Document ID: USCG-2007-0041-0012
Agency: uscg
Document Type: Rule
Title: Application for the Integrated Tug and Barge MOKU PAHU, Review for Inclusion in the Shipboard Technology Evaluation Program; Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact
Posted Date: 2008-12-01T05:00Z

[Federal Register: December 1, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 231)]
[Notices]               
[Page 72819-72825]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr01de08-85]                         

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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Coast Guard

[Docket No. USCG-2007-0041]

 
Application for the Integrated Tug and Barge MOKU PAHU, Review 
for Inclusion in the Shipboard Technology Evaluation Program; Final 
Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact

AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS.

ACTION: Notice of availability.

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SUMMARY: The Coast Guard announces the availability of the Final 
Environmental Assessment (FEA) and Finding of No Significant Impact 
(FONSI) that evaluated the potential environmental impacts resulting 
from accepting the integrated tug and barge MOKU PAHU into the 
Shipboard Technology Evaluation Program (STEP). Under the STEP, the 
MOKU PAHU will be using, and testing, the Ecochlor\TM\ Inc. Ballast 
Water Treatment System (BWTS) as the vessel operates in U.S. waters.

ADDRESSES: Comments and material received from the public, as well as 
documents mentioned in this notice as being available in the docket, 
are part of the docket USCG-2007-0041. These documents are available 
for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility (M-30), 
U.S. Department of Transportation, West Building Ground Floor, Room 
W12-140, 1200 New Jersey

[[Page 72820]]

Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590-0001, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., 
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. You can also find all 
docketed documents on the Federal Document Management System at http://
www.regulations.gov, United States Coast Guard docket number USCG-2007-
0041.
    You may submit comments identified by docket number USCG-2007-0041 
using any one of the following methods:
    (1) Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
    (2) Fax: 202-493-2251.
    (3) Mail: Docket Management Facility (M-30), U.S. Department of 
Transportation, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590-0001.
    (4) Hand delivery: Same as mail address above, between 9 a.m. and 5 
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The telephone 
number is 202-366-9329.
    To avoid duplication, please use only one of these methods.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If you have questions on this 
assessment please contact LCDR Brian Moore at 202-372-1434 or e-mail: 
brian.e.moore@uscg.mil. If you have questions on viewing or submitting 
material to the docket, call Renee V. Wright, Program Manager, Docket 
Operations, telephone 202-366-9826.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document has been tiered off the 
Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for the STEP dated December 
8, 2004 (69 FR 71068, Dec. 8, 2004), and was prepared in accordance 
with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Section 102(2)(c)), 
as implemented by the Council of Environmental Quality regulations (40 
CFR parts 1500-1508) and Coast Guard Commandant Instruction M16475.1D. 
From these documents, the Coast Guard has prepared a FEA and FONSI for 
accepting the MOKU PAHU into the STEP.
     Response to Comments: The Coast Guard requested comments on the 
Draft Environmental Assessment (DEA) when the Notice of Availability 
and Request for Public Comments was published in the Federal Register 
on April 4, 2008 (73 FR 18545, Apr. 4, 2008). The Coast Guard received 
57 substantive comments from 5 agencies. The Coast Guard has responded 
to all of the comments that were within the scope of the DEA.
    One commenter asked for clarification regarding the statement ``* * 
* treatment system is expected to have no impact on water quality, 
biological resources * * * ''. The commenter asked how there could be 
no impacts when older residuals (biocides) will be released. The 
commenter suggested replacing the word ``no'' impacts with either 
``minimal'' or ``negligible'' impacts.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with the suggestion the phrase ``no 
impact'' should be changed. This section deals with coastal barrier 
systems and is only focused on the effects use of the BWT system may 
have on coastal barrier systems. The Coast Guard recommends the 
commenter to section 4.2, Water Quality, of the FEA for discussion of 
the water quality impacts.
    One commenter stated that section 2 should state that if the 
Ecochlor\TM\ system is denied acceptance into the STEP, the vessel will 
continue to manage ballast water (BW) through exchange, as safety 
allows, and species will continue to be discharged.
    The Coast Guard disagrees. The PEA and this FEA clearly state that 
if the Ecochlor\TM\ system is denied acceptance into the STEP the 
applicant will be subject to all applicable ballast water management 
regulations.
    One commenter asked if a vessel would be free to discharge ballast 
treated by the experimental system (exchange would not be required), 
and if this would be in compliance with all Coast Guard ballast water 
management requirements.
    The Coast Guard disagrees that further change is needed. Both in 
the PEA and in this FEA, under Alternative two, it is clearly stated 
that STEP acceptance for vessels' ballast operations means under this 
alternative the regulations provide that the vessel is free to 
discharge ballast water treated by the experimental treatment system 
into U.S. waters as operations dictated. The discharge of ballast 
treated by the system would be in compliance with all Coast Guard 
ballast management requirements.
    One commenter requested a basic diagram displaying the location of 
the treatment system and/or a diagram of the treatment system.
    The Coast Guard agrees that a diagram is helpful for describing the 
system, and has added one to the FEA.
    One commenter asked how much ``sufficient flow'' would be necessary 
to activate the treatment system. The commenter also asked how long 
this would take during uptake, and how much ballast water will pass by 
untreated before treatment begins.
    The Coast Guard has determined that specific description of the 
Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) flow rates and times are not 
necessary. To address the concern that some water will pass by the 
treatment cell prior to activation of the chlorine dioxide 
(ClO2) dosing system, the system dosage is designed to 
produce an initial killing action when it is injected into the uptake 
stream. However, it is also designed to provide a residual biocide 
effect in the ballast water while it is stored on board in the tanks. 
As the ClO2, chlorite, and chlorate degrade during the 
ballast voyage, continued biocidal effects should be realized. 
According to lab tests, a period of up to five days is usual before 
reaching the non-detect level for ClO2. This residual is 
believed to be adequate to treat the initial volume of water taken 
aboard prior to full activation of the treatment system. Verification 
of this residual efficacy is a primary component of the testing plan. 
It should also be noted that untreated BW will be discharged. A 
requirement of the STEP is that the system be used to manage all BW. If 
the system is inoperable for any reason then compliance with current 
regulations is required.
    One commenter requested examples of the accuracy and precision 
related to the target final concentration of the automated system 
(i.e., does it produce a 5.0 ppm concentration every time or is there 
some variation involved).
    The Coast Guard has determined that the initial dosage values that 
have been proposed by the applicant are based solely upon laboratory 
results using validated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods. 
The STEP program is intended to provide the sort of detailed 
information requested by the commenter. As of now only laboratory 
values have been established. Physical and chemical analysis of the 
treated ballast water, as well as gathering actual shipboard data of 
dosing parameters are primary goals of the STEP. As discussed in the 
PEA and this FEA, one of the uses of this data collection and analysis 
effort will be to inform a regulatory framework for a Ballast Water 
Discharge Standard, which is the subject of a separate rulemaking. At 
that time, the data from the STEP will be made available in the 
associated environmental impact statement (EIS).
    One commenter asked if salinity contributed to the degradation of 
ClO2. The commenter also asked if the salinity levels in the 
Carquinez Strait are similar to the water in Oakland Harbor.
    The Coast Guard has determined that salinity is an inconsequential 
factor in the ClO2 degradation process. Data show that the 
degradation reaction is driven by available oxidation reaction 
materials--organic compounds such as

[[Page 72821]]

