Document ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430-0107
Agency: epa
Document Type: Rule
Title: Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance Allocation Methodology for 2024 and Later Years
Posted Date: 2023-07-20T04:00Z

[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 138 (Thursday, July 20, 2023)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 46836-46898]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-14312]

[[Page 46835]]

Vol. 88

Thursday,

No. 138

July 20, 2023

Part II

Environmental Protection Agency

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40 CFR Part 84

Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance Allocation Methodology for 
2024 and Later Years; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 138 / Thursday, July 20, 2023 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 46836]]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 84

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430; FRL-8838-02-OAR]
RIN 2060-AV45

Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance Allocation Methodology 
for 2024 and Later Years

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is amending 
existing regulations to implement certain provisions of the American 
Innovation and Manufacturing Act. This rule establishes the methodology 
for allocating hydrofluorocarbon production and consumption allowances 
for the calendar years of 2024 through 2028. EPA is also amending the 
consumption baseline to reflect updated data and to make other 
adjustments based on lessons learned from implementation of the 
hydrofluorocarbon phasedown program thus far, including to: codify the 
existing approach of how allowances must be expended for import of 
regulated substances, revise recordkeeping and reporting requirements, 
and implement other modifications to the existing regulations.

DATES: This final rule is effective on September 18, 2023, except for 
amendatory instructions 3 and 13, which are effective October 1, 2024. 
The incorporation by reference (IBR) of certain publications listed in 
the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of July 
20, 2023, and for certain other publications listed in the rule as of 
October 1, 2024.

ADDRESSES: The (EPA) has established a docket for this action under 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430. All documents in the docket are 
listed on the https://www.regulations.gov website. Although listed in 
the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as 
copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard-copy form. Publicly available docket 
materials are available electronically through https://www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, Room 
3334, WJC West Building, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC. 
The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday 
through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the 
Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the 
EPA Docket Center is (202) 566-1742.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Feather, U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency, Stratospheric Protection Division, telephone number: 
202-564-1230; or email address: [email protected]. You may also 
visit EPA's website at https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction for 
further information.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' ``the Agency,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA. Acronyms that 
are used in this rulemaking that may be helpful include:

ABI--Automated Broker Interface
AD/CVD--Antidumping and Countervailing Duty
AES--Automated Export System
AHRI--Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute
AIM Act--American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020
ANSI--American National Standards Institute
ASHRAE--American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
CAA--Clean Air Act
CBI--Confidential Business Information
CBP--U.S. Customs and Border Protection
CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
CO2--Carbon Dioxide
CRA--Congressional Review Act
DoC--Department of Commerce
DBA--Doing Business As
e-GGRT--Electronic Greenhouse Gas Reporting Tool
EEI--Electronic Export Information
EPA--U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EVe--Exchange Value Equivalent
FR--Federal Register
GHG--Greenhouse Gas
GHGRP--Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
GWP--Global Warming Potential
HAP--Hazardous Air Pollutants
HCFC--Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HFC--Hydrofluorocarbon
HFO--Hydrofluoroolefin
HTS--Harmonized Tariff Schedule
HVAC--Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
ICR--Information Collection Request
IEC--International Electrotechnical Commission
IMO--International Maritime Organization
IPCC--Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO--International Organization for Standardization
ITN--Internal Transaction Number
LCD--Liquid Carbon Dioxide
MMTCO2e--Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
MMTEVe--Million Metric Tons of Exchange Value Equivalent
MTEVe--Metric Tons of Exchange Value Equivalent
MVAC--Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
NAICS--North American Industry Classification System
NATA--National Air Toxics Assessment
ODS--Ozone-Depleting Substances
OEM--Original Equipment Manufacturer
OSHA--Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PRA--Paperwork Reduction Act
RACA--Request for Additional Consumption Allowances
RFA--Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA--Regulatory Impact Analysis
SISNOSE--Significant Economic Impact on a Substantial Number of 
Small Entities
TCE--trichloroethylene
TRI--Toxics Release Inventory
UMRA--Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
XPS--Extruded Polystyrene

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
    B. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action
II. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. What are HFCs?
    C. What is the AIM Act, and what authority does it provide to 
EPA as it relates to this action?
III. How is EPA determining allowance allocations starting in 2024?
    A. For which years is EPA establishing the allocation 
methodology?
    B. What is EPA's framework for determining how many allowances 
each entity receives?
    1. Which methodology is EPA using as the basis for allocations?
    2. What other allocation methodologies did EPA consider?
    3. What did EPA consider in developing its final rule as to the 
appropriate entities to be allocated allowances?
    C. How is EPA accounting for past production or import activity 
to determine allocation eligibility?
    D. Can allowances be transferred or conferred prior to the 
calendar year?
IV. How is EPA updating the consumption baseline?
V. How is EPA revising requirements related to allowances for 
import?
    A. Codifying the Point in Time That an Allowance Must Be 
Expended To Import Regulated Substances
    B. Who must expend allowances for import?
    C. Existing Requirement To Expend Allowances for Regulated 
Substance Components of Blends
    D. Consideration of Presumed Amount for Heel Imports of Unknown 
Quantity
VI. How is EPA clarifying and revising recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements?
    A. How is EPA modifying the import reporting requirements?
    1. Specify Reporting Obligations on the Importer of Record
    2. Modify Advance Notification of Import Requirements
    3. Clarify the Reporting of Heels

[[Page 46837]]

    4. Changes to and Requirement of Importer of Record Information
    5. Joint and Several Liability for Importer Reporting 
Requirements
    B. Consideration of Modifying Recordkeeping and Reporting 
Requirements Regarding Expending Allowances
    C. Modify the Reporting of Regulated Substances Produced for 
Transformation, Destruction or Use as a Process Agent at a Different 
Facility Under the Same Owner
    D. Considered Additional HFC Production Facility Emissions 
Reporting Requirements
VII. How is EPA revising sampling and testing requirements?
    A. Sampling and Testing Methodology Requirements
    B. Recordkeeping of Tests
    C. Define ``Batch'' and ``Representative Sample'' and Clarify 
the Relationship Between These Terms
    D. Laboratory Methods and Accreditation
    E. Certificate of Analysis for Imports of Regulated Substances
VIII. What other revisions is EPA finalizing?
    A. Define the Term ``Expend''
    B. Modify Labeling Requirements
    C. Clarify Ability To Move Allowances Among Companies With 
Certain Affiliation Without a Transfer
    D. Revise Required Elements To Request Additional Consumption 
Allowances
    E. Considered Petitions To Import Regulated Substances for 
Laboratory Testing With Eventual Destruction
IX. What are the costs and benefits of this action?
X. How is EPA considering environmental justice?
XI. Judicial Review
XII. Statutory and Executive Order Review
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory Review
    B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children Fom 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect 
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act and 
Incorporation by Reference
    J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations
    K. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

I. Executive Summary

A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action

    EPA is finalizing amendments to existing regulations to implement 
certain provisions of the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 
2020 (AIM Act), as enacted on December 27, 2020. The Act mandates the 
phasedown of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are highly potent 
greenhouse gases (GHGs), by 85 percent by 2036. The Act directs EPA to 
implement the phasedown by issuing a fixed quantity of transferrable 
production and consumption allowances, which producers and importers of 
HFCs must expend in quantities equal to the amount of HFCs they produce 
or import. To continue implementation of the allowance program and the 
overall phasedown of HFCs, this rulemaking establishes the allowance 
allocation methodology for calendar years 2024 through 2028,\1\ adjusts 
the consumption baseline based on updated data received and further 
reviews, and revises provisions to support implementation of, 
compliance with, and enforcement of statutory and regulatory 
requirements under the AIM Act's phasedown provisions.
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    \1\ In the context of this rule, ``2024 through 2028'' means 
``2024 through, and including, 2028.''
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    Under the AIM Act, by October 1 of each calendar year EPA must 
calculate and determine the quantity of production and consumption 
allowances for the following year. Using the procedure established 
through this rulemaking, the Agency intends to both issue allowances 
for the 2024 calendar year no later than October 1, 2023, and continue 
allocating annually, through the calendar year 2028 allowances, no 
later than October 1 of the previous year.

B. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action

    Allowance Allocation Methodology: In this rule EPA establishes the 
methodology for allocating production and consumption allowances for 
calendar years 2024 through 2028. The Agency is basing these general 
pool allocations on entities' market shares derived from the average of 
the three highest years of production and consumption, respectively, of 
regulated substances between 2011 and 2019. To be eligible to receive 
general pool allowances for 2024 through 2028 based on historic 
production and import activity, an entity must have produced or 
imported bulk regulated substances in 2021 or 2022. For participants in 
the new market entrant pool, EPA will determine for each former new 
market entrant a stand-in high three-year average based on the number 
of allowances allocated in 2023 and the percent reduction all general 
pool allowance holders experience in 2023 relative to the average of 
their three highest years of consumption. The Agency is also clarifying 
that entities may confer or transfer allowances at any point after they 
are allocated until the allowance expires at the end of the calendar 
year for which it was allocated.
    Consumption Baseline: EPA is amending the consumption baseline from 
303,887,017 Metric Tons of Exchange Value Equivalent (MTEVe) to 
302,538,316 MTEVe to account for verified revisions from entities for 
2011 through 2013 and the Agency's internal review of baseline 
calculation methodologies.
    Imports and Allowance Expenditures: EPA is revising existing 
language to require that allowances be expended at the time of ship 
berthing for vessel arrivals, border crossing for land arrivals such as 
trucks, rail, and autos, and first point of terminus in U.S. 
jurisdiction for arrivals via air. The Agency is also adding 
requirements that only the importer of record can expend allowances and 
that the importer of record be in possession of allowances in the 
amount that will need to be expended at the time of filing their 
advance report. Associated with these requirements, EPA is amending 
existing provisions to make it clear that any person who meets the 
definition of an importer in the 40 CFR part 84 regulations could be 
held liable for imports of regulated substances without necessary 
expenditure of allowances unless they can demonstrate that the importer 
of record possessed and expended the appropriate allowances. 
Furthermore, the Agency is making a revision to reflect and further 
clarify the existing requirement that allowances must be expended to 
import bulk regulated substances regardless of whether the import is of 
an HFC that is imported as a single component or as part of a 
multicomponent substance.
    Recordkeeping and Reporting: EPA is revising and adding 
requirements to a variety of recordkeeping and reporting provisions, 
including provisions to specify that the importer of record or their 
authorized agent must file the advance notification and quarterly 
reports; require the submission of both the net weight (or net product 
weight) and gross weight (net weight plus container weight), as well as 
unit of mass (i.e., kilogram), for each container in the shipment in 
the advance notification report; shorten the advance notification 
reporting requirements to 5 days in advance for truck, rail, air, and 
other non-sea arrivals and 10 days in advance for sea arrivals; 
reiterate that the harmonized tariff schedule (HTS)

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Code for the regulated substance must be used for the import of any 
regulated substance; require that certain information must be submitted 
by any entity anticipating being the importer of record for a shipment 
of regulated substances by November 15 of the prior calendar year; 
require reporting of the name, quantity, and recipient facility for 
regulated substances produced at one facility for transformation, 
destruction, or use as a process agent at another facility owned by the 
same entity; and to add the Internal Transaction Numbers (ITN) and 
Electronic Export Information (EEI) documents as required data elements 
for Request for Additional Consumption Allowance (RACA) submissions.
    Sampling and Testing: EPA is amending requirements related to 
verifying composition and specifications of regulated substances 
offered for sale or distribution. These revisions establish additional 
verification requirements and codify procedures to be followed to meet 
the requirement to test a representative sample. The Agency is 
finalizing the following provisions to add that already required 
sampling and testing of regulated substances must follow a combination 
of methodologies to verify the label composition for all applications; 
require sampling and testing by exporters; add a requirement to sample 
and test under specified methodology to ensure compliance with the 
existing requirements concerning specifications; define the records 
required associated with testing and add recordkeeping requirements for 
fire suppression recyclers, repackagers, and exporters; add definitions 
of ``batch'' and ``representative sample'' and clarify the relationship 
between these terms; add a definition for ``laboratory testing'' such 
that laboratories must be certified or accredited; and add a 
requirement that certificates of analysis accompany all imports of 
regulated substances.
    Other Revisions: EPA is also finalizing additional regulatory 
changes based on lessons learned and current practices that have proved 
useful in implementing the HFC phasedown. Among these, the Agency is 
defining ``expend'' to mean to subtract the number of allowances 
required for the production or import of regulated substances under 40 
CFR part 84 from a person's unexpended allowances. EPA is also adding 
more detail and specificity concerning features on all labels or 
markings and specifying that no one other than the importer of record 
may repackage or relabel regulated substances which were initially 
unlabeled or mislabeled. The Agency is clarifying that allowances can 
be expended by parents, subsidiaries, sister, or commonly owned 
companies without a transfer.

II. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    You may be potentially affected by this action if you produce, 
import, export, destroy, use as a feedstock or process agent, reclaim, 
or recycle HFCs. Potentially affected categories, North American 
Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes, and examples of 
potentially affected entities are included in Table 1.

     Table 1--NAICS Classification of Potentially Affected Entities
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          NAICS Code                   NAICS industry description
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325120.......................  Industrial Gas Manufacturing.
325199.......................  All Other Basic Organic Chemical
                                Manufacturing.
325211.......................  Plastics Material and Resin
                                Manufacturing.
325412.......................  Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing.
325414.......................  Biological Product (except Diagnostic)
                                Manufacturing.
325998.......................  All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product
                                and Preparation Manufacturing.
326220.......................  Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting
                                Manufacturing.
326150.......................  Urethane and Other Foam Product
326299.......................  All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing.
333415.......................  Air[dash]Conditioning and Warm Air
                                Heating Equipment and Commercial and
                                Industrial Refrigeration Equipment
                                Manufacturing.
333511.......................  Industrial Mold Manufacturing.
334413.......................  Semiconductor and Related Device
                                Manufacturing.
334419.......................  Other Electronic Component Manufacturing.
334510.......................  Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic
                                Apparatus Manufacturing.
336212.......................  Truck Trailer Manufacturing.
336214.......................  Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing.
336411.......................  Aircraft Manufacturing.
336611.......................  Ship Building and Repairing.
336612.......................  Boat Building.
339112.......................  Surgical and Medical Instrument
                                Manufacturing.
423720.......................  Plumbing and Heating Equipment and
                                Supplies (Hydronics) Merchant
                                Wholesalers.
423730.......................  Warm Air Heating and
                                Air[dash]Conditioning Equipment and
                                Supplies Merchant Wholesalers.
423740.......................  Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies
                                Merchant Wholesalers.
423830.......................  Industrial Machinery and Equipment
                                Merchant Wholesalers.
423840.......................  Industrial Supplies Merchant Wholesalers.
423860.......................  Transportation Equipment and Supplies
                                (except Motor Vehicle) Merchant
                                Wholesalers.
424690.......................  Other Chemical and Allied Products
                                Merchant Wholesalers.
488510.......................  Freight Transportation Arrangement.
541380.......................  Testing Laboratories.
541714.......................  Research and Technology in Biotechnology
                                (except Nanobiotechnology).
562111.......................  Solid Waste Collection.
562211.......................  Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal.
562920.......................  Materials Recovery Facilities.
922160.......................  Fire Protection.
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    This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provide a 
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this 
action. Other types of entities not listed in this section could also 
be affected. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of 
this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed under the 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.

B. What are HFCs?

    HFCs are anthropogenic \2\ fluorinated chemicals that have no known 
natural sources. HFCs are used in a variety of applications such as 
refrigeration and air conditioning, foam blowing agents, solvents, 
aerosols, and fire suppression. HFCs are potent GHGs with 100-year 
global warming potentials (GWPs) (a measure of the relative climatic 
impact of a GHG) that can be hundreds to thousands of times that of 
carbon dioxide (CO2).
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    \2\ While the overwhelming majority of HFC production is 
intentional, EPA is aware that HFC-23 can be a byproduct associated 
with the production of other chemicals, including but not limited to 
hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-22 and other fluorinated gases.
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    HFC use and emissions have been growing worldwide due to the global 
phaseout of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal 
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal 
Protocol), and the increasing use of refrigeration and air-conditioning 
equipment globally.\3\ HFC emissions had previously been projected to 
increase substantially over the next several decades. In 2016, in 
Kigali, Rwanda, countries agreed to adopt an amendment to the Montreal 
Protocol, known as the Kigali Amendment, which provides for a global 
phasedown of the production and consumption of HFCs. The United States 
ratified the Kigali Amendment on October 31, 2022. Global adherence to 
the Kigali Amendment would substantially reduce future emissions, 
leading to a peaking of HFC emissions before 2040.4 5
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    \3\ World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific 
Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018, World Meteorological 
Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project--Report 
No. 58, 67 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/SAP-2018-Assessment-report.pdf.
    \4\ Ibid.
    \5\ A recent study estimated that global compliance with the 
Kigali Amendment is expected to lower 2050 annual emissions by 3.0-
4.4 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 
(MMTCO2e). Guus J.M. Velders et al. Projections of 
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming 
based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies. 
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6087-6101, 2022. Available at https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022.
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    There are hundreds of possible HFC compounds. The 18 HFCs listed as 
regulated substances by the AIM Act are some of the most commonly used 
HFCs (neat and in blends) and have high impacts as measured by the 
quantity of each substance emitted multiplied by their respective GWPs. 
These 18 HFCs are all saturated, meaning they have only single bonds 
between their atoms, and therefore have longer atmospheric lifetimes. 
More detailed information on HFCs, their uses, and their impacts is 
available in this rulemaking's proposal (87 FR 66375, November 3, 2022) 
and associated supporting documentation, available in the docket for 
this action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430).
    We also discuss costs and benefits associated with this action in 
section IX of this preamble, and consider potential environmental 
justice impacts in section X of this preamble.

C. What is the AIM Act, and what authority does it provide to EPA as it 
relates to this action?

    On December 27, 2020, the AIM Act was enacted as section 103 in 
Division S, Innovation for the Environment, of the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act, 2021 (42 U.S.C. 7675). The AIM Act authorizes EPA 
to address HFCs in three main ways: phasing down HFC production and 
consumption through an allowance allocation program, facilitating 
sector-based transitions to next-generation technologies, and 
promulgating certain regulations for purposes of maximizing reclamation 
and minimizing releases of HFCs from equipment. This rulemaking focuses 
on the first area--the phasedown of the production and consumption of 
HFCs.
    Subsection (e) of the AIM Act gives EPA authority to phase down the 
production and consumption of listed HFCs through an allowance 
allocation and trading program. Subsection (c)(1) of the AIM Act lists 
18 saturated HFCs, and by reference any of their isomers not so listed, 
that are covered by the statute's provisions, referred to as 
``regulated substances'' under the Act. Congress also assigned an 
``exchange value'' 6 7 to each regulated substance (along 
with other chemicals that are used to calculate the baseline). EPA has 
codified the list of the 18 regulated substances and their exchange 
values in appendix A to 40 CFR part 84. Congress gave EPA authority to 
designate new regulated substances under subsection (c)(3), but the 
Agency is not here designating any new regulated substances, just as 
the Agency did not designate any new regulated substances in the 
previous October 5, 2021, rulemaking (86 FR 55116; hereinafter called 
the Allocation Framework Rule; see ``Response to Comments'' page 193 
for Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0044).
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    \6\ EPA has determined that the exchange values included in 
subsection (c) of the AIM Act are identical to the GWPs included in 
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007). EPA 
uses the terms ``global warming potential'' and ``exchange value'' 
interchangeably in this proposal.
    \7\ IPCC (2007): Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, R.B. Alley, T. 
Berntsen, N.L. Bindoff, Z. Chen, A. Chidthaisong, J.M. Gregory, G.C. 
Hegerl, M. Heimann, B. Hewitson, B.J. Hoskins, F. Joos, J. Jouzel, 
V. Kattsov, U. Lohmann, T. Matsuno, M. Molina, N. Nicholls, J. 
Overpeck, G. Raga, V. Ramaswamy, J. Ren, M. Rusticucci, R. 
Somerville, T.F. Stocker, P. Whetton, R.A. Wood and D. Wratt, 2007: 
Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science 
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment 
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, 
S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor 
and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1.
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    The AIM Act requires EPA to phase down the consumption and 
production of the statutorily listed HFCs on an exchange value-weighted 
basis according to the schedule in subsection (e)(2)(C) of the AIM Act. 
The AIM Act requires that the EPA Administrator ensures the annual 
quantity of all regulated substances produced or consumed \8\ in the 
United States does not exceed the applicable percentage listed for the 
production or consumption baseline. EPA has codified the phasedown 
schedule at 40 CFR 84.7.
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    \8\ In the context of allocating and expending allowances, EPA 
interprets the word ``consume'' as the verb form of the defined term 
``consumption.'' For example, subsection (e)(2)(A), states the 
phasedown consumption prohibition as ``no person shall . . . consume 
a quantity of a regulated substance without a corresponding quantity 
of consumption allowances.'' While a common usage of the word 
``consume'' means ``use,'' EPA does not believe that Congress 
intended for everyone who charges an appliance or fills an aerosol 
can with an HFC to expend allowances.
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    To implement the directive that the production and consumption of 
regulated substances in the United States does not exceed the statutory 
targets, the AIM Act in subsection (e)(3) requires EPA to issue 
regulations establishing an allowance allocation and trading program to 
phase down the production and consumption of the listed HFCs. These 
allowances are limited authorizations for the production or consumption 
of regulated substances. Subsection (e)(2) of the Act has a general 
prohibition that no person \9\ shall produce or consume a

[[Page 46840]]

quantity of regulated substances in the United States without a 
corresponding quantity of allowances.
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    \9\ Under the Act's term, this general prohibition applies to 
any ``person.'' Because EPA anticipates that the parties that 
produce or consume HFCs--and that would thus be subject to the Act's 
production and consumption controls--are companies or other 
entities, we frequently use those terms to refer to regulated 
parties in this rule. Using this shorthand, however, does not alter 
the applicability of the Act's or regulation's requirements and 
prohibitions. Similarly, in certain instances EPA may use these 
terms interchangeably in this rule preamble, but such differences in 
terminology should not be viewed to carry a material distinction in 
how EPA interprets or is planning to apply the requirements 
discussed herein.
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    EPA published the Allocation Framework Rule, which, among other 
things: established the HFC production and consumption baselines; 
determined an initial approach to allocating production and consumption 
allowances for 2022 and 2023, identifying both the entities receiving 
allowances and how to determine what quantities of allowances they 
would receive; established a process for issuing ``application-
specific'' allowances to entities in six specific applications listed 
in subsection (e)(4)(B)(iv) of the AIM Act; created a set-aside pool of 
allowances for new entrants and entities for which the Agency did not 
have verifiable data prior to the finalization of the rule; established 
provisions for the transfer of allowances; established recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements; and established a suite of compliance and 
enforcement-related provisions. Unless otherwise stated in the sections 
included in this action, EPA's requirements and revisions are based on 
the same interpretations of the AIM Act, and the Clean Air Act (CAA) as 
applicable under subsection (k) of the AIM Act, as discussed in the 
Allocation Framework Rule. EPA also has authority to prevent and 
identify noncompliance and to create a level playing field for the 
regulated community.

III. How is EPA determining allowance allocations starting in 2024?

    Subsection (e)(3) of the AIM Act requires EPA to implement the 
statutorily established phasedown of the production and consumption of 
regulated substances through ``an allowance allocation and trading 
program.'' Additional discussion of how allowances work, including the 
decision to allocate consumption and production allowances on an 
exchange-weighted basis, is available in the Allocation Framework Rule 
at 86 FR 55142-43. This approach was not reopened in this action.
    This section provides an overview of EPA's methodology for issuing 
calendar year production and consumption allowances starting in 
calendar year 2024. In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA codified an 
initial approach to allocating production and consumption allowances 
for calendar years 2022 and 2023, but did not establish any allocation 
methodology for further years. EPA made clear that the Agency intended 
to revisit how to allocate production and consumption allowances for 
2024 and beyond. EPA presented and took advance comment on ideas on 
potential criteria and a framework for issuing allowances for 2024 and 
later years. EPA stated that comments received on the elements noted 
for advance comment would be taken under advisement by the Agency and 
incorporated, as appropriate, in future and separate rulemakings with 
an opportunity for public comment prior to finalization of any 
provisions. Accordingly, EPA considered the advance comments provided 
on potential methodologies for allocating allowances starting with 
calendar year 2024 allowances in development of the proposed 
rulemaking. Those comments can be found at Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2021-0044. EPA is not including those comments in the docket for this 
rule, does not consider those advance comments to be part of this 
rulemaking record, and does not anticipate providing any further 
response to them. Comments received during the public comment period 
for this rulemaking on how EPA may allocate production and consumption 
allowances for 2024 and beyond will be addressed either in the preamble 
of this rulemaking or the response to comments document, available in 
the docket.
    EPA did not reopen the methodology for issuing application-specific 
allowances, and the existing application-specific allowance allocation 
methodology codified at 40 CFR 84.13 will continue to apply as 
finalized in the Allocation Framework Rule. The Agency has begun 
development of a rule to review and consider whether to renew 
eligibility for each of the six applications for application-specific 
allowances and to consider revisions to existing regulatory 
requirements. EPA is planning to issue a proposed rulemaking in the 
first half of 2024.

A. For which years is EPA establishing the allocation methodology?

    EPA is finalizing as proposed that the methodology for allocating 
production and consumption allowances described in this section of the 
preamble will apply for allocation of allowances for calendar year 2024 
through calendar year 2028. During these five years, the annual 
production and consumption caps established in the AIM Act will be 60 
percent of the baseline.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ In 2029, the production and consumption caps decline to 30 
percent of baseline.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the Agency's primary proposal was to establish an allowance 
methodology through 2028 and reassess the methodology for allocation of 
calendar year 2029 production and consumption allowances, EPA also 
considered whether it may be less disruptive to the market to reassess 
and potentially change methodologies in a year prior to or after a 
phasedown step (e.g., alter the methodology for allocation of calendar 
year 2028 or 2030 allowances, instead of aligning with the next 
phasedown step in 2029). Additionally, EPA sought input on whether it 
would be appropriate to establish the methodology through a different 
phasedown step, such as through the allocation of calendar year 2036 
allowances when the production and consumption caps reach 15 percent of 
baseline.
    Commenters had a variety of views. Approximately half of the 
commenters on this topic supported EPA's approach of covering calendar 
year 2024 through calendar year 2028. The remaining commenters on the 
issue expressed a preference for or suggested that the Agency include 
years beyond calendar year 2028, e.g., either through calendar year 
2030 or through calendar year 2036. Of these, approximately half did 
not object to the Agency's proposal of covering calendar year 2024 
through calendar year 2028 but preferred a longer period, namely 
through 2036. Commenters that supported extending EPA's allocation 
methodology further into the future cited several factors. They 
asserted that extending the applicable years for the methodology past 
2028 would provide consistency and clarity to industry while 
simultaneously preventing further disruption to the industry. 
Commenters cited time, investments, and resources as integral to 
implementing the phasedown, and extending the applicable years past 
2028 would facilitate effective business planning, long-term 
contracting, and a seamless transition to HFC substitutes. Another 
benefit cited by commenters is that with a longer applicability period, 
entities have greater ability to make critical decisions regarding 
usage of allocations and supply planning. Several commenters also noted 
that even if EPA were to extend the years covered by this rule past 
2028, the mandated phasedown could still occur, i.e., a longer time 
period would not change

[[Page 46841]]

the statutory and regulatory schedule and national targets for HFC 
production and consumption.
    In response, as explained in the proposed rulemaking, EPA used a 
similar approach of periodically revisiting its allocation methodology 
when phasing down HCFCs under Title VI of the CAA. Periodically 
revisiting the allowance allocation methodology allowed the Agency to 
respond to changing market conditions and/or challenges in program 
implementation. Examples of changes in market conditions that the 
Agency could potentially consider in revisiting its methodology in the 
HFC phasedown include, among other things, companies entering or 
exiting the market, significant quantities of allowances unexpended at 
the end of the year, and/or supply shortages, or oversupplies, for 
specific HFCs.
    Implementing the allocation methodology through calendar year 2028 
will allow EPA to review and revisit it in advance of the next 
phasedown step, which occurs in 2029. EPA will be able to consider 
lessons learned from implementation, prior year use of allowances, and 
any concerns surrounding distribution of allowances prior to the next 
reduction in the production and consumption caps. Even if the Agency 
were to determine as part of the future rulemaking establishing an 
allocation methodology for calendar year 2029 allowances that it should 
not make any change in the allocation methodology, being able to make 
that assessment is important for a smooth and successful phasedown for 
the reasons described in this section. This approach also allows EPA to 
consider whether regulatory changes are warranted as a result of market 
shifts that may occur as a result of other regulations under the AIM 
Act (e.g., final technology transition and HFC management rules). 
Establishing a methodology for five years, as opposed to a shorter 
period of time, is also intended to provide allowance holders a level 
of predictability for allocation levels through the phasedown step.
    As transition to substitutes continues, the market dynamics may 
shift towards increased or decreased need for certain HFCs. 
Specifically, on commenters' points in favor of extending the 
methodology past calendar year 2028, EPA's proposed rulemaking also 
explained that establishing a methodology from 2024 through 2028 (and 
not shorter) is intended to provide allowance holders a predictable 
understanding of a likely range of allocation levels for these five 
years so they can make longer term decisions and plans about how to 
deploy their allowances (e.g., whether to transfer or produce or import 
directly). Any subsequent methodology rulemaking will also require 
notice and comment, thereby providing EPA a predictable timeline for 
evaluating potential challenges, sharing that information with the 
regulated community, along with any proposed changes to remedy those 
challenges, and stakeholders the opportunity to provide feedback.
    Furthermore, with respect to business planning, long-term 
contracting, HFC substitute transitions, and other issues related to 
allocations and supply planning, EPA observes that independent of this 
rulemaking or any other methodology rulemaking, entities can run 
scenarios and anticipate various business, technology, or supply chain 
models on their own. In other words, the timeline for the phasedown of 
HFCs has been directed by the AIM Act and therefore entities know the 
phasedown schedule. Even in the absence of knowing their individual 
allocations for every year, companies are still able to plan for a 
future where the amount of HFCs produced and imported will decrease, 
recognizing those decreases are most acute in 2024 and 2029. Other AIM 
Act regulations are expected to establish requirements that may affect 
the HFC market, such as by restricting the use of regulated substances 
in certain sectors and subsectors or by encouraging maximizing 
reclamation and minimizing the release of a regulated substance from 
equipment. Entities need not rely solely on EPA's phasedown 
regulations--they can use all of these factors, including ongoing 
technology and market transitions, to drive their planning (e.g., 
whether and when to transition their production or import to lower GWP 
HFCs or substitutes). Lastly, the Agency notes that other Federal 
regulations both with respect to HFCs and other media may inform and 
provide insight on industry trends and forecasting that may facilitate 
with entities' planning needs.
    One commenter asserted that the AIM Act requires EPA to establish 
an allowance methodology for 2024 through 2036. The commenter stated 
that the AIM Act directed EPA to issue a singular ``final rule'' by 
``270 days after December 27, 2020'', that provides for the phasedown 
of the production and consumption of regulated substances ``through an 
allowance allocation and trading program.'' The commenter seems to 
argue that in referring to a singular final rule to establish an 
allowance allocation program, Congress required EPA to promulgate a 
singular final rule establishing an allowance allocation methodology 
for the entire length of the HFC phasedown. The commenter points to 
EPA's prior phasedown rule as a ``partial rule'' to implement the HFC 
phasedown for 2022 and 2023 and alleges that EPA is now late in 
finalizing a rule to address the Congressional mandate to establish the 
allowance allocation program. The commenter noted that EPA was on a 
short timeframe (270 days) to finalize the Allocation Framework Rule, 
which was cited by EPA in putting out the partial rule addressing 
allocation methodology for just two years, but EPA cannot rely on such 
a rationale in this rulemaking, so the Agency now must fulfill its 
statutory duty to promulgate a singular rule establishing the 
allocation methodology through 2036. The commenter also contended that 
EPA's rationale for establishing the allocation methodology only 
through 2028, and examples of considerations for establishing future 
methodology such as companies entering or exiting the market, corporate 
mergers and acquisitions, significant quantities of allowances 
unexpended at the end of the year, and/or supply shortages for specific 
HFCs, are not a sufficient basis to ignore what the commenter contends 
is a statutory directive to establish the allowance allocation 
methodology through calendar year 2036. The commenter stated that while 
it is possible, perhaps even inevitable, that the HFC market will 
change over the next 12 to 13 years, this does not justify limiting the 
allowance allocation methodology to calendar year 2024 through calendar 
year 2028. Instead, the commenter contended that if EPA believes it has 
the authority to adjust the allowance methodology to address the 
changes in the HFC market described in the proposed rulemaking, the 
Agency could seek to exert authority to do so when such conditions 
become evident. Lastly, the commenter claimed that EPA's past practice 
for the phaseout of HCFCs under Title VI of the CAA, i.e., a chemical 
by chemical and prioritized system, does not provide the Agency with 
either authority, direction, or relevance for the phasedown of HFCs.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter's contention that AIM Act 
subsection (e)(3) requires EPA to establish a permanent allowance 
allocation methodology. EPA notes that the AIM Act required EPA to 
establish regulations within 270 days of enactment, and EPA met the 
directive of subsection (e)(3) in finalizing the Allocation Framework 
Rule no later than 270 days after the passage of the

[[Page 46842]]

AIM Act. In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA established the 
baselines, codified the numeric phasedown schedule, established 
requirements and prohibitions around production and consumption of 
regulated substances without allowances, and created the regulatory 
framework for allowance trading. This rulemaking fulfilled the 
requirements of AIM Act subsection (e)(3) to ``issue a final rule'' 
phasing down production and consumption of regulated substances 
``through an allowance allocation and trading program.'' In this 
section of this final rule, EPA has outlined the reasons why it is 
appropriate at this juncture to establish the allowance allocation 
methodology through 2028 at which point the Agency will revisit the 
allocation methodology.
    Even if EPA were to agree with the commenter's contention regarding 
the language in (e)(3), which the Agency does not, it is not clear why 
the commenter's interpretation of it--that EPA must establish an 
allowance allocation methodology through 2036--is correct either. In 
the AIM Act, Congress mandated a phase down, not a phase out, of HFCs. 
The final phasedown step is 15 percent of baseline levels of production 
and consumption in 2036. Unless Congress acts to amend the AIM Act or 
EPA acts to alter the phasedown schedule according to subsection (f) of 
the AIM Act in response to a petition, production and consumption of 
HFCs will continue after 2036 indefinitely.
    EPA also does not agree with the commenter's characterization of 
the Agency's ability to revisit the allocation methodology in future 
years. EPA has authority to reconsider and/or revise past decisions to 
the extent permitted by law so long as the Agency provides a reasoned 
explanation. Courts have recognized that ``[a]gencies obviously have 
broad discretion to reconsider a regulation at any time.'' Clean Air 
Council v. Pruitt, 862 F.3d 1, 8-9 (D.C. Cir. 2017). The commenter 
seems to acknowledge that such authority exists in noting that if EPA 
believes it has the authority to adjust the allowance methodology to 
address the changes in the HFC market described in the proposed 
rulemaking, the Agency could seek to exert authority to do so when such 
conditions become evident. EPA's authority to revisit the allocation 
methodology is a compelling reason why it is permissible for EPA to 
establish the allocation methodology in a stepwise fashion in the first 
instance. It is less disruptive to the regulated community for EPA to 
be transparent about the points in time that the Agency will revisit 
the allocation methodology in the first instance, rather than 
establishing an allocation methodology now without a defined timeframe 
while retaining the ability to revisit that methodology at an undefined 
future point in time.

