a detailed summary of the survey 
  responses for isolated rural areas organized by pollutant. 
  <DD><BR><STRONG>V. <A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#A">Appendix 
  A: Survey.</A></STRONG> This appendix contains the text of the survey 
  administered by Dye Management Group, Inc. in June 2002. </DD></DL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=sum></A>
<H3><BR>II. Summary of Findings</H3>
<P>The following summarizes the major findings of a study that assessed the 
process and techniques that isolated rural nonattainment and maintenance areas 
have used to address the requirements of the conformity process. More details 
and definitions can be found in the body of this report.</P>
<UL>
  <LI><STRONG>There are few isolated rural nonattainment or maintenance areas 
  compared to the total nonattainment or maintenance areas for each 
  pollutant.</STRONG> 
  <P>Isolated rural nonattainment or maintenance areas represent a small 
  percentage of the total nonattainment or maintenance areas, as shown in 
  Exhibit II-1.</P>
  <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="60%" align=center 
  summary="Number of Isolated Rural Nonattainment or Maintenance Areas Relative to Total Nonattainment or Maintenance Areas in 2001" 
  border=1>
    <CAPTION>Exhibit II-1: Number of Isolated Rural Nonattainment<BR>or 
    Maintenance Areas Relative to<BR>Total Nonattainment or Maintenance Areas in 
    2001</CAPTION>
    <TBODY>
    <TR bgColor=silver>
      <TH id=1>Pollutant</TH>
      <TH id=2>Isolated Rural Areas</TH>
      <TH id=3>Total areas</TH>
      <TH id=4>Percent Isolated Rural</TH></TR>
    <TR>
      <TD headers=1>Carbon Monoxide</TD>
      <TD headers=2>3</TD>
      <TD headers=3>121</TD>
      <TD headers=4>2</TD></TR>
    <TR>
      <TD headers=1>Ozone</TD>
      <TD headers=2>31</TD>
      <TD headers=3>420</TD>
      <TD headers=4>7</TD></TR>
    <TR>
      <TD headers=1>PM-10</TD>
      <TD headers=2>37</TD>
      <TD headers=3>106</TD>
      <TD headers=4>35</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
  <P>The exhibit reinforces a predominant view that air quality is primarily an 
  urban concern. However, the portion of PM-10 areas that are isolated rural 
  areas is significant. </P>
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>In only two cases were more than 5 percent of the PM-10 emissions 
  attributed to on-road mobile sources.</STRONG></P>
  <P>Survey results indicated that in most of the isolated rural areas the PM-10 
  problem in an area are attributable to sources other than on-road mobile 
  sources such as point source (e.g., factories or power plants). Consequently, 
  transportation-related strategies did not really help these areas to attain 
  the PM-10 standard.</P>
  <P>Experience with PM-10 problems in other areas, confirmed through the survey 
  and telephone follow up with the isolated rural areas, indicates that more 
  frequent street sweeping, changing deicing materials or other fugitive dust 
  control measures can be effective in reducing PM-10 emissions. In the case of 
  Presque Isle, Maine, (a PM-10 nonattainment isolated rural area) switching 
  from a native sanding material to calcium chloride was very effective in 
  reducing PM-10 emissions. However, the cost of using the chemical in place of 
  the sand had prevented the local maintenance crews from switching for many 
  years.</P>
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>The isolated rural areas have limited staff resources to understand 
  and address the implications of nonattainment status.</STRONG></P>
  <P>In general the isolated rural areas do not have professional air quality 
  and transportation planning staff. Local jurisdictions' responsibilities are 
  typically addressed through their public works department or county engineer 
  depending upon their organizational structure. They also rely on the expertise 
  of State Department of Transportation staff in addressing conformity 
  issues.</P>
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>There is typically limited local data and planning information to 
  perform conformity analysis.</STRONG></P>
  <P>The survey results indicate that in those few cases where analysis is 
  performed, traffic data and growth estimates are derived from traffic counts 
  and other traffic monitoring data reporting such as HPMS. Few areas indicated 
  that they collected local data.</P>
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>Interagency consultation is helpful when needed, but most survey 
  respondents have never held a meeting of all federal, state, and local 
  agencies because they have not had transportation projects, and therefore, 
  have not needed to determine conformity.</STRONG></P>
  <P>Ten of the 18 survey respondents stated that there had never been a meeting 
  among all agencies for the area, while two respondents explained that they 
  have not needed consultation because the area has had no new projects. Three 
  respondents did not provide any information about consultation for their 
  isolated rural area.</P>
  <P>The three respondents that endorsed interagency consultation stated that 
  the process has been helpful in facilitating cross-functionality training and 
  resolving conformity issues. According to the Chief of EPA Region 4's Air 
  Planning Branch, interagency consultation has been very effective in Edmonson 
  County, Kentucky:</P>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>Effective interagency consultation was the key to resolving this 
    issue and could have been used as the means to prevent any delay from 
    occurring. Because of this area's limited experience with conformity and the 
    nature of how transportation conformity is implemented in isolated rural 
    areas (i.e., until projects are seriously contemplated there is no need to 
    do conformity analysis), planning parties may not have allowed time for any 
    resolution to potential issues, and may not have effectively consulted with 
    parties who could work to resolve issues until there was no choice but for 
    delay. In this case, it was not until the area ran the conformity analysis 
    and was not able to demonstrate conformity to a budget developed with the 
    Mobile 4.1 emissions model that the area realized that it would be 
    beneficial for them to have mobile emissions budgets developed with the new 
    Mobile 5 emissions model. The efforts for developing new emissions budgets 
    is not extremely burdensome but does require planning, review and approval 
    on the part of various agencies that may not have been alerted to this 
    situation until it was too late. </BLOCKQUOTE>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet and air quality partners in 
    the Edmonson County have gained a lot from their interagency coordination 
    and communicate on at least a monthly basis on this area and other areas in 
    Kentucky, even though the area has successfully demonstrated conformity. The 
    partners are taking a more proactive approach and discuss any upcoming 
    projects that may be considered for Edmonson County. In fact, this 
    interagency consultation discussion prevented KYTC (the Kentucky 
    Transportation Cabinet) from performing conformity analysis unnecessarily 
    for Edmonson County in the beginning of 2002. KYTC was under the impression 
    that conformity determinations for isolated rural areas have a three year 
    expiration just as in metropolitan areas. When this topic was discussed on 
    the monthly interagency consultation call, Kentucky transportation and air 
    quality partners were able to discuss and resolve this issue prior to KYTC 
    beginning work for this conformity determination.</BLOCKQUOTE>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>In this area, interagency consultation has been very beneficial. 