cell walls of microorganisms, are highly favored for this reaction. 
Since salinity is not relevant to the performance of the system under 
evaluation, the data requested are outside the scope of this project.
    One commenter requested experimental support or actual 
measurements, to support the assumption that any remaining 
ClO2 discharged would likely decay quickly, due to the 
temperature of the receiving waters. The commenter also requested that 
the definition of ``decay to extinction quickly'' be provided.
    The Coast Guard has determined that laboratory and field test 
results have been presented by the applicant, and were part of the 
technical review for establishing that the system has a reasonable 
chance of meeting STEP efficacy requirements. The degradation of 
ClO2 to its ultimate fate as chloride is driven largely by 
the availability of organic matter, but additional degradation energy 
comes from the ultraviolet component of light as well as heat 
(available from the receiving seawater). The applicant has provided 
data which demonstrate the impact of water temperature upon the 
degradation rates of the treatment chemicals. In most cases, the 
laboratory data show a decay to the non-detect level of the treatment 
chemicals to occur within five days. While dilution values can be 
determined, actual degradation rates for the remaining residuals are 
not known. However, since none of the biocide residuals are considered 
to be persistent in the environment, the Coast Guard is confident that 
their impact once discharged from the vessel will be negligible.
    One commenter asked if data was collected to determine chlorite 
half life for source water or Hawaii receiving water.
    The applicant has provided the Coast Guard with treatment efficacy 
and residual degradation rate data that was collected using source 
waters from San Francisco Bay. The data show degradation properties 
similar to those for East Coast waters. The applicant has not proposed, 
and the Coast Guard is not authorizing, the uptake of Hawaiian water 
for treatment with the experimental system. Therefore, the effects of 
treating Hawaiian waters are beyond the scope of this project.
    One commenter requested an explanation as to why chlorite 
dissipates at different rates for Newark and Baltimore at similar 
temperatures. The commenter also asked if there were EPA standards for 
chlorite in discharged waters, and if chlorite impacts organisms in a 
similar manner to chlorine.
    The Coast Guard does not have the information requested by the 
commenter regarding dissipation rates for Newark and Baltimore; 
however, we do not believe it is necessary for making a decision about 
STEP acceptance. There are no specific standards for discharge of 
ClO2 or its degradation products in marine waters. While 
both chlorite and chlorine are biocides, chlorite has distinctly 
different properties than chlorine. Ample information on the toxicity 
of chlorine is readily available, but is not discussed in this FEA 
since it is outside the scope of the process under evaluation.
    One commenter requested data to demonstrate compliance with 
applicable discharge standards. The commenter asked if either EPA or 
the State of Hawaii had established discharge standards for 
ClO2 or its degradation products in marine waters. The 
commenter also asked if there are any lab/land-based tests that show 
residual concentrations from the Carquinez Strait source water.
    The Coast Guard has determined that there are no known state or 
Federal standards for discharge of ClO2, or its degradation 
products into marine waters. There are laboratory data for the 
degradation rate of ClO2 in water from Carquinez Straits. These results 
are in line with the values cited from East Coast port water samples.
    One commenter asked how much sodium sulfate is produced in the 
chemical reaction and what kind of impacts (if any) the chemical has on 
receiving environments.
    The Coast Guard has received sulfate concentration data from the 
applicant. The Ecochlor\TM\ system is expected to introduce ~5 ppm 
sulfate into the environment. Sulfate is a common constituent of 
seawater with typical concentrations of ~2600 ppm. The impact of this 
additional load is expected to be negligible.
    One commenter stated that the description of San Francisco Bay's 
wetlands and wildlife was confusing. They stated that the section on 
``Plants and Wetlands'' does not cover any of the information about the 
bay's wetlands, and that it was unclear why a detailed coverage of the 
bay's bird species is included. The commenter also asked for a range of 
water depths in Carquinez Strait.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with the commenter's statement that the 
description for San Francisco Bay is inadequate. The scope of the FEA 
is to determine potential impacts from use of the BWMS. Since ballast 
water will be taken onboard, as cargo is off loaded in Crockett, 
California, regardless of the decision on STEP acceptance, the only 
possible impact in the San Francisco Bay area is the potential for 
additional air emission as a result of using the system. Since air 
emissions were the focus of potential impacts, this FEA placed an 
emphasis on bird species in the area. The air emissions associated with 
the use of this system have been thoroughly researched and as a result 
air quality was dismissed from further consideration. No ballast water, 
treated or untreated, is carried to or discharged in California. Since 
this vessel will be taking on ballast water from the dock in Crockett, 
California, regardless of STEP enrollment, the Coast Guard disagrees 
that detailed descriptions of water depths in the Carquinez Strait can 
provide any additional useful information to decisionmakers about the 
impact of accepting the vessel into the STEP.
    One commenter stated that the delta smelt is endangered, not 
threatened.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with this comment. Information provided 
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) indicates the species is 
listed as threatened, and that the service has been petitioned to 
reclassify the species as endangered, but this process is not complete.
    One commenter asked if there was any Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) 
specific to the Carquinez Strait area.
    The Coast Guard refers the commenter to section 3.1.1 of the DEA 
where the EFH of the greater San Francisco Bay was identified. Because 
of other formatting changes however, this information is now in Section 
3.2.1 of the FEA.
    One commenter asked if there were any other important invertebrates 
not associated with coral reefs.
    There are other important invertebrates not associated with coral 
reefs. The Coast Guard has taken into account in the FEA potential 
impacts on numerous organisms. The STEP is designed to protect all 
organisms from threats posed by nonindigenous species (NIS) introduced 
via BW.
    One commenter asked how many of the FWS listed species are aquatic, 
and how many are marine.
    The Coast Guard has updated the section in question. Of the known 
introduced species, 343 are marine aquatic. Further, three threatened 
and endangered listed organisms are marine aquatic species.
    One commenter asked how many native macroalgal species there are in 
Hawaii in comparison to the 19 NIS listed in this document. The 
commenter