B. What is EPA's framework for determining how many allowances each 
entity receives?

    This section discusses how EPA will determine the quantity of 
production and consumption allowances each entity will receive. As 
noted in the Allocation Framework Rule and reiterated in the proposal 
for the current rulemaking, EPA seeks to provide as smooth a transition 
as possible from HFCs as the phasedown proceeds and ensure that 
allowance allocations can be made no later than October 1, 2023.\11\ As 
EPA has chosen to allocate allowances based on historic production and 
consumption activity levels, EPA has also prioritized in such a 
scenario selection of a methodology that utilizes robust, verified, and 
well-understood data. EPA proposed to use a similar methodology to 
calculate allocation quantities as the initial framework used for 
allocating calendar year 2022 and 2023 production and consumption 
allowances, with adjustments to accommodate entities whose applications 
were granted as new market entrants \12\ pursuant to 40 CFR 
84.15(e)(3).
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    \11\ Under the AIM Act, by October 1 of each calendar year EPA 
must calculate and determine the quantity of production and 
consumption allowances for the following year. EPA intends to issue 
allowances for the 2024 calendar year no later than October 1, 2023, 
using the procedure established through this rulemaking.
    \12\ EPA allocated calendar year 2022 and 2023 consumption 
allowances to entities that met the criteria of 40 CFR 84.15(c)(2) 
from the pool of set-aside allowances established in the Allocation 
Framework Rule; EPA issued a final agency action determining which 
entities were eligible for these allowances on March 31, 2022. In 
the context of this action, EPA generally refers to these entities 
as new market entrants. As discussed in this section, EPA is not 
establishing another pool of set-aside allowances or extending 40 
CFR 84.15(c)(2) to future new market entrants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Which methodology is EPA using as the basis for allocations?
    EPA proposed to base production allowance allocations on an 
entity's market share derived from the average of the three highest 
years (not necessarily consecutive) of production of regulated 
substances between 2011 and 2019. EPA proposed to base consumption 
allowance allocations on an entity's market share derived from the 
average of the three highest years (not necessarily consecutive) of 
consumption of regulated substances between 2011 and 2019. The proposed 
rulemaking described the Agency's approach for companies who do not 
have three years of data; EPA proposed to take the average of the years 
between 2011 and 2019 for which each company produced and/or imported 
HFCs. Production allowances would be determined for each company based 
on the exchange value equivalent (EVe) quantity of HFCs they produced 
(subtracting out the amounts of HFCs produced that are used and 
entirely consumed except for trace quantities in the manufacture of 
another chemical, i.e., transformation, and the amounts of HFCs that 
are destroyed). Consumption allowances would be determined for each 
company based on the EVe quantity of HFCs they produced (see preceding 
sentence for description) plus the amount they imported (excluding the 
amount imported for transformation or destruction) minus the amount 
exported. EPA proposed to use historic production and consumption data 
from 2011 to 2019, matching the approach taken for allocating calendar 
year 2022 and 2023 allowances, for many of the reasons described in the 
Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55145-55147).
    Most allowance holders, associations representing different parts 
of the industry, and environmental non-governmental organizations 
supported EPA's proposal to use 2011 to 2019 production and consumption 
activity as the years to evaluate for allocations. Several allowance 
holders and a number of importers and their customers (e.g., 
distributors and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)), on 
the other hand, asserted that EPA should include more recent years, 
namely 2020 and 2021, as part of the years to be considered in the 
allocation methodology. Commenters asserted that by not using import 
data after 2019, the allowance program would reflect a market that no 
longer exists, and already would not have existed for several years. 
They contended that by excluding 2020 and 2021 in the Allocation 
Framework Rule (thereby affecting the allocations for 2022 and 2023) 
the most relevant years of activity for some groups of customers and 
their suppliers, were unaccounted for. One of the commenters also 
hypothesized that market dynamics and trends in 2020 and 2021 were not 
only more representative of real-world conditions but also more aligned 
with current Department of Commerce (DoC) findings, specifically with 
respect to decreased import activity in 2020 and 2021 as a result of 
the DoC's additional

[[Page 46843]]

Antidumping and Countervailing Duty (AD/CVD) findings and actions on 
certain HFCs that had been imported between 2015 and 2019.
    After consideration of these comments, EPA has determined that 
there are many advantages to using data from the 2011 to 2019 timeframe 
and reasons for excluding data from 2020 and 2021. EPA has considered 
whether to include more recent data in determining allocation levels 
given the comments that more recent data may be a more accurate 
reflection of the current state of the HFC production and import 
market. The commenters allege that by looking at data from 2011 through 
2019, EPA would be looking to data of a market that no longer exists. 
EPA recognizes that 2020 and 2021 are more recent years, however EPA 
has determined that the data from 2020 and 2021 are less representative 
due to several important global and market factors, and therefore do 
not accurately represent companies' market share. EPA acknowledges that 
in making this choice, the Agency is fundamentally excluding the most 
recent years to date, but the Agency has determined that the market 
could have been so significantly skewed in those years that depending 
on them would lead to an unrepresentative and ill-suited data set. In 
subsequent paragraphs, EPA discusses recent import activity of 
regulated HFCs, specifically with respect to the stark, unprecedented, 
and otherwise inexplicable (aside from stockpiling) increase in import 
activity in 2021 from a limited number of entities. HFCs are not 
perishable goods, so stockpiling for later sale allows entities who had 
the resources to acquire and store HFCs in one year in anticipation of 
future years' demand as HFC production and consumption is phased down. 
Issuing allowances based on stockpiling is counter to one of the 
Agency's goals that allowances should be distributed and available to 
entities based on their historic HFC production and/or import for near-
term need of those HFCs. Ensuring the HFCs are going to entities that 
are using them to meet near-term needs is an important way to reduce 
disruption to the market, especially considering the imminent 
production and consumption stepdown beginning in 2024, and allocating 
based on stockpiling would directly reduce allowance allocations for 
those entities who are meeting near-term need. Continuing to use the 
same basis years as the Agency used to allocate calendar year 2022 and 
2023 allowances, combined with a using production and import activity 
in 2021 and 2022 to determine eligibility, ensures the entities 
receiving allowances are prepared to use them to satisfy current 
customer demands, decreasing the likelihood of further disruption to 
the market.
    The Agency recognizes that production and importation of HFCs in 
2020 and 2021 were influenced by external factors such as the COVID-19 
pandemic and supply chain disruptions, potentially including shortages 
of key materials necessary for the production of HFCs, which created 
well-documented market distortions on a global scale. In addition, data 
from 2020 and 2021 are distorted due to entities' awareness in 2020 of 
Congress's efforts to pass legislation to regulate HFCs and in 2021 
awareness of the AIM Act itself. The Agency also notes that the AIM Act 
was first introduced in 2018, and Congressional activity picked up 
significantly in 2020 with a Congressional hearing in the House in 
January 2020 and an information gathering process in the Senate between 
March and April. Additionally, Senators Carper and Kennedy offered the 
AIM Act as an amendment to the American Energy Innovation Act in March 
2020, and announced an agreement with Senator Barasso to update the AIM 
Act amendment to the American Energy Innovation Act in September 2020. 
While producers and importers may not have known the AIM Act would pass 
specifically in December 2020, this level of Congressional interest and 
activity as well as the significant industry and environmental 
organization support for the legislation could reasonably have affected 
business decisions including decisions to stockpile HFCs in advance of 
a phasedown. It is likely that some entities increased their production 
and imports to stockpile HFCs in advance of the restrictions on 
production and import of regulated substances. Some companies also 
likely increased their import and production in patterns that did not 
align with their actual needs or business model, gambling that EPA 
would set up an allocation system similar to the ODS phaseout and look 
at company-specific historic data. Recent feedback, including some 
comments on the proposed rulemaking, appear to support this assessment 
including a statement from one importer indicating they are still 
drawing down significant inventories built prior to initiation of the 
HFC phasedown. Moreover, updated 2021 data from EPA's Greenhouse Gas 
Reporting Program (GHGRP) show that the net supply of HFCs in 
MMTCO2e in 2021 was approximately 150 percent that of the 
2020 level, and additionally, that imports of HFCs were approximately 
215 percent that of the 2020 level, providing further evidence that 
there was significant stockpiling. For context, when evaluating year 
over year fluctuations in HFC import activity from GHGRP between 2011 
and 2021, the next highest year over year increase was between 2014 and 
2015 (approximately 167 percent), with more recent pre-pandemic years, 
i.e., between 2015 and 2019, showing a maximum year over year increase 
between 2016 and 2017 of approximately 120 percent. This strongly 
suggests that the increased imports in 2021 may well have been due to 
stockpiling ahead of the commencement of the AIM Act's phasedown, 
rather than due to use or demand. All of these factors lead EPA to 
conclude that the 2020 and 2021 data is an unrepresentative data set in 
terms of reflecting existing market conditions. By using those years of 
data, EPA could unfairly give additional weight to some entities that 
imported amounts that were not reflective of demand from entities that 
are putting regulated substances to near-term productive use rather 
than stockpiling regulated substances in advance of the phasedown. 
Looking at individual company import activity in 2021 as reported to 
the GHGRP, provides further evidence of stockpiling. Five companies are 
responsible for approximately 97 percent of the net increase in import 
activity (expressed in MTCO2e) between 2020 and 2021, and 14 
companies had 2021 import activity of at least double their 2020 import 
activity expressed in MTCO2e.
    As explained in the proposed rulemaking, using an average of the 
three highest years during the 2011 to 2019 period incorporates 
consideration of both industry history and ongoing growth and market 
change. EPA recognizes that there is no single year that is ``better'' 
for all market participants, but for added and relevant context, the 
commenters above were comprised of approximately 40 entities sending 
several groups of similar form letters, and survey responses from 
approximately 290 respondents, all of which are either suppliers or 
customers in the HVAC aftermarket, wholesale, and service industry. On 
the other hand, the Agency received comments from a trade organization 
whose members represent 70 percent of the dollar value of the HVAC-
Refrigeration market, 400 whole companies, nearly 300 manufacturing 
associates and nearly 100 manufacturer representatives, who supported 
the Agency's proposal to exclude 2020 and 2021 from evaluation

[[Page 46844]]

for the various reasons described in the proposed rulemaking, including 
the Agency's position on both industry history and ongoing growth and 
market change. When evaluating the comments and breadth of stakeholders 
that are covered, EPA does not find compelling the limited set of 
assertions that may only be applicable to a partial subset of entities.
    EPA disagrees with one of the commenter's assertions that data from 
2020 and 2021 would be more reliable because it would reflect decreased 
import activity as a result of the DoC's additional AD/CVDs findings 
and actions on certain HFCs imported between 2015 and 2019. DoC 
findings or actions with respect to AD/CVDs for affected regulated 
HFCs, e.g., the February 28, 2022, ``Hydrofluorocarbon Blends from the 
People's Republic of China: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order'' 
(87 FR 11044), are not intended to be a deterrent for importing HFCs; 
instead, they are intended to offset the value of dumping and/or 
subsidization, thereby leveling the playing field for domestic 
industries injured by such unfairly traded imports. The commenter has 
provided no evidence to suggest that import volumes changed in imported 
regulated substances in 2020 and 2021 directly as a result of DoC 
findings or actions. However, even if that were the case, the commenter 
has not provided sufficient rationale for why this would trump all of 
the other concerns the Agency has outlined with respect to data from 
2020 and 2021. Commenters also argued the inclusion of 2020 and 2021 
consumption activity would help minimize the disruption to the market. 
They disagreed that using the same timeframe as finalized in the 
Allocation Framework Rule would minimize disruption (and provide a 
smooth transition from HFCs through the next phasedown step) to the 
market in 2024. Commenters alleged the market has not adjusted to 
entity-specific allocations and is instead in turmoil, e.g., scarcity 
of needed products, increased pricing, and supply chain issues to the 
aftermarket, partially because the Agency's initial allocations for 
2022 and 2023 were premised upon data excluding 2020 and 2021. These 
commenters insisted that if EPA were to use the proposed set of years 
to evaluate allocations beginning in 2024, the same disruptions would 
only be compounded as the historic activity under review would be even 
further outdated.
    EPA disagrees with these comments. Expanding the range of years 
considered in determining entities' market share for purposes of 
calculating allowance allocations could significantly change each 
entity's market share. This inherently would mean a significant change 
in allocation levels from what was determined for calendar year 2022 
and 2023 allowances. As noted at the proposal stage, this significant 
change in allocation levels would likely disrupt the market and 
negatively affect ongoing adjustments to the HFC Allocation Program 
that have taken place in 2022 and 2023. Allowance holders and their 
supply chains have been adjusting to the HFC Allocation Program, and 
more specifically, entity-specific allocation levels, including by 
reoutfitting production lines, undertaking corporate mergers and 
acquisitions, making importer/exporter arrangements, and transitioning 
business models including with the introduction of new chemicals. A key 
goal of EPA's administration of the HFC allocation system is to provide 
a smooth transition from HFCs through the next phasedown step. EPA 
acknowledges the assertion that there may be some instances of scarcity 
of needed products, increased pricing, and supply chain issues to the 
aftermarket, but these comments do not explain how or why this is 
attributable to EPA's choice of allocation methodology as opposed to 
market pressures inherent in the AIM Act, which phases down a group of 
chemicals currently in use. EPA fully expects that during the 
phasedown, prices will increase for all or at least for many regulated 
substances. The Agency recognizes there could be scarcity of certain 
virgin HFCs at times, though virgin HFCs can be replaced with reclaimed 
HFCs, which should ensure that consumer needs are meet and equipment 
can be serviced throughout its useful lifetime. Changes in the market 
are inherent during a phasedown. Based on EPA's technical expertise and 
knowledge of the production and imports market for fluorinated gases, 
EPA is concerned that alterations to the years of data used for 
determining allocations directly ahead of this significant phasedown 
step would contribute to further market pressures leading to price 
spikes and lack of availability of HFCs in sectors that are not yet 
prepared to transition into different chemicals.
    EPA is finalizing a continued use of the same set of years because 
the Agency has determined that this has the best means for reducing 
(though not eliminating) disruption to the market, which is valuable 
because reducing U.S. production and import from 90 percent of baseline 
to 60 percent of baseline will result in other changes to business 
practices, such as the increased use and changes in production or 
import of substitutes and reclaimed HFCs. Using the same methodology 
will provide continuity between two stepdown periods and will allow 
producers and importers to estimate their anticipated allocation and 
plan accordingly. Although there will be some entity-specific revisions 
due to corrected historic data, entities have more specific insights on 
what proportion of available production and consumption allowances they 
would be allocated as a result of the Agency's previously established 
methodology and calculations.\13\ Regulated entities have also 
previously expressed a preference for allowances to be allocated using 
a consistent approach for as long as possible. Applying a similar 
approach as the one taken for calendar year 2022 and 2023 for calendar 
year 2024 through calendar year 2028 will provide a longer-term 
planning horizon for HFC producers and entities importing, which will 
enable entities to make decisions about which HFCs, and HFC 
substitutes, to produce and import as the market transitions away from 
high EVe regulated substances.
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    \13\ In addition to entity-specific revisions affecting their 
own allowances, entities should also be aware of other factors that 
may inform their insights, including the number of application-
specific allowances allocated, EPA's final approach to the treatment 
of entities who were previous new market entrants, finalized changes 
to the baseline based on corrected historic reporting, changes in 
the number of entities who receive allowances, and the Agency's 
final approach to acquisitions. All of these factors are discussed 
in detail in the preamble to this rule, and any reference to 
expectations from EPA on entities for this rulemaking when compared 
to allowance allocations under the Allocation Framework Rule should 
be evaluated with these additional factors in mind.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also identified several mechanisms for which EPA should 
already have complete sets of data (specifically consumption) for 2020 
and 2021, as well as the ability to properly evaluate these datasets 
for the purposes of allocations beginning in 2024. They cited that 
EPA's position--that quality assurance procedures could not have been 
completed early enough in the process for the Allocation Framework 
Rule--would not be an issue for allocations beginning in 2024. 
Specifically, because GHGRP data is typically released in October for 
the prior year, these commenters noted that EPA should already have 
access to the full data sets for 2020 and 2021. These commenters also 
cited steps that EPA has taken to validate data for 2020 and 2021, 
including the electronic communications that the Agency sent to all 
entities who were known or likely to have had consumption activity of 
regulated substances from 2011 through

[[Page 46845]]

2021, asking them to verify and, as necessary, correct, the historic 
consumption data that each supplier has previously certified as true, 
accurate, and complete in accordance with 40 CFR 98.4(e)(1). One of 
these commenters also noted that in the proposed rulemaking, the Agency 
provided until December 19, 2022, for entities to recheck their data, 
and therefore, multiple rounds of review will occur in time for the 
issuance of 2024 allocations. This commenter also maintained that 
entities' familiarity with the processes for the generation and 
submission of accurate reports has increased in more recent years.
    EPA maintains that when holistically compared, the dataset for HFC 
consumption for 2011 through 2019 is better understood and more 
thoroughly vetted than the dataset from 2020 and 2021, largely due to 
the sheer number of iterations of review, updates, and follow-up as 
necessary. However, this is not a primary reason underlying EPA's 
decision in this rule to rely on data from 2011 through 2019 to 
determine allowance allocations and not include data from 2020 through 
2021. The commenters' arguments with respect to EPA's ability to 
validate and verify data from 2020 and 2021 do not outweigh the 
concerns about the non-representative nature of that data noted 
elsewhere in this section (e.g., due to awareness of the mandated HFC 
phasedown and due to unprecedented supply chain disruptions associated 
with the global COVID-19 pandemic).
    Commenters also argued that EPA's proposal to exclude 2020 and 2021 
from evaluation of allocations starting in calendar year 2024 as a 
result of the COVID-19 pandemic and any associated supply chain issues 
unfairly penalizes companies who were able to grow and succeed in those 
years. These commenters contended that the pandemic and any associated 
supply chain issues would have affected all entities equally, and 
therefore their growth while others might have experienced difficulties 
demonstrates that supply chain issues were not insurmountable. They 
continued by citing EPA's statements in the proposed rulemaking that 
taking an average of a wider range of years is more equitable to all 
entities in the market, and that each entity receives its best years 
regardless of actions taken by other entities. Accordingly, entities 
who might have experienced difficulties in 2020 and 2021 would not have 
those years evaluated in determining allocations, but entities that 
were successful in those two years should have those two years 
evaluated for allocations as applicable.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter's characterization. The COVID-19 
pandemic had substantial and unprecedented impacts on the national 
economy and domestic and global supply chains. The impacts of the 
pandemic were largely unforeseen and differed geographically and across 
sectors in uncontrollable ways. The Agency acknowledges that some 
businesses fared better than others, and some even thrived, during the 
pandemic. However, EPA disagrees with the commenter's assertions that 
it would be appropriate to incorporate data influenced by the pandemic 
because some entities did well during those years. The Agency believes 
that an entity's growth or contraction during 2020 and 2021 was likely 
due to factors that are atypical of the pre-2020 market including the 
pandemic as well as knowledge of the AIM Act, and therefore it would be 
inappropriate to ignore the reality of the impacts. EPA does not find 
it to be reasonable to choose an approach with benefits that might 
accrue to an individual entity at the risk of distorting allowance 
share for the whole of allowance holders by providing a company with 
additional future allowances based on activity in years that are so 
unusual. Additionally, the Agency notes that the pandemic and related 
supply chain issues are only one set of reasons for why our final 
decision excludes 2020 and 2021 (e.g., this would add significant 
additional disruption to the market at a time when allowances are 
decreasing significantly). Additionally, EPA noted in the proposal that 
we did not see any environmental benefit associated with changing the 
years used to determine allowance allocations. Comments did not change 
EPA's assessment.
    Some commenters disagreed with EPA's view that stockpiling was 
occurring prior to the Allocation Framework Rule becoming effective, 
and that accordingly, such years should not be used in determining 2024 
and later year allowance allocations. First, these commenters pointed 
to EPA's statement in the final rule that there is no year in which a 
forward-looking entity may not have been stockpiling in preparation for 
a restriction on HFCs or new duties that were imposed by DoC. They 
continued by citing that the Agency's proposed methodology of averaging 
mitigates the possibility of an entity receiving a large share of 
allocations based on a single very high year. These commenters also 
disputed EPA's claims that entities may have begun stockpiling in 
advance of the passage of the AIM Act. While the commenters did 
acknowledge that the AIM Act was expected to be addressed at some point 
in time, they contended that the passage was rapid and unexpected after 
very little action in most of 2020 with no advance warning that the 
passing of the AIM Act would be so sudden in late 2020; therefore, 
entities would not have had time to stockpile. Additionally, these 
commenters cited data released by EPA's GHGRP showing that the net 
supply of HFCs increased between 2011 and 2020, but that the net supply 
of HFCs in 2020 was actually less than the supply in 2019. They posited 
that any fluctuations in 2020 and 2021 activity are attributable to 
their changing business models to meet increased aftermarket consumer 
demand, rather than stockpiling. Lastly, these commenters noted that 
any concerns the Agency may have about stockpiling can be innately 
mitigated by the proposed averaging approach, where one single high 
year's production or import activity would not result in an entity 
receiving a large share of allocations.
    EPA disagrees with the commenters that entities would not have had 
time to stockpile. As described earlier in this section of the 
preamble, producers and importers of regulated HFCs were well aware of 
the phasedown of HFCs prior to the AIM Act's enactment. The Agency has 
reviewed updated GHGRP data through 2021,\14\ and notes that both the 
net supply of AIM-listed HFCs and the imports of AIM-listed HFCs, 
increased at rates that are unlikely to be explained as changing 
business models to meet increased aftermarket consumer demand. By 
commenters' own views, if import activity in 2020 when compared to 2019 
were representative of changing business models where the net supply 
including imports of HFCs decreased slightly, one could expect within 
reason, a subsequent increase in imports between 2020 and 2021. This 
would reflect an increase to account for the decrease in 2020 along 
with a reasonably small increase to account for the needs of the 
industry due to supply chain issues in 2020. However, given the 
increase specifically with respect to imports in 2021, which amounted 
to approximately 215 percent of the 2020 value (represented in 
MMTCO2e, which is the same as Million Metric Tons of 
Exchange Value Equivalent (MMTEVe)), the Agency maintains that this 
year was not representative of any normal or changing business model, 
nor would it account for any unmet lingering needs

[[Page 46846]]

from 2020. This percentage increase is about the same when comparing 
2021 to the annual reported values in 2018 and 2019 (aggregated in 
MMTEVe). As noted elsewhere in the preamble, when evaluating year over 
year fluctuations in HFC import activity from GHGRP between 2011 and 
2021, the next highest year over year increase was between 2014 and 
2015 (approximately 167 percent), with more recent pre-pandemic years, 
i.e., between 2015 and 2019, showing a maximum year over year increase 
between 2016 and 2017 of approximately 120 percent. The Agency also 
maintains that 2020 import activity was also atypical, i.e., import 
levels were almost equal to 2019 import activity, even with the various 
effects of COVID-19. Second, the Agency is aware of several entities 
with extremely limited or no bulk HFC import history who imported (or 
attempted to import) regulated HFCs into the United States for the 
first time in calendar year 2021, or who appeared to have exited the 
HFC import market in and around 2020 that began importing HFCs again in 
2021, further supporting concerns that import activity in 2021 was 
atypical based on the then-imminent restrictions on production and 
consumption. The commenters have provided no evidence, including 
explanations of their own business plans, that could attribute this 
type of growth due to demand, and it is the Agency's view that changes 
to business models were a response to the AIM Act's pending 
restrictions on production and imports of regulated substances. EPA 
cannot change its technical analysis of data based solely on 
unsupported assertions from commenters stating that stockpiling is not 
a legitimate concern.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/ghgrp-data-relevant-aim-act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted earlier in this section, given the level of Congressional 
interest and activity, it is likely that some entities increased their 
production and imports to stockpile HFCs in advance of anticipated 
restrictions on production and import of regulated substances. Lastly, 
the Agency disagrees that stockpiling concerns can be simply resolved 
by averaging. In the case that both 2020 and 2021 would have been two 
of the three high years used in considering allocations, averaging 
exacerbates, rather than mitigates, the Agency's concerns that an 
entity may receive a disproportionately large amount of allowances. It 
would also fail to mitigate concerns about entities that began 
importing in 2021, or reimporting after apparent exit from the market, 
ahead of the HFC phasedown.
    One commenter claimed that EPA's statements have been inconsistent. 
The commenter alleged that in the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA stated 
that the methodology starting in 2024 could change; however, the 
commenter contended that the proposal for this rulemaking states that 
using 2011 through 2019 data aligns with stakeholder expectations. The 
commenter asserted that EPA should not disfavor companies who expected 
that the Agency might update the date range to reflect more recent 
data. This commenter also alleged that one of the Agency's proposed 
approaches for entities who had received allowances previously as new 
market entrants, i.e., evaluating import data in 2022 or 2023, also 
innately excludes 2020 and 2021, thereby creating an equity and 
fairness issue.
    EPA disagrees that our statement in the Allocation Framework Rule 
stating that the allocation methodology could change is in conflict 
with EPA deciding to use a substantially similar methodology. The 
Allocation Framework Rule stated that EPA ``intends to develop another 
rule before allowances are allocated for 2024 that may alter the 
framework and procedure for issuing allowance allocations established 
in this rule,'' (86 FR 55129). It did not state that EPA would 
definitively change the framework or methodology in the future, and it 
did not indicate that any particular change would be forthcoming, so 
any ``expectation'' would necessarily have had to be speculative. The 
proposed rulemaking for this rule was developed based on our 
consideration of whether to continue the same methodology or adopt a 
variety of alternative methodologies, including some that were 
different from the approach taken in the Allocation Framework Rule. 
EPA's proposed rulemaking provides a detailed discussion of varying 
alternative methods the agency considered (87 FR 66376-66381). The 
Agency has concluded, after careful consideration, that maintaining a 
methodology substantially similar to that used for 2022 and 2023 is the 
best approach. As noted elsewhere, the Agency's conclusions are in part 
based on the Agency's intent of providing a smooth transition from HFCs 
through the next phasedown step, and in part on the conclusion that 
using the same methodology from the Allocation Framework Rule will 
provide continuity between two stepdown periods. Using the same time 
period will also enable prospective allowance recipients to estimate on 
an earlier timeframe their anticipated allocation and plan accordingly. 
Entities would generally have more specific insights on what proportion 
of available production and consumption allowances they would be 
allocated as a result of the Agency's previously established 
methodology and calculations.
    The Agency also disagrees with the commenter's notion that there is 
a fairness and equity issue created by our proposed treatment of 
entities who received allowances as new market entrants. As stated 
elsewhere in the preamble, most new market entrants are, as their name 
suggests, new to the HFC import market and would not reasonably be 
expected to have any import activity in 2020 or 2021. To be eligible as 
a new market entrant, an entity had to not have previously been 
allocated allowances by EPA. For almost all entities, this meant that 
the entity had no previous HFC import history. New market entrants were 
allocated allowances to import HFCs starting in calendar year 2022. The 
Agency's rationale for its approach with respect to new market entrants 
is fundamentally different than the question of what years of historic 
data the Agency will consider in allowance allocations. The allocation 
approach, and Agency's rationale, for new market entrants is addressed 
elsewhere in this preamble.
    With respect to using historic production and consumption data, one 
commenter asserted that the Agency should not deduct exports in its 
determination of each company's consumption. The commenter contended 
that this approach is not compelled by the AIM Act, and furthermore, 
this approach does not align with EPA's intent to reflect the prior 
business activity of entities while minimizing disruption as a result 
of a new regulatory program. The commenter views deduction of exports 
as punitive towards companies, that in the past, served to expand U.S. 
export markets. The commenter suggested that for the calendar year 2024 
through calendar year 2028 time period, EPA should determine each 
company's proportional market share based on gross imports and gross 
exports during the applicable historic time period. Alternatively, the 
commenter suggested that the Agency increase the allocations for 
affected companies for calendar year 2024 through calendar year 2028 to 
adjust for the exports that were excluded from allocations made in 
accordance with regulations finalized through the Allocation Framework 
Rule.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter's arguments. To the extent that 
the commenter is raising concerns about the allocation methodology 
finalized in the Allocation Framework Rule for allocation of calendar 
year 2022 and

[[Page 46847]]

2023 allowances, that cannot be properly raised in the context of this 
rulemaking. EPA codified regulations outlining how the Agency would 
calculate allocation levels as a result of notice and comment 
rulemaking (86 FR 55116). EPA's regulations in 40 CFR 84.11(a) make 
clear that EPA will look to a company's consumption amounts in 
determining market share. The definition of ``consumption'' in the AIM 
Act mentions both imports and exports and provides that the quantity of 
regulated substances exported from the United States is to be 
subtracted from the quantity produced and imported in the United 
States. The time to comment and challenge the allocation methodology of 
the Allocation Framework Rule has passed, and the Agency is not herein 
revisiting allocation of calendar year 2022 or 2023 allowances.
    To the extent the commenter is arguing that EPA should not wholly 
subtract exports when considering a company's historic consumption 
activity under the new methodology being finalized herein for 
allocation of calendar year 2024 through 2028 allowances, EPA has 
decided it is appropriate to look holistically at a company's 
consumption activity, and not import and export activity in isolation. 
The statutory scheme phasing down HFCs in the AIM Act measures percent 
reductions from a consumption baseline and places restrictions on the 
amount of consumption that can occur within a given year within the 
United States. The AIM Act and the resultant definitions in 40 CFR 84.3 
are clear that exports must be excluded in evaluating consumption 
activity. As explained elsewhere in this preamble, EPA has determined 
to base allocation of consumption allowances on historic consumption 
activity. However, the Agency has also created mechanisms that account 
for and acknowledge the subtraction of export from consumption. Because 
calculation of consumption subtracts out exports, EPA established in 40 
CFR 84.17 the RACA process under which entities exporting HFCs can be 
refunded consumption allowances subject to certain regulatory 
requirements. Consistent with the statutory and regulatory definitions 
of consumption, under the allowance allocation system that EPA is 
establishing in this rulemaking, consumption allowances that are 
expended to import or produce regulated substances are refunded if 
those regulated substances are later exported from the country. If EPA 
allocated allowances based on export activity, and such entities 
maintained similar export activity in future years, those entities 
could receive double allowances (for an allocation based on export 
activity plus allowances refunded through the RACA mechanism). EPA does 
not think such double attribution is appropriate because, among other 
things, it would not accurately reflect the market. Finally, EPA notes 
that if an entity is not allocated sufficient allowances for the amount 
of regulated substances it is interested in acquiring, it can either 
transfer for allowances to import regulated substances directly, or 
purchase regulated substances on the open market that have already been 
produced or imported without an allowance.
    Relatedly, one commenter argued that EPA should allow production of 
regulated substances for export without expenditure of consumption 
allowances, so long as a producer permanently designates the regulated 
substance for export and the substances are in fact exported. The 
commenter alleges that this would allow production of regulated 
substances near the end of a year for export in the following year. EPA 
notes at the outset that this comment is outside the scope of what was 
proposed in this rulemaking. EPA did not propose any alterations to the 
fundamental activities that require expenditure of allowances and did 
not propose or solicit comment related to creating an exemption for 
regulated substances produced for export. Further, even if this comment 
fell within the scope of this rulemaking, EPA disagrees with the 
commenter's suggestion. As explained in the prior paragraph, the AIM 
Act is clear in establishing caps on the level of consumption that can 
occur each year within the country. If production occurred in one year 
and export occurred in another year, EPA could be over the statutory 
cap established in the first year under the commenter's suggested 
approach.
    Some commenters, as a part of a broader set of input on how the 
Agency could address anticompetitive behaviors (discussed elsewhere in 
the preamble), suggested in their individual comments that the Agency 
reduce allowance amounts for entities who have been found to be 
engaging in unfair trade practices, e.g., circumvention of applicable 
AD/CVDs. For example, the Agency could consider evaluating a percentage 
of their historical import activity for allocations, rather than the 
entire three-year average. Commenters also suggested that entities who 
import HFCs circumventing applicable AD/CVDs could have their future 
allocations decreased by the same number of their unused allowances in 
the previous year.
    As further explained in the following paragraph, EPA has determined 
that it is not appropriate to adjust for any unfair trade practices 
that have happened in the past when calculating allowance allocations. 
As noted, EPA is finalizing a methodology of allocation that is based 
on historic production and consumption from 2011 through 2019, which 
are years before the AIM Act was enacted and before EPA began the 
Congressionally-mandated phasedown of HFCs.
    However, EPA emphasizes that the Agency is concerned about 
companies not complying with other similar HFC trade provisions, such 
as AD/CVDs, as violations of such provisions may create an unequal 
environment. Dumping refers to ``when a foreign producer sells a 
product in the United States at a price that is below that producer's 
sales price in the country of origin (``home market''), or at a price 
that is lower than the cost of production.'' \15\ Foreign governments 
may subsidize industries by providing financial assistance to benefit 
the production, manufacture, or exportation of goods, thereby unfairly 
undercutting domestic producers. EPA has determined that the Agency is 
not the entity best positioned to handle these issues, and therefore 
has determined that it is not appropriate to account for these factors 
in the allocation methodology. DoC has been given statutory authority 
and mandates to address specific unfair trade practices that the 
commenter is concerned about, and DoC attempts to eliminate the unfair 
pricing or subsidies and the injury caused by such imports by imposing 
additional duties, termed countervailing subsidy duties. The amount of 
the subsidies the foreign producer receives from the foreign government 
is the basis for the subsidy rate by which the subsidy is offset, or 
``countervailed,'' through these higher import duties. Anti-dumping and 
countervailing duties are two ways that the United States addresses 
dumping and unfair foreign subsidies. The U.S. government can require 
that foreign companies involved in dumping and/or benefiting from 
subsidization are charged antidumping and/or countervailing duties. 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforces AD/CVD laws by 
collecting the applicable cash deposits, administering AD/CVD entries, 
assessing and collecting final