    We all have a better understanding of the role of each consultation partner 
    with regard to conformity. The air quality agencies are gaining more 
    knowledge of the transportation planning process, and the transportation 
    agencies are gaining more knowledge of the air quality process.</BLOCKQUOTE>
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>Most areas reported no new Federal non-exempt transportation 
  projects in the past five years.</STRONG></P>Consistent with their rural 
  nature, 11 areas indicated no regionally significant projects. Only three 
  survey respondents reported non-exempt transportation projects requiring 
  conformity analysis over the past five years.<SUP><A 
  href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#2">2</A></SUP> 
  Each of the three areas only had one such project. 
  <LI>
  <P><STRONG>Two areas used an analysis period shorter than the required 
  analysis period in their conformity determination.</STRONG></P>Although 
  conformity analysis requires a 20-year analysis period, two areas reported a 
  shorter timeframe. One area reported analysis 10 years into the future; 
  another reported analysis 15 years into the future. </LI></UL>
<HR align=left width="50%">

<P><A name=2></A><SUP>2</SUP> The remaining four survey respondents did not 
answer the survey question related to non-exempt transportation projects. While 
these could be areas that did not have non-exempt projects, it is possible that 
the survey respondent did not know the answer to the question.</P>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=id></A>
<H3><BR>III. Identification of Isolated Rural Areas</H3>
<P>Federal regulations separate rural areas into two types: isolated rural areas 
and donut areas. For purposes of this survey, the distinction between an 
isolated rural area and a "donut" area is as follows. An isolated rural area is 
an area that is not part of the emissions analysis of any Metropolitan Planning 
Organization's (MPO) transportation plan or transportation improvement program 
(TIP). A "donut" area, on the other hand, is an area that is inside a 
non-attainment or maintenance area boundary, but is outside the metropolitan 
planning boundary (40CFR93.109(g)).</P>
<P>The following tables show the rural areas currently (March 2003) in 
non-attainment status.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit III-1: Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment or Maintenance Rural Areas (March 2003)" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit III-1: Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment or Maintenance 
  Rural Areas<BR>(March 2003)</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=3>Isolated Rural Areas</TH>
    <TH id=4>Donut Areas</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Alaska</TD>
    <TD headers=2>10</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Fairbanks</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Oregon</TD>
    <TD headers=2> </TD>
    <TD headers=3>Grants Pass<BR>Klamath Falls</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P><BR></P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit III-2: Ozone Nonattainment or Maintenance Rural Areas (March 2003)" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit III-2: Ozone Nonattainment or Maintenance Rural Areas 
  (March 2003)</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=3>Isolated Rural Areas</TH>
    <TH id=4>Donut Areas</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Connecticut</TD>
    <TD headers=2>1</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Windam County (Greater Connecticut Area)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=2>Maine</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2 rowSpan=2>1</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Hancock & Waldo Counties</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Cumberland County (Greater Portland Area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3>Knox & Lincoln Counties</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>New Hampshire</TD>
    <TD headers=2>1</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Cheshire County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>New York</TD>
    <TD headers=2>2</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Essex County<BR>Jefferson County</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Montgomery and Greene Counties (Albany-Schenectady-Troy 
    Area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Maryland</TD>
    <TD headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Kent & Queen Anne's Counties</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Calvert and Charles Counties (Washington, DC-MD-VA)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Virginia</TD>
    <TD headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>White Top Mountain (Smith County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Delaware</TD>
    <TD headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Sussex County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Pennsylvania</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Crawford County<BR>Franklin County<BR>Juanita 
      County<BR>Lawrence County<BR>Northumberland County<BR>Schuylkill 
      County<BR>Snyder County<BR>Susquehanna County<BR>Warren County<BR>Wayne 
      County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Virginia</TD>
    <TD headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>White Top Mountain (Smith County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>West Virginia </TD>
    <TD headers=2>3</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Greenbrier County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Georgia</TD>
    <TD headers=2>4</TD>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Coweta, Forsyth and Paulding Counties (Atlanta Area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=2>Kentucky</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2 rowSpan=2>4</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Edmonson County</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Portion of Hancock County (Owensboro area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3>Paducah (Livingston and Marshall Counties)</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Scott County (Lexington Area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>South Carolina</TD>
    <TD headers=2>4</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Cherokee County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Tennessee</TD>
    <TD headers=2>4</TD>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Rutherford, Sumner, Williamson and Wilson Counties 
      (Nashville area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=2>Michigan</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2 rowSpan=2>5</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Allegan County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Muskegon</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=6>Ohio</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2 rowSpan=6>5</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Clinton County</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Ashtabula and Portaqe Counties (Cleveland-Akron-Lorain 
    area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3>Columbiana County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3>Preble County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Delaware and Licking Counties (Columbus area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Greene and Miami Counties (Dayton-Springfield area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Stark County (Canton area)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Louisiana</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>6</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Grant Parish<BR>Lafourche Parish<BR>St. James Parish<BR>St. 