[[Page 72822]]

also asked what native benthic species are being out-competed.
    The Coast Guard acknowledges these questions, but disagrees that 
the requested information is necessary to make a decision about STEP 
acceptance. The purpose of the National Invasive Species Act (NISA), 
and by extension STEP, is to protect indigenous species from the 
threats posed by NIS.
    One commenter asked if there was additional information available 
from the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board for the 
water quality description section of the FEA.
    Absent a specific concern, the Coast Guard disagrees that further 
description of the San Francisco Bay area is necessary to make a 
decision about STEP acceptance. However, the commenter is directed to 
the Web site for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control 
Board for additional information: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2.
    One commenter requested the salinity range of the Carquinez Strait. 
The commenter also asked if there were any outfalls near the C&H 
refinery that could affect water drawn into ballast tanks.
    While it is unclear what specific concern is being addressed by the 
comment, the Coast Guard does not believe that the requested 
information is necessary to make a decision about STEP acceptance. Data 
provided by the applicant indicate that salinity values do not 
influence the biocide characteristics, which are of interest to the 
STEP. Data on specific outfalls near the dock used by the vessel were 
not provided. However, if the concern is that the vessel could be 
moving poor quality water from California to another location, the 
vessel will do that regardless of STEP acceptance. If the concern is 
that the poor quality water may have a detrimental effect upon the 
treatment efficacy, answering that question is precisely the purpose of 
the STEP.
    One commenter stated that the first two sentences in section 3.2.2 
``Hawaii'', contradict each other. The commenter asked for 
determination if surface runoff affects the quality of coastal water.
    The Coast Guard disagrees that the paragraph is inconsistent. While 
water quality is deemed good by the cited source, the Coast Guard 
agrees with the State of Hawaii's statement acknowledging that threats 
to maintaining coastal water quality include polluted surface runoff.
    One commenter asked what the chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations were. 
The commenter also asked what the standard Chl concentrations were.
    The requested information is beyond the scope of the FEA. The 
questions address the characterization of the environment by the State 
of Hawaii and the requested increased detail is not necessary for 
evaluating the potential effects of operating the BWMS on the vessel.
    One commenter asked for clarification regarding the statement ``* * 
* chlorine dioxide quickly breaks down in air * * *''. The commenter 
asked what the chlorine gas breaks down into, and what the effects of 
these breakdown products were. The commenter also asked what effects 
might be expected to the crew, especially in enclosed areas exposed to 
these gases repeatedly over time.
    None of the degradation pathways for chlorine dioxide include 
formation of elemental chlorine (Cl2, a gas at normal 
temperature); the end product of degradation is chloride ion (Cl-), a 
harmless and ubiquitous component of seawater. Safety of the crew is 
paramount and has been addressed in section 4.3.2. of the FEA. Further, 
the safety aspects of the BWMS have been thoroughly vetted by 
appropriate authorities, to include, Coast Guard, Class society, and 
corporate management.
    One commenter stated that the potential impact of chlorite appears 
underestimated in the DEA, and the toxicity of chlorite was not 
mentioned in the document. The commenter stated that according to 
http://www.pesticideinfo.org chlorite causes serious sublethal effects 
including carcinogenicity, and reproductive, developmental, and 
neurological toxicity. The commenter suggested that it is inadequate to 
only examine the LC50 of chlorite, because LC50 is too extreme of an 
endpoint to determine whether or not the biological resources will be 
impacted. The commenter also suggested that the EPA compiled toxicity 
data does not adequately represent the target.
    Based on the extended residence times that the biocide will be 
stored in the vessel ballast tanks, the Coast Guard believes that all 
treatment residues will have degraded to levels sufficiently safe for 
discharge for the purposes of making a decision about STEP acceptance. 
Physical and chemical analysis of the treated ballast water, as well as 
gathering actual shipboard data, are primary goals of the STEP.
    One commenter stated that the link for the EPA Aquire (Addendum F) 
was broken, and that these previous studies need to be properly 
referenced. The commenter also stated the table is not reader friendly, 
and it is unclear whether the algae species tested were not affected by 
chlorite exposure because chlorite is not toxic to algae, or because 
the concentrations administered were too low. The commenter recommended 
that the table should be amended to include the administered 
concentrations, so concentrations can be compared to the other listed 
studies.
    The Coast Guard was not able to replicate the difficulty locating 
or opening the EPA Aquire database. As users of the data the Coast 
Guard is not the appropriate agents for making changes to an EPA work 
product. The determination to include the vessel with the proposed 
treatment system is supported by the data showing that ambient algae 
are not likely to be affected by chlorite residuals in the 
concentrations presented by the applicant. At planned dosing 
concentrations chlorite is toxic to algae and that is why it is used to 
sterilize the ship's ballast water. However, based on the degradation 
rates shown from the laboratory studies, the chlorite concentration 
levels expected at time of discharge are believed to be too low to have 
an adverse affect on ambient algae. Since the evaluated dosages include 
the expected maximum discharge concentrations, the negligible impact 
conclusion is supported. The administered concentrations are in section 
4 of the FEA and Appendix E. The values presented there can be compared 
with the values listed in the EPA table (Appendix F).
    One commenter requested clarification regarding the statement ``* * 
* highly organic environments * * *''. The commenter suggested that it 
was unclear whether dissolved organic material or particulate, organic 
material or both is being referenced.
    The Coast Guard has reviewed the data provided by the applicant 
regarding the source water quality, the characterization of which is 
summarized in the FEA. Whether organic material is dissolved or 
particulate, it plays a role in the degradation of the biocide.
    One commenter stated that both of these semi-closed harbors 
(especially Kahului in Hawaii), are likely to have long residency 
periods. The commenter asked if there was any information available 
regarding the residency times of the water in these harbors.
    The system manufacturer has not provided the Coast Guard with any 
information about harbor water residency times (for the chemical 
residuals associated with this system). However, the Coast Guard 
believes that based on the non-persistent nature of the ClO2 and the 
long residence time

