Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2003-0079-0017
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-11-18T05:00Z

Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Natural
phytoplankton
populations
­
­
­
5
days
Reduced
chlorophyll
a
19
­
Hollibaugh
et
al.
1980
Natural
phytoplankton
populations
­
­
­
4
days
Reduced
biomass
6.4
­
Hollibaugh
et
al.
1980
Dinoflagellate,

Glenodinium
halli
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
growth
10­
160
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Dinoflagellate,

Glenodinium
halli
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
effect
on
growth
2­
120
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Dinoflagellate,

Gymnodinium
splendens
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
growth
10­
100
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Dinoflagellate,

Gymnodinium
splendens
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
effect
on
growth
5­
90
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Phytoflagellate,

Isochrysis
galbana
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
growth
100­
1,000
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Phytoflagellate,

Isochrysis
galbana
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
effect
on
growth
20­
300
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Alga,
Laminaria
hyperboria
­
­
­
28
days
Growth
decrease
50
­
Hopkins
and
Kain
1971
Diatom,
Asterionella
japonica
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
72
hr
EC50
(
growth)
12.7
­
Fisher
and
Jones
1981
Diatom,
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
34
72
hr
EC50
(
growth
rate)
6
­
Erickson
1972
Diatom,
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
growth
80­
500
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Diatom,
Thalassiosira
pseudonana
S,
U
­
28
48
hr
No
effect
on
growth
50­
70
­
Wilson
and
Freeberg
1980
Red
alga
(
gametophytes),

Ceramium
strictum
S,
U
­
34
24
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
10­
15
­
Eklund
1993
Red
alga
(
mature),

Champia
parvula
S,
U
­
30
48
hr
LOEC
(
reproduction)
2.0
­
U.
S.
EPA
1988
Red
alga
(
mature),

Champia
parvula
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
48
hr
IC50
(
fertilization)
1.4
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Red
alga
(
female),

Chondrus
crispus
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
14%
reduction
in
growth
10
­
Staples
et
al.
1995
Bladderwrack
(
zygotes),

Fucus
vesiculosis
S,
U
­
6
24
hr
EC50
(
germination)
60
­
Andersson
and
Kautsky
1996
Kelp
(
mature
sporophyte),

Laminaria
saccharina
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
1
hr
LOEC
(
28%
decrease
is
meiospore
release)
50
­
Chung
and
Brinkhuis
1986
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
<
40.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
99.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
19.4
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
C2­
1
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
54.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
55.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
94.5
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
50.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
<
40.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
<
40.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
<
31.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
<
10.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
18.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
8.8
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
9.3
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp
(
spores),

Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
48
hr
NOEC
(
Germination)
10.2
­
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
NOEC
(
Spore
germination)
20
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
LOEC
(
Spore
germination)
40
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
NOEC
(
Germ
tube
growth)
20
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
NOEC
(
Germ
tube
growth)
40
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
NOEC
(
Nuclear
migration)
10
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33­
35
42
hr
NOEC
(
Nuclear
migration)
20
­
Garman
et
al.
1994
Hydroid,
Campanularia
flexuosa
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
11
days
Threshold
reduced
growth
rate
13
­
Stebbing
1976
Hydroid,
Campanularia
flexuosa
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
11
days
Glucosamidase
increased
1.43
­
Moore
and
Stebbing
1976
Hydromedusa,

Phialidium
sp.
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
36
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Ctenophore,
Pleurobrachia
plicatilis
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
33
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
C2­
2
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Ctenophore,

Mnemiopsis
mccradyi
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
17­
29
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Rotifer,
Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
100
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
15
24
hr
LC50
120
­
Snell
and
Persoone
1989a
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
24
hr
LC50
130
­
Snell
and
Persoone
1989a
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
­
15
24
hr
LC50
63
­
Snell
et
al.
1991a
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
­
15
24
hr
LC50
35
­
Snell
et
al.
1991a
Rotifer
(<
3
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
­
15
24
hr
LC50
170
­
Snell
et
al.
1991a
Rotifer
(<
5
hr),

Brachionus
plicatilis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
15
1
hr
NOEC
(
ingestion)
100
­
Juchelka
and
Snell
1995
Polychaete
worm
(
embryos),

Hediste
diversicolor
R,
U
Copper
nitrate
14.6
6
days
Severe
reduction
in
hatching
100
­
Ozoh
and
Jones
1990a
Polychaete
worm
(
embryos),