      Mary Parish</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P><BR></P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit III-3: PM-10 Nonattainment or Maintenance Rural Areas (2003)" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit III-3: PM-10 Nonattainment or Maintenance Rural Areas 
  (2003)</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=3>Isolated Rural Areas</TH>
    <TH id=4>Donut Areas</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Maine</TD>
    <TD headers=2>1</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Presque Isle (Aroostook County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Illinois</TD>
    <TD headers=2>5</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Oglesby (La Salle County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Indiana</TD>
    <TD headers=2>5</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Vermillion County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>New Mexico</TD>
    <TD headers=2>6</TD>
    <TD headers=3> </TD>
    <TD headers=4>Anthony (Dona Ana County)</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Colorado</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>8</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Telluride (San Miquel County)<BR>Pagosa Springs (Archuleta 
      County)<BR>Canon City (Fremont County)<BR>Aspen (Pitkin County)<BR>Lamar 
      (Prowers County)<BR>Steamboat Springs (Routt County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Montana</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>8</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Columbia Falls (Flathead County)<BR>Whitefish and vicinity 
      (Flathead County)<BR>Kalispell (Flathead County)<BR>Polson (Lake 
      County)<BR>Libby (Lincoln County)<BR>Lame Deer (Rosebud 
      County)<BR>Thompson Falls and vicinity (Sanders County)<BR>Ronan area 
      (Lake County)<BR>Butte (Silver Bow County)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Ronan</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Wyoming</TD>
    <TD headers=2>8</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Sheridan County</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Arizona</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>9</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Douglas (Coachise County)<BR>Paul Spur (Coachise 
      County)<BR>Hayden/Miami (Gila and Pinal Counties)<BR>Payson (Gila 
      County)<BR>Mohave County <BR>Nogales (Santa Crus County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>California</TD>
    <TD headers=2>9</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Mammoth Lake (Mono County)<BR>Owens Valley (Inyo 
      County)<BR>Mono Basin (Mono County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Alaska</TD>
    <TD headers=2>10</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Juneau</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Idaho</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>10</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Sandpoint (Bonner County)<BR>Shoshone County (excluding 
      Pinehurst)<BR><BR>Pinehurst (Shoshone County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Oregon</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>10</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Lake County<BR>Grants Pass (Josephine County)<BR>LaGrande 
      (Union County)<BR>Klamath County (Klamath Falls area)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Washington</TD>
    <TD headers=2>10</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Wallula (Walla Walla County)</TD>
    <TD headers=4> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The study team surveyed a sample of the isolated rural areas identified in 
the exhibit.</P><A name=res></A>
<H4>IV. Survey Results</H4>
<P>The survey was administered to a sample of the carbon monoxide, ozone, or 
PM-10 nonattainment or maintenance isolated rural areas. The survey was sent to 
41 isolated rural areas: 2 carbon monoxide nonattainment or maintenance areas, 6 
ozone nonattainment or maintenance areas, and 34 PM-10 nonattainment areas. 
(Grant's Pass, Oregon is both a carbon monoxide maintenance area and a 
particulate matter nonattainment area.) For each area, the survey was sent to 
the corresponding:</P>
<UL>
  <LI>State department of transportation (DOT). 
  <LI>State and/or local air quality agency. 
  <LI>FHWA Division and EPA Regional offices. </LI></UL>
<P>A total of 18 surveys were completed, for an overall response rate of 43 
percent. However, response rates differed according to pollutant: 100 percent 
for ozone; 50 percent for carbon monoxide; and 32 percent for particulate 
matter-10. Below are general conclusions from all surveys, as well as 
conclusions drawn for each of the pollutants.</P>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=CO></A>
<H4><BR>A. Carbon Monoxide</H4>
<P>Only one of the two carbon monoxide maintenance or nonattainment areas 
responded to the survey, as shown in Exhibit IV-1. </P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-1: Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment and Maintenance Isolated Rural Areas" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-1: Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment and Maintenance 
  Isolated Rural Areas</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>County</TH>
    <TH id=3>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=4>Status</TH>
    <TH id=5>Class</TH>
    <TH id=6>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=7>Completed Survey</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Alaska</TD>
    <TD headers=2>Fairbanks Ed</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Fairbanks</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD headers=5>Serious</TD>
    <TD headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Oregon</TD>
    <TD headers=2>Josephine</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Grants Pass</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD headers=7>Yes</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Over 50 percent of Grants Pass's carbon monoxide emissions is caused by 
on-road mobile sources. VMT is projected to grow 0.8 percent per year between 
1993 and 2015, as determined by a model developed in collaboration between the 
Rogue Valley Council of Governments and the Oregon Department of Transportation. 
Grants Pass has a maintenance SIP, which contains one transportation control 
measure: wintertime oxygenated fuel. The survey respondents also indicated that 
the one federal action that has helped the area maintain air quality standards 
is improved vehicle emissions standards on new cars.</P>
<P>Grants Pass used the less than 1990 test and the build/no-build test in its 
last conformity determination. For years beyond the timeframe of the SIP, Grants 
Pass uses the budget test and demonstration using air quality modeling. It is 
not clear from the survey responses why Grants Pass appears to have used both 
the budget test and an air quality modeling demonstration for conformity in 
years past the SIP. </P>
<P>Grants Pass, like all Oregon local jurisdictions, is required to develop a 
transportation system plan (TSP) and receives financial support to do so. This 
requirement has likely led to an improved capacity to handle planning efforts 
such as the conformity process.</P>
<P>While the sample size for carbon monoxide nonattainment and maintenance areas 
is small, there may be opportunity for Fairbanks to learn from Grants Pass. 