[[Page 46848]]

AD/CVD, and enforces AD/CVD on imports that evade AD/CVD orders. This 
helps negate the value of the dumping/subsidization for foreign 
manufacturers and creates a fairer competition for manufacturers in the 
United States. In findings of dumping, DoC issues an order that 
requires importing entities to pay AD/CVD for goods covered by the 
order (e.g., in this case, certain HFCs and HFC blends). This remedy 
means that an effort by EPA to address dumping, in addition to being 
outside EPA's expertise, could have the effect of overcorrecting the 
unfair trade practice. Additionally, efforts from EPA to remedy unfair 
trade practices by way of allowance adjustments would require the 
Agency to determine details about factors including but not limited to 
scope, timing, appropriate premiums, rationale, and implementation 
criteria that EPA does not have sufficient information at this time to 
develop.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ ``U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing Duties.'' Trade.gov, 
International Trade Administration. Available at https://www.trade.gov/us-antidumping-and-countervailing-duties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, as discussed above, EPA is finalizing its proposed 
approach to base production allowance allocations on an entity's market 
share derived from the average of the three highest years (not 
necessarily consecutive) of production of regulated substances between 
2011 and 2019 as reported to the GHGRP. EPA is finalizing its proposed 
approach to base consumption allowance allocations on an entity's 
market share derived from the average of the three highest years (not 
necessarily consecutive) of consumption of regulated substances between 
2011 and 2019. If an entity does not have three years of data, EPA will 
take the average of the years between 2011 and 2019 for which each 
company imported HFCs.
    Consistent with the regulations established in the Allocation 
Framework Rule,\16\ EPA will allocate consumption allowances to 
entities that imported bulk substances according to levels of historic 
consumption from 2011 through 2019 as reported to the GHGRP. Consistent 
with EPA's current practice, allowances will go to entities that 
``imported,'' meaning the entities responsible for the ``land[ing] on, 
bring[ing] into, or introduc[ing] into'' the United States (see 40 CFR 
84.3 (definition of ``import'')). This definition codified in 40 CFR 
84.3 and pertinent to the phasedown of HFCs under the AIM Act is 
different than, and distinct from, what entities may meet EPA's 
regulatory definition of ``importer'' for an individual shipment. This 
approach ensures that, for purposes of allowance allocation, only one 
entity receives credit as the ``entity that imported'' particular HFCs, 
as opposed to looking at any entity that could meet the definition of 
``importer'' for an individual shipment, which could result in double, 
triple, or quadruple allocation of allowances since a number of 
entities could potentially be considered ``importers'' for an 
individual import action, even if they were not the entity that 
imported the regulated substance, such as customers of the entity that 
imported and others indirectly related to the import activity. EPA's 
approach also mirrors the AIM Act's phasedown provisions by 
distributing allowances to those entities that historically conducted 
the same activities now prohibited absent the expenditure of allowances 
(see 42 U.S.C. 7675(e)(2); 40 CFR. sections 84.5(a)(2), 84.5(b)(2)). 
Allowances are required for the act of importing, not subsequent 
transport, blending, or sale of regulated substances that have already 
been produced in or imported into the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ EPA is finalizing a minor modification to the existing 
regulatory text in 40 CFR 84.11(a) to clarify EPA's position 
established in the Allocation Framework Rule that allowances are 
allocated to entities that have historic import activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA will continue to rely on production, import, export, 
destruction, and transformation data reported to GHGRP for entity-
specific consumption data.\17\ It is critical to develop an approach to 
allocation that helps ensure that only one entity receives credit as 
the ``entity that imported'' particular HFCs. Historically, EPA 
anticipates that only a single entity has reported import activity to 
GHGRP, since there is a single entity, which is ``the person, company, 
or organization primarily liable for the payment of any duties on the 
merchandize'' required to report a bulk HFC import to GHGRP (see 40 
CFR. 98.416(c) (requiring ``each bulk importer of fluorinated GHGs . . 
. [to] submit an annual report that summarizes its imports at the 
corporate level'' if above specified thresholders); 40 CFR 98.6 
(defining ``importer'')). That entity's requirement to assign a 
designated representative for GHGRP reporting purposes does not mean 
that the designated representative or alternative designated 
representative is the entity that is required to report to the GHGRP. 
See 40 CFR 98.4. However, EPA is concerned that entities who took 
limited if any responsibility for the import, including responsibility 
for complying with EPA reporting requirements, may attempt to report 
import activity to GHGRP now that EPA has begun implementing the AIM 
Act and EPA allocates allowances based on historic import activity. EPA 
views this as problematic since if, for example, both a consignee and 
an importer of record received credit for the same historically 
imported HFCs, this would double-allocate allowances for that single 
shipment. This double-allocation would distort the allowance system 
such that it was not a best available reflection of historic patterns. 
For purposes of determining historic import levels, EPA intends to rely 
on the entity that has historically reported the imports for a shipment 
to GHGRP. If two or more entities reported the same import to GHGRP in 
prior reporting years, EPA would include that import in the allowance 
allocation calculation of the entity that first reported the import to 
GHGRP or assigned an employee or an authorized third party to report to 
GHGRPon the entity' behalf as a designated representative. EPA 
considers historic reporting to GHGRP as indicative of the entity that 
took primary responsibility for complying with EPA requirements for 
that import and considers this a critical data point to determining who 
to credit that import to.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The GHGRP requires various facilities and suppliers to 
annually report data related to GHGs to EPA (see 40 CFR part 98). 40 
CFR part 98, subpart OO, ``Suppliers of Industrial Greenhouse 
Gases,'' is the section relevant to reporting on HFC production and 
consumption. Because the HFCs listed as regulated substances under 
the AIM Act are industrial GHGs, EPA has collected data relevant to 
HFC production and consumption as defined under the AIM Act. Further 
discussion of the GHGRP can be found in the notices and dockets 
related to the Allocation Framework Rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For new market entrants that were allocated allowances in 2022 and 
2023, EPA proposed an approach to allocate consumption allowances such 
that new market entrants would see an equivalent reduction in 
allowances between the 2022-2023 and 2024-2028 timeframes as general 
pool allowance holders. Since new market entrants did not receive 
allowances based on prior import history between 2011 and 2019, and 
many new market entrants have no such historic import activity, EPA 
proposed to create a value that can serve as a stand in for an average 
of the three highest years of consumption of regulated substances 
between 2011 and 2019 for each new market entrant. This approach is 
intended to ensure that new market entrants and general pool allowance 
holders would experience the same proportionate reduction between their 
2023 allocation and their 2024 allocation after accounting for the 
stepdown caps and other factors, such as the number of application-
specific allowances allocated, finalized changes to the baseline based 
on corrected historic reporting, or changes in the

[[Page 46849]]

number of entities who receive allowances.
    The vast majority of commenters on EPA's proposed treatment of new 
market entrants supported EPA's approach, i.e., the creation and usage 
of a stand in market share value. One of these commenters agreed with 
EPA's approach, but also asked EPA to consider issuing allowance 
allocations to previous new market entrants for calendar year 2024 
through calendar year 2028 at the same level as 2022 and 2023. This 
commenter noted that the original allowance allocations to new market 
entrants were not large to begin with and therefore the total effect on 
the general pool would be small, and decreasing the allocations to 
these entities may potentially hamper their effective use.
    After considering these comments, EPA maintains our view from the 
proposed rulemaking that it is appropriate for new market entrants to 
see an equivalent reduction in allowances between the 2022-2023 and 
2024-2028 timeframes as general pool allowance holders. General pool 
allowance holders are entities that have historically been active in 
the HFC import market and have comprised the business sector supplying 
imported HFCs into the domestic market. As noted elsewhere, a priority 
for EPA in developing the allocation methodology has been to provide 
for a smooth and seamless phasedown as much as possible. Providing a 
greater number of allowances to new market entrants in a manner that 
does not account for the nationwide step down in HFC consumption would 
take away a relative share of allowances from the entities that have 
historically comprised this import business. The commenter has not 
provided a compelling reason why such an approach would be beneficial 
or reasonable as opposed to EPA's approach which would treat new market 
entrants equally to entities with historic imports. EPA does not agree 
with the commenter's claim that allocating at original allowance levels 
to new market entrants would have a small total effect on the general 
pool. On the contrary, new market entrants received in aggregate 
approximately 2.5 percent of the total consumption cap in 2023. If EPA 
were to allocate the same allowance totals to new market entrants in 
calendar year 2024 it would result in these entities receiving 
approximately 3.5 percent or greater of the total consumption cap. The 
commenter argued that decreasing the allocations to new market entrants 
may potentially hamper the effective use of allowances, but the 
commenter did not provide any rationale or examples of why the 
commenter thought this would be the case. All allowance recipients will 
likely be facing a situation where they are allocated fewer allowances 
starting with calendar year 2024 than they received previously given 
the Congressionally-mandated phasedown of regulated substances. It is 
unclear to EPA why new market entrants would struggle more due to that 
phasedown than other entities and therefore why new market entrants 
should receive different, and arguably, preferential treatment over 
historic importing entities. Multiple entities that historically 
imported HFCs received a lower allocation amount of calendar year 2023 
allowances than new market entrants, so there is no available argument 
that new market entrants have lower allocation amounts generally nor 
that there is some de minimis threshold under which EPA should not 
allocate. When facing lessening allowance allocation levels, companies 
may need to be more creative in their business models to make effective 
use of HFC consumption allowances, but there are many existing 
practices that could be employed to take full advantage of the level of 
allowances that are allocated. One such model is a limited container 
load model which would entail combining allowances with another entity 
who may be in a similar situation. Additionally, the restriction that 
new market entrants may not transfer allowances received as part of 
those initial provisions will no longer apply beginning in 2024, which 
may be useful to certain entities needing or desiring additional 
allowances.
    One commenter objected to EPA's proposed treatment of new market 
entrants, stating that the Agency should not treat these entities in 
the same manner as historic importers for the purposes of allowance 
allocations past calendar year 2023. This commenter recommended that 
EPA conduct an audit of the performance and operations of each new 
market entrant prior to any further allowance issuance, and even if 
these entities were found to be legitimate and fully compliant with 
EPA's reporting regulations, the Agency should prioritize the 
allocation of HFC allowances to historic importers.
    EPA does not agree with the commenter's general notion that the 
Agency should treat new market entrants in a lesser manner than 
entities with historic imports. EPA is sympathetic to constraints that 
are associated with the likely tightening market as the HFC phasedown 
proceeds, and already finalized regulatory provisions that allowed for 
a one-time opportunity for new market entrants to apply for, and if 
eligible receive, allowances. As explained in the Allocation Framework 
Rule, EPA determined that it was appropriate to facilitate 
participation by new market entrants in the HFC import business at that 
early stage of the mandated phasedown. Given the AIM Act contemplates 
continued production and consumption of HFCs following the mandated 
phasedown of HFC production and consumption by 85 percent in the United 
States, EPA created a one-time opportunity for new market entrants to 
apply for a modest amount of consumption allowances to mitigate the 
potential for market barriers to companies looking to newly enter the 
HFC market and allow businesses experiencing such challenges to import 
HFCs directly without the additional step of purchasing allowances. 
After finalizing this opportunity in the Allocation Framework Rule and 
allowing new market entrants into the HFC allowance system, EPA does 
not see, and the commenter has not provided, a compelling reason to 
exclude these entities from the allowance system starting in 2024, 
after issuing them allowances in 2022 and 2023. All entities who 
received consumption allowances as new market entrants were subject to 
the regulatory application requirements in 40 CFR 84.15(d)(2), and the 
Agency applied an equal amount of scrutiny in evaluating each of their 
applications to ensure that certain criteria were met. Accordingly, new 
market entrants already demonstrated that they met regulatory criteria 
that were designed and finalized in the Allocation Framework Rule to 
determine eligibility to enter the allowance system. EPA disagrees that 
it is necessary or appropriate for the Agency to conduct an audit of 
the performance and operations of each new market entrant prior to any 
further allowance issuance. As noted, new market entrants were required 
to meet a list of regulatory requirements and submit various planning 
documents to EPA to be eligible for new market entrant allowances. 
EPA's review included an assessment of whether new market entrant 
applicants had a realistic plan to import HFCs were allowances granted. 
The commenter does not provide information on what type of audit on 
performance and operations would be appropriate and also provides no 
rationale as to why this would be appropriate to apply to new market 
entrants, but not other allowance recipients. If a new market entrant 
is not compliant with regulatory requirements,

[[Page 46850]]

EPA has tools available to deal with that noncompliance, including 
administrative consequences and any potentially appropriate enforcement 
action. The commenter did not provide a model or details on how the 
Agency might prioritize the allocation of HFC allowances to entities 
with historic imports over new market entrants, and given the limited 
pool of consumption allowances available and high interest in allowance 
allocations, EPA can only understand this call for prioritization to 
mean that new market entrants would receive no allowance allocation. As 
explained previously, EPA does not think such an outcome is 
appropriate.
    Accordingly, EPA is finalizing the proposed approach to determine 
allowance allocations for new market entrants. As explained in the 
proposed rulemaking, EPA will determine a stand-in value based on the 
number of allowances allocated to each new market entrant in calendar 
year 2023 (which is identical to the number of allowances allocated for 
calendar year 2022) and the percent reduction all general pool 
allowance holders experience in calendar year 2023 relative to the 
average of their three highest years of consumption. For reference, 
each general pool allowance holder received allowances at a level 32.1 
percent below their individual high three-year average in calendar year 
2022 and at a level 31.8 percent below their individual high three-year 
average in calendar year 2023 due to the differing number of 
application-specific allowances that were allocated on September 30, 
2022. For the purposes of creating a stand in value for new market 
entrants, EPA will divide each new market entrant's calendar year 2023 
allowance value by the proportion of allowances received by general 
pool allowance holders relative to their high three-year average in 
calendar year 2023. Because general pool allowance holders received 
allowances equivalent to 68.2 percent of their high three-year average 
in 2023, a new market entrant that received 200,000 MTEVe of allowances 
in 2023 would be credited with approximately 293,255.1 MTEVe as the 
stand in for their high three-year average.
    Consistent with EPA's proposal, and having received no adverse 
comments, EPA is also finalizing the following with respect to 
allocation to new market entrants. If any entity were to qualify under 
both the new market entrant and historic production or import 
methodologies, the Agency would allocate with the methodology that 
issues the greater number of allowances. If a company that has prior 
production and/or import activity acquires a new market entrant and EPA 
provides approval after considering what has been acquired, such as 
physical assets, ongoing customer relationships and history (company 
portfolio), or market share, the Agency will add the new market 
entrant's high three-year average stand-in value to the acquiring 
entity's high three-year average consumption value and would use this 
value for future allocation determinations.
    After determining eligibility (see section III.C of this preamble) 
and entities' market share, EPA is finalizing, as proposed, to use the 
same steps as described in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55147) 
and codified at 40 CFR 84.9(a)(2) through (4) and 40 CFR 84.11(a)(2) 
through (4) to determine an individual entity's allocation. 
Independently for production and consumption allowances, EPA would add 
every entity's average to determine a percentage market share of 
production and consumption allowances, respectively, for each entity. 
EPA would multiply each entity's percentage market share by the total 
amount of general pool calendar-year allowances available to determine 
each entity's production or consumption allocation.
2. What other allocation methodologies did EPA consider?
    As indicated in the proposal to the Allocation Framework Rule (86 
FR 27150, May 19, 2021), including in the section seeking advance 
comment to inform future rulemakings, EPA considered the 
appropriateness of other ways to undertake allowance allocation beyond 
allocating allowances to entities based on historic production and 
consumption activity at no cost (86 FR 27203). In considering different 
allocation mechanisms, EPA considered multiple factors, including ease 
of implementation for both the regulated community and the U.S. 
government; consistency with the AIM Act; facilitating an efficient 
market, such as by collecting and releasing data on production, import, 
and inventories of HFCs; transparency and certainty for regulated 
entities and the public; distributional effects, such as on new 
entrants; responsiveness to changing market conditions (e.g., companies 
entering or exiting the market, corporate mergers and acquisitions, 
significant quantities of allowances unexpended at the end of the year, 
or supply shortages or market disruptions for specific HFCs); small 
business implications; minimizing the opportunity for fraud; and other 
factors.
    The proposal for the current rulemaking contains details about a 
fee-based or auction system, including potential advantages as well as 
anticipated challenges, and for the reasons described therein, the 
Agency did not propose a fee-based or auction system to allocate 
allowances in this rule.
    To facilitate our continued consideration, separate and apart from 
this current rulemaking, EPA invited advance comments on whether there 
are any current or potential future disadvantages with the currently 
proposed allocation system that could be addressed by an alternate 
allocation mechanism, as well as comments on design features or timing 
options for alternate allocation mechanisms that EPA could consider 
were the Agency to determine at a future point that changes are 
warranted. Individual comments are available in the docket to this 
rulemaking, and for information purposes, EPA is providing a summary of 
key points, though the Agency is not taking any final action based on 
these advance comments at this time.
    A small number of commenters supported the general ideas and 
concepts of a fee-based or auction system, citing that such a system 
could, among other things: generate revenue to support continued 
research and development of, and also facilitate a faster transition 
to, climate-friendlier alternatives; help subsidize increases in the 
production capacity of alternatives; lower costs of HFCs for end users; 
provide better market transparency; decrease or eliminate fraud; and, 
eliminate the need for onerous recordkeeping. One of these commenters 
provided general guiderails for how a fee-based or auction system could 
be implemented. Generally, the comments in support of a fee-based or 
auction system were high level and provided minimal justification, 
rationale, or details on how to support their conclusions.
    The majority of commenters opposed a fee-based or auction system, 
citing that such a system would destabilize the HFC market in the 
following ways: market pricing to produce or import HFCs would become 
artificially inflated with the cost potentially passed onto consumers; 
business continuity would be at a significant risk as there is no 
guarantee that the most efficient entities would receive allowances; 
availability of needed products to reclaimers would be negatively 
impacted; domestic production of goods containing HFCs may shift 
outside of the United States at the cost of domestic jobs and 
manufacturing; and, domestic interests may not be protected if 
additional foreign entities were allowed to

[[Page 46851]]

participate in such a system. Two commenters in opposition to a fee-
based or auction system further argued that the AIM Act provides no 
express or implied authority for EPA to auction or to charge a fee for 
allocations or allowances.
    One of these commenters also contended that the Agency must 
consider and respond to comments concerning AIM Act authority to impose 
a fee-based or auction system for allowances issued under the Act. The 
commenter contended that subsection (k) of the AIM Act, which states 
that section 307 of the CAA applies, specifically that the CAA requires 
that ``[t]he promulgated rule shall . . . be accompanied by a response 
to each of the significant comments, criticisms, and new data submitted 
in written or oral presentations during the comment period.'' The 
commenter asserted that while they provided extensive input on a fee-
based or auction system during the public comment period for the 
Allocation Framework Rule, the Agency did not respond to those 
comments. The commenter concluded that EPA cannot avoid responding to 
comments in a proposed rulemaking (both the Allocation Framework Rule 
as well as the proposed rulemaking for this final rule) that explicitly 
raises the issue of allocating allowances through a fee-based or 
auction system simply by the Agency asserting that it is only inviting 
``advance comments,'' specifically with respect to EPA's implementation 
of its existing AIM Act authority for such a system.
    As stated in this preamble and the proposed rulemaking, EPA is not 
pursuing a fee-based or auction system for allocation of allowances in 
this rulemaking. The proposal for the current rulemaking contains 
details about a fee-based or auction system, including potential 
advantages as well as anticipated challenges, and for the reasons 
described therein, the Agency did not propose a fee-based or auction 
system to allocate allowances in this rule. Comments on the auction 
system thus are not significant to this rulemaking. If EPA were to 
consider auctions in the future, the public would have an opportunity 
to comment on it at that time.
3. What did EPA consider in developing its final rule as to the 
appropriate entities to be allocated allowances?
    As outlined in section III.B.1 of this preamble, EPA will be using 
a similar methodology to calculate allocation quantities as the initial 
framework used for allocating calendar year 2022 and 2023 production 
and consumption allowances, with adjustments to accommodate new market 
entrants that received allowances pursuant to 40 CFR 84.15 on March 31, 
2022. In developing this final approach, EPA considered whether to 
allocate production and consumption allowances to entities beyond those 
that have historic production and consumption.
    As part of this deliberation, EPA considered whether allowance 
allocations can be used to incentivize certain behavior such as to 
maximize reclamation and minimize releases of regulated substances. 
Some commenters to the Allocation Framework Rule encouraged EPA to 
issue allowances to reclaimers. The result of this suggestion could be 
that reclaimers have allowances available to directly import virgin 
regulated substances that they could use to rebalance refrigerant 
blends that are slightly off specification after reprocessing recovered 
refrigerant. The allowances could be transferred to another entity to 
import or produce on the reclaimer's behalf or could be used to ease a 
reclaimer's ability to purchase regulated substances from another 
entity.
    Many commenters on this particular issue expressed that issuing 
allowances to reclaimers who are not eligible under the proposed 
methodology is not a meaningful way to increase opportunities for 
reclamation. One commenter provided general support of granting 
consumption allowances to EPA-certified reclaimers on a proportional 
basis to the exchange value of the refrigerants they reclaim or destroy 
to foster smaller reclaimers who may not be prepared to import on a 
larger scale. One commenter suggested that EPA issue allowances to EPA-
certified reclaimers to support rebalancing and increase the 
availability of additional material available to support industry 
needs; the commenter continued that considering the data available to 
EPA, public comments from various stakeholders including reclaimers, 
and the Agency's experience in implementing the HFC phasedown, EPA has 
asserted no specific basis for rejecting the issuance of EPA-certified 
reclaimer allowances. The commenter argued that issuing EPA-certified 
reclaimer allowances would foster opportunities for HFC reclamation, 
thereby allowing more material to be returned for sale from rebalancing 
that would otherwise be sent for destruction and not used. The 
commenter also claimed that EPA has made no showing that it has 
meaningfully considered the requests of EPA-certified reclaimers with 
respect to issuing such allowances, thereby deviating from one of the 
AIM Act's mandates. Finally, one commenter suggested that any 
allowances used in pursuit of maximizing recovery and reclaim would be 
significantly more effective if allocated directly to certified 
reclaimers due to existing rigorous reporting obligations, rather than 
a general incentive for the general public that may not have experience 
in the reclamation field.
    EPA does not view issuing allowances to reclaimers that are not 
eligible based on the methodology EPA is finalizing in this rulemaking 
as a necessary way to increase opportunities for reclamation. If EPA 
were to issue allowances specific to reclaimers based on some 
specialized status, EPA would reduce the number of allowances available 
to other general pool allowance holders, which includes certain 
reclaimers. EPA recognizes that reclaimers may need access to some 
amounts of at specification HFCs to rebalance reclaimed blends, but our 
understanding is that there are generally available mechanisms to 
access regulated substances without directly importing them. EPA notes 
that some reclaimers have historically imported HFCs and those 
reclaimers will receive allowance allocations under the methodology 
finalized in this rule based on historic consumption levels. Commenters 
have not provided a compelling argument as to why reclaimers that did 
not import HFCs have a particularized need to do so now, nor did 
commenters provide a defensible basis for how EPA would determine what 
quantity of allowances would be needed for rebalancing. Rather, EPA 
thinks it is most appropriate to continue to allocate to entities that 
have historically imported in order to minimize market disruptions. 
Even if certain reclaimers have a new need to directly import HFCs, EPA 
provided all entities, including reclaimers, the opportunity to enter 
the HFC import business through applying as a new market entrant to the 
set aside pool of allowances in accordance with 40 CFR 84.15. Several 
reclaimers applied for, and received, new market entrant allowances 
from the set-aside pool for calendar years 2022 and 2023. These 
reclaimers will be treated in a manner consistent with the previous 
discussion in section III.B.1 of this preamble. Further, HFCs can be 
purchased on the open market from other allowance holders, or other 
distributors and suppliers. The commenters have not explained in any 
detail why these three options are not sufficient to accommodate 
reclaimer needs, aside from general and conceptual arguments that may 
be

[[Page 46852]]

divorced from on the ground experiences and practice. The Agency also 
notes that previously reclaimed HFCs that meet the requisite technical 
standard for purity (i.e., Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration 
Institute (AHRI) 700-2016) for refrigerants may be used in lieu of 
virgin materials for the purposes of rebalancing, and commenters have 
not explained in any detail any considerations for how or why this 
additional option would be insufficient. Commenters have also not 
meaningfully engaged with the point that the phasedown of HFCs 
increases opportunities for use of reclaimed HFCs by restricting the 
amount of newly produced and imported HFCs that can enter U.S. 
commerce. Commenters have not explained why this increased market 
demand is not sufficient, nor why the increased market demand would 
necessitate or justify priority access to consumption allowances for 
reclaimers.
    EPA disagrees with one commenter's characterization that by not 
issuing allowances to reclaimers, the Agency is not following through 
on the AIM Act's mandates, specifically subsection (h)(2)(A), which 
states that ``[i]n carrying out this section, the Administrator shall 
consider the use of authority available to the Administrator under this 
section to increase opportunities for the reclaiming of regulated 
substances used as refrigerants'' (emphasis added). As discussed in the 
proposed rulemaking, the Agency need not determine in this rulemaking 
whether this provision applies to this action--much less whether it 
establishes a requirement that may apply to other actions taken under 
the AIM Act--because even assuming that the commenter is correct that 
this provision creates a statutory obligation that applies to this 
rulemaking, the Agency has undertaken such consideration throughout 
this rulemaking process. Nothing in this statutory language requires 
that the Agency reach a certain result or use a certain mechanism; 
rather, it requires no more than that the Agency consider the potential 
to increase opportunities for reclamation of regulated substances used 
as refrigerants--and the Agency has done that in the context of this 
rulemaking, including in its development of the proposed rulemaking and 
in consideration of these comments and potential responses to them.
    Moreover, in a separate rulemaking, the Agency is developing a 
proposed rulemaking for HFCs and their substitutes for the purposes of 
maximizing reclamation and minimizing releases of HFCs from equipment. 
EPA issued a notice of data availability and draft report published in 
the Federal Register on October 17, 2022 (87 FR 62843) on the current 
United States HFC reclamation market and requested comment. EPA also 
hosted stakeholder meetings on November, 9, 2022, and March 16, 2023, 
to provide information on the upcoming rulemaking, as well as to 
provide an opportunity for stakeholder input and questions related to 
managing use and reuse of HFCs and substitutes. The agency also has 
been meeting with stakeholders individually and by participating in 
industry meetings. Comments submitted on the draft report, along with 
any input received during the stakeholder meetings and through other 
interactions with relevant stakeholders (e.g., EPA participation in 
trade association meetings), will inform the future AIM Act subsection 
(h) proposed rulemaking.
    One commenter argued that EPA should allocate to HVAC original 
equipment manufacturers (OEMs) because: an HVAC OEM allocation would 
substantially lower OEM and consumer costs and would reduce the chance 
of HFC market manipulation; in the absence of allocation, the HFC 
market could impede the market acceptance of alternatives; and an HVAC 
OEM allocation would encourage a more orderly HFC phasedown by placing 
appropriate responsibility on OEMs to transition to lower climate 
impact refrigerants, reduce charge volume, and promote more refrigerant 
recovery/reclamation. The commenter cited the Agency's allocation 
framework for application-specific end uses as demonstrating that an 
HVAC OEM allocation would be feasible.
    The commenter did not provide details for how such an allocation 
category could, or should, be implemented. Additionally, the creation 
of such an allocation category would require the Agency to determine 
details about scope, eligibility, and implementation that EPA does not 
have sufficient information at this time to develop. The commenter also 
does not provide anything beyond a conclusory rationale as to why it 
would be appropriate to allocate allowances to HVAC OEMs, but not other 
OEMs. EPA's chosen allocation methodology that is being finalized in 
this rule distributes allowances to entities that historically 
conducted the same activities now prohibited absent the expenditure of 
allowances. The AIM Act and implementing regulations provide that ``no 
person'' shall ``produce'' or ``consume'' HFCs ``without a 
corresponding quantity of production or consumption allowances'' (see 
42 U.S.C 7675(e)(2); 40 CFR 84.5(a)(2) and 84.5(b)(2)). The Allocation 
Framework Rule makes clear that the prohibition on ``consumption'' 
without corresponding allowances applies specifically to the act of 
import (see 42 U.S.C. 7675(b)(6) (defining import as landing on, 
bringing into, or introducing into the United States); 40 CFR 84.3 
(same); 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i) (requiring consumption allowances ``at the 
time of the import'')). Accordingly, the regulations in 40 CFR 
84.5(b)(1)(i) prohibit importing HFCs without corresponding allowances, 
and state that consumption allowances must be expended ``at the time of 
import.'' In short, allowances are required for the act of importing, 
not subsequent use of HFCs that have already been produced in or 
``imported'' into the United States. EPA notes that OEMs that have 
historically directly imported will receive allowance allocations under 
the methodology finalized in this rule based on historic consumption 
levels. Commenters have not provided a compelling argument as to why 
OEMs that did not historically import HFCs have a particularized need 
to do so now, and rather EPA thinks it is most appropriate to continue 
to allocate to entities that have historically imported to minimize 
market disruptions. If certain OEMs that had not previously imported 
HFCs had wanted to enter the HFC import business, there was an 
opportunity to do so as a new market entrant to the set aside pool of 
allowances in accordance with 40 CFR 84.15. The creation of an OEM 
allocation category would have also required an accompanying proposal 
or solicitation of comment, neither of which were included in the 
proposed rulemaking, and as previously noted, the creation of such an 
allocation category now would require the Agency to determine details 
about scope, eligibility, and implementation that may be informed by a 
range of market data and other records to which the Agency does not 
currently have access. EPA also lacks information on how such an 
allocation category would holistically affect the regulated industry, 
including small businesses.
    One commenter asserted that if EPA intends to require allowances to 
import blends containing regulated substances, allowances must be 
allocated to the entities who are importing or combining HFCs to create 
HFC blends, and not to the entities who are producing or importing the 
individual components of the blends. Specifically, the commenter

[[Page 46853]]

expressed concern that under the proposed allocation methodology, 
companies that blend HFCs will suffer an unfair and economically 
devastating mismatch between entities that receive allowances and 
entities that ultimately bear the burden of the allowance system.
    To be clear, importing a blend of chemicals that includes regulated 
substances requires expending allowances to account for the regulated 
substances within the blend. EPA is making alterations to the 
regulations to further clarify and codify the Agency's existing 
position on this issue. Those changes and the rationale behind them are 
further outlined in section V.C. of this rule. As noted in the prior 
comment responses, EPA's chosen allocation methodology that is being 
finalized in this rule distributes allowances to entities that 
historically conducted the same activities now prohibited absent the 
expenditure of allowances. If an entity has historically imported a 
blend and reported that import as required to GHGRP (as is the case for 
this particular commenter), that entity will be eligible to receive 
allowances. An entity that does not directly import blends or 
individual HFC components, but combines HFCs obtained on the domestic 
market to create an HFC blend, is not eligible for allowances, although 
they could have applied as a new market entrant for set-aside 
allowances previously in accordance with 40 CFR 84.15. An entity not 
importing HFCs, but domestically creating an HFC blend, can continue to 
undertake that behavior without any need for allowances. The commenter 
has failed to provide reasons as to why an allowance allocation to such 
an entity is needed. The commenter states that ``companies that blend 
HFCs will suffer an unfair and economically devastating mismatch,'' but 
does not explain why that would be the case. Without compelling 
arguments or evidence to support a contrary approach, EPA is finalizing 
the allocation methodology as proposed.
    As noted previously in this section, EPA did not propose to 
establish, and is not finalizing, a set-aside pool of allowances beyond 
what was created in the Allocation Framework Rule and was allocated 
March 31, 2022. EPA recognizes that the goal of the AIM Act is to 
establish a national phasedown of HFC production and consumption by 85 
percent by 2036, and therefore, while the Agency did offer a one-time 
opportunity of a set-aside pool of allowances for calendar year 2022 
and 2023, EPA explained in the proposed rulemaking that it does not 
view further allocations for a set-aside pool and/or allowances for 
entities who have not previously produced and imported HFCs as 
supporting the AIM Act's objectives, and accordingly is not 
establishing a new set-aside pool of allowances.
    Several commenters expressed support of EPA's proposal to not 
establish a set-aside pool of allowances for calendar years 2024 
through 2028. However, other commenters suggested that EPA should 
establish a set-aside pool during this period for entities to: develop 
new, innovative, or low-GWP HFC substitutes (for additional new market 
entrants as well as existing allowances holders seeking to develop 
alternatives for existing equipment); incentivize environmentally 
beneficial activities such as reclamation or recovery; provide a margin 
of safety pool for the semiconductor industry; or, to ensure against 
historical and current barriers that entities wishing to continue or 
enter in the HFC market may encounter, e.g., social inequities or 
disproportionate allocations to historic entities. One of these 
commenters suggested establishing a set-aside pool of allowances at 7.5 
MMTEVe, with unused allowances being redistributed to the general pool.
    With respect to the suggestion to establish a set-aside pool to 
develop new, innovative, or low-GWP substitutes, commenters did not 
provide a clear range of entities or activities that would meet the 
suggested category, other than being existing or prospective suppliers 
of HFCs or HFC substitutes. The Agency's views on issuing allowances to 
reclaimers that are not otherwise eligible based on the final 
methodology for 2024 through 2028 has been discussed elsewhere in this 
rule and, for the reasons explained in those discussions, EPA is not 
finalizing such a set-aside pool to incentivize reclamation. As for 
creating a margin of safety pool specifically for the semiconductor 
industry, the Agency reiterates that we did not propose to change the 
methodology for issuing application-specific allowances, and the 
existing application-specific allowance allocation methodology codified 
at 40 CFR 84.13 will continue to apply as finalized in the Allocation 
Framework Rule. Further, EPA has not heard concerns with sufficient 
specificity to believe that there is a need for a set-aside pool 
specific to the semiconductor industry in addition to the allowances 
already provided under the application-specific allocation. In applying 
for application-specific allowances, all eligible entities can provide 
information on unique circumstances facing their businesses, which are 
taken into account in the Agency's calculation of application-specific 
allowance allocations.
    As part of the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA conducted a 
preliminary review of entities that had previously imported HFCs and 
that were HCFC allowance holders (available in the docket for the 
Allocation Framework Rule) and solicited comment on whether any 
individuals have experienced structural barriers inhibiting their 
earlier access to the HFC import market, including if there was 
difficulty entering the HFC import market based on criteria such as 
business location, employment of socially or economically disadvantaged 
individuals, or other criteria related to business ownership, employee 
characterization, or business location. As explained in that 
rulemaking, EPA was interested in collecting the information requested 
to better understand whether such issues are affecting entry into this 
market and to explore future opportunities to ensure a more equitable 
marketplace. Commenters did not provide evidence or detailed 
information that would indicate that certain businesses have 
historically and could continue to experience difficulty entering the 
HFC market as a result of structural barriers or social or economic 
inequities. Our review of public comments received from the proposed 
rulemaking associated with this rulemaking did not yield any such 
records either.
    Lastly, several commenters also provided suggestions for what the 
Agency might consider in the next allocation methodology, e.g., 
allowance incentives for destruction and a set-aside pool that 
prioritizes the top performers with respect to providing recovered 
refrigerants to reclaimers in the previous year. Comments explicitly 
framed as being for consideration in future rulemakings have not been 
considered for this final rule and the Agency is not responding to 
those comments at this time.

