Document ID: FERC-2016-0886-0001
Agency: ferc
Document Type: Rule
Title: Settlement Intervals and Shortage Pricing in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators
Posted Date: 2016-06-30T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 126 (Thursday, June 30, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 42881-42910]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-15196]

[[Page 42881]]

Vol. 81

Thursday,

No. 126

June 30, 2016

Part III

Department of Energy

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Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

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18 CFR Part 35

Settlement Intervals and Shortage Pricing in Markets Operated by 
Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators; 
Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 81 , No. 126 / Thursday, June 30, 2016 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 42882]]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

18 CFR Part 35

[Docket No. RM15-24-000; Order No. 825]

Settlement Intervals and Shortage Pricing in Markets Operated by 
Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators

AGENCY:  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

ACTION:  Final rule.

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SUMMARY:  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) is 
revising its regulations to address certain practices that fail to 
compensate resources at prices that reflect the value of the service 
resources provide to the system, thereby distorting price signals, and 
in certain instances, creating a disincentive for resources to respond 
to dispatch signals. We require that each regional transmission 
organization and independent system operator align settlement and 
dispatch intervals by: Settling energy transactions in its real-time 
markets at the same time interval it dispatches energy; settling 
operating reserves transactions in its real-time markets at the same 
time interval it prices operating reserves; and settling intertie 
transactions in the same time interval it schedules intertie 
transactions. We also require that each regional transmission 
organization and independent system operator trigger shortage pricing 
for any interval in which a shortage of energy or operating reserves is 
indicated during the pricing of resources for that interval. Adopting 
these reforms will align prices with resource dispatch instructions and 
operating needs, providing appropriate incentives for resource 
performance.

DATES:  This rule will become effective September 13, 2016.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
Stanley Wolf (Technical Information), Office of Energy Policy and 
Innovation, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE., 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-6841, Stanley.Wolf@ferc.gov
Pamela Quinlan (Technical Information), Office of Energy Market 
Regulation, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE., 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-6179, Pamela.Quinlan@ferc.gov
Alicia Cobb (Legal Information), Office of the General Counsel--Energy 
Markets, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE., 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-8501, Alicia.Cobb@ferc.gov

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Order No. 825

Final Rule

Table of Contents

 
                                                         Paragraph No.
 
I. Introduction......................................                  1
II. Background.......................................                  9
III. Discussion......................................                 13
    A. Settlement Interval Reform....................                 13
        1. Need for Reform...........................                 13
        2. Settlement Interval Reform for Energy                      17
         Transactions and Operating Reserves.........
            a. Proposal..............................                 17
                i. Energy Transactions...............                 17
                ii. Operating Reserves...............                 21
            b. Current Practices in the RTOs/ISOs....                 22
                i. Energy Transactions...............                 22
                ii. Operating Reserves...............                 23
            c. Comments on the Proposed Settlement                    27
             Interval Reform.........................
                i. Comments From the RTOs/ISOs.......                 28
                ii. Comments by Market Monitors......                 36
                iii. Comments Supporting the Proposed                 39
                 Settlement Interval Reform..........
                iv. Comments Opposed to the Proposed                  49
                 Settlement Interval Reform..........
            d. Commission Determination..............                 53
                i. Energy Transactions...............                 53
                ii. Operating Reserves...............                 69
        3. Interties.................................                 74
            a. Commission Request for Comments.......                 74
                i. Comments by RTOs/ISOs.............                 75
                ii. Comments by Market Monitors......                 80
                iii. Comments in Support of Applying                  82
                 Settlement Reform to Interties......
                iv. Comments Opposed To Applying                      86
                 Settlement Reform to Interties......
            b. Commission Determination..............                 88
        4. Demand Response Resources.................                 92
            a. Comments..............................                 92
            b. Commission Determination..............                 98
        5. Load......................................                100
            a. Comments..............................                100
            b. Commission Determination..............                104
    B. Shortage Pricing Reform.......................                105
        1. Need for Reform...........................                105
        2. NOPR Proposal.............................                109
        3. Comments on the Proposed Shortage Pricing                 110
         Reform......................................
            a. Comments by RTOs/ISOs.................                110
            b. Comments by Market Monitors...........                121
            c. Comments Supporting the Shortage                      127
             Pricing Reform..........................
            d. Comments Recommending Changes to the                  137
             Shortage Pricing Reform.................
            e. Comments Opposed to the Proposed                      141
             Shortage Pricing Reform.................
        4. Commission Determination..................                161
    C. Compliance and Implementation.................                181
        1. Commission Proposal.......................                181

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        2. Comments..................................                182
            a. Comments From RTOs/ISOs...............                183
            b. Comments Urging Flexibility in                        188
             Implementation..........................
            c. Compliance Filing Deadline............                191
            d. Implementation Deadline...............                192
            e. Simultaneous Implementation...........                200
            f. Costs.................................                201
        3. Commission Determination..................                204
    D. Requests Beyond the Scope of This Proceeding..                211
        1. Comments..................................                211
        2. Commission Determination..................                230
IV. Information Collection Statement.................                231
V. Environmental Analysis............................                236
VI. Regulatory Flexibility Act.......................                237
VII. Document Availability...........................                240
VIII. Effective Date and Congressional Notification..                243
APPENDIX: List of Commenters.........................
 

I. Introduction

    1. In this Final Rule, we address certain practices that fail to 
compensate resources at prices that reflect the value of the service 
resources provide to the system, thereby distorting price signals, and 
in certain instances, creating a disincentive for resources to respond 
to dispatch signals. We require, pursuant to section 206 of the Federal 
Power Act (FPA),\1\ that each regional transmission organization (RTO) 
and independent system operator (ISO) align settlement and dispatch \2\ 
intervals by: (1) Settling energy transactions in its real-time markets 
at the same time interval it dispatches energy;
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    \1\ 16 U.S.C. 824e (2012).
    \2\ As mentioned in the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the 
Commission sometimes uses the term ``dispatch'' as shorthand when 
describing how RTOs/ISOs acquire and price energy and operating 
reserves. With respect to operating reserves, the Commission uses 
dispatch to describe the intervals at which they are acquired and 
priced. See Settlement Intervals and Shortage Pricing in Markets 
Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent 
System Operators, 80 FR 58,393 (Sept. 29, 2015), FERC Stats. & Regs. 
] 32,710, at P 1 (2015) (NOPR).
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    (2) settling operating reserves transactions in its real-time 
markets at the same time interval it prices operating reserves; \3\ and 
(3) settling intertie transactions \4\ in the same time interval it 
schedules intertie transactions (settlement interval requirements). We 
also require, pursuant to section 206 of the FPA, that each RTO/ISO 
establish a mechanism to trigger shortage pricing for any interval in 
which a shortage of energy or operating reserves is indicated during 
the pricing of resources for that interval (shortage pricing 
requirement).
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    \3\ Operating reserves refer to certain ancillary services 
procured in the wholesale market, although they are often defined 
differently in each RTO/ISO. Operating reserves typically include: 
(a) Regulating Reserve, used to account for very short-term 
deviations between supply and demand (e.g., 4 to 6 seconds); (b) 
Spinning, or Synchronous Reserve, which is capacity held in reserve 
and synchronized to the grid and able to respond within a relatively 
short amount of time (e.g., within 10 minutes), to be used in case 
of a contingency, such as the loss of a generator; and (c) Non-
Spinning Reserve, capacity that is not synchronized to the grid and 
which can take longer to respond (e.g., within 10-30 minutes) in 
case of a contingency. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Price 
Formation in Organized Wholesale Electricity Markets: Staff Analysis 
of Shortage Pricing, Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 3 n.7 (Oct. 2014), 
http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2014/AD14-14-pricing-rto-iso-markets.pdf (Shortage Pricing Paper).
    \4\ Intertie transactions are transactions across RTO/ISO 
borders, including imports, exports and wheel-through transactions.
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    2. Some current RTO/ISO settlement practices fail to reflect the 
value of providing a given service, thereby distorting price signals 
and failing to provide appropriate signals for resources to respond to 
the actual operating needs of the market. One such practice occurs when 
RTOs/ISOs dispatch resources every five minutes but perform settlements 
based on an hourly integrated price, or when RTOs/ISOs schedule 
intertie transactions every fifteen minutes, but perform settlements on 
an hourly integrated price. This misalignment between dispatch and 
settlement intervals distorts the price signals sent to resources and 
fails to reflect the actual value of resources responding to operating 
needs because compensation will be based on average output and average 
prices across an hour, rather than output and prices during the periods 
of greatest need within a particular hour.
    3. We also find that a second problem occurs if there is a mismatch 
between the time when a system experiences a shortage of energy and 
operating reserves and the time when prices reflect the shortage 
condition. This can be particularly problematic when, for example, an 
RTO's/ISO's market rules require a shortage to last a minimum time 
period before triggering shortage pricing. In this instance, short-term 
prices fail to reflect system conditions and potential reliability 
costs, as well as the value of both internal and external market 
resources responding to a dispatch signal. In addition, inaccurate 
price signals are provided to market participants if shortage pricing 
is still in effect after the shortage has been resolved.
    4. To address these problems associated with differing dispatch 
intervals and settlement intervals, as well as with shortage pricing 
triggers, we are setting forth the settlement interval requirements and 
the shortage pricing requirement in this Final Rule.\5\ These 
settlement interval and shortage pricing requirements will help ensure 
that resources have price signals that provide incentives to conform 
their output to dispatch instructions, and that prices reflect 
operating needs at each dispatch interval.
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    \5\ We are not at this time proposing to change the price paid 
by any RTO/ISO when shortage pricing is triggered.
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    5. As set forth in the NOPR, we reiterate the goals of price 
formation are to: (1) Maximize market surplus for consumer and 
suppliers; (2) provide correct incentives for market participants to 
follow commitment and dispatch instructions, make efficient investments 
in facilities and equipment, and maintain reliability; (3) provide 
transparency so that market participants understand how prices reflect 
the actual marginal cost of serving load and the operational 
constraints of reliably operating the system; and, (4) ensure that all 
suppliers have an opportunity to recover their costs.\6\
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    \6\ See Notice Inviting Post-Technical Workshop Comments, Docket 
No. AD14-14-000, at 1 (Jan. 16, 2015); Notice, Docket No. AD14-14-
000 (June 19, 2014).
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    6. As noted in the NOPR, the reforms adopted in this Final Rule 
advance at least two of the Commission's goals

[[Page 42884]]

with respect to price formation. First, the proposed reforms will help 
provide correct incentives for market participants to follow commitment 
and dispatch instructions,\7\ to make efficient investments in 
facilities and equipment, and to maintain reliability. Specifically, 
requiring RTOs/ISOs to align the settlement and dispatch intervals will 
more accurately reward resources that are providing energy and 
ancillary services in periods of the greatest need and will discourage 
provision of energy and ancillary services immediately following 
periods of system stress. Doing so will enhance the incentive to follow 
an RTO's/ISO's dispatch signal and thus help maintain system 
reliability. This reform will also reward resources that can flexibly 
respond to system needs, thus creating an incentive for resources to 
make efficient investments in facilities and equipment. Similarly, 
implementing shortage pricing for any dispatch interval during which a 
shortage of energy or operating reserves occurs will provide an 
incentive for resources to ensure that they are available to respond to 
high prices, which should help alleviate shortages and avoid shortage 
pricing during subsequent dispatch intervals. This reform would also 
ensure that resources operating during a shortage are compensated for 
the value of the service that they provide, regardless of whether the 
shortage is short-lived.
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    \7\ The Commission notes that the reforms proposed herein would 
further augment existing mechanisms in each RTO/ISO market that 
provide incentives to follow dispatch instructions, such as 
penalties for excessive or deficient energy and the allocation of 
commitment and dispatch costs to deviations from energy dispatch 
targets. See, e.g., MISO, FERC Electric Tariff, 40.3.3(a) (36.0.0) 
(allocating Revenue Sufficiency Guarantee costs to, inter alia, 
resources providing excessive or deficient energy), 40.3.4 (33.0.0) 
(charges for excessive or deficient energy deployment).
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    7. Second, the proposed reforms will also help provide transparency 
and certainty so that market participants understand how compensation 
and prices reflect the actual marginal cost of serving load and the 
operational constraints of reliably operating the system. Requiring 
settlement intervals to match dispatch intervals will make resource 
compensation more transparent by, among other things, increasing the 
proportion of resource payment provided through payments of energy and 
operating reserves rather than uplift. Further, requiring RTOs/ISOs to 
trigger shortage pricing for an interval in which a shortage of energy 
or operating reserves is indicated during the pricing of resources for 
that interval will ensure that prices transparently reflect the 
operational constraints of reliably operating the system. This 
increased transparency, in turn, better informs decisions to build or 
maintain resources and enhances consumers' ability to hedge. The 
benefits summarized above and discussed in detail below would 
ultimately help to ensure just and reasonable rates.
    8. As discussed below, we require each RTO/ISO to submit a 
compliance filing with the tariff changes needed to implement this 
Final Rule within 120 days of the Final Rule's effective date. We will 
allow a further 12 months from the compliance filing date for the 
tariff changes implementing reforms to settlement intervals to be 
effective, and 120 days from that same compliance filing date for the 
tariff changes implementing shortage pricing reforms to be 
effective.\8\
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    \8\ The Commission has followed a similar approach with the 
timelines for compliance and implementation in the past. See, e.g., 
Frequency Regulation Compensation in the Organized Wholesale Power 
Markets, Order No. 755, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,324, at P 201 
(2011), reh'g denied, Order No. 755-A, 138 FERC ] 61,123 (2012).
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II. Background

    9. The Commission has addressed price formation in organized 
markets on prior occasions. For example, in Order No. 719, the 
Commission addressed shortage pricing \9\ and required RTOs/ISOs to 
develop and implement shortage pricing rules that would apply during 
operating reserve shortages to ``ensure that the market price for 
energy reflects the value of energy during an operating reserve 
shortage.'' \10\ The Commission required such rules out of concern that 
inappropriate price signals during an operating reserve shortage would 
provide an insufficient incentive for market participants to take 
appropriate actions.
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    \9\ Wholesale Competition in Regions with Organized Electric 
Markets, Order No. 719, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,281, at PP 192-194 
(2008), order on reh'g, Order No. 719-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 
31,292, order on reh'g, Order No. 719-B, 129 FERC ] 61,252 (2009).
    \10\ Order No. 719, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,281 at P 194.
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    10. In June 2014, the Commission initiated a proceeding, in Docket 
No. AD14-14-000, to evaluate issues regarding price formation in the 
energy and ancillary services markets operated by RTOs/ISOs (price 
formation proceeding). In the notice initiating that proceeding, the 
Commission stated that there may be opportunities for the RTOs/ISOs to 
improve the energy and ancillary services price formation process. As 
set forth in the notice, locational marginal prices (LMP) and market-
clearing prices used in energy and ancillary services markets ideally 
``would reflect the true marginal cost of production, taking into 
account all physical system constraints, and these prices would fully 
compensate all resources for the variable cost of providing service.'' 
\11\ Pursuant to the notice, staff conducted outreach and convened 
technical workshops on the following four general issues: (1) Use of 
uplift payments; (2) offer price mitigation and offer price caps; (3) 
scarcity and shortage pricing; and (4) operator actions that affect 
prices.\12\ The Commission also released staff reports on these topics. 
In one of those reports, issued in October 2014, staff analyzed 
shortage pricing issues.\13\
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    \11\ Notice, Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 2 (June 19, 2014).
    \12\ Id. at 1, 3-4.
    \13\ See Shortage Pricing Paper.
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    11. In its January 2015 Notice Inviting Comments, the Commission 
requested comments on questions that arose from the price formation 
technical workshops.\14\ In response, among other price formation 
issues, commenters addressed settlement intervals and shortage pricing.
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    \14\ Notice Inviting Post-Technical Workshop Comments, Docket 
No. AD14-14-000 (Jan. 16, 2015).
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    12. On September 17, 2015, the Commission issued a NOPR proposing 
to require that each RTO/ISO: (1) Settle energy transactions in its 
real-time markets at the same time interval it dispatches and prices 
energy, and settle operating reserves transactions in its real-time 
markets at the same time interval it prices operating reserves; and (2) 
trigger shortage pricing for any dispatch interval during which a 
shortage of energy or operating reserves occurs.\15\ The Commission 
sought comments on these proposals, and sought comment on: (1) Whether 
settlement interval reforms are appropriate for intertie transactions 
that are scheduled on intervals different from the intervals on which 
RTOs/ISOs dispatch internal real-time energy; and (2) whether it is 
appropriate to align the settlement interval for intertie transactions 
with external scheduling intervals, e.g., fifteen minutes.\16\ 
Additionally, the Commission sought comment on whether to require that 
RTOs/ISOs settle real-time operating reserves transactions at the same 
interval as real-time energy dispatch and settlement intervals or 
whether a settlement interval that differs from an RTO's/ISO's real-
time energy dispatch interval would be appropriate for some operating 
reserves transactions.\17\

[[Page 42885]]

Finally, the Commission sought comment on the implementation schedule 
and the costs of implementation.\18\ A list of commenters and the 
abbreviated names used for them in this Final Rule appears in the 
Appendix.
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    \15\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 14.
    \16\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 39.
    \17\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 40.
    \18\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at PP 56, 60.
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III. Discussion

A. Settlement Interval Reform

1. Need for Reform
    13. In the NOPR,\19\ the Commission preliminarily found that the 
current RTO/ISO settlement practice of using hourly integrated prices 
for real-time settlement and five-minute dispatch instructions may fail 
to reflect the value of providing a given service, and may contribute 
to lack of a response to the actual operating needs of those markets. 
In addition, the Commission stated that the use of hourly integrated 
prices for real-time settlement may discourage resources from following 
five-minute dispatch instructions, and may increase the need for uplift 
payments. Therefore, the Commission preliminarily found that the use of 
hourly integrated prices for real-time settlement may result in rates 
that are unjust and unreasonable.
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    \19\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at PP 26-33.
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    14. Commenters generally agree with the Commission's preliminary 
finding regarding the settlement interval proposal. For example, EPSA 
states that ``[w]hen real-time settlements for generation or 
dispatchable demand are calculated based on hourly prices that are the 
simple average of sub-hourly prices resulting from the actual dispatch, 
there is a distortion to the real-time price signal impacting both 
reliability and efficiency.'' \20\ Similarly, Potomac Economics states 
that the inconsistency between five-minute dispatch instructions and 
hourly-average price settlement intervals ``creates incentives for 
generators to not follow the dispatch signal or to simply be inflexible 
by (a) restricting dispatch range (the difference between a generator's 
minimum dispatch level and maximum dispatch level) or (b) offering a 
slower dispatch ramp rate.'' \21\ Potomac Economics notes that while 
MISO makes uplift payments to generators to alleviate these incentive 
issues, such payments are ``an inferior substitute for a true alignment 
where each generator, importer or exporter would settle based on the 
actual value of energy corresponding with its production or 
transactions in each five-minute interval.'' \22\ ELCON asserts that 
hourly prices do not ``reflect system needs and costs, and may result 
in over or under recovery of costs depending on how the shortage plays 
out during the hour. When SPP moved to sub-hourly settlements, overall 
system costs were lower.'' \23\
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    \20\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 2-3.
    \21\ Potomac Economics Comments at 4.
    \22\ Potomac Economics Comments at 4-5.
    \23\ ELCON Comments at 2.
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    15. In some instances, commenters assert that the Commission should 
not affirm its preliminary finding on the settlement interval proposal. 
APPA and NRECA assert that Commission approval of any five-minute 
settlement implementation process should require vetting and approval 
by the RTOs'/ISOs' stakeholders.\24\ Direct Energy asserts that the 
Commission should solicit further information from the RTOs/ISOs before 
determining whether or not to direct settlement interval reforms.\25\
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    \24\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 4.
    \25\ Direct Energy Comments at 6.
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    16. Based on analysis of the record, we adopt our preliminary 
findings, and, as described in detail below, conclude that certain RTO/
ISO settlement practices are not just and reasonable and are unduly 
discriminatory and preferential. Accordingly, we direct each RTO/ISO to 
align its settlement and dispatch intervals by settling energy 
transactions in its real-time markets at the same time interval it 
dispatches energy, settling operating reserves transactions in its 
real-time markets at the same time interval it prices operating 
reserves, and settling intertie transactions in the same time interval 
it schedules intertie transactions, as discussed further herein.
2. Settlement Interval Reform for Energy Transactions and Operating 
Reserves
a. Proposal
i. Energy Transactions
    17. In the NOPR, the Commission proposed to require that each RTO/
ISO settle energy transactions in its real-time markets at the same 
time interval it dispatches energy. The Commission preliminarily found 
the use of hourly integrated prices for real-time settlement may have 
the unintended effect of distorting price signals, and, in certain 
instances, contributing to market participants' failing to respond 
appropriately to operating needs.\26\ Specifically, the Commission 
stated that hourly integrated prices for real-time settlement may: (1) 
Not accurately reflect the value a resource provides to the system; (2) 
discourage resources from following dispatch instructions; and (3) 
cause increased uplift payments. Therefore, the Commission 
preliminarily found that the use of hourly integrated prices for real-
time settlement may result in rates that are unjust and unreasonable.
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    \26\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at PP 26-33.
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    18. To remedy any potentially unjust and unreasonable rates caused 
by the use of hourly integrated prices for real-time settlement, the 
Commission proposed in the NOPR to require that each RTO/ISO settle 
energy transactions in its real-time markets at the same time interval 
it dispatches energy.\27\
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    \27\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 34.
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    19. The Commission explained that in the short-term, the settlement 
interval proposal should improve incentives for resources to respond 
quickly to dispatch instructions, which should in turn lead to 
operators taking fewer out-of-market actions to ensure that supply 
meets demand. The Commission noted that by improving resources' 
response to dispatch instructions, the settlement interval proposal 
would result in a more efficient use of generation resources to the 
benefit of all consumers. In the long-term, the Commission maintained 
that these reforms should provide more accurate price signals, which 
should provide, together with other market price signals, the 
appropriate incentives to build or maintain resources that can respond 
to energy or operating reserve deficiencies.\28\
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    \28\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 35.
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    20. In addition, the Commission noted, where settlement and 
dispatch intervals are aligned, resources dispatched economically 
during high-priced periods would receive those higher prices rather 
than an hourly average of the dispatch interval LMPs, thereby reducing 
the need to make uplift payments.
ii. Operating Reserves
    21. The Commission proposed requiring that each RTO/ISO ``settle 
operating reserves transactions in its real-time markets at the same 
time interval it prices operating reserves.'' \29\ Although the 
Commission noted that dispatch and pricing of energy and operating 
reserves are closely linked through co-optimization in the real-time 
market, it also noted that certain RTOs/ISOs acquire operating reserves 
on a different time interval than they dispatch energy.\30\ The 
Commission sought comment on whether the Commission should require 
RTOs/ISOs to settle all real-time operating reserves transactions at 
the same time interval as real-time energy dispatch and