Since both areas are in EPA Region 10, EPA officials could coordinate a meeting 
between officials in both areas.</P>
<OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Comments on the Process</H4>
  <P>A survey respondent from the FHWA Division office made the following 
  comment:</P>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>The FHWA Division must rely heavily on the Oregon DEQ and USEPA 
    for information on how and when areas are designated as non-attainment or 
    maintenance areas and how conformity needs to be addressed in each. If new 
    guidance were developed, the most useful would be something that could make 
    it easier to track the status of each specific area. Often when changes in 
    requirements are published in the Federal Register, it can be difficult and 
    time consuming to determine which areas are impacted and the actions that 
    may be needed.</BLOCKQUOTE></LI></OL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=O2></A>
<H4><BR>B. Ozone</H4>
<P>All six isolated rural areas in nonattainment or maintenance for ozone, in 
the survey sample, completed the survey. The areas are listed in Exhibit 
IV-2.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-2: 2002 Ozone Nonattainment and Maintenance Isolated Rural Areas" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-2: 2002 Ozone Nonattainment and Maintenance 
  Isolated Rural Areas </STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>County</TH>
    <TH id=3>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=4>Status</TH>
    <TH id=5>Class</TH>
    <TH id=6>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=7>Completed Survey</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Delaware</TD>
    <TD headers=2>Sussex</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Sussex County</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD headers=5>Marginal</TD>
    <TD headers=6>3</TD>
    <TD headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=2>Kentucky</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Edmonson</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Edmonson County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>4</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=2>Livingston and Marshall</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Paducah</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>4</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>New York</TD>
    <TD headers=2>Essex</TD>
    <TD headers=3>Essex County</TD>
    <TD headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD headers=5>Marginal</TD>
    <TD headers=6>2</TD>
    <TD headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Virginia</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Smyth</TD>
    <TD headers=3>White Top Mountain</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Marginal</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>3</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>West Virginia</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Greenbrier</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Greenbrier County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>3</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Four ozone nonattainment or maintenance areas have SIPs; two areas (White Top 
Mountain and Sussex County) do not. For emissions dealing with ozone, areas list 
precursors: nitrogen oxides (NOx) and/or hydrocarbons (VOC). On-road mobile 
sources of NOx ranged from 0 percent for White Top Mountain to 87 percent for 
Greenbrier County. On-road mobile sources of VOC ranged from 0 percent for White 
Top Mountain to 53 percent for Greenbrier County. Exhibit IV-3 shows the full 
results of the survey.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="50%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-3: Percentage of Emissions from On-road Mobile Sources" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-3: Percentage of Emissions from On-road Mobile 
  Sources</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=2>NOx </TH>
    <TH id=3>VOC</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Sussex County </TD>
    <TD headers=2>21%</TD>
    <TD headers=3>22%</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Edmonson County</TD>
    <TD headers=2>63%</TD>
    <TD headers=3>36%</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Paducah, Kentucky</TD>
    <TD headers=2>33%</TD>
    <TD headers=3>3%</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Essex County</TD>
    <TD headers=2>N/A</TD>
    <TD headers=3>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>White Top Mountain</TD>
    <TD headers=2>0%</TD>
    <TD headers=3>0%</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD headers=1>Greenbrier County</TD>
    <TD headers=2>87%</TD>
    <TD headers=3>53%</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Notes:</TD>
    <TD headers="2, 3" colSpan=2>N/A = not reported<BR><BR>Sussex County, 
      White Top Mountain, and Greenbrier County use 1990 data. Paducah and 
      Edmonson County use 2002 data.</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Using historical data from the federal Highway Performance Monitoring System 
(HPMS), VMT growth in Edmonson County is determined to be 2.28 percent annually 
from 2000 to 2020. HPMS data was also used to determine the annual increase of 
VMT in Paducah, which is 2.05 percent for Marshall County and 2.11 percent for 
Livingston County. None of the other areas reported VMT information, and none of 
the four areas with a SIP employ transportation control measures. However, 
several areas listed federal actions that have helped the area attain or 
maintain the air quality standards. Exhibit IV?4 lists those effective federal 
measures cited by the areas.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-4: Effective Federal Measures for Attaining or Maintaining Air Quality Standards" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-4: Effective Federal Measures for Attaining or 
  Maintaining Air Quality Standards</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=2>Measures Cited</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sussex County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Edmonson County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>All measures, including federal vehicle emission 
      controls and fleet turnover.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Paducah</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Fleet turnover, non-road rules, the national low 
      emission vehicle program (NLEV), and heavy duty diesel program.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Essex County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Section 126 rule for NOx transport.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>White Top Mountain</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Greenbrier County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Federal Motor Vehicle Control.Program (FMVCP), 
      Heavy Duty Diesel Rule, and small spark ignition gasoline 
  engines.</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>For those areas with SIPs, Exhibit IV-5 lists conformity tests used both in 
their conformity determination and in the years beyond the timeframe of the SIP. 