Hediste
diversicolor
R,
U
Copper
nitrate
21.9
6
days
Severe
reduction
in
hatching
100
­
Ozoh
and
Jones
1990a
Polychaete
worm
(
embryos),

Hediste
diversicolor
R,
U
Copper
nitrate
29.2
6
days
Severe
reduction
in
hatching
100
­
Ozoh
and
Jones
1990a
Polychaete
worm,

Phyllodoce
maculata
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
9
days
LC50
80
­
McLusky
and
Phillips
1975
Polychaete
worm,

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
31
28
days
LC50
44
­
Pesch
and
Morgan
1978
Polychaete
worm,

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
31
28
days
LC50
100
­
Pesch
and
Morgan
1978
Polychaete
worm,

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
31
7
days
LC50
137
­
Pesch
and
Hoffman
1982
Polychaete
worm,

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
31
10
days
LC50
98
­
Pesch
and
Hoffman
1982
Polychaete
worm,

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
31
28
days
LC50
56
­
Pesch
and
Hoffman
1982
Polychaete
worm
(
21­
day),

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
29
28
days
LC50
83
­
Pesch
et
al.
1986
Polychaete
worm
(
21­
day),

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
29
28
days
LC50
81
­
Pesch
et
al.
1986
Polychaete
worm
(
21­
day),

Neanthes
arenaceodentata
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
29
28
days
LC50
86
­
Pesch
et
al.
1986
Polychaete
worm,

Ophrytrocha
diadema
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
98%
48
hr
LC50
100­
330
­
Parker
1984
Polychaete
worm,

Ophrytrocha
diadema
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
98%
48
hr
LC50
60­
80
­
Parker
1984
C2­
3
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Polychaete
worm,

Ophrytrocha
diadema
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
98%
48
hr
LC50
80­
100
­
Parker
1984
Polychaete
worm,

Ophrytrocha
diadema
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
98%
48
hr
LC50
80­
110
­
Parker
1984
Polychaete
worm,

Cirriformia
spirabranchia
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
29
26
days
LC50
40
­
Milanovich
et
al.
1976
Annelids
(
larvae),

mixed
species
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
89
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Black
abalone.

Haliotis
cracherodii
­
­
­
96
hr
Histopathological
gill
abnormalities
>
32
­
Martin
et
al.
1977
Red
abalone.

Haliotis
rufescens
­
­
­
96
hr
Histopathological
gill
abnormalities
>
32
­
Martin
et
al.
1977
Coral
(
embryos),

Montastraea
faveolata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36.0
24
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
24.9
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Channeled
whelk,

Busycon
canaliculatum
R,
U
Copper
chloride
­
77
days
LC50
470
­
Betzer
and
Yevich
1975
Mudsnail,
Nassarius
obsoletus
­
­
­
72
hr
Decrease
in
oxygen
consumption
100
­
MacInnes
and
Thurberg
1973
Mudsnail
(
embryo),

Ilyanassa
obsoleta
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
ca.
3
hr
Abnormal
development
63.5
­
Conrad
1988
Queen
conch
(
embryo),

Strombus
gigas
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36.8
24
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
21.3
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Bivalve
mollusk
(
embryo),

Isognomon
californicum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
16
96
hr
LC50
7
Ringwood
1992
Blue
mussel
(
1­
2
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
7
days
LC50
100­
200
­
Scott
and
Major
1972
Blue
mussel
(
ca,
2
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
16.5
7
days
LC50
200
­
Huilsom
1983
Blue
mussel
(
ca,
2
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
16.5
14
days
LC50
100
­
Huilsom
1983
Blue
mussel
(
1.0­
1.5
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
10
days
EC50
(
growth)
6
­
Redpath
1985
Blue
mussel
(
0.5­
1.5
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
brackish
24
hr
LC50
(
after
3
weeks)
420
­
Sunila
and
Lindstrom
1985
Blue
mussel
(
2.0­
3.0
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
brackish
24
hr
LC50
(
after
3
weeks)
270
­
Sunila
and
Lindstrom
1985
Blue
mussel
(
1­
1.9
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
32.1
144
hr
EC20
(
growth
rate)
3
­
Stromgren
1986
Blue
mussel
(
2­
3.5
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
Gill
histopathology
1
yr
later
100
­
Sunila
1986
Blue
mussel
(
2­
3.5
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
Renal
cysts
4
months
later
200
­
Sunila
1989
Blue
mussel
(
larvae),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
chloride
32
15
days
LC50
270
­
Beaumont
et
al.
1987
C2­
4
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Blue
mussel
(
5­
6
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
­
­
5
days
EC50
(
filtration
rate)
2
­
Grace
and
Gainey
1987
Blue
mussel
(
5­
6
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
­
­
96
hr
EC50
(
heart
rate)
170
­
Grace
and
Gainey
1987
Blue
mussel
(
49.5
mm),