[[Page 42886]]

settlement intervals, or whether a settlement interval that differs 
from an RTO's/ISO's real-time energy dispatch interval would be 
appropriate for some operating reserves transactions.\31\
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    \29\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 34.
    \30\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 40.
    \31\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 40.
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b. Current Practices in the RTOs/ISOs
i. Energy Transactions
    22. The following table describes how each RTO/ISO currently 
dispatches and settles real-time energy transactions:

      Table 1--RTO/ISO Dispatch and Settlement Intervals for Energy
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Real-time
                                dispatch
                                  \32\       Real-time settlement \33\
                               (minutes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAISO                                   5  5 minute.
ISO-NE                                  5  hourly average.
MISO                                    5  hourly average.
NYISO                                   5  5 minute.
PJM                                     5  hourly average.
SPP                                     5  5 minute.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Operating Reserves
    23. The RTOs/ISOs vary in how they settle and treat operating 
reserves. For example, CAISO represents that it settles its operating 
reserve transactions on fifteen-minute intervals and dispatches energy 
on five-minute intervals.\34\ MISO states that it currently calculates 
settlements for real-time operating reserves transactions at the same 
interval that they are dispatched, i.e., five minutes, but that actual 
settlements are on an hourly basis due to the specific calculations 
MISO makes.
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    \32\ See CAISO, eTariff, 34.5 (17.0.0); ISO-NE., Transmission, 
Markets and Services Tariff, Market Rule 1, III.2.3 (15.0.0); MISO, 
FERC Electric Tariff, 40.2 (34.0.0); NYISO Markets and Services 
Tariff, 4.4.2.1 (17.0.0); PJM OATT, Attachment K, Appendix, 2.3 
(2.0.0); SPP, OATT, Sixth Revised Volume No. 1, Attachment AE, 6.2.2 
(1.0.0).
    \33\ See CAISO, eTariff, 11.5 (2.0.0), Appendix A, Settlement 
Interval (2.0.0); ISO-NE., Transmission, Markets and Services 
Tariff, Market Rule 1, III.2.2(b) (15.0.0); MISO, FERC Electric 
Tariff, 40.3 (32.0.0), 40.3.1 (32.0.0), 40.3.3 (36.0.0); NYISO, 
NYISO Tariffs, NYISO Markets and Services Tariff, 4.4.2.1, 4.4.2.8 
(17.0.0); PJM, Intra-PJM Tariffs, OATT, Attachment K, Appendix, 
2.5(e), (4.0.0), 3.2.1(e), (f) (28.0.0); SPP, OATT, Sixth Revised 
Volume No. 1, Attachment AE, 8.6, 8.6.1 (2.1.0). The above tariff 
citations refer to internal transactions. CAISO settles its intertie 
interchange transactions on fifteen-minute intervals. See CAISO, 
eTariff, HASP Block Intertie Schedule (0.0.0).
    \34\ CAISO Comments at 8.
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    24. The PJM Market Monitor explains that the synchronized and 
regulation reserves markets in PJM clear hourly but already incorporate 
five-minute LMP data for calculating opportunity costs. The PJM Market 
Monitor states that the offer price in PJM's synchronized reserve 
market includes both the direct short-run marginal cost of providing 
synchronized reserves, which does not vary every five minutes, and the 
opportunity cost of providing synchronized reserves, which does vary 
with five-minute LMPs. The PJM Market Monitor explains that PJM 
currently updates the opportunity cost every five minutes using five-
minute LMP data for the Tier 2 synchronized reserve market and 
recalculates the market clearing price every five minutes, with 
settlement based on the average of the five-minute clearing price.\35\
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    \35\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 8.
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    25. The PJM Market Monitor explains that, in PJM's regulation 
market, the offer price includes both the direct short-run marginal 
cost of providing regulation, which does not vary every five minutes, 
and the opportunity cost of providing regulation, which varies with 
five-minute LMPs. The PJM Market Monitor adds that PJM currently 
updates the opportunity cost every five minutes using five-minute LMP 
data for the regulation market and recalculates the clearing price 
every five minutes, with settlement based on the average of five-minute 
clearing prices. The PJM Market Monitor also notes that PJM purchases 
other forms of operating reserves on a cost basis, including Tier 1 
synchronized reserves, non-synchronized reserves, and day-ahead 
scheduling reserves.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    26. NYISO explains that it uses five-minute intervals to settle its 
real-time markets for energy, regulation service, and operating 
reserves.\37\ ISO-NE currently has hourly integrated settlement for its 
real-time energy transactions and its real-time operating reserves. 
However, ISO-NE states it intends to implement five-minute settlement 
of real-time operating reserves in connection with implementing five-
minute settlement of real-time energy transactions, which is a current 
discussion among ISO-NE stakeholders.\38\ SPP prices and settles 
operating reserve products in its real-time market on a dispatch 
interval, or five minute, basis.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ NYISO Comments at 2-3.
    \38\ ISO-NE Comments at 2-3.
    \39\ SPP Market Protocols, Sections 4.5.4 and 4.5.9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Comments on the Proposed Settlement Interval Reform
    27. Twenty-seven of the thirty commenters providing input on this 
issue generally support the NOPR's proposed settlement interval 
reform.\40\ As described below, many assert that the proposed reform 
will align the price signals with system conditions and provide 
accurate incentives for generation units to follow dispatch 
instructions.\41\ Others point to additional benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ Ameren Comments at 1, 3-4; ANGA Comments at 2-5; CAISO 
Comments at 2; CEA Comments at 3-6; Dominion Comments at 1-2; DTE 
Comments at 3-4; EDP Renewables Comments at 2; EEI Comments at 2; 
ESA Comments at 2-4; Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing Comments at 2; 
EPSA Comments at 1-5; Exelon Comments at 4; Financial Marketers 
Coalition Comments at 1; Golden Spread Initial Comments at 1-3; 
Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 2; ISO-NE Comments at 1; 
MISO Comments at 2, 9; NEI Comments at 1; NGSA Comments at 2-5; ODEC 
Comments at 3; PJM Power Providers Comments at 2-5; Potomac 
Economics Comments at 2; Powerex Comments at 6; PSEG Comments at 3; 
Public Interest Organizations Comments at 5; SPP Market Monitor 
Comments at 2; Westar Comments at 1.
    \41\ Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 2; Potomac 
Economics Comments at 1; Westar Comments at 1; PSEG Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Comments From the RTOs/ISOs
    28. The ISO/RTO Council supports the Commission's goals of aligning 
prices with resource dispatch instructions and operating needs and 
specifically supports the settlement interval proposal for energy 
transactions. The ISO/RTO Council states that the proposed settlement 
interval reform will make resource compensation more transparent by 
increasing the proportion of payments to resources through the price 
paid for energy as opposed to uplift.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ ISO/RTO Council Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    29. In separate comments, NYISO, ISO-NE., MISO, and PJM support the 
settlement interval proposal for both energy and operating reserve 
transactions. Likewise, in separate comments, CAISO supports the 
settlement interval proposal for energy transactions, but does not 
support requiring RTOs/ISOs to settle all real-time operating reserves 
transactions at the same interval as real-time energy dispatch and 
settlement intervals.
    30. CAISO states that the settlement interval proposal would 
improve market efficiency, and that accurate price signals provide 
market participants with incentives to develop needed capabilities and 
to offer those capabilities into the market.\43\ CAISO states that 
where settlement and dispatch intervals are aligned, resources 
dispatched economically during high-priced periods should receive high 
prices, thus reducing the need to pay uplift caused by non-alignment of 
settlement and dispatch intervals.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ CAISO Comments at 7.
    \44\ CAISO Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    31. However, CAISO does not support requiring RTOs/ISOs to settle 
all real-time operating reserves transactions at the same interval as 
real-time energy dispatch and settlement intervals.

[[Page 42887]]

Instead, CAISO asserts that it is appropriate to maintain its current 
fifteen-minute procurement and settlement interval for operating 
reserves transactions, which differs from the five-minute real-time 
energy dispatch interval. CAISO explains that its current settlement 
methodology aligns ancillary services commitment with internal 
generation commitment and intertie transactions scheduling so that the 
market accurately reflects the overall amount of supply resources 
available to provide energy and ancillary services.\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ CAISO Comments at 17-18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    32. NYISO supports the settlement interval proposal and asserts 
that its use of five-minute intervals to settle its real-time markets 
for energy, regulation service, and operating reserves, has provided 
significant incentives for resources to follow dispatch instructions 
and opportunities for supply resources to obtain full payment for their 
performance based on actual system conditions.\46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ NYISO Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    33. ISO-NE contends that settling on sub-hourly or five-minute 
intervals would help to improve price signals and resource 
compensation.\47\ ISO-NE states that five-minute settlements will help 
improve price formation by ensuring that compensation for real-time 
performance sends more accurate market signals of power system 
conditions when energy is provided.\48\ ISO-NE supports the settlement 
interval proposal for operating reserve transactions. It asserts that 
settling all real-time operating reserves transactions at the same 
interval as real-time energy dispatch and settlement intervals would 
assist in aligning dispatch following incentives in markets that 
simultaneously co-optimize energy and reserve dispatch in real-time. 
ISO-NE states it intends to implement five-minute settlement of real-
time operating reserves in connection with implementing five-minute 
settlement of real-time energy transactions, which is a current 
discussion among ISO-NE stakeholders.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ ISO-NE Comments at 2.
    \48\ ISO-NE Comments at 2.
    \49\ ISO-NE Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    34. MISO asserts that the inconsistency between dispatch and 
settlements may produce financial outcomes that do not align with the 
guiding principles of co-optimized (energy and ancillary services) 
security constrained economic dispatch.\50\ If the Commission requires 
five-minute settlements of operating reserves, MISO states that it 
would modify its operating reserves settlements from its current hourly 
method of settling operating reserves to align with real-time energy 
transactions.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ MISO Comments at 2.
    \51\ MISO Comments at 7-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    35. PJM states that ancillary services, including operating 
reserves, should settle on the same interval as energy because they are 
co-optimized. PJM argues that not doing so could yield discrepancies 
between the prices used to settle each product and could therefore undo 
enhancements made since implementation of Order No. 719, reduce market 
efficiencies, disrupt operations, and hinder proper price 
formation.\52\ PJM states that it intends to change its market rules to 
settle energy and ancillary services transactions in its real-time 
energy market at the same interval on which it dispatches 
resources.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ PJM Comments at 9.
    \53\ PJM Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments by Market Monitors
    36. The PJM Market Monitor agrees that it would be appropriate to 
implement five-minute pricing for the reasons stated in the NOPR, and 
that implementing five-minute settlements will contribute significantly 
to reducing uplift payments in PJM, an ongoing goal in the PJM 
region.\54\ The PJM Market Monitor states that, while it is appropriate 
to include the impact of five-minute LMP changes on the cost of 
operating reserves in the form of synchronized reserves and regulation, 
the PJM design for these markets currently incorporates those impacts. 
The PJM Market Monitor asserts that no additional changes to PJM market 
and non-market mechanisms for acquiring operating reserves are 
currently necessary to incorporate changes in five-minute LMPs.\55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 2, 4.
    \55\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 8-9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    37. Potomac Economics, which serves as the market monitor for ISO-
NE., MISO, and NYISO, argues that hourly settlements encourage 
resources not to follow dispatch instructions or to decrease their 
flexibility by restricting dispatch ranges and offering slower ramp 
rates, and states that MISO pays uplift to alleviate these issues. 
Potomac Economics cites its 2014 MISO State of the Market Report to 
show how five-minute settlements would change total payments to 
resources compared to current hourly settlements. This analysis showed 
that fossil-fueled resources in 2014 received settlements that were $35 
million less than they would have received if the settlement were based 
on five-minute prices and output, and that only one-fifth of this lost 
value was paid via uplift. In contrast, Potomac Economics represents 
that non-fossil resources were paid on net in hourly revenues slightly 
above what they would have received with five-minute settlements. 
Potomac Economics asserts that five-minute settlement provides greater 
compensation to fossil resources, more accurately representing the 
flexibility fossil resources provide to the system. In contrast, 
Potomac Economics argues that hourly settlement overvalues wind 
resources because such resources cannot ramp up in response to higher 
prices, are negatively correlated with load and contribute to higher 
congestion at higher output levels.\56\ Potomac Economics states that 
the settlement interval proposal will provide incentives for better 
resource performance, will improve price signals, and will improve 
markets' short-run commitment and dispatch of existing resources.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Potomac Economics Comments at 6.
    \57\ Potomac Economics Comments at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    38. The SPP Market Monitor agrees with the Commission's preliminary 
finding that aligning settlement and dispatch intervals would make 
resource compensation more transparent by increasing the proportion of 
resource payments made through energy and operating reserve payments 
instead of uplift.\58\ The SPP Market Monitor states that aligning 
dispatch and settlement intervals in neighboring markets would enhance 
price signals at seams and enhance market efficiency.\59\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ SPP Market Monitor Comments at 2.
    \59\ SPP Market Monitor Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Comments Supporting the Proposed Settlement Interval Reform
    39. Many commenters expressly support the NOPR's settlement 
interval proposal, citing many of the benefits that were outlined in 
the NOPR.\60\ They generally argue that the settlement interval 
proposal will provide incentives for generators to follow dispatch more 
precisely, thus leading to

[[Page 42888]]

better resource performance, and improved reliability.\61\ They also 
assert that the settlement interval proposal will properly compensate 
resources for the service they provide and will more fully recognize 
the value of flexible or fast-ramping resources.\62\ In addition, they 
generally state that the settlement interval proposal will lead to 
fewer out-of-market payments, will increase transparency, and will 
support more efficient market outcomes.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ Ameren Comments at 1, 3-4; ANGA Comments at 2-5; CAISO 
Comments at 2; CEA Comments at 3-6; Dominion Comments at 1-2; DTE 
Comments at 3-4; EDP Renewables Comments at 2; EEI Comments at 2; 
ESA Comments at 2-4; Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing Comments at 2; 
EPSA Comments at 1-5; Exelon Comments at 4; Financial Marketers 
Coalition Comments at 1; Golden Spread Initial Comments at 1-3; 
Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 2; ISO-NE Comments at 1; 
MISO Comments at 2, 9; NEI Comments at 1; NGSA Comments at 2-5; PJM 
Power Providers Comments at 2-5; Potomac Economics Comments at 2; 
Powerex Comments at 6; PSEG Comments at 3; Public Interest 
Organizations Comments at 5; SPP Market Monitor Comments at 2; 
Westar Comments at 1; AEMA Comments at 2; XO Energy Comments at 1; 
PJM Market Monitor at 2; ODEC at 3.
    \61\ Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 2; Westar Comments 
at 1, 3; EEI Comments at 6-7; Exelon Comments at 4-5.
    \62\ Public Interest Organizations Comments at 2-3; ELCON 
Comments at 2-3; EDP Renewables Comments at 2-3; ESA Comments at 3; 
NEI Comments at 14.
    \63\ See supra note 60; ELCON Comments at 3; Exelon Comments at 
4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    40. More specifically, Exelon asserts that the settlement interval 
proposal will support ongoing market improvements, such as ISO-NE's 
performance incentive mechanism, effective in June 2018, that will pay 
resources bonuses or impose penalties based on performance during 
operating reserve shortages that last five minutes or longer. Exelon 
argues that ISO-NE's market must settle at five-minute intervals to 
implement this mechanism completely.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ Exelon Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    41. According to EDP Renewables, greater participation of fast 
ramping renewable resources will also enhance resource adequacy, 
produce cost savings for consumers, and improve grid resilience.\65\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ EDP Renewables Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    42. Some commenters also argue that the settlement interval 
proposal will reduce market inefficiencies and lead to greater 
investment. PSEG asserts that the proposed reforms correct market flaws 
that have caused inefficiencies in both price signals and resource 
dispatch decisions.\66\ ELCON states that the proposed settlement 
reform addresses an embedded inconsistency in market operation that 
promotes gaming and other forms of ill behavior or inefficiencies.\67\ 
EDP Renewables argues that the proposed reforms will also yield 
savings, remove opportunities for market manipulation, and encourage 
investment in new services and new technologies, all of which will 
result in a more robust and resilient grid and help both consumers and 
suppliers through more efficient market operation.\68\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ PSEG Comments at 3.
    \67\ Public Interest Organizations Comments at 2-3; ELCON 
Comments at 2-3.
    \68\ EDP Renewables Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    43. EPSA argues that implementing sub-hourly settlement intervals 
is needed to obtain the full benefits of other price formation reforms 
to improve the accuracy with which real-time prices communicate the 
time-dependent and location-dependent value of incremental energy and 
ancillary services.\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ EPSA Comments at 6-7, Pope Aff. at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    44. TAPS does not oppose the settlement interval proposal, as long 
as it does not impose an undue burden on load serving entities.\70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ TAPS Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    45. EPSA supports the settlement interval proposal for operating 
reserves. It argues that real-time operating reserves should be co-
optimized in the dispatch and settled with energy for every hourly sub-
interval (generally five minutes) to ensure that resources are 
compensated for following RTO/ISO instructions and are indifferent to 
providing either energy or operating reserves during periods of high 
energy or operating reserves prices.\71\ EPSA emphasizes the importance 
of sending sub-hourly price signals to ensure that operating reserves 
are available in sub-hourly intervals due to their contribution to 
maintaining reliability, further stating that sub-hourly settlements 
for operating reserves send information to the market relating to the 
potential profitability of incremental investments to enhance the sub-
hourly availability of such reserves.\72\ EPSA argues that to ensure 
accurate prices for both energy and operating reserves, RTOs/ISOs 
should be required to co-optimize these products in real-time because 
suppliers should be indifferent to providing incremental energy and 
operating reserves in each sub-hourly interval to allow the RTO/ISO to 
perform a reliable least-cost dispatch.\73\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 11.
    \72\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 11.
    \73\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 12-13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    46. Dominion supports the settlement interval proposal for 
operating reserves. However, Dominion argues that only specific reserve 
products should settle at the same interval that they are priced and 
that other types of settlement provisions, such as make-whole payments, 
should not.\74\ Dominion explains that, in PJM, for example, 
``balancing Operating Reserves'' includes the costs to dispatch 
resources out-of-merit for reliability or to cover deficiencies in the 
day-ahead market solution.\75\ According to Dominion, these resources 
do not provide a specific reserve product; rather, these resources are 
made whole when they are dispatched to address a mismatch between day-
ahead commitment and real-time requirements. Dominion therefore 
requests that the Commission not require the settlement intervals for 
these types of operating reserve to change.\76\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ Dominion Comments at 3.
    \75\ Dominion Comments at 3.
    \76\ Dominion Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    47. PSEG supports applying the proposed settlement intervals to 
both real-time energy transactions and real-time operating reserves. 
PSEG explains that given the linkage between energy transactions and 
reserve services, settling those products on different intervals would 
introduce dislocations, and incent resource actions that could disrupt 
these co-optimization objectives, essentially undermining the 
Commission's objectives in the NOPR.\77\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ PSEG Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    48. The New Jersey Board concurs with the PJM Market Monitor that 
no changes should be made in PJM's synchronized reserve and regulation 
markets given that the opportunity cost component in these ancillary 
services markets, which is the only cost component subject to five-
minute changes in LMP, already accounts for the five-minute interval 
changes.\78\ Duke acknowledges potential benefits from aligning 
operating reserve transactions with their respective settlement 
intervals but argues that stakeholders should consider whether 
operating reserves transactions should be aligned with settlement 
intervals for energy given the costs of doing so.\79\ Although it takes 
no position on the operating reserves proposal, EEI states that 
additional clarity from the Commission on the definition of operating 
reserve transactions would be helpful, given the varied definitions of 
reserve products among regions. EEI states that such regional variation 
warrants further consideration.\80\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ New Jersey Board Comments at 4.
    \79\ Duke Comments at 5.
    \80\ EEI Comments at 9-10 & n.16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv. Comments Opposed to the Proposed Settlement Interval Reform
    49. Several commenters oppose the settlement interval proposal. 
Direct Energy states that the Commission should solicit information 
from RTOs/ISOs to determine whether existing generation resources are 
able to respond effectively to five-minute price signals before 
determining whether any settlement interval reform is warranted.\81\ 
Direct Energy doubts the ability of longer lead-time resources to 
respond to five-minute price signals

