Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0049-0061
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-03-19T05:00Z

APPENDIX
A
Questionnaire
for
Life
History
Survey
of
California
Nearshore
Fishes
Note:
Questionnaire
is
organized
in
outline
form.
Roman
numerals,
capitalized
letters,
Arabic
numerals,
and
lower
case
letters
do
not
correspond
to
MICROSOFT
 
EXCEL
worksheet
cell
numbers
or
letters.

I.
TAXONOMY
A.
Family
Name
B.
Scientific
Name
(
include
synonym,
if
systematics
currently
in
question
or
other
valid
name)
C.
Common
Name(
s):
BOLD
=
Primary
name
or
most
common
II.
RANGE
A.
Geographic
Range
 
What
is
the
geographic
range
of
occurrence
(
specific
area
in
parentheses)?

B.
Observed
Depth
Range
(
m;
minimum
and
maximum)
 
What
is
the
depth
range
of
occurrence
(
specify
units
of
measure)?

III.
AGE
&
GROWTH
A.
Length
to
weight
equation
 
What
is
the
length­
to­
weight
equation
(
eg.
W
=
aLb;
specify
length
used
and
units
of
measure)?

B.
Length
conversion
equations
(
e.
g.
SL
converted
to
TL
equation)

C.
Maximum
recorded
length
 
What
is
the
maximum
recorded
length?
(
specify
units
of
measure
and
length:
eg.
standard
length,
total
length,
disk
width,
or
other)?

D.
von
Bertalanffy
Growth
Parameters
1.
Geographic
Area
(
length
measurement)
 
Studies
are
listed
from
North
to
South
(
top
to
bottom)

Specific
for
males,
females,
sexes
combined
(
include
Standard
Error)
2.
Linf
[
Maximum
length
predicted
by
VB
equation;
specify
unit
of
measure(
SE)]
3.
k
[
growth
coefficient;
no
units
(
SE)]
4.
to
[
age
at
which
the
fish
would
theoretically
have
been
size
zero;
(
SE)]
5.
r2
[
coefficient
of
determination]
6.
Ageing
Structure
/
Method
used?
e.
g.
otolith/
break­
and­
burn
7.
Is
this
estimate
validated
(
method)?
e.
g.
radionuclides
APPENDIX
A
2
8.
Is
this
estimate
verified
(
method)?
e.
g.
between
readers
(
intrareader)
9.
Other
references:
List
other
papers
that
include
growth
equations,
rates,
or
coefficients
that
were
not
listed
above
(
e.
g.
Gompertz)

E.
Longevity
 
What
is
the
known
maximum
age
(
specify
fish
length
&
units
of
measure;
note
differences
between
sexes
when
available)?

F.
Age
Composition
Information
 
List
references
where
age­
at­
size
class
info
and/
or
average
age
of
the
population
is
available
IV.
REPRODUCTION
A.
Sexuality
(
Gender
System)
 
Monoecious
 
Hermaphrodite
 
Sequential
Hermaphrodite
 
Protandrous
(
male­­­>
female)
 
Protogynous
(
female­­­>
male)
 
Simultaneous
Hermaphrodite
 
Dioecious
B.
Mating
System
 
Promiscuous
 
Polygamous
 
Polyandrous
 
Polygynous
 
Monogamous
C.
Breeding
"
Behavior"
1.
Mode
of
Reproduction
Possible
terms
listed
below
(
use
specific
term
if
noted
in
literature)
e.
g.
following
Wourms
et
al.
(
1988),
Table
III,
p
31;
Wourms
1991;
and
Hamlett
and
Koob
(
1999)

Oviparity

Ovuliparity

Viviparity
{
Elasmobranchs:
aplacental
viviparity
(
ovoviviparity)
and
placental
viviparity}


Lecithotrophy
(
Osteichthys:
ovoviviparity)


Matrotrophy
 
Oophagy,
adelphophagy,
and
matrophagy
 
Trophodermy
 
Placentotrophy
 
Buccal
and
branchial
placenta
 
Yolk­
sac
placenta
 
Follicular
placenta
 
Trophotaenial
placenta
APPENDIX
A
3
2.
Parental
Care
 
Note
care
given
(
sex
specific;
e.
g.
Male:
guard
nest)

D.
Sexual
Dimorphism
 
Male
:
Female
Standard
Length
ratio
 
(
Is
one
sex
larger?)
 
Secondary
characteristics
 
e.
g.
Are
there
different
color
morphs
between
sexes
(
dichromatism)?

E.
Maturity
1.
Length
and
Age
at
1st
Maturity
(
Male
and
Female)
 
What
is
the
length
and/
or
age
when
fish
mature
(
specify
length
and
units
of
measure)?

2.
Length
and
Age
at
50%
Maturity
(
Male
and
Female)
 
What
is
the
length
and/
or
age
when
50%
of
population
mature
(
specify
length
and
units
of
measure)?