Mytilus
edulis
F,
U
Copper
chloride
26
126
days
Significant
increase
in
mortality
5
­
Nelson
et
al.
1988
Blue
mussel
(
4­
6
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
35
Several
hr
Halted
pumping
20.8­
25.6
­
Redpath
and
Davenport
1988
Blue
mussel
(
7­
9
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
32
20
days
LC100
150
­
Hawkins
et
al.
1989
Blue
mussel
(
4.76
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
7
days
LOEC
(
scope
for
growth)
32
­
Sanders
et
al.
1991
Blue
mussel
(
maturing),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
32
1
mo
IC50
(
no.
spawning
w/
KCl
injection)
3.3
­
Stromgren
and
Nielsen
1991
Blue
mussel
(
150
um),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
32
10
days
EC50
(
growth)
5
­
Stromgren
and
Nielsen
1991
Blue
mussel
(
5.7
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
chloride
36
9
days
LC50
894
­
Weber
et
al.
1992
Blue
mussel
(
5.7
cm),

Mytilus
edulis
R,
U
Copper
chloride
36
14
days
LC50
146
­
Weber
et
al.
1992
Blue
mussel
(
embryo),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
3
days
23%
fewer
normal
larvae
10
­
Hoare
et
al.
1995a
Blue
mussel
(
embryo),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
3
days
49%
fewer
normal
larvae
10
­
Hoare
et
al.
1995a
Blue
mussel
(
embryo),

Mytilus
edulis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
3
days
80%
fewer
survivors
after
5
mo
10
­
Hoare
et
al.
1995b
Bay
scallop,

Argopecten
irradians
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
27.4­
31.5
42
days
EC50
(
growth)
5.8
­
Pesch
et
al.
1979
Bay
scallop,

Argopecten
irradians
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
29­
32
119
days
100%
mortality
5
­
Zaroogian
and
Johnson
1983
Bay
scallop
(
31.2
mm),

Argopecten
irradians
F,
U
Copper
chloride
26
126
days
Significant
increase
in
mortality
5
­
Nelson
et
al.
1988
Giant
sea
scallop
(
107
mm
ht.),

Placopectin
magellanicus
F,
M
Copper
sulfate
24.7
8
wk
Significant
decrease
in
gonad
weight,

protein,
RNA
20
­
Gould
et
al.
1988
Bivalve
mollusk
(
sperm),

Isognomen
californicum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
16
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
55
­
Ringwood
1992
Eastern
oyster
(
larva),

Crassostrea
virginica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
25
12
days
LC50
46
­
Calabrese
et
al.
1977
Eastern
oyster
(
embryo),

Crassostrea
virginica
S,
U
Copper
chloride
25
­
LC50
128
­
Calabrese
et
al.
1973
Pearl
oyster
(
embryos),

Pteria
colymbus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36.6
24
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
<
7
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Common
rangia,

Rangia
cuneata
S,
U
­
<
1.0
96
hr
LC50
210
­
Olson
and
Harrel
1973
C2­
5
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Surf
clam
(
30.4
mm),

Spisula
solidissima
F,
U
Copper
chloride
26
126
days
Significant
increase
in
mortality
5
­
Nelson
et
al.
1988
Clam,
Macoma
inquinata
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
30
days
LC50
15.7
­
Crecelius
et
al.
1982
Clam,
Macoma
inquinata
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
30
days
LC50
20.7
­
Crecelius
et
al.
1982
Quahog
clam
(
larva),

Mercenaria
mercenaria
R,
U
Copper
chloride
24
8­
10
days
LC50
30
­
Calabrese
et
al.
1977
Quahog
clam,

Mercenaria
mercenaria
F,
M,
T
­
31
11­
15
wk
LC50
25
­
Shuster
and
Pringle
1968
Common
Pacific
littleneck,

Protothaca
staminea
­
­
­
17
days
LC50
39
­
Roesijadi
1980
Soft­
shell
clam
(
3.9­
4.9
cm),

Mya
arenaria
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30
7
days
LC50
35
­
Eisler
1977
Horseshoe
crab
(
embryo),