[[Page 42889]]

during periods of extreme price volatility, and surmises that look-
ahead unit commitment and dispatch software results could exacerbate 
swings in generation and load balance. Direct Energy states that a 
high-priced dispatch interval could encourage dispatch of peaking 
generation, which would take several minutes with longer ramp times and 
cause other resources to ramp up more quickly. Direct Energy argues 
that this could lead to an oversupply and to depressed prices, thus 
making the longer-ramping resources responding to the original signal 
uneconomic by running below their costs and incurring uplift--the 
opposite of the goal of the settlement interval proposal.\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Direct Energy Comments at 6.
    \82\ Direct Energy Comments at 3-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    50. Duke, APPA and NRECA, and Concerned Cooperatives argue that the 
Commission should refrain from requiring a one-size-fits-all 
approach.\83\ Duke, APPA and NRECA, and Concerned Cooperatives contend 
that RTO/ISO stakeholder processes should vet this issue and consider 
issues such as the costs, benefits, types of changes needed to 
implement this reform, price formation issues more generally, and 
unintended consequences.\84\ Duke states that this approach would 
notify the Commission with regard to possible solutions, cost of 
implementation, and the timeframe in which the RTO/ISO could reasonably 
address each issue.\85\ Additionally, Concerned Cooperatives disagree 
with the Commission's conclusion that reforming the settlement 
intervals will result in more efficient use of generating resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ Duke Comments at 2-3; APPA and NRECA Comments at 4-5; 
Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 4-5.
    \84\ Duke Comments at 4; APPA and NRECA Comments at 3; Concerned 
Cooperatives Comments at 1.
    \85\ Duke Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    51. Concerned Cooperatives argue that the benefits of moving to 
five-minute settlements will not offset the cost. They state that the 
Potomac Economics report cited in the NOPR shows that switching to 
matching intervals would force MISO market participants to expend 
millions of dollars on upgrades and operation and maintenance (O&M) 
costs, without realizing lower rates. Instead, those participants would 
face an annual increase of approximately $28 million, after netting the 
estimated $6.6 million system benefit from the increased payments to 
generators of about $35 million dollars.\86\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 10 (citing Potomac 
Economics, 2014 State of the Market Report for the MISO Electricity 
Markets, at 43-44, Figure 19 (2015)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    52. Concerned Cooperatives further argue that the Commission relies 
solely upon a letter filed in Docket No. AD14-14-000 \87\ to support 
its finding with no analysis as to whether the observed increase in 
capacity factors for internal combustion engines in SPP was the result 
of SPP's adoption of five-minute settlement intervals or other 
factors.\88\ Concerned Cooperatives argue that, even if there was some 
marginal benefit to the settlement interval proposal, many market 
participants would not benefit from the reform even though they would 
be responsible for funding it.\89\ Concerned Cooperatives represent 
that 90 to 95 percent of their transactions take place in the day-ahead 
market, which settles on an hourly basis, and that adopting five-minute 
settlement intervals in the real-time market does not help Concerned 
Cooperatives hedge prices.\90\ Concerned Cooperatives also state that 
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory study cited in the NOPR in 
support of adopting five-minute settlement intervals also recognizes 
that limiting market complexity may be a reason to maintain hourly 
settlements, and that RTOs/ISOs already have tools to encourage 
resources to follow efficient schedules, such as uninstructed deviation 
penalties and ex post pricing rules. Concerned Cooperatives recommend 
that the Commission instead identify objectives and allow RTOs/ISOs to 
pursue options for achieving those objectives.\91\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11 (citing Comments of 
W[auml]rtsil[auml] North America, Inc., Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 
1-2 (Mar. 6, 2015)).
    \88\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
    \89\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
    \90\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
    \91\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Commission Determination
i. Energy Transactions
    53. We adopt the NOPR proposal to require that each RTO/ISO settle 
energy transactions in its real-time markets at the same time interval 
it dispatches energy, as discussed below.\92\ We find that the 
settlement interval requirement for energy transactions will meet the 
Commission's price formation goals by more accurately reflecting the 
value of the service a resource provides to the system, which, in so 
doing, helps to ensure that rates are just and reasonable and not 
unduly discriminatory or preferential.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 34.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    54. As discussed below, providing the correct incentives for market 
participants to follow commitment and dispatch instructions, make 
efficient investments in facilities and equipment, maintain 
reliability, and increase transparency is fundamental to proper 
formation of energy prices, helping to ensure just and reasonable 
rates, terms and conditions of service.
    55. One important element of ensuring reliable grid operations is 
resources following dispatch instructions. The requirement that each 
RTO/ISO settle energy transactions at the same interval it dispatches 
energy sends accurate market signals of power system conditions, thus 
encouraging resources to follow commitment and dispatch instructions, a 
point noted by ISO-NE.\93\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ ISO-NE Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    56. The settlement interval requirement for energy transactions 
also provides an incentive to make efficient investments in facilities 
and equipment.\94\ In the long-term, we expect that appropriate 
compensation would help to encourage efficient investments in 
facilities and equipment, enabling reliable service. We also find that 
the settlement interval requirement will provide incentives to more 
flexible resources, thus leading to more efficient markets, as noted by 
several commenters.\95\ More flexible resources will help system 
operators address transient system conditions. We find that greater 
participation of these more flexible resources should generally enhance 
resource adequacy because it allows the participation of diverse 
resources and improves reliability, as noted by EDP Renewables.\96\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 4.
    \95\ Public Interest Organizations Comments at 2-3; ELCON 
Comments at 2-3; EDP Renewables Comments at 2-3; ESA Comments at 3; 
NEI Comments at 14.
    \96\ EDP Renewables Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    57. The settlement interval requirement for energy transactions 
should help in maintaining reliability because resources will have a 
greater incentive to follow dispatch instructions, as noted by 
Exelon.\97\ In addition, these reforms will provide resource owners 
with a greater incentive to adequately maintain their equipment, 
conduct maintenance during non-peak periods, and invest in new and 
upgraded equipment. As noted by CAISO, linking prices with compensation 
will pay resources for providing needed flexibility to the market 
operator and would motivate these resources to improve their 
operational performance.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ Exelon Comments at 4-5.
    \98\ CAISO Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    58. The settlement interval requirement for energy transactions 
also results in more accurate market prices, reducing the need for out-
of-market operator actions. Under an hourly

[[Page 42890]]

settlement system, resources do not have the same incentive to follow 
five-minute prices since compensation is based on an hourly average. 
Therefore, system operators are more likely to take out-of-market 
actions in real-time, such as increasing the use of regulating reserves 
or committing additional resources, to ensure that adequate resources 
are available to meet system needs. Such actions may result in uplift. 
By providing incentives to follow dispatch instructions, the settlement 
interval requirement should reduce such operator actions and, thereby, 
reduce uplift.\99\ When this occurs, energy prices are based on more 
observable market fundamentals--such as the marginal cost of serving 
load and the operational constraints of reliably operating the system--
and not on less observable operator action.\100\ As a result of a 
reduction in out-of-market uplift payments, resources will perceive 
stronger financial incentives to perform, especially during stressed 
system conditions, when the performance of all resources is paramount. 
Further, we note, this increased transparency, in turn, better informs 
decisions to build or maintain resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ Reducing out-of-market uplift payments can be beneficial to 
RTOs'/ISOs' market participants because, among other reasons, 
charges to market participants for uplift are often volatile. As a 
result, market participants may build risk premiums into their 
resource bids in the real-time energy market to shield them from the 
uncertainty associated with unexpected uplift charges. See Staff 
Analysis of Uplift in RTO and ISO Markets, Docket No. AD14-14-000, 
at 18 (Aug. 2014), http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2014/08-13-14-uplift.pdf. In addition, making system conditions and 
compensation more transparent through market prices will make that 
price apparent to all available resources and thus encourage them to 
fully participate in the market, which is likely to reduce 
generation costs incurred by load.
    \100\ In addition to greater transparency, reducing uplift is a 
goal generally. For example, ``[t]he implementation of five minute 
settlements would contribute significantly to the reduction of 
uplift payments, which is an ongoing goal of PJM, of the Market 
Monitor and of PJM members.'' PJM Market Monitor Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    59. Taken together, the benefits we expect as a result of this 
settlement reform will ensure that rates are just and reasonable and 
not unduly discriminatory or preferential.
    60. We are not persuaded by the arguments opposing the settlement 
interval proposal. Underlying much of the opposition is the assumption 
that many resources cannot take advantage of five-minute settlement 
intervals because they are not flexible enough to respond to five-
minute dispatch. For example, Direct Energy argues that RTOs/ISOs 
should report the types of resources able to effectively modify their 
output to respond to five-minute price signals.\101\ The concern Direct 
Energy identifies is, in fact, one of the objectives of this reform. 
Specifically, resources that are not able to respond quickly enough to 
address acute system needs should not receive the same level of 
compensation as those resources that are able to flexibly respond.\102\ 
Further, we note that all RTOs/ISOs have a combination of resources, 
some of which can respond within five minutes and some that cannot, and 
that knowing the exact percentages of resources available to respond to 
prices is not determinative of whether the reforms adopted here will 
prove beneficial. Instead, we believe it is important to ensure 
settlement practices do not distort existing five-minute pricing 
signals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ Direct Energy Comments at 6.
    \102\ This rule does not require resources to be dispatched more 
quickly than they are now, but it does increase the incentive for 
those resources that can and do respond quickly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    61. We are not persuaded by Concerned Cooperatives' argument that 
the settlement interval proposal should be rejected because market 
participants, such as Concerned Cooperatives, funding the reform do not 
have a large fraction of their positions in the real-time market and 
therefore will not benefit significantly from it.\103\ We find that 
aligning prices and settlement intervals will enhance the operation of 
markets by ensuring resources respond to actual system condition 
regardless of the percentage of resources that clear in the day-ahead 
market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    62. We also disagree with Concerned Cooperatives' statement that 
the Commission relied upon a single document to support its finding 
without additional analysis.\104\ Commenters supporting the reform have 
provided sound economic analysis and examples demonstrating the value 
of the proposed settlement reform.\105\ Though Concerned Cooperatives 
state that many market participants would not benefit from the reform 
even though they would be responsible for funding it,\106\ we believe 
that many market participants are likely to benefit from the reform 
through improved economic incentives to respond to system needs. 
Potomac Economics' analysis of fossil-fueled and non-fossil-fueled 
resources \107\ demonstrates that settlement reform will incentivize 
generator flexibility, improve generators' dispatch performance, and 
increase investments in more flexible resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
    \105\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 2-14; Potomac Economics 
Comments at 3-7; See also supra note 60.
    \106\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 11.
    \107\ Potomac Economics Comments at 5-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    63. Concerned Cooperatives express concern that adopting five-
minute settlement intervals could result in errors and disputes that 
could lead to resettlement and uncertainty for the market.\108\ All 
RTOs/ISOs currently compute five-minute LMPs. Therefore, there is no 
new data being generated or calculated that would lead to additional 
need for resettlement or increased uncertainty. Concerned Cooperatives 
have cited neither examples of more errors and disputes on RTO/ISO 
systems currently using five-minute settlement intervals, nor examples 
of additional resettlement and uncertainty for the market. Also, we 
find that, while administratively-determined uninstructed deviation 
penalties (which Concerned Cooperatives suggest could be used in lieu 
of settlement reform) are appropriate in certain contexts, settlements 
based on the actual value of energy corresponding with its production 
or transaction in each five-minute interval provide more accurate 
incentives for resources to respond to price signals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    64. Concerned Cooperatives also assert that the objective of 
incenting market participants to follow dispatch instructions or invest 
in upgrades must be considered in the context of existing market rules 
that already may provide incentives for investment in faster ramping 
capability.\109\ To the extent an RTO/ISO has a functional mechanism to 
encourage the installation of fast-ramping resources, this Final Rule 
will augment the existing RTO/ISO mechanisms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    65. Contrary to Concerned Cooperatives' argument, we are not 
persuaded to abandon the settlement interval proposal because a Potomac 
Economics report indicates that it would have resulted in an additional 
$28 million in increased energy costs on the MISO system in 2014.\110\ 
First, we recognize that that there could be higher revenues to 
generators, but we believe that this is the correct reflection of value 
provided in these circumstances and would send an improved signal for 
long-term investment and short-term performance, to the overall benefit 
of the market. Second, it is important to note that the Potomac 
Economics report indicates that for many settlement intervals during 
2014, MISO resources were paid an hourly settlement rate lower than 
what five-minute settlements would justify. Thus, the Potomac

[[Page 42891]]

Economics report should be viewed as indicating a need to correct 
settlement practices, rather than indicating a windfall to resources. 
Third, it is not clear that the proposal will result in generally 
increased energy payments to generators. For example, an ISO-NE study 
for the year 2013 found that the net increase in real-time energy 
credits on its system (once the decrease in real-time reserve credits 
was considered) would have been only $600,000.\111\ Finally, due to the 
increased efficiencies resulting from improving incentives to respond 
to market price signals, total costs to electric wholesale customers 
over time are likely to decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 10.
    \111\ ISO-NE., Subhourly Real-Time Market Settlements, A11 ISO 
Presentation 05-07-14 Revision 1, Matt Brewster, at 11 (May 8, 
2014), http://www.iso-ne.com/committees/key-projects/subhourly-real-time-settlement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    66. Additionally, some commenters argue that other types of 
settlement provisions, such as make-whole payments, should not be 
subject to settlement interval reform. We would like to clarify that 
the Final Rule does not apply to make-whole payments for units 
dispatched out-of-merit.
    67. We disagree with the recommendation of some commenters that the 
decision to modify settlement intervals should be subject to a 
stakeholder process.\112\ RTOs/ISOs implementing this Final Rule are 
free to use a stakeholder process within the implementation timelines 
specified herein, but we see no need to further delay this reform. This 
does not limit stakeholders' input as RTOs/ISOs form their compliance 
filings in response to this aspect of the Final Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    68. We conclude that the settlement interval requirement for energy 
transactions should ensure that hourly settlement practices do not 
distort five-minute price signals in RTOs/ISOs. Instead, the 
compensation provided to resources must reflect the value of a resource 
providing given services to ensure appropriate economic incentives to 
meet system needs.
ii. Operating Reserves
    69. We adopt the proposal in the NOPR that RTOs/ISOs settle real-
time operating reserves transactions at the same time interval that 
they price operating reserves. This requirement for operating reserves 
will accomplish the Commission's price formation goals and thereby 
ensure just and reasonable rates, and will further preserve the co-
optimization of operating reserves with energy. Under the settlement 
interval requirement for operating reserves, to the extent that an RTO/
ISO prices operating reserves transactions at a different time interval 
than it prices internal real-time energy transactions, that RTO/ISO 
need only settle operating reserves transactions at the same time 
interval that they are priced. Thus, we will not require an RTO/ISO to 
settle operating reserves transactions on the same time interval as it 
settles energy transactions. This will preserve the existing energy and 
operating reserves co-optimization methodologies of the various RTOs/
ISOs.
    70. The settlement interval requirement increases transparency and 
provides the correct incentives to maintain reliability. It also meets 
the Commission's other price formation goals of encouraging resources 
to follow the RTO's/ISO's commitment and dispatch instructions and to 
make efficient investments. The reform to the settlement interval for 
operating reserves will increase reliability because resource owners 
will have a greater incentive to adequately maintain their equipment, 
conduct maintenance during non-peak periods, and invest in new and 
upgraded equipment. Similar to energy settlement intervals, requiring 
settlement intervals of operating reserves transactions to match the 
intervals upon which those reserves are priced will reduce the need for 
payments made through uplift, make resource compensation more 
transparent and help ensure that there are adequate operating reserves 
to maintain reliability. Finally, co-optimized energy and reserve 
prices are designed so that a resource is indifferent between providing 
energy or operating reserves. Ensuring that energy and operating 
reserve settlements are done on the same basis will preserve this 
indifference and create an incentive for a resource to provide the 
service the RTO/ISO has instructed it to provide. The reform to 
operating reserve settlements will, by achieving the Commission's price 
formation goals and preserving the co-optimization of energy and 
operating reserves, ensure that rates are just and reasonable.
    71. While, as discussed above, some commenters also support RTOs/
ISOs settling all real-time operating reserves transactions at the same 
time interval that they dispatch real-time energy,\113\ we are not 
requiring that these settlement intervals align. CAISO, in defending 
its current practices, states that it procures operating reserves and 
settles them on a fifteen-minute basis and distinguishes this type of 
ancillary service from five-minute real-time energy dispatch.\114\ 
However, CAISO, along with all of the other RTOs/ISOs, supports the 
requirement that they settle operating reserves transactions at the 
same time interval that they price these transactions, which 
accommodates both RTOs/ISOs that currently settle co-optimized reserve 
transactions on a five-minute basis and those that currently settle 
these transactions on a fifteen-minute basis. Accordingly, we clarify 
that CAISO's understanding in this regard is consistent with how 
operating reserves and energy on its system are ``priced,'' as 
contemplated by the wording of the settlement interval regulations 
adopted by this Final Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ PSEG Comments at 4-5; EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 11-13.
    \114\ CAISO Comments at 17-18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    72. NYISO states that, although it uses sub-hourly settlements in 
its real-time market, in certain cases, the Commission has approved 
NYISO performing settlements on an hourly basis, and NYISO argues it 
should not be required to bring those settlements into alignment with 
its normal dispatch intervals.\115\ NYISO cites limited energy storage 
resources as an example of services that currently settle hourly and 
yet follow dispatch instructions and provide resource response in real-
time. To the extent NYISO or other RTOs/ISOs seek to argue on 
compliance that their existing market rules are consistent with or 
superior to the Final Rule reforms adopted herein, the Commission will 
entertain those at that time.\116\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ NYISO Comments at 3-4.
    \116\ See, e.g., Demand Response Compensation in Organized 
Wholesale Energy Markets, Order No. 745, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 
31,322, at P 4 & n.7, order on reh'g and clarification, Order No. 
745-A, 137 FERC ] 61,215 (2011), reh'g denied, Order No. 745-B, 138 
FERC ] 61,148 (2012), vacated sub nom. Elec. Power Supply Ass'n v. 
FERC, 753 F.3d 216 (D.C. Cir. 2014), rev'd & remanded sub nom. FERC 
v. Elec. Power Supply Ass'n, 136 S. Ct. 760 (2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    73. Although generally supporting the settlement interval 
requirement for operating reserves, some commenters question whether 
such a requirement should apply to all reserve products or assert that 
regional variations should be considered.\117\ We appreciate that 
regional variations may exist among the many different reserve products 
in the RTOs/ISOs and we clarify that all operating reserve products 
that have a market-based price are subject to the settlement interval 
reform.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ See, e.g., Dominion Comments at 3; EEI Comments at 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Interties
a. Commission Request for Comments
    74. The Commission sought comment on whether the proposed reforms 
are appropriate for intertie transactions scheduled on intervals 
different from

[[Page 42892]]

the intervals on which RTOs/ISOs dispatch internal real-time 
energy.\118\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Comments by RTOs/ISOs
    75. The ISO/RTO Council asserts that aligning dispatch and pricing 
should also apply to intertie transactions, adding that this would 
prevent price discrepancies and may reduce uplift.\119\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ ISO/RTO Council Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    76. PJM asserts that intertie transactions should be included in 
the scope of the Final Rule, noting that it plans to settle intertie 
transactions on a five-minute basis, consistent with its proposal for 
its real-time energy market. PJM suggests that, where a transaction is 
curtailed or the MW quantity is reduced during a fifteen-minute 
interval due to a reliability directive, each five-minute interval in 
the transaction should settle on the integrated transaction MW quantity 
that flowed during the five-minute interval.\120\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \120\ PJM Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    77. ISO-NE argues that external interties should settle no less 
often than the intervals for which they are scheduled. ISO-NE 
represents that its proposals to implement sub-hourly settlements would 
fully meet this objective at all its external interfaces.\121\ NYISO 
argues that intertie and internal transactions should have the same 
settlement interval because this alignment will promote competition, 
identify the most economic supply option, provide equal incentives to 
respond to the same operating conditions, and improve the efficiency of 
interregional transactions.\122\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \121\ ISO-NE Comments at 2.
    \122\ NYISO Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    78. CAISO notes that it already schedules and settles intertie 
transactions and internal resources on a fifteen-minute basis.\123\ 
However, CAISO also provides three options for scheduling imports and 
exports on an hourly basis: (1) Economic-bid hourly block; (2) 
economic-bid hourly block with a single intra-hour schedule change that 
will be dispatched to zero within the hour if a fifteen-minute price is 
less than an import's bid price or greater than an export's bid price; 
and (3) self-scheduled hourly.\124\ CAISO requests that the Commission 
state that CAISO's current market design with granular dispatch and 
settlement of its real-time energy market is consistent with the 
settlement interval proposal.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ CAISO Comments at 12.
    \124\ CAISO Comments at 9.
    \125\ CAISO Comments at 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    79. CAISO asserts that a blanket requirement that hourly intertie 
schedules revert to hourly pricing, as was previously the case under 
its prior market design, would result in the same adverse market 
outcomes it resolved through its fifteen-minute market 
enhancement.\126\ CAISO requests that the Commission clarify that the 
availability of hourly block intertie bidding options would not violate 
the settlement interval proposal because its current market design 
ensures all internal and external transactions are cleared and settled 
based on fifteen-minute market intervals that optimize all transactions 
in its markets.\127\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ CAISO Comments at 14.
    \127\ CAISO Comments at 15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Comments by Market Monitors
    80. The PJM Market Monitor asserts that intertie transactions in 
PJM cannot be measured accurately enough to support five-minute 
settlements, noting that accurate measurement is difficult because of 
differences between actual and scheduled flows. The PJM Market Monitor 
thus recommends that settlements be based on the same fifteen-minute 
interval used for external scheduling intervals. The PJM Market Monitor 
asserts that this approach would more accurately reflect LMP during the 
actual time period of the transaction and would make the period and 
settlement of the transaction consistent.\128\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \128\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    81. The PJM Market Monitor states that alternative settlement 
approaches include using the integrated price over the same fifteen-
minute interval used in scheduling and using five-minute interval 
settlements.\129\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \129\ The PJM Market Monitor in its comments provides examples 
of these alternatives. PJM Market Monitor Comments at 5-7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Comments in Support of Applying Settlement Reform to Interties
    82. The New Jersey Board, EEI, EPSA, Dominion, and EDP Renewables 
concur with the PJM Market Monitor that intertie settlements should be 
at fifteen-minute intervals, the same interval as external 
scheduling.\130\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \130\ New Jersey Board Comments at 3-4; EEI Comments at 9; EPSA 
Comments, Pope Aff. at 9; Dominion Comments at 4; EDP Renewables 
Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    83. Golden Spread states that alignment between dispatch and 
settlement intervals is generally desirable for the reasons listed in 
the NOPR, and notes that it believes SPP already aligns dispatch and 
settlement intervals for intertie transactions on a five-minute 
basis.\131\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \131\ Golden Spread Initial Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    84. ANGA, PSEG, and the Financial Marketers Coalition assert that 
the logic underlying the proposed settlement reform as applied to 
internal transactions should apply equally to intertie transactions, 
and ANGA recommends that the Commission consider evolving these 
interfaces to five-minute dispatch and settlement, perhaps over the 
next three to five years.\132\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \132\ ANGA Comments at 3-4; Financial Marketers Coalition 
Comments at 3-4; PSEG Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    85. Although it generally agrees that the settlement interval 
proposal should apply equally to internal and intertie transactions, 
Financial Marketers Coalition states that, in CAISO, clearing some 
transactions (such as load and generation) on a five-minute price and 
others (such as internal and intertie convergence bids) on a fifteen-
minute price has yielded price divergence instead of convergence.
iv. Comments Opposed To Applying Settlement Reform to Interties
    86. Inertia Power and DC Energy argue that intertie economic 
dispatch intervals cannot easily be aligned with internal real-time 
energy dispatch but emphasize the importance of maintaining the highest 
possible consistency across the seams to ensure a more efficient, 
resilient, and reliable electrical system.\133\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \133\ Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    87. Duke states that the issue of whether to apply the settlement 
interval proposal to intertie transactions should be discussed in the 
RTO/ISO stakeholder processes and that they should be treated 
comparably to reforms to internal transactions.\134\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \134\ Duke Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Commission Determination
    88. Based upon the comments received on this issue, we modify the 
regulatory text proposed in the NOPR to require each RTO/ISO to settle 
intertie transactions in the same time interval that it schedules 
intertie transactions. The settlement interval requirement for intertie 
transactions will facilitate the coordination of the scheduling and 
settlement of intertie transactions, and will discourage inefficient 
practices such as the chasing of inaccurate intertie prices. For 
example, if there are very high prices in the first fifteen minutes of 
an hour, resources will know that for that entire operating hour, there 
will be a high integrated hourly price. This provides an incentive for 
resources to increase the volume of intertie transactions for the 
remainder of the hour, even if the price for the subsequent fifteen-
minute interval is much lower reflecting that it may no