For
maturity
studies,
include
age
info
(
list
in
corresponding
rows).
Inclusion
criteria
(
in
order
of
importance):
validated
studies;
"
reliable"
ageing
structure;
large
sample
size;
most
recent.

a.
Ageing
Structure/
Method
used?
e.
g.
otolith/
break­
and­
burn
b.
Is
this
estimate
validated
(
method)?
e.
g.
radionuclides
c.
Is
this
estimate
verified
(
method)?
e.
g.
between
readers
(
intrareader)
d.
Other
references:
List
other
papers
that
include
growth
equations,
rates,
or
coefficients
that
were
not
listed
above
F.
Geographic
Spawning
Area
(
for
the
following
fertilization
and
spawning
period
studies)

G.
Fertilization
&
Spawning
Period
 
Months
color­
coded
for
spawning
females
(
blue),
fertilized
eggs
(
yellow),
and
both
reproductive
states
present
(
green);
Denote
month
periods
begin
or
end
 
Peak
reproductive
months
denoted
with
symbols
(
corresponding
to
row­
specific
reference):
asterisk
(*)
=
peak
spawning/
birth;
hat
(^)
=
peak
fertilization;
number
(#)
=
suspect
record
H.
Spawning
Frequency
 
How
often
does
the
fish
spawn?
 
Single
spawning
season
(
total
spawner)
 
Multiple
spawning
seasons
(
repeat,
batch,
or
serial
spawner)
APPENDIX
A
4
I.
Fecundity
1.
Mean
fecundity
[
Number
of
eggs
per
gram
female
body
weight
(
eggs/
g);
note
weight
range]
2.
Number
of
eggs
at
specified
length
(
specify
length
measurement
and
units)
3.
Specific
fecundity
at
length
equation
[
e.
g.
F
=
a(
L)
b
;
note
length
or
weight
range
used
to
construct
equation]

V.
DISPERSAL
&
RECRUITMENT
A.
Egg
Duration
 
What
is
the
duration
of
the
egg
period/
stage?

B.
Larval
Duration
 
What
is
the
duration
of
the
larval
period/
stage?

C.
Size
at
settlement
&
location
(
specify
length,
unit
of
measure,
and
age
if
provided)

D.
Annual
cohort
success
 
How
many
fish
survive
of
the
same
pulse
in
a
new
habitat?

VI.
HABITAT
ASSOCIATION
&
TROPHIC
INTERACTIONS
(
For
each
life
history
stage
address
categories
below)

A.
Eggs
B.
Larvae
C.
Juveniles
D.
Adults
1.
Fish
Size
 
What
is
the
fish
size
range
at
life
history
stage?

2.
Habitat
 
Is
the
life
history
stage
associated
with
specific
habitat?
If
so,
where
is
the
stage
found?
What
substrate
is
the
life
stage
associated
with
(
e.
g.
pelagic,
benthic,
kelp
canopy)?

3.
Food
Habits
(
eggs
excluded)
a.
Foraging
Guild
 
Is
the
fish
a
planktivore,
an
herbivore,
a
carnivore
(
piscivore,
other),
an
omnivore
(
List
major
food
items
in
diet)?
b.
Foraging
Method
 
How
does
the
fish
capture
prey
(
e.
g.
pursuer,
stalker,
ambusher,
strainers,
pickers,
browsers,
grazers)
c.
When
/
Frequency
 
At
what
time
of
day
does
the
fish
eat?
APPENDIX
A
5
 
How
many
hours/
days/
months
are
in
between
each
feeding?

4.
Predators
 
Who
are
the
predators
of
the
fish?

VII.
GENETICS
A.
Genetic
Variance
1.
Substocks
(
The
division
of
a
fish
population
into
two
groups
due
to
genetic
differences)

2.
Nucleotide
Diversity
[
Enter
#]

3.
Mean
number
of
allele
per
loci
[
Enter
#
(
SE)]

4.
%
Polymorphic
loci
[
Enter
%]

