Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2006-0397-0018
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2006-07-28T04:00Z

0
Lead
Content
of
Children's
and
Adult
Jewelry
Products:
Consolidated
Studies
Jennifer
L.
Druhan
Richard
P.
Maas
Steven
C.
Patch
UNC­
Asheville
Environmental
Quality
Institute
Technical
Report
#
03­
111A
September
2003
1
I.
INTRODUCTION
Lead
is
a
heavy
metal
used
in
a
variety
of
common
manufacturing
and
industrial
processes.
The
metal
is
both
extremely
malleable
and
at
the
same
time
in­
elastic,
making
it
both
easy
to
use
and
mechanically
strong.
As
a
result,
traditional
sheeting,
as
well
as
pipes
and
joints
used
in
building
material
were
often
lead­
based.
Lead­
acid
batteries
make
use
of
the
metals'
conductivity
and
resistance
to
corrosion.
Further
uses
of
lead
include,
but
are
not
limited
to,
use
as
a
gasoline
additive
to
increase
octane
rating,
as
cable
sheathing
for
telephone
and
power
lines,
as
the
basis
of
wire
and
imitation
jewelry,
as
a
principal
component
in
mechanical
bearings
and
as
a
pigment
in
paints
(
1).

In
the
United
States,
"
lead
poisoning"
in
children
was
first
identified
as
a
clinical
disorder
in
the
1920s.
However,
the
condition
was
thought
to
be
associated
with
poor­
quality
housing,
and
as
such
lead
poisoning
did
not
become
a
major
issue
until
the
1960s
(
2).
Finally,
in
1978
the
first
of
a
variety
of
legislation
limiting
the
use
of
lead
in
consumer
products
was
introduced
in
the
United
States.
The
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
estimates
that
in
the
same
year
between
three
and
four
million
children
in
the
U.
S.
lived
with
elevated
blood
lead
levels
(
3).

Today
we
better
understand
the
toxic
effects
of
long­
term
low­
level
lead
exposure
to
children,
which
may
result
in
brain
damage,
IQ
and
reading
deficits,
hyperactivity,
and
other
behavioral
problems.
Prolonged
exposure
of
adults
to
lead
may
also
cause
difficulties
in
pregnancy,
high
blood
pressure,
nerve
disorders
and
muscle
and
joint
pain
(
4).
Furthermore
the
medical
community
has
come
to
understand
that
only
very
low
levels
of
lead
are
required
to
cause
health
problems,
and
the
officially
defined
threshold
level
of
lead
poisoning
is
now
only
10
micrograms
of
lead
per
deciliter
of
blood.
A
recent
study
by
Lanphear
et
al
found
measurable
learning
deficits
in
association
with
BLLs
as
low
as
2.5ug/
dL
(
5),
while
an
even
more
recently
Canfield
et
al
found
an
IQ
difference
of
7.4
points
between
children
with
BLLs
of
1.0ug/
dL
and
10.0
ug/
dL
(
6).
Lead
has
been
prohibited
or
severely
restricted
in
most
consumer
products
including
gasoline,
paint
for
use
in
housing,
and
in
food
packaging,
which
has
reduced
the
amount
of
lead
related
health
problems
significantly.
Nonetheless,
there
are
still
approximately
890,000
children
living
in
the
United
States
alone
with
elevated
BLLs.
The
need
to
identify
and
restrict
further
sources
of
lead
exposure,
especially
to
children,
is
clear
(
7).

Despite
the
fact
that
many
major
sources
of
lead
exposure,
such
as
lead
based
paint,
have
been
phased
out,
there
continue
to
be
a
variety
of
lead
sources
available
through
which
poisoning
could
occur.
The
purpose
of
this
study
is
to
consider
the
lead
contamination
associated
with
metallic
imitation
jewelry,
including
pieces
intended
specifically
for
children.
Approximately
120
pieces
of
metallic
jewelry
acquired
from
various
nation­
wide
retail
stores
located
in
California
were
tested
for
total
lead
content.
Considering
the
fact
that
some
of
these
jewelry
pieces
were
rings
designed
to
sit
on
a
person's
hand
or
earrings
meant
to
be
worn
through
the
skin,
the
hazard
of
lead
content
in
these
pieces
becomes
especially
significant.
For
example,
a
child
wearing
a
metallic
ring
may
use
that
hand
to
handle
their
food
as
they
are
eating,
or
may
put
the
ring
directly
in
their
mouths.
As
reported
earlier
(
1),
imitation
jewelry
has
traditionally
been
made
using
lead
because
it
gives
weight
to
the
pieces
and
is
easily
manufactured.
Despite
this
knowledge,
no
significant
studies
into
the
exposure
of
individuals
to
lead
through
common
jewelry
items
have
yet
been
published,
and
no
national
restrictions
exist
in
the
manufacturing
and
sale
of
these
items,
even
when
intended
specifically
for
children.
2
II.
METHODOLOGY
Jewelry
pieces
were
purchased
from
a
variety
of
retail
stores
located
in
California
by
the
California
based
non­
profit
organization,
As
You
Sow,
and
shipped
under
appropriate
chain
of
custody
documentation
to
the
Environmental
Quality
Institute
(
EQI)
laboratory,
where
all
analyses
were
conducted.
Four
separate
shipments
of
jewelry
pieces
were
sent
and
received.
A
total
of
285
jewelry
items
from
20
different
stores
were
included
in
this
study.
The
first
shipment
contained
42
items
from
seven
locations
(
Table
1).
In
the
second
round
of
testing,
30
items
were
sent
from
four
of
the
seven
locations
in
the
first
analysis,
as
well
as
four
items
from
two
new
locations
(
Table
2).
A
third
round
of
samples
contained
44
pieces
from
eight
retail
stores
(
Table
3).
The
final
round
of
samples
shown
in
Table
4
consisted
of
169
pieces
which
included
additional
items
from
13
of
the
stores
already
tested,
as
well
as
items
from
three
new
locations.
Items
shown
in
Tables
1
and
2
appeared
to
be
generally
oriented
towards
youth,
given
their
description
and
place
of
purchase.
The
items
shown
in
Table
3
and
4
were
taken
to
represent
a
sample
of
jewelry
intended
for
both
youth
and
adults,
given
their
general
descriptions
and
place
of
purchase.