C. How is EPA accounting for past production or import activity to 
determine allocation eligibility?

    To be eligible to receive general pool allowances for 2024 through 
2028 based on historic production and import activity (i.e., for 
entities that produced and imported regulated substances in 2011 
through 2019), EPA proposed that an entity must have produced (for 
production and consumption allowances) or imported (for entities only 
receiving consumption allowances) HFCs in 2021 or 2022. EPA had a 
similar requirement in the Allocation

[[Page 46854]]

Framework Rule, specifically requiring production or import in 
2020.\18\ As part of the proposal, EPA considered using a rolling set 
of years to confirm activity, but as explained in that rulemaking, 
using a rolling set of years would not provide the same stability since 
allowance holders could come into and out of the allocation system, 
thereby affecting everyone's relative share of available allowances and 
reducing predictability. EPA also explained that it does not want to 
incentivize entities in each subsequent rolling set of years' entities 
to continue importing or producing small quantities that would 
otherwise be outside the entity's plans in future years just to 
maintain position to receive future calendar year HFC allowances. EPA 
also took comment on simply basing allocations on historic reported 
data between 2011 and 2019, without including an additional eligibility 
requirement relating to whether the entity produced or imported HFCs in 
recent years, such as 2021 or 2022. The discussion in this section of 
the preamble referencing production or import activity in 2021 or 2022 
is germane only to whether an entity was active in those years for the 
purposes of determining whether that entity is eligible to receive 
allowances. EPA is not evaluating the specific amounts that entities 
may have produced or imported in these years, and the Agency's 
finalized approach in confirming that entities were active in 2021 or 
2022 should not be interpreted as EPA evaluating entity-specific 
activity in those years to inform the number of allowances that each 
eligible entity receives. The years that EPA is relying on to determine 
how many allowances each eligible receives is discussed elsewhere in 
the preamble. As noted in those other sections, EPA has concerns about 
how representative quantities produced or imported in 2021 and 2022 may 
be, but EPA has determined that some level of demonstrated activity in 
those years is still a useful metric for purposes of determining 
whether to allocate allowances
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ EPA also allowed for an entity to identify individual 
circumstances for not importing in that year due to the COVID-19 
pandemic. EPA did not propose a mechanism to allow an entity to 
request individualized consideration if they did not produce or 
import in 2021 or 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters supported EPA's proposal of requiring activity in 
either 2021 or 2022 as a prerequisite for general pool entities 
receiving allowances. One commenter opposed the proposed qualification, 
citing that such a requirement could penalize entities who are trying 
to maximize efficiency by outsourcing production or importation but who 
plan to remain in the market and service existing customers. The 
commenter suggested that the more relevant consideration would be 
whether an entity's allowances were expended in the affected years, and 
that if the Agency were to finalize this specific provision, that there 
be a way for entities to request unique consideration in the event they 
did not produce or import in 2021 or 2022.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter. This additional eligibility 
requirement, that an entity has demonstrated import or production 
activity in 2021 or 2022, is intended to exclude entities from 
receiving allocations that are no longer undertaking the activities for 
which allowances are required (i.e., production and import). Under the 
commenter's proposal, an entity that is transferring all of their 
allowances is no longer undertaking activities for which allowances are 
required. EPA understands that the commenter may be interested in 
receiving an allocation such that the commenter has allowances to sell 
and transfer, but the commenter failed to provide a rationale aligned 
with the AIM Act and the HFC phasedown program for why it would be 
appropriate in such a situation for EPA to continue to allocate to an 
entity that is not itself using allowances. Entities who choose to buy 
and sell HFCs within the United States, e.g., as servicing companies or 
distributors, instead of directly producing or directly importing HFCs 
may continue to do so without receiving allowances. EPA is interested 
in avoiding allocating to entities that had historic import or 
production data in the 2011-2019 timeframe, but have since ceased 
operations or shifted away from HFC production or import. Allocating 
allowances to entities that cannot or will not use them could be 
disruptive to the market during the phasedown if allowances go 
unexpended or could result in windfall profits to an entity that will 
only use the allowances to transfer for a price. The practical effect 
of not allocating allowances to an entity due to their inactivity would 
be a pro rata increase of allocation levels to other entities receiving 
allowances from the general pool allocation.
    One commenter suggested that EPA require entities to be active in 
the market in 2022 to receive allowances for 2024 through 2026. This 
commenter further provided a method for redistributing unused 
allowances. The commenter provided a formula that would allocate more 
in future years to entities that used more of their allowances. For 
example, an entity that used 100 percent of its allowances in year 1 
would receive more allowances in year 2 or 3 as a result of the number 
of unused allowances in year 1 than an entity who only used 80 percent 
of its allowances that year. The method would count transfers the same 
as if an entity used its allowances to produce or import. The commenter 
notes that such a model provides all the advantages that EPA is looking 
to achieve, including: relying on historic data from 2011 through 2019 
for allocations; transparency of available data; ensuring that entities 
who are no longer active in the HFC market or active at all do not 
receive allowances; and adjusting for unrepresentative activity, i.e., 
large numbers of imports in certain years prior to AD/CVD findings and 
actions, that might have informed previous allocations, but not be 
representative of more current real-world conditions.
    EPA is not finalizing an approach in line with the commenter's 
suggestion. EPA disagrees with the commenter on the benefit of moving 
allowances away from entities based on a single year of allowance 
expenditure. There are many factors that could lead to an entity 
expending fewer allowances in a given year beyond a permanent shift in 
business model, such as a temporary change in customer demand or delays 
in a foreign supplier fulfilling contracts. In such situations, EPA 
does not want to establish perverse incentives to encourage an entity 
to expend allowances to import more HFCs than the entity otherwise 
needs or to otherwise penalize an entity that does a one-time transfer 
of allowances. Further, the commenter's model would require EPA to 
determine details about scope, criteria, and implementation for which 
we do not have sufficient information at this time to consider 
finalization of such a method. Additionally, the commenter's suggested 
pre-requisite for entities to have been active in 2022 as well as the 
commenter's proposed time period for when the model would apply are not 
consistent with the Agency's proposals. The commenter does not provide 
rationale for why evaluating only 2022 would be appropriate in lieu of 
evaluating either 2021 or 2022, nor does the commenter provide a 
rationale for why the Agency should issue allowances using the proposed 
model for 2024 through 2026 only.
    Relying on information from 2021 or 2022 solely for the purpose of 
determining eligibility for allowances will ensure companies receiving 
allowances are still actively producing or importing regulated HFCs, 
regardless of who received allowances in calendar

[[Page 46855]]

years 2022 and 2023. Allowing two years, as opposed to a single year, 
provides additional time to demonstrate activity in the market, and is 
intended to reduce the impacts of supply chain delays, temporary 
changes in demand, or other business decisions. Some entities also 
import small volumes of HFCs and may not need to import every year. 
Entities who would be eligible to receive allowances based on this 
criterion would not need to have produced or imported HFCs in both 
years, nor would entities need to have produced or imported at any 
particular level in either year.
    EPA proposed to use a fixed set of years (i.e., 2021 and 2022) to 
determine eligibility for entities to be allocated allowances for 
calendar years 2024 through 2028 to provide a degree of clarity and 
certainty to entities during this period and to minimize disruption to 
existing supply chains that have adjusted to the 2022 and 2023 
allowance allocations. By finalizing this approach, all market 
participants will be able to generally understand their own and other 
allowance holders' market share for the 2024 through 2028 period as of 
October 1, 2023, because there would not generally be shifts in how 
many entities EPA is allocating allowances to and the relative share of 
allowances going to those entities. Looking to behavior in 2021 or 
2022, specifically to determine whether entities were actively 
producing or importing HFCs, would also have administrative benefits to 
EPA. For example, determining annual allocations will be more 
streamlined because EPA will rely on data that has been vetted and 
reviewed at a single point in time in advance of the calendar year 2024 
allocation as well as all allocations through calendar year 2028. The 
commenter's scenario is also one that the Agency was trying to avoid, 
i.e., issuing allowances to entities that are no longer in the HFC 
production or import business.
    The Agency provided one final opportunity, separate from the 
proposed rulemaking, to entities to verify, and if necessary correct, 
the data available to the Agency on entities' historic consumption 
activities from 2011 through 2021 for the purposes of the AIM Act. The 
Agency transmitted an electronic communication or letter to all 
entities that were known, or likely, to have had consumption activity 
of regulated substances from 2011 through 2021 that they had until 
September 26, 2022, to verify, and if necessary correct, such data. 
Additionally, in the proposal for this rulemaking, EPA stated that 
''[i]f there is any entity that did not receive a letter or electronic 
communication from EPA that had consumption activity of regulated 
substances from 2011 through 2021, EPA is hereby providing notice that 
for the purposes of future HFC allowance allocations under the AIM Act, 
EPA will not consider any data unless submitted to EPA through the 
Electronic Greenhouse Gas Reporting Tool (e-GGRT) by the close of the 
comment period on December 19, 2022.'' The Agency was explicit that 
after this final opportunity for entities to make corrections to 
historic data, ``EPA does not intend to consider any data revisions in 
allocation decisions'' where the revisions would be taken into account 
when determining the annual allocation issued by October 1 of each year 
for 2024 and future year allocations (87 FR 66383). After consideration 
of the public comments on this issue, EPA continues to find these 
considerations compelling. Accordingly, the Agency will not consider 
any additional revisions to historic data for the purposes of allowance 
allocations for these years.\19\
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    \19\ Data submitted as of December 19, 2022, that has been 
certified and verified will be taken into account when determining 
the annual allocation issued by October 1 of each year for 2024 
through 2028. EPA will not consider revisions after this date in the 
2024 through 2028 and all future year allocations, where relevant. 
If information reveals an entity has provided false, inaccurate, or 
misleading information, EPA reserves the right to issue 
administrative consequences to adjust allowances downward (in the 
same year or a subsequent year). Regardless of whether or not EPA 
applies an administrative consequence, EPA may also pursue any and 
all appropriate enforcement action.
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    EPA did not propose to allow companies that were inactive in 2021 
and 2022 to request individualized consideration for whether they were 
active in the market, and EPA disagrees with one commenter's contention 
that it would be appropriate to do so. EPA allowed for individualized 
consideration for failure to import in 2020 in the Allocation Framework 
Rule, given 2020 was a strikingly unique year due to the COVID-19 
pandemic and supply chain disruptions. Further, EPA was only looking to 
one year to verify company activity, whereas under this rule EPA is 
looking to see if a company was active in either 2021 or 2022. The 
commenter has failed to explain why those years produced unique 
challenges equivalent to the pandemic and supply chain disruptions of 
2020 and also has failed to explain why looking across two years of 
data, as opposed to one, would not rectify any such challenges, i.e., 
if 2021 were equally as challenging with respect to the pandemic and 
supply chain disruptions of 2020, any import activity in either 2021 or 
2022 regardless of quantity would meet the Agency's proposed activity 
requirement. Allowing two years, as opposed to a single year, provides 
additional time to demonstrate activity in the market, and is intended 
to reduce the impacts of supply chain delays, temporary changes in 
demand, or other business decisions.
    Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, EPA is finalizing its 
proposal that to be eligible to receive general pool allowances for 
2024 through 2028 based on historic production and import activity 
(i.e., for entities that produced and imported regulated substances in 
2011 through 2019), an entity must have produced (for production and 
consumption allowances) or imported \20\ (for entities only receiving 
consumption allowances) bulk regulated substances in 2021 or 2022.
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    \20\ EPA will look to the statutory and regulatory definition of 
``import'' to determine whether an entity imported bulk regulated 
substances in 2021 or 2022. An argument that an entity could fall 
within the regulatory definition of ``importer'' will not be 
relevant to this analysis.
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    The Agency considered and took comment on whether new market 
entrants should be required to import in 2022 to be eligible for 
allocation of allowances for calendar years 2024 through 2028. Several 
commenters were supportive of requiring recipients of set-aside 
allowances as new market entrants to import in 2022 to be eligible for 
allocation of consumption allowances for calendar years 2024 through 
2028. One such commenter suggested that EPA evaluate whether new market 
entrants' consumption activity in either 2022 or 2023 was consistent 
with EPA's rationale for allocating those allowances in the first 
place, i.e., entities that did not use their allowances, or used their 
allowances in a manner that was wholly inconsistent with the new market 
entrant provisions, should not be eligible to receive allowances for 
calendar year 2024 through 2028. One additional commenter generally 
supported an approach where new market entrants must have imported in 
calendar year 2022 to receive allowances. Another commenter supported 
not requiring activity in 2022 for a new market entrant to be eligible 
for future general pool allowances, noting that some smaller entities 
might not have been able to amass resources to fully use their 
allowances in either 2022 or 2023. This commenter further cited that 
new market entrants may not have been able to order products or 
finalize agreements with parties such as banks and customs brokers 
until after issuance of their allowances on March 31, 2022.

[[Page 46856]]

    EPA disagrees with commenters that took the position that new 
market entrants should be required to import at some point in 2022 to 
be eligible to receive general pool allowances for calendar years 2024 
through 2028. Most new market entrants are, as their name suggests, new 
to the HFC import market and would not reasonably be expected to have 
any import activity in 2021. At the same time, data for the 2023 period 
would not be available and verified in time for allocation decisions 
for the allocation of calendar year 2024 allowances. Therefore, if the 
Agency applied eligibility criteria to new market entrants at all, it 
would need to look to 2022 for import activity. Accordingly, for these 
entities, EPA would not be able to look across two years for import for 
most new market entrants, unlike for general pool participants. EPA 
anticipated that most new market entrants would make use of allocated 
allowances and import regulated substances in 2022, but EPA previously 
recognized that new market entrants might have difficulty 
operationalizing their business to begin importing regulated substances 
in 2022 if the entity was fully new to this aspect of the import 
business. As a result, in the Allocation Framework Rule the Agency took 
the position that EPA would ``not reduc[e] allowances to new market 
entrants in 2023 for failing to use all the allowances issued in 2022'' 
(86 FR 55159). The commenters do not provide any rationale to counter 
these concerns raised by EPA in the proposal. The commenters also do 
not provide rationale on why it would be appropriate to look to only 
one year of data for entities that were brand new to the HFC import 
market, while allowing historically active companies to produce or 
import at any point in any quantity over a two-year span. Such an 
approach would seem to disadvantage entities that could have 
significant difficulty living up to such a requirement. A commenter 
suggested that EPA evaluate whether new market entrants' consumption 
activity in either 2022 or 2023 was consistent with EPA's rationale for 
allocating those allowances in the first place, but does not explain 
what it would mean for a new market entrant to use their allowances in 
a manner that was wholly inconsistent with the new market entrant 
provisions or how EPA would implement such a provision. EPA recognizes 
that entities who received allowances as new market entrants are in a 
variety of industries, and therefore determining whether they used the 
allowances in a manner consistent with the new market provisions would 
require us to determine details about scope, criteria, and 
implementation across each of the affected industries, i.e., one size 
does not fit all. We do not have sufficient information at this time to 
make such determinations. The Agency also notes that the vast majority 
of these entities did import regulated substances and have had direct 
contact with EPA by way of required reporting or direct emails 
regarding implementation of the HFC phasedown. Accordingly, EPA is 
finalizing an approach that will not require any import activity of new 
market entrants for those entities to be eligible for allocation of 
calendar year 2024 through 2028 allowances.
    To determine entities' eligibility for allowance allocations, EPA 
will rely on data that have been reported pursuant to the 40 CFR part 
84 requirements. EPA will rely on data reported no later than February 
14, 2023, which aligns with the reporting deadline for fourth quarter 
calendar year 2022 HFC reports under the HFC allocation requirements at 
40 CFR part 84, subpart A.\21\ Further, EPA is finalizing as proposed 
that in cases where allowances were not expended at the time of 
production and/or import of HFCs, that production and import would not 
count as activity for eligibility purposes. In other words, EPA will 
only consider production and import of HFCs where allowances were 
expended as required when determining whether an entity is eligible for 
allowances. For example, imports where entities received non-objection 
notices for transformation or destruction, and imports where entities 
have notified EPA of transhipments consistent with our regulations will 
not be eligible for consideration when determining whether an entity is 
eligible for allowances. Additionally, entities who imported or 
attempted to import regulated HFCs in 2022 (absent 2021 import 
activity) without the necessary allowances will not be eligible to 
receive allowances beginning in 2024, even if they had historic import 
activity between 2011 and 2019. The distinction of 2022 versus 2021 
import activity is integral in this particular circumstance because 
there were no HFC phasedown-driven limits on import activity in 2021, 
whereas the phasedown of HFCs instituted controls on import activity by 
way of consumption allowances beginning in 2022. To reiterate, entities 
who had production or import activity in either 2021 or 2022 would be 
eligible for production and/or consumption allowances, unless an entity 
only has activity in 2022 that occurred without any required allowance 
expenditure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ For more information, visit https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/hfc-allocation-rule-reporting-and-recordkeeping.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Related to the criteria for appropriate entities to receive 
allowances, the Allocation Framework Rule provides an extensive 
discussion of how EPA may remedy activity by entities that violate DoC 
and CBP trade laws via administrative consequences. The proposed 
rulemaking associated with this final rule did not explicitly speak to 
these types of anticompetitive behaviors, e.g., AD/CVD findings, or any 
potential remedies. However, the Agency received at least eight 
comments during the public comment period for this proposed rulemaking 
offering a variety of mechanisms for how EPA may address such behavior. 
One set of suggestions was for the Agency to either not issue 
allowances to, or revoke allowances from, entities who have 
circumvented AD/CVDs because their share of the U.S. HFC market was 
initially established through the sale of unfairly traded (i.e., 
dumped) imports and that share was subsequently maintained based on 
circumvention of the antidumping duty orders issued by the DoC. 
Commenters suggested that any otherwise unissued or revoked allowances 
should be distributed to domestic producers of HFCs.
    As discussed elsewhere in the preamble, EPA has determined that it 
is not appropriate to base allowance allocation calculations on any 
unfair trade practices that have happened in the past, specifically in 
the 2011 through 2019 timeframe before the AIM Act was enacted and 
before EPA began the Congressionally-mandated phasedown of HFCs. 
However, EPA emphasizes that the Agency is concerned about companies 
not complying with all trade provisions applicable to the import of 
HFCs, including any AD/CVDs, as violations of such provisions may 
create an unequal environment. In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA 
finalized a requirement that any entity importing HFCs subject to an 
AD/CVD order issued by DoC that received allowances must provide 
documentation of payment of the AD/CVD duties for HFCs imported from 
January 1, 2017, through May 19, 2021, the date of the proposed 
rulemaking, or provide evidence that those imports were not subject to 
AD/CVD for those years. Commenters also suggested applying 
administrative consequences to the allowances of circumventing 
importers; eliminating or reducing the ability for circumventing 
importers to transfer allowances; and, reducing allowance amounts for 
circumventing importers (the last of

[[Page 46857]]

which is discussed elsewhere in the preamble). As discussed in the 
Allocation Framework Rule, there are a variety of situations or 
circumstances in which EPA may exercise its authority and discretion to 
levy administrative consequences. This would include a situation where 
an entity has not paid a required AD/CVD within the required time 
frame. However, EPA's determination to issue administrative 
consequences is generally separate from this rulemaking and would be 
based on the specific situation or circumstance identified. EPA will 
continue to consult intergovernmental partners, e.g., CBP, as 
appropriate.

D. Can allowances be transferred or conferred prior to the calendar 
year?

    EPA proposed to clarify that entities may confer or transfer 
allowances at any point after they are allocated until the allowance 
expires at the end of the calendar year for which it was allocated. In 
the Allocation Framework Rule EPA established 40 CFR 84.5(d), which 
provides that all production, consumption, and application-specific 
allowances are valid only for the calendar year for which they are 
allocated (i.e., January 1 through December 31). The intent of this 
provision was to state that allowances could only be expended in the 
calendar year for which they were issued. However, EPA recognized at 
proposal that use of the term ``valid'' could be read as ambiguous with 
regard to whether it allows for transfers and conferrals before the 
calendar year. Allowances can only be expended to cover imports or 
production in the calendar year for which they are allocated, but EPA 
proposed to amend 40 CFR 84.5(d) to more clearly state that entities 
may confer or transfer allowances before January 1 of the calendar 
year.
    Commenters widely supported EPA's proposed revision to resolve 
potential ambiguity. Commenters stated that this clarification will 
smooth business transactions and reduce potential delays. EPA received 
no adverse comment on this proposed revision. As a result, EPA is 
finalizing the proposed amendment to the prohibition in 40 CFR 84.5(d) 
to more clearly state that entities may transfer and confer their 
allowances upon their allocation, including ahead of January 1 of the 
calendar year for which the allowances were allocated. This amendment 
does not permit an allowance holder to expend an allowance valid in one 
calendar year in any other year, e.g., a calendar year 2024 allowance 
can only be expended for a regulated substance produced or imported in 
2024 even if the allowance was transferred or conferred in the last 
quarter of 2023.
    The Agency hopes that this added clarity will facilitate allowance 
holders' planning for that upcoming year. EPA encourages allowance 
holders, including application-specific allowance holders, to undertake 
transfers and conferrals early in the year and, where possible, well in 
advance of when regulated substances would need to be produced or 
imported. For more information on when a producer and importer must 
possess and expend allowances, see 40 CFR 84.5, with the changes being 
finalized in this rule discussed in section V.A of this preamble.
    EPA also received comments stating that the existing 5 percent 
transfer offset was too high. Multiple commenters recommended that the 
Agency reduce the offset, such as to 1 percent or 0.1 percent, to 
encourage transfers and facilitate a smoothly operating transfer 
market. One commenter directly asserted that EPA effectively reopened 
the 5 percent offset provision because the offset is directly related 
to EPA proposals to clarify the timing of allowance transfers and other 
transfer-related provisions concerning the submittal of importer of 
record information, requirements related to transfers, and those 
required of repackagers.
    EPA responds that the Agency did not reopen the transfer offset 
provisions in this rulemaking's proposal, did not solicit comments on 
the matter, and did not propose revisions to the transfer offset 
provisions. Comments on this issue are out of scope for this 
rulemaking. Generally speaking, an agency reopens an issue when it 
either explicitly or implicitly indicates it is reexamining its former 
choice. National Min. Ass'n v. U.S. Dept. of Interior, 70 F.3d 1345, 
1351 (D.C. Cir. 1995). A reviewing court will consider whether ``the 
entire context'' of a rulemaking demonstrates that the Agency is 
substantively reconsidering an existing regulation. Growth Energy v. 
EPA, 5 F.4th 1, 21 (D.C. Cir. 2021). Nothing in EPA's proposal suggests 
that EPA was substantively reconsidering the transfer offset amount. 
The proposal to clarify the timing of allowance transfers in 40 CFR 
84.5(d) in no way implies that EPA is reconsidering the transfer offset 
amount codified in 40 CFR 84.19(a)(1). Neither does the invitation for 
comment on the proposed new paragraph in 84.19(a)(5) clarifying that 
allowances can be expended by companies with specified affiliation 
without a transfer. See, e.g., National Ass'n of Reversionary Property 
Owners v. Surface Transp. Bd., 158 F.3d 135, 142 (D.C. Cir. 1998) 
(``When an agency invites debate on some aspects of a broad subject . . 
. it does not automatically reopen all related aspects including those 
already decided.'').
    Even if this issue was reopened as part of this rulemaking, which 
it was not, commenters did not provide any information that would lead 
EPA to change its decision as to the appropriate parameters for the 
transfer offset provision. As discussed in the Allocation Framework 
Rule at 86 FR 55154, the AIM Act provides significant discretion to EPA 
in choosing an appropriate offset level. The Agency considered public 
comments during development of the Allocation Framework Rule and 
concluded that a five percent offset was the right value to balance a 
net environmental benefit without creating an overly burdensome 
requirement that would discourage trading necessary to meet market 
demands. Allowances are issued to companies at no cost and transferors 
retain 95 percent of the value of something provided for free if they 
choose to transfer those allowances. Furthermore, allowances are not a 
property right of the allowance holder and EPA has been directed by 
Congress to require an offset if companies choose to transfer those 
allowances. EPA is not taking final action with respect to the transfer 
offset provisions in this rulemaking.

IV. How is EPA updating the consumption baseline?

    Subsection (e)(1) of the AIM Act directs EPA to establish a 
production baseline and a consumption baseline and provides the 
equations for doing so. In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA initially 
calculated and codified the production and consumption baselines 
according to the formulas outlined in subsection (e)(1) of the AIM Act. 
In this rulemaking, the Agency proposed to update the consumption 
baseline to account for corrected data. In this action, EPA is 
finalizing an updated consumption baseline, and associated phasedown 
schedule, to account for these corrected data.
    The AIM Act instructs EPA to calculate the consumption baseline by, 
among other things, using the average annual quantity of all regulated 
substances consumed in the United States from January 1, 2011, through 
December 31, 2013. In subsection (e)(2)(C) of the AIM Act, Congress 
provided the HFC phasedown schedule measured as a percentage of the 
baseline. In the Allocation Framework

[[Page 46858]]

Rule EPA codified the consumption baseline as 303,887,017 MTEVe at 40 
CFR 84.7(b)(2) and the total allowance quantities that could be 
allocated for each year at 40 CFR 84.7(b)(3). A complete description of 
EPA's process in developing the codified baseline figure can be found 
in the Allocation Framework Rule at 86 FR 55137-55142.
    After EPA finalized the Allocation Framework Rule, one company 
informed EPA that the 2011 and 2012 HFC import data that it had 
reported to the GHGRP and certified per 40 CFR 98.4(e)(1) as true, 
accurate, and complete under penalty of law, was, in fact, 
significantly more than its actual import quantities. Because EPA used 
the company's 2011 and 2012 HFC import data in the calculation of the 
consumption baseline, the Agency's calculated and codified consumption 
baseline was high. The company then submitted and certified revised 
reports. EPA verified the corrected data by reviewing the importer's 
invoices and comparing the reported data to import data provided by 
CBP.
    In this rulemaking, the Agency proposed to update the consumption 
baseline and associated phasedown schedule based on corrected and 
verified data from the one company that identified an error in its 
historic reporting. Specifically, EPA proposed to revise the 
consumption baseline from 303,887,017 MTEVe to 300,257,386 MTEVe, a 
decrease of 3,629,631 MTEVe, to account for that error. The Agency also 
stated that it would include any additional verified data revisions 
from the 2011 through 2013 timeline in the revision to the consumption 
baseline.
    As described in the proposal, separate from and concurrent with 
this rulemaking, EPA provided an opportunity for entities to verify, 
and if necessary correct, the data \22\ available to EPA on those 
entities' historic consumption activities from 2011 through 2021 for 
purposes of the AIM Act. EPA sent an electronic communication or letter 
to all entities that were known, or likely, to have had consumption 
activity of regulated substances from 2011 through 2021 that they had 
until September 26, 2022, to verify, and if necessary correct, the data 
available to EPA on those entities' historic consumption activities 
from 2011 through 2021.\23\
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    \22\ These data were certified per 40 CFR 98.4(e)(1) by the 
importer as true and accurate under penalty of the CAA at the time 
of original submission.
    \23\ This request was for purposes of implementing the AIM Act. 
Nothing in this letter or in the complementary process described 
below relieves any entity of obligations under the GHGRP regulations 
codified in 40 CFR part 98. EPA notes that failure to submit a 
report or reporting a fraudulent report may be considered a 
violation of the CAA subject to penalties and fines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA provided further notice through this rulemaking's proposal of a 
final opportunity to submit corrected data to the Agency through e-GGRT 
by the close of the comment period on December 19, 2022, in the case 
that any entity with consumption activity of regulated substances from 
2011 through 2021 did not receive a letter or electronic communication 
from EPA. To allow EPA to verify the reported data in a timely manner, 
anyone reporting past consumption data for the first time must have 
provided transactional records (e.g., bills of lading, invoices, or CBP 
entry forms). Through EPA's data review, approximately 10 additional 
entities provided verifiable revised values for reporting years 2011 
through 2013.
    Multiple commenters supported EPA's proposal to adjust the 
consumption baseline to reflect corrected historical data. With respect 
to adverse comments on the proposal, one commenter expressed concern 
that the consumption baseline does not reflect the market's growth 
since the baseline years of 2011 through 2013. Another commenter stated 
that the Agency should account for an anticipated need of additional 
HFCs for heat pumps, and underreporting due to smaller producers and 
importers being under the threshold of reporting to the GHGRP, by 
increasing the consumption baseline.
    EPA disagrees with comments opposed to EPA's proposal. Subsection 
(e)(1) of the AIM Act provides specific formulas that describe how to 
establish the baselines and specifies data that enter into these 
formulas. In this rulemaking's proposal, the Agency described the data 
collection and verification efforts used in the Allocation Framework 
Rule to establish the consumption baseline and in this rulemaking to 
revise the consumption baseline (86 FR 66382-66383). EPA does not have 
discretion to increase the consumption baseline based on one 
commenter's understanding of market growth after the baseline years, 
which are identified in the statute, or another commenter's claims 
regarding possible future demand. In response to one commenter's 
suggestion that EPA needs to adjust the baseline to account for 
underreporting due to smaller producers and importers being under the 
threshold of reporting to the GHGRP, EPA disagrees with the commenter's 
premise that there is a notable flaw in EPA's codified baseline as a 
result of GHGRP reporting thresholds. As discussed in the Allocation 
Framework Rule (86 FR 55140-55141), the Agency used multiple 
appropriate sources of data to calculate the consumption baseline, 
conducted significant outreach in its data collection efforts, and 
specifically attempted to contact through letters and emails companies 
that may not have been reporting to GHGRP because they were below the 
GHGRP reporting threshold. EPA has also provided extensive public 
notification through a variety of venues of how reported data is used 
to establish the baseline. Entities have had numerous opportunities to 
correct potential underreporting due to being under the threshold of 
reporting to the GHGRP. The Agency used this more complete dataset, 
including later opportunities to correct data as described in this 
section, to establish and update the consumption baseline. The proposal 
in this rulemaking to adjust the consumption baseline was narrowly 
limited to correcting data that contribute to the previously 
established consumption baseline and through the processes described 
above, and did not implicate the general approach used to calculate the 
baseline.
    One commenter stated that the baseline data should be open and 
searchable so the public can review and identify errors. As noted in 
the initial Notice of Data Availability (86 FR 9059, February 11, 2021) 
and the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55191-55195), the Agency 
acknowledges the importance of data transparency and accountability. 
EPA intends to release certain available data to the public while 
respecting information entitled to confidential treatment. The most 
recent release of data is available at https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/ghgrp-data-relevant-aim-act. However, the company-specific 
data, including production, import, export, and destruction data, used 
to establish the baselines are confidential and cannot be publicly 
released. As discussed in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55192), 
many of the data elements reported to 40 CFR part 98 subpart OO were 
determined to be, and are treated as, confidential by EPA (see, e.g., 
76 FR 30782, May 26, 2011; 76 FR 73886, November 29, 2011; 77 FR 48072, 
August 13, 2012, 78 FR 71904, November 29, 2013; and, 81 FR 89188, 
December 9, 2016).\24\ Transactional records also include information 
that is not publicly available. EPA has provided aggregated information 
concerning baseline data as available,

[[Page 46859]]

such as in a memorandum titled ``HFC Production and Consumption Data--
Final Rule'', available in the docket for the Allocation Framework Rule 
(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0044). In this action the Agency is 
providing additional aggregated information concerning changes to the 
consumption baseline in a memorandum titled, ``Docket Memo on Revisions 
to HFC Consumption Baseline'', available in the docket for this 
rulemaking. However, given the confidentiality of most data involved in 
the Agency's baseline calculation, it is not feasible for EPA to 
release information detailed enough to meet the commenter's request for 
an open and searchable dataset that allows the public to review and 
identify discrepancies to the baseline data while respecting existing 
confidentiality determinations and governing regulations.
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    \24\ For a summary, see https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-09/documents/ghgrp_cbi_tables_for_suppliers_8-28-20_clean_v3_508c.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As part of EPA's review process, EPA also identified an additional 
update to be made to the consumption baseline calculation to improve 
accuracy. Specifically, EPA reviewed offsite transformation and 
destruction totals reported by companies for the 2011-2013 period, 
and--after filtering out totals already reported elsewhere as onsite 
transformation and destruction--subtracted these totals from overall 
consumption. Additional information on this change can be found in the 
memorandum titled, ``Docket Memo on Revisions to HFC Consumption 
Baseline'', available in the docket for this rulemaking. EPA changed 
the production baseline in a separate action to reflect the additional 
transformation and destruction identified.
    Based on the considerations discussed above, EPA is finalizing 
updates to the codified consumption baseline with the corrected data. 
Incorporating the corrected data from this rulemaking's proposal, and 
further updates separate from this rulemaking, EPA is revising the 
consumption baseline from 303,887,017 MTEVe to 302,538,316 MTEVe, which 
is a decrease of 1,348,701 MTEVe. The Agency reiterates here that EPA 
did not reopen the production baseline in this rulemaking.
    The revision of the consumption baseline amounts to less than a 1 
percent change in the baseline. Once EPA applies the relevant phasedown 
step to the baseline and then allocates the resulting allowances among 
eligible recipients, the change in the consumption baseline is expected 
to have a small effect on individual entities' allocations. Further, 
this revised consumption baseline starts affecting allowance 
allocations for calendar year 2024. Because of the prior framing of 
EPA's regulations, specifically the fact that there was no prior 
allocation methodology that would apply to calendar year 2024 
allowances and beyond, no entities should have had a reasonable 
expectation of allowance allocation levels for any individual entity. 
Therefore, EPA expects that this alteration of the consumption baseline 
will not affect the regulated communities' reasonable reliance 
interests.
    Revising the consumption baseline changes the total consumption cap 
in MTEVe for regulated substances in the United States in each year 
after the revision takes effect. Therefore, EPA is revising the table 
of production and consumption limits at 40 CFR 84.7(b)(3) by replacing 
the current values in Table 2, column 2 of this preamble with the 
values in column 3.