5.
Mean
heterozygosity
[
Enter
#
(
SE)]
a)
Expected
(
SE)
b)
Observed
(
SE)

6.
Approach
(
e.
g.
allozymes,
microsatellite
DNA,
or
mitochondrial
DNA)

7.
Effective
population
size
[
Enter
#]

VIII.
RECRUITMENT
INTO
FISHERY
A.
Length
(
and
age)
first
recruited
to
fishery;
[
denote
fishery
(
sport
or
commercial),
and
length
measurement
and
units]
B.
Length
(
and
age)
fully
recruited
to
fishery;
[
denote
fishery
(
sport
or
commercial),
and
length
measurement
and
units]
C.
Sampling
gear
used
to
collect
recruitment
info
1.
Ageing
Structure/
Method
used?
e.
g.
otolith/
break­
and­
burn
2.
Is
this
estimate
validated
(
method)?
e.
g.
radionuclides
3.
Is
this
estimate
verified
(
method)?
e.
g.
between
readers
IX.
MORTALITY
A.
Mortality
Estimates
(
specify
male,
female,
both
sexes):
1.
Natural
Mortality
(
M;
Instantaneous
rate
of
natural
mortality
)
2.
Fishing
Mortality
(
F;
Instantaneous
rate
of
fishing
mortality)
3.
Total
Mortality
(
Z;
Instantaneous
rate
of
total
mortality)
4.
How
was
mortality
estimated
(
e.
g.
catch
curves,
tag­
recapture)?
5.
Age
range
used
to
calculate
mortality
B.
Rate
of
Exploitation
(
Ricker
1975)
1.
u
(
Rate
of
exploitation;
FA/
Z)
 
A
=
annual
(
or
seasonal)
mortality
rate
APPENDIX
A
6
 
The
fraction,
by
number,
of
the
fish
in
a
population
at
a
given
time,
which
is
caught
and
killed
by
man
during
the
year
immediately
following.

2.
E
(
Exploitation
ratio;
F/
Z)
 
The
ratio
of
fish
caught
to
total
mortality.

X.
BEHAVIOR
A.
Competition
 
If
yes,
note
type:
food,
habitat,
reproduction
B.
Interactions
with
others
 
Does
the
fish
have
any
known
symbiotic,
mutualistic,
or
parasitic
relationships?
Note
other
species
involved
and
interaction
C.
Movement
1.
Tagging
studies
 
What
is
the
movement
of
the
fish
(
specify
distance
and
number,
or
percent,
of
recaptures
moved)

2.
Resident
or
Transient
 
(
Specify
location
where
either
occurs)

3.
Homing
and
Home
Range
 
Do
they
demonstrate
a
homing
ability?
(
Yes,
No)
 
Do
they
have
a
home
range?
What
is
the
estimated
perimeter
of
the
home
range
(
specify
perimeter/
area)

4.
Schooling
 
(
YES,
NO,
NF)

D.
Territoriality
 
Specify
which
sex
is
territorial
and
what
territorial
of
(
e.
g.
habitat,
food,
nest)
APPENDIX
A
7
ABBREVIATIONS
USED
IN
DATABASE
SE:
Standard
Error
SL:
Standard
Length
FL:
Fork
Length
TL:
Total
Length
BL:
Body
Length
DL:
Dressed
Length
NL:
Notocord
Length
?
L:
measurement
not
defined
m:
meters
cm:
centimeters
mm:
millimeters
If
information
is
not
provided,
the
following
abbreviations
should
be
used
to
explain
why
NA:
Not
Applicable
(
Refers
to
a
life
history
parameter
that
is
not
valid
for
a
species;
e.
g.
egg
stage
not
applicable
for
embiotocids).

NG:
Not
Given
(
Refers
to
a
study
where
similar
parameters
are
provided
but
not
for
the
specified
parameter;
e.
g.
a
maturity
study
with
age
at
first
maturity
but
not
age
at
50%
maturity;
an
age
and
growth
study
where
von
Bertalanffy
growth
parameters
are
provided
for
males
and
females,
but
not
for
the
sexes
combined.)

NF:
Not
Found
(
Refers
to
a
parameter
where
no
information
was
found;
either
it
does
not
exist,
or
we
could
not
find
the
information.)

LITERATURE
CITED
Hamlett,
W.
C.
and
T.
J.
Koob.
1999.
Female
Reproductive
System.
In:
W.
C.
Hamlett
(
Editor),
Sharks,
Skates,
and
Rays:
The
Biology
of
Elasmobranch
Fishes,
p
398­
443.
The
John
Hopkins
University
Press,
Baltimore,
Maryland.

Ricker,
W.
E.
1975.
Computation
and
interpretation
of
biological
statistics
of
fish
populations.
Bulletin
of
the
Fisheries
Research
Board
of
Canada,
No.
191,
382
p.

Wourms,
J.
P.
1991.
Reproduction
and
development
of
Sebastes
in
the
context
of
the
evolution
of
piscine
viviparity.
Environmental
Biology
of
Fishes
30:
111­
126.

Wourms,
J.
P.,
B.
D.
Grove,
and
J.
Lombardi.
1988.
The
maternal
 
embryonic
relationship
in
viviparous
fishes.
In:
W.
S.
Hoar
and
D.
J.
Randall
(
Editors),
Fish
Physiology,
Volume
XI:
The
Physiology
of
Developing
Fish,
Part
B:
Viviparity
and
Posthatching
Juvenilies,
p.
1­
134.
Academic
Press,
Inc.,
San
Diego,
California.