Table
1
 
Lab
Identification
Number,
Description
and
Place
of
Purchase
of
First
Round
of
Jewelry
Received
1/
31/
03
Lab
ID#
Description
Store
Name
C­
1
a
metal
butterfly
hairclips
Claire's
Boutique
C­
1
b
"
"
"
C­
1
c
"
"
"
C­
2
13"
"
silver"
ring
w/
bumpy
outside
surface
Claire's
Boutique
C­
3
metal
bracelet
w/
rose
on
top,
coppery­
pink
hue
Claire's
Boutique
C­
4
a
necklace
w/
"
bronze"
cord
&
"
bronze"
piece
w/
purple
stone
attached
Claire's
Boutique
C­
4
b
"
"
"
C­
5
bracelet
charm
"
silver"
w/
red
heart
Claire's
Boutique
C­
6
"
silver"
ring
that
says
"
Love",
size
8
Claire's
Boutique
C­
7
a
blue
dolphin
"
Best
Friends"
pendants
Claire's
Boutique
C­
7
b
"
"
"
C­
8
expandable
"
silver"
w/
heart
"
crystal"
bracelet
Claire's
Boutique
C­
9
a
5"
"
copper"
necklace
w/
pendant
Claire's
Boutique
C­
9
b
"
"
"
C­
10
"
silver"
bracelet
w/
pink
heart
Claire's
Boutique
C­
11
size
7
pair
of
"
golden"
rings
Claire's
Boutique
C­
12
a
"
Best
Friend"
silver
pair
necklace
Claire's
Boutique
C­
12
b
"
"
"
C­
13
size
6
"
silver"
mood
ring
Claire's
Boutique
M­
1
Bronze
looking
ring
w/
inlayed
"
stones"
made
by
Ellemenno
Mervyn's
M
­
2
Silver
looking
piece
with
blue
inlayed
"
stones"
on
leather
string
Mervyn's
M­
3
bronze
looking
piece
with
flesh
colored
"
stones"
inlayed
on
leather
string
Mervyn's
M­
4
red
beaded
necklace
w/
"
silver"
heart
pendant
Mervyn's
M­
5
flower
pendant
w/
"
silver"
backing
on
leather
string
Mervyn's
3
M­
6
turquoise
beaded
necklace
w/
"
silver"
pendant
w/
turq
stones
inlayed
Mervyn's
M­
7
"
silver"
ring
w/
colorful
stones
inlayed
in
flower
pattern
Mervyn's
M­
8
a
"
silver"
chain
belt
w/
coins
attached
Mervyn's
M­
8
b
"
"
"
W­
1
"
silver"
choker
with
light
blue
'
stone'
center
Walmart
#
1
W­
2
"
silver"
necklace
w/
hanging
pendant
w/
sapphire
stone
setting
Walmart
#
1
W­
3
"
silver"
toe
rings
w/
purple
Walmart
#
1
W­
4
cuff
bracelet
"
silver"
twisted
metal
pattern
Walmart
#
1
G­
1
"
silver"
stretch
bracelet
in
diamond
shape
w/
sapphire
inlayed
stones
Gottschalk's
G­
2
"
silver
charm
bracelet
set
w/
attachable
charms
cheerleader
Gottschalk's
G­
3
"
silver"
charm
bracelet
set
w/
attachable
charms
dance
Gottschalk's
G­
4
"
silver"
charm
bracelet
w/
star
&
blue
bead
charms
Gottschalk's
K­
1
heart
ring
w/
pink
"
silver"
stones
Big
Kmart
K­
2
"
Best
Friends"
necklaces
w/
cherries
Big
Kmart
K­
3
Joe
Boxer
toe
rings
"
silver"
imprinted
w/
patterns
Big
Kmart
K­
4
Teddy
Bear
necklace
&
earrings
"
silver"
Big
Kmart
T­
1
ankle
bracelet
w/"
silver"
medallions
Target
T­
2
"
silver"
ring
w/
large
pink
stone
in
center
Target
T­
3
"
silver"
rings
w/
blue
sapphire
inset
Target
T­
4
heavy
"
silver"
bracelet
w/
connected
rectangles
Target
WM­
1
necklace
grey
metal
w/
1
pendant
saying
'
forever'
with
heart,
other
saying
'
love'
Walmart
#
2
WM­
2
key
ring
in
heart
shape
w/
inscription
Walmart
#
2
WM­
3
a
bracelet
w/
coin
charms
Walmart
#
2
WM­
3
b
"
"
"

WM­
4
key
ring
in
shape
of
flower
&
leaf
Walmart
#
2
WM­
5
necklaces
each
w/
pendant
saying
'
Bet
Friends
Forever'
one
blue,
one
pink
Walmart
#
2
WM­
6
key
ring
in
shape
of
key
Walmart
#
2
Table
2:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Description
and
Place
of
Purchase
of
Second
Round
of
Jewelry
Samples
Received
3/
11/
03
K
5
days
of
the
week
"
silver"
rings
w/
stickers
Big
K­
Mart
K
6
earring
set­
hoops,
partial
circles,
hearts,
butterflies,
balls,
white
stone,
all
silver
Big
K­
Mart
K
7
earring
set­
flowers
w/
pink,
blue
&
purple
stones,
hoops
w/
diff
texture
Big
K­
Mart
K
8
earring
necklace
set­
heart
rainbow
earrings
&
necklace
Big
K­
Mart
K
9
"
silver"
charm
bracelet
w/
sanddollar,
seahorse,
small
charms
Big
K­
Mart
K
10
earring
w/
attached
charms
made
by
Joe
Boxer
Big
K­
Mart
K
11
necklace
w/
attached
silver
charms,
flower,
heart
&
round
piece
Big
K­
Mart
K
12
necklace
w/'
Best
Friends'
heart
&
flower
pendants
Big
K­
Mart
W
5
horseshoe
'
Best
Friends'
necklace
Wal
Mart
W
6
"
silver"
cross
w/
red&
blue
stones
on
black
leather
necklace
Wal
Mart
W
7­
a
4­
pack:
rainbow
butterfly
ring,
pink
stone
ring,
heart
necklace,
silver
ring
Wal
Mart
W
7­
b
"
"
"
W
8
2
silver
necklaces
"
My
Lucky
Charms"­
1
heart,
one
flower
Wal
Mart
4
W
9
flower
stone
necklace
and
earring
set
Wal
Mart
W
10
silver
butterfly
choker
Wal
Mart
W
11
Panama
Jack
silver
chain
w/
round
pendant
Wal
Mart
C
14
silver
hearts
ring
Claire's
Bout
C
15
metal
hair
clip
w/
flower
etching
Claire's
Bout
C
16
butterfly
bracelet
Claire's
Bout
C
17
dolphin
earring
set­
clear,
blue
&
black
stones
Claire's
Bout
C
18
ring
w/
basketballs
&
flowers
Claire's
Bout
C
19
set
of
3
earrings:
hearts
w/
pink,
clear
and
dark
pink
stones
Claire's
Bout
C
20
2
key
chains
of
girls
w/
baseballs­
1
blue
&
1
pink
dress
Claire's
Bout
C
21
square
earrings
w/
pink
stones
Claire's
Bout
C
22
metal
ring
w/
pink
butterflies
in
blue
background
Claire's
Bout
M
9
earrings
w/
pink
stone
centers
Mervyn's
M
10
silver
ring
w/
turquoise
center
Mervyn's
M
11
"
silver"
earrings
w/
red
&
blue
stones
Mervyn's
M
12
painted
stone
necklace
w'
silver
backing
on
blk
string
necklace
Mervyn's
M
13
painted
stone
necklace
w'
silver
backing
on
blue
string
necklace
Mervyn's
M
14
stretch
bracelet
w/
picture
squares
w/
metal
backs
Mervyn's
KU
1
silver
necklace
w/
butterfly
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU
2
silver
necklace
w/
3
hearts
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU
3
silver
necklace
w/
heart
&
matching
hair
clips
w/
hearts
Kids
'
R'
Us
R
1
black
jeweled
necklace
w/
pendant
Ross
Table
3:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Description
and
Place
of
Purchase
of
Third
Round
of
Jewelry
Samples
Received
3/
7/
03
Lab
ID#
Description
Store
Name
LNY
1­
a
metal
chain
bracelet
w/
small
heart
Lerner
New
York
LNY
1­
b
"
"
"
LNY
2
metal
ring
w/
stone
inlay
Lerner
New
York
LNY
3
Asian
coin
on
bead
and
leather
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY
4
metal
oval
pendant
w/
stone
inlay
on
leather
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY
5
metalic
round
pendant
on
bead
&
chain
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LT
1
butterfly
mood
ring
Limited
Too
LT
2
heart
chain
bracelet
Limited
Too
LT
3
best
friends
star
bracelets
(
2)
Limited
Too
LT
4
metal
flower
pendant
on
suede
necklace
Limited
Too
LT
5
metal
pendant
w/
pink
stones
on
leather
necklace
Limited
Too
LT
6­
a
best
friend
heart
charm
bracelet
Limited
Too
LT
6­
b
"
"
"
CR
1
link
bracelet
w/
oval
pendant
Charlotte
Russe
CR
2­
a
chain
link
necklace
Charlotte
Russe
CR
2­
b
"
"
"
CR
3
ring
w/
purple
&
pink
gemstones
Charlotte
Russe
CR
4
pendant
on
leather
choker
Charlotte
Russe
CR
5
metal
ring
w/
red
gemstone
Charlotte
Russe
CR
6
"
silver"
chain
anklet
w/
heart
charm
Charlotte
Russe
GU
1
silver
stick
necklace
Group
USA
GU
2
round
metal
pendant
on
blue
suede
Group
USA
GU
3
metal
butterfly
pendant
w/
stones
Group
USA
GU
4
twist
wirre
w/
beads
&
oval
pendant
Group
USA
5
HT
1
celtic
rope
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT
2
medium
shot
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT
3
kitty
on
a
rug
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT
4
fairy
pendant
necklace
Hot
Topic
EX
1­
a
"
silver'
double
band
cuff
bracelet
Express
EX
1­
b
"
"
"
EX
2­
a
ornate
link
bracelet
Express
EX
2­
b
"
"
"
EX
3
"
silver"
bracelet
of
6
square
plates
Express
EX
4
"
silver"
choker
Express
EX
5
black
oval
pendant
on
"
silver"
chain
Express
EX
6
"
silver"
chain
link
bracelet
Express
WS
1­
a
set
of
6
metalic
thin
bracelets
Wet
Seal
WS
1­
b
"
"
"
WS
1­
c
"
"
"
WS
2
burnished
silver
bracelet
w/
coin­
like
chains
Wet
Seal
WS
3
copper\
bronze
cuff
bracelet
Wet
Seal
WS
4
"
silver"
ring
w/
red
gemstones
Wet
Seal
WS
5
oval
pink
stone
pendant
on
leather
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS
6
small
flower
pendant
on
leather
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS
7
butterfly
pendant
w\
yellow
gemstones
on
wire
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS
8
flower
stone
pendant
on
leather
necklace
Wet
Seal
CT
1
pink
rectangle
pendant
on
beaded
shain
necklace
Clothestime
CT
2
stretch
bracelet
of
blue
stone
hearts
in
rectangle
metal
links
Clothestime
CT
3­
a
oval
blue
stone
pendant
on
metal
hoop
necklace
Clothestime
CT
3­
b
"
"
"
CT
4
metal
cuff
bracelet
w/
magenta
stones
Clothestime
CT
5
purple
stone
pendant
on
wire
necklace
Clothestime
Table
#
4:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Description,
and
Place
of
Purchace
of
Fourth
Round
of
Jewelry
Received
8/
7/
03.