Limulus
polyphemus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
72
hr
LC50
2,000
­
Botton
et
al.
1998
Horseshoe
crab
(
embryo),

Limulus
polyphemus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
72
hr
LC50
171,000
­
Botton
et
al.
1998
Horseshoe
crab
(
blastula
and
gastrula
stage
embryo),

Limulus
polyphemus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
Total
mortality
100,000
­
Itow
et
al.
1998
Horseshoe
crab
(
post­
gastrula
embryo),

Limulus
polyphemus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
24
hr
<
50%
mortality
100,000
­
Itow
et
al.
1998
Copepod,

Enidula
vulgaris
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
192
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Copepod,
Euchaeta
marina
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
188
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Copepod,

Metridia
pacifica
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
176
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Copepod
(
24
hr),

Eurytemora
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
in
HNO3
FSW
96
hr
LOEC
(
development)
27.2
­
Sullivan
et
al.
1983
Copepod
(
24
hr),

Eurytemora
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
in
HNO3
FSW
96
hr
LOEC
(
development)
23.5
­
Sullivan
et
al.
1983
Copepod
(
24
hr),

Eurytemora
affinis
S,
M,
D
Copper
chloride
14­
16
8
days
LOEC
(
survival,
gravid
females,
maturation)
­
79.9c
Hall
et
al.
1997
Copepod
Labidocera
scotti
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
132
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Copepod,

Acartia
clausi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
FSW
48
hr
LC50
34
­
Moraitou­
Apostolopoulou
1978
Copepod,

Acartia
clausi
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
FSW
96
hr
LC50
<
10
­
Moraitou­
Apostolopoulou
1978
Copepod,

Acartia
tonsa
F,
U
Copper
nitrate
30
6
days
LC50
9­
78
­
Sosnowski
et
al.
1979
Copepod,

Acartia
tonsa
­
­
­
24
hr
LC50
104­
311
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
C2­
6
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Copepod,

Acartia
tonsa
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
38
10
days
Decrease
mean
lifespan
by
about
40%
1
­
Verriopoulous
1992
Copepod
(
adult
female),

Tisbe
holothuriae
S,
U
­
FSW
48
hr
LC50
80
­
Moraitou­
Apostolopoulou
and
Verriopoulos
1982
Copepod
(
nauplii),

mixed
species
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
90
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Barnacle
(
nauplii),

Balanus
amphitrite
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
22­
24
hr
LC50
480
­
Sasikumar
et
al.
1995
Barnacle
(
3
hr
nauplii),

Balanus
improvisus
S,
M,
T
Copper
oxide
FSW
96
hr
LC50
20
­
Koryakova
and
Korn
1993
Mysid
shrimp,
Americamysis
bahia
S,
U
Copper
chloride
20
48
hr
LC50
­
423
PBS&
J
1999
Mysid
shrimp,
Americamysis
bahia
S,
U
Copper
chloride
20
48
hr
LC50
­
284
PBS&
J
1999
Mysid
shrimp,
Americamysis
bahia
S,
U
Copper
chloride
20
48
hr
LC50
­
403
PBS&
J
1999
Mysid
shrimp,
Americamysis
bahia
S,
U
Copper
chloride
20
48
hr
LC50
­
367
PBS&
J
1999
Mysid
(
7­
day),

Americamysis
bahia
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
20­
30
7
days
LC50
169.3
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Mysid
shrimp,
Americamysis
bahia
R,
M,
D
Copper
chloride
30
96
hr
LC50
­
164
SAIC
1993
Mysid,
Mysidopsis
bahia
LC
­
30
­
Reduction
in
reproduction
54.1
44.9
Lussier
et
al.
1985
Amphipod,

Ampelisca
abdita
F
Copper
nitrate
30
7
days
LC50
86.8
­
Scott
et
al.
Manuscript
Euphausiid,

Euphausia
pacifica
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
14­
30
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Pink
shrimp
(
3­
5
day
postlarvae
Penaeus
duorarum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
25
96
hr
LC50
832
­
Cripe
1994
Grass
shrimp,
Palaemonetes
pugio
S,
M
Copper
acetate
25
96
hr
LC50
12,600
­
Curtis
et
al.
1979;

Curtis
and
Ward
1981
Grass
shrimp,
Palaemonetes
pugio
S,
M,
T
Copper
acetate
25
96
hr
LC50
35,900
­
Curtis
et
al.
1979
Grass
shrimp
(<
20
mm),