(Only two areas provided information.)</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-5: Conformity Tests for those areas with SIPs" border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-5: Conformity Tests</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1 rowSpan=2>Area</TH>
    <TH id=2 colSpan=4>Last Determination</TH>
    <TH id=3 colSpan=5>Determinations in Years Beyond Timeframe of SIP</TH></TR>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id="2 A">Budget test</TH>
    <TH id="2 B">Less than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="2 C">Build/no build test</TH>
    <TH id="2 D">No-greater-than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 A">Budget test</TH>
    <TH id="3 B">Less than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 C">Build/no build test</TH>
    <TH id="3 D">No-greater-than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 E">Demonstration using air quality modeling</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Edmonson County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Paducah</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Total Number</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A">2</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A">2</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Both Edmonson County and Paducah reported having non-exempt transportation 
projects in the past five years. Edmonson determined conformity for its project 
in 1999. Paducah failed in 1998 to determine conformity due to an increase in 
VMT, but eventually the area was able to make a conformity determination in 
Spring 2002 after revising its SIP to incorporate new data.</P>
<OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Comments on the Process</H4>A state transportation engineer commented on 
  the survey: "A recent ruling that an isolated rural area need only do 
  conformity when adding a new project will help." The same engineer noted that 
  "It doesn't seem appropriate to be spending so many resources and creating 
  local headaches over adding a minor amount of VMT when the mobile contribution 
  to pollution in the area is so small anyway. For most isolated rural areas, 
  the primary contribution is likely coming from outside the area, so why not 
  focus attention and resources on the real problem?" </LI></OL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=pm10></A>
<H4><BR>C. Particulate Matter-10</H4>
<P>Only 11 of the 34 PM-10 nonattainment and maintenance areas, in the survey 
sample, completed the survey, as shown in Exhibit IV-6.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-6: 2002 PM-10 Isolated Rural Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-6: 2002 PM-10 Isolated Rural Nonattainment and 
  Maintenance Areas</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>State</TH>
    <TH id=2>County</TH>
    <TH id=3>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=4>Status</TH>
    <TH id=5>Class</TH>
    <TH id=6>EPA Region</TH>
    <TH id=7>Completed Survey</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Maine</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Aroostook</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Presque Isle</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>1</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=6>Colorado</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>San Miguel</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Telluride</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Archuleta</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Pagosa Springs</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Fremont</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Canon City</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Pitkin</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Aspen</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Prowers</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Lamar</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Routt</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Steamboat Springs</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=8>Montana</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Flathead</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Columbia Falls</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Flathead</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Flathead County; Whitefish and vicinity</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Flathead</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Kalispell</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Lake</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Polson</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Lincoln</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Libby</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Rosebud</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Lame Deer</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Sanders</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Sanders County (part); Thompson Falls and 
    vicinity</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Silver Bow</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Butte</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Wyoming</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Sheridan</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Sheridan</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>8</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=7>Arizona</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Cochise</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Douglas</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Cochise</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Paul Spur</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Gila</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Hayden/Miami</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Gila</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Payson</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Mohave</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Mohave County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Pinal</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Hayden/Miami</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Santa Cruz</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Nogales</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=4>California</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Mono</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Mammoth Lake</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Maintenance</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Inyo</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Owens Valley</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Serious</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Inyo</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Searless Valley</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Mono</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Mono Basin</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>9</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Alaska</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Juneau Ed</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Juneau</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=2>Idaho</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Bonner</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Sandpoint</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Shoshone</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Pinehurst</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1 rowSpan=3>Oregon</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Lake</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Lake County</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Josephine</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Grants Pass</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Union</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>LaGrande</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Moderate</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>Yes</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Washington</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Walla Walla</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Wallula</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=4>Nonattainment</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=5>Serious</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=6>10</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=7>No</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>All 11 PM-10 nonattainment or maintenance areas reported having a SIP. The 
contribution of emissions from on-road mobile sources to the areas' air quality 
problem varied and was difficult to determine in some areas. For Presque Isle, 
Maine, on-road mobile-sources, including road dust, was estimated to be 61% of 
the area's total PM inventory in 1994; more recent estimates show that the 
percentage of direct emissions only is estimated at 7.3 percent. For Mammoth 
Lakes, direct emissions from transportation sources has been determined to be 
less than 1%, however, emissions from resuspended road dirt and cinders is 
estimated to be 56.1% of the areas' emissions inventory. Unfortunately, survey 
information did not indicate what percentage of the resuspended road dirt was 
from roads versus what percentage is from cinders. Exhibit IV-7 illustrates the 
percentage of on-road mobile emissions by area.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="60%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-7: Percentage of Emissions from On-road Mobile Sources" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-7: Percentage of Emissions from On-road Mobile 
  Sources</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=2>Year of Inventory</TH>
    <TH id=3>PM-10</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Presque Isle (Maine)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1994</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>61*</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sheridan (Wyoming)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1988</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mammoth Lake (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1988</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Less than 1</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Owens Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1995</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Less than 1</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Searless Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Less than 1</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mono Basin (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>Less than 1</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sandpoint (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1994</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>3</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Pinehurst (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1988</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>2</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Lake County (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Grants Pass (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1986</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>10</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>LaGrande (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>1986</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=3>5</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Notes:</TD>