                             Table 2--Revised Limit of Total Consumption Allowances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                  Previously codified
                             Year                                  total consumption          Revised total
                                                                        (MTEVe)            consumption (MTEVe)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2024-2028.....................................................              182,332,210              181,522,990
2029-2033.....................................................               91,166,105               90,761,495
2034-2035.....................................................               60,777,403               60,507,663
2036 and thereafter...........................................               45,583,053               45,380,747
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. How is EPA revising requirements related to allowances for import?

    EPA made several proposals based on the experience gained in 
implementing the HFC phasedown program to date under the existing 40 
CFR part 84 regulations. In this section, EPA discusses amendments to 
codify the point in time that an allowance must be expended as well as 
who can expend allowances. We also discuss a regulatory amendment to 
clarify the existing requirement that allowances must be expended to 
import bulk regulated substances regardless of whether the import is of 
an HFC that is imported as a single component substance (such as HFC-
134a) or whether the HFC is part of a multicomponent substance (such as 
HFC refrigerant blend R-410A). Additionally, EPA discusses a proposed 
amendment concerning importation of heels when the precise weight of a 
container of regulated substances in unknown, which EPA is not 
finalizing.

A. Codifying the Point in Time That an Allowance Must Be Expended To 
Import Regulated Substances

    Under 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1) EPA prohibited persons from importing bulk 
regulated substances except, among other conditions and with limited 
exceptions, ``[b]y expending, at the time of the import, consumption or 
application-specific allowances in a quantity equal to the exchange 
value-weighted equivalent of the regulated substances imported.'' 
Through implementing the HFC allocation system, EPA has described the 
exact point in time used to determine which calendar year allowance 
would need to be expended for each import of a regulated substance. EPA 
has spoken explicitly to this issue, including through a December 21, 
2021, post on our HFC phasedown Frequently Asked Questions web 
page.\25\ EPA stated that a marine vessel waiting off the coast of the 
United States in December 2021, that berthed in January 2022, would be 
required to expend a calendar year 2022 allowance for any HFCs that 
berth at a port in the United States in 2022. EPA proposed to 
incorporate this previously stated interpretation into the 40 CFR part 
84 regulatory text. Specifically, EPA proposed to revise the 
prohibition language in 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i) to remove the point that 
an allowance must be expended ``at the time of import'' and instead 
require that an allowance be expended at the time of ship berthing \26\ 
for vessel arrivals, border crossing for land arrivals such as

[[Page 46860]]

trucks, rail, and autos, and first point of terminus in U.S. 
jurisdiction for arrivals via air.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ EPA. Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons Final Rule Frequently 
Asked Questions. https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/phasedown-hydrofluorocarbons-final-rule-frequently-asked-questions.
    \26\ EPA has and continues to interpret berth to mean ``to moor 
(a ship) in its allotted place at a wharf or dock.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A few commenters noted their support of EPA's proposal to codify 
the point in time that an allowance must be expended to import bulk 
regulated substances. One commenter noted that finalizing this proposal 
would serve to reduce uncertainty. EPA received no adverse comments on 
this proposal.
    EPA is finalizing the regulatory revisions as proposed to 
incorporate the Agency's preexisting interpretation on when an 
allowance must be expended to import bulk regulated substances. 
Providing specificity on this point in the regulations helps ensure 
consistent and accurate accounting associated with allowance use for 
all importers. For context, the point in time that a vessel berths, a 
truck or other vehicle crosses the border for land arrivals or the 
first point of terminus in U.S. jurisdiction for planes may be 
reflected as the ``Conveyance Arrival'' date for shipments, which 
importers or their brokers with access to the Automated Broker 
Interface (ABI) may find through an ACE Cargo Manifest/In-Bond/Entry 
Status Query. However, regardless of the date identified in ABI as the 
``Conveyance Arrival,'' it is the importer of record's obligation to 
ensure that it has expended the appropriate calendar year allowances in 
the appropriate quantity and at the appropriate time to align with 
regulatory requirements.
    EPA is not amending the regulatory definition of ``import.'' The 
Allocation Framework Rule at 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i) prohibits the 
importation of bulk regulated substances without expending the required 
allowances, with limited exceptions. Since the definition of ``import'' 
in the AIM Act and the 40 CFR part 84 regulations finalized in the 
Allocation Framework Rule includes an ``attempt to land on, bring into, 
or introduce into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
States,'' it is clear that the existing statutory and regulatory 
framework prohibit an entity from attempting to land, bring, or 
introduce regulated substances into the United States without expending 
the required allowances, unless the importer meets one of the limited 
exceptions in the regulations. EPA does not intend or interpret this 
regulatory definition to narrow prohibited behavior as defined under 
the AIM Act and the associated scope of liability with attempts to 
land, bring, or introduce regulated substances into the United States 
without requisite allowances.
    To codify this position clearly, EPA proposed to add language at 40 
CFR 84.5(b) that states: ``No person may attempt to land bulk regulated 
substances on, bring regulated substances into, or introduce regulated 
substances into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
States without meeting one of the categories set forth in 40 CFR 
84.5(b)(1).'' EPA did not receive any adverse comments on this proposal 
and is finalizing this requirement as proposed. These changes to 40 CFR 
84.5(b) do not alter the existing scope of liability for attempting to 
land, bring, or introduce regulated substances into the United States 
without requisite allowances.
    EPA proposed an alternative to revise the text at 40 CFR 
84.5(b)(1)(i) to specify that the calendar year allowances that must be 
expended are based on the time a ship berths for vessel arrivals, 
border crossings for land arrivals, and first point of terminus in U.S. 
jurisdiction for arrivals via air. This alternative proposal focused on 
defining which calendar year of allowances would be required to be 
expended rather than the precise point in time an allowance needs to be 
expended. EPA did not receive any comments that supported this 
alternative proposal or otherwise advocated for the Agency to take this 
pathway at finalization over the primary proposal. As noted earlier in 
this section, EPA is finalizing the primary proposal to codify the 
point in time an allowance must be expended, so the Agency is not 
finalizing this alternative.
    EPA noted at the proposal stage that if the Agency were to finalize 
the proposed regulatory revision to 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i), EPA proposed 
to also require that the importer of record be in possession of 
allowances in the amount that will need to be expended at the time of 
filing their advance report under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7). A few commenters 
were opposed to this aspect of EPA's proposal. One commenter noted that 
since the purpose of the advance notification requirement is for EPA to 
confirm that an importer has sufficient allowances available to import 
a regulated substance, this additional requirement is unnecessary since 
an entity must have allowances before being notified that they may 
proceed with an import. Another commenter noted that EPA had not fully 
analyzed whether this proposed requirement was necessary considering 
other enforcement and compliance tools. EPA agrees to some extent with 
commenter's characterization. As explained in the Allocation Framework 
Rule, the advance notice reporting requirement is intended to allow 
``EPA to verify if allowances are available or the HFCs have prior 
approval for import in the case of HFCs imported for destruction or 
transformation under 40 CFR 84.25, or imported for transhipment under 
40 CFR 84.31(c)(3), and confirm whether a shipment should be allowed to 
clear Customs or not'' (86 FR 55186). However, the advance notice 
reporting requirement cannot function as intended without an entity 
possessing allowances at the time the notification is made. For 
example, if an entity received a transfer of allowances moments before 
a ship berthing, that entity would have allowances at the time the 
allowances must be expended, but the advance notification process would 
not have been able to function as intended. If an entity does not 
possess requisite allowances for the import of bulk regulated 
substances at the time of the advance notice reporting, EPA will not be 
able to verify if allowances are available and whether the shipment 
meets EPA's HFC requirements to be released from CBP's custody. Given 
that advance reporting is required near in time to when allowances must 
be expended, EPA does not anticipate this requirement would be a burden 
on regulated entities but does anticipate it would have significant 
benefits for EPA implementation and enforcement efforts. For example, 
ensuring that entities possess the requisite allowances for an import 
of bulk HFCs at the time of advance notice reporting will help decrease 
unnecessary EPA review of shipments, which in turn will help decrease 
delay in CBP clearance. Entities will be better positioned to take 
legal possession of their bulk HFC goods from both an EPA and CBP 
perspective as soon as possible. Therefore, EPA is finalizing the 
requirement as proposed.

B. Who must expend allowances for import?

    EPA proposed to specify that only the importer of record can expend 
allowances for an import of regulated substances. One commenter agreed 
that this proposed requirement ``facilitates clarity, transparency and 
accountability'' and that it is consistent with customs law for the 
importer of record to be the sole designated party in this regard. EPA 
acknowledges the commenter's support. EPA received no adverse comment 
on this proposal. For the following reasons, EPA is finalizing this 
amendment as proposed. Under CBP requirements, the importer of record 
is ultimately responsible for the correctness of the entry 
documentation and all associated duties, taxes, and fees.\27\ 
Specifying that only the importer

[[Page 46861]]

of record can expend allowances for an import facilitates clarity, 
transparency, and accountability. It can be difficult for EPA to 
compare import records and other filings from CBP against advance 
notification records and the balance sheet of existing allowance 
holders without a clear expectation of how the entity that will expend 
allowances for an import of regulated substances would be identified in 
CBP filings. This can slow down EPA and CBP processing of imports at a 
minimum, and in the worst-case scenarios can hamper EPA's ability to 
identify shipments to be held at the border to halt potentially illegal 
shipments from entering the United States. As a real-world example, 
during EPA review of HFC imports, there was a single import entry with 
six unique entities (referred to as parties), where at least three 
parties, based on their named roles in the entry, could expend 
allowances to cover the import under EPA's existing regulations. This 
situation can be particularly confusing and lead to uncertainty if 
multiple listed parties in an entry are allowance holders. Requiring 
that only the importer of record may expend allowances for a shipment 
addresses this difficulty because EPA will be able to advise CBP to 
hold or deny entry of merchandise where the importer of record is not 
an allowance holder or had not filed appropriate reports for the 
destruction, transformation, or transhipment of imported merchandise.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ CBP. Tips for New Importers and Exporters. https://www.cbp.gov/trade/basic-import-export/importer-exporter-tips.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Making the regulatory change will help strengthen EPA's ability to 
track the importation of regulated substances and expenditure of 
allowances and support compliance assurance. The Agency is also 
concerned about instances where allowance holders may try to circumvent 
the requirements in 40 CFR 84.19, including but not limited to the 
requisite offset for inter-company transfers of allowances. EPA has 
received inquiries from entities seeking to facilitate imports on an 
allowance holder's behalf where the facilitating entity would be listed 
on all available CBP paperwork and appear in meaningful ways to be the 
``importer.'' In such instances, it would seem that the facilitating 
entity is truly importing regulated substances, and using a separate 
entity's allowances to do so. In such an instance, it seems more in 
line with existing EPA regulations and the AIM Act that either the 
allowance holder take on the role as the importer of record or for the 
allowance holder to transfer allowances to the facilitating entity.
    EPA also proposed amending 40 CFR 84.5(b) to make it clear that a 
person who meets the definition of an importer will be liable unless 
they can demonstrate that the importer of record possessed and expended 
the appropriate allowances. The Allocation Framework Rule at 40 CFR 
84.3 defines ``importer'' broadly to include the importer of record and 
any person who imports a regulated substance into the United States, 
the person primarily liable for the payment of any duties on the 
merchandise or an authorized agent acting on his or her behalf, the 
consignee, the actual owner, and the transferee, if the right to draw 
merchandise in a bonded warehouse has been transferred. This would 
revise regulations established through the Allocation Framework Rule at 
40 CFR 84.5(b)(2) that state that ``[e]ach person meeting the 
definition of importer for a particular regulated substance import 
transaction is jointly and severally liable for a violation of 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, unless they can demonstrate that 
another party who meets the definition of an importer met one of the 
exceptions set forth in paragraph (b)(1).'' EPA received one supportive 
comment on this proposal noting that it would help EPA enforce the 
phasedown program. EPA received one adverse comment on this proposal 
from an entity that argued that entities that are not the importer of 
record would not have sufficient knowledge of the import transaction to 
ensure regulatory compliance and would not have the ability to force an 
importer of record to comply with EPA regulations. The commenter also 
argues that EPA's proposed amendment would not enhance compliance, but 
rather inject confusion into the process and have a potentially harsh 
result on ``parties who have not done anything wrong and do not have 
the knowledge or control over the transaction to ensure compliance.'' 
The commenter also notes that EPA's proposal is untenable for customs 
brokers.
    EPA notes at the outset that under EPA's proposed change, a customs 
broker would not be liable unless they fall under the regulatory 
definition of importer. If a customs broker is only acting as a broker, 
EPA understands that the broker would not fall under the regulatory 
definition of ``importer'' and therefore would not have any potential 
liability. If, for example, a customs broker also took on the role as a 
consignee, then the entity would fall under the regulatory definition 
of ``importer'' and could have potential liability if bulk HFCs were 
imported without expenditure of the requisite allowances. Moving beyond 
the specific point on customs brokers, adding language in 40 CFR 
84.5(b) tied with the regulatory definition of ``importer'' helps EPA 
maintain the integrity of the HFC Allocation Program by imposing broad 
liability on parties involved in importing HFCs. EPA disputes the 
commenter's contention that entities falling under the definition of 
``importer'' are too far removed from the transactional process to have 
requisite knowledge to ensure allowances are appropriately expended. 
EPA also notes that parties could contractually allocate risk through 
their business relationships. While this may be an alteration of 
preexisting business practices, EPA believes that this is a worthwhile 
alteration because without this approach, EPA could be forced to pursue 
enforcement actions for illegal imports against insolvent entities or 
entities without assets in the United States. While the importer of 
record must be the entity possessing and expending allowances for 
imports of bulk regulated substances, making this regulatory amendment 
clarifies that if this requirement is not met, EPA has discretion to 
pursue enforcement action and/or administrative consequences on all 
entities that meet the definition of importer for violations of those 
requirements. Given these considerations, EPA is finalizing this 
amendment as proposed.

C. Existing Requirement To Expend Allowances for Regulated Substance 
Components of Blends

    In addition to clarifying when an allowance must be expended and 
the entity permitted to expend allowances for import, EPA proposed to 
revise 40 CFR part 84.5(b)(1) to reflect and further clarify the 
existing requirement that allowances must be expended to import bulk 
regulated substances regardless of whether the import is of an HFC that 
is imported as a single component substance, i.e., neat substance, or 
whether the HFC is part of a multicomponent substance, i.e., a blend or 
mixture containing one or more regulated substances. EPA is finalizing 
this clarification as proposed.
    EPA stated in the Allocation Framework Rule ``allowances [are] 
necessary to produce or import [a] blend, or more precisely, the 
regulated HFC components contained in the blend'' (86 FR 55142). Under 
the Agency's existing regulations, the requisite number of allowances 
to import a multicomponent substance in bulk is determined by the 
exchange values of the blend components that are regulated substances. 
As EPA explained in the Allocation Framework Rule, if a blend contains 
multiple regulated

[[Page 46862]]

substances, then the exchange values of each component are used to 
determine the number of necessary allowances (86 FR 55133-55134). If a 
blend contains components that are not regulated substances, then those 
components are not included in determining the number of necessary 
allowances. While the Allocation Framework Rule already made this 
requirement clear, we proposed to revise the regulations so that they 
more explicitly reflect the already existing requirement to expend 
allowances for import of bulk multicomponent substances equivalent to 
the EVe quantity of regulated substance components contained within the 
blend. This proposed change to the regulations would therefore further 
enhance clarity but would not change the scope of existing 
requirements.
    One commenter asserted that EPA does not have the authority to 
require allowances for HFC blends. The commenter cited section 
103(c)(3)(B)(i) \28\ of the AIM Act, specifically ``for the purposes of 
phasing down production or consumption of regulated substances'' as 
reason for why the statute does not authorize EPA to require producers 
or importers of HFC blends to acquire or hold allowances. They continue 
that section 103(c)(3)(B)(ii) subsequently states that the prohibition 
on designating HFC blends ``does not affect the authority of the 
Administrator to regulate under this Act a regulated substance within a 
blend of substances.'' The commenter argues that the language is not 
itself a grant of regulatory authority, but rather clarifies that any 
other authority of EPA to regulate is not diminished by subsection (i), 
and that subsection (ii) does nothing more than preserve EPA's ability 
to regulate HFC blends in ways that do not implicate ``phasing down 
production or consumption.'' The commenter asserts that 
103(c)(3)(B)(ii) cannot permissibly be interpreted as a separate grant 
of authority to EPA to require allowances for HFC blends based on the 
chemical feedstocks that were used to produce those HFC blends before 
the products were imported into the United States, and that such a 
reading would allow EPA for all practical purposes to treat HFC blends 
as regulated substances, which is exactly what subsection (i) 
prohibits. Instead, the commenter suggests that if Congress had 
intended for EPA to require allowances for HFC blends, it could have--
and arguably would have--so stated in clear simple language. The 
commenter argues that Congress chose to specifically prohibit EPA in 
subsection (ii) from designating or regulating blends for phase-down 
purposes, while leaving intact EPA's authority to regulate HFC 
components for purposes other than the HFC phasedown.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ While EPA is duplicating the comment's method of citing the 
AIM Act in summarizing the comment, we understand the comment to be 
referencing 42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(3)(B)(i)-(ii), which we primarily 
refer to as subsection (c)(3)(B)(i)-(ii) of the AIM Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In further support of their views on this topic, the commenter 
asserts that HFC blends are chemical mixtures created by physically 
combining component HFCs into a new product that has unique physical 
chemical properties, including being an azeotropic mixture in which the 
gaseous components physically interact to create new behaviors. They 
note that HFC blends cannot be easily separated back into their 
component feedstocks without complex fractionation equipment, and for 
all practical purposes, an HFC blend is an entirely different substance 
than the chemical components from which it was manufactured, i.e., the 
original HFC feedstocks that were used to manufacture the blend lose 
their individual identity and become part of a new substance.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter's characterizations and 
contentions. The arguments raised by this commenter were recently 
raised to, and rejected by, the D.C. Circuit in a challenge to the 
Allocation Framework Rule. Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration 
Distributors Int'l v. EPA, No. 21-1251 (D.C. Cir. June 20, 2023) (``EPA 
has statutory authority to regulate HFCs within blends . . . because an 
HFC within a blend remains a regulated HFC under the Act.''). Importing 
a blend of chemicals that includes regulated substances requires 
expending allowances to account for the regulated substances within the 
blend. This requirement was first introduced in the Allocation 
Framework Rule and has been an integral requirement since the beginning 
of the HFC phasedown. As relevant here, the regulations finalized in 
the Allocation Framework Rule provide that ``[n]o person may import 
bulk regulated substances'' except by expending allowances ``in a 
quantity equal to the exchange-value weighted equivalent of the 
regulated substances imported'' (40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)). In the preamble to 
the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA explained that ``allowances [are] 
necessary to produce or import [a] blend, or more precisely, the 
regulated HFC components contained in the blend'' (86 FR 55142). In 
this final rule, EPA is revising 40 CFR part 84.5(b)(1) to further 
clarify the existing requirement that allowances must be expended to 
import bulk regulated substances regardless of whether the import is of 
an HFC that is imported as a single component substance, i.e., neat 
substance, or whether the HFC is part of a multicomponent substance, 
i.e., a blend or mixture containing one or more regulated substances. 
As described in the Allocation Framework Rule, the necessary number of 
allowances to import a blend is determined by the exchange values of 
the blend components that are regulated substances, and that existing 
requirement is not changed by this rulemaking. Similarly, if a blend 
contains multiple regulated substances, then the exchange values of 
each component are used to determine the number of necessary 
allowances. Likewise, if a blend contains components that are not 
regulated substances, then those components are not included in 
determining the number of necessary allowances. The statute identifies 
in 42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(1) regulated substances by molecular formula, and 
chemicals with that molecular formula can be present in a blend even 
where there are other substances that are also part of the blend.
    This approach, requiring allowances to import bulk substances 
containing regulated substances, whether the regulated substance is 
contained in a blend or is a single component substance, is based on a 
straightforward reading of the statute. The commenter challenges EPA's 
approach based on the savings provision in 42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(3)(B)(i), 
but that provision has no relevance here. Subsection (c)(3)(B)(i) 
limits EPA's authority to designate additional regulated substances, 
but EPA has not and is not designating any blend as a new regulated 
substance. Subsection (c)(3)(B)(ii) provides that subsection 
(c)(3)(B)(i) ``does not affect the authority of [EPA] to regulate under 
this Act a regulated substance within a blend of substances.'' 42 
U.S.C. 7675(c)(3)(B)(ii). That provision confirms the congressional 
understanding that the default statutory framework allows for 
regulation of a regulated substance within a blend of substances, and 
EPA does not assert that (c)(3)(B)(ii) is a grant of authority. EPA's 
approach here and in the Allocation Framework Rule is exactly what 
subsection (c)(3)(B)(ii) states is permissible. Importing a regulated 
substance requires expending allowances (see 42 U.S.C. 
7675(e)(2)(A)(ii); 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)). A person who imports a blend 
that contains regulated substances is,

[[Page 46863]]

necessarily, also importing the regulated substances within that blend, 
and, accordingly, must expend allowances for the regulated substances 
so imported.
    Any contrary approach would significantly undermine the allowance 
program by creating a massive loophole. Under the approach that the 
commenter advocates, an importer could blend a regulated substance with 
something else--even another regulated substance--and would become 
exempt from the annual phasedown limits. Under the commenter's theory, 
even a miniscule amount of something else mixed into a regulated 
substance could immediately free the resulting mix from regulation 
under the allowance program. That would allow for circumvention of the 
allowance program and nullify the statutory phasedown of HFC 
consumption that Congress directed in the AIM Act. See Cnty. Of Maui v. 
Haw. Wildlife Fund, 140 S. Ct. 1462, 1473 (2020) (``We do not see how 
Congress could have intended to create such a large and obvious 
loophole in one of the key regulatory innovations of [the statute].''). 
A blend released to the environment would have a climatic effect based 
on its constituent substances as individual molecules, not based on the 
fact that it was blended. It would also put domestic producers at a 
disadvantage if foreign blends could be imported without being subject 
to limits under the allowance program. Many HFCs are imported as blends 
currently, and a transition to new blends with lower global warming 
potentials is an expected part of the industry's response to the 
phasedown of HFCs, including blends of HFCs and hydrofluoroolefins 
(HFOs). Under the approach taken in this rule, importing such blends 
will still require allowances for the regulated substance components, 
although fewer allowances than importing an unblended regulated 
substance or a blend that is entirely comprised of regulated 
substances. That is important because if the importation of blends were 
entirely free from the allowance program, then the allocation program 
would not necessarily result in a transition from higher to lower 
exchange value blends.
    The commenter's approach would also create a mismatch in the 
allowance program. The statute directs EPA to establish the consumption 
baseline by considering ``the average annual quantity of all regulated 
substances consumed in the United States'' between 2011 and 2013 (see 
42 U.S.C. 7675(e)(1)(C)(i)). Consistent with a straightforward reading 
of ``all regulated substances consumed,'' EPA included in that quantity 
all regulated substances contained within imports of HFC blends. 
Specifically, EPA relied largely on data about historic HFC production 
and consumption that had been reported to EPA through the GHGRP under 
40 CFR part 98, subpart OO (see 86 FR 27164 which describes data 
available through GHGRP). Imports of HFCs within blends were required 
to be reported under that program (see 40 CFR 98.416(c)(1) (reporting 
requirement for bulk imports of fluorinated GHGs); see also 86 FR 9059, 
9063, February 11, 2021) (``Under the [GHGRP], each importer and 
exporter of [HFCs] must submit an annual report that includes total 
mass in metric tons of each [HFC] imported and exported, including each 
[HFC] in a product that makes up more than 0.5 percent of the product 
by mass.''). Also, when allocating allowances, EPA assigned consumption 
allowances to companies by relying largely on historical data reported 
to the GHGRP, which included historical imports of HFCs within blends. 
Given that regulated substances within blends were part of the baseline 
calculation and that historic imports of regulated substances within 
blends are considered in the allocation of allowances, there is no 
unfairness in requiring the expenditure of allowances for future 
imports of regulated substances within blends. On the contrary, if 
allowances are not required for the regulated substance components of a 
blend, then the allowance program will not operate as intended. That 
would mean that the number of available allowances is higher than 
otherwise due to historical imports of regulated substances within 
blends but that allowances need not be spent for future such imports. 
Such a mismatch would undermine the Congress's statutory phasedown 
scheme.
    EPA disagrees with the commenter's contention that an HFC blend is 
an entirely different substance than if the chemical components were 
still in their single substance state. The Agency notes at the outset 
that the commenter's use of terms like ``feedstocks'' and 
``manufacturing'' \29\ diverges from the Agency's use of those terms. 
Creating a blend is a completely different process from producing HFCs 
in the first instance, in which feedstock chemicals are entirely 
consumed as part of a production process. As described in the materials 
provided by the commenter, the blending process may create an 
azeotropic mixture among the constituent single component HFCs that 
functions in some ways like a single substance (e.g., the entire 
mixture has the same boiling point). The Agency notes that an 
azeotropic mixture exists in a vapor-liquid equilibrium based on 
interactions among the constituents, but the individual components are 
not transformed and no new substance is produced. Regulated substances 
do not lose their identity when they become part of a blend. As 
explained initially in the response to comments to the Allocation 
Framework Rule, available in the docket for that action, the components 
in a blend (and the amount of each component) can be identified after 
blending and separated through technology such as fractionation and 
distillation. (see ``Response to Comments'', pg 193, Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2021-0044). De-constituting a blend, while it may involve 
reprocessing and upgrading recovered substances through mechanisms such 
as filtering and drying, does not require individual constituents of 
the blend to undergo any chemically transformational changes.\30\ 
Because the creation of a blend does not create a new chemical, and the 
components are not chemically altered in the process, separating a 
blend simply results in unpackaging the individual components. Through 
blending, the components form a mixture, not a new compound, and no 
chemical bonds are formed or broken in the blending. Unlike the 
production of regulated substances, in which a feedstock chemical can 
be entirely consumed as part of the production process, HFC components 
remain in the blend and are discernable using technology such as 
refrigerant analyzers or gas chromatography. Creating a blend merely 
involves repackaging existing molecules of HFCs in various ratios. The 
commenter has not disputed these facts on the record aside from 
blanket, unsupported statements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ For example, the commenter claims that ``[t]he original 
HFCs feedstocks that were used to manufacture the blend lose their 
individual identity and become part of a new substance'' (emphasis 
added).
    \30\ See, e.g., EPA's draft October 2022 report, ``Analysis of 
the U.S. Hydrofluorocarbon Reclamation Market: Stakeholders, 
Drivers, and Practices,'' available at https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0606-0002.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is finalizing the proposed revision to 40 CFR part 84.5(b)(1) 
to more explicitly reflect the existing requirement to expend 
allowances for import of bulk multicomponent substances equivalent to 
the EVe quantity of components that are regulated substances and are 
contained within the blend. As an example, R-410A is a common 
refrigerant in air

[[Page 46864]]

conditioning and heat pump applications and is composed of an equal 
mixture of HFC-32 (difluoromethane) and HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane). 
HFC-32 and HFC-125 are regulated substances with exchange values of 675 
and 3,500, respectively. 100 kg of R-410A contains 50 kg each of HFC-32 
and HFC-125. The exchange value of 100 kg of R-410A is the sum of the 
exchange value of the individual components, i.e., 208,750 kg EVe (50 * 
675 + 50 * 3500) or 208.75 MTEVe. An entity must expend 208.8 
allowances to import 100 kg of R-410A.
    While not a blend, the Agency also wishes to provide additional 
clarity on whether refrigerant that contains oil or lubricant would 
qualify as a bulk regulated substance. EPA's regulatory definition of 
``bulk'' is codified in 40 CFR 84.3, and reads in part, ``. . .A 
regulated substance that must first be transferred from a container to 
another container, vessel, or piece of equipment to realize its 
intended use is a bulk substance. A regulated substance contained in a 
manufactured product such as an appliance, an aerosol can, or a foam is 
not a bulk substance.'' Most regulated substances sold as refrigerants 
also contain a small amount of lubricant or oil. These lubricants are 
necessary for the correct functioning of the refrigerant in a air-
condition, refrigeration, or heat pump system. The Agency is clarifying 
that regulated HFCs containing lubricants or oil are considered bulk 
regulated substances as the HFC must first be transferred a container 
to a piece of equipment in order to realize its intended use as a 
refrigerant. This is consistent with the preamble discussion on the 
same subject in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55129). Allowances 
are necessary for the production or import of these containers of 
regulated substances with oil or lubricant.