[[Page 42893]]

longer be efficient to schedule such intertie transactions. Most 
commenters, as described above, agree that such a requirement will aid 
in the achievement of these goals.
    89. However, a difference of opinion exists between PJM and the PJM 
Market Monitor. PJM supports moving to a five-minute settlement 
interval for intertie transactions while the PJM Market Monitor 
supports aligning the settlement interval for intertie transactions 
with the fifteen-minute scheduling interval for these transactions.
    90. If an RTO/ISO settles or proposes to settle intertie 
transactions using a shorter time interval than by which it schedules 
such transactions, the RTO/ISO may propose to do so in its compliance 
filing and demonstrate that such a proposal is consistent with or 
superior to the Commission's intertie reforms. The compliance filing 
proceeding will provide a forum in which to consider alternative 
practices and resolve disputes that may arise within regions, as well 
as provide for the development of a more complete record on these 
issues.
    91. We decline to clarify for CAISO that the availability of hourly 
block intertie bidding options would not violate the settlement 
interval requirement for interties. Such a determination is more 
appropriately made upon reviewing CAISO's compliance filing and CAISO 
should justify its proposed treatment for intertie transactions there.
4. Demand Response Resources
a. Comments
    92. Several commenters discuss the application of the settlement 
interval proposal to demand response resources even though the 
Commission did not specifically solicit those comments and did not make 
a separate proposal concerning demand response resources apart from 
other resources considered in the NOPR.
    93. The PJM Market Monitor, with the New Jersey Board concurring, 
recommends that five-minute pricing in energy markets explicitly cover 
all resources providing energy, including demand side and storage 
resources.\135\ PJM Market Monitor recommends that the Commission 
require any associated, necessary metering associated with applying the 
requirement to demand resources.\136\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \135\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 2; New Jersey Board 
Comments at 2.
    \136\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 2; New Jersey Board 
Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    94. Public Interest Organizations also urge the Commission to make 
clear that its proposed reforms apply to all resources able to 
participate in wholesale energy markets.\137\ PSEG similarly supports 
the application of the settlement interval proposal to demand response 
resources. PSEG states that real-time settlements for demand response 
resources, or any other load-side resources that are price responsive 
in wholesale markets, should be based on five-minute intervals, in the 
same manner as the supply resources with which it competes.\138\ PSEG 
acknowledges that some demand resources will lack necessary meters and/
or communication, and states that it would be reasonable to allow these 
resources a transition period to install them without delaying overall 
implementation.\139\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ Public Interest Organizations at 5.
    \138\ PSEG Comments at 5.
    \139\ PSEG Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    95. AEMA states that it recommends that demand response resources 
have the option to continue to settle on the basis of one-hour meter 
readings. AEMA asserts that demand resources use hourly intervals 
because only hourly interval metering may be available and even new 
advanced metering infrastructure is only capable of fifteen minute 
interval data, whereas settling on five-minute intervals could entail 
adding an expense that is an economic barrier to entry for some 
resources.\140\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \140\ AEMA Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    96. AEMA also states that few demand response resources have the 
operational communications to modify their demand at frequent intervals 
and that frequent demand changes would require more robust 
communications than may be economic.\141\ AEMA further states that the 
Net Benefits Price Threshold that many RTOs/ISOs established in 
response to FERC Order No. 745 is applied on an hourly basis and that 
the industry has universally adopted hourly baseline methodologies for 
demand response resources.\142\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ AEMA Comments at 4.
    \142\ AEMA Comments at 3-5 (citing Order No. 745, FERC Stats. & 
Regs. ] 31,322).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    97. AEMA explains that much of the current energy-related demand 
response participation relies on the commitment to dispatch for one or 
more hours and if the bid-offer is accepted for demand response 
resources, those resources are eligible for uplift payments if the 
energy prices fall below their bid-offer during their committed 
dispatch time. AEMA requests that these bid offer guarantees continue 
to be incorporated in the Final Rule.\143\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \143\ AEMA Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Commission Determination
    98. In using the term ``resource'' in the NOPR, the Commission 
intended for the settlement interval proposal to apply to all supply 
resources, including demand response resources. We find that, as with 
other resources, aligning the price signal and dispatch signal provides 
demand response resources capable of following a given dispatch signal 
the incentive to do so, resulting in a more efficient use of demand 
response resources in the real-time energy and operating reserve 
markets. As stated above, all RTOs/ISOs have a combination of 
resources, some of which can respond within five minutes and some that 
cannot, and that includes demand response resources. It is important to 
provide a price signal to all resources, regardless of type or 
capability, as this will provide proper compensation to those resources 
capable of responding to five-minute dispatch signals, and will 
incentivize such capability to those resources that do not currently 
have it.
    99. In response to concerns about the need to upgrade metering 
technology for demand response resources, we note that this Final Rule 
does not contemplate requiring any new metering capability, such as 
five-minute revenue quality metering, and that such metering is not 
necessary for implementation given RTOs'/ISOs' ability to create five-
minute load and generation profiles using telemetry and hourly revenue 
quality data. We also do not require any changes to baseline 
methodologies. Although a more granular baseline may provide additional 
value, RTOs/ISOs need not change their baseline methodology to comply 
with this Final Rule. Finally, we find that AEMA's arguments regarding 
the Net Benefits Price Threshold \144\ and ``make whole'' rules are 
beyond the scope of this Final Rule because it does not require any 
changes to the Net Benefits Price Threshold or make-whole payments. 
Even if modest changes to these provisions were required for RTOs/ISOs 
to comply with this Final Rule, the benefits of this rule would justify 
such modifications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ AEMA Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Load
a. Comments
    100. A number of commenters state the proposed rule did not specify 
whether the settlement interval proposal would apply to load,\145\ or, 
in other

[[Page 42894]]

words, whether it would change how load is settled and measured.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \145\ For purposes of this Final Rule, the term ``load'' 
generally refers to consumption of electricity in the wholesale 
markets, but not to demand response acting as a supply resource in 
the wholesale markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    101. EEI, PSEG, SCE, AEMA, EPSA and CAISO recommend that the 
Commission not apply the settlement reform to load.\146\ The primary 
arguments these commenters cite against applying the settlement 
interval proposal to load include: (1) The benefit of settling load on 
an interval basis is not likely to outweigh the cost, which may include 
the need for new expensive metering; \147\ (2) settlement reform alone 
will not encourage price responsive load without corresponding changes 
to state-jurisdictional retail rate design; \148\ and (3) because load 
is not dispatchable, there is no dispatch interval that aligns with 
load.\149\ Direct Energy recommends either not applying the settlement 
reform to load or delaying implementation until the majority of load 
has the ability, incentive and information necessary to respond to 
five-minute settlements.\150\ EEI specifically requests that the 
Commission clarify that it is not proposing to change how load is 
metered.\151\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \146\ EEI Comments at 8-9; PSEG Comments at 5-6; SCE Comments at 
2; AEMA Comments at 4-5; EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 6-7; CAISO 
Comments at 16-17.
    \147\ SCE Comments at 2.
    \148\ SCE Comments at 2.
    \149\ CAISO Comments at 16-17.
    \150\ Direct Energy Comments at 7. See also Supplemental 
Comments of Direct Energy (filed Mar. 4, 2016).
    \151\ EEI Comments at 8-9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    102. PJM, however, states that it is advantageous to apply the 
proposed rule to load, and proposes to settle load on the same interval 
as dispatch intervals by using a combination of state-estimator and 
telemetry data for each settlement interval.\152\ PJM states that it 
thus does not foresee changes being required for market participants' 
metering.\153\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \152\ PJM Comments at 5.
    \153\ PJM Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    103. Mr. Centolella states that advancing load settlements to 
reflect the actual interval demand of each load serving entity's 
customers could remove an important barrier to developing the next 
generation of responsive demand. Mr. Centolella also encourages the 
Commission to work with states to optimize collecting customer data, 
and to evaluate how to support efficient price formation related to the 
load data used in wholesale settlements.\154\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \154\ Mr. Centolella Comments at 4-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Commission Determination
    104. We clarify that the Commission did not propose to apply the 
settlement interval proposal to load. We also clarify that adoption of 
the settlement interval requirements are not intended to change how 
load is metered. The Commission's basis for requiring changes to the 
settlement interval focused exclusively on supply resources rather than 
load. As a result, we have no record to require any changes to the 
settlement interval for load. However, we are not prohibiting settling 
load on a five-minute basis, and will evaluate any such proposals on a 
case-by-case basis in separate proceedings submitted pursuant to 
section 205 of the FPA.

B. Shortage Pricing Reform

1. Need for Reform
    105. In the NOPR, the Commission stated that shortage prices send a 
short-term price signal to provide an incentive for the performance of 
existing resources and help to maintain reliability. The Commission 
noted that some RTOs/ISOs currently restrict the use of shortage 
pricing to certain causes of shortages, or some RTOs/ISOs require a 
shortage to exist for a minimum amount of time before triggering 
shortage pricing.\155\ The Commission further noted that not invoking 
shortage pricing when there is a shortage (regardless of the duration 
or cause of that shortage) distorts price signals that are designed to 
elicit increased supply and to compensate resources for the value of 
the services they provide when the system needs energy or operating 
reserves. Because these price signals fail to reflect adequately the 
value that a resource provides to the system, the Commission 
preliminarily found in the NOPR that the resulting price is not just 
and reasonable.\156\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \155\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 46.
    \156\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 47.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    106. The Commission also noted that its rationale regarding 
shortage pricing was similar to the rationale the Commission relied on 
in Order No. 719, in which the Commission determined that ``rules that 
do not allow for prices to rise sufficiently during an operating 
reserve shortage to allow supply to meet demand are unjust, 
unreasonable, and may be unduly discriminatory'' and that such rules 
``may not produce prices that accurately reflect the value of energy.'' 
\157\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 48 (citing Order 
No. 719, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,281 at P 192).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    107. Commenters generally support the rationale provided by the 
Commission in support of the need for reform. For example, as discussed 
below, MISO, NYISO and ISO-NE all support the need for reform, and 
CAISO supports the conceptual need, but requests further 
clarifications. EEI and EPSA also support the Commission's shortage 
pricing proposal. Conversely, SPP and PJM, in joint comments, oppose 
implementing shortage pricing in all dispatch intervals, and request 
revisions if the Commission adopts its proposed reforms.
    108. Based on analysis of the record, we adopt our preliminary 
findings and conclude that existing shortage pricing triggers that do 
not invoke shortage pricing when there is a shortage (regardless of 
duration or cause) are unjust and unreasonable and are unduly 
discriminatory and preferential. Thus, there is a need to reform the 
use of shortage pricing in RTO/ISO markets, as discussed further 
herein.
2. NOPR Proposal
    109. In order to remedy the potentially unjust and unreasonable 
rates caused by restrictions on shortage pricing, the Commission 
proposed to require that RTOs/ISOs institute mechanisms that trigger 
shortage pricing for any dispatch interval during which a shortage of 
energy or operating reserves occurs.
3. Comments on the Proposed Shortage Pricing Reform
a. Comments by RTOs/ISOs
    110. MISO states that it supports shortage pricing reform and 
maintains that MISO's current practices are already consistent with the 
Commission's proposal. Specifically, MISO states its operating reserve 
demand curve is used in the five-minute dispatch interval and triggers 
shortage pricing in any five-minute interval in which operating reserve 
requirements cannot be fully satisfied, regardless of duration or 
causation.\158\ MISO also states that its recent implementation of 
extended locational marginal pricing (ELMP) considers offline fast-
start resources in its price setting algorithm to more accurately 
reflect the cost of the next MW to meet demand during scarcity 
conditions.\159\ MISO notes that if no economic offline fast-start 
resources are eligible, it will rely upon the operating reserve demand 
curve values for shortage pricing. MISO states that it is already 
compliant with the proposed rule on shortage pricing.\160\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ MISO Comments at 10.
    \159\ See MISO, Extended Locational Marginal Pricing, Docket No. 
ER12-668-000 (filed Dec. 22, 2011).
    \160\ MISO Comments at 11-12.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 42895]]

    111. ISO-NE supports the shortage pricing proposal and asserts that 
its current market rules and real-time pricing systems already comply 
with the proposed requirement.\161\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ ISO-NE Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    112. NYISO supports the shortage pricing proposal, and states that 
it uses demand curves to price all reserve shortages, regardless of 
their duration. NYISO adds that it currently implements shortage 
pricing in its day-ahead and real-time markets using various demand 
curves for operating reserves, regulating reserves, and transmission 
security, where the demand curves represent the escalating value of 
each product as the level of any shortage increases.\162\ NYISO also 
states that it does not interpret the NOPR to be addressing the use of 
offline resources in real-time pricing or to be implying that 
practices, such as the NYISO's ``Hybrid Pricing'' rules,\163\ are 
inconsistent with the NOPR.\164\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \162\ NYISO Comments at 6.
    \163\ NYISO's Hybrid Pricing rules were adopted in 2001. See New 
York Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 95 FERC ] 61,121 (2001). The Hybrid 
Pricing rules apply to Real-Time Market pricing and relax the 
minimum operating limits of certain fast-start, block-loaded 
resources in order to permit them to be eligible to set price based 
on the incremental need that required their commitment.
    \164\ NYISO Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    113. CAISO agrees with the concept behind the shortage pricing 
reform and supports its implementation, subject to certain 
clarifications. CAISO expects that its existing tariff provisions 
implementing scarcity pricing for energy and ancillary services already 
comply with the NOPR's proposal. CAISO explains that, in any fifteen-
minute interval of the fifteen-minute market, it will co-optimize the 
procurement of energy and ancillary services based on submitted supply 
bids and the forecast of demand and its ancillary services 
requirements. CAISO further explains that, in any given fifteen-minute 
interval, if effective supply bids are insufficient to clear forecasted 
demand, scarcity pricing will trigger and thereby indicate a shortage 
of supply for that applicable fifteen-minute interval. CAISO states 
that, similarly, if ancillary services bids are not sufficient to meet 
the ancillary services procurement target, ancillary services scarcity 
pricing will trigger for that interval.\165\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \165\ CAISO Comments at 20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    114. CAISO notes that within a fifteen-minute operating interval it 
may need to deploy operating reserves to address a contingency in the 
case of operating reserves, or in the case of regulation to 
continuously balance supply and demand. CAISO states that it is 
important that the Final Rule clarify that the deployment of operating 
reserves or regulation does not necessarily mean a shortage exists. 
CAISO notes that in some cases the deployment of reserves is made 
through alternative deployment mechanisms and not in the co-
optimization function of the market.\166\ CAISO also explains that in 
any given fifteen-minute market interval, if a shortage is observed, 
shortage pricing will trigger within that interval and CAISO will not 
wait for the shortage to materialize beyond that interval before 
triggering shortage pricing. However, CAISO states that not all price 
signals triggered by ``transient shortages'' provide incentives to 
resources that have the capability to respond to brief-duration 
shortages.\167\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ CAISO explains that during each fifteen-minute interval in 
which the resources are deployed, the system is not actually short 
of supply bids when the operating reserves for that interval are 
procured. Also, CAISO states that once the reserves are deployed, to 
the extent that the market allows for full recovery of the required 
reserves, the contingency event itself does not trigger scarcity 
pricing for ancillary services. According to CAISO, this is because 
no actual shortage of operating reserves exists unless there are 
insufficient resources to meet operational needs for operating 
reserves in the next applicable fifteen-minute market interval. 
CAISO Comments at 21-22.
    \167\ CAISO Comments at 23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    115. PJM and SPP filed joint comments opposing triggering shortage 
pricing in any dispatch interval in which a shortage of energy or 
operating reserves occurs. First, PJM and SPP state that they support 
shortage pricing only when ``a shortage of a particular product exists 
that presents reliability concerns.'' \168\ PJM and SPP argue that 
applying shortage prices to shortage events that do not cause 
reliability concerns allows price increases even when such events are 
transitory, do not pose reliability concerns, and cannot be addressed 
due to limitations on resource response. PJM and SPP maintain that 
applying shortage pricing to some transient shortages will give 
inaccurate prices and could potentially degrade system reliability, and 
may also result in market pricing and operations that are contrary to 
the Commission's stated goals.\169\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \168\ PJM and SPP Comments at 1.
    \169\ PJM and SPP Comments at 1-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    116. PJM and SPP further state that they have in place rules 
related to this issue consistent with the principles and goals of 
shortage pricing. PJM and SPP urge the Commission to provide 
flexibility by allowing RTOs/ISOs to implement shortage pricing in the 
context of their regional rules. This, PJM and SPP assert, will ensure 
that inefficient pricing does not result.\170\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \170\ PJM and SPP Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    117. PJM and SPP argue that allowing transient periods of shortage 
to trigger shortage pricing could overstate the severity of the 
operating condition and result in prices that do not accurately reflect 
operating conditions on the system, or last long enough to allow market 
participants responding to them to take meaningful action. In fact, PJM 
and SPP assert that responses may occur after the relevant interval has 
passed, which could be counterproductive operationally and 
economically. PJM and SPP pose two examples to illustrate this point. 
As the first example, they posit: PJM carrying the required amount of 
reserves when a market seller of a generation resource lowers the 
resource's economic maximum capability, for a brief time (ten minutes 
or less), causing PJM to have less reserves than its requirement. 
Currently, PJM can recover these reserves by re-executing its dispatch 
engine and re-dispatching its system; but under the shortage pricing 
reform, this could invoke shortage pricing, which would then attract 
more suppliers than needed and create disincentives for resources to 
back down once the event was over. In another example, they posit: PJM 
has scheduled a resource with a ten-minute start-up time to come online 
to provide energy so that another resource may be reduced to provide 
reserves; but if the resource scheduled to come online actually takes 
twenty minutes instead of ten, shortage pricing would be triggered 
under the shortage pricing proposal, and the second resource, instead 
of having its output reduced to provide reserves would now need to 
continue to provide energy, thus potentially leaving PJM short on 
reserves for a brief period.\171\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \171\ PJM and SPP Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    118. PJM and SPP introduce another hypothetical scenario from the 
SPP region. PJM and SPP state that SPP can temporarily use operating 
reserves to meet energy requirements during transient periods when 
system conditions do not present reliability concerns. PJM and SPP 
argue that while this may technically compromise the operating reserve 
requirement, the condition is transient and is recovered in less than 
ten minutes. According to PJM and SPP, this is not an operating reserve 
shortage, but rather a transient reallocation of capacity to manage 
temporary energy needs caused by the operational characteristics of 
resources. PJM and SPP further state that the examples described above 
do not present emergency conditions or

[[Page 42896]]

reliability concerns that would justify shortage pricing.\172\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ PJM and SPP Comments at 5-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    119. In order to ``recognize and respect the fact that not all 
instances of shortages justify shortage pricing,'' PJM and SPP propose 
alternative language for any Final Rule on shortage pricing:

    Each RTO/ISO must establish tariff provisions that implement 
shortage pricing for pre-defined operating conditions related to a 
shortage of energy or operating reserves. The Commission will allow 
each RTO/ISO to develop those provisions based on their regional 
circumstances, provided that the rules are consistent with shortage 
pricing principles and are designed to facilitate the goals of this 
[Final Rule]. The Commission expects that each RTO/ISO will explain 
why their provisions, or why their current rules, comply with this 
rule.\173\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \173\ PJM and SPP Comments at 7.