    <TD headers="2, 3" colSpan=2>N/A = not available</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>An interview with Presque Isle revealed problems with the 1994 measurement, 
which included road sand with on-road mobile sources. The percentage of direct 
emissions from on-road mobile sources is 7.3 percent.</P>
<P>However, several areas listed TCMs, shown in Exhibit IV-8.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-8: Transportation Control Measures" border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-8: Transportation Control 
  Measures</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=2>TCM Cited</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Presque Isle (Maine)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Removing de-icing and anti-icing materials as 
      soon as possible from roads.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sheridan (Wyoming)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Limiting sand and gravel usage and removing them 
      as soon as possible from a road after snow.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mammoth Lake (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Restricting parking, increasing transit 
      ridership, and reducing vehicle traffic.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Owens Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Searless Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mono Basin (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sandpoint (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Aggressive street sweeping program and anti skid 
      material specs.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Pinehurst (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Lake County (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Paving gravel roads.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Grants Pass (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>LaGrande (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Controlling fugitive dust (winter road sanding, 
      paving gravel streets, etc.).</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Interestingly, the most frequently listed TCMs do not fit the commonly used 
definition of TCM, which includes actions to adjust traffic patterns or reduce 
vehicle use. Only three of the 11 areas that responded to the survey noted 
effective federal measures relating to VMT and tailpipe emissions, as reflected 
in Exhibit IV-9.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-9: Effective Federal Measures for Attaining or Maintaining Air Quality Standards" 
border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-9: Effective Federal Measures for Attaining or 
  <BR>Maintaining Air Quality Standards</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1>Area Name</TH>
    <TH id=2>Measures Cited</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Presque Isle (Maine)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sheridan (Wyoming)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>None.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mammoth Lake (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>VMT cap, phase out of non-certified wood stoves 
      and fireplaces, mandatory wood burning curtailment.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Owens Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Searless Valley (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Mono Basin (California)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sandpoint (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Tier II, CAFE standards, OBD etc. -- improving 
      fuel economy and emission rates.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Pinehurst (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Tier II, CAFE standards, OBD etc. -- improving 
      fuel economy and emission rates.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Lake County (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>CMAQ funds used to pave gravel roads (to reduce 
      transportation-related fugitive dust).</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Grants Pass (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>LaGrande (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>Reducing transportation-related fugitive dust by 
      paving gravel roads.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Notes:</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=2>N/A = not available</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Only three PM-10 nonattainment areas reported having ever made a conformity 
determination, and only one of these areas has done so within the last five 
years. All three cited the build/no build test in their latest determination, 
and two of the three noted the build/no build test in years beyond the timeframe 
of their SIP. Exhibit IV-10 summarizes the responses.</P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" align=center 
summary="Exhibit IV-10: Conformity Tests" border=1>
  <CAPTION><STRONG>Exhibit IV-10: Conformity Tests</STRONG></CAPTION>
  <TBODY>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id=1 rowSpan=2>Area</TH>
    <TH id=2 colSpan=4>Last Determination</TH>
    <TH id=3 colSpan=5>Conformity in YearsBeyond Timeframe of SIP</TH></TR>
  <TR bgColor=silver>
    <TH id="2 A">Budget test</TH>
    <TH id="2 B">Less than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="2 C">Build/no build test</TH>
    <TH id="2 D">No-greater-than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 A">Budget test</TH>
    <TH id="3 B">Less than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 C">Build/no build test</TH>
    <TH id="3 D">No-greater-than 1990 test</TH>
    <TH id="3 E">Demonstration using air quality modeling</TH></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Sandpoint (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Pinehurst (Idaho)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1>Grants Pass (Oregon)</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C">X</TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E">X</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD vAlign=top headers=1><STRONG>Total Number</STRONG></TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 B"><STRONG>1</STRONG></TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 C"><STRONG>3</STRONG></TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="2 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 A"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 B"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 C"><STRONG>2</STRONG></TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 D"> </TD>
    <TD vAlign=top headers="3 E"><STRONG>1</STRONG></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Only Sandpoint reported having a non-exempt transportation project in the 
past five years. It determined conformity for its project in 2000.</P>
<OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Comments on the Process</H4>
  <P>According to a Division FHWA Transportation Engineer who completed the 
  survey:</P>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>Rural areas by their very nature (small, sparsely populated, 
    relatively low traffic volumes and densities, and infrequent capacity 
    expansion projects) should have minimal transportation related air quality 
    problems. To the extent that the above generalization is accurate, it begs 
    the question of why a regional level analysis is currently expected for such 
    areas. Perhaps consideration should be given to evaluating, and as 
    necessary, analyzing such areas at the project level, only. Since there is 
    no PM-10 modeling process, this would effectively limit the analysis to 
  CO.</BLOCKQUOTE>
  <P>According to a state environmental agency transportation specialist who 
  completed the survey:</P>
  <BLOCKQUOTE>One of the biggest holes in modeling transportation emissions 
    for conformity purposes is VMT and speeds. Transportation and Air Quality 
    agencies often must rely on minimal or spotty data to base speed and VMT 
    assumptions. As an example, the statewide transportation emissions inventory 
    is based on VMT extrapolated from Federal Highways Statistics. The 
    conformity process and the quality of associated air quality analysis would 
    be vastly improved with consistent and reliable VMT and speed data. Rural 
    areas would greatly benefit if FHWA could expand the monitoring done for the 
    Federal Highways Statistics.</BLOCKQUOTE></LI></OL>
<P><A 
href="http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Rural/rural_aq_final_rpt.htm#toc">Back 
to Table of Contents</A></P><A name=A></A>
<H2 align=center><BR><BR>Appendix A: Survey</H2>
<P align=center><IMG height=12 alt="black square" 
src="Transportation-Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas_files/black_sq.jpg" 
width=13 border=0></P>
<P align=center>This appendix contains a copy of the survey used to collect the 
data for this report.</P>
<H3 align=center>FHWA Transportation/Air Quality Issues in Rural Areas</H3>
<H4>Background</H4>
<P>FHWA is interested in assessing how isolated rural areas that have been 
designated non-attainment or maintenance for one or more air quality standards 
are addressing their transportation conformity related issues. FHWA has assigned 
Dye Management Group, Inc. the task of identifying and describing current 
practices. FHWA and EPA are considering developing additional guidance on how to 
conduct conformity determinations in these areas, so your responses are 
important to us. As part of this effort, we are seeking your collaboration to 
participate in a survey.</P>The three main questions we hope to answer through 
this survey are:
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>Why are these isolated rural areas in non-attainment or maintenance (i.e., 
  what are the main sources contributing to their air quality problems)? 
  <LI>Who is involved in the transportation planning and conformity processes 
  for these isolated rural areas and what are each agency's roles? 