[[Page 72823]]

associated with this vessel's voyages, that the amount of residual 
available for discharge is negligible and should not present an 
accumulation hazard.
    One commenter requested further information regarding the local 
planktonic communities. The commenter also asked which of the 
planktivorous species belong to this group and if there were any 
important fish that would be impacted.
    The Coast Guard agrees with this comment and has expanded the 
environmental characterization of Hawaii to include more discussion of 
plankton in the two cited harbors.
    One commenter stated that the discharges can potentially have 
chlorite concentrations (1-3ppm) six times greater than the LC50 for 
two of the test organisms, Daphnia and Americamysis (>0.5 ppm). The 
commenter also stated that the Daphnia is a freshwater organism, but 
could the results of the Americamysis tests represent potential impacts 
of local organisms in these harbors.
    The Coast Guard has determined that characterization of actual 
discharge concentrations of treatment residuals is a primary component 
of the STEP. If actual values exceed what has been provided from the 
laboratory test results, a further evaluation of use of the system will 
be undertaken and revision or disenrollment in the STEP may be 
necessary.
    One commenter asked if the two species Daphnia and Americamysis 
could be representative of a larger group of animals that may be 
negatively impacted by chlorite, if those species happened to be 
present at the point of discharge.
    The Coast Guard has used the EPA data to make the negligible impact 
decision based upon the lack of toxicity on the most sensitive plankton 
species once a dilution value of 12 percent (whole effluent toxicity) 
is achieved. This value is expected to be reached virtually 
instantaneously upon discharge of the water from the vessel regardless 
of what the residual concentration value was.
    One commenter stated that whether the BWTS is used or not, the 
total organic content of the San Francisco Bay's water would be much 
greater than that of open ocean water (if an exchange were conducted 
instead). The commenter also asked how the killing of the organisms 
removes the organic content of the water.
    Absent a specific request for further detail, the Coast Guard 
believes that the document is sufficient for the intended purpose. The 
settling of killed organisms to the bottom of the ballast tanks, as 
stated in section 4.2.2, may result in less organic material being 
discharged than would occur if the untreated organisms were still 
swimming about in the water column.
    One commenter asked what the difference in pH was between the 
typical Carquinez Strait water and the water found in the two Hawaiian 
harbors. The commenter also asked what causes the drop in pH (by <0.6 
units) and why is it said to happen ``sometimes'' and not all of the 
time?
    The specific detail requested in both questions is not known by the 
Coast Guard and was deemed unnecessary based on the type of activity 
involved and the de minimis volume of seawater being transferred and 
discharged into the harbor. The effects of using the experimental 
system onboard a ship and the potential for fostering corrosion in the 
ballast tanks is of specific interest to the applicant and will be 
closely monitored. Further, the vessel would be discharging water whose 
origin was outside the harbor regardless of the method of ballast water 
management used.
    One commenter stated that the sentence `` * * * the discharge pH 
will still generally be near neutrality * * * not likely pose a 
significant negative impact.'', was misleading. The commenter stated 
that the discharged water would still be neutral, does not mean that it 
will not likely pose a negative impact. The commenter stated that the 
neutrality of the water has nothing to do with whether a particular 
organism adapted to a specific pH range will be affected; the relative 
change of the pH is what is important, especially when dealing with 
corals.
    The Coast Guard disagrees that this sentence is misleading. The 
discharge of the small quantities of water is not likely to have any 
impacts on those organisms even in the most immediate vicinity of the 
vessels discharge outlet during ballast water discharge. The dilution 
effects of mixing ballast water with ambient seawater will be nearly 
instantaneous. The vessel will only be discharging adjacent to a man-
made shipping pier within the confines of a dredged and maintained 
shipping channel. Any potential impacts associated with the proposed 
action will be vastly overwhelmed by these regular maintenance 
practices, which are described in section 3.2.2.
    One commenter asked that a citation be included for the phrase 
``existing research indicates levels of chemicals are negligible * * * 
''.
    The applicant's initial laboratory testing provided with their 
application, shows that the chemical levels will be negligible 
(Nautilus 2007). Physical and chemical analysis of the treated ballast 
water, as well as gathering actual shipboard function data, are primary 
goals of the STEP.
    One commenter asked if chlorine dioxide breaks down in air into 
chlorine gas.
    The Coast Guard has determined that none of the breakdown pathways 
for chlorine dioxide in air result in formation of elemental chlorine 
(Nautilus 2007).
    One commenter stated that there was no prior explanation of the 
term ``type-approval'' and that the word should either be explained or 
altered.
    The Coast Guard has clarified the meaning of the phrase.
    One commenter stated that it would be useful to have a description 
of how experimental trials during the voyage will be evaluated and 
compared to laboratory efficacy trials. The commenter recommended 
including a more detailed description of what will be collected and how 
efficacy will be measured in the FEA.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with this comment. The request is outside 
of the scope of the FEA. A brief synopsis of the PEA has been added to 
the introduction section of this FEA. However, in the interest of 
keeping the FEA readable and of use for Federal decisionmakers in 
evaluating the action of accepting or denying the application into the 
STEP, the Coast Guard has left the goals and process of testing in the 
referenced documents. Further discussion of the test plan is available 
in the USCG Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular 01-04.
    One commenter stated that nutrients may affect efficacy of the 
treatment technology. The commenter recommended that the FEA include a 
more thorough description of the methodology that will be used for 
monitoring efficacy of the treatment technology across gradients of 
organic matter load within the ballast tanks. The commenter also 
recommended adding a section that will address evaluating technology 
performance under increasing levels of organic matter.
    The Coast Guard has determined that the test plan is designed to 
``challenge'' the treatment system as aggressively as possible, with 
the thought being that all other values of organic content would then 
be below this challenge level. The manufacturer is acutely interested 
in determining feedback mechanisms for regulating dose control and 
setting target dosage for the production version of this prototype 
system. That is beyond the scope of the STEP, but would be a primary 
element of a system type