    120. PJM and SPP further assert that a universal shortage pricing 
rule requiring shortage pricing even for transient circumstances would 
require the implementation of operating reserve demand curves that 
distinguish prices relative to varying degrees of shortage. PJM and SPP 
explain further that in PJM's case, the current operating reserve 
demand curves are a step function, which would need to be changed, and 
in SPP's case it would likely consider the implementation of a pricing 
gradient demand curve based on different degrees of shortages and their 
impact on reliability, rather than steep step curves.\174\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ PJM and SPP Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments by Market Monitors
    121. Potomac Economics explains that all the markets that it 
monitors (ISO-NE, NYISO, and MISO) are designed to price all shortages, 
regardless of duration.\175\ Potomac Economics states that it strongly 
supports the shortage pricing reform and argues that pricing all 
shortages, regardless of duration, provides efficient incentives for 
resources to be flexible and to perform well, which ultimately lowers 
costs to consumers and improves reliability.\176\ Potomac Economics 
states that, together with the alignment of dispatch and settlement 
intervals, a requirement for RTOs/ISOs to price ``transitory 
shortages'' rewards units that can respond quickly to help the RTO/ISO 
remedy the shortage and, in doing so, addresses the diminished 
reliability caused by the shortage.\177\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \175\ Potomac Economics Comments at 9.
    \176\ Potomac Economics Comments at 7.
    \177\ Potomac Economics Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    122. Potomac Economics states that transitory shortages typically 
occur when the system is ramp-constrained, and that these are true 
shortages, because if a large contingency occurs during this period 
(e.g., a generator tripping off-line), the RTO/ISO will not have the 
ability to replace the capacity because its other generators are 
already ramping as quickly as possible. Potomac Economics states that 
the Commission's proposal will lead to resources offering faster ramp 
rates, offering wider dispatch ranges and not self-scheduling 
resources, and offering shorter start times for natural gas turbines. 
Potomac Economics states that the proposal also has important long-term 
implications as it provides efficient incentives for participants to 
build more flexible, fast-ramping generating resources, and to make 
maintenance decisions on existing resources to increase their 
flexibility.\178\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \178\ Potomac Economics Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    123. Potomac Economics also states that allowing offline resources 
to set real-time energy and ancillary services prices can be efficient, 
but there are also conditions under which the use of these resources 
can artificially lower energy prices and obscure shortages.\179\ 
Potomac Economics explains that if an RTO's/ISO's pricing model allows 
infeasible or uneconomic units to set prices, the offline units 
represent an artificial increase in real-time supply that will depress 
real-time prices. Further, Potomac Economics explains that the 
artificial increase in real-time supply can have a large effect when 
the system is experiencing an operating reserve or transmission 
shortage, which is ultimately not priced as a shortage because an 
offline unit has set the price.\180\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \179\ Potomac Economics Comments at 9.
    \180\ Potomac Economics Comments at 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    124. Potomac Economics recommends that the Commission require RTOs/
ISOs to demonstrate that their real-time pricing models do not allow 
offline units to set prices in a manner that undermines its real-time 
shortage pricing. Potomac Economics believes that this can be 
demonstrated by the RTO/ISO describing how and when offline units set 
real-time prices and showing that when offline units have set price 
historically that they are generally committed and dispatched as well. 
Potomac Economics further asserts that if the RTOs/ISOs cannot 
demonstrate this in their compliance filing, then they may need to make 
changes to their pricing models to ensure that they satisfy the 
Commission's price formation goals.\181\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \181\ Potomac Economics Comments at 9-11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    125. The PJM Market Monitor states that five-minute shortage 
pricing would correctly reflect actual shortage conditions and should 
be implemented if PJM can accurately measure the level of reserves on a 
five-minute basis, which the PJM Market Monitor understands that PJM 
currently cannot do. The PJM Market Monitor asserts that, without 
accurate measurement of reserves at minute-by-minute granularity, 
system operators cannot know with certainty that a shortage condition 
exists, thus masking the trigger for five-minute shortage pricing. The 
PJM Market Monitor recommends that if PJM cannot measure operating 
reserves on a five-minute basis, the Commission should direct PJM to 
develop methods to do so. The PJM Market Monitor asserts that if RTOs/
ISOs cannot demonstrate that they can accurately measure reserves at 
minute-by-minute granularity, they should not implement five-minute 
shortage pricing until they have that capability.\182\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \182\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    126. The SPP Market Monitor supports the Commission's proposal to 
require RTOs/ISOs to trigger shortage pricing for any dispatch interval 
during which a shortage of energy and operating reserves occurs. The 
SPP Market Monitor states that SPP's Integrated Marketplace uses 
administratively-determined scarcity pricing demand curves to set 
prices during capacity shortages. The SPP Market Monitor explains that, 
during shortages, quick-start and fast-ramping resources--which 
generally have higher costs and low capacity factors--earn a 
significant portion of their annual revenue. The SPP Market Monitor 
asserts that scarcity pricing serves as an important mechanism for 
sending correct price signals to these resources; however, the SPP 
Market Monitor states that SPP is not sending this price signal during 
ramp-constrained operating reserve shortages since the SPP market rules 
do not allow insufficient ramping capability to trigger scarcity 
pricing of operating reserves.\183\ The SPP Market Monitor requests 
that the Commission address the ramp-constrained operating reserve 
shortage pricing issue in the Final Rule.\184\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \183\ SPP Market Monitor Comments at 4 (citing SPP Tariff, 
Attachment AE 5.1.2.1 and 8.3.4.2).
    \184\ SPP Market Monitor Comments at 4-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Comments Supporting the Shortage Pricing Reform
    127. Several other commenters express support for shortage pricing 
reform. These commenters agree that the proposed shortage pricing 
reform will increase transparency, create incentives to trigger quick 
response from supply, promote investment in resources that

[[Page 42897]]

can respond to short duration shortages, and provide revenues to 
resources that reflect the value of the service provided.\185\ In 
addition, several commenters, including EPSA and Westar, support the 
shortage pricing proposal and state that it should apply to all 
shortages, regardless of duration.\186\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \185\ Ameren Comments at 1, 3-4; ANGA Comments at 2-5; CAISO 
Comments at 2; CEA Comments at 3-6; Dominion Comments at 1-2; DTE 
Comments at 3-4; EDP Renewables Comments at 2; EEI Comments at 2; 
ESA Comments at 2-4; Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing Comments at 2; 
EPSA Comments at 1-5; Exelon Comments at 4; Financial Marketers 
Coalition Comments at 1; Golden Spread Initial Comments at 1-3; 
Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 2; ISO-NE Comments at 1; 
MISO Comments at 2, 9; NEI Comments at 1; NGSA Comments at 2-5; PJM 
Power Providers Comments at 2-5; Potomac Economics Comments at 2; 
Powerex Comments at 6; PSEG Comments at 3; Public Interest 
Organizations Comments at 5; SPP Market Monitor Comments at 2; 
Westar Comments at 1; Duke Comments at 7.
    \186\ EPSA Comments at 9; EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 15; Golden 
Spread Initial Comments at 6; PJM Power Providers Comments at 4; 
Powerex Comments at 6; EDP Renewables Comments at 5-6; Entergy 
Nuclear Power Marketing Comments at 2; Exelon Comments at 6; PSEG 
Comments at 13; Westar Comments at 5; NEI Comments at 14; CEA 
Comments at 4; NGSA Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    128. Several commenters support the Commission's shortage pricing 
proposal, arguing that market clearing prices should reflect shortage 
or emergency situations so that generators are provided transparent 
price signals that reflect the market conditions.\187\ EPSA and Westar 
note that reflecting a shortage price signal during transient shortage 
events will result in a price signal that incents resources to respond 
to real-time system constraints based on a price that reflects the 
value of loss of load even if the event is less than ten minutes in 
duration.\188\ Further, Westar states that if the ``steepness'' of 
regulation and operating reserve demand scarcity pricing curves is a 
concern then an RTO/ISO should create separate operating reserve 
scarcity demand curves for transitory periods versus periods lasting 
longer than ten minutes.\189\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ EEI Comments at 10; EPSA Comments at 9; PJM Power 
Providers Comments at 4; Westar Comments at 5; NEI Comments at 14.
    \188\ EPSA Comments at 9; Westar Comments at 5.
    \189\ Westar Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    129. Some commenters state that the shortage pricing proposal will 
provide an incentive for existing resources to offer their supply and 
to be available if shortages occur and will provide an incentive for 
incremental investments to enable existing or new generation or 
dispatchable demand to respond to shortages, regardless of 
duration.\190\ Further, CEA states that without appropriate 
compensation prices invariably become distorted insofar as they do not 
reflect the increased value of that resource with utmost accuracy and 
granularity.\191\ In addition, NGSA comments that the proposal will 
encourage investments by generators that allow them to more reliably 
perform, leading to greater regional fuel assurance.\192\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \190\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 15; NEI Comments at 14; CEA 
Comments at 4; NGSA Comments at 5.
    \191\ CEA Comments at 4.
    \192\ NGSA Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    130. ANGA states that while a shortage may be transient and last 
only a single five-minute interval, some resources are able to move 
quickly enough to meet these shifts in demand and, hence, reduce 
overall system instability. Further, ANGA maintains, allowing prices to 
respond to these small shortages also sends a long-term price signal to 
the market, highlighting where and what types of resources are needed 
on the system, which improves overall system reliability. ANGA also 
agrees with EPSA's position, recorded in the NOPR, that all markets 
should prioritize establishing shortage pricing based on operating 
reserve demand curves and co-optimized with the energy market. ANGA 
states that this is a least-cost solution and recommends that the 
Commission direct the RTOs/ISOs to include in their compliance filing a 
plan for modifying their rules, to the extent necessary, to include 
these features in both the day-ahead and real-time markets.\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \193\ ANGA Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    131. Powerex supports the Commission's proposal to require RTOs/
ISOs to apply shortage pricing for any dispatch interval during which a 
shortage of energy or operating reserves occurs.\194\ Powerex contends 
that shortage pricing mechanisms tied to real-time conditions provide 
revenues to generators and demand side resources that provide energy 
and reserves when needed, which is an advantage over the capacity 
markets long-term focus on load growth and reliability.\195\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ Powerex Comments at 6.
    \195\ Powerex Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    132. EDP Renewables states that the Commission's shortage pricing 
proposal would result in more accurate price signals than under 
existing market rules, and therefore would encourage greater investment 
in new production and storage technologies with the ability to respond 
quickly to shortages.\196\ Similarly, ESA asserts that the shortage 
pricing reform will improve the ability for a resource to be 
compensated based on the value of the service the resource 
provides.\197\ ESA maintains that, for energy storage resources to help 
ensure grid reliability, an economic incentive must exist to 
incorporate those resources onto the grid.\198\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ EDP Renewables Comments at 5-6.
    \197\ ESA Comments at 4.
    \198\ ESA Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    133. Exelon and Inertia Power assert that implementing shortage 
pricing for any interval during which a shortage could occur will 
provide the right incentives for generating resources and will promote 
adequate incentives for resource adequacy. Exelon and Inertia Power 
state that it is economically more efficient for prices to reflect the 
value of the marginal resource during shortage periods, and that this 
is particularly true in instances where generation resources must 
compete with alternatives, such as exporting power to a neighboring 
market or not consuming a scarce fuel.\199\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \199\ Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 5; Exelon Comments 
at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    134. PSEG states that it supports the shortage pricing proposal, 
that the proposal would address concerns about transparency, and that 
it would accomplish Order No. 719's objective of enhancing market 
efficiency by establishing a price that reflects the value of the loss 
of load and encourage resources to respond to shortage events.\200\ 
PSEG further states that the absence of shortage pricing in the 
appropriate intervals is inefficient within individual RTOs/ISOs as 
well as between them, and it can frustrate the objectives of 
Coordinated Transaction Scheduling, which is currently being deployed 
by several RTOs/ISOs.\201\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \200\ PSEG Comments at 13.
    \201\ PSEG Comments at 14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    135. Golden Spread supports the Commission's proposed shortage 
pricing reform and argues that even the smallest amount of operating 
reserve and energy shortage should be reflected in scarcity 
pricing.\202\ Golden Spread states that it has invested hundreds of 
millions of dollars in a fleet of new quick-start, fast-ramping 
generation resources in anticipation of the proper working of efficient 
marginal cost-based energy markets. Golden Spread states that to the 
extent these resources are not fully compensated because shortage 
pricing is masked, the value of these assets to Golden Spread's members 
and their consumers is diminished.\203\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \202\ Golden Spread Reply Comments at 4.
    \203\ Golden Spread Reply Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    136. DTE states that, as a member of MISO, it has largely supported 
the changes MISO has made through ELMP to ensure that generators are 
provided

[[Page 42898]]

accurate price signals, akin to the shortage pricing proposal.\204\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \204\ DTE Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Comments Recommending Changes to the Shortage Pricing Reform
    137. Several commenters propose changes to the shortage pricing 
reform, or identify implementation issues in specific RTOs/ISOs.
    138. Golden Spread, for example, states that the current SPP rules 
allow the temporary use of operating reserves to meet energy 
requirements during transient periods without invoking shortage 
pricing; in other words, SPP's rules encourage ``price manipulation'' 
undermining the transparency needed to incentivize longer term economic 
and reliable solutions.\205\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \205\ Golden Spread Reply Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    139. Golden Spread identifies examples of issues with certain SPP 
processes that it argues need to be addressed to comply with this 
reform and provides the following recommendations to resolve them: (1) 
Relax constraints to allow economic dispatch to solve when there is a 
resource capacity constraint, global power balance constraint, resource 
ramp constraint or operating constraint; \206\ (2) prevent insufficient 
ramping capability to be subject to scarcity pricing; \207\ (3) include 
fast-start technologies in a Reliability Unit Commitment action to 
avoid scarcity events, which then eliminates scarcity prices; \208\ and 
(4) use of the concept of ``head-room'' to not factor much-needed 
ramping capacity in the LMP, which is reducing transparency and 
creating large uplifts.\209\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \206\ Golden Spread Comments at 8.
    \207\ Golden Spread Comments at 7-8.
    \208\ Golden Spread Comments at 9-10.
    \209\ Golden Spread Comments at 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    140. ELCON states that the shortage pricing proposal should be 
adopted only if the Commission promotes the development of technology-
neutral fast-ramp products paid to provide the specific shortage 
service, and for which compensation would not inflate real-time 
LMPs.\210\ ELCON asserts that it conditionally supports the provision 
on shortage price triggers when applied to technology-neutral fast-
ramping products--products it states could be provided by demand 
response, energy storage technologies, or generation--but not to real-
time shortage pricing in which every resource dispatched or called by 
the system operator during a dispatch interval is paid the same 
price.\211\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \210\ ELCON Comments at 2.
    \211\ ELCON Comments at 3-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Comments Opposed to the Proposed Shortage Pricing Reform
    141. Several commenters oppose the shortage pricing proposal. 
Several commenters argue that while the NOPR does not address the price 
level of the shortage pricing, to the extent that RTOs/ISOs do change 
shortage pricing triggers, the RTOs/ISOs should also evaluate whether 
shortage pricing levels remain just and reasonable.\212\ For example, 
Concerned Cooperatives and APPA and NRECA argue that the NOPR will 
raise prices for consumers, but the Commission fails to quantify the 
cost impact of the shortage pricing proposal on consumers or the 
potential benefits to the market and consumers.\213\ Concerned 
Cooperatives add that any changes to the shortage pricing triggers in 
the RTO/ISO markets must be cost-justified on the basis of quantifiable 
improvements in market efficiencies and cost reductions. Furthermore, 
Concerned Cooperatives argue that the Commission's shortage pricing 
will raise prices for consumers and increase revenues to incumbent 
generators.\214\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \212\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 12; TAPS Comments at 14-15; 
Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 13.
    \213\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 13-14; APPA and NRECA 
Comments at 6.
    \214\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    142. APPA and NRECA assert that it is important to understand how 
various resource types would respond to price signals created by the 
shortage pricing proposal. Specifically, they assert that the NOPR did 
not discuss whether a five-minute shortage pricing event would produce 
a sufficient response or only reflect a transient shortage resolvable 
without resorting to shortage pricing.\215\ APPA and NRECA reference 
PJM representative Adam Keech's comment at the October 28, 2014 
workshop on scarcity and shortage pricing, justifying PJM's current 
minimum duration of 30 minutes prior to triggering shortage pricing, 
and assert that the shortage pricing proposal runs the risk of 
rewarding generators that are already online just because another 
generator has not fully ramped up yet.\216\ APPA and NRECA state that 
the NOPR neither discussed the degree to which the RTOs/ISOs are 
already in compliance with the proposal, the extent to which 
implementation would impact the frequency of shortage pricing events or 
impact prices, nor did it require RTOs/ISOs to undertake this 
analysis.\217\ APPA and NRECA state that shortage pricing was triggered 
relatively infrequently in PJM and MISO, but more frequently in 
NYISO.\218\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 6-7.
    \216\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 7.
    \217\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 9.
    \218\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 9-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    143. APPA and NRECA question the extent to which shortage pricing 
would improve short-term system efficiency. They comment that existing 
variations among RTOs/ISOs in shortage pricing approaches create an 
opportunity to analyze the efficacy of more frequent shortage events. 
They request that the Commission direct the RTOs/ISOs to provide 
evidence or examine whether the theoretical benefits of the shortage 
pricing proposal can be validated with actual resource decisions. APPA 
and NRECA caution that, without such analysis, entities, such as 
generators already online that cannot easily ramp up or down or 
financial marketers, could benefit financially without contributing to 
system efficiency.\219\ Concerned Cooperatives also note that the 
Commission's rationale that prices must rise to reflect the true value 
of generation offered during operational shortages for the market to 
function properly fails to consider that only half of the market, i.e., 
generators, may be able to respond to the price signal in real-
time.\220\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \219\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 10-11.
    \220\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    144. On the topic of long-term incentives, several commenters 
assert that no evidence exists that price signals as volatile and 
transient as shortage prices would be the basis for capital 
investments, whether to improve flexibility, whether to delay or avoid 
retirements, and especially not for the construction of new resources. 
APPA and NRECA assert that, even with a slight uptick in merchant plant 
construction compared to prior years, 95 percent of new construction 
was built under contract in 2014, and 98 percent of new construction 
was built under contract in 2013.\221\ Further, Concerned Cooperatives 
argue that the evidence presented at the technical conferences 
preceding the NOPR demonstrate that short-term price signals from 
shortage pricing do not result in the long-term resource investment 
contemplated in the NOPR.\222\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \221\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 11-12; TAPS Comments at 7-13; 
Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15-16.
    \222\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15-16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    145. Concerned Cooperatives contend that the RTOs/ISOs could 
develop better products, such as a fast-ramping product, that could 
encourage investment in more flexible resources without having to pay 
every resource a high price during shortage intervals of short 
duration.\223\ Moreover, APPA and

[[Page 42899]]

NRECA encourage the Commission to examine alternative methods of 
achieving its stated goal of incentivizing the availability of 
resources during periods of shortage, such as separately priced ramping 
products. APPA and NRECA urge the Commission to also examine whether 
such methods might achieve this goal at a lower cost to consumers.\224\ 
Concerned Cooperatives further argue that the Commission's proposal is 
simply a transfer of wealth from consumers to generators without value 
to consumers, because, as the Commission admitted in the NOPR, some 
shortage events are so short that suppliers cannot react to the price 
signal.\225\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \223\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 22-24.
    \224\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 12.
    \225\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15-16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    146. ODEC states that, in the example provided by PJM, if a unit is 
slow in coming online for a five-minute interval, it is not clear that 
shortage pricing would not over-compensate a resource, or if supply can 
even respond to such a short-term event in sufficient time for the 
price signal to create an incentive to change behavior. ODEC states 
that it therefore believes that shortage pricing during transient 
shortages may be unjust and unreasonable because it will increase 
prices paid by load without corresponding benefits.\226\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \226\ ODEC Comments at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    147. APPA and NRECA also express concern that more frequent 
shortage pricing creates incentives to exercise market power and game 
market rules due to the potential for higher energy and operating 
reserve prices. They assert that if the proposal moves forward, each 
RTO/ISO should be required to reevaluate its market power mitigation 
rules and propose new or additional mitigation measures if 
necessary.\227\ In addition, Concerned Cooperatives also argue that 
revising RTO/ISO tariffs to invoke shortage pricing more frequently is 
likely to increase opportunities for exploitation of consumers, but 
that the NOPR does not propose to require RTOs/ISOs to include in their 
compliance filings an analysis of needed reforms to ensure that 
consumers remain protected against the exercise of market power.\228\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \227\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 15-16.
    \228\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    148. Concerned Cooperatives also argue that if the Commission 
issues a final rule in this proceeding, RTOs/ISOs must be required to 
demonstrate that their shortage pricing mechanisms comply with four 
overarching principles, by providing for (1) prices that reflect the 
marginal costs of meeting the shortage; (2) a cap that is designed to 
mitigate adverse financial impacts on parties who are short; (3) prices 
that escalate with greater levels of shortage, because marginal costs 
will vary by shortage; and (4) a mechanism to ensure that revenues 
earned through shortage pricing are not duplicated by capacity market 
revenues.\229\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \229\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 24-25.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    149. The New Jersey Board urges the Commission to allow PJM to 
retain its current shortage pricing mechanism--a thirty-minute look-
ahead dispatch algorithm that identifies reserve shortages as only 
those lasting a minimum of thirty minutes. The New Jersey Board agrees 
with PJM that five-minute shortfalls are not necessarily symptomatic of 
system stress, but are merely transient shortfalls that can be quickly 
addressed through system re-dispatch.
    150. More broadly, TAPS argues that any price signal during 
transient scarcity events is meaningless because resources cannot 
respond in time to the higher prices.\230\ In addition, Direct Energy 
says that targeting transient shortages will create control issues and 
increase uplift, and the application of RTO/ISO shortage penalty 
factors to these transient situations will likely lead to higher prices 
than would otherwise be produced, creating unjust and unreasonable 
rates for generation compensation.\231\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \230\ TAPS Comments at 7-13.
    \231\ Direct Energy Comments at 10-11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    151. Regarding definitions, Direct Energy asserts that a true 
shortage implies that insufficient capacity exists on an RTO's/ISO's 
system to meet energy and reserve requirements. In contrast, Direct 
Energy argues, transient shortage conditions are not true shortages 
because they simply reflect the operating characteristics of the 
generators being used to meet energy and reserve targets. Direct Energy 
argues that in a transient shortage condition, the RTO/ISO has the 
capacity to meet energy and reserve requirements and the transient 
shortage period represents the period of time it takes to deploy 
generation resources to meet those targets.\232\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \232\ Direct Energy Comments at 10-11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    152. Direct Energy claims the response an RTO/ISO receives based on 
the shortage pricing signals sent during transient shortage conditions 
is likely to cause a control issue when generation already being ramped 
through RTO/ISO dispatch to resolve the shortage condition hits its 
dispatch targets. Further, Direct Energy argues unjust and unreasonably 
higher prices would result from targeting ``transient'' shortages 
because of the impact of shortage pricing penalty factors in transient 
shortage circumstances, because the shortage pricing reserve penalty 
factors would be applied to a marginal unit providing energy that is 
not the highest opportunity cost reserve unit. Thus, Direct Energy 
argues the Commission should either revise its proposal to reflect 
issues with transient shortages of operating reserves, or permit 
individual RTOs/ISOs to evaluate this proposal and consider tariff 
revisions to address true shortages and to send appropriate price 
signals.\233\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \233\ Direct Energy Comments at 11-13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    153. Concerned Cooperatives and APPA and NRECA argue that the NOPR 
does not account for differences among the RTOs/ISOs, maintaining that 
shortage pricing issues should be resolved through individual 
stakeholder processes.\234\ Alternatively, Concerned Cooperatives 
request that the Commission not implement shortage pricing reform until 
an RTO/ISO demonstrates that it has eliminated the conditions that 
cause ``artificial'' shortages (those arising from mathematical 
modeling when no actual operational shortage exists), adopts rules 
preventing shortage pricing from being applied during artificial 
shortages, and adopts rules ensuring that shortage price levels are 
reduced during artificial shortages to reflect that these are not real 
shortages.\235\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \234\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 5; Concerned Cooperatives 
Comments at 18.
    \235\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    154. Concerned Cooperatives also note that the NOPR fails to 
provide a comparison of the market design in RTO/ISO-administered 
markets that trigger shortage pricing for a shortage event of any 
duration and those that use longer duration events as the trigger.\236\ 
Concerned Cooperatives argue that, before imposing a uniform rule, the 
Commission should determine whether these different shortage pricing 
rules have resulted in incremental resource development, improved 
generator response to shortage conditions, and/or reduced the need for 
uplift charges. Concerned Cooperatives state that in some cases, uplift 
payments may be the most cost-effective solution for consumers.\237\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \236\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 26.
    \237\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 26.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    155. Several commenters point to various efforts in RTOs/ISOs that 
may impact shortage pricing. Concerned Cooperatives argue that the 
Commission should not address price formation issues in a piecemeal 
fashion, as changes to one element will impact the