  <LI>How are these air quality problems being addressed by the different 
  agencies involved? </LI></UL>
<P>The attached questionnaire, a product of the substantial collaboration from 
the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Environmental Protection Agency 
(EPA), was designed to gather information on the identified issues of interest. 
For each isolated rural area a questionnaire will be sent to the corresponding 
state department of transportation (DOT), the state and/or local air agency, the 
Division FHWA and Regional EPA offices, and any other applicable state or local 
agency.</P>
<H4>Rural Areas Defined</H4>
<P>By definition, an isolated rural non-attainment or maintenance area is not 
part of, or contiguous to, a metropolitan area having a population of 50,000 or 
more. In other words, if an area is inside a non-attainment or maintenance area 
boundary, but is outside of the metropolitan planning boundary, then it is 
considered a "donut area," not an isolated rural area (see 40 CFR 93.109(g)). An 
isolated rural area's transportation projects are not part of the emissions 
analysis of any MPO's transportation plan or TIP (see 40 CFR 93.109(g)). 
Isolated rural areas are not required under federal regulation to establish a 
Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) or to develop transportation plans and 
transportation improvement programs (TIP) as a result of their population 
size.</P>
<H4 align=center><BR>FHWA Transportation/Air Quality in Rural 
Areas<BR>Questionnaire</H4>
<DIV align=center>
<P>Name: _______________________________________________________________</P>
<P>Position: _____________________________________________________________</P>
<P>Organization: _________________________________________________________</P>
<P>Telephone: __________________ 
E-mail:___________________________________</P></DIV>
<OL start=2>
  <LI>
  <H4>General</H4>
  <P>[Area Name] has been designated as a [nonattainment area or maintenance 
  area] for [ozone, carbon monoxide, or particulate matter-10].</P>
  <P>Please verify that the designation(s) and pollutant(s) listed above for 
  this area is/are correct. If not accurate please correct as appropriate.</P>
  <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
  <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
  <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
  <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
  <LI>
  <H4>State Implementation Plan and Air Quality</H4>
  <OL type=a>
    <LI>Does this area have a SIP? ______Yes ______ No 
    <LI>If this area has a SIP, what control measures in the SIP help the area 
    show attainment? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>If this area has a SIP, what are the emissions inventories for each 
    source sector (e.g., on-road mobile, stationary, etc.) listed in the 
    isolated rural area's SIP? Please answer this question separately for each 
    pollutant or each precursor of each pollutant for which an area is 
    designated. For your response, please choose the inventory year closest to 
    2002 and indicate the units for each pollutant / precursor (e.g., tons per 
    day, tons per year). Or, if available, copy and attach a table listing of 
    the emissions inventory.<BR>
    <P>Year of Inventory = ___________</P>
    <P>Units of Inventory = ___________</P>
    <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="60%" align=center 
    summary="table for page layout purposes only" border=0>
      <TBODY>
      <TR>
        <TH id=1>Sector:</TH>
        <TH id=2>Inventory:</TH></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD headers=1>On-road mobile sources</TD>
        <TD headers=2>_______________________________</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD headers=1>Others? Please list.</TD>
        <TD headers=2>_______________________________</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
    <LI>What federal actions/measures (e.g., federal vehicle emissions controls; 
    fleet turnover) are helping the area attain or maintain the air quality 
    standard(s)? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What is the projected population growth in this isolated rural area? 
    Please provide the growth rate and indicate over what period of time this 
    rate applies (e.g., 2000-2020). 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What is the projected growth rate of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in 
    this isolated rural area? Please indicate the time period for which the VMT 
    rate applies. 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>How is VMT information determined for this isolated rural area? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>Is 
    speed information determined? If so, how? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What agency determines the VMT and speed information for this isolated 
    rural area? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Have the difficulties in demonstrating conformity ever resulted in the 
    area not being able to implement/approve a new transportation project? 
    <P>___________ Yes ___________No</P>If yes, for how long was this project 
    delayed? (If a project has been delayed on more than one occasion, please 
    specify how long for each delayed project.) 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P></LI></OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Transportation Planning and Conformity</H4>
  <OL type=a>
    <LI>Is this isolated rural area implementing any transportation control 
    measures included in the SIP to address its air quality 
    problem?              Yes________ 
    No ________ 
    <P>If so, what is/are the specific transportation control measures that this 
    area is implementing?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Given that before a new Federal non-exempt project can be approved or 
    funded in an isolated rural area, a conformity determination is required. 
    How many non-exempt transportation projects for this isolated rural area in 
    the past 5 years required FHWA/FTA approval? 
    <P>2001 ________________________________________</P>
    <P>2000 ________________________________________</P>
    <P>1999 ________________________________________</P>
    <P>1998 ________________________________________</P>
    <P>1997 ________________________________________</P>Did you determine 
    conformity in any of these years: 
    <P>1997 Yes_____________No, _______ if no, why not? 
    ___________________________________</P>
    <P>1998 Yes_____________No, _______ if no, why not? 
    ___________________________________</P>
    <P>1999 Yes_____________No, _______ if no, why not? 
    ___________________________________</P>
    <P>2000 Yes_____________No, _______ if no, why not? 
    ___________________________________</P>
    <P>2001 Yes_____________No, _______ if no, why not? 
    ___________________________________</P>
    <LI>How many years into the future were analyzed for the last conformity 
    determination performed for this area? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What type of SIP(s) does this isolated rural area have and for what 
    years do they have motor vehicle emissions budgets (if applicable)? Please 
    check all that apply. 