Lab
ID#
Description
Store
Name
AT­
1
bracelet
of
black/
silver
ovals
&
rectangles
Afterthoughts
AT­
2
shot
bead
bracelet
Afterthoughts
AT­
3
metallic
cuff
bracelet
with
gothic
cross
cutouts
Afterthoughts
AT­
4
bracelet
of
egg­
shaped
links
Afterthoughts
AT­
5
bracelet
of
O­
shaped
links
Afterthoughts
AT­
6
anklet
with
heart
pendant
Afterthoughts
AT­
7
antiqued
cross
pendant
w/
black
stones
on
beaded
necklace
Afterthoughts
AT­
8
flower
pendant
w/
black
stones
on
beaded
necklace
Afterthoughts
AT­
9
round
pendant
w/
green
stones
on
chain
necklace
w/
beads
Afterthoughts
AT­
10
ornate
design
ring
Afterthoughts
AT­
11
plain,
wide,
square­
shaped
ring
Afterthoughts
AT­
12
5­
row
pattern
ring
(
brick­
wall
type
pattern)
Afterthoughts
CR­
7
cuff
bracelet
w/
large
round
disc
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
8
chain
anklet
w/
jeweled
pendant
&
hanging
beads
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
9
set
of
5
square­
ish
bangle
bracelets
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
10
set
of
5
rings
­­
some
ornate,
some
plain
Charlotte
Russe
6
CR­
10a
"
"
"
"
CR­
11
ring
w/
large
white
opalescent
oval
stone
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
12
flower­
design
pendant
ring
w/
blue
stone
center
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
13
metallic
necklace
w/
leaves
&
flowers
w/
stone
and
bead
inlay
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
14
metallic
flower­
like
pendant
w/
gemstones
on
leather
necklace
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
15
heart
pendant
on
chain
necklace
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
16
star
pendant
on
3
chain
choker
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
17
stick­
like
pendant
on
wire
necklace
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
18
double
wire
necklace
w/
small
square
beads
Charlotte
Russe
CR­
19
chain
necklace
w/
blue
beads
Charlotte
Russe
EX­
7
metallic
rope
bracelet
Express
EX­
8
necklace
w/
small
oval
discs
Express
EX­
9
bracelet
w/
small
round
discs
Express
EX­
10
link
bracelet
Express
EX­
10a
"
"
EX­
11
red
stone
inlay
pendant
on
metal
chain
Express
EX­
12
metallic
chain
necklace
Express
EX­
13
multi
chain
necklace
Express
EX­
14
triangle
pendant
on
metal
chain
Express
EX­
15
Asian
symbol
pendant
on
metal
chain
Express
EX­
16
O­
shaped
pendant
on
metal
chain
Express
G­
5
metallic
ornate
round
pendant
w/
multi­
colored
inlaid
stones
on
bead
necklace
Gottschalk's
G­
6
metallic
square­
ish
pendant
w/
beads
on
collar
of
amber
stones
Gottschalk's
G­
7
black
&
gold­
tone
pendant
necklace
on
gold­
tone
chain
w/
black
beads
Gottschalk's
G­
8
painted
metal
bracelet
&
earrings
set
Gottschalk's
G­
8a
"
"
"
"
"
"

G­
9
gold­
tone
love­
bird
pin
w/
green
and
blue
gemstones
Gottschalk's
GU­
5
wire
collar
necklace
with
crystals
Group
USA
GU­
6
wire
necklace
with
wire
rings
&
cat
eye
pendant
Group
USA
GU­
7
long
drop
earrings
w/
black
inlaid
beads
Group
USA
GU­
8
gold­
tone
wire
necklace
w/
9
hanging
sticks
Group
USA
GU­
9
square
wire
hoop
earrings
Group
USA
GU­
10
16
chain
silver­
tone
necklace
Group
USA
GU­
11
2
chain
crossover
silver­
tone
necklace
Group
USA
GU­
12
multi­
ring
pendant
on
chain
Group
USA
GU­
13
ornate
pendant
on
rope
necklace
Group
USA
HT­
5
Celtic
(
biohazard)
symbol
on
shot
bead
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT­
5a
"
"
HT­
6
skull
&
crossbones
link
bracelet
Hot
Topic
HT­
7
skull
pendant
on
rubber
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT­
8
coffin
pendant
on
bead
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT­
9
ankh
symbol
pendant
on
cord
necklace
Hot
Topic
HT­
10
antique
siam
ring
­
ornate
w/
red
gemstone
Hot
Topic
HT­
11
bike
chain
bracelet
Hot
Topic
HT­
12
Y­
shaped
necklace
of
stars
w/
red
gemstones
Hot
Topic
HT­
13
anklet
of
starts
w/
red
gemstones
Hot
Topic
7
HT­
14
heart
pendant
on
chain
necklace
Hot
Topic
K­
13
Osbourne's
pendant
on
metal
bead
chain
Big
Kmart
K­
14
three
square
pendants
on
leather
choker
Big
Kmart
K­
15
small
jeweled
round
pendant
w/
drop
on
metal
chain
Big
Kmart
K­
16
necklace
duo
set
­
oval
links
&
small
chain
w/
balls
Big
Kmart
K­
17
bracelet
w/
3
large
flower
charms/
pendants
w/
beads
Big
Kmart
K­
18
gold­
tone
chain
necklace
w/
red
&
black
beads
Big
Kmart
K­
19
set
of
3
pairs
of
hoop
earrings
Big
Kmart
K­
20
metallic
and
black
wood
bead
necklace
Big
Kmart
K­
21
large
link
chain
necklace
Big
Kmart
KU­
4
soccer/
dance/
cheer
pendant
necklaces
trio
set
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
5
flower
pendant
on
leather
necklace
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
6
heart
pendant
on
pink
beaded
necklace
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
7
blue
heart
"
dance"
pendant
necklace
&
matching
barrettes
set
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
8
soccer
pendant
necklace
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
9
pink
heart
on
plate
pendant
w/
pink
metallic
necklace
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
10
red
megaphone
pendant
necklace
Kids
'
R'
Us
KU­
11
set
of
8
barrettes
Kids
'
R'
Us
LNY­
6
large
asian
coin
pendant
w/
beads
on
leather
cord
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
7
flower
shaped
pendant
w/
inlaid
stones
on
leather
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
8
necklace
of
three
metallic
chains
strung
w/
5
oval
beads
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
9
drop
pendant
w/
large
purple
stone
on
chain
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
10
multiple
small
oval
discs
linked
together,
on
a
chain
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
11
set
of
8
bangle
bracelets,
3
w/
beads
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
12
metal
&
stone
sticks
on
wire
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
13
O­
shaped
pendant
on
rope
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
14
ring
w/
oval
pink
stone
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
15
large
oval
pink
stone
pendant
on
wire
necklace
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
16
large
link
bracelet
w/
heart
pendant
Lerner
New
York
LNY­
17
small
square
tubes
(
approx
1")
strung
on
3
wire
chains
Lerner
New
York
LT­
7
tiny
flowers
on
wire
necklace
Limited
Too
LT­
8
soccer
ball
charm
bracelet
Limited
Too
LT­
9
heart
mood
pendant
on
cord
necklace
Limited
Too
LT­
10
ornate
butterfly
pendant
on
cord
necklace
Limited
Too
LT­
11
letter
"
A"
charm
bracelet
Limited
Too
LT­
12
charm
bracelet
Limited
Too
LT­
13
hoop
earring
trio
set
Limited
Too
LT­
14
two
bracelet
set
­­
"
best"
&
"
friends"
Limited
Too
LT­
15
"
Cheer"
pendant
on
leather
necklace
Limited
Too
LT­
16
soccer
star
bracelet
and
charms
set
Limited
Too
N­
1
round
mosaic
pendant
w/
beads
on
beaded
necklace
Nordstrom
N­
2
silver­
tone
round
piece
on
larger
gold­
tone
pendant
&
chain
Nordstrom
N­
3
ornate
cross
w/
pink
&
purple
gemstones
on
chain
w/
beads
Nordstrom
N­
4
round
pendant
w/
etched
design
on
beaded
necklace
Nordstrom
N­
5
ring
w/
pink
design
under
clear
sphere
Nordstrom
N­
6
tiny
silver­
tone
beads
on
a
stretchy
band
bracelet
(
set
of
16)
Nordstrom
N­
7
painted
flower
pendants
on
stretchy
bracelet
of
beads
&
stones
Nordstrom
8
N­
8
rectangle
pieces
w/
beads
&
stones
on
stretchy
bracelet
Nordstrom
N­
9
silver­
tone
locket
on
chain
w/
beads
Nordstrom
N­
10
earrings
w/
3
hearts
design
Nordstrom
N­
10a
"
"
"
"
"