[[Page 42900]]

need for other reforms. Concerned Cooperatives note that several RTOs/
ISOs already have rules providing adequate incentives for resource 
performance and investment, such as PJM's Reliability Pricing Model, 
ISO-NE's Forward Capacity Market, or MISO's ELMP.\238\ Concerned 
Cooperatives assert that the Commission provides no evidence that more 
frequent triggering of shortage pricing is necessary to ensure resource 
adequacy or improve resource performance and flexibility when RTOs/ISOs 
use other market tools to achieve the same objectives set forth in the 
NOPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \238\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 18-21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    156. The New Jersey Board, APPA and NRECA and ODEC all acknowledge 
PJM's Capacity Performance Program \239\ and argue to varying degrees 
that shortage pricing need not be considered here given this PJM reform 
or that the Commission should consider whether there would be overlap 
between this PJM reform and the shortage pricing proposal.\240\ 
Furthermore, APPA and NRECA state that another factor in determining 
whether the shortage pricing proposal would improve market efficiency 
and benefit consumers is the extent to which there is an overlap 
between this proposal and other RTO/ISO market rules.\241\ APPA and 
NRECA also point out that, in some RTOs/ISOs such as NYISO, scarcity 
pricing is an additional and separate revenue stream that can balance 
reliance on capacity market revenues.\242\ Further, ODEC suggests that, 
instead of requiring an expansion of scarcity pricing to transient time 
periods, the Commission require PJM to consider the need to reduce, if 
not eliminate, scarcity pricing in light of the new Capacity 
Performance construct.\243\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \239\ See PJM Interconnection, L.L.C., 151 FERC ] 61,208 (2015).
    \240\ New Jersey Board Comments 4-6; APPA and NRECA Comments at 
14.
    \241\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 13.
    \242\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 14-15.
    \243\ ODEC Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    157. Concerned Cooperatives note that the NOPR fails to identify 
the number of additional shortages that would be triggered in RTO/ISO 
markets that do not invoke shortage pricing for a single settlement 
interval. They argue that the NOPR also fails to quantify what that 
cost might potentially be for consumers, particularly in PJM, which 
recently sought to increase its energy offer caps to $2,000 per MWh 
which could produce LMPs of $3,700 per MWh during shortage events. 
Concerned Cooperatives state that the NOPR provides no evidence that 
prices at this level are just and reasonable for a five-minute shortage 
where a resource cannot respond and/or the event is triggered by an 
artificial shortage.\244\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \244\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 25.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    158. PG&E urges the Commission to examine transient shortages and 
their attendant price spikes, and resolve modeling issues that are 
causing these shortages. PG&E understands that shortage pricing might 
be appropriate to the extent that such pricing provides a meaningful 
price signal to resources. However, PG&E argues that most price spikes 
in the CAISO over the past five years have been so short that they have 
not provided a meaningful opportunity for resources to respond.\245\ 
For example, PG&E states that from 2012 through 2014, the CAISO five-
minute market saw positive price spikes (>$250/MWh) in approximately 
0.75 percent of the intervals. PG&E argues that transitory price spikes 
do not contribute to market efficiency, but result in increased market 
costs, and they give false signals to virtual participants, which can 
distort day-ahead awards and prices. PG&E also asserts that these 
transitory price spikes have contributed to price divergence between 
day-ahead and real-time and have resulted in significant uplift 
costs.\246\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \245\ PG&E Comments at 1-2.
    \246\ PG&E Comments at 1-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    159. PG&E notes that CAISO is already taking significant steps to 
address modeling issues that create transient shortages and attendant 
transient price spikes. For example, PG&E states that CAISO is working 
to augment the real-time dispatch function with a Flexible Ramping 
Product which will help avoid ramp-induced shortages that cause 
scarcity conditions in real-time. PG&E also explains that CAISO is 
considering applying different penalty prices for infeasibilities 
depending on the level of constraint relaxation, which will more 
appropriately reflect the cost of constraint violations. PG&E asserts 
that a small violation of the power balance constraint may be covered 
by deploying regulation reserves at a smaller cost per megawatt-hour 
than a larger violation, which may require more costly load 
shedding.\247\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \247\ PG&E Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    160. Dominion states that it is concerned that some shortages are 
merely transient in nature due to slight differences in modeling and 
the ramping of generation, and may not warrant sending a shortage price 
signal to the market. Dominion argues that issues regarding transient 
shortages should be addressed prior to implementation of the proposed 
reforms.\248\ Dominion states that the Commission should require RTOs/
ISOs to specifically explain how the RTOs/ISOs will address this issue 
as part of their compliance filings. Further, Dominion asserts that the 
modification of shortage pricing triggers to better correlate to 
dispatch intervals should coincide with implementation of the 
Commission's proposal to align settlement intervals with dispatch 
intervals. Dominion argues that this will align a resource's timely 
response to shortage pricing with payment for its response.\249\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \248\ Dominion Comments at 4-5.
    \249\ Dominion Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Commission Determination
    161. For the reasons discussed below, we adopt the NOPR shortage 
pricing proposal and modify the regulatory text to clarify that 
shortage pricing is required only when a shortage of energy or 
operating reserves is indicated by the RTO's/ISO's software.
    162. Specifically, we require each RTO/ISO to trigger shortage 
pricing for any interval in which a shortage of energy or operating 
reserves is indicated during the pricing of resources for that 
interval. As stated in the NOPR, the shortage pricing requirement 
should ``ensure that a resource is compensated based on a price that 
reflects the value of the service the resource provides.'' \250\ This 
rationale applies to any shortage ``regardless of the duration or cause 
of [the] shortage.'' \251\ It thus would apply to ``transient 
shortages.'' Several commenters specifically agreed with this 
analysis.\252\ Under this requirement, whenever a shortage of energy or 
operating reserves is indicated in an RTO's/ISO's pricing run software 
for a particular pricing interval, shortage pricing should be invoked 
even if during that period resources are ramping up to a particular 
level they are likely to reach in a few minutes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 52.
    \251\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 47; see also id. P 
9 (``This reform would also ensure that resources operating during a 
shortage are compensated for the value of the service that they 
provide, regardless of whether the shortage is short-lived.'').
    \252\ See, e.g., Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 6 
(citing NYISO Comments, Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 28-29 (Mar. 6, 
2015), Potomac Economics Comments, Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 25-26 
(Mar. 6, 2015), and Calpine Comments, Docket No. AD14-14-000, at 20 
(Mar. 6, 2015)); SPP Market Monitor Comments at 3; Golden Spread 
Comments at 3-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    163. We find that the shortage pricing requirement will help ensure 
that prices rise sufficiently and appropriately to allow supply to meet 
demand during an operating reserve shortage, and thus will more 
accurately reflect the value a

[[Page 42901]]

resource provides.\253\ Better formed prices help ensure just and 
reasonable rates by providing appropriate incentives for market 
participants to follow commitment and dispatch instructions, maintain 
reliability, provide transparency of the underlying value of the 
service so that operational and investment decisions are based on 
prices that reflect the actual marginal cost of serving load and the 
operational constraints of reliable system operation, and encourage 
efficient investments in facilities and equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \253\ See NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 48 (citing 
Order No. 719, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,281).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    164. As for incentives to follow dispatch, as noted in the NOPR, if 
a resource is compensated based on a price that reflects the value of 
the service the resource provides, the resource will have appropriate 
incentives to address energy or reserve shortages. As explained by 
Potomac Economics, the higher prices (relative to non-shortage price 
intervals) resulting from the shortage pricing proposal will enhance 
resource flexibility by leading to: (1) Faster resource ramp rates; (2) 
wider dispatch ranges and not self-scheduling resources; (3) shorter 
start times for natural gas turbines; and (4) an incentive to build 
more flexible, fast-ramping generating resources and to perform 
maintenance on existing resources that increases their 
flexibility.\254\ In addition, shortage pricing during all reserve 
deficiencies also sends the correct price signal to already operating 
resources to take any actions necessary to remain operational during 
the shortage event. For instance, a resource that is already operating 
but realizes it will need to take a forced outage in the near-term will 
receive a clear signal to delay that forced outage, to the extent 
possible, until the reserve shortage has been resolved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \254\ Potomac Economics Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    165. A number of commenters cite the role of appropriate shortage 
pricing in creating an incentive for market participants to make 
investments that will alleviate shortages in the future.\255\ EDP 
Renewables and ESA note that the shortage pricing proposal will 
encourage greater investment in new production and storage 
technologies.\256\ In response to commenters that assert that short 
duration shortage prices will not create a sufficient incentive for new 
entry, we agree with EPSA that appropriate shortage pricing will 
encourage more modest investments that can improve availability and 
response-time, such as weatherization of fuel supplies, heat tracing to 
reduce instrument failure during freezing temperatures, and completion 
of deferred maintenance such as burner upgrades.\257\ Investments of 
the nature identified by commenters should enhance reliability in the 
long-run as system resources are more able to perform during critical 
system conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \255\ NEI Comments at 14; NGSA Comments at 5; EPSA Comments, 
Pope Aff. at 15; Potomac Economics Comments at 8.
    \256\ EDP Renewables Comments at 5-6; ESA Comments at 4. ESA 
states that the shortage pricing reform will improve the ability for 
a resource to be compensated based on the value of the service the 
resource provides.
    \257\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    166. With regard to transparency, an RTO's/ISO's action to 
establish prices at the times of shortage, including transient 
shortages, makes the shortage apparent to all market participants. This 
maximizes the opportunities and incentives for all system resources to 
take actions to address the shortage.
    167. In response to commenters like CAISO, we clarify that we did 
not intend to impose shortage pricing if a shortage occurs during an 
interval for which the prices and dispatch decisions have already been 
set. We did not intend that, for example, ex post pricing should, after 
binding prices have been determined by the RTO/ISO software, invoke 
shortage pricing based upon a subsequent recognition that a shortage 
existed in a particular prior interval. Similarly, the shortage pricing 
proposal also did not intend to require any changes to the frequency of 
existing dispatch and pricing runs for energy or operating reserves. To 
the extent that operating reserves are priced at a different interval 
than energy resources are dispatched, as is the case in CAISO, this 
Final Rule applies to the interval that prices and co-optimizes both 
energy and operating reserves. Thus, an RTO/ISO need not trigger 
shortage pricing during a fifteen-minute operating reserve period if it 
becomes aware of a shortage within that interval, because reserve 
prices have already been set for that entire fifteen-minute period. 
Only if that shortage is projected to continue into the next reserve 
period and there is time to factor that shortage into the dispatch and 
pricing run for the next interval does the RTO/ISO need to trigger 
shortage pricing for that next interval.
    168. Also, the shortage pricing proposal did not intend to require 
any changes to existing pricing methods, such as ELMP in MISO that 
allows offline resources to set energy prices, and we agree that the 
use of offline resources can result in efficient pricing.\258\ However, 
we agree with Potomac Economics that if an RTO's/ISO's pricing model 
allows infeasible or uneconomic units to set prices, the offline units 
represent an artificial increase in real-time supply that will depress 
real-time prices. Therefore, for the purpose of this Final Rule, RTOs/
ISOs choosing to use offline resources to count towards energy and 
operating reserve requirements may not allow infeasible or uneconomic 
offline units to set prices through the real-time pricing model or to 
be counted as providing reserves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \258\ See Midcontinent Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., 150 FERC ] 
61,143, at P 36 (2015) (``For the reasons discussed below, we 
conditionally accept MISO's Revised ELMP Filing, effective March 1, 
2015, subject to a further compliance filing. . . .''); Midcontinent 
Indep. Sys. Operator, Inc., Docket No. ER15-685-001 (Feb. 4, 2016) 
(delegated letter order accepting compliance filing).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    169. In opposing the proposal, PJM and SPP argue that an energy or 
operating reserve shortage that the RTO/ISO expects to be resolved 
quickly (e.g., within ten minutes), should not trigger shortage 
pricing. They note that, in PJM, for example, shortage pricing is not 
triggered until a shortage is projected to last at least thirty 
minutes.\259\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \259\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 46 & n.70; PJM and 
SPP Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    170. We disagree that an energy or operating reserve shortage that 
the RTO/ISO expects to be resolved quickly should not trigger shortage 
pricing. Such a shortage presents exactly the type of mismatch between 
system conditions and pricing that the reform was meant to remedy. 
Thus, by adopting the proposed shortage pricing reform, we require PJM 
and SPP to modify their existing shortage pricing mechanisms.
    171. As summarized above, PJM and SPP provide three hypothetical 
situations in their joint comments to describe situations where they 
argue shortage pricing should not apply.\260\ In all of these 
scenarios, RTOs/ISOs are ``technically compromising the operating 
reserve requirement,'' as PJM and SPP concede,\261\ although such 
transient shortages may not violate NERC's reliability standards.\262\ 
However, we find that RTOs/ISOs should reflect these system conditions 
in the price. Using shortage pricing for a transient shortage situation 
reflects in

[[Page 42902]]

the price of operating reserves the current system conditions, which 
include the possibility of a contingency occurring--for which operating 
reserves were procured and designed to address. This is designed to 
appropriately value those resources that provide value to the system by 
their ability to respond quickly to changing prices. As Potomac 
Economics states,\263\ transient shortages, which typically occur when 
the system is ramp-constrained, are true shortages because, if a large 
contingency occurs during such a shortage (e.g., a generator trips off-
line), the RTO/ISO will not have the ability to replace the capacity 
because other generators are already ramping as quickly as possible. It 
is possible, as PJM and SPP state, that when a transient shortage is 
recognized, RTOs/ISOs can re-dispatch their system to eliminate the 
shortage quickly.\264\ However, until the shortage is resolved, prices 
should reflect the system conditions and the actions taken to resolve 
the shortage as much as possible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \260\ PJM and SPP Comments at 3-5.
    \261\ PJM and SPP Comments at 4.
    \262\ Requirement R6.2 of North American Electric Reliability 
Corporation's Reliability Standard BAL-002-1 requires restoration of 
contingency reserves within 90 minutes: ``The default Contingency 
Reserve Restoration Period is 90 minutes.'' In the Western Electric 
Coordinating Council (WECC), the reliability standards require 
restoration of contingency reserves within 60 minutes. WECC BAL-002-
WECC-2, R1.
    \263\ Potomac Economics Comments at 8.
    \264\ PJM and SPP Comments at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    172. PJM, SPP, and Direct Energy have also not shown that applying 
shortage pricing to transient shortages will create control issues and 
increase uplift.\265\ In fact, there is evidence in this record that it 
will not. The RTOs/ISOs which currently invoke shortage pricing during 
relatively brief periods, i.e., MISO, NYISO and ISO-NE., do not appear 
to have these types of control issues. Further, we note that reflecting 
system conditions in prices should decrease uplift over time, as the 
costs of units committed, dispatched, or designated as reserves would 
be reflected in prices and those units would no longer need to be made 
whole through uplift payments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \265\ See PJM and SPP Comments at 3-5 (making this argument in 
the context of the hypotheticals discussed above); Direct Energy 
Comments at 10-11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    173. PJM and SPP state that application of the shortage pricing 
reform to transient shortages would likely require the implementation 
of operating reserve demand curves that distinguish prices relative to 
varying degrees of shortage.\266\ In the NOPR, the Commission 
acknowledged that, as a result of the shortage pricing reform, ``an 
RTO/ISO may need to calibrate administrative shortage prices to better 
reflect the value of the service.'' \267\ Thus, if PJM or SPP believes 
that a modification of the applicable operating reserve demand curves 
is appropriate in light of the shortage pricing reform, the appropriate 
forum to make such is a change is through an FPA section 205 filing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \266\ PJM and SPP Comments at 7-8.
    \267\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 49.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    174. We disagree with TAPS, Concerned Cooperatives, APPA, and NRECA 
that the only effect of requiring RTOs/ISOs to trigger shortage prices 
in transient events is to provide extra revenue to generators already 
in the market.\268\ While extra revenue may result from prices 
accurately reflecting shortage conditions, we believe that is 
appropriate. The purpose for requiring the shortage pricing is to 
create transparent market prices that reflect system conditions. The 
benefit of triggering shortage prices for all shortages is that it 
gives all suppliers an incentive to do as much as they can, including 
investments and operational alterations, to be available the next time 
it appears that shortages may occur and shortage pricing may be 
invoked, even if such shortages last briefly. Further, as discussed 
above, shortage pricing during all reserve deficiencies also sends the 
correct price signal to already operating resources to take any actions 
necessary to remain operational during the shortage event.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \268\ TAPS Comments at 9; APPA and NRECA Comments at 7; 
Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    175. We disagree with the views of those commenters \269\ who 
assert that the proposed rule is not justified because no evidence 
exists that price signals as volatile and transient as shortage prices 
would be the basis for capital investments. While shortage pricing 
revenues may not, by themselves, be enough to financially justify 
entirely new generation projects, commenters who are generation owners 
and project developers have indicated that triggering shortage prices 
during short duration shortages as proposed in the NOPR ``will provide 
an incentive for incremental investments to enable existing or new 
generation or dispatchable demand to respond to short-duration 
shortages.'' \270\ As to the amount of construction done recently by 
merchants as opposed to that done under long-term contracts, we note 
that RTOs/ISOs such as PJM have been able to maintain reliability with 
reliance primarily upon their capacity market and not long-term 
contracts for new generation.\271\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \269\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 11-12; TAPS Comments at 7-13; 
Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15-16.
    \270\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 15.
    \271\ See generally Monitoring Analytics, New Generation in the 
PJM Capacity Market: MW and Funding Sources for Delivery Years 2007/
2008 through 2018/2019 (May 4, 2016), http://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/Reports/2016/New_Generation_in_the_PJM_Capacity_Market_20160504.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    176. TAPS recommends that the Commission direct each RTO/ISO to 
propose new shortage prices for transient shortages that do not exceed 
the value of the incremental benefit (if any) provided by an additional 
megawatt in those circumstances, or to demonstrate that the RTO's/ISO's 
existing shortage prices applicable in such circumstances already meet 
that standard.\272\ We decline to require this in the Final Rule both 
because this was not originally proposed and because the record in this 
proceeding has not persuaded us that any RTO's/ISO's administrative 
shortage prices need to be modified. However, as discussed above, any 
RTO/ISO may file, pursuant to section 205 of the FPA, to propose a 
modification of any of the administrative shortage prices as a result 
of this Final Rule, as PJM and SPP indicate they might.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \272\ TAPS Comments at 13. PJM and SPP indicate that they may 
need to file to modify their shortage prices. See PJM and SPP 
Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    177. The PJM Market Monitor identifies an implementation issue, 
which may be unique to PJM. The PJM Market Monitor asserts that PJM 
cannot accurately measure the actual level of operating reserves on a 
five-minute basis. To address this, the PJM Market Monitor and the New 
Jersey Board recommend that the Commission direct PJM to develop this 
measurement capability before it implements the shortage pricing 
proposal.\273\ To the extent that PJM or any other RTO/ISO believes it 
needs to enhance its measurement capabilities to implement the shortage 
pricing requirement, it should propose to do so in its compliance 
filing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \273\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    178. Concerned Cooperatives maintains that the shortage pricing 
proposal may not achieve the price formation objective of increased 
transparency because generators may not be capable of responding fast 
enough to shortage pricing triggered during transient events.\274\ 
However, we find that the shortage pricing requirement will increase 
transparency because shortage prices provide a clear and public market 
signal, while compensation to resources provided through uplift 
provides a signal only to individual resources and after-the-fact. In 
addition, consistently sending a clear price signal during reserve 
deficiencies in real-time should encourage market participant behavior 
in the day-ahead market that translates into day-ahead

[[Page 42903]]

prices that better reflect expected system conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \274\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    179. Concerned Cooperatives, ODEC, ELCON, and PG&E suggest that the 
Commission should not adopt the shortage pricing proposal because other 
initiatives, such as PJM's Reliability Pricing Model modifications and 
fast ramping products, already provide adequate incentives for resource 
performance and send the signals needed for generation investment.\275\ 
We are not persuaded by these arguments. While other initiatives, such 
as PJM's Reliability Pricing Model modifications and additional fast-
ramping products, could decrease the occurrence of shortages and 
shortage pricing, an effective shortage pricing trigger is still 
required to ensure appropriate pricing when shortages occur. This is 
particularly important for incenting behavior by load in the day-ahead 
market that is consistent with expected system conditions in real-time. 
For instance, the Reliability Pricing Model modifications will send 
real-time price signals to encourage resource performance, but will not 
necessarily encourage accurate day-ahead load forecast for load.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \275\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 18-25; ELCON Comments 
at 2; PG&E Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    180. Concerned Cooperatives express concern that the Commission 
does not require the RTOs/ISOs to include, in their compliance filings, 
an analysis to ensure that consumers remain protected against the 
exercise of market power when the proposed reforms are 
implemented.\276\ However, Concerned Cooperatives do not explain why 
the RTOs'/ISOs' existing market power mitigation methodologies would 
not prevent the exercise of market power during times of shortage 
pricing, under the proposed reforms or otherwise. Therefore, we do not 
require the RTOs/ISOs to provide a market power review and mitigation 
reforms in their compliance filings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Compliance and Implementation