[[Page 72824]]

approval evaluation should the company decide to move forward with this 
system.
    One commenter stated that Appendix F provided species and life 
stages that were included in chlorine dioxide toxicity testing; 
however, it was not clear if these species are residents of the 
Carquinez, San Pablo Bay, or the greater San Francisco Bay. The 
commenter recommended updating the appendices with more current 
toxicology results on species that will be encountered at source water 
locations.
    The Coast Guard agrees that a source specific evaluation is the 
ideal data to move forward with the evaluation of this prototype. The 
manufacturer was contacted to provide laboratory data of 
ClO2 efficacy on water samples from water taken at Crockett, 
California, and that data has been incorporated into the FEA. Appendix 
F is from the EPA and it is not the Coast Guard's place to update it. 
Shipboard Technology Evaluation Program testing will determine 
toxicology results for species that will be encountered in the source 
water.
    One commenter requested greater detail regarding the manual shut 
down process for the Ecochlor TM Inc. systems. The commenter 
stated that there was no remote control for the system, so providing 
more detail on how the system will be shut down if there is a 
mechanical failure would be useful.
    These elements are a standard part of Coast Guard oversight of 
commercial vessels and their installed machinery. The system is 
designed and installed in accordance with all applicable regulations 
for electrical, hazardous materials handling, and storage and piping 
safety. Additionally, it has been inspected by USCG inspectors for 
compliance with safety regulations as well as inspectors for the 
company's classification society for conformance with class safety 
rules. Further detail in this document is considered beyond the scope 
of the FEA.
    One commenter requested more detail regarding the proven shipboard 
practices for the use and safe handling procedures for ClO2, 
especially in light of spill protocols in the case of a full discharge.
    The system does not store any ClO2 at any time. 
Therefore, no spill of the chemical is possible. The ClO2 is 
only generated at the immediate time of treatment within the reactor 
compartment of the treatment system. It is produced in small quantities 
and at low concentration so there is little risk of harm even in the 
event of a failure of the reactor. The system has been evaluated by 
independent safety oversight experts at the USCG and the ship's 
classification society for just such contingencies.
    One commenter stated that there was no reference in the document 
regarding the possibility of taking up source water in Hawaii and then 
discharging it in California waters. The commenter felt that it was 
necessary to test the Ecochlor\TM\ system on Hawaiian organisms that 
could be taken into the ballast tanks.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with this expansion of the scope of the 
assessment. The STEP applicant has applied under the established and 
dedicated shipping pattern of hauling sugar from Hawaii to California 
and returning in ballast to Hawaii. If the applicant desires to utilize 
the vessel in modified service, they must submit a revised application 
to the Coast Guard for review and supplemental assessment.
    One commenter asked how the concentration of the ``dilute chlorine 
dioxide (ClO2) solution'' is derived. The commenter noted 
that previous studies indicated that this level was sufficient to 
achieve the desired treatment in Hawaiian waters, without adverse 
effects to marine fauna. The commenter also stated that the water 
quality should be cited.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with this comment. The review of the 