N­
11
charm
bracelet
(
piano,
trumpet,
violin,
computer,
ILU
charms)
Nordstrom
N­
12
painted
pink
cursive
S
pendant
on
metal
chain
Nordstrom
N­
13
guitar
pick
pendant
necklace
­
painted
black
star
on
blue
Nordstrom
N­
14
small
round
pendant
w/
stone
on
wire
beaded
necklace
Nordstrom
N­
15
round
pendant
w/
etched
black
design
on
beaded
necklace
Nordstrom
N­
16
wide
ring
w/
X­
type
design
Nordstrom
R­
2
round
pendant
with
inlaid
stones
on
beaded
necklace
Ross
R­
3
flower
pendant
with
inlaid
stones
on
beaded
necklace
Ross
R­
4
earrings
of
multiple
small
coins
Ross
R­
5
ornate
earrings
­­
dangling
hoop
with
multiple
discs
Ross
R­
6
necklace
&
earrings
set
­
stone
in
metalic
pendant
Ross
R­
7
square
pendant
necklace
&
earrings
set
Ross
R­
8
anklet
&
toering
set
w/
blue
stones
Ross
R­
9
purple
beaded
necklace
&
purple
stone
toering
set
Ross
R­
10
chain
link
bracelet
w/
charm
and
earrings
Ross
R­
11
gold
metallic
squarish­
hoops
duo
earrings
set
Ross
T­
5
double
wire
necklace
w/
small
square­
ish
beads
Target
T­
6
round
pendant
on
rope
&
chain
necklace
Target
T­
7
intricate
chain
necklace
Target
T­
8
cross­
shaped
pendant
w/
gemstones
on
metal
chain
choker
Target
T­
9
multiple
wire
necklace
w/
white
stones
Target
T­
10
large
cross
w/
gemstones
on
metal
chain
necklace
Target
T­
11
bronze
tone
vintage
necklace­
large
pendant
w/
beads
on
collar
Target
T­
12
bronze
tone
vintage
bracelet­
ornate
rectangles
linked
w/
beads
Target
T­
13
oar­
shaped
pendant
necklace
Target
T­
14
chain
bracelet
w/
large
oval
white
stone
pendant/
charm
Target
T­
15
gold­
tone
&
silver­
tone
headband
set
Target
T­
15a
T­
16
wide
chain
strung
w/
one
metal
bead
Target
T­
17
double
chain
necklace
­
each
w/
one
O­
shaped
pendant
Target
T­
18
round
pendant
on
chain
necklace
w/
stones
Target
TU­
1
"#
1
Grandma"
pendant
on
rope
necklace
Toys
'
R'
Us
TU­
2
"
Alison"
pendant
on
bracelet
Toys
'
R'
Us
W­
12
multi
stone
ring
Wal
Mart
W­
13
purple
&
pink
stone
inlaid
butterfly
ring
Wal
Mart
W­
14
silver­
tone
ring
with
black
engraved
design
Wal
Mart
W­
15
thumb
ring
duo
set
Wal
Mart
W­
16
silver­
tone
ornate
cross
pendant
Wal
Mart
W­
17
gold­
and
silver­
tone
link
bracelet
Wal
Mart
W­
18
silver­
tone
cuff
bracelet
w/
stars
&
moons
design
Wal
Mart
W­
19
silver­
tone
bracelet
with
blue­
stone
inlaid
charms
Wal
Mart
WS­
9
scalloped
cross
w/
stones
on
metal
chain
Wet
Seal
WS­
10
"
SEXY"
choker
necklace
Wet
Seal
9
WS­
11
large
hoops
duo
earring
set
Wet
Seal
WS­
12
trio
adjustable
toe
rings
Wet
Seal
WS­
13
disk
on
wire
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
14
small
disks
on
metal
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
15
wire
necklace
w/
beads
Wet
Seal
WS­
16
earrings
­
4
oval­
ish
pieces
w/
chain
connection
Wet
Seal
WS­
17
rhinestone
peace
symbol
on
wire
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
18
large
link
chain
choker
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
19
earrings
­
3
square
hoops
Wet
Seal
WS­
20
cross
pendant
on
pink
cord
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
21
ornate
metal
cross­
shape
on
metal
chain
Wet
Seal
WS­
22
swirl
pendant
on
wire
necklace
Wet
Seal
WS­
23
cuff
hinge
bracelet
Wet
Seal
Upon
arrival
at
the
EQI
laboratory,
each
individual
piece
of
jewelry
was
placed
in
its
own
plastic
bag
along
with
any
accompanying
tags
or
packaging
and
was
labeled
with
an
individual
identification
number
(
Tables
1,
2,
3
and
4).
Jewelry
analysis
for
lead
content
of
all
four
shipments
was
conducted
in
an
identical
manner.
A
sample
was
obtained
from
each
piece
by
clipping
a
small
section
of
metal
off
with
a
pair
of
handheld
pliers.
Due
to
the
irregularity
of
the
jewelry
items,
there
was
some
discretion
involved
in
choosing
the
section
of
metal
to
sample
in
each
case.
Most
jewelry
pieces
included
a
metal
setting
around
a
central
jewel
or
stone,
and
such
pieces
were
always
sampled
from
the
edge
of
the
metal
setting.
Other
jewelry
pieces
were
sampled
by
clipping
off
a
substantial
section
of
metal,
while
thin
wire,
non­
metal
components
and
paintcovered
areas
were
strictly
avoided.
Some
jewelry
pieces
contained
more
than
one
substantial
section
of
metal
that
appeared
different
from
the
other
sections.
In
these
cases
multiple
samples
from
the
same
jewelry
piece
were
taken.
Assayed
sections
of
metal
varied
in
weight
between
roughly
0.10
and
1.0
grams.

Each
metal
sample
was
placed
in
a
clean,
labeled
500mL
or
1L
plastic
bottle
to
which
20mL
of
50%
(
v/
v)
nitric
acid
(
HNO3)
was
added,
and
the
bottles
were
left
uncapped
to
fume
for
24
hours.
Once
samples
were
dissolved
in
the
acid,
500mL
of
deionized
water
was
added
to
each
bottle
before
being
capped
and
shaken.
Samples
were
analyzed
for
lead
content
using
flame
atomic
absorption
spectroscopy
(
FAAS)
following
NIOSH
method
7082.
Lead
detection
on
FAAS
has
an
expected
detection
limit
of
about
0.05mg/
L
and
sensitivity
of
about
0.5mg/
L
(
8).
The
lower
reporting
level
for
these
particular
analyses
was
0.20
mg/
L,
which
corresponds
to
a
lead
content
between
roughly
0.01%
and
0.10%
depending
on
the
weight
of
the
original
sample.