    <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" 
    summary="table for page layout purposes only" border=0>
      <TBODY>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>This area does not have a SIP </TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>This area has a SIP, but it does not have 
          motor vehicle emissions budgets (e.g., a limited maintenance 
      plan.)</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>Attainment SIP.</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1></TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>What are the budget years, if budgets 
          exist: __________________________</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>15 percent SIP.</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1></TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>What are the budget years, if budgets 
          exist: __________________________</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>9 percent rate of progress SIP.</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1></TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>What are the budget years, if budgets 
          exist: __________________________</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>Maintenance Plan.</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1></TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>What are the budget years, if budgets 
          exist: __________________________</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
    <LI>Which of the following conformity test(s) did the isolated rural area 
    use in its last conformity determination? Please mark all that apply. 
    <P>_______ Budget test.</P>
    <P>_______ Less than 1990 test.</P>
    <P>_______ Build/no-build test.</P>
    <P>_______ No-greater-than 1990 test.</P>
    <LI>Which method below is being used to determine conformity in the years 
    beyond the timeframe of the SIP? 
    <P>_______ Budget test.</P>
    <P>_______ Build/no-build test.</P>
    <P>_______ Less than 1990 test.</P>
    <P>_______ No-greater-than 1990 test.</P>
    <P>_______ Demonstration using air quality modeling (same modeling used in 
    the SIP).</P>
    <LI>What agency runs the emissions analysis for this isolated rural area? 
    What agency prepares the travel estimates (e.g., estimating VMT)? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>How many times since January 1997 has this isolated rural area 
    determined conformity? What were the dates (month and year) on which the 
    conformity determination was made for this area? 
    <P>Number of determinations since 1997: 
    _________________________________________</P>
    <P>Dates on which these conformity determinations were made: 
    _________________________________</P>
    <LI>What triggered the need for these conformity determinations? A new 
    transportation project, or some other reason? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Has this isolated rural area ever had difficulty demonstrating 
    conformity (i.e., they cold not pass their conformity test as listed above)? 
    If answer to this question is No, please skip to question 3-l below. 
    <P>______ Yes _______ No</P>For what analysis years did this area have 
    difficulty demonstrating conformity? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>What 
    was the nature of this area's conformity difficulties? Please check all that 
    apply. 
    <P>________ Population grew faster than anticipated.</P>
    <P>________ New data/information on fleet resulted in higher emissions.</P>
    <P>________ Control measures ended because of a sunset date. If yes, which 
    measures?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>________ Control measures ended with the end of the SIP. If yes, which 
    measures?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>Other? 
    Please explain briefly: 
    ____________________________________________________________ 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Why was this area not able to meet the SIP budget(s)? Please check all 
    that apply. 
    <P>________ SIP was based on an earlier version of emissions factor 
    model.</P>
    <P>________ SIP was based on older data that was updated for the conformity 
    determination.</P>
    <P>________ Area was experiencing unanticipated growth. </P>
    <P>________ A control measure not being implemented; which measure? </P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>Other? Please explain. </P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>If this area has experienced conformity difficulties, have the 
    difficulties been successfully addressed and resolved? ______ Yes ______ No. 

    <P>If yes, what factors contributed to this outcome? (Choose all that apply 
    from the two categories below: Revision to SIP and Revisions Transportation 
    Projects.)</P>
    <H4>Revision to SIP</H4>
    <P>_________ Identifying a safety margin and applying some or all of it to 
    the budget.</P>
    <P>_________ Adding transportation control measures in the SIP. Which 
    measures? </P>
    <P>_________ Adding emission reduction control measures. Which measures?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>_________ Updating the budget with new data (e.g., population, 
    employment, etc.).</P>
    <P>_________ Updating the budget with a new emissions factor model.</P>
    <P>_________ Other? Please briefly explain:</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <H4>Revision to Transportation Projects</H4>
    <P>_________ Eliminating, changing scope of or delaying transportation 
    projects.</P>
    <P>_________ Adding transportation control strategies (but will not be 
    included in the SIP). Which strategies?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>_________ Adding other emissions reduction measures (not already in the 
    SIP). Which measures?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>_________ Adjusting assumptions for new federal rules (e.g., Tier 2 new 
    vehicle emissions standards). 
    <BR>                   Which 
    rules?</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>_________ Other? Please briefly explain:</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What resources are available, in terms of number of staff, their skill 
    level and the amount of planning funds, at the local level to demonstrate 
    conformity to the SIP? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P></LI></OL>
  <LI>
  <H4>Interagency Consultation</H4>
  <OL type=a>
    <LI>Who actually does the modeling and/or approves the conformity 
    determination for the isolated rural areas? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What federal, state and local agencies are involved in the consultation 
    process for this isolated rural area? 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>What are the consultation procedures for this isolated rural area? 
    Please check all that apply. 
    <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=5 width="80%" 
    summary="table for page layout purposes only" border=0>
      <TBODY>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>A meeting among all agencies is held 
          prior to a conformity analysis (i.e., when a new project is 
          initiated). </TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>A meeting among all agencies is held 
          after the analysis is performed, but prior to FHWA approval of the 
          conformity determination. </TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>A meeting among all agencies is only held 
          if the conformity analysis indicates that the area might have 
          difficulty demonstrating conformity.</TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>There has never been a meeting among all 
          agencies for this area. </TD></TR>
      <TR>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=1><BR>_______</TD>
        <TD vAlign=top headers=2><BR>Other? Please explain other consultation 
          procedures applicable to this area.</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Has the consultation process helped resolve difficulties related to 
    demonstrating conformity for a new project? 
    <P>_____ Yes _____ No </P>
    <P>Why or why not? Please briefly explain:</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <LI>Other Comments on the Process 
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P>
    <P>____________________________________________________________________________________</P></LI></OL></LI></OL>
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