D. Consideration of Presumed Amount for Heel Imports of Unknown 
Quantity

    As established under 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i), any import of bulk 
regulated substances in any quantity, including heels, requires the 
expenditure of allowances equal to the exchange-value weighted 
equivalent of the regulated substances imported. EPA made clear in the 
Allocation Framework Rule that the Agency was ``requiring imports of 
heels to involve allowance expenditure'' because ``EPA sees no 
statutory basis to exempt imports of heels from the requirement to 
expend allowances.'' (86 FR 55183). A heel is ``the amount of a 
regulated substance that remains in a container after the container is 
discharged or offloaded (that is no more than 10 percent of the volume 
of the container)'' (40 CFR 84.3).\31\ Some entities have expressed 
concern that there may be situations where an entity does not know the 
precise weight of the heel imported until the container arrives at the 
entity's U.S. facility. Because the heel is the residual remainder left 
in a container, entities should know the type of regulated substance of 
which the heel is composed, so EPA understands this concern to be that 
an entity may not know the precise volume or weight of regulated 
substance remaining. An entity needs to know the volume or weight of 
the heel to calculate the number of allowances necessary to expend for 
the import of that heel.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ EPA views this as an amount that is no more than 10 percent 
by weight of the amount of that same substance that is typically 
sold in a ``full'' container of that size. For example, if a 
``full'' cylinder of HFC-134a typically contains 25 pounds of HFC-
134a, then 2.5 pounds or less of HFC-134a remaining in the cylinder 
would be considered a heel.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address this potential concern, EPA proposed to establish a 
standard presumption of an HFC heel content of 10 percent of the total 
potential volume of that container in EVe terms, if the heel weight has 
not been measured or documented prior to import. Under the proposed 
approach, the entity would also have utilized the 10 percent 
presumption for the advance notification requirement of 40 CFR 
84.31(c)(7). Given the possibility that an importer could have used 
this provision to underreport how much HFC they are importing (e.g., 
claiming a heel when the container holds more HFC than 10 percent of 
the volume of the container), EPA stated that it could presume the 
container is full unless the importer demonstrates otherwise, such as 
with records documenting the actual weight. The Agency also requested 
comment on whether a provision like this was needed or if importers had 
resolved the early concerns with determining the heel weight prior to 
import.
    As an alternative, EPA also noted in the proposal that it was 
considering an option of allowing the importer of record to submit a 
provisional estimate of the quantity of heel imported, but requiring 
within a two-week period that the provisional estimate be corrected to 
match the exact amount of the imported HFC heel content. EPA invited 
comment on how this alternative option could align with the proposal to 
codify the point in time that an allowance must be expended to import 
regulated substances. The Agency noted that it was unsure how and when 
allowances would be expended under this provisional estimate model, and 
if allowances are expended based on the provisional estimate, how 
expended allowances would be reconciled with the corrected exact amount 
of imported heel. EPA also stated it had concerns of what the 
enforcement implications of this approach would be and sought comment 
on whether such an approach would create avenues for an entity to 
illegally import that are not currently present under EPA's existing 
regulations.
    In response to EPA's request for comment on whether a provision 
like this was needed, one commenter stated that large containers such 
as isotanks, tank trailers or rail cars typically have measured weights 
and that it expected smaller ton tanks and cylinders (e.g., 30 pound 
cylinders typically used for servicing) would be more likely to use 
such a provision. However, the commenter did not specify or document 
why this would be the case. The commenter did not provide 
justification, aside from unsupported assertions, of why practical 
considerations of weighing heels in small tanks and cylinders would be 
different from larger containers. Even if certain current business 
practice does not include the routine weighing of smaller ton tanks and 
cylinders prior to imports of heels to the United States, EPA is 
unaware of, and the commenter did not explain, why these business 
practices could not be changed to ensure that such imports are weighed. 
As a result, EPA does not agree that the Agency needs to make revisions 
to our existing provisions to address the issue at this time.
    Commenters did not think the proposed 10 percent standard 
presumption was appropriate and recommended a lower number. They 
asserted that 10 percent is higher than the typical heel content. Some 
commenters supported the proposal to establish a standard presumption 
under different conditions. One commenter recommended a 5 percent 
presumed heel volume and other commenters suggested in a general way a 
significantly lower presumption. EPA acknowledges commenters' 
opposition to a 10 percent presumption and support for a standard 
presumption under different conditions; however, the Agency is not 
finalizing a standard presumption in any case, regardless of the 
quantity being imported. EPA proposed the standard presumption at the 
10 percent level as an inherently conservative estimate of what 
quantity would be a heel in a container, but commenters note that this 
presumption may be too high for some imports of heels. Using this 
presumption could

[[Page 46865]]

result in importers expending more allowances than were needed for the 
import if the actual heel volume was below the standard presumption. 
While any presumption is open to abuse, lowering the presumption makes 
it more likely that fewer allowances are expended than would normally 
be required if the heel amount was actually higher. This would be 
especially true if EPA does not revise the definition of heel to lower 
the percentage from 10 percent. For example, if a heel can be up to 10 
percent by volume, but the standard presumption for imports is five 
percent, an importer could underreport by up to five percent of the 
volume and not violate EPA's regulations. Such an approach would be 
contrary to corresponding prohibitions in subsection (e)(2)(A)(ii) of 
the AIM Act and 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i). The Agency noted concern for the 
potential to circumvent expending the necessary allowances if the 
Agency were to adopt a lower standard presumption. Commenters did not 
provide information which would alleviate EPA's expressed concerns that 
importers could use this provision to underreport the amount of HFCs 
they are importing and not expend the correct corresponding number of 
allowances. As a result, EPA is not finalizing any changes and is not 
establishing a standard presumption or a change to the definition of 
``heel.''
    Several commenters supported EPA's alternative approach 
contemplating consideration of allowing a provisional period to 
measure, report, and expend allowances for heels that are not measured 
prior to import. However, the commenters stated that a two-week 
provisional period to report the measured weight was too brief due to 
geographic and logistical concerns. The commenters suggested instead a 
three-week provisional period. One commenter stated without supporting 
information that the smaller shipments most likely to use such a 
provision would need the additional time to reach their destination and 
be weighed. Commenters who supported a provisional period suggested 
that entities could submit corrected weight information to EPA 
electronically. EPA acknowledges commenters' interest in the idea that 
EPA introduced at proposal regarding a provisional period, but the 
Agency remains uncertain how this proposal would align with the 
requirement which we are finalizing in section V.A of this preamble 
which specifies the point in time that an allowance must be expended 
for an import. Even if EPA were not codifying a requirement that 
allowances must be expended at a specific point in time, existing 
requirements under 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1)(i) prohibit any import of bulk 
regulated substances in any quantity, including heels, without 
expending allowances equal to the exchange-value weighted equivalent of 
the regulated substances imported. It is also unclear to the Agency how 
the electronic notification and recorded transactional data would be 
validated for shipments which have already been imported and received. 
Commenters did not provide information that reconciled these concerns.
    Several commenters supported combining a standard presumption with 
a provisional estimate. One commenter stated that a 10 percent 
presumption could apply if the provisional value were not corrected and 
two commenters suggested standard presumptions lower than the 10 
percent level. EPA maintains the same concerns as described above in 
this section regarding a lower standard presumption and provisional 
estimate. As noted, there is the potential that a standard presumption 
lower than 10 percent could result in insufficient expenditure of 
allowances when compared to the exchange-value weighted equivalent of 
the regulated substances imported. EPA also maintains concerns with the 
provisional estimate regarding how and when allowances would be 
expended and how expended allowances would be reconciled with the 
reported amount of imported heel. This would have implementation and 
enforcement challenges and is open to abuse, especially given the final 
weight would be measured after the import has occurred and at a private 
facility away from the port.
    As noted in the Allocation Framework Rule (86 FR 55183), imports of 
heels require allowance expenditure, and heels in containers can be 
weighed to determine the mass of regulated substance and the requisite 
allowance expenditure. As discussed above in this section, EPA is 
unaware of why existing requirements may be impracticable and 
commenters did not resolve the Agency's concerns with the potential of 
underreporting or abuse of the proposed and recommended revisions to 
these requirements. In response to a request for comment, commenters 
did not provide information supporting the need for a revision to 
existing practices. As noted earlier in this section, commenters widely 
opposed the primary proposal's 10 percent presumption as higher than 
warranted and EPA disagrees that a lower standard presumption would be 
warranted. The Agency remains uncertain of how a provisional period 
would interact with allowance expenditure requirements and commenters 
did not resolve EPA's expressed concerns in the Allocation Framework 
Rule and this rulemaking's proposal about the potential for abuse of 
associated provisions. Considering the adequacy of existing 
requirements, the adverse comments received to EPA's primary and 
alternative proposals, and the Agency's expressed concerns, EPA is not 
finalizing either the primary or alternative proposals, nor making any 
changes regarding the import of heels. In the absence of any changes, 
existing requirements under 40 CFR 84.5(b)(1) to expend allowances 
equal to the exchange-value weighted equivalent of the heels imported 
still apply. Furthermore, the requirement under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) to 
include the quantity (in kilograms) in the advance notification of 
import requirement still applies, and section XI.A.2 of this preamble 
establishes additional requirements to specify net weight (or net 
product weight) and gross weight (net weight plus container weight), as 
well as unit of mass (i.e., kilogram), for each container in the 
shipment in the pre-import notification.
    EPA reiterates that it did not propose and is not finalizing any 
changes to the export requirements for heels, so exporters are required 
to know the precise quantity of HFCs in a heel for an export, just as 
importers are required to know the precise quantity of HFCs in a heel 
that is being imported. EPA was clear in the proposed rulemaking that 
its proposals on the topics of heels would only apply to imports of 
HFCs and that EPA was not proposing to change the requirement to know 
the quantity of HFCs in a heel for an export. Further, anyone 
requesting an additional consumption allowance under 40 CFR 84.17 and 
anyone exporting HFC heels must continue to report the actual weight of 
a heel that is exported.

VI. How is EPA clarifying and revising recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements?

    EPA established recordkeeping and reporting requirements in the 
Allocation Framework Rule, in accordance with subsection (d) of the AIM 
Act. These requirements can be found in 40 CFR 84.31. The Agency 
proposed to make amendments to certain recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements as well as proposing new recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements based on experience gained in implementing the HFC 
phasedown. EPA is finalizing some of these proposals.

[[Page 46866]]

A. How is EPA modifying the import reporting requirements?

    In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA established reporting 
requirements for importers at 40 CFR 84.31(c). In this action the 
Agency is finalizing amendments which include specifying reporting 
obligations that fall to the importer of record, modifying elements of 
the advance notification requirement, and clarifying how to consider 
import of heels. EPA is finalizing all these amendments to provide 
additional detail on requirements and further promote transparency and 
consistency in implementation and enforcement of the HFC Phasedown 
program.
1. Specify Reporting Obligations on the Importer of Record
    To align with the proposal discussed in section V.B of this 
preamble that only the importer of record may expend allowances for the 
import of bulk regulated substances, EPA proposed to specify that 
certain reporting obligations fall to the importer of record. 
Specifically, EPA proposed that the importer of record, or their 
authorized agent,\32\ would be required to file the advance 
notification report pursuant to 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7), and the importer of 
record will be required to make quarterly reports pursuant to 40 CFR 
84.31(c)(1). EPA received no adverse comments on this proposal and is 
finalizing the changes as proposed. EPA is making these amendments to 
improve clarity of who must fulfill certain reporting requirements with 
the Agency and also ease EPA implementation in aligning the reporting 
requirement with the entity obligated to expend allowances for the 
import.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ For purposes of providing advance notification of import 
through a system such as the ABI, the vast majority (if not all) 
notifications for the imports of regulated HFCs have been filed by 
customs brokers who are licensed and regulated by CBP to assist 
importers and exporters in meeting Federal requirements governing 
imports and exports. EPA included ``authorized agents'' as 
permissible reporting entities to accommodate this standard business 
practice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Modify Advance Notification of Import Requirements
    EPA's regulations contained in 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) require ``[a] 
person importing a regulated substance, or their agent,'' to report 
certain information ``no later than 14 days before importation.'' The 
regulation enumerates several required elements that must be included 
in an advance notification of import filed through the CBP-authorized 
electronic data interchange system, such as the ABI. To align with the 
proposal that only the importer of record may expend allowances for the 
import of bulk regulated substances, EPA proposed to specify that the 
advance notification reporting obligation falls to the importer of 
record, or their authorized agent.
    One commenter alleged that EPA was in effect deeming brokers as 
importers of records with the associated responsibilities and 
liabilities. The commenter stated that a customs broker is not an 
importer of record and asked EPA to distinguish between the importer of 
record and their agents, in particular making clear that the importer 
of record is responsible for the accuracy of information provided.
    EPA is finalizing the regulatory change as proposed to specify that 
the advance notification reporting obligation falls to the importer of 
record, or their authorized agent. This change in the regulatory text 
is intended to improve clarity of who must submit the advance 
notification reports and also ease EPA implementation in aligning the 
reporting requirement with the entity obligated to expend allowances 
for the import. However, in response to the comment received, EPA is 
making a minor adjustment to clarify the Agency's intent with this 
change to make clear that the obligation to file the advance notice 
falls to the importer of record. Due to existing business 
relationships, as outlined in footnote 31, if the importer of record so 
chooses, the advance notice may be filed by the importer of record's 
authorized agent. However, the authorized agent is not liable if the 
importer of record fails to meet this reporting requirement.
    EPA proposed to add required elements pursuant to 40 CFR 
84.31(c)(7). For all modes of transport, EPA proposed to require the 
container number(s) of the shipment (if applicable). EPA also proposed 
that for maritime shipments, the vessel name and the International 
Maritime Organization (IMO) number must be included as part of the 
advance notification. Some commenters stated that they were not in 
favor of EPA's proposal for reasons such as not being clear what the 
additional reporting elements would bring to EPA or arguing that the 
additional elements would be overly burdensome since shipment specific 
information was already required to be submitted to CBP. One commenter 
also noted that some information, such as the IMO number, may not be 
available to the importer at the time of the advance notification. 
After considering these comments, including consideration of the 
existing EPA and CBP reporting requirements and associated data points, 
EPA agrees with commenters that the IMO number and vessel name are data 
elements that are largely duplicative of already available information. 
Accordingly, EPA is not finalizing that aspect of the proposal. 
However, EPA is finalizing the proposal to add the container number 
associated with the shipment (as applicable) as a required element for 
the advance reporting notification. Based on review of our existing 
data, EPA deems this information is useful for confirming imports that 
arrive in large tank containers with capacities in excess of 15,000 kg 
(often referred to as ISO (International Organization for 
Standardization) tanks), especially as EPA creates a future container 
tracking system. Having ISO tank container numbers included in advance 
reporting notifications will assist EPA in aligning the future 
container tracking system numbers with the ISO tank container numbers 
that are reported to CBP.
    EPA's current regulations in 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) require provision 
of the ``quantity'' (in kilograms) of each import in the advance 
notification of import. To improve clarity in the Agency regulations 
and provide for consistent treatment across regulated entities, EPA 
proposed to specifically require the provision of both the net weight 
(or net product weight) and gross weight (net weight plus container 
weight), as well as unit of mass (i.e., kilogram), for each container 
in the shipment in the pre-import notification. Some commenters 
supported this proposal as a helpful clarification. A few commenters 
did not support the requirement to provide the gross weight in the pre-
import notification; one argued the gross weight of the container does 
not serve a purpose when reporting or tracking HFC consumption. Some of 
these commenters were also opposed to providing the unit of mass, 
arguing that providing it would be duplicative and overly burdensome 
since there is shipment specific information required to be submitted 
to CBP prior to importation that includes this information. EPA is 
finalizing this requirement as proposed, specifically to require 
entities to include reporting of net and gross weight, as well as the 
unit of measure for each, in their advance notification report. EPA is 
finalizing inclusion of all three of these elements to resolve 
ambiguity and standardize reporting. Even if some of this information 
is submitted to Customs, net weight and unit of mass are needed for the 
Agency to confirm how many allowances will be required to expend for an 
upcoming import. Gross weight can be, among other things, a helpful

[[Page 46867]]

indicator as to what type of container a bulk HFC shipment will arrive 
in and this information can be used to assist EPA and partner agencies 
in identifying at an earlier stage in the overall import process 
potentially violative shipments of bulk HFCs. This data is especially 
useful if the net and gross weights appear inconsistent for the 
specific HFC or HFC blend reportedly being imported. These 
disaggregated data elements can also be particularly important in 
situations where it may not be apparent from shipment documentation 
whether the reported weight value consisted of the net weight of the 
imported HFCs or the gross weight of the container. In other words, 
having both the net and gross weights also allows EPA to better confirm 
the accuracy of the reported data and ensure the accurate number of 
allowances is being expended.
    Currently 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) requires the submission of advance 
notification ``no later than 14 days before importation'' of any 
regulated substance. EPA made clear in footnote 97 of the preamble of 
the Allocation Framework Rule that ``EPA is using the term `date of 
importation' consistent with CBP's definition at 19 CFR 101.1'' (86 FR 
55182). To ensure consistency EPA proposed to amend 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) 
to clarify that our reference to ``before importation'' in the 
Allocation Framework Rule means ``before the date of importation 
(consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1).'' EPA also proposed 
to clarify in 40 CFR 84.25(a)(1)(v) and 40 CFR 84.31(c)(3)(i)(D) that 
these references are consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1. 
EPA did not receive adverse comment on these clarifying edits and is 
finalizing these revisions as proposed. The ``Import Date'' box on CBP 
Form 7501, ``Entry Summary,'' as well as CBP Form 214 for entries where 
importers are applying for foreign-trade zone admission and/or status 
designation may provide information about the date of importation, but 
it is the importer's obligation to ensure that it has submitted its 
advance notification report in a timely manner regardless of the date 
identified in the Import Date box on these forms. The Agency notes that 
the requirement of advance notification prior to the date of 
importation does not preclude entities from following other established 
and required processes from CBP, including but not limited to the 
submission of CBP Form 3461 (Entry/Immediate Delivery for ACE). EPA 
also reiterates that all imports of bulk HFCs, regardless of value, 
must be filed in a manner that allows for the required advance 
notification.
    As noted earlier in this subsection, the regulations finalized in 
the Allocation Framework Rule require prior notification no later than 
14 days in advance. EPA proposed to distinguish between modes of 
transport and to shorten the prior notification requirement for truck, 
rail, air, and other non-sea arrivals to 5 days prior to the date of 
importation. EPA also noted that the Agency was considering whether to 
shorten the prior notification for arrivals by sea to 10 days. Some 
commenters supported EPA's proposal to shorten the prior notification 
requirement for truck, rail, air, and other non-sea arrivals to 5 days. 
Some commenters also supported EPA reducing the advance notification 
timeline for sea arrivals to 10 days, and one even argued for a shorter 
timeframe. No commenters opposed these shortened timeframes. EPA is 
finalizing both of these shortened times; advance notification reports 
will be due 5 days in advance for truck, rail, air, and other non-sea 
arrivals and will be due 10 days in advance for sea arrivals. Importers 
bringing in goods via these transportation modes may not have the 
necessary information available at least 14 days in advance under 
current standard market practice. However, prior notification is 
important for EPA and CBP to be able to adequately review the shipment 
and relevant information. EPA based the 5-day prior notification in 
part on consultation with CBP about similar notification provisions 
used by other Federal government agencies and in part on information 
obtained through our stakeholder meetings that included customs brokers 
that have experience with importing a range of goods.
    EPA also received other comments that did not directly relate to 
proposed provisions. One commenter requested that EPA explicitly allow 
that an importer can clear customs as soon as they receive a ``may 
proceed'' message regardless of whether the requisite timeline has 
passed from the advance notification requirement. In other words, if an 
importer of record files their advance notification, arrives at a land 
border two days later, and receives a ``may proceed'' from CBP, EPA 
understands the commenter to be requesting that bulk HFCs can be 
imported at that point as long as the requisite number of allowances 
are expended for the import. EPA is not making regulatory changes based 
on this comment. However, for purposes of furthering the public's 
understanding, EPA also notes that it views the requirements around, 
and prohibitions on, the action of importing to be separate from 
reporting requirements. If an entity receives a ``may proceed'' from 
CBP and expends the requisite allowances for a bulk HFC shipment, that 
importation action is permissible. However, if the action occurs before 
the requisite time period has passed following filing of the advance 
notification report, then the entity would have a reporting violation 
because they did not file the advance notification report sufficiently 
ahead of the importation activity.
    One commenter requested that shipper/importer names and location 
``confidentiality be removed for Customs documents'' filed for 
regulated substances to help industry monitor for compliance. EPA 
understands the commenter to be requesting that the Agency not treat 
certain elements of the advance notification report as CBI. In section 
IX.C of the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA outlined that certain data 
elements would not be entitled to confidential treatment (86 FR 55191-
55195). Among other things, EPA finalized a determination to not 
provide confidential treatment to company-level, chemical-specific data 
on individual import and export shipments, including source country, 
port of entry, and the importer name and number. For further detail, 
The Classification of Data Reported Under the HFC Phasedown Rule memo 
in the docket for the Allocation Framework Rule documents the Agency's 
determination of whether to provide or to not provide confidential 
treatment for each individual reported data elements (Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0044). EPA did not propose any changes to those 
determinations, is not revisiting those determinations in this 
rulemaking, and therefore is not making any alterations in this 
rulemaking. To the extent that commenter was requesting EPA to alter 
how CBP handles data, EPA does not have the ability to alter CBP's 
approach on this issue and invites the commenter to raise any concerns 
with CBP, as appropriate.
    One commenter stated that EPA should revise the term ``Origin'' in 
the HFC import advance-notice filing to ``country(ies) of Manufacture 
for regulated substance(s)''. The Agency notes that under 40 CFR 
84.31(c)(7)(xi) there is an existing requirement that ``Origin 
Country'' must be reported as part of the advance notification. EPA's 
proposed changes to 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) did not explicitly include 
modifications to the existing requirement to report ``origin country'' 
under 84.31(c)(7). EPA is not finalizing any change to that particular 
data element, but does not believe any change is needed in

[[Page 46868]]

response to commenter's concern because EPA interprets this term 
consistent with CBP's ``Country of Origin'' definition, which is ``the 
country of manufacture, production, or growth of any article of foreign 
origin entering the United States.'' \33\
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    \33\ https://www.cbp.gov/trade/rulings/informed-compliance-publications/marking-country-origin-us-imports.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Clarify the Reporting of Heels
    EPA clarified in its proposal that the HTS Code for a regulated 
substance, regardless of whether or not comprising a heel, must be 
used, and not the HTS codes for U.S. goods returned or empty 
containers. EPA did not make a specific proposal related to this 
clarification, but rather included this statement in the proposal for 
this rulemaking to communicate the Agency's expectation clearly to 
stakeholders and the regulated community. One commenter did note its 
support for this position and noted its opposition to loopholes that 
mask illegal trade including the use of HTS code use for U.S. goods 
returned or empty containers containing illegal refrigerant.
    One commenter expressed the opinion that heels do not warrant 
additional scrutiny because associated losses are negligible and the 
fact that heels comprise valuable product incentivizes maximum 
recovery. EPA disagrees with the commenter's characterization that 
EPA's concern and discussion on heels is unwarranted or that EPA's 
clarification in the preamble would apply additional scrutiny to heels. 
Rather, the Agency's clarification explained that consistent 
requirements for the HTS Code apply to all imports of bulk HFCs, 
whether those imports comprise heels or more filled containers. In this 
particular section, the Agency is reiterating that the HTS Code for the 
regulated substance must be used for the import of any regulated 
substance. Reporting all volumes of regulated substances with the 
applicable HTS Code for the contained HFCs regardless of value 
facilitates accurate treatment of the imports of these regulated 
substances under EPA regulations.
4. Changes to and Requirement of Importer of Record Information
    EPA proposed to require the submission of certain information 
directly to EPA that had been voluntarily provided, in part, through 
the importer of record form (EPA Form #5900-556). EPA proposed a 
regulatory requirement that certain information must be submitted by 
any entity anticipating being the importer of record for a shipment of 
regulated substances by November 15 of the prior calendar year. In 
other words, an entity that anticipates being the importer of record 
for a shipment of HFCs during calendar year 2024 must submit the 
required information by November 15, 2023. If an entity is not issued 
allowances directly from EPA, is the recipient of transferred or 
conferred allowances and it is impracticable for the entity to submit 
the importer of record form by November 15, EPA proposed that the 
importer of record form be submitted within 15 calendar days of 
receiving the Agency's non-objection notice for conferral or inter-
company transfer. EPA also proposed that if changes are necessary on 
the importer of record form after its initial submission that those 
changes be made at least 21 calendar days prior to any import of bulk 
regulated substances for which the concerned entity will be the 
importer of record after the change in information occurs.
    EPA proposed that if an entity receiving allowances (either 
allocated directly by EPA or through a conferral or transfer) includes 
subsidiaries, entities majority owned and/or controlled by the same 
individual(s), and/or ``Doing Business As'' (DBAs) as part of its form, 
the corporate structure of the entity receiving allowances must also be 
provided, and the description of the corporate structure must, at a 
minimum, explicitly show the relationship between the allowance holder 
and each subsidiary, entity that is majority owned and/or controlled by 
the same individual(s), and/or DBA. An entity also would need to 
provide the owners, and their respective percentage of ownership, of 
each subsidiary, entity that is majority owned and/or controlled by the 
same individual(s), and DBA on the submitted form. EPA received no 
comments on these proposals and is finalizing them as outlined in the 
proposal for this rulemaking. As explained in the Allocation Framework 
Rule and reiterated in section VIII.C of this preamble, movement of 
allowances between a parent company and its subsidiaries, or among 
companies that are commonly owned, may occur without a transfer (86 FR 
55145). However, there may be instances where these corporate 
relationships are not immediately clear to EPA. The importer of record 
form provides information on corporate relationships to EPA, and 
accounting for such instances would ensure not only that allowances are 
being expended by the right entity, but also that reviews of shipments 
are not unnecessarily delayed. In a similar manner, entities receiving 
allowances may operate under different names, e.g., DBA, where it is 
not immediately clear to the Agency that the DBA is associated with the 
allowance holder. To further efficient and accurate review of imports 
by EPA, the Agency reminds regulated entities of the importance of 
ensuring that when an allowance holder or associated subsidiary, entity 
that is majority owned and/or controlled by the same individual(s), 
and/or DBA provides advance notification of import filed through a CBP-
authorized electronic data interchange system, such as the ABI, that 
the importer of record number accurately aligns with the name of the 
importer.
    EPA further proposed that an entity would need to indicate on the 
required Importer of Record form how many allowances will be expended 
by each other affiliated entity (e.g., subsidiaries, majority owned 
and/or controlled), specifically a quantity of allowance that will be 
expended by each affiliated entity identified by name and importer of 
record number(s). EPA noted that it was considering, as an alternative, 
requiring information as part of the advance notification requirement 
of 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) that would specify which entity was allocated the 
allowances or received the allowances through a transfer that are 
associated with an individual shipment. EPA did not receive comment on 
either of these proposals and is not finalizing these requirements at 
this time. After consideration of other requirements being finalized in 
this rulemaking, the Agency has determined that these additional data 
points are not needed given the finalization of requiring the importer 
of record form.
    One commenter recommended that the ``Importer of Record'' should 
reflect the name of the allowance holder on HFC import advance-notice 
filings, customs documents, and quarterly reporting of imports. Another 
commenter recommended EPA require that all advance notification of 
import and associated CBP documents specifically list the name of the 
Allowance Holder as it appears on EPA's allowance allocations as the 
``importer of record.'' The commenter further requested that if a sub-
entity is involved in the shipment, that name should also be listed 
along with the name of the Allowance Holder. The commenter believes 
that requiring this additional information would facilitate tracking of 
compliance for each participant's consumption allowances. As outlined 
in section V.B. of this preamble, EPA is finalizing in this

[[Page 46869]]

rulemaking a requirement that only an importer of record can expend 
allowances to import bulk regulated substances. Put another way, an 
allowance holder must be listed as the importer of record on a shipment 
to expend allowances for that shipment. Finalizing this requirement 
largely addresses the issue noted by the commenter. In addition, in 
this section EPA outlines how it is finalizing requirements related to 
information on importers of record. Specifically, EPA is amending its 
regulations to require submission of an importer of record form that 
includes the names of all subsidiaries, entities majority owned and/or 
controlled by the same individual(s), all DBAs, and any corresponding 
importer of record numbers, even if the importer of record number(s) is 
identical for the subsidiaries, entities majority owned and/or 
controlled by the same individual(s), and/or DBAs as it is for the 
allowance holder. This change ensures EPA has the relevant information 
necessary to determine the importer of record has sufficient allowances 
to import regulated substances.
5. Joint and Several Liability for Importer Reporting Requirements
    In section VI.A.1 of this preamble EPA is finalizing its proposal 
to specify that the importer of record is responsible for advance 
notification reporting obligation of 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) \34\ and 
quarterly reporting requirements of 40 CFR 84.31(c)(1). EPA noted in 
its proposal that such changes to the reporting requirements could have 
an adverse impact on compliance with and/or EPA's ability to enforce 
reporting obligations. Accordingly, EPA proposed to apply joint and 
several liability for violations of the quarterly reporting and the 
advance notification reporting requirements. Specifically, EPA proposed 
in 40 CFR 84.31(c)(10) that each person meeting the definition of an 
importer is jointly and severally liable for a violation of the 
quarterly reporting requirements at 40 CFR 84.31(c)(1) unless they can 
demonstrate that the importer of record fulfilled the quarterly 
reporting requirements, and in 40 CFR 84.31(c)(11), EPA proposed that 
each person meeting the definition of an importer is jointly and 
severally liable for a violation of the advance notification 
requirements at 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) unless they can demonstrate that the 
importer of record or their authorized agent fulfilled the advance 
notification requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ This reporting obligation may permissibly be filed by an 
importer of record's authorized agent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA did not receive any comments germane to this particular 
proposal. EPA flagged some potential downsides to this proposal and 
requested comment on potential reporting difficulties that could be 
associated with extending joint and several liability for these 
reporting requirements and on the potential burden or downsides 
associated with the proposed joint and several liability. Joint and 
several liability would require individuals involved in the import of 
HFCs to coordinate to ensure reporting is complete and accurate, so EPA 
also sought comment on whether additional resources and/or processes 
would be helpful to support this coordination and prevent duplicative 
reporting for the same import. Although the Agency did not receive 
responses to these comment solicitations, after further consideration 
EPA is not finalizing this proposal to apply joint and several 
liability for any reporting violations at this time. The importer of 
record is solely responsible for the advance notification reporting 
obligation of 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7) \35\ and quarterly reporting 
requirements of 40 CFR 84.31(c)(1). If EPA experiences challenges with 
enforcement and compliance following finalization of specifying reports 
must be filed by the importer of record, EPA may revisit this issue in 
a future rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ This reporting obligation may permissibly be filed by an 
importer of record's authorized agent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The importer of a regulated substance in 40 CFR 84.31(c)(2) must 
maintain certain records to document each import. EPA sought comment on 
whether more specificity is needed than ``importer,'' for example to 
define that recordkeeping obligations would fall specifically on the 
importer of record, and took comment on the effectiveness, accuracy, 
and completeness of the importer bearing responsibility for the 
recordkeeping in this section. EPA received no comment on this issue, 
so is not finalizing any adjustment to 40 CFR 84.31(c)(2) at this time.

B. Consideration of Modifying Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements 
Regarding Expending Allowances

    In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA codified various 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements for producers and importers of 
HFCs in, respectively, 40 CFR 84.31(b) and 40 CFR 84.31(c). In this 
rulemaking, EPA proposed to add an obligation that producers and 
importers must maintain same day documentation of any allowances 
expended, include that record as part of the required quarterly report, 
and certify to EPA as part of their quarterly reporting that they 
expended the requisite number of allowances on the dates specified in 
the form for each date-specific production or import transaction.
    Commenters widely opposed the proposed requirements for same day 
documentation as both overly burdensome and insufficiently justified, 
and stated that existing recordkeeping and reporting requirements 
adequately provide the information necessary for EPA to carry out 
associated inspection and monitoring of allowance expenditures. One 
commenter stated that EPA's ``allocation tracking digital system'' as 
established in 40 CFR 84.23 that will begin January 1, 2025, would 
provide the necessary information. Another commenter stated that an 
enforceable recordkeeping and certification requirement, in addition to 
being burdensome, creates an unnecessary enforcement risk in the case 
of a minor and unintentional error without an associated benefit as 
compared to existing requirements. One commenter suggested that EPA 
should require recordkeeping over different time period as opposed to 
daily.
    EPA notes that existing provisions in 40 CFR 84.31(b)(3) and 40 CFR 
84.31(c)(2) already require dated records of the information used to 
determine allowance expenditure. After considering comments received 
concerning burdens associated with the proposed requirements and the 
adequacy of existing requirements, EPA is not finalizing these 
proposals concerning same day documentation of any allowances expended. 
EPA notes that without any changes, the existing regulations in 40 CFR 
84.31(b)(3)(i) already require producers to keep dated records of the 
quantity of each regulated substance produced at each facility, and 
under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(2)(v) importers must keep records of the date on 
which regulated substances were imported, along with a copy of the bill 
of lading for the import. Additionally, apart and separate from this 
rule, EPA has inspection and information gathering authorities under 
section 114 of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. section7414, and the regulations 
promulgated at 40 CFR part 84.

C. Modify the Reporting of Regulated Substances Produced for 
Transformation, Destruction or Use as a Process Agent at a Different 
Facility Under the Same Owner

    As noted in this rulemaking's proposal, under 40 CFR 
84.31(b)(2)(i)-(iii) EPA required that each producer of

[[Page 46870]]

a regulated substance include in the quarterly report for each facility 
information on the quantity of each regulated substance produced for 
use by the producer or a second party in processes resulting in their 
transformation, destruction, or use as a process agent. There are 
situations, however, where regulated substances are produced at one 
facility, but transformed, destroyed, or used as a process agent at 
another facility owned by the same entity. Such situations are distinct 
from regulated substances transformed, destroyed, or used at the same 
facility where the regulated substances were produced and those 
transformed, destroyed, or used by an entity different from the one 
that produced the regulated substances. EPA proposed that 40 CFR 
84.31(b)(2)(i)-(iii) be modified to include requirements to report the 
name, quantity, and recipient facility for regulated substances 
produced at one facility for, correspondingly, transformation, 
destruction, or use as a process agent at another facility owned by the 
same entity. One commenter expressed its general support for the 
proposal, and another commenter noted that this reporting would provide 
greater transparency. EPA did not receive adverse comments on this 
proposal.
    EPA is finalizing these proposed modifications to the reporting of 
regulated substances produced for transformation, destruction or use as 
a process agent at a different facility under the same owner. Since EPA 
requires the names and quantities of transformed or destroyed regulated 
substances produced or imported by another entity to be reported at the 
facility level under 40 CFR 84.31(e)(1), these revisions to these 
sections will establish consistency within the regulations under 40 CFR 
part 84. Furthermore, these revisions will provide greater transparency 
within the system and better align with current AIM Act reporting forms 
and the GHGRP, both of which track transformation, destruction, and use 
as a process agent by facility. This facility-level reporting will 
increase transparency, such as for environmental justice concerns, so 
that local communities have better insight into how regulated 
substances may move between facilities owned by a single entity. Such 
information will also provide EPA a better understanding of industry 
practice, help verify disposition of regulated substances, and may 
inform future rulemakings.