1. Commission Proposal
    181. In the NOPR, the Commission proposed that RTOs/ISOs submit 
compliance filings on both the proposed settlement reform and the 
proposed shortage pricing reform four months from the effective date of 
the Final Rule; that the proposed settlement reform become effective 
twelve months from the date of the compliance filings for 
implementation of reforms to settlement systems; and that the shortage 
pricing proposal become effective four months from the date of the 
compliance filings for implementation of reforms to shortage pricing 
triggers.\277\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \277\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at PP 38, 54-55.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments
    182. As described below, some commenters sought more time to submit 
compliance filings and questioned (1) whether the Commission provided 
enough time to implement the settlement proposal; and (2) whether the 
Commission should extend implementation of the shortage pricing 
proposal to allow for simultaneous implementation of shortage pricing 
proposal with the settlement proposal.
a. Comments From RTOs/ISOs
    183. The ISO/RTO Council argues that the Commission should not 
force the RTOs/ISOs to substantially reform their existing market 
structure to comply with the shortage pricing proposal.\278\ PJM, MISO, 
and ISO-NE either support the compliance deadline or believe that they 
can meet the compliance deadline once a Final Rule is published in the 
Federal Register.\279\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \278\ ISO/RTO Council Comments at 3.
    \279\ PJM Comments at 7; MISO Comments at 13; ISO-NE Comments at 
1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    184. ISO-NE supports the implementation timeline for the shortage 
pricing proposal because it believes that its market already meets the 
NOPR proposal.\280\ Similarly, ISO-NE states that it has already 
engaged its participants to discuss tariff changes to settle the real-
time markets in five-minute intervals, and is therefore not concerned 
with the implementation timeline because it anticipates tariff changes 
will be filed with the Commission in mid-2016, to be effective in 
2017.\281\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \280\ ISO-NE Comments at 3.
    \281\ ISO-NE Comments at 2. ``ISO-NE plans to implement five-
minute settlement of real-time reserves as part of the 
implementation of five-minute settlement of real-time energy 
transactions, which is currently being discussed with 
stakeholders.'' Id. at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    185. MISO states that it already has a project in progress to 
replace the current software systems that perform market and 
transmission settlements processing,\282\ and it estimates that an 
additional eight months would be required to mitigate any issues 
related to the new software and complete development of the revised 
settlement system, allowing implementation by the fourth quarter of 
2017.\283\ MISO states that the Commission should allow each RTO/ISO to 
propose, in its compliance filing, what it believes is a reasonable 
implementation schedule.\284\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \282\ MISO Comments at 3.
    \283\ MISO Comments at 6.
    \284\ MISO Comments at 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    186. PJM asserts that it can make a compliance filing four months 
after the date of the Final Rule, but is concerned that insufficient 
time was suggested for implementation.\285\ PJM hopes to complete an 
evaluation of what changes are needed in its settlement system around 
April 2016, but, depending upon on the outcome of that analysis, it 
estimates that revising the settlement process will require between 
fifteen to thirty-eight months.\286\ PJM also states that, though it 
opposes the shortage pricing proposal, if the Commission orders some 
version of shortage pricing reform, the Commission should consider 
simultaneous implementation of shortage pricing with the settlement 
interval proposal.\287\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \285\ PJM Comments at 7.
    \286\ PJM Comments at 3-4.
    \287\ PJM addresses its objections to the shortage pricing 
proposals in the PJM and SPP Comments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    187. CAISO also states that, depending upon the specifics of the 
Final Rule, extra time may be necessary for a complete compliance 
filing.\288\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \288\ CAISO Comments at 25. CAISO has asked for certain 
clarifications as part of its comments, and states that if the 
Commission does not make the necessary clarifications, CAISO will 
need extra time to consider what changes would need to be made to 
its systems, and to develop implementing tariff language along with 
the supporting filing. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments Urging Flexibility in Implementation
    188. Several commenters urge flexibility in the implementation 
timelines.\289\ The New Jersey Board concurs with PJM that, given the 
technical uncertainties involved, the Commission, in the Final Rule, 
should provide flexibility in the implementation timeline.\290\ Duke 
states that the RTOs/ISOs should determine the implementation timeline 
after first exploring system design options, cost impacts to market 
participants, and approaches to reduce cost impacts.\291\ EEI and APPA 
and NRECA contend that not only is a flexible implementation timeline 
necessary, but RTOs/ISOs should also be encouraged to work with market 
participants to ensure they have the necessary systems and metering in 
place in advance.\292\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \289\ ISO/RTO Council Comments at 3; New Jersey Board Comments 
at 3; PJM Comments at 4; EEI Comments at 8; NEPOOL Comments at 1; 
Golden Spread Comments at 7-8.
    \290\ New Jersey Board Comments at 3 (citing PJM Comments at 4).
    \291\ Duke Comments at 6.
    \292\ EEI Comments at 8; APPA and NRECA Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    189. NEPOOL, Golden Spread, and TAPS echo the statements of EEI,

[[Page 42904]]

contending that implementation should account for specific differences 
between the RTOs/ISOs instead of imposing a rigid standard.\293\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \293\ NEPOOL Comments at 5; Golden Spread Comments at 7-8; TAPS 
Comments at 14-15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    190. Although TAPS argues against the proposed shortage pricing 
rule, it states that if the rule is adopted, then needed administrative 
shortage pricing level modifications should become effective when other 
shortage pricing modifications become effective.\294\ Golden Spread 
also identifies issues it believes need to be addressed before the 
proposed shortage pricing requirement can be properly implemented in 
SPP.\295\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \294\ TAPS Comments at 13.
    \295\ Golden Spread Comments at 8-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Compliance Filing Deadline
    191. Some commenters commented on the amount of time allowed to 
submit a compliance filing. With regard to the settlement interval 
proposal, Concerned Cooperatives state that because it could take over 
a year to determine what market rules may need modification and to 
subsequently implement those changes, the Commission should require a 
compliance filing after one year so that RTOs/ISOs can discuss 
implementation issues with stakeholders.\296\ TAPS states that the 
four-month compliance deadline proposed in the NOPR is too short 
because a rule adjusting shortage pricing triggers needs to be 
accompanied by an adjustment to shortage pricing levels.\297\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \296\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 12.
    \297\ TAPS Comments at 14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Implementation Deadline
    192. PSEG states that, in markets where the current equipment can 
be utilized, the twelve-month implementation timeline proposed by the 
NOPR would be reasonable.\298\ However, PSEG notes that the Commission 
must take into account the time it will take the individual RTOs/ISOs 
to implement computer system changes.\299\ Several commenters assert 
that the timelines for implementation mentioned in the NOPR may be too 
short.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \298\ PSEG Comments at 8.
    \299\ PSEG Comments at 15; Inertia Power Comments at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    193. ODEC asserts that, instead of requiring implementation within 
twelve months of the compliance filings, if the Commission determines 
PJM must settle resources at the same interval those resources are 
dispatched, then the Commission should require each RTO/ISO to submit a 
proposed plan for compliance and implementation of the Final Rule.\300\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \300\ ODEC Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    194. Exelon maintains that the implementation period for the five-
minute settlement interval proposal should be 18 months because of the 
equipment changes that will be necessary for generators in the RTOs/
ISOs that do not currently use five-minute pricing.\301\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \301\ Exelon Comments at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    195. Ameren argues the timeline proposed in the NOPR is too short 
and could potentially increase both costs and risks to the detriment of 
their customers.\302\ As for the settlement interval proposal, Ameren 
states that the implementation timeline developed from its internal 
assessment is at least 24 months to 29 months, with a possible 
implementation date of June 1, 2018 if a Final Rule is issued in early 
2016.\303\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \302\ Ameren Comments at 6.
    \303\ Ameren Comments at 6-7. Ameren also suggests ``aligning 
the implementation of a final rule with the beginning of the MISO 
Planning Year, i.e. June 1, in order to facilitate a more seamless 
transition.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    196. Dominion and IPL point out that implementation timing and 
specifics for market participants will depend upon when the RTOs/ISOs 
finalize their own implementation details, and it argues that the 
proposed twelve-month implementation period for settlement interval 
reforms does not appropriately take this factor into account.\304\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \304\ Dominion Comments at 2; IPL Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    197. DTE states that it would need a minimum of eighteen months and 
``several million dollars'' to implement necessary changes to its 
settlement system,\305\ and Duke is concerned that twelve months will 
not be enough time.\306\ DTE and Duke emphasize that it is essential 
for the Commission to encourage RTOs/ISOs to work with stakeholders and 
market participants in order to facilitate the most cost-effective and 
timely implementation.\307\ Commenting on the shortage pricing 
proposal, Concerned Cooperatives, who also contend stakeholders need to 
work cooperatively with RTOs/ISOs, assert that the implementation 
timeline is not long enough, and that the Commission should allow at 
least a year for the RTOs/ISOs to vet the shortage pricing 
implementation details with their stakeholders.\308\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \305\ DTE Comments at 4-5. DTE explains that these changes would 
include, among other things, evaluating its meters and computer 
systems, as well as re-evaluating many of its current contracts. Id.
    \306\ Duke Comments at 6-7; DTE Comments at 4-5. DTE explains 
that these changes would include, among other things, evaluating its 
meters and computer systems, as well as re-evaluating many of its 
current contracts. Id.
    \307\ DTE Comments at 5; Duke Comments at 6-7.
    \308\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 26-27.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    198. APPA and NRECA request that RTOs/ISOs ensure all market 
participants either have the necessary metering and billing systems in 
place or have sufficient time to add required systems.\309\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \309\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    199. Only one entity, Direct Energy, requested an indefinite delay 
of implementation: Specifically, for the five-minute settlement 
proposal, arguing that the underlying technology of many supply 
resources is not advanced enough to ensure the efficiency the 
Commission states it seeks in the NOPR.\310\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \310\ Direct Energy Comments at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Simultaneous Implementation
    200. Some commenters argue that the Commission should synchronize 
implementation of the shortage pricing reform with the settlement 
interval proposal due to their interrelated nature.\311\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \311\ PJM Comments at 10; EEI Comments at 10-11; DTE Comments at 
6; EPSA Comments at 8; PSEG Comments at 15-16; Inertia Power and DC 
Energy Comments at 8-9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Costs
    201. In the NOPR, the Commission noted that while adopting the 
proposed reforms might provide significant benefits, implementing and 
modifying settlement systems can be complex and costly.\312\ Various 
commenters provided settlement implementation cost estimates: PJM ($3 
to $5.6 million),\313\ Ameren ($3 million, plus an additional $13 to 
$20 million if the settlement interval proposal is applied to 
load),\314\ Duke ($1 to $3.25 million, plus an additional $4 million if 
the settlement interval proposal is applied to load),\315\ and 
Concerned Cooperatives ($1.5 to $2 million capital costs and $300,000 
to $600,000 annual costs).\316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \312\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 60.
    \313\ PJM Comments at 3-4.
    \314\ Ameren Comments at 5-6.
    \315\ Duke Comments at 6.
    \316\ Concerned Cooperatives Comments at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    202. While the NOPR did not propose that a cost-benefit analysis 
must be performed in conjunction with the proposed reforms, some 
commenters discuss whether a formal cost-benefit analysis is necessary 
prior to implementation of the proposals. APPA and NRECA, Concerned 
Cooperatives, Ameren, and IPL claim that a cost-benefit analysis is 
necessary before implementation.\317\ IPL asserts this

[[Page 42905]]

analysis will prove that market benefits will be small in comparison to 
the costs of implementation.\318\ Conversely, EPSA and the PJM Market 
Monitor state that they should not be required to do a cost-benefit 
analysis (specifically in reference to sub-hourly pricing) because it 
would be too difficult to accurately measure or approximate the 
potential long-term benefits.\319\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \317\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 4-5; Concerned Cooperatives 
Comments at 12; Ameren Comments at 4; IPL Comments at 2.
    \318\ IPL Comments at 2.
    \319\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 13-14; PJM Market Monitor 
Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    203. Some commenters opine on how they perceive the costs relate to 
the benefits of the proposed reforms. Duke expresses concerns that the 
costs of aligning dispatch and settlement intervals will exceed the 
benefits. Duke acknowledges that the potential impact of these reforms 
is not currently knowable, given that MISO and PJM have not proposed 
new market rules and system changes.\320\ However, Duke states that if 
RTOs/ISOs determine that costs associated with the proposed reform will 
not exceed the benefits, stakeholder discussions could involve software 
system changes and relevant costs and impacts on market 
participants.\321\ In contrast, Inertia Power states that, although the 
long-term benefits are not quantifiable, the direct savings to 
consumers and market participants will warrant the costs. Inertia Power 
suggests that the Commission should consider the ``immeasurable cost of 
muted price signals'' when comparing costs to benefits.\322\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \320\ Duke Comments at 6.
    \321\ Duke Comments at 5.
    \322\ Inertia Power Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Commission Determination
    204. Because the reforms required in this Final Rule are targeted 
and specific, we believe RTOs/ISOs will have sufficient time to develop 
and file tariff changes to adopt these limited reforms, contrary to the 
concerns of commenters such as Concerned Cooperatives and TAPS. In the 
NOPR, the Commission recognized that implementation of the settlement 
reform could take up to a year after the compliance filings were 
submitted.\323\ With regard to shortage pricing, any revisions an RTO/
ISO may propose to shortage pricing levels (which are not required by 
this Final Rule) must be filed under section 205 and could be submitted 
prior to the actual implementation of the shortage pricing provisions 
of this Final Rule, thereby permitting stakeholders and the RTO/ISO 
additional time to work through the implementation details.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \323\ NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,710 at P 55.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    205. Of the entities required to submit a compliance filing, PJM, 
MISO, and ISO-NE either support the compliance deadline or believe that 
they can meet the compliance deadline once a Final Rule is published in 
the Federal Register. Further, neither SPP nor NYISO submitted comments 
opposing the compliance deadline. CAISO expressed concern about its 
ability to submit a compliance filing within 120 days of the effective 
date of this Final Rule. We believe that, with the various 
clarifications provided in this Final Rule, CAISO should be able to 
submit a compliance filing within four months of the effective date of 
the Final Rule. Accordingly, we adopt the proposal in the NOPR and 
require each RTO/ISO to submit, within 120 days of the effective date 
of this Final Rule, a compliance filing that includes tariff changes 
that adopt the requirements in this Final Rule, or demonstrates how the 
RTO/ISO already complies. We will allow a further 12 months from the 
compliance filing date for the tariff changes implementing reforms to 
settlement intervals to be effective, and 120 days from that same 
compliance filing date for the tariff changes implementing shortage 
pricing reforms to be effective.\324\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \324\ The Commission has followed a similar approach with the 
timelines for compliance and implementation in the past. See, e.g., 
Order No. 755, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,324 at P 201, reh'g denied, 
Order No. 755-A, 138 FERC ] 61,123.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    206. As previously noted, comments on the implementation schedule 
focused on two areas: (1) Whether the Commission provided enough time 
to implement the settlement reform proposal; and (2) whether the 
Commission should extend implementation of the shortage pricing reform 
proposal to allow for simultaneous implementation of shortage pricing 
with settlement reform. Based upon the comments received, we retain the 
current implementation schedule, but will consider requests for 
extensions of time to extend the implementation dates when the RTOs/
ISOs submit their compliance filings. The RTOs/ISOs will have had 120 
days as they prepare their compliance filings to assess the feasibility 
of implementing the reforms set forth in this Final Rule. It is 
premature at this time to extend the implementation timelines when 
affected parties are only just starting to analyze what actions they 
must take in order to implement the requirements of the Final Rule.
    207. Moreover, when the RTOs/ISOs submit their respective 
compliance filings, we will consider whether it is appropriate to 
permit the RTO/ISO to synchronize implementation of shortage pricing 
with the settlement interval based upon the facts presented at that 
time. We expect that any RTO/ISO seeking to synchronize shortage 
pricing with the settlement interval will set forth compelling reasons 
as to why it is necessary based upon the unique nature of the RTO/ISO.
    208. We will not dictate how RTOs/ISOs must implement the reforms 
set forth in the Final Rule from a technical perspective. Nevertheless, 
we recommend that wherever possible, the RTO/ISO should consider using 
existing metering equipment and current data collection processes, such 
as the process currently being explored by PJM.\325\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \325\ PJM Comments at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    209. With regard to the comments concerning the costs of 
implementing the NOPR proposals, we find that some of these costs 
appear to be overstated, taken as a whole. For example, PJM's use of 
its state estimator and telemetry may reduce, if not eliminate, the 
need for new five-minute revenue quality meters; and it is unclear, in 
the case of the Concerned Cooperatives, why costs equal to several more 
full-time employees would need to be incurred on an annual basis as a 
result of the NOPR reform. In any event, we find that the value of the 
benefits of more accurate pricing under the proposed rule described in 
the NOPR, as recognized by the vast majority of commenters in this 
proceeding, and the net present value of the future increases in market 
surplus, although difficult to quantify with precision, are likely to 
outweigh any one-time implementation costs.
    210. We reject the proposal to require RTOs/ISOs to conduct a cost-
benefit analysis before implementing the settlement reform.\326\ The 
Commission has not previously conducted such analyses when it has 
considered whether to require various market reforms.\327\ Also, since 
many of the expected benefits will occur in the long-run due to changes 
in marginal investments and enhancements resulting from other price 
formation reforms, there is limited ability to quantify the short-run 
benefits before adopting these reforms.\328\ We agree with the PJM 
Market Monitor's assertion that, while the costs of implementation

[[Page 42906]]

may be approximated, calculating the efficiency benefits of 
implementing five-minute settlements is effectively impossible.\329\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ APPA and NRECA Comments at 4.
    \327\ Cf. Order No. 719-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,292 at P 179 
(``For instance, although we believe that cost-benefit analyses can 
be useful in analyzing new projects, we are unconvinced that the 
Commission should mandate cost-benefit analyses in all circumstances 
where an RTO or ISO engages in a major initiative'').
    \328\ EPSA Comments, Pope Aff. at 13-14.
    \329\ PJM Market Monitor Comments at 2-3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Requests Beyond the Scope of This Proceeding

1. Comments
    211. Commenters raised issues that are not discussed above and that 
are outside of the scope of this rulemaking. EPSA states that the 
Commission and RTOs/ISOs must move expeditiously on the reforms 
proposed in the NOPR as well as others identified in the price 
formation proceeding that encourage economically efficient decisions 
about resource entry and exit.\330\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \330\ EPSA Comments at 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    212. PJM Power Providers and Exelon urge the Commission to focus on 
reducing uplift and remedying its causes as well as market power 
mitigation, operator actions, and other issues.\331\ PJM Power 
Providers, Exelon, EPSA, and NGSA also encourage Commission action on 
reforming the energy offer cap.\332\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \331\ PJM Power Providers Comments at 7; Exelon Comments at 8.
    \332\ PJM Power Providers Comments at 6; EPSA Comments at 13-15; 
Exelon Comments at 8-9; NGSA Comments at 6 (citing NGSA Comments, 
Docket No. ER15-623-000 (filed Jan. 20, 2015)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    213. ELCON, Westar, TAPS, and Inertia Power and DC Energy recognize 
the interconnected nature of the issues in the price formation 
proceeding. ELCON urges the Commission to consolidate any additional 
price formation proposals into a single NOPR.\333\ Westar states that 
the Commission should consider the NOPR in conjunction with other items 
identified in the price formation proceedings.\334\ TAPS states that 
RTOs/ISOs should have the flexibility to comply with all price 
formation rulemakings in a way that coordinates implementation and 
reduces the possibility of overlapping modifications of software and 
hardware.\335\ Inertia Power and DC Energy asks the Commission to be 
mindful of other system benefits that may result from the required 
software and hardware upgrades in the RTO/ISOs.\336\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \333\ ELCON Comments at 7.
    \334\ Westar Comments at 2-3.
    \335\ TAPS Comments at 6.
    \336\ Inertia Power and DC Energy Comments at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    214. EEI and EPSA reiterate their prior comments regarding common 
principles that should guide the discussion of price formation: (1) 
Dispatch-based pricing; (2) efficient commitment that will provide 
accurate day-ahead and real-time price signals; and (3) transparency 
with regard to out-of-market actions and payments.\337\ EEI further 
states that the Commission should consider issues related to improving 
the transparency of LMPs by addressing the treatment of start-up and 
no-load costs, and operator actions that result in out-of-market 
payments.\338\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \337\ EEI Comments at 4-5 (citing EEI Comments, Docket No. AD14-
14-000, at 2 (filed Mar. 6, 2015)); EPSA Comments at 12 and Att. B.
    \338\ EEI Comments at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    215. Westar requests that the Commission encourage RTOs/ISOs to 
clarify what costs may constitute marginal costs.\339\ Additionally, XO 
Energy lists many benefits of a day-ahead transmission product, and 
recommends the implementation of such a product across all RTOs/
ISOs.\340\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ Westar Comments at 3.
    \340\ XO Energy Comments at 2-3 (citing MISO, Virtual Spread Bid 
Proposal Stakeholder Workshop, at 10 (Nov. 18, 2013)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    216. Financial Marketers Coalition and XO Energy assert that while 
the NOPR addresses settlement intervals for generation (supply), 
similar reforms are needed for the intervals in which load is 
forecasted, bid and settled in order to eliminate the mismatch between 
generation and load.\341\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \341\ Financial Marketers Coalition Comments at 4-6; XO Energy 
Comments at 3-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    217. Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing and NEI state that although 
the reforms proposed in the NOPR will improve price formation for 
resources operating in real-time, they will not improve the outlook for 
baseload resources such as nuclear plants typically fully committed in 
the day-ahead market.\342\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \342\ Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing Comments at 2-3; NEI 
Comments at 15.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    218. NEI recommends various changes to price formation to better 
ensure that the market clearing price reflects all of the costs 
associated with reliably providing service to the market.\343\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \343\ NEI Comments at 15-16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    219. With respect to other issues, DTE requests clarification from 
the Commission that market participants will not have to change the 
manner in which they currently net purchases and sales for purposes of 
FERC Form No. 1.\344\ The SPP Market Monitor raises look-ahead modeling 
concerns.\345\ Powerex has concerns regarding steps CAISO takes to 
minimize the occurrence of shortages (as opposed to when shortage 
pricing occurs) \346\ and Public Interest Organizations have a concern 
regarding possible barriers to the participation of demand response in 
RTO/ISO markets.\347\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \344\ DTE Comments at 6.
    \345\ PSEG Comments at 14; SPP Market Monitor at 4-7; Westar 
Comments at 3.
    \346\ Powerex Comments at 9-13.
    \347\ Public Interest Organizations Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    220. Referencing the NOPR's discussion of the role that look-ahead 
tools can play in mitigating seemingly artificial shortages, the SPP 
Market Monitor also requests the Commission clarify that look-ahead 
models incorporate administrative pricing in their least cost 
evaluation before choosing unit commitments to relieve shortages.\348\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \348\ SPP Market Monitor Comments at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    221. Powerex argues that further Commission action is necessary to 
ensure that RTOs/ISOs refrain from using more general tariff provisions 
and non-tariff protocols, including out-of-market procurement and other 
operator interventions, to prevent shortage pricing from being 
triggered or otherwise prevent scarcity from being reflected in market 
prices.\349\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \349\ Powerex Comments at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    222. Dominion questions if the proposed settlement reforms require 
further consideration of the interactions between the day-ahead and 
real-time markets. Specifically, Dominion suggests that changes may be 
necessary to how the RTOs/ISOs calculate generator deviations in the 
real-time market from their day-ahead schedules.\350\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \350\ Dominion Comments at 3-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    223. ESA requests that the Commission consider five-minute 
scheduling once it implements five-minute intervals to better access 
the greater operational flexibility of fast-ramping resources like 
energy storage.\351\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \351\ ESA Comments at 4-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    224. Powerex requests that the Commission require each RTO/ISO to: 
(1) Identify all out-of-market actions or procurement tools that it 
uses, or is authorized to use, to manage its system; and (2) propose 
tariff amendments to ensure that these actions are appropriately 
reflected in prices or, alternatively, demonstrate that its existing 
tariff provisions already achieve such a result.\352\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \352\ Powerex Comments at 12-13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    225. Appian Way states that the instant proposals encompassed by 
this NOPR are insufficient to ensure proper shortage pricing. Appian 
Way adds that some RTOs/ISOs will continue to have defective pricing 
unless and until the Commission requires them to establish pricing 
rules that ensure prices rise to scarcity levels when shortage 
conditions occur that require the RTO/ISO to call