scientific basis of the applicant's test plan is outside the scope of 
this FEA. However, the studies used to determine the dosage were 
reviewed and the basis for at least a starting dosage is agreed with by 
water treatment and marine biological and botanical experts.
    One commenter asked if any attempts were made to monitor the 
ballast water once it left the ship, in order to assess water quality 
and potential impacts on marine fauna.
    The Coast Guard has determined that the test plan does not call for 
monitoring outside the ship. Ballast water will be sampled immediately 
before discharge and treatment efficacy and residual levels of 
disinfectant will be quantified.
    One commenter stated to minimize environmental impacts this 
material [ClO2] should be flushed out in mid-ocean away from 
coastal environments. The commenter also stated that the complete 
exchange of ballast water in mid-ocean will further avoid likelihood of 
any transport of invasive/non-indigenous species into sensitive coastal 
harbors.
    The Coast Guard disagrees with this comment. The use of a treatment 
system is meant as an improvement upon the efficacy of mid ocean 
exchange. The replacement of Ballast Water Exchange with use of a BWMS 
is the primary incentive for ships to participate in the STEP. 
Requiring BWE after treatment is contrary to the purposes of the STEP 
as defined in the PEA.
    One commenter stated that studies, completed or currently underway, 
to document the number and quantity of invasive species that are being 
transported to Hawaii should be documented. The commenter stated that 
the key baseline information should be included in the FEA.
    The Coast Guard has determined that this comment is outside the 
scope of the FEA. Since the MOKU PAHU is only one of several vessels 
calling on these Hawaiian ports, a determination has been made that the 
effects of the use of a BWMS on any one ship in reducing the overall 
introduction of NIS via BW will be negligible. Therefore, comparing 
total rates of introductions before and after this single STEP project 
is unlikely to detect any significant differences. The creation of a 
State of Hawaii baseline would not be appropriate to this STEP 
application because the purpose of the STEP is to determine the 
efficacy of a single BWMS on a single vessel. The Coast Guard supports 
other protective agencies' efforts to combat the threats to U.S. waters 
posed by NIS.
    One commenter stated that the limited diversity of corals is better 
explained by the geographic remoteness of the islands and lack of 
direct current flow from the Indo-Pacific hub.
    The Coast Guard appreciates the expertise of the local agency and 
has amended the text to more accurately reflect the origin of Hawaiian 
corals.
    One commenter stated that in the main Hawaiian Islands most of the 
coral reefs lie in State waters, not Federal. The commenter also asked 
that the statement ``* * * The main Hawaiian Islands contain * * *'' be 
omitted or revised.
    The Coast Guard appreciates the expertise of the local agency and 
has amended the text to more accurately reflect the characterization of 
Hawaiian coral.
    One commenter stated that the un-referenced description of coral 
reefs along Maui's north coast (at the bottom of page 3-3), is 
incorrect. The commenter stated that monitoring sites within 5-6 km of 
Kahului Harbor may not be well developed in terms of geomorphologocal 
structure, but they do have extensive coral cover which is two times 
higher than state average (Jokiel, P.L., Brown, E.K., Friedlander, 
A.M., Rodgers, S.K., Smith, W.R., 2004. Hawaii coral reef assessment 
and monitoring program: Spatial patterns