II
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
Table
5
shows
the
assayed
section
location
and
weight,
dilution
factor,
lead
content
in
mg/
L,
and
the
final
percent
weight
of
lead
for
each
sample
in
the
first
round
of
testing
(
Table
1).
Table
6,
7
and
8
show
the
same
information
for
samples
listed
in
Table
2,
3
and
4,
respectively.
Those
concentrations
that
were
reported
as
less
than
the
lower
reporting
level
(
0.02
mg/
L)
are
represented
in
weight
percent
as
the
reported
value
or
less,
and
are
considered
0.0%
for
any
subsequent
calculations.
10
Table
5:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Location
and
Weight
of
Sampled
Section,
Dilution
Factor
and
Lead
Content
in
mg/
L
and
%
Pb
for
Samples
Received
1/
31/
03.

Lab
ID#
assayed
section
location
weight
(
g)
dil(
mL)
Pb
(
mg/
L)
%
Pb
C­
1
a
butterfly
wing
0.3550
520
<
0.20
<
0.03%
C­
1
b
butterfly
wing
0.4821
520
<
0.20
<
0.03%
C­
1
c
butterfly
wing
0.5558
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
C­
2
cross
section
1.1437
520
1252.23
56.93%
C­
3
rose
petal
0.3328
520
42.90
6.70%
C­
4
a
"
bronze"
chain
0.4605
520
<
0.02
<
0.02%

C­
4
b
"
bronze"
around
stone
1.1773
520
1899.45
83.90%
C­
5
around
red
stone
0.8378
520
904.50
56.14%
C­
6
cross
section
0.9578
520
1000.98
54.34%
C­
7
a
silver
chain
1.0837
520
<
0.20
<
0.01%
C­
7
b
dolphin
pendant
1.0916
520
1593.93
75.93%
C­
8
silver
backing
of
heart
0.7987
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
C­
9
a
chain
necklace
1.0517
520
<
0.10
<
0.01%
C­
9
b
copper
around
stone
1.2262
520
1597.95
67.76%
C­
10
silver
around
heart
0.6066
520
64.32
5.51%
C­
11
cross
section
0.9024
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
C­
12
a
silver
chain
necklace
0.8720
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
C­
12
b
Best
Friend'
0.8735
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
C­
13
NOT
RECEIVED
M­
1
cross
section
1.0396
520
907.99
45.42%
M
­
2
outside
edge
of
piece
0.6668
520
536.31
41.82%
M­
3
outside
edge
of
piece
1.1314
520
1248.36
57.38%

M­
4
"
silver"
heart
pendant
0.9464
520
1.03
0.06%
M­
5
around
flower
stone
0.9769
520
780.73
41.56%
M­
6
"
silver"
pendant
0.5699
520
12.88
1.18%

M­
7
cross
section
1.0056
520
705.99
36.51%
M­
8
a
chain
1.0151
520
<
0.20
<
0.01%
M­
8
b
coin
0.4924
520
0.24
0.03%
W­
1
"
silver"
around
stone
0.5346
520
0.45
0.04%
W­
2
silver
pendant
0.9642
520
1148.37
61.93%
W­
3
cross
section
0.7153
520
1.14
0.08%
W­
4
silver
bracelet
0.6198
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
G­
1
silver
bracelet
0.8800
520
700.94
41.42%
G­
2
triangle
charm
w/
gems
0.2588
520
0.36
0.07%
G­
3
musical
note
charm
0.4640
520
0.85
0.10%
G­
4
"
silver"
edge
of
large
star
0.3560
520
19.36
2.83%
K­
1
cross
section
1.0124
520
927.18
47.62%
K­
2
"
Best
Friend"
charm
1.2251
520
1588.73
67.43%
K­
3
ring
w/
waves­
cross
sect
0.4537
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
K­
4
big
Teddy
bear
0.6265
520
845.37
70.17%
T­
1
"
silver"
circle
0.2639
520
<
0.20
<
0.04%
T­
2
ornamental
edge
0.8537
520
2.08
0.13%
T­
3
one
of
3
silver
rings
0.7578
520
4.12
0.28%
T­
4
one
of
the
rectangles
1.1182
520
1917.54
89.17%
11
WM­
1
"
Forever"
pendant
0.7046
520
0.50
0.04%
WM­
2
"
Heart"
0.6601
520
<
0.20
<
0.03%
WM­
3
a
from
"
Elizabeth"
coin
0.8044
520
1236.15
79.91%
WM­
3
b
bracelet
chain
link
0.3546
520
<
0.20
<
0.04%
WM­
4
leaf
section
0.7142
520
1.04
0.08%
WM­
5
pink
pendant
0.3728
520
<
0.20
<
0.01%
WM­
6
key
0.1867
520
<
0.20
<
0.01%

Table
6:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Location
and
Weight
of
Sampled
Section,
Dilution
Factor
and
Lead
Content
in
mg/
L
and
%
Pb
for
Second
Round
of
Testing
Received
3/
11/
03.

Lab
ID#
assayed
section
location
weight
(
g)
dil(
mL)
Pb
(
mg/
L)
%
Pb
K
5
edge
of
pendant
&
band
on
Monday
ring
0.1188
520
<
0.20
<
0.09%
K
6
silver
heart
earring
minus
post
0.1050
520
<
0.20
<
0.10%
K
7
piece
of
rough
textured
hoop
&
blue
flower
0.4331
520
744.37
89.37%
K
8
metal
pendant
of
necklace
&
earring
0.1818
520
<
0.20
<
0.06%
K
9
sandollar
charm
0.5207
520
850.42
84.93%
K
10
key
charm
0.1960
520
211.09
56.00%
K
11
heart
charm
0.1706
520
219.17
66.80%
K
12
"
Friends"
heart
necklace
pendant
0.3017
520
508.03
87.56%
W
5
"
best"
metal
pendant
piece
0.1651
520
3.53
1.11%
W
6
two
point
of
cross
pendant
0.4345
520
1.78
0.21%
W
7­
a
edge
of
heart
necklace
pendant
0.2275
520
0.27
0.06%
W
7­
b
band
of
pink
stone
ring
0.3126
520
<
0.20
<
0.04%
W
8
metal
from
heart
&
flower
pendants
0.1816
520
0.26
0.07%
W
9
backside
of
flower
on
necklace
0.1650
520
0.25
0.08%
W
10
lower
butterfly
wings
0.1913
520
0.28
0.08%
W
11
pendant
edge
0.2603
520
0.34
0.07%
C
14
cross
section
of
ring
0.2664
520
54.54
10.65%
C
15
side
of
front
band
w/
etching
0.1661
520
<
0.20
<
0.07%
C
16
butterfly
wing
0.1139
520
<
0.20
<
0.09%
C
17
dolphin
earring
0.3395
520
603.98
92.51%
C
18
outside
of
ring
0.1760
520
284.82
84.15%
C
19
heart
material
around
stones
0.1334
520
<
0.20
<
0.08%
C
20
baseball
bat
of
red
dress,
hat
brim
of
blue
0.1751
520
158.57
47.09%
C
21
outside
or
earring
0.5995
520
1008.99
87.52%
C
22
outside
section
of
ring
0.1364
520
170.69
65.07%
M
9
edge
of
earring
0.2301
520
298.96
67.56%
M
10
edge
of
ring
0.5597
520
627.21
58.27%
M
11
edge
of
red
stone
0.2538
520
300.98
61.67%
M
12
edge
of
silver
backing
on
pendant
0.2301
520
0.19
0.04%
M
13
edge
of
pendant
0.1051
520
<
0.20
<
0.10%
M
14
outside
edge
of
picture
pendant
0.1136
520
135.34
61.95%
KU
1
butterfly
pendant
0.1541
520
196.95
66.46%
KU
2
edge
of
pendant
of
two
hearts
0.1338
520
141.40
54.95%
KU
3
edge
of
heart
0.2311
520
223.21
50.22%
R
1
edge
of
pendant
0.2243
520
326.23
75.63%
12
Table
7:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Location
and
Weight
of
Sampled
Section,
Dilution
Factor
and
Lead
Content
in
mg/
L
and
%
Pb
for
Third
Round
of
Testing
Received
3/
7/
03.