Palaemonetes
pugio
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
8­
12
48
hr
LC50
2,100
­
Burton
and
Fisher
1990
Coon
stripe
shrimp,

Pandalus
danae
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
30
days
LC50
27.0
­
Crecelius
et
al.
1982
Pink
shrimp,

Pandalus
montagui
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
7
days
LC50
50
­
McLeese
and
Ray
1986
Sand
shrimp,

Crangon
septemspinosa
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
7
days
LC50
1,400
­
McLeese
and
Ray
1986
American
lobster
(
450
g
adult),

Homarus
americanus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
30
96
hr
LC50
100
­
McLeese
1974
C2­
7
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
American
lobster,

Homerus
americanus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
30
13
days
LC50
56
­
McLeese
1974
Yellow
crab
(
embryo),

Cancer
anthonyi
R,
U
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
LC50
7,080
­
Macdonald
et
al.
1988
Yellow
crab
(
embryo),

Cancer
anthonyi
R,
U
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
28%
reduction
in
hatching
10
­
Macdonald
et
al.
1988
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
12
min
42%
decrease
in
sperm
motility
318
­
Young
and
Nelson
1974
Sea
urchin
(
embryo),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
4
hr
EC50
(
growth
as
thymidine
incorporation)
14
­
Nacci
et
al.
1986
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
12
­
Nacci
et
al.
1986
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
­
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
7.3
­
Neiheisel
and
Young
1992
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
­
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
20.9
­
Neiheisel
and
Young
1992
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
­
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
11.9
­
Neiheisel
and
Young
1992
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
­
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
19.3
­
Neiheisel
and
Young
1992
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
­
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
79.2
­
Neiheisel
and
Young
1992
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Arbacia
punctulata
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
33.3
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Rock­
boring
urchin
(
embryo),

Echinometra
lucunter
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36
24
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
21.9
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Echinometra
mathaei
S,
U
Copper
chloride
FSW
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
14
­
Ringwood
1992
Variegated
urchin
(
embryo),

Lytechinus
variegatus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35.7
24
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
33.8
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Green
sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
59
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Green
sea
urchin
(
embryo),

Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
120
hr
EC50
(
development)
21
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Red
sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Strongylocentrotus
franciscanus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
1.9
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
25
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Sea
urchin
(
embryo),

Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
120
hr
EC50
(
development)
6.3
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
40
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Sea
urchin
(
sperm),

Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
39.4
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
C2­
8
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
1
hr
EC50
(
fertilization)
26
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Sand
dollar
(
embryo),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
31
72
hr
EC50
(
development)
33
­
Dinnel
et
al.
1989
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
20
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
26.2
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
10.8
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
7.6
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Sand
dollar
(
sperm),

Dendraster
excentricus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
30
20
min
LOEC
(
fertilization)
16
­
Bailey
et
al.
1995
Arrow
worm,

Sagita
hispida
S,
U
­
­
24
hr
LC50
43­
460
­
Reeve
et
al.
1976
Atlantic
menhaden,

Brevoortia
tyrannus
F,­
­
­
14
days
LC50
610
­
Engel
et
al.
1976
Atlantic
herring
(
embryo),

Clupea
harengus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
15
days
brain
cell
size
reduced,
perinuclear
space
increased
30
­
Abbasi
et
al.
1995
Atlantic
herring
(
embryo),

Clupea
harengus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
20
­
spinal
deformities
50
­
Abbasi
and
Sheckley
1995
Pacific
herring
(
1
hr
larva),

Clupea
harengus
pailasi
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
6
days
LC50
33
­
Rice
and
Harrison
1978
Pacific
herring
(
12
hr
embryo),

Clupea
harengus
pailasi
F,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
6
days
LC50
900
­
Rice
and
Harrison
1978
Northern
Anchovy
(
8­
10
hr
embryo),
Engraulis
mordax
F,
M,
T,
I
­
SW
25
hr
LC50
186
­
Rice
and
Harrison
1979
Pink
salmon
(
4.1
cm),

Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
16.6
5
days
LC50
563
­
Holland
et
al.
1960
Hardhead
catfish
(
26­
29
cm),

Arius
felis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
hyperactivity
100
­
Steele
1985
Hardhead
catfish
(
26­
29
cm),

Arius
felis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
7­
day
latent
hypoactivity
100
­
Steele
1985
Hardhead
catfish
(
26­
29
cm),