[[Page 72825]]

and temporal dynamics in coral reef communities. Pac Sci 58, 159-174).
    The Coast Guard appreciates the expertise of the local agency and 
has amended the text to more accurately reflect the characterization of 
Hawaiian coral.
    One commenter asked what fisheries and migratory seabirds (and 
their current status) occur in the two harbors that might be impacted 
on page 3-4 and 3-5.
    Based on the logic noted in the Consequences section, there will be 
at most an indirect negligible impact to birds as a result of the use 
of this system. The Coast Guard disagrees that further detail than that 
which is provided is necessary for making a STEP enrollment decision.
    One commenter stated that the text regarding test results in 
section 2.2.1 of the FEA should read, ``Laboratory studies have 
revealed that chlorite has a half-life of up to 30.3 days at 20 [deg]C 
in Newark, and 10.5 days at 20 [deg]C in Baltimore waters.'' The 
commenter stated that by these numbers, it would take approximately 200 
days in Newark to achieve a 99 percent decomposition of chlorite, and 
it could take up to 70 days in Baltimore waters for chlorite to 
decompose by 99 percent.
    The Coast Guard agrees with this comment and thanks the commenter 
for their input. The language in the section has been changed to make 
it clear that the section is referring to laboratory tests. Further, we 
have included data from the fate and effect study, also provided by the 
technology vendor into the environmental considerations in this FEA.
    All of the commenters stated their support and approval for the 
MOKU PAHU acceptance into the STEP, and recommended that the 
application should be granted.
    The Coast Guard appreciates all of the comments and support for 
including the MOKU PAHU into the STEP.
    Final Environmental Assessment: The PEA for STEP identified and 
examined the reasonable alternatives available to evaluate novel 
ballast water management systems for effectiveness against NIS 
transportation by ships' ballast water.
    This FEA for acceptance of the MOKU PAHU into the STEP and the 
subsequent operation of the experimental treatment system analyzed the 
no action alternative and one action alternative that could fulfill the 
purpose, and need of identifying suitable technologies capable of 
preventing the transportation of NIS in ships ballast water. 
Specifically, the FEA for the MOKU PAHU acceptance into the STEP is 
tiered off of the PEA for the STEP, and considers the potential impacts 
to the environment from the operation of the treatment system on the 
MOKU PAHU, by examining the functioning of the system, the operational 
practices of the vessel, and the potential affects on discharge water 
quality.
    This notice is issued under authority of the National Environmental 
Policy Act of 1969 (Section 102(2)(c)), as implemented by the Council 
of Environmental Quality regulations (40 CFR parts 1500-1508) and Coast 
Guard Commandant Instruction M16475.1D.

    Dated: November 21, 2008.
Brian M. Salerno,
Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety, 
Security and Stewardship.
 [FR Doc. E8-28474 Filed 11-28-08; 8:45 am]

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