Lab
ID#
assayed
section
location
weight
(
g)
dil(
mL)
Pb
(
mg/
L)
%
Pb
LNY
1­
a
edge
of
heart
pendant
0.2174
520
304.01
72.72%
LNY
1­
b
link
of
bracelet
chain
0.3089
520
<
0.20
<
0.04%
LNY
2
piece
of
silver
bank
0.1264
520
148.47
61.08%
LNY
3
edge
of
coin
0.6810
520
1064.54
81.29%
LNY
4
edge
of
pendant
0.3267
520
263.61
41.96%
LNY
5
edge
of
pendant
0.2747
520
1.06
0.20%
LT
1
section
of
silver
band
0.2533
520
<
0.20
<
0.05%
LT
2
tip
of
heart
pendant
0.1760
520
292.90
86.54%
LT
3
section
of
silver
loop
above
pendant
0.2471
520
370.67
78.00%
LT
4
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.5996
520
907.99
78.74%
LT
5
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.3670
520
657.51
93.16%
LT
6­
a
edge
of
flat
heart
pendant
0.2899
520
559.54
100.37%
LT
6­
b
piece
of
rounded
heart
pendant
0.2762
520
<
0.20
<
0.04%
CR
1
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.4575
520
726.19
82.54%
CR
2­
a
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.5318
520
491.87
48.10%
CR
2­
b
piece
of
chain
links
0.2506
520
<
0.20
<
0.05%
CR
3
section
of
metal
band
0.4489
520
0.18
0.02%
CR
4
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.1449
520
<
0.20
<
0.08%
CR
5
edge
of
metal
around
stone
0.2602
520
320.17
63.98%
CR
6
tip
of
metal
heart
pendant
0.1977
520
225.23
59.24%
GU
1
tip
of
silver
stick
pendant
0.1734
520
260.58
78.14%
GU
2
section
of
metal
pendant
0.6023
520
542.37
46.83%
GU
3
edge
of
butterfly
pendant
wing
0.5249
520
791.84
78.44%
GU
4
edge
of
metal
around
stone
pendant
0.3432
520
433.29
65.65%
HT
1
piece
of
celtic
symbol
0.5965
520
657.51
57.32%
HT
2
one
"
shot"
or
ball
from
necklace
0.8576
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
HT
3
tip
of
rug
on
pendant
w/
pink
paint
0.3596
520
476.72
68.94%
HT
4
edge
of
pendant
0.3873
520
468.64
62.92%
EX
1­
a
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.3698
520
440.36
61.92%
EX
1­
b
section
of
metal
band
0.6962
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
EX
2­
a
piece
of
ornate
links
0.2673
520
245.43
47.75%
EX
2­
b
piece
of
metal
clasp
0.4515
520
451.47
52.00%
EX
3
edge
of
one
square
plate
0.2922
520
300.98
53.56%
EX
4
piece
of
choker
at
middle
hook
0.3283
520
355.52
56.31%
EX
5
piece
of
metal
from
around
pendant
0.5986
520
678.72
58.96%
EX
6
piece
from
one
smooth
link
0.5731
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
WS
1­
a
section
of
one
'
gold'
bracelet
0.5781
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
WS
1­
b
section
of
one
'
silver'
bracelet
0.6738
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
WS
1­
c
section
of
one
'
copper'
bracelet
0.6905
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
WS
2
one
small
silver
coin
0.5684
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
WS
3
section
of
one
smooth
cuff
0.2095
520
<
0.20
<
0.05%
WS
4
section
from
side
of
ring
below
gems
0.1502
520
285.83
98.96%
WS
5
piece
of
metal
loop
above
pendant
0.2286
520
301.99
68.69%
WS
6
piece
from
metal
around
pendant
0.3786
520
550.45
75.60%
WS
7
edge
of
butterfly
pendant
wing
0.3233
520
471.67
75.86%
WS
8
piece
from
metal
around
pendant
0.5816
520
0.28
0.03%
13
CT
1
piece
from
metal
around
pendant
0.4623
520
620.14
69.75%
CT
2
top
of
one
metal
rectangle
0.6841
520
1264.52
96.12%
CT
3­
a
piece
from
metal
around
pendant
0.6177
520
761.54
64.11%
CT
3­
b
section
from
metal
hoop
0.1619
520
0.16
0.05%
CT
4
section
of
outer
metal
cuff
0.7114
520
<
0.20
<
0.02%
CT
5
metal
setting
around
stone
0.1885
520
1.00
0.28%

Table
8:
Lab
Identification
Number,
Location
and
Weight
of
Sampled
Section,
Dilution
Factor
and
Lead
Content
in
mg/
L
and
%
Pb
for
Fourth
Round
of
Testing
Received
8/
7/
03.

Lab
ID#
assayed
section
location
weight
(
g)
dil(
mL)
Pb(
mg/
L)
%
Pb
AT­
1
edge
of
one
silver
oval
0.5170
520
498.94
50.18%
AT­
2
1/
2
of
one
shot
bead
0.2609
520
0.01
<
0.00%
AT­
3
edge
of
bracelet
above
cross
0.1445
520
0.02
0.01%
AT­
4
edge
of
one
egg­
link
0.6293
520
830.22
68.60%
AT­
5
section
of
one
O­
link
0.2319
520
392.89
88.10%
AT­
6
tip
of
heart
pendant
0.2925
520
310.07
55.12%
AT­
7
edge
of
cross
pendant
0.2591
520
0.12
<
0.04%
AT­
8
piece
of
metal
edge
on
pendant
0.1186
520
125.24
54.91%
AT­
9
metal
loop
at
top
of
pendant
to
string
chain
0.1397
520
0.37
0.14%
AT­
10
edge
of
ring
0.1241
520
142.41
59.67%
AT­
11
section
along
edge
0.1146
520
172.71
78.37%
AT­
12
section
along
edge
0.1930
520
311.08
83.81%
CR­
7
section
of
one
metal
cuff
0.1689
520
0.08
0.02%
CR­
8
tip
of
pendant
0.2158
520
271.69
65.47%
CR­
9
section
of
one
square
0.2491
520
0.10
0.02%
CR­
10
section
of
one
plain
ring
0.1240
520
150.49
63.11%
CR­
10a
section
of
one
darker
colored
ornate
ring
0.3574
520
440.36
64.07%
CR­
11
metal
surrounding
stone
0.1467
520
170.69
60.50%
CR­
12
one
metal
flower
petal
0.2680
520
312.09
60.55%
CR­
13
metal
backing
around
one
leaf
0.1702
520
285.83
87.33%
CR­
14
edge
of
one
petal
0.1078
520
0.07
0.03%
CR­
15
tip
of
heart
0.1125
520
6.47
2.99%
CR­
16
one
tip
of
star
pendant
0.2614
520
271.69
54.05%
CR­
17
tip
of
stick
pendant
0.3576
520
356.53
51.84%
CR­
18
one
square
bead
0.1932
520
10.92
2.94%
CR­
19
section
of
chain
0.1120
520
0.04
0.02%
EX­
7
one
section
of
rope
0.2444
520
0.05
0.01%
EX­
8
one
oval
disk
0.1855
520
0.00
<
0.01%
EX­
9
one
round
disk
0.2683
520
20.13
3.90%
EX­
10
section
of
one
smooth
link
0.1024
520
0.07
0.04%
EX­
10a
section
of
one
rough
link
0.2962
520
292.00
51.26%
EX­
11
metal
backing
around
pendant
0.2112
520
0.09
0.02%
EX­
12
link
of
medium
chain
0.5306
520
0.00
0.00%
EX­
13
section
of
link­
style
chain
0.3158
520
0.00
0.00%
EX­
14
piece
of
metal
frame
around
triangle
0.1711
520
23.98
7.29%
14
duplicate
EX­
14
same
piece
as
EX­
14
0.1433
520
20.79
7.54%
Blank
0.04
EX­
15
edge
of
pendant
0.1749
520
230.28
68.47%
EX­
16
piece
of
O­
pendant
0.4337
520
72.72
8.72%
G­
5
edge
of
pendant
0.1845
520
28.27
7.97%
G­
6
piece
of
metal
backing
on
pendant
0.1076
520
10.08
4.87%
G­
7
piece
of
gold
tone
metal
on
back
of
pendant
0.1651
520
13.69
4.31%
G­
8
piece
from
bracelet
backing
0.2290
520
26.62
6.04%
G­
8a
stud
and
post
from
1
earring
0.0791
520
0.03
0.02%
G­
9
edge
of
tail
feather
on
bird
0.1683
520
15.41
4.76%
GU­
5
tip
of
bottom
plate
/"
wire"
0.2449
520
0.00
0.00%
GU­
6
section
of
outer
ring
0.1102
520
0.09
0.04%
GU­
7
backing
of
bottom
bead
0.3932
520
421.17
55.70%
GU­
8
gold­
tone
metal
from
one
stick
0.2920
520
0.07
0.01%
GU­
9
section
of
one
square
0.2222
520
0.08
0.02%
GU­
10
section
of
one
chain
0.2858
520
0.00
0.00%
GU­
11
end
of
one
chain
below
X
0.3641
520
0.15
<
0.00%
GU­
12
piece
of
bottom­
most
ring
0.1001
520
0.00
<
0.01%
GU­
13
bottom
of
pendant
edge
0.4994
520
570.65
59.42%
HT­
5
one
edge
of
celtic
symbol
0.4342
520
621.15
74.39%
HT­
5a
one
shot
bead
from
chain
0.2401
520
0.06
0.01%
HT­
6
top
of
one
crossbone
0.6338
520
566.61
46.49%
HT­
7
chin
of
skull
pendant
0.1373
520
24.53
9.29%
HT­
8
bottom
edge
of
coffin
lid
0.3421
520
577.72
87.81%
HT­
9
bottom
tip
of
ankh
symbol
0.2057
520
225.23
56.94%
HT­
10
metal
around
stone
0.4222
520
497.93
61.33%
HT­
11
one
link
section
0.5659
520
0.00
0.00%
HT­
12
3
of
5
tips
from
bottom
star
0.1176
520
192.91
85.30%
HT­
13
metal
link
between
2
stars
0.1507
520
184.83
63.78%
HT­
14
piece
of
detail
inside
heart
0.5709
520
635.29
57.86%
K­
13
edge
of
metal
pendant
0.1474
520
0.08
0.03%
K­
14
edge
of
central
square
pendant
0.3352
520
0.21
0.03%
K­
15
metal
backing
of
'
drop'
0.1081
520
0.11
0.05%
K­
16
one
metal
link
0.3015
520
0.03
0.01%
K­
17
section
from
metal
petals
of
one
flower
0.4058
520
671.65
86.07%
K­
18
section
of
gold­
tone
chain
0.3409
520
0.11
0.02%
K­
19
bottom
edge
of
medium
earring
0.1422
520
9.77
3.57%
duplicate
K­
19
bottom
edge
of
other
medium
earring
0.2802
520
13.69
2.54%
K­
20
one
metallic
section/
bead
0.8939
520
128.04
7.45%
K­
21
small
piece
of
one
link
0.6075
520
0.00
0.00%
KU­
4
upper
left
corner
of
soccer
pendant
0.1958
520
0.52
0.14%
KU­
5
section
of
bottom
petal
0.1864
520
25.19
7.03%
KU­
6
tip
of
heart
pendant
0.1896
520
329.26
90.30%
15
KU­
7
metal
backing
of
pendant
with
plastic
coating/
paint
scrapped
away
0.3693
520
516.11
72.67%
KU­
8
one
star
from
side
of
pendant
0.3414
520
339.36
51.69%
KU­
9
lower
left
corner
of
metallic
plate
pendant
0.2644
520
0.00
0.00%
KU­
10
section
of
chain
­
pendant
is
not
metalic
0.1359
520
0.02
0.01%
KU­
11
back
of
one
barrette
clip
0.1293
520
0.00
<
0.01%
LNY­
6
section
from
outer
edge
of
coin
0.5823
520
563.58
50.33%