Arius
felis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
57%
mortality
after
3
weeks
100
­
Steele
1985
Atlantic
cod
(
embryo),

Gadus
morhua
­
­
­
14
days
LC50
10
­
Swedmark
and
Granmo
1981
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
survival)
253
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
growth
and
survival)
177
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
growth)
44
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
C2­
9
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
growth
and
survival)
177
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
growth
and
survival)
177
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(<
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
or
sulfate
30
7
days
Chronic
value
(
growth)
177
­
Hughes
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
32
7
days
LC50
471.5
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
32
7
days
IC50
(
growth)
351.6
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Sheepshead
minnow
(
24
hr),

Cyprinodon
variegatus
R,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
34­
35
96
hr
LC50
>
220
­
Hutchinson
et
al.
1994
Mummichog,

Fundulus
heteroclitus
R,
U
Copper
chloride
20
21
days
Histopathology
(
lesions)
<
500
­
Gardner
and
LaRoche
1973
Mummichog,

Fundulus
heteroclitus
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
Enzyme
inhibition
600
­
Jackim
1973
Mummichog
(<
23
days),

Fundulus
heteroclitus
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
8­
12
48
hr
LC50
19,000
­
Burton
and
Fisher
1990
Topsmelt
(
sperm),

Atherinops
affinis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
15
min
EC50
(
fertilization)
109
­
Anderson
et
al.
1991
Topsmelt
(
embryo),

Atherinops
affinis
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
12
days
EC50
(
hatching)
146
­
Anderson
et
al.
1991
Topsmelt
(<
24
hr)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
7
days
LC50
365
­
McNulty
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
7
days
LC50
134
­
McNulty
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
LC50
162
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
LC50
274
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
LC50
169.1
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
22
7
days
LC50
55.7
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
22
7
days
LC50
58.4
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
10
7
days
LC50
5.66
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
17
7
days
LC50
<
10
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
25
7
days
LC50
29.9
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
Topsmelt
(
9
day)

Atherinops
affinis
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
34
7
days
LC50
53.6
­
Anderson
et
al.
1994
C2­
10
Appendix
C2.
Other
Data
on
Effects
of
Copper
on
Saltwater
Organisms
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Total
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
b
Dissolved
Concentration
(
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Inland
silverside
(
7
day),

Menidia
beryllina
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
32
7
days
LC50
286.4
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Inland
silverside
(
7
day),

Menidia
beryllina
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
32
7
days
IC50
(
growth)
483.5
­
Morrison
et
al.
1989
Atlantic
silverside,

Menidia
menidia
­
­
­
96
hr
Histopathological
lesions
<
500
­
Gardner
and
LaRoche
1973
Yellowtail
snapper
(
embryo),

Ocyurus
chrysurus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36
24
hr
EC50
(
viable
hatch)
>
250
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Sheepshead
porgy
(
28­
30
cm),

Archosargus
probatocephalus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
hyperactivity
100
­
Steele
1985
Sheepshead
porgy
(
28­
30
cm),

Archosargus
probatocephalus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
7­
day
latent
hypoactivity
100
­
Steele
1985
Sheepshead
porgy
(
28­
30
cm),

Archosargus
probatocephalus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
30­
32
72
hr
43%
mortality
after
3
weeks
200
­
Steele
1985
Pinfish,
Lagodon
rhomboides
S,
U
­
­
14
days
LC50
150
­
Engel
et
al.
1976
Spotted
seatrout
(
embryo),

Cynoscion
nebuloosus
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35.9
48
hr
EC50
(
normal
development)
118.6
­
Rumbold
and
Snedaker
1997
Spot,
Leiostomus
xanthurus
S,
U
­
­
14
days
LC50
160
­
Engel
et
al.
1976
Atlantic
croaker,

Micropogonias
undulatus
S,
U
­
­
14
days
LC50
210
­
Engel
et
al.
1976
Winter
flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
F,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
­
14
days
Histopathological
lesions
180
­
Baker
1969
Striped
bass
(
16
days),

Morone
saxatilis
R,
M
1.5
­
LC50
24
Wright
1988
a
S
=
static;
R
=
renewal;
F
=
flow­
through;
M
=
measured;
U
=
unmeasured;
T
=
total
metal
concentration
measured;
D
=
dissolved
metal
concentration;
I
=
ionic
b
Results
are
expressed
as
copper,
not
as
the
chemical
c
Dissolved
copper;
No
other
measurement
reported
C2­
11