D. Considered Additional HFC Production Facility Emissions Reporting 
Requirements

    EPA stated its intention in the Allocation Framework Rule to 
``continue to monitor the impacts of [the HFC phasedown] program on HFC 
and substitute production, and emissions in neighboring communities, as 
we move forward to implement this rule'' (86 FR 55129). As noted, 
previously, there is significant uncertainty about how the phasedown of 
HFC production and the issuance of allowances by themselves, as well as 
the interactions with market trends independent of this rulemaking, 
could affect production of HFCs and HFC substitutes--and associated 
emissions--at individual facilities, particularly in communities that 
are disproportionately burdened by air pollution. EPA continues to be 
concerned about the potential for environmental justice concerns due to 
the release of toxic chemicals that are feedstocks, catalysts, or 
byproducts in the production of HFCs or HFC substitutes.
    To help inform EPA's ability to track emission changes over time, 
EPA proposed to build on the one-time reporting requirement and require 
annual reporting of HAP, ODS, and HFC emissions from each facility's 
HFC production line emissions units (86 FR 55129). In the proposal, the 
Agency explained that the reporting requirements could provide data on 
the impacts of HFC production and inform policies, regulations, and 
other decisions, including to carry out EPA's commitment to 
environmental justice. In the proposal, EPA stated that it was 
considering a range of options to apply to determine the emissions 
required to be reported under this proposed approach, including 
continuous emissions monitoring systems, stack testing, material 
balance, EPA emission factors, or the compliance method required under 
the most recent permit issued to the facility pursuant to 40 CFR part 
70 or 40 CFR part 71, under the facility's operating permit for sources 
without a permit under 40 CFR part 70 or 40 CFR part 71, or using 
federally recognized procedures if emissions cannot be determined using 
the compliance methods from the facility's air permit. EPA also sought 
comment on whether fenceline monitoring would be appropriate. Further, 
EPA sought comment on the advantages and disadvantages of this 
approach, what metrics should be reported, and how EPA could use this 
data to better understand the role that HFC production plays in 
emissions of HAP, HFCs, and ODS. Specifically, EPA sought comment on 
which singular option for determining emissions, as listed above, would 
allow for effective monitoring of these emissions. EPA also requested 
comment on methods of emissions estimation or monitoring currently in 
practice and whether those methods are appropriate for monitoring 
emissions at HFC production facilities. EPA also requested comment on 
whether it would be appropriate or feasible to require each facility 
producing an HFC to report on an annual basis the quantity of each 
criteria air pollutant, and its precursors, for which EPA has 
established a National Ambient Air Quality Standard, emitted by the 
facility and the quantity of each such pollutant emitted annually from 
each HFC production line on an emission unit basis. EPA also took 
comment on whether the data listed in the proposal for additional 
reporting are already required under different authorities.
    A few commenters were supportive of the proposal to require annual 
reporting from HFC production facilities' emissions units and requested 
that EPA extend the requirement to reporting on emissions from the 
production of HFOs and other HFC substitutes, as well as criteria 
pollutants and precursors. The commenters shared publicly available 
facility-level emissions data from HFC production facilities and agreed 
that requiring unit-specific emissions data would assist efforts to 
meaningfully conduct analyses and address potential concerns. The 
commenters further stated that emissions from production of HFC 
substitutes, whether collocated with HFC production facilities or 
located separately, are also important considerations when evaluating 
overall emissions and community risks. The same commenters generally 
supported the requirement for facilities to use the continuous emission 
monitoring systems approach for estimating these emissions. One 
commenter noted that CAA section 114(a) provides ample authority for 
proposed unit-specific requirements, and for expanding those 
requirements. EPA acknowledges commenter's supportive comments and 
requests to broaden the requirements proposed, but also notes that the 
commenters did not substantively address EPA's questions outlined in 
the proposal about whether such requirements would allow EPA to 
effectively monitor HFC production-related emissions at these 
facilities and how they might be finalized in this action. Other 
commenters opposed EPA's proposal regarding these annual

[[Page 46871]]

reports. Commenters stated that the costs associated with the proposed 
monitoring and reporting requirements were too great compared with the 
benefits, the proposed monitoring and reporting requirements were 
duplicative, or that current monitoring and reporting requirements were 
sufficient. Many of these comments also expressed concerns that if the 
reporting requirement proposal were implemented, it would 
disproportionately impact U.S. producers over foreign counterparts. One 
of these commenters stated that EPA did not provide documentation to 
support the Agency's claim of examining other sources of data, such as 
the National Emissions Inventory and the Toxics Release Inventory 
(TRI). The commenter also stated that the proposed reporting 
requirements do not appear to be contained in EPA's Information 
Collection Request (ICR) Supporting Statement, and that it was not 
apparent that EPA has described its authority to collect such data, 
indicated the utility/users of the data, addressed non-duplication, 
consulted adequately with stakeholders, or examined the effects of less 
frequent collection.
    The Agency did not receive comments that were explicitly in favor 
of fenceline monitoring requirements, but several commenters opposed 
EPA's consideration of fenceline monitoring. One comment specific to 
fenceline monitoring stated that fenceline monitoring would not be 
meaningful for assessing environmental justice for certain facilities, 
due to the surrounding area being rural and majority White. Commenters 
also described challenges associated with fenceline monitoring, such as 
the difficulty in separating facility emissions from other sources in 
the area. Comments also stated that EPA had not provided sufficient 
notice of proposed monitoring requirements.
    The Agency also received numerous comments contending that EPA does 
not have sufficient legal authority to implement emissions monitoring 
and reporting requirements proposed. One commenter stated that CAA 
sections 112(d) and (f) are more appropriate programs to regulate HAP 
emissions from HFC or HFO production facilities, specifically National 
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants requirements under 40 
CFR part 63, subparts F, G, H, and I. Many commenters who opposed the 
reporting requirements generally stated that these proposed reporting 
requirements fell outside EPA's authorities under the AIM Act and CAA, 
and in particular, EPA did not have the authority to require reporting 
on emissions other than HFCs. Another commenter stated that EPA's 
reasoning for collecting more emissions data is inconsistent with 
proposed obligations. They further explained that EPA is interested in 
identifying disparate impacts from the phasedown, but the proposal to 
gather emissions data would only gather information from U.S. producers 
of HFCs; thus, HFC emissions would decrease while emissions from HFC 
substitutes would increase, and the consideration of the impacts from 
production of HFC substitutes is missing from the proposal.
    At this time, EPA is not finalizing the proposal to require 
reporting on annual emissions of HAP, ODS, and HFC emissions from each 
facility's HFC production line emissions units or require fenceline 
monitoring. The decision to not finalize the proposed requirements was 
made in part because of the Agency's evaluation of the comments we 
received and the determination by the Agency that additional analyses 
by EPA are necessary to consider other reporting requirements. Some of 
the areas that EPA would like to consider more thoroughly include 
technical aspects of emissions reporting and monitoring and associated 
costs and benefits. As noted at proposal, the Agency is aware that 
emissions data reporting is required for some larger facilities, and 
can be obtained, at the facility- or process-level, through the 
National Emissions Inventory (NEI), TRI, and Title V permits. EPA has 
analyzed some of this data and provided it in Chapter 6 of the RIA 
Addendum accompanying this final rule. Further, EPA has updated the 
final RIA Addendum based on information received in the one-time 
producer reports submitted in 2022. The Agency will continue to assess 
emissions data already reported by HFC production facilities under 
existing requirements and what data, or level of data quality, would 
still be meaningful to assess any emissions trends related to HFC 
production or changes in production based on the phasedown. If 
additional data is needed, EPA will consider the best mechanism, 
including a targeted CAA section 114 information collection request for 
additional data from production facilities, and authority for 
collecting emissions data. The Agency may also consider the costs of 
various emissions monitoring systems and the resulting data quality; 
current industry practices, operations, and controls; the link between 
production of HFCs and emissions, including where a facility may switch 
which HFC is produced; and the relationship between the production of 
HFCs and HFC substitutes. This type of information may allow EPA to 
better identify if there are data gaps and determine how best to 
address any gaps. Because the Agency is not finalizing this proposal at 
this time, EPA is not responding to the comments in this action, but we 
anticipate further considering the comments before taking any potential 
future action.

VII. How is EPA revising sampling and testing requirements?

    In the Allocation Framework Rule codified at 40 CFR 84.5(i), EPA 
established the requirement to label containers containing a regulated 
substance that are sold or distributed, or offered for sale or 
distribution, and for certain entities to confirm the accuracy of the 
labels by testing a representative sample of contents to verify that 
the composition matches the container label. In that section of the 
regulation, the Agency also codified a prohibition on the sale or 
distribution of regulated substances for use as a refrigerant that did 
not meet specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. In 
this rulemaking EPA proposed to establish additional verification 
requirements and codify procedures to test a representative sample.
    Specific testing requirements create a consistent approach that 
smooths implementation and provides greater assurance on the accuracy 
of these container labels. Representative sampling provides a means to 
verify that a collected sample represents all components of the tested 
regulated substance and uses this smaller sample to infer that the 
composition of regulated substances within a wider population of 
cylinders matches the composition of the collected sample. The 
requirement to undertake sampling and testing, and defining specific 
methodology and requirements for sampling and testing, are important to 
provide clarity and direction to regulated entities, ensure that 
individual labels accurately reflect the contents of bulk regulated 
substances within containers, and reduce the frequency that mislabeled, 
misrepresented, or off-specification regulated substances enter 
commerce.
    EPA proposed to (1) modify 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) to add that already 
required sampling and testing of regulated substances must follow a 
combination of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, and EPA Method 
18 in Appendix A-6 to 40 CFR part 60 to verify the label composition 
for all applications; (2) add a requirement to sample and test under 
specified methodology to ensure compliance with the existing 
requirements concerning

[[Page 46872]]

specifications in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii); (3) define the records 
required under 40 CFR 84.31 associated with testing and add 
recordkeeping requirements to 40 CFR 84.31 \36\ for fire suppressant 
recyclers and repackagers to ensure results from required testing are 
maintained; (4) add definitions at 40 CFR 84.3 of ``batch'' and 
``representative sample'' and clarify the relationship between these 
terms; (5) add a definition at 40 CFR 84.3 for ``laboratory testing'' 
such that laboratories used by regulated entities to meet the existing 
requirement in 40 CFR 84.5(i) must be accredited and follow the test 
methods in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, and EPA Method 18 
where appropriate; and (6) add a requirement that certificates of 
analysis accompany all imports of regulated substances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ These two references to the required records and added 
recordkeeping requirements were incorrectly listed as 40 CFR 84.33 
in this rulemaking's proposal at 87 FR 66392, but it was clear 
contextually that EPA was referring to recordkeeping provisions in 
40 CFR 84.31, as directly stated in the proposal's preamble section 
VII.B at 87 FR 66394 and in the proposed regulatory text at 87 FR 
66407-66408.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is finalizing these provisions with some modifications based on 
comments received on the proposed rulemaking.

A. Sampling and Testing Methodology Requirements

    In the Allocation Framework Rule EPA established sampling and 
testing provisions in 40 CFR 84.5(i) that addressed verification of the 
contents of repackaged regulated substances that were initially 
unlabeled or mislabeled (40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)), compositions of regulated 
substances (40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i)), and specifications of regulated 
substances used as refrigerants (40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii)).
i. Sampling and Testing
    In appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, EPA codified a modified 
version of AHRI 700-2016, Specifications for Refrigerants. AHRI 700 
standards have been widely applied to analyze HFCs in a variety of 
contexts. Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F contains requirements 
and procedures of how to sample and test specified single component and 
multicomponent regulated substances used as refrigerants (as listed in 
section 2 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F). Section 5 of 
appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F contains applicable sampling 
and testing procedures. Sampling requirements describe how to obtain 
samples for analysis and how to conduct sample preparation for testing. 
Testing methods describe how to analyze samples and ensure adherence 
with composition and specification requirements. General testing 
requirements to ensure accuracy of the tests are included in section 5 
of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. Specific measurements, such 
as the boiling point or critical point, are used to characterize the 
regulated substance. Characteristics and limits of allowable 
contaminants are listed for specific HFCs and HFC blends in section 6 
of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F.
    EPA did not identify such sampling and testing methodologies 
particularly designed for or widely applicable to certain regulated 
substances used as non-refrigerants. In appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F, EPA incorporated by reference the 2008 Appendix C for 
Analytical Procedures for AHRI Standard 700-2014. Parts 7 and 9 of the 
2008 Appendix C for Analytical Procedures for AHRI Standard 700-2014 
contain sampling and testing methodologies that apply to a listed set 
of HFC refrigerants, including HFC-23, HFC-134, HFC-125, HFC-143a, HFC-
41, HFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-143, HFC-245fa, HFC-32, and HFC-152. These 
testing methods can also be applied to non-refrigerant uses of the same 
HFCs. HFC-365mfc, HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-
245ca, and HFC-43-10mee are not included among the list of HFCs that 
these testing methods apply to. Other approaches to test HFCs include 
EPA emission testing methods and ASTM standards. At proposal, EPA 
described that EPA Method 18 appears to be appropriate for the HFCs 
regulated under the AIM Act, including those not listed in the 2008 
Appendix C for Analytical Procedures for AHRI Standard 700-2014, and 
would provide a well-established standard used in other EPA regulatory 
programs.
    EPA codified requirements in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) that sampling 
must be done consistent with appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F 
for regulated substances sold or distributed or offered for sale and 
distribution as refrigerants. EPA requires in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) that 
entities verify that the composition of regulated substances matches 
the container labeling by testing a representative sample of contents, 
but EPA did not require that test methods for refrigerants be 
consistent with appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, and the Agency 
did not specify the sampling or testing methods that must be used for 
regulated substances for non-refrigerant uses.
    EPA proposed revising 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) to add requirements to 
use the testing methodology prescribed in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F for regulated substances offered for sale and distribution as 
refrigerants and the following sampling and testing methods \37\ for 
regulated substances offered for non-refrigerant uses:
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    \37\ Although EPA's proposal referred to proposed ``testing 
methods'' for regulated substances offered for non-refrigerant uses, 
testing methods also include prescribed sampling provisions that are 
appropriate for the given testing methodology. For clarity, in this 
final rule EPA is referring to these finalized requirements as 
sampling and testing methods, though sampling is already encompassed 
in testing methodologies.

   Table 3--Proposed Non-Refrigerant Regulated Substance Sampling and
                             Testing Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Regulated substance              Sampling and testing method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HFC-23, HFC-134, HFC-125, HFC-143a, HFC- Part 7 of 2008 Appendix C for
 41, HFC-152a.                            Analytical Procedures for AHRI
                                          Standard 700-2014,
                                          incorporated by reference in
                                          appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
                                          subpart F.
HFC-134a, HFC-143, HFC-245fa, HFC-32,    Part 9 of 2008 Appendix C for
 HFC-152.                                 Analytical Procedures for AHRI
                                          Standard 700-2014,
                                          incorporated by reference in
                                          appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
                                          subpart F.
HFC-365mfc, HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-   EPA Method 18; appendix A-6 to
 236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-43-     40 CFR part 60--Test Methods
 10mee.                                   16 through 18.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA also requested comment on whether EPA Method 18 is an 
appropriate sampling and testing method to require for HFCs that are 
not covered in the requirements in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart

[[Page 46873]]

F, i.e., HFC-365mfc, HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-
245ca, HFC-43-10mee, as proposed and listed in Table 3 of this preamble 
above, or if EPA could rely on appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, 
including appendix A1 and the incorporated appendix C to AHRI Standard 
700-2014, for all sampling and testing requirements.
    One commenter supported the proposed sampling and testing 
requirements. Other commenters stated that existing practices 
sufficiently ensure that composition and specification standards are 
met without codifying further requirements. The commenters that opposed 
the proposed testing requirements cited concerns about burden, 
feasibility, and potential implications on business operations. One 
commenter suggested an analysis that would focus on organic purity and 
composition for purposes of confirming the identity of imported 
regulated substances should be used rather than EPA codifying required 
sampling and testing methodology such as the AHRI 700 standard 
specification incorporated into appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart 
F.
    The Agency understands that business and industry practices are 
intended to ensure that regulated substances sold or distributed meet 
commercial requirements. As described below, the Agency acknowledges 
concerns about potential burden and is making some changes from the 
proposal. EPA appreciates the benefits, where appropriate, of 
accommodating standard industry practices and providing flexibility for 
laboratories. However, as explained in the Framework Rule, testing and 
sampling requirements for regulated substances helps to ensure correct 
identification and labeling, which among other things, helps to ensure 
accurate quantities of allowance expenditures.
    One commenter suggested EPA provide the opportunity to demonstrate 
that alternative analytical methods are equivalent to those specified 
(or incorporated by reference) in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart 
F, and EPA Method 18. In response to this comment, EPA is making 
adjustments to the requirements being finalized. Section 5.3 of 
appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F (which is based on AHRI 700-
2016) identifies the test methods in the section as ``referee tests'' 
and states that, ``[i]f alternative test methods are employed, the user 
must be able to demonstrate that they produce results at least 
equivalent to the specified referee test method.'' In the proposal, as 
outlined in Table 3 of this preamble, EPA did not propose to include 
Section 5.3 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. However, in 
response to the comments received, in the regulatory requirements 
finalized in this action the Agency points out that by including 
section 5 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, alternative test 
methods may be used when the alternative test methods have been 
demonstrated to produce at least equivalent results to the referee test 
methods in appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014. The referee test for 
refrigerant identification is specified in section 5.3 of appendix A to 
40 CFR part 82, subpart F as gas chromatography as described in 2008 
appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014 (incorporated by reference, see 40 
CFR 82.168(b)(2)). Appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014 contains 
several different gas chromatography methods, specialized for different 
refrigerant types. Section 7 of each method in appendix C to AHRI 
Standard 700-2014 (i.e., for Parts 7 and 9) provides information 
concerning the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of that test 
method. Therefore, to demonstrate that an alternate test method is 
equivalent, it is sufficient to demonstrate that the alternate test 
method can achieve the same sensitivity, precision, and accuracy as the 
referee test method.
    A few commenters raised concerns about EPA's proposal to require 
use of EPA Method 18 for certain regulated substances not covered in 
the methodology in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. One 
commenter stated that EPA Method 18 applies to analysis of gaseous 
emissions and not to pure substances. Another commenter stated that EPA 
Method 18 is overly burdensome to regulated entities. Some commenters 
noted available alternatives. One commenter stated that methods for 
non-refrigerant regulated substances already exist in American National 
Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating 
and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 34, have applicable 
methods in AHRI 700, or for any not listed in AHRI 700, ISO 9001 
certification provides confirmation that sampling procedures, 
analytical methods, calibration procedures, manufacturing 
specifications and sales specifications are documented and followed. 
One commenter suggested that EPA allow use of ASTM standards for HFC-
227ea, HFC-125, and HFC-236fa when offered for sale or distribution for 
fire suppression, specifically ASTM D6231, D6541, and D6064 (for HFC-
125, HFC-236fa, and HFC-227ea, respectively), which incorporate ASTM 
D6806. The commenter stated that ASTM D6806 dictates gas chromatography 
calibration methods for accuracy, while the ASTM D6064 standard 
provides rigorous gas chromatography setting protocols in the body of 
the standard. The commenter stated these standards are important to the 
fire protection community and are used as industry references in 
varying contexts.
    EPA acknowledges the comments and is making some changes from the 
proposal as described below. EPA appreciates the benefits, where 
appropriate, of accommodating standard industry practices and providing 
flexibility for laboratories. However, it is also important that the 
testing methods used to verify the composition of all bulk HFCs achieve 
a certain level of accuracy. As described below, EPA is codifying 
requirements through this rulemaking to ensure accurate testing and 
consistency throughout the HFC regulatory environment but is providing 
flexibility by only requiring either applicable portions of EPA Method 
18 or ASTM D6806. EPA Method 18 provides for any gas chromatography 
method that separates all compounds and quantitates all peaks with 5 
percent of the total peak area. ASTM D6806 provides a performance-based 
specification of gas chromatography analysis and is included in the 
fire suppression standards referenced in comments as a testing method 
to analyze purity. For the reasons described in this section, the 
Agency believes that these approaches are sufficiently general to not 
be burdensome to regulated entities and that EPA's modifications are 
responsive to the concerns raised in comments.
    Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, 2008 Appendix C to AHRI 
Standard 700-2014, and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 do not include specific 
testing methodologies for determining the quality of HFC-227ea, HFC-
236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-365mfc, and HFC-43-10mee. 
As a result, the Agency proposed the use of EPA Method 18 because it 
specifies analytical methods that are applicable to determining the 
composition of non-refrigerant HFCs, including quality control, 
calibration, and analytical procedures related to gas chromatography. 
EPA was not aware of other alternative testing methodologies that 
suitably address the necessary test procedures for HFC-227ea, HFC-
236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-365mfc, and HFC-43-10mee. 
EPA acknowledges that EPA Method 18 is designed to measure gaseous 
organics

[[Page 46874]]

emitted from an industrial source and includes provisions, particularly 
related to sampling, which are not directly related to the requirements 
under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3). The EPA proposed to codify the requirement to 
use EPA Method 18 as a whole for the identified regulated substances, 
but in referring to the entirety of EPA Method 18, including the 
aforementioned provisions that are not directly related to the 
requirements under 40 CFR 84.5(i), the proposed form of the requirement 
could have posed unnecessary burden on laboratories performing testing 
of regulated substances. Accordingly, for the specified HFCs that are 
not listed in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, EPA has 
identified relevant portions of EPA Method 18 that are applicable to 
these HFCs, and the Agency is finalizing this narrower subset of 
relevant portions. As an alternative to these relevant portions of EPA 
Method 18, the Agency is also allowing the use of ASTM D6806 to analyze 
these HFCs and is incorporating ASTM D6806 by reference in 40 CFR 
84.37. ASTM D6806 is a performance-based standard of gas chromotography 
methods that defines what is required for a user to demonstrate that a 
method to be used is valid. This standard allows flexibility for a 
laboratory to apply appropriate testing methods, such as industry 
standards which have recently been reviewed and validated, ensures that 
the testing meets standard practices, and broadly applies to non-
refrigerant regulated substances that are not listed in appendix A to 
40 CFR part 82, subpart F.
    These changes from proposal also address in a consistent approach 
one commenter's request to allow the use of testing methods ASTM D6231, 
D6541, and D6064 for non-refrigerant HFCs used in fire suppression and 
EPA is incorporating these three standards by reference in 40 CFR 
84.37. Relevant components of ASTM D6231 and D6541 are included in the 
finalized requirements because those standards reference and specify 
the use of ASTM D6806 as the test method to conduct the purity 
analysis. ASTM D6064 has also been demonstrated to be equivalent to the 
designated referee test method in appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014 
and therefore can be used as an alternative test method for non-
refrigerant HFCs prescribed requirements in appendix A to 40 CFR part 
82, subpart F. Commenters also cite to ISO 9001. EPA notes that ISO 
9001 is a quality management program that is not specific to laboratory 
testing, refrigerants, or HFCs, and has determined not to include the 
standard in the regulations being amended through this final rule.
    One commenter asked that EPA exempt from the testing requirements 
fire protection equipment manufacturers that would qualify as 
repackagers and instead allow those entities to rely on a certificate 
of analysis to verify the composition of a container. The commenters 
described that fire equipment manufacturers that would qualify as 
repackagers purchase bulk regulated substances, transfer the bulk 
regulated substances into system cylinders or portable extinguishers 
which constitute final products, and then the bulk regulated substances 
are not transferred or removed until servicing or decommission. The 
commenter specifically requested that the repackager not be required to 
retest the substance before or after it has been transferred into a 
system cylinder or a portable fire extinguisher. The commenter also 
stated that fire suppressant recyclers should not have to retest bulk 
regulated substances after they have been transferred from an original, 
larger batch container into a system cylinder or portable extinguisher 
if the repackager has already tested a representative sample of the 
regulated substances within the batch container.
    EPA understands the commenter to be requesting that fire protection 
equipment manufacturers that would qualify as repackagers be exempted 
from the requirements established in the Allocation Framework Rule at 
40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i), which specifies that entities recycling for fire 
suppression or repackaging regulating substances (for any use) must 
test a representative sample of the recycled or repackaged regulated 
substances before they are initially sold or distributed. The commenter 
references a practice related to transferring regulated substances into 
system cylinders or portable extinguishers. With respect to portable 
extinguishers, EPA notes that under the definition of ``bulk'' in 40 
CFR 84.3, a regulated substance contained in a fire extinguisher is not 
a bulk substance. As a result, fire extinguishers are not subject to 
any requirements under 40 CFR part 84, subpart A, including the 
sampling and testing requirements.
    With respect to system cylinders, they are bulk regulated 
substances and are therefore subject to requirements in 40 CFR part 84, 
subpart A. Under the requirements being finalized in this rule, testing 
of regulated substances is required any time a qualifying action, such 
as repackaging, is performed on the regulated substances. Given the 
importance of verifying the label matches the contents of a container 
of HFCs, the Agency does not see a basis to allow fire protection 
equipment manufacturers that would qualify as repackagers to rely on a 
certificate of analysis instead of performing sampling and testing to 
verify the composition of the larger batch container like all other 
repackagers. Retesting individual cylinders is not required once they 
have been initially sold. The Agency's definition of representative 
sample as described and finalized below in section VII.C of this 
preamble allows for testing of the original, larger batch container if 
the composition of the original batch container is the same as the 
intended composition of the smaller bulk container. In other words, an 
entity could retain a recycled batch of regulated substances in a 
larger container, test a representative sample of the bulk regulated 
substances within that larger container, transfer bulk regulated 
substances from the larger container to a population of smaller 
containers, and apply those test results to verify the composition of 
the smaller containers. Similarly, this approach would also be 
appropriate when repackaging HFCs from one original, larger batch 
container to smaller bulk containers (e.g., system cylinders), so long 
as the composition of the original, larger container is intended to 
match the smaller containers. EPA stresses that under this definition 
of the representative sample, the repackager retains the burden to 
ensure that the test represents the composition in the population of 
containers but allows for process controls or other quality control 
techniques to make this demonstration.
    EPA sought comment on whether to extend the testing and sampling 
requirement in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) to exporters (or exporters that 
request additional consumption allowances under 40 CFR 84.19) to verify 
the regulated substances being exported match the label and, where 
relevant, the request for additional consumption allowances. One 
commenter responded without specific information that existing 
requirements along with auditing requirements should be sufficient to 
confirm regulated substances being exported match the container label. 
The Agency disagrees. Exported regulated substances may include 
inventory introduced prior to the establishment of requirements under 
40 CFR part 84 and available information may not be able to confirm the 
composition of such exported regulated substances. Regardless of 
whether the exported regulated

[[Page 46875]]

substances were produced prior to 2022, sampling and testing 
requirements for exported HFCs helps ensure EPA is collecting accurate 
information to gauge U.S. consumption relative to the annual limit 
prescribed in the AIM Act. Sampling and testing is also important for 
RACAs, where EPA relies on submitted documentation to evaluate the 
verified quantity of regulated substances exported and issues 
consumption allowances equivalent to the quantity of regulated 
substances that were exported. EPA is concerned about the possibility 
of fraud if there are not adequate safeguards in place, such as a 
requirement to confirm the quantity of regulated substance(s) in the 
container(s) matches the label and documentation being submitted to EPA 
and CBP. The Agency also notes that auditing requirements under 40 CFR 
84.33 do not provide a means to ensure the accurate identification of 
regulated substances documented as exported. Accordingly, EPA is 
extending the testing and sampling requirements to regulated substances 
that are exported. The Agency does not expect this requirement to add 
significant additional burden, since the destination for each container 
of regulated substances may not be known at the time the container is 
filled and producers, importers, and all other repackagers and cylinder 
fillers would follow one sampling and testing methodology for each HFC 
or HFC blend regardless of whether this requirement was extended to 
exports.
    EPA also sought comment on whether to extend the testing and 
sampling requirements to additional entities, including others that 
sell or distribute regulated substances, or that offer them for sale 
and distribution as well as those that transform, use as a process 
agent, destroy, or receive application-specific allowances in the six 
applications listed in subsection (e)(4)(B)(iv) of the AIM Act to 
further ensure the label matches the regulated substance in containers 
and aid in the detection of off-specification and potentially non-
compliant containers of regulated substances. Two commenters stated 
that it was not necessary to extend the testing and sampling to 
additional entities that receive application-specific allowances in the 
six applications listed in subsection (e)(4)(B)(iv) of the AIM Act, due 
to existing industry and regulatory practices that already require high 
purity standards. One commenter stated that the proposed sampling and 
testing requirements may in fact contribute to contamination of these 
high purity materials. Another commenter stated that its industry 
sector is already subject to rigorous sampling, testing, and data 
requirements under existing Federal regulations. The Agency appreciates 
the commenters' input and is not extending the current testing and 
sampling requirements to the additional entities listed. EPA notes that 
the testing and sampling requirements under 40 CFR part 84, subpart A 
apply to the entity initially performing the relevant action. As an 
example, an entity that produces regulated substances for use in 
metered dose inhalers must first test a representative sample of the 
regulated substances prior to sale or distribution. Other entities 
(e.g., metered dose inhaler manufacturers) may then purchase the 
regulated substances without having to conduct further testing. The 
recipient entity is only required to conduct additional testing if a 
qualifying action such as repackaging is performed on the regulated 
substances.
    For the reasons described previously, EPA is finalizing revisions 
to 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) to add requirements to use the testing 
methodology prescribed in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F for 
regulated substances offered for sale and distribution as refrigerants 
and the sampling and testing methods in Table 4 of this preamble for 
regulated substances offered for non-refrigerant uses. The Agency is 
also extending the requirements in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) to regulated 
substances that are exported. Once these revisions go into effect, 
regulated entities will be required to use the sampling and testing 
methods applicable to the list of target analytes provided at each 
method. Since appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014 (incorporated by 
reference in Sec.  84.37) does not include specific test procedures for 
determining the quality of regulated substances that are not used as 
refrigerants, EPA is also requiring the use of either sections 8 
through 13 of EPA Method 18 as applicable or ASTM D6806 (incorporated 
by reference in Sec.  84.37 for HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-
236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-365mfc, HFC-43-10mee, isomers of listed regulated 
substances, and blends of regulated substances not used as a 
refrigerant. EPA Method 18, ``Measurement of gaseous organic compound 
emissions by gas chromatography,'' can be found at appendix A-6 to 40 
CFR part 60--Test Methods 16 through 18.

   Table 4--Finalized Non-Refrigerant Regulated Substance Sampling and
                             Testing Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Regulated substance              Sampling and testing method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HFC-23, HFC-134, HFC-125, HFC-143a, HFC- Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
 41, HFC-152a.                            subpart F, Sections 1, 2, 3,
                                          5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7, 8; Part 7 of
                                          2008 Appendix C for Analytical
                                          Procedures for AHRI Standard
                                          700-2014--Normative
                                          (incorporated by reference in
                                          Sec.   84.37).\3\
HFC-134a, HFC-143, HFC-245fa, HFC-32,    Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
 HFC-152.                                 subpart F, Sections 1, 2, 3,
                                          5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7, 8; Part 9 of
                                          2008 Appendix C for Analytical
                                          Procedures for AHRI Standard
                                          700-2014--Normative
                                          (incorporated by reference in
                                          Sec.   84.37).\3\
HFC-365mfc, HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-   Sections 8,\1\ 9, 10, 11,
 236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-43-     12,\2\ and 13 of EPA Method 18
 10mee.                                   as applicable--appendix A-6 to
                                          40 CFR part 60--Test Methods
                                          16 through 18. Or ASTM D6806-
                                          02 (2022), Standard Practice
                                          for Analysis of Halogenated
                                          Organic Solvents and Their
                                          Admixtures by Gas
                                          Chromatography (incorporated
                                          by reference in Sec.
                                          84.37).\4\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Only applicable portions of section 8 as specified here are
  required. Canisters may be used in place of bags for the purposes of
  these requirements. A sampling and analysis procedure under section
  8.2 which provides for a representative sample is required (while
  section 8.2.1.5 is likely most appropriate, other procedures may be
  acceptable). Sections 8.4.1, 8.4.2.1, and 8.4.2.2 are required.
\2\ ``Dry basis'' concentrations do not need to be recorded.
\3\ ASTM D6064-11 (reapproved 2022), Standard Specification for HFC-
  227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (CF3CHFCF3) (incorporated by
  reference in Sec.   84.37) may be used as an alternative for non-
  refrigerant regulated substances offered for fire suppression use.
\4\ ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, Standard Specification for HFC-125
  (Pentafluoroethane, C2HF5) (incorporated by reference in Sec.   84.37)
  and ASTM D6541-21 Standard Specification for HFC-236fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-
  Hexafluoropropane, (CF3CH2CF3), (incorporated by reference in Sec.
  84.37) reference ASTM D6806 and may be used as an alternative for non-
  refrigerant regulated substances offered for fire suppression use.

[[Page 46876]]

ii. Specifications
    In the sampling and testing section of the proposal, EPA proposed 
to clarify that the existing requirement at 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii), that 
no person may sell or distribute, or offer for sale or distribution, 
regulated substances as a refrigerant that do not meet the 
specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F--
Specifications for Refrigerants, is applicable for a single component 
substance, i.e., neat substance, or a multicomponent substance, i.e., a 
blend or mixture containing one or more regulated substances. EPA 
received no comments on this aspect of the proposal, and is finalizing 
the clarification as proposed.
    EPA also proposed to add a requirement under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii) 
that entities producing, importing, reclaiming, recycling for fire 
suppression, or repackaging regulated substances must verify the 
applicable refrigerant specifications using the sampling and testing 
methodology prescribed in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. One 
commenter supported the proposed sampling and testing requirements. One 
commenter stated that not all HFC sales specifications conform exactly 
with AHRI 700 (e.g., SAE J2776 specifications for automotive HFC-134a 
allow a higher moisture level than AHRI 700). The commenter was 
incorrect in its statement that the allowed moisture contents vary 
between SAE J2776 and AHRI 700. The moisture limit in SAE J2776 
references the AHRI 700 requirements, and both, along with the existing 
requirements in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, set the 
moisture limit as 10 ppm by weight. EPA also understands that HFC-134a 
which meets the specifications in Table 1A of appendix A to 40 CFR part 
82, subpart F would be suitable for automotive use. However, the Agency 
acknowledges potential challenges for regulated substances recycled in 
accordance with 40 CFR part 82, subpart B for use as a refrigerant in 
motor vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) and MVAC-like appliances to meet 
the requirements in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. Under a 
change being finalized at 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii), the act of recycling 
would not require an entity to verify that the recycled MVAC 
refrigerants meet the specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F.
    When recycling of regulated substances occurs for use in MVAC and 
MVAC-like appliances, the refrigerant is typically recovered using a 
recycling machine from MVAC/MVAC-like appliances (e.g., to remove some 
impurities) and transferred to a holding container. It is then either 
recharged into the same equipment it was recovered from as part of the 
same servicing event or held in that container until it is used to 
recharge other MVAC/MVAC-like appliances. Generally speaking, the 
regulated substance is not being transferred between containers and/or 
service shops, and the refrigerant is not being distributed or sold 
further in a container. There is not a label that would need to be 
verified and the recycled HFC is not being repackaged. Requiring this 
refrigerant to meet a higher standard than already required by existing 
EPA regulations and testing to confirm regulated HFC refrigerants meet 
a higher specification standard in these instances prior to sales is 
unnecessary for purposes of 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii) and would be contrary 
to standard industry practices. Accordingly, and consistent with 
longstanding requirements under 40 CFR part 82, EPA is excepting 
regulated substances used as refrigerants in MVAC and MVAC-like 
appliances from the general prohibition in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii), so 
long as the regulated substance(s) was used only in an MVAC or MVAC-
like appliance, is to be used only in MVAC or MVAC-like appliances, and 
is recycled in accordance with 40 CFR part 82, subpart B. Accordingly, 
regulated substances recycled solely for use in MVAC and MVAC-like 
appliances may be sold, distributed, or offered for sale or 
distribution without meeting the full specifications in appendix A to 
40 CFR part 82, subpart F.
    As discussed above in this section, EPA reiterates that the testing 
and sampling requirements under 40 CFR part 84, subpart A apply to the 
entity initially performing the relevant action. As an example, testing 
and sampling are required prior to the first sale or distribution of 
regulated substance in a newly filled or imported container. Testing is 
not required for future points of sale or distribution if regulated 
substances are not further processed or transferred between containers.
    EPA sought comment on whether to establish purity and other 
specifications for non-refrigerants similar to those found in appendix 
A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F or if the proposed approach of requiring 
the label to match the nominal composition of regulated substance(s) in 
the container is sufficient to ensure purchasers know the contents of 
the container and that all entities can verify the number of allowances 
that needed to be expended when the regulated substances in the 
container were imported or produced. The Agency did not receive comment 
on this issue and is not finalizing purity and other specifications for 
non-refrigerant regulated substances at this time. For illustrative 
purposes, EPA is noting the specifications for regulated substances in 
Table 5.