LNY­
7
metal
around
edge
of
one
white
inlaid
stone
0.1349
520
173.72
66.96%
LNY­
8
section
of
chain
with
beads
on
it
0.2093
520
0.11
0.03%

LNY­
9
section
of
bottom
of
drop
pendant
below
stone
0.3557
520
367.64
53.75%
LNY­
10
two
oval
disks
0.1670
520
0.08
0.02%
LNY­
11
section
of
one
beaded
bracelet
0.1139
520
0.18
0.08%
LNY­
12
tip
of
one
metal
stick
0.4950
520
467.63
49.12%
LNY­
13
piece
from
outer
edge
of
O­
pendant
0.2576
520
288.86
58.31%
LNY­
14
section
from
band
next
to
stone
0.3253
520
334.31
53.44%

LNY­
15
piece
of
metal
around
stone,
top­
center
of
pendant
0.1959
520
254.52
67.56%
LNY­
16
tip
of
heart
pendant
0.1926
520
0.37
0.10%
LNY­
17
one
square
tube
cut
off
of
its
chain
0.3645
520
0.12
0.02%

LT­
7
one
flower
with
inlaid
'
stone'
removed
0.4055
520
28.82
3.70%
LT­
8
metal
from
edge
of
soccer
ball
0.1519
520
182.81
62.58%
LT­
9
metal
from
tip
of
heart
0.3494
520
393.90
58.62%
LT­
10
tip
of
lower
right
wing
of
butterfly
0.4361
520
518.13
61.78%
LT­
11
tip
of
lower
corner
of
"
A"
0.2734
520
316.13
60.13%
LT­
12
tip
of
one
"
shoe"
charm
0.5194
520
911.02
91.21%
LT­
13
post/
stud
from
one
medium
earring
0.1618
520
0.00
<
0.01%
LT­
14
section
of
"
best"
plate
0.1232
520
189.88
80.14%
LT­
15
metal
attachment
between
"
cheer"
&
leather
0.1144
520
108.07
49.12%
LT­
16
half
of
one
star­
shaped
charm
0.3883
520
0.70
0.09%
N­
1
piece
from
metal
edge
of
pendant
0.4372
520
501.97
59.70%
duplicate
N­
1
piece
from
metal
edge
of
pendant
0.3879
520
439.35
58.90%
Blank
0.02
N­
2
edge
of
larger
gold­
tone
pendant
(
silver­
tone
made
of
plastic)
0.2278
520
0.10
0.02%

N­
3
section
from
bottom
of
cross
between
gemstones
0.3559
520
418.14
61.09%

N­
4
section
from
metal
around
edge
of
pendant
without
gemstones
0.2892
520
73.59
13.23%
N­
5
section
of
metal
band
0.1514
520
0.17
0.06%
N­
6
two
beads
from
one
bracelet
0.1021
520
0.00
<
0.01%

N­
7
section
of
metal
from
side
of
one
petal
without
any
paint
0.2006
520
255.53
66.24%
N­
8
long
ends
of
one
rectangle
without
any
paint
0.3517
520
445.41
65.86%
N­
9
section
from
back
half
of
locket
0.3086
520
0.00
0.00%
16
N­
10
section
from
sides
of
top
heart
0.2843
520
263.61
48.22%
N­
10a
post­
stud
from
both
earrings
0.0837
520
0.09
0.06%
N­
11
U
from
ILU
pendant
0.9171
520
1298.86
73.65%

N­
12
O­
ring
of
pendant
through
which
chain
was
hung
(
no
paint)
0.1843
520
0.12
0.03%

N­
13
corner
of
pendant
under
paint
(
paint
first
scrapped
away)
0.4265
520
0.00
0.00%
N­
14
two
beads
from
wire
0.2153
520
0.10
0.02%
N­
15
section
from
outer
edge
of
pendant
0.4373
520
5.99
0.71%
N­
16
section
of
band
0.5929
520
0.11
0.01%
R­
2
bottom
outside
edge
of
pendant
0.8232
520
119.35
7.54%
R­
3
one
petal
of
flower
with
inlaid
stone
removed
0.9749
520
1113.02
59.37%
R­
4
one
small
coin
0.3546
520
368.65
54.06%
R­
5
section
of
dangling
hoop
0.4766
520
517.12
56.42%

R­
6
section
from
metal
edge
around
necklace
pendant
0.4661
520
596.91
66.59%

R­
7
section
from
metal
edge
around
necklace
pendant
0.6613
520
1012.02
79.58%
R­
8
section
from
band
of
toe
ring
0.3915
520
336.33
44.67%
R­
9
section
from
band
of
toe
ring
0.4660
520
45.54
5.08%
R­
10
metal
portion
of
bracelet
charm
0.3866
520
23.65
3.18%
R­
11
half
of
one
hoop
from
smaller
set
0.6166
520
0.19
0.02%
T­
5
two
square­
ish
beads
0.5562
520
30.69
2.87%
T­
6
section
from
outer
edge
of
pendant
0.7094
520
780.73
57.23%
T­
7
one
thin
section
of
chain
0.5739
520
0.07
0.01%
T­
8
right
edge
of
cross
with
inlaid
stones
removed
0.7649
520
573.68
39.00%
T­
9
section
of
all
wires
near
clasp
0.1745
520
0.00
<
0.01%