[[Page 42907]]

demand response in order to serve load.\353\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \353\ Appian Way Comments at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    226. Inertia Power and DC Energy state that when operating reserves 
and other ancillary services are priced ``out of market,'' it prevents 
the triggering of shortage pricing and circumvents the intent of the 
NOPR.\354\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \354\ Inertia Power Comments at 5-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    227. Potomac Economics states that the Commission's focus on 
shortage pricing should extend to transmission shortages.\355\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \355\ Potomac Economics Comments at 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    228. Public Interest Organizations state that if the Commission 
carries out the shortage pricing proposal as set forth in the NOPR, it 
should simultaneously ensure that demand-side resources can respond to 
those prices to reduce the potential for unjust and unreasonable 
rates.\356\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \356\ Public Interest Organizations Comments at 3-5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    229. Mr. Lively maintains that shortages should be viewed as a 
continuum, not as a shortage versus non-shortage issue. Mr. Lively 
cites a paper he wrote that discusses using Area Control Error (ACE) in 
a pricing mechanism to adjust the nominal price of electricity to 
determine a settlement price.\357\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \357\ Mr. Lively Comments at 3-4 (filed Nov. 23, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Commission Determination
    230. We appreciate the concerns raised by numerous commenters 
requesting that the Commission undertake various initiatives, as set 
forth above. However, we find that the requested initiatives go beyond 
the scope of this rulemaking. Many of the issues raised by commenters 
may be relevant in other price formation proceedings,\358\ but they go 
beyond the limited issues in this proceeding, which deals only with the 
settlement interval proposal and the trigger for shortage pricing. 
Accordingly, we will not address those issues here.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \358\ See, e.g., Offer Caps in Markets Operated by Regional 
Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators, Notice 
of Proposed Rulemaking, 81 FR 5591 (Feb. 4, 2016), FERC Stats. & 
Regs. ] 32,714 (2016), Price Formation in Energy and Ancillary 
Services Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and 
Independent System Operators, 153 FERC ] 61,221 (2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Information Collection Statement

    231. The Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) \359\ requires each federal 
agency to seek and obtain Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
approval before undertaking a collection of information directed to ten 
or more persons or contained in a rule of general applicability. OMB's 
regulations,\360\ in turn, require approval of certain information 
collection requirements imposed by agency rules. Upon approval of a 
collection(s) of information, OMB will assign an OMB control number and 
an expiration date. Respondents subject to the filing requirements of a 
rule will not be penalized for failing to respond to these 
collection(s) of information unless the collection(s) of information 
display a valid OMB control number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \359\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520 (2012).
    \360\ 5 CFR part 1320 (2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    232. In this Final Rule, we are amending the Commission's 
regulations to improve the operation of organized wholesale electric 
power markets operated by RTOs and ISOs. We require that each RTO/ISO 
align settlement and dispatch intervals by: (1) Settling energy 
transactions in its real-time markets at the same time interval it 
dispatches energy; (2) settling operating reserves transactions in its 
real-time markets at the same time interval it prices operating 
reserves; and (3) settling intertie transactions in the same time 
interval it schedules intertie transactions. We also require that each 
RTO/ISO trigger shortage pricing for any interval that prices both 
energy and operating reserves in which a shortage of energy or 
operating reserves is indicated during the pricing of resources for 
that interval. The reforms required in this Final Rule require a one-
time tariff filing due 120 days after the effective date of this Final 
Rule. With regard to those RTOs/ISOs that believe that they already 
comply with the reforms required here, they can demonstrate their 
compliance in their compliance filing. The Commission will submit the 
proposed reporting requirements to OMB for its review and approval 
under section 3507(d) of the Paperwork Reduction Act.\361\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \361\ 44 U.S.C. 3507(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    233. Although the Commission stated in the NOPR that it expects the 
adoption of the reforms proposed to provide significant benefits,\362\ 
the Commission solicited comments on the accuracy of provided burden 
and cost estimates set forth in the NOPR and any suggested methods for 
minimizing the respondents' burdens, including the use of automated 
information techniques. Specifically, the Commission sought detailed 
comments on the potential cost and time necessary to implement aspects 
of the reforms proposed in the NOPR, including (1) hardware, software, 
and business processes changes; (2) increased data storage and 
validation; (3) changes to market participant metering or other 
equipment; and (4) processes for RTOs/ISOs to vet proposed changes 
amongst their stakeholders. The Commission also sought comment on 
whether changes in settlement systems would disrupt existing 
contractual relationships and, if so, what burdens this might impose 
and how the Commission should address any potential issues resulting 
from such disruption.
    234. The Commission received responses regarding the costs of 
implementing the reforms described in the NOPR; \363\ however we find 
that those costs do not fall under the definition of ``burden'' as 
defined by OMB's regulations.\364\ Therefore, an analysis of those 
costs is not relevant to our analysis under the PRA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \363\ See supra PP 201-203.
    \364\ ``Burden'' is defined as ``the total time, effort, or 
financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, 
retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal 
Agency, including . . . (ii) Developing, acquiring, installing, and 
utilizing technology and systems for the purpose of collecting, 
validating, and verifying information; (iii) Developing, acquiring, 
installing, and utilizing technology and systems for the purpose of 
processing and maintaining information; (iv) Developing, acquiring, 
installing, and utilizing technology and systems for the purpose of 
disclosing and providing information. . . .'' 5 CFR 1320.3(b)(1) 
(2015). We respond to comments regarding other costs not related to 
``burden'' (such as hardware and software) in PP 209-210 above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Burden Estimate and Information Collection Costs: We believe that 
the burden estimates below are representative of the average burden on 
respondents. The estimated burden and cost \365\ for the requirements 
contained in this Final Rule follow.\366\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \365\ The estimated hourly cost (salary plus benefits) provided 
in this section are based on the salary figures for May 2015 posted 
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the Utilities sector 
(available at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics2_22.htm#00-0000) 
and scaled to reflect benefits using the relative importance of 
employer costs in employee compensation from December 2015 (released 
March 10, 2016 and available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.nr0.htm). The hourly estimates for salary plus benefits are:
    Legal (code 23-0000), $128.94
    Computer and Mathematical (code 15-0000), $60.54
    Information Security Analyst (code 15-1122), $57.99
    Accountant and Auditor (code 13-2011), $53.78
    Information and Record Clerk (code 43-4199), $37.69
    Electrical Engineer (code 17-2071), $64.20
    Economist (code 19-3011), $74.43
    Computer and Information Systems Manager (code 11-3021), $91.63
    Management (code 11-0000), $88.94
    The average hourly cost (salary plus benefits), weighting all of 
these skill sets evenly, is $73.13. For the calculations here, the 
Commission rounds it to $73 per hour.
    \366\ The RTOs/ISOs (CAISO, ISO-NE., MISO, NYISO, PJM, and SPP) 
are required to comply with the reforms in this Final Rule. Three 
RTOs/ISOs (ISO-NE., MISO, and PJM) currently do not align real-time 
settlement with dispatch intervals and thus likely would be burdened 
more by that aspect of the reforms in this Final Rule.

[[Page 42908]]

 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Annual number of
FERC 516D,\367\ as implemented in       Number of         responses per     Total number of    Average burden hours & cost   Annual burden hours & total
    final rule in RM15-24-000          respondents          respondent         responses              per response                   annual cost
                                   (1)................                (2)    (1) x (2) = (3)  (4).........................  (3) x (4) = (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tariff filings one-time in Year    3 RTOs or ISOs.....                  1                  3  80 hrs; $5,840..............  240 hrs; $17,520.
 1, for RTOs/ISOs that currently
 align real-time settlement with
 dispatch intervals.
Tariff filings one-time in Year    3 RTOs or ISOs.....                  1                  3  160 hrs; 11,680.............  480 hrs; 35,040.
 1, for RTOs/ISOs that do not
 currently align real-time
 settlement with dispatch
 intervals.
                                                       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total (one-time in Year 1)     6..................  .................                  6  ............................  720 hrs.; 52,560.
     \368\.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Title: FERC-516D, Electric Rate Schedules and Tariff Filings in 
Docket RM15-24.
    Action: A new information collection.
    OMB Control No.: To Be Determined.
    Respondents for This Rulemaking: RTOs and ISOs.
    Frequency of Information: One-time during Year one.
    Necessity of Information: The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 
implements this rule to improve competitive wholesale electric markets 
in the RTO and ISO regions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \367\ The information collection requirements and related burden 
for the NOPR in Docket No. RM15-24 were submitted to OMB under FERC-
516 (Electric Rate Schedules and Tariff Filings, OMB Control No. 
1902-0096). Currently, there is an unrelated package (in Docket No. 
PL15-3) pending OMB review under FERC-516. Because only one item per 
OMB Control No. can be pending OMB review at a time, the reporting 
requirements in the Final Rule in RM15-24 are being submitted to OMB 
for review under FERC-516D (a temporary `placeholder' collection 
number, OMB Control No. to be determined). Long-term, the staff 
expects to transfer administratively the requirements and burden of 
this final rule to FERC-516 (OMB Control No. 1902-0096) from FERC-
516D.
    \368\ The burden costs (one-time in Year 1) consist of filing 
proposed tariff changes to the Commission within four months of the 
effective date of the Final Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Internal Review: The Commission has reviewed the changes and has 
determined that such changes are necessary. These requirements conform 
to the Commission's need for efficient information collection, 
communication, and management within the energy industry. The 
Commission has specific, objective support for the burden estimates 
associated with the information collection requirements.
    235. Interested persons may obtain information on the reporting 
requirements by contacting the following: Federal Energy Regulatory 
Commission, 888 First Street NE., Washington, DC 20426 [Attention: 
Ellen Brown, Office of the Executive Director], email: 
DataClearance@ferc.gov, Phone: (202) 502-8663, fax: (202) 273-0873. 
Comments concerning the collection of information and the associated 
burden estimate(s) may also be sent to the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street 
NW., Washington, DC 20503 [Attention: Desk Officer for the Federal 
Energy Regulatory Commission]. Due to security concerns, comments 
should be sent electronically to the following email address: 
oira_submission@omb.eop.gov. Comments submitted to OMB should refer to 
FERC-516D and OMB Control No. To Be Determined.

V. Environmental Analysis

    236. The Commission is required to prepare an Environmental 
Assessment or an Environmental Impact Statement for any action that may 
have a significant adverse effect on the human environment.\369\ We 
conclude that neither an Environmental Assessment nor an Environmental 
Impact Statement is required for this Final Rule under section 
380.4(a)(15) of the Commission's regulations, which provides a 
categorical exemption for approval of actions under sections 205 and 
206 of the FPA relating to the filing of schedules containing all rates 
and charges for the transmission or sale of electric energy subject to 
the Commission's jurisdiction, plus the classification, practices, 
contracts and regulations that affect rates, charges, classifications, 
and services.\370\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \369\ Regulations Implementing the National Environmental Policy 
Act of 1969, Order No. 486, 52 FR 47897 (Dec. 17, 1987), FERC Stats. 
& Regs., Regulations Preambles 1986-1990 ] 30,783 (1987).
    \370\ 18 CFR 380.4(a)(15) (2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VI. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    237. The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA) \371\ generally 
requires a description and analysis of rules that will have significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The RFA does 
not mandate any particular outcome in a rulemaking. It only requires 
consideration of alternatives that are less burdensome to small 
entities and an agency explanation of why alternatives were rejected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \371\ 5 U.S.C. 601-612 (2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    238. This rule applies to six RTOs/ISOs (all of which are 
transmission organizations). The three RTOs/ISOs that do not currently 
align real-time settlement with dispatch intervals will have to incur a 
one-time cost to upgrade their hardware and software. These 
enhancements will be needed to allow the RTOs/ISOs to process 
settlement data on a more granular level. That one-time cost (spread 
over Years 1 and 2) for hardware and software for each of those three 
RTOs/ISOs is estimated to be an average of $3 million (a total of $9 
million for those three RTOs/ISOs). The average estimated burden cost 
(one-time in Year 1) to each of the RTOs/ISOs is $8,760 (total of 
$52,560 for all six RTOs/ISOs). Therefore the estimated total cost 
(burden, hardware, and software) over Years 1 and 2 for all six RTOs/
ISOs is $9,052,560.

[[Page 42909]]

    239. The RTOs/ISOs, however, are not small entities, as defined by 
the RFA.\372\ This is because the relevant threshold between small and 
large entities is 500 employees and the Commission understands that 
each RTO/ISO has more than 500 employees. Furthermore, because of their 
pivotal roles in wholesale electric power markets in their regions, 
none of the RTOs/ISOs meet the last criterion of the two-part RFA 
definition of a small entity: ``Not dominant in its field of 
operation.'' As a result, we certify that the reforms required by this 
Final Rule would not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \372\ The RFA definition of ``small entity'' refers to the 
definition provided in the Small Business Act, which defines a 
``small business concern'' as a business that is independently owned 
and operated and that is not dominant in its field of operation. The 
Small Business Administration's regulations at 13 CFR 121.201 (2015) 
define the threshold for a small Electric Bulk Power Transmission 
and Control entity (NAICS code 221121) to be 500 employees. See 5 
U.S.C. 601(3) (2012) (citing to section 3 of the Small Business Act, 
15 U.S.C. 632 (2012)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VII. Document Availability

    240. In addition to publishing the full text of this document in 
the Federal Register, the Commission provides all interested persons an 
opportunity to view and/or print the contents of this document via the 
Internet through FERC's Home Page (http://www.ferc.gov) and in FERC's 
Public Reference Room during normal business hours (8:30 a.m. to 5:00 
p.m. Eastern time) at 888 First Street NE., Room 2A, Washington, DC 
20426.
    241. From FERC's Home Page on the Internet, this information is 
available on eLibrary. The full text of this document is available on 
eLibrary in PDF and Microsoft Word format for viewing, printing, and/or 
downloading. To access this document in eLibrary, type the docket 
number excluding the last three digits of this document in the docket 
number field.
    242. User assistance is available for eLibrary and the FERC's Web 
site during normal business hours from FERC Online Support at (202) 
502-6652 (toll free at 1-866-208-3676) or email at 
ferconlinesupport@ferc.gov, or the Public Reference Room at (202) 502-
8371, TTY (202) 502-8659. Email the Public Reference Room at 
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.

VIII. Effective Date and Congressional Notification

    243. These regulations are effective September 13, 2016. The 
Commission has determined, with the concurrence of the Administrator of 
the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of OMB, that this rule 
is not a ``major rule'' as defined in section 351 of the Small Business 
Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996.

List of Subjects in 18 CFR Part 35

    Electric power rates, Electric utilities, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

    By the Commission.
    Issued: June 16, 2016.
Kimberly D. Bose,
Secretary.

    In consideration of the foregoing, the Commission amends part 35, 
chapter I, title 18, Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 35--FILING OF RATE SCHEDULES AND TARIFFS

0
1. The authority citation for part 35 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 791a-825r, 2601-2645; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 42 
U.S.C. 7101-7352.

0
2. Amend Sec.  35.28 as follows:
0
a. Revise paragraph (g)(1)(iv)(A).
0
b. Add paragraph (g)(1)(vi).

Sec.  35.28  Non-discriminatory open access transmission tariff

* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iv) * * *
    (A) Each Commission-approved independent system operator and 
regional transmission organization must modify its market rules to 
allow the market-clearing price during periods of operating reserve 
shortage to reach a level that rebalances supply and demand so as to 
maintain reliability while providing sufficient provisions for 
mitigating market power. Each Commission-approved independent system 
operator and regional transmission organization must trigger shortage 
pricing for any interval in which a shortage of energy or operating 
reserves is indicated during the pricing of resources for that 
interval.
* * * * *
    (vi) Settlement intervals. Each Commission-approved independent 
system operator and regional transmission organization must settle 
energy transactions in its real-time markets at the same time interval 
it dispatches energy, must settle operating reserves transactions in 
its real-time markets at the same time interval it prices operating 
reserves, and must settle intertie transactions at the same time 
interval it schedules intertie transactions.
* * * * *
    Note: The following appendix will not be published in the Code of 
Federal Regulations.

Appendix: List of Commenters

    The following is a list of the entities that filed comments in 
this proceeding, along with the short name/acronym used in this 
Final Rule. Unless otherwise noted, all comments were submitted on 
November 30, 2015.

Comments

------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Short name/acronym                       Commenter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AEMA...........................................  Advanced Energy
                                                  Management Alliance.
Ameren.........................................  Ameren Services Company
                                                  (on behalf of Ameren
                                                  Illinois Company and
                                                  Union Electric
                                                  Company).
ANGA...........................................  America's Natural Gas
                                                  Alliance.
APPA and NRECA.................................  American Public Power
                                                  Association and
                                                  National Rural
                                                  Electric Cooperative
                                                  Association.
Appian Way.....................................  Appian Way Energy
                                                  Partners.
CAISO..........................................  California Independent
                                                  System Operator
                                                  Corporation.
CEA............................................  Canadian Electricity
                                                  Association.
Concerned Cooperatives.........................  Hoosier Energy Rural
                                                  Electric Cooperative,
                                                  Inc., Kansas Electric
                                                  Power Cooperative,
                                                  Inc., and North
                                                  Carolina Electric
                                                  Membership
                                                  Corporation.
Delaware Commission............................  Delaware Public Service
                                                  Commission.
Direct Energy..................................  Direct Energy Business,
                                                  LLC and Direct Energy
                                                  Business Marketing,
                                                  LLC.
Dominion.......................................  Dominion Resources
                                                  Services, Inc.
DTE............................................  DTE Electric Company.

[[Page 42910]]

 
Duke...........................................  Duke Energy
                                                  Corporation, Duke
                                                  Energy Progress, LLC,
                                                  Duke Energy Carolinas,
                                                  LLC, Duke Energy
                                                  Kentucky, Inc., Duke
                                                  Energy Indiana, Inc.,
                                                  and Duke Energy Ohio,
                                                  Inc.
EDP Renewables.................................  EDP Renewables North
                                                  America LLC.
EEI............................................  Edison Electric
                                                  Institute.
ELCON..........................................  Electricity Consumers
                                                  Resource Council.
ESA............................................  Energy Storage
                                                  Association.
EPSA...........................................  Electric Power Supply
                                                  Association.
Entergy Nuclear Power Marketing................  Entergy Nuclear Power
                                                  Marketing, LLC.
Exelon.........................................  Exelon Corporation.
Financial Marketers Coalition..................  Financial Marketers
                                                  Coalition.
Golden Spread..................................  Golden Spread Electric
                                                  Cooperative, Inc.
Inertia Power and DC Energy....................  Inertia Power, LP and
                                                  DC Energy, LLC.
IPL............................................  Indianapolis Power &
                                                  Light Company.
ISO/RTO Council................................  ISO/RTO Council.
ISO-NE.........................................  ISO New England Inc.
Mr. Lively.....................................  Mark B. Lively, Utility
                                                  Economic Engineers.
MISO...........................................  Midcontinent
                                                  Independent System
                                                  Operator, Inc.
NEPOOL.........................................  New England Power Pool
                                                  Participants
                                                  Committee.
NEI............................................  Nuclear Energy
                                                  Institute.
New Jersey Board...............................  New Jersey Board of
                                                  Public Utilities.
NGSA...........................................  Natural Gas Supply
                                                  Association.
NYISO..........................................  New York Independent
                                                  System Operator, Inc.
ODEC...........................................  Old Dominion Electric
                                                  Cooperative.
Mr. Centolella.................................  Paul Centolella and
                                                  Associates, L.L.C.
PG&E...........................................  Pacific Gas & Electric
                                                  Company.
PJM............................................  PJM Interconnection,
                                                  L.L.C.
PJM Market Monitor.............................  Monitoring Analytics,
                                                  LLC, Independent
                                                  Market Monitor for
                                                  PJM.
PJM Power Providers............................  PJM Power Providers
                                                  Group.
Potomac Economics..............................  Potomac Economics, Ltd.
Powerex........................................  Powerex Corp.
PSEG...........................................  PSEG Companies (Public
                                                  Service Electric and
                                                  Gas Company, PSEG
                                                  Power LLC, and PSEG
                                                  Energy Resources &
                                                  Trade LLC).
Public Interest Organizations..................  Acadia Center,
                                                  Americans for a Clean
                                                  Energy Grid, Climate +
                                                  Energy Project, Great
                                                  Plains Institute,
                                                  Natural Resources
                                                  Defense Council,
                                                  Sierra Club,
                                                  Sustainable FERC
                                                  Project, Union of
                                                  Concerned Scientists,
                                                  and Wind on the Wires.
SCE............................................  Southern California
                                                  Edison Company.
SPP............................................  Southwest Power Pool,
                                                  Inc.
SPP Market Monitor.............................  Southwest Power Pool,
                                                  Inc. Independent
                                                  Market Monitoring
                                                  Unit.
TAPS...........................................  Transmission Access
                                                  Policy Study Group.
Westar.........................................  Westar Energy, Inc.
XO Energy......................................  XO Energy, LLC.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                         Reply or Supplemental Comments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Short name/acronym                         Commenter                       Date submitted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Golden Spread..............................  Golden Spread Electric          December 14, 2015.
                                              Cooperative, Inc.
Direct Energy..............................  Direct Energy Business, LLC     March 4, 2016.
                                              and Direct Energy Business
                                              Marketing, LLC.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                  Late Comments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Short name/acronym                         Commenter                       Date submitted
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Jersey Board...........................  New Jersey Board of Public      December 3, 2015.
                                              Utilities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 2016-15196 Filed 6-29-16; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P