T­
10
bottom
tip
of
cross
below
gemstones
0.7728
520
535.30
36.02%
T­
11
bottom
edge
of
pendant
0.5048
520
480.76
49.52%
T­
12
side
of
one
rectangle
0.5731
520
609.03
55.26%
duplicate
T­
12
side
of
one
rectangle
0.5304
520
831.23
81.49%
Blank
0.03
T­
13
tip
of
oar
0.5352
520
515.10
50.05%
T­
14
metal
from
around
edge
of
oval
pendant
0.6285
520
25.74
2.13%
T­
15
section
of
gold­
tone
0.5975
520
19.03
1.66%
T­
15a
section
of
silver­
tone
0.7816
520
778.71
51.81%
T­
16
the
single
metal
bead
0.5654
520
445.41
40.96%
T­
17
half
of
one
O­
shaped
pendant
0.7680
520
613.07
41.51%
T­
18
section
from
outer
edge
of
pendant
0.5267
520
638.32
63.02%
TU­
1
right
edge
of
pendant
0.7427
520
750.43
52.54%
TU­
2
4
links
from
chain­
link
band
0.4028
520
0.40
0.05%
W­
12
section
of
metal
band
0.4729
520
50.60
5.56%
W­
13
section
of
metal
band
0.4344
520
47.41
5.68%
W­
14
section
of
ring
0.8786
520
0.79
0.05%
W­
15
section
of
plain
metal
ring
0.6626
520
0.27
0.02%
W­
16
bottom
tip
of
cross
0.7235
520
0.34
0.02%
17
W­
17
one
gold
&
silver
section
without
stones
0.6500
520
0.76
0.06%
W­
18
edge
of
one
cuff
­
end
0.8293
520
0.00
0.00%

W­
19
one
charm
with
inlaid
stone
removed
0.7200
520
0.99
0.07%
WS­
9
tip
of
cross
below
stones
0.8487
520
798.91
48.95%
WS­
10
lower
portion
of
"
E"
0.7134
520
0.33
0.02%
WS­
11
section
from
one
of
smaller
pair
0.3850
520
0.03
0.00%
WS­
12
section
of
plain
metal
ring
0.3097
520
0.00
0.00%
WS­
13
section
of
disk
0.5183
520
544.39
54.62%
WS­
14
one
small
disk
0.2892
520
0.00
0.00%
WS­
15
three
metal
beads
0.3266
520
0.36
0.06%

WS­
16
bottom
oval
&
chain
connection
from
one
earring
0.6607
520
450.46
35.45%
WS­
17
section
of
peace
symbol
with
stones
removed
0.6614
520
661.55
52.01%
WS­
18
half
of
one
large
link
0.7383
520
0.00
0.00%
WS­
19
section
from
outermost
hoop
0.5040
520
0.00
0.00%
WS­
20
bottom
edge
of
cross
0.7826
520
1.10
0.07%
WS­
21
bottom
edge
of
cross
0.8556
520
1104.94
67.15%
WS­
22
outside
edge
of
pendant
0.1583
520
223.21
73.32%
WS­
23
one
metal
hinge
0.1294
520
0.00
<
0.01%
duplicate
WS­
23
one
metal
hinge
0.3051
520
0.00
0.00%
Blank
0.04
Clearly,
there
is
a
considerable
amount
of
lead
being
used
in
the
production
of
most
of
the
sampled
jewelry
items.
Of
the
total
292
samples
tested
(
including
duplicates),
162
contained
at
least
5%
lead
by
weight
in
at
least
one
portion
of
the
jewelry
piece.
These
162
samples
showed
a
wide
range
of
lead
weight
percents,
from
5%
to
a
maximum
of
essentially
one
hundred
percent
lead.
In
fact,
123
of
the
292
samples
were
found
to
contain
more
than
50%
lead
by
weight.
All
of
the
twenty
retail
stores
where
jewelry
was
acquired
yielded
at
least
one
piece
with
significant
lead
content.
The
mean
percentages
of
lead
by
store
ranged
from
a
low
of
3.8%
for
WalMart
#
1,
to
a
high
of
53.2%
for
the
Limited
Too.
Several
other
stores
showed
mean
percentages
near
50%,
including
Hot
Topic,
Afterthoughts,
Ross
and
Charlotte
Russe.

Overall,
it
is
inappropriate
to
attempt
to
label
certain
retail
stores
as
having
higher
lead
content
in
their
jewelry
than
others
based
on
this
data
because
the
number
of
jewelry
items
purchased
from
each
store
varied
from
two
to
twenty
three.
Furthermore,
those
stores
from
which
a
large
number
of
pieces
were
purchased
showed
a
relatively
consistent
distribution
of
pieces
with
both
very
high
lead
weight
percents
and
no
detectable
lead
at
all.
The
content
of
lead
appears
to
vary
with
the
nature
of
the
particular
item,
such
as
its
intended
weight
and
appearance,
more
so
than
the
place
of
purchase.
Based
on
the
data
provided,
those
items
categorized
as
children's
jewelry
(
Table
1
and
2)
showed
an
overall
mean
lead
content
of
27.8%,
while
those
pieces
intended
for
all
ages
(
Table
3
and
4)
had
a
mean
lead
content
of
35.6%.
However,
these
values
are
of
little
application
given
the
wide
variability
of
lead
content.
A
more
useful
interpretation
is
the
probability
of
purchasing
a
high
lead­
containing
jewelry
item,
which
is
roughly
two
out
of
three.
Thirty­
six
jewelry
pieces
tested
(
12.3%)
had
in
excess
of
75%
lead.
Previous
EQI
research
on
lead
exposure
has
indicated
that
handling
items
with
much
lower
lead
weight­
percent
18
than
these
jewelry
pieces
(
e.
g.
1­
8%)
results
in
significant
transfer
of
lead
to
the
skin.
A
handling
study
conducted
on
keys
with
lead
contents
of
1.4%
to
1.9%
indicated
that
as
much
as
30
µ
g
of
lead
could
be
transferred
to
the
skin
when
handling
the
key
for
the
first
time
(
9).
A
similar
EQI
study
testing
galvanized
plumbing
parts
(
approximately
1­
2%
Pb)
for
lead
exposure
involved
handling
an
apple
slice
after
handling
the
galvanized
part
to
determine
the
amount
of
lead
transferred
to
foodstuffs
and
thus
subsequent
ingestion.
Results
indicated
that
up
to
4
µ
g
of
lead
could
be
transferred
from
the
skin
to
the
surface
of
food
items
after
a
single
hand
contact
with
such
parts
(
10).
As
indicated
earlier,
such
ingestion
levels
are
well
above
the
accepted
maximum.
The
United
States
Consumer
Products
Safety
Commission
estimates
up
to
50%
of
lead
on
the
hands
is
ultimately
transferred
to
the
mouth
of
a
child
under
three
years
of
age
(
11).
The
hazard
associated
with
3%
to
100%
lead
jewelry
items
that
may
be
worn
on
a
finger
or
through
the
skin
is
readily
apparent
in
light
of
these
earlier
studies.

IV
SUMMARY
and
CONCLUSION
Lead
has
historically
been
one
of
the
most
highly
applicable
metals
used
in
the
manufacturing
and
production
of
various
products
intended
for
consumer
contact.
We
are
now
challenged
with
the
problem
of
widespread
uses
of
lead
as
we
have
come
to
realize
its
associated
health
hazards,
especially
to
children.
The
jewelry
analyses
conducted
as
part
of
this
research
project
demonstrate
that
lead
is
still
being
used
excessively
in
the
production
of
jewelry
items,
and
sold
directly
to
the
customer
without
any
form
of
warning.
Further
study
of
the
amount
of
lead
transferred
from
these
items
to
the
hands
and
subsequent
ingestion
potential
for
children
as
well
as
adults
would
enable
the
lead
exposure
from
the
handling
of
these
products
to
be
better
quantified.
However,
those
items
which
contain
a
high
lead
weight
percent
clearly
pose
a
direct
health
threat
to
the
consumer.

V.
REFERENCES
19
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2.
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