               Table 5--Regulated Substance Specifications
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Regulated substance                     Specifications
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-  Refrigerant use: All in Table
 143a, HFC-152a, HFC-227ea, HFC-236fa,    1A of appendix A to 40 CFR
 HFC-245fa.                               part 82, subpart F.
                                         Non-refrigerant use: Testing
                                          results match nominal
                                          composition on label.
HFC-41, HFC-134, HFC-143, HFC-152, HFC-  Refrigerant use: All in
 236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-245ca, HFC-        appendix A1 to 40 CFR part 82,
 365mfc, HFC-43-10mee.                    subpart F.
                                         Non-refrigerant use: Testing
                                          results match nominal
                                          composition on label.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Collectively, the changes ensure that defined procedures are used 
to perform testing on representative samples of single component HFCs 
or multicomponent HFC blends by all entities that produce, import, 
reclaim, recycle for fire suppression, or repackage HFCs. Regulated 
substances used as refrigerants, with limited exception, must conform 
to the specifications provided in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart 
F, or, if not listed therein, the Generic Maximum Contaminant Levels in 
appendix A1 to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. EPA is not establishing 
specification requirements for regulated substances that are not used 
as refrigerants. However, the

[[Page 46877]]

changes require that samples of both single component HFCs and 
multicomponent HFC blends for any use shall be quantitatively analyzed 
for each component expected based on the container label, air and other 
non-condensables, impurities (both volatile impurities and halogenated 
unsaturated volatile impurities), and high boiling residue. Among other 
purposes, compliance with these requirements ensures the label matches 
what is in the container.

B. Recordkeeping of Tests

    EPA proposed to modify the existing recordkeeping requirements in 
40 CFR 84.31 to specify that the types of records required to be 
maintained related to testing results include instrument calibration, 
sample testing data files, and results summaries of both sample test 
results and quality control test results that are in a form suitable 
and readily available for review.
    One commenter expressed support for the modified recordkeeping 
requirements. Another requested that the requirements follow best 
practices and avoid unnecessary duplication of other requirements. One 
other commenter requested EPA consider whether these requirements would 
be overburdensome and unnecessary. Commenters also asked for 
clarification on which instrument calibration records were intended to 
be maintained and what qualifies a form as suitable for review. EPA 
responds that these recordkeeping requirements may be necessary to 
support enforcement efforts under the HFC Phasedown program if EPA 
identifies an off-specification or mislabeled container of regulated 
substances and needs to confirm proper testing was conducted to verify 
the contents of the container(s). The commenter did not identify any 
alternative best practices, duplication, or particular undue 
recordkeeping burden associated with the proposed recordkeeping 
requirements. The Agency is unaware of such concerns as well and sees 
value in requiring the documentation to be maintained. These records 
support the integrity of this testing regime by enabling EPA to assess 
on inspection records, which document and validate test results. In 
response to requests for clarification, EPA clarifies that instrument 
calibration documentation must include records in accordance with the 
required sampling and testing methodologies such that an outside 
observer can reasonably assess whether the correct methodology was 
followed and to verify test results. As one example, ISO 17025 requires 
that retained records include calibration dates, results of 
calibrations, adjustments, acceptance criteria, and the due date of the 
next calibration or the calibration interval. A suitable form consists 
of dated paper or electronic documentation organized to clearly 
associate test results with the tested regulated substances and 
containing all related and applicable calibration, quality control, and 
audit trail \38\ documentation for given test methods and results. In 
reviewing comments received and the Agency's proposal, EPA has 
determined that these dated records, including audit trail 
documentation of any modifications to records, are critical to ensure 
data integrity and allow outside observers to verify the validity of 
testing methodologies and results. Under standard practice entities may 
revise initial records after an error has been discovered. Such 
modifications could also reflect intentional efforts to conduct fraud. 
Audit trail documentation provides a transparent way to identify and 
assess such changes. The Agency understands that there are existing 
options in the data collection software that would present minimal 
increased burden and can be turned on to track changes to the various 
files associated with the analysis performed on the instrument. As a 
result, EPA is adding audit trail files as a component of the 
recordkeeping requirements, as well as finalizing the remaining 
recordkeeping requirements as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ Secure, computer-generated, time-stamped audit trails are 
used to independently record the date and time of operator entries 
and actions that create, modify, or delete electronic records.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA proposed to extend the general recordkeeping requirement for 
test records to include recyclers for fire suppression and repackagers 
since the existing requirement in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) requires fire 
suppressant recyclers and repackagers to test a representative sample 
of regulated substances before they are sold. The Agency did not 
receive comment on the proposal. Consistent with the request for 
comment on whether to extend the testing and sampling requirements, EPA 
also sought comment on whether to extend these requirements to other 
entities, such as by establishing recordkeeping requirements in 40 CFR 
84.31(d) for exporters. As described above in section VII.A of this 
action, the Agency is extending the testing and sampling requirements 
to regulated substances that are exported. EPA did not receive comment 
on the issue of whether to extend related recordkeeping requirements to 
other entities. The Agency considers it appropriate that all entities 
subject to the sampling and testing provisions in 40 CFR part 84, 
subpart A must maintain associated records. Accordingly, in this 
action, EPA is finalizing its proposal to extend the recordkeeping 
requirement for test records from producers, importers, and reclaimers 
to include recyclers for fire suppression and repackagers. The Agency 
is also establishing test records recordkeeping requirements for 
exporters. Specifically, EPA is adding recordkeeping provisions at, 
respectively, 40 CFR 84.31(j)(3)(ii) and 84.31(k)(1), and 40 CFR 
84.31(d) requiring that recyclers for fire suppression, repackagers, 
and exporters maintain dated records of batch tests of regulated 
substances packaged for sale, distribution, or export, including 
information on instrument calibration, sample testing data files, audit 
trail files, and results summaries of both sample test results and 
quality control test results that are in a form suitable and readily 
available for review.
    Associated with this proposal to extend the general recordkeeping 
requirement for test records to include recyclers for fire suppression 
and repackagers, the Agency also provided interpretations on how it 
understood the terms ``fire suppressant recyclers'' \39\ and 
``repackagers'',\40\ requested comment on whether existing 
interpretations and guidance provide sufficient clarity, and requested 
comment on whether to codify these interpretations in regulatory 
definitions. One commenter suggested the Agency codify a definition of 
``fire suppressant recycler'' with two significant modifications. The 
first modification was to remove the reference to purity

[[Page 46878]]

testing, as existing NFPA standards require that the agent be tested 
for purity before it is reused as a fire suppressant. The commenter 
stated that EPA's language may imply that testing was optional under 
NFPA standards. The second modification was the removal of the last 
sentence, as commenters believed the phrase ``market use'' added 
confusion to the definition. The Agency understands that the references 
to purity testing and market use are unnecessary to explain which 
actions and entities are included within the definition. Including 
other edits for clarity, EPA accordingly is codifying the following 
definition of ``fire suppressant recycler'': ``Generally, an entity 
that collects used HFC fire suppressants and directly resells those 
collected and aggregated HFCs--with or without any additional 
reprocessing--to another entity for reuse as a fire suppressant (also 
referred to as a ``recycler for fire suppression'' in this subpart). An 
entity that collects and aggregates used HFC fire suppressants for 
distribution to another entity for reprocessing before being sold for 
reuse as a fire suppressant would not be a fire suppressant recycler. 
An entity that resells HFC fire suppressants that have already been 
reprocessed for use as a fire suppressant by another entity would not 
be a fire suppressant recycler.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ EPA presented the following interpretation at proposal: 
Generally, an entity that collects used HFC fire suppressants and 
directly resells those recovered HFCs--with or without any 
additional reprocessing including testing for purity--to another 
person for reuse as a fire suppressant would qualify as a fire 
suppressant recycler (also referred to as a ``recycler for fire 
suppression'' in 40 CFR part 84, subpart A). A person that recovers 
and aggregates used HFC fire suppressants for distribution to 
another entity for reprocessing before being sold for reuse as a 
fire suppressant would not be a fire suppressant recycler. Reselling 
HFC fire suppressants that have already been recovered and 
subsequently reprocessed by another person would not be a fire 
suppressant recycler. In effect, a fire suppressant recycler is the 
first entity to reintroduce recovered HFC fire suppressants into the 
market use as fire suppressant. 87 FR 66394, n.48.
    \40\ The Agency presented the following interpretation at 
proposal: EPA views repackagers and cylinder fillers interchangeably 
under the regulations at 40 CFR part 84, subpart A, and would define 
repackagers as entities who transfer regulated substances, either 
alone or in a mixture, from one container to another container prior 
to sale or distribution or offer for sale or distribution. 87 FR 
66394, n.49.
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    The Agency did not receive comment on whether to codify a 
definition of ``repackagers'' and in this action is codifying the 
definition of ``repackagers'' to mean ``entities who transfer regulated 
substances, either alone or in a blend, from one container to another 
container prior to sale or distribution or offer for sale or 
distribution.'' Establishing a defined term in 40 CFR 84.3 will improve 
clarity and support compliance with the sampling and testing 
requirements for repackagers being finalized in this rule. This is 
particularly relevant and helpful given the comments received on this 
rule from fire suppressant recyclers.
    A commenter also expressed concern regarding how these definitions 
may be applied to the fire suppression industry. The commenter stated 
that fire equipment distributors that service equipment directly and 
through cylinders exchanges should not be considered fire suppressant 
recyclers. Servicing may consist of transferring the HFCs from the 
equipment and transferring the HFCs directly back into the same 
equipment, or through a cylinder exchange where customers return their 
equipment and receive different previously serviced equipment. EPA 
understands that direct servicing entails periodically removing bulk 
regulated substances from the system cylinder and transferring it to a 
holding tank in order to perform a hydrostatic test to evaluate the 
cylinder's integrity. The bulk regulated substances are not recycled or 
otherwise processed and are then returned to the same system cylinder 
for continued use in the same application. In other words, it is the 
system cylinder that is receiving the servicing and not the regulated 
substance. As described in this section above, this direct servicing of 
a system cylinder is not intended to result in resale or redistribution 
of regulated substances because the same regulated substances are 
returned to the same original customer. The key distinguishing feature 
for why this activity does not fall under the definition of a fire 
suppressant recycler is the fact that the regulated substance is not 
being resold to another entity but is being returned to the original 
owner. The Agency notes that a cylinder exchange, where regulated 
substances and/or system cylinders are recovered from one entity's 
equipment and sold or distributed to another entity would fall under 
the definition of ``fire suppressant recycler,'' unless the company 
recovering the cylinder is sending the regulated fire suppressant to 
another entity that will do the recycling and repackaging before the 
regulated substance is sold for use in fire suppression equipment.
    The same commenter expressed concern that EPA's interpretation of 
repackagers may include fire equipment distributors which return 
serviced equipment to customers. EPA agrees that fire equipment 
distributors could be repackagers under this definition, especially if 
they remove regulated substances from one system cylinder and fill a 
different cylinder with those regulated substances. The Agency 
understands that the primary concern identified in the comment is that 
some fire equipment distributors, who service a limited number of 
system cylinders in a year, may be subject to the rule and that this 
would be a significant burden on those entities given they are 
generally returning the regulated substance to the same system cylinder 
it was recovered from. Given the intent is to allow for servicing of 
the cylinder, not the regulated substance, under this final rule EPA is 
explicitly exempting from the definition of repackager a fire equipment 
distributor (or other related entity) only servicing system cylinders 
for fire suppression equipment--that is returning the regulated fire 
suppressant to the same system cylinder it was recovered from after the 
system cylinder is serviced.
    In combination, under this final rule, entities servicing system 
cylinders for fire suppression equipment are not a fire suppressant 
recycler or a repackager if they return the same regulated substances 
to the same original customer in the same system cylinder it was 
recovered from after the system cylinder is serviced. Further, if you 
are returning the same regulated substances to the same system cylinder 
it was recovered from after the system cylinder is serviced, you are 
not a repackager. In response to comments on cylinder exchanges, if 
cylinders are exchanged and never opened, that would not be considered 
repackaging, but could be categorized as fire suppressant recycling if 
the regulated substance is collected from one entity and then 
distributed to another entity. This activity would fall under the 
definition being finalized in this rule and would be covered by other 
provisions in this rule (e.g., the container tracking requirements 
previously finalized in 40 CFR 84.23).

C. Define ``Batch'' and ``Representative Sample'' and Clarify the 
Relationship Between These Terms

    The Allocation Framework Rule established that reclaimers, 
producers, and importers are required to maintain records of the 
results of ``batch'' tests of regulated substances and EPA is extending 
requirements to maintain dated records of batch tests for fire 
suppressant recyclers, reclaimers, and exporters in this rule.
    Testing requirements codified at 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(i) in the 
Framework Rule require testing of a ``representative sample.'' 
Preceding subsections of this preamble outline revisions EPA is making 
to 40 CFR part 84, subpart A with respect to sampling and testing 
requirements.
    EPA proposed to add a definition of ``batch'' to 40 CFR 84.3 and 
did not receive comment on this issue. In this action the Agency is 
adding to this proposed definition the phrase ``with the same nominal 
composition'' to clarify that a batch is associated with a larger 
population (e.g., a common set of mixing tanks or other larger 
container that the population of cylinders was filled from) for the 
purposes of sampling and testing required by this rule. For example, a 
batch of R-410A cylinders could be the cylinders that were filled after 
blending two or more larger ISO tanks of HFC-125 and HFC-32. The 
revised definition is that ``batch'' means a vessel, container, or 
cylinder from which a producer, importer, reclaimer, recycler, or 
repackager transfers HFCs

[[Page 46879]]

directly for sale or distribution, or for repackaging for sale or 
distribution; or a population of small vessels, containers, or 
cylinders with the same nominal composition that a producer, importer, 
reclaimer, recycler, or repackager directly offers for sale or 
distribution. EPA is finalizing this definition of ``batch'' for the 
reasons explained later in this section.
    EPA also proposed a two-part definition of representative sample. 
The first part defines a representative sample of a container for sale 
as a sample collected from a container offered for sale or distribution 
using a sampling method that obtains all components of HFC(s) in an 
unbiased and precise manner. For the second part, EPA defines a 
representative sample of a batch as a sample that can be used to infer 
that the composition of HFC(s) in a population of containers offered 
for sale or distribution that constitute, or are derived from, the 
batch are within stated tolerances (e.g., within the specifications 
established in the tables in section 6 of appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart F, such as composition and percent by volume air and other non-
condensables). Sampling and testing methods established in 40 CFR 
84.5(i)(3) provide procedures and metrics to conduct sampling of the 
regulated substance within a container and testing to determine whether 
the batch meets stated tolerances. Recordkeeping requirements for 
sampling and testing in general and batch testing in particular provide 
documentation that allows EPA to assess the validity of sampling and 
testing and any inferences based on use of representative samples. EPA 
did not receive comment on this issue and is finalizing the definition 
of ``representative sample'' as proposed for the reasons explained 
later in this section.
    EPA is making these changes to allow for the common scenario when 
testing of a batch is used to satisfy the requirement for ``testing of 
a representative sample'' to verify that the composition of HFCs in 
containers matches the container labeling, while also requiring that 
these batch test results produce valid labels for individual 
containers. The definition of ``representative sample'' creates 
consistency between sampling and testing regulations in 40 CFR part 84, 
subpart A and the implied notion of a representative sample in appendix 
A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F where specific methods for sampling 
containers are outlined. The definitions of ``batch'' and 
``representative sample'' in combination ensure that testing of one 
portion of a batch produces test results that are characteristic of the 
population of cylinders which may be filled from that batch. These 
changes will help clarify the recordkeeping requirements associated 
with maintaining records of ``batch tests.''

D. Laboratory Methods and Accreditation

    The existing regulations at 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii) \41\ provide an 
option to importers that want to repackage regulated substances that 
were initially either unlabeled or mislabeled to ``[v]erify the 
contents with independent laboratory testing results and affix a 
correct label on the container that matches the test results before the 
date of importation (consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1) of 
the container.'' The regulations codified in the Framework Rule did not 
provide any detail on what would be required to ensure independence nor 
on the quality of the analysis that would be required of ``laboratory 
testing.'' To implement this provision fully, EPA proposed to define 
``laboratory testing'' as the use of the sampling and testing 
methodology \42\ prescribed in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) by a laboratory that 
is accredited to ISO 17025.\43\ This phrase ``laboratory testing'' is 
not currently used anywhere else in 40 CFR part 84, subpart A, so the 
first part of the proposal was only intended to apply to situations 
where a cylinder is unlabeled or mislabeled and the importer is 
correcting that label before the date of importation (consistent with 
the definition at 19 CFR 101.1). This was intended to make clear that 
laboratory testing requires, for purposes of 40 CFR part 84, subpart A, 
the use of a consistent methodology and specified testing methods. EPA 
proposed to require that laboratories must be accredited to be used for 
purposes of meeting the 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii) requirements to repackage 
initially unlabeled or mislabeled regulated substances. This was 
intended to make clear that laboratory testing requires, for purposes 
of 40 CFR part 84, subpart A, the use of a consistent methodology and 
specified testing methods. The Agency sought additional comment on 
whether the AHRI Certified Refrigerant Testing Laboratory program and 
others should be allowed in addition to ISO 17025 laboratories.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ This reference was incorrectly listed as 40 CFR 
82.5(i)(2)(ii) in this rulemaking's proposal at 87 FR 66395. But it 
was clear contextually that EPA was referring to repackaging 
provisions in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii), as stated in the proposed 
regulatory text at 87 FR 66405.
    \42\ The proposed regulatory text cited the sampling and testing 
methodology prescribed in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(c). That reference was a 
clear typographical error. The sampling and testing methodology is 
prescribed in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3), as discussed in section VII.A of 
the proposal at 87 FR 66392-66394 and the proposed regulatory text 
at 87 FR 66405-66406.
    \43\ In November 2017, ISO/International Electrotechnical 
Commission (IEC) published a new version of the test laboratory 
accreditation standard, ISO/IEC 17025:2017. In addition to adding a 
definition of ``laboratory,'' the new version replaces certain 
prescriptive requirements with performance-based requirements and 
allows for greater flexibility in satisfying the standard's 
requirements for processes, procedures, documented information, and 
organizational responsibilities. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 is the version 
EPA proposed and is finalizing to incorporate by reference. 
Interested persons may purchase a copy of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 from 
the source provided in 40 CFR 84.37(b)(1), and it is available at 
https://www.techstreet.com/standards/iso-iec-17025-2017?product_id=2000100.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Agency also sought comment on whether to require that all 
testing under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) be conducted by an independent and/or 
accredited laboratory. The Agency sought further comment on whether 
other safeguards are in place at laboratories that are currently 
typically used by this regulated community that are similar in nature 
to accreditation, such as certification by an independent third party, 
that would decrease the importance of testing being conducted by an 
independent and/or accredited laboratory. In effect, EPA was seeking 
comment on whether to use the phrase ``independent laboratory testing'' 
or ``laboratory testing'' in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) in addition to 
84.5(i)(2)(ii).
    EPA did not receive comment on its proposal to specifically require 
laboratories be accredited to meet the requirements under 40 CFR 
84.5(i)(2)(ii) to repackage initially unlabeled or mislabeled regulated 
substances. Commenters strongly opposed requiring all testing under 40 
CFR 84.5(i)(3) be conducted by an independent and/or accredited 
laboratory. Commenters stated that the requirement would be burdensome, 
redundant, and may interfere with internal quality control and 
operations. As noted in section VII.A of this preamble, two commenters 
also stated that existing industry and regulatory practices require 
high purity standards and one commenter noted that existing Federal 
regulations for its industry sector also have rigorous sampling, 
testing, and data requirements.
    If EPA were to require accreditation or certification, commenters 
generally opposed potential requirements that laboratories conducting 
testing must be accredited to ISO 17025 and instead suggested a variety 
of alternatives. One commenter suggested EPA consider flexibility in 
implementing testing laboratory accreditation or certification 
provisions, including specifically

[[Page 46880]]

allowing use of in-house laboratories when they meet similar quality 
safeguards as ISO 17025 certification. Two commenters stated that their 
facilities and associated laboratories were already certified to ISO 
9001 and further requirements were unnecessary. One commenter stated a 
preference for AHRI standards because AHRI standards are specific to 
HFCs. Multiple commenters variously recommended that acceptable 
certifications include AHRI Certified Refrigerant Testing Laboratories, 
ISO 9001, or those in compliance as described in EPA's Quality Program-
Related Regulations, which include overarching quality management 
system standards such as ISO 9001 and ISO/TS 16949. Commenters stated 
that these certifications are suitable to ensure testing and sampling 
goals, better align with existing industry practices, and would be less 
burdensome to industry.
    EPA acknowledges the support for allowing the use of all 
laboratories, including in-house laboratories, that meet suitable 
quality standards, and is not finalizing a requirement that all 
laboratory testing under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) be done by independent 
laboratories. However, the Agency is finalizing a requirement that 
laboratory testing under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) be done by an accredited or 
certified laboratory. EPA places weight on the fact that laboratory 
accreditation bodies assess a variety of aspects of a laboratory, 
including the technical competence of staff; the validity and 
appropriateness of test methods; traceability of measurements and 
calibration to national standards; suitability, calibration, and 
maintenance of the testing environment; sampling, handling, and 
transportation of test items; and quality assurance of test and 
calibration data. Accreditation ensures that laboratories follow good 
laboratory practices and that their operations have been reviewed by a 
recognized accreditation authority. The Agency notes that ISO 9001 and 
EPA's Quality-Program Regulated Regulations are quality-management 
programs that are not specific to laboratory testing or HFCs. EPA 
acknowledges commenters' support for allowing AHRI Certified Laboratory 
Program certification in addition to ISO 17025 accreditation. The AHRI 
certification program is less rigorous than ISO 17025, but does address 
HFCs and refrigerants and is commonly used by entities regulated by 
this rule. On review of other safeguards in place at laboratories that 
are currently typically used by this regulated community that are 
similar in nature to accreditation, such as certification by an 
independent third party, the Agency also identified the Occupational 
Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Nationally Recognized Testing 
Laboratory program under 29 CFR 1910.7 as a suitable alternative 
certification program that is well-established and ensures laboratories 
follow good laboratory practices. OSHA recognizes laboratories as 
meeting the requirements in 29 CFR 1910.7 to perform testing and 
certification of products using consensus based test standards. These 
requirements are: the capability to test and evaluate equipment for 
conformance with appropriate test standards; adequate controls for the 
identification of certified products, conducting follow-up inspections 
of actual production; complete independence from users (i.e., employers 
subject to the tested equipment requirements) and from any 
manufacturers or vendors of the certified products; and effective 
procedures for producing its findings and for handling complaints and 
disputes. OSHA regularly inspects and audits these laboratories to 
verify that they sustain the quality of their operations and continue 
to meet the requirements for recognition.
    As discussed at proposal, EPA has determined that additional 
stringency is justified with respect to the 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii) since 
the regulatory revisions apply to unlabeled or mislabeled container(s). 
Under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii), as revised under section VIII.B of this 
preamble, the importer of record is required in cases of repackaging 
unlabeled or mislabeled containers to verify the results with 
independent laboratory testing. In addition to the general requirements 
established in this rulemaking that sampling and testing must be 
conducted by accredited or certified laboratories that use the 
methodologies prescribed in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3), EPA is maintaining the 
existing requirement that these laboratories verifying results under 40 
CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii) must be independent. As noted previously, the Agency 
acknowledges commenters' concerns regarding a broader independent 
laboratory testing requirement and is not finalizing a requirement 
under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) that all laboratory testing be conducted by an 
independent laboratory.
    One commenter noted that it may take time to acquire appropriate 
certification and/or accreditation. To ensure sufficient time for 
entities to comply, EPA is delaying the effective date of the 
requirement for laboratories to attain accreditation or certification 
under one of the three options until October 1, 2024.
    After considering comments received, the Agency is finalizing the 
requirement that ``laboratory testing'' means the use of the sampling 
and testing methodology prescribed in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) by a laboratory 
that is accredited to ISO 17025 in accordance with ISO/IEC 
17025:2017(E) (incorporated by reference in Sec.  84.37) or certified 
under the AHRI Refrigerant Testing Laboratory Certification Program in 
accordance with the AHRI Refrigerant Testing Laboratory Certification 
Program Operations Manual and the AHRI General Operations Manual (both 
incorporated by reference, see Sec.  84.37) or recognized under OSHA's 
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program in accordance with 
requirements codified at 29 CFR 1910.7. EPA is also adding the term 
``laboratory testing'' to sampling and testing requirements in 40 CFR 
84.5(i)(3)(i) and 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3)(ii). Along with the existing 
independent laboratory testing requirements in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2)(ii), 
the codified definition of ``laboratory testing'' in 40 CFR 84.3 
applies to these three instances in 40 CFR 84.5(i).

E. Certificate of Analysis for Imports of Regulated Substances

    To aid in the review and monitoring of imports of HFCs, EPA 
proposed requiring that certificates of analysis records accompany all 
imports of regulated substances. A certificate of analysis provides a 
record that the applicable sampling and testing methodology has been 
used to verify the composition. Under the proposal, certificates of 
analysis would include documentation of the sampling and testing that 
is used to verify the composition of bulk regulated substance(s) 
offered for sale or distribution.
    One commenter supported the proposed requirement that certificates 
of analysis accompany all imports, but suggested that this be 
electronically connected to the shipment, such as through an ACE 
document submission, instead of physically accompanying the shipment. 
Several commenters agreed that certificates of analysis are typically 
provided to the importer along with other documents required to 
facilitate the import, but opposed the proposed requirement that 
certificates of analysis physically accompany imports due to concerns 
about how practical it would be to hold the certificate on the imported 
container and the fact that containers will be out of the importer's 
custody during transit.

[[Page 46881]]

    EPA understands that importers are typically in possession of 
certificates of analysis and did not expect the proposed requirement to 
change current practices. The Agency appreciates that there may be 
situations where the certificate of analysis is not available 
physically with the shipment, but sees a value in ensuring ready access 
to documentation available for inspection to verify the identity, 
composition, and necessary allowance expenditure for the import of 
regulated substances. In light of the comments received, the Agency 
agrees that the identified goals can be achieved either by the 
certificate of analysis physically accompanying the import or by having 
the documentation electronically connected to the shipment.
    Several commenters also stated, without supporting information, 
that it is not practical to require certificates of analyses for the 
import of heels. EPA understands that business practices may not entail 
retesting residual amounts of regulated substances remaining in 
containers after most of the regulated substances have been transferred 
out of the container or otherwise used and prior to import of the 
cylinder with its remaining heel content, and that the heel may 
reasonably be expected to be tested at further transfer or processing 
steps. However, the Agency sees benefits in verifying the composition 
of all regulated substances imported, particularly in the case of heels 
where EPA has particular concerns about potential for illegal or 
misrepresented imports. As discussed in the Framework Rule, (86 FR 
55178-55179) a goal of these labeling and testing requirements is to 
deter illegal activity and promote accurate and clear labeling, while 
also simplifying the process for EPA, in coordination with CBP for 
imports, to deduct a sufficient number of allowances at the point of 
import. This also reduces the safety risk of shipping and storing 
unlabeled cylinders and the potential to damage equipment resulting in 
the release of refrigerant and harm to the environment. Requiring 
limited labeling and testing requirements to verify material produced, 
imported, and sold matches the label supports EPA's efforts to confirm 
the contents of the container and thereby maintain the integrity of 
Allowance Allocation program by assuring the appropriate number of 
allowances are deducted for production and consumption of HFCs. In 
response to the commenters' concerns, the Agency notes that a 
certificate of analysis which certifies the content of regulated 
substances used to fill the container is acceptable to document the 
composition of the remaining heel content if there is a reasonable 
expectation that the information in the certificate of analysis is 
still valid and applicable to the container's heel. A certificate of 
analysis is effective whether the regulated substances originated in 
the United States or internationally, but regardless must meet the 
requirements specified at 40 CFR 84.3 ``Certificate of Analysis.'' 
Commenters did not provide any specific reasons why this requirement 
would be incompatible with business practices. For the reasons 
described above in this paragraph, EPA is not excepting imports of 
heels from the general requirement to include a certificate of 
analysis.
    EPA also took comment on whether to require that the sampling and 
testing conducted prior to import that provides the associated 
certificate of analysis must be conducted by a laboratory accredited 
under ISO 17025. One commenter stated that the requirement that the 
certificate of analysis be provided by a laboratory accredited under 
ISO 17025 would be particularly burdensome and was unnecessary due to 
existing auditing and verification requirements.
    Considering commenter input, EPA established requirements (as 
discussed in section VII.D of this preamble) that sampling and testing 
under 40 CFR 84.5(i)(2) and 40 CFR 84.5(i)(3) must be conducted by 
laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E), certified under the 
AHRI Refrigerant Testing Laboratory Certification Program, or 
recognized by OSHA's Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program. 
EPA is also providing until October 1, 2024, to comply with this 
requirement, so laboratories testing regulated substances in the United 
States or abroad have sufficient time to become accredited or 
certified. The Agency believes that these accreditation or 
certification requirements as finalized do not result in an undue 
compliance burden on the importer. Further, the commenter did not 
specify how existing auditing and verification requirements are 
sufficient to ensure compliance, and EPA does not see how these 
existing requirements would verify the contents of imported containers 
of regulated substances. Certificates of analysis contain information 
concerning import contents and sampling and testing methodology beyond 
that of existing auditing and verification requirements. Accreditation 
or certification requirements for laboratories that prepare these 
certificates of analysis provide additional safeguards to ensure that 
sampling and testing follow good laboratory practices. Therefore, EPA 
is finalizing requirements that sampling and testing to provide a 
certification of analysis must meet the same certification or 
accreditation requirements as all sampling and testing under 40 CFR 
84.5(i)(3).
    Accordingly, after considering the comments on this issue, EPA is 
finalizing requirements that the certificate of analysis physically 
accompany the import or be submitted electronically to the Agency by 
loading an image of the document to the Document Image System, such as 
is required for non-objection notices under 40 CFR 84.25 and 
transhipments under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(3), at the same time as the advance 
notice required under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7). This requirement will provide 
EPA additional information to confirm the number of allowances that 
need to be expended at the time of import.

VIII. What other revisions is EPA finalizing?

    In addition to what is outlined in the prior sections, after 
considering public comments EPA is finalizing a number of additional 
proposed regulatory changes based on both lessons learned and current 
practices that have proved useful in implementing the HFC phasedown.

A. Define the Term ``Expend''

    Under the AIM Act and EPA's implementation of the HFC phasedown, a 
person must expend allowances to produce or import regulated substances 
outside of limited exceptions. In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA 
did not codify a regulatory definition of ``expend'' in 40 CFR 84.3. 
EPA proposed to amend 40 CFR 84.3 to include a definition of expend, 
specifically to define expend to mean to subtract the number of 
allowances required for the production or import of regulated 
substances under 40 CFR part 84 from a person's unexpended allowances. 
In section V.A of this preamble we are codifying the point in time that 
determines when calendar year allowances are expended and in section 
V.B of this preamble we are codifying that importers of record must 
expend allowances. EPA is finalizing the addition of a regulatory 
definition of ``expend'' as proposed to accompany these regulatory 
revisions to provide additional specificity on how parties are required 
to implement these requirements.
    One commenter sought clarity on how this definition of expend 
applies to application-specific allowance holders. The commenter stated 
that the proposed

[[Page 46882]]

definition refers only to the production or import of regulated 
substances and does not explain how it relates to the conferral and 
expenditure of allowances for application-specific allowance holders. 
The commenter requested that EPA clearly state if this definition 
applies to application-specific allowance holders and if it does, how 
would it apply. Under the Allocation Framework Rule, entities that are 
allocated application-specific allowances have the ability to use those 
allowances to import bulk regulated substances directly or to confer 
their application-specific allowances to others to enable those others 
to import or produce regulated substances for use in the specified 
application. If an entity that is allocated application-specific 
allowances imports bulk regulated substances directly, the entity must 
expend allowances to cover that import. In such an instance, the 
requirement to expend allowances, and the accompanying definition of 
``expend,'' would apply to the application-specific allowance holder. 
If an entity allocated application-specific allowances confers those 
allowances to another entity to produce or import regulated substances 
on their behalf, that other entity that received the conferral would 
expend the allowances as needed for the import and production.

B. Modify Labeling Requirements

    Under the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA codified labeling 
requirements in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(1) to require a person who is selling, 
distributing, offering for sale or distribution or importing containers 
containing a regulated substance that the container include ``a label 
or other permanent markings stating the common name(s), chemical 
name(s), or ASHRAE designation of the regulated substance(s) or blend 
contained within, and the percentages of the regulated substances if a 
blend.'' EPA proposed several revisions to this regulatory text. First, 
EPA proposed revising 40 CFR 84.5(i)(1) to require a ``permanent 
label'' in place of ``a label or other permanent marking.'' Among other 
things, EPA solicited comment on any implementation challenges 
associated with requiring a ``permanent label.''
    EPA received several comments that strongly opposed the proposed 
revision from ``a label or other permanent markings'' to ``permanent 
label'' for several reasons, including the challenges associated with 
requiring a permanent label when paired with EPA's separate 
requirements, which were not reopened in this rulemaking, regarding 
refillable cylinders. Commenters explained that in such a situation 
affixing a permanent label for a particular regulated substance would 
limit the use of the container and an entity would no longer be able to 
use containers interchangeably (e.g., they switch the type of HFC or 
HFC blend that they put into a cylinder once it is returned). Two 
commenters were also uncertain how such a requirement would be 
implemented and sought clarification with more details on the 
implementation of a permanent label. Two other commenters also asked 
that EPA provide further clarification on the impact the proposed 
revision will have on the market because certain containers would be 
removed from regular circulation effecting how returned containers are 
processed and reused which is independent of the return and demand rate 
of each product. After reviewing public comments filed and considering 
the points made by the commenters, EPA is not finalizing this proposed 
amendment and will leave the existing text in 40 CFR 84.5(i)(1) 
requiring ``a label or other permanent marking.'' EPA does note that in 
addition to the requirements in 40 CFR part 84, regulated parties are 
also required to follow all other applicable Federal regulations, 
including those from the Department of Transportation in 49 CFR part 
172. EPA also proposed to add more detail and specificity on the 
regulatory labeling requirements. With slight revisions, EPA proposed 
to make changes to 40 CFR 84.5(i)(1) to include the following features 
such that all labels or other permanent markings must be:
     Durable and printed or otherwise labeled on, or affixed 
to, the external surface of the bulk HFC container;
     Readily visible and legible;
     Able to withstand open weather exposure without a 
substantial reduction in visibility or legibility;
     Displayed on a background of contrasting color; and
     If a container of regulated substances is contained within 
a box or other overpack, the exterior packaging must contain legible 
and visible information of what regulated substance is contained 
within.
    One commenter made a general claim that EPA's proposal ``would 
impose labeling obligations above and beyond existing requirements,'' 
that any benefit of the proposal ``would appear to be minimal,'' that 
EPA does not cite to a particular problem the Agency is trying to 
solve, and that EPA should instead rely on existing regulations under 
OSHA and the Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous 
Materials Safety Administration. The commenter does not provide any 
specific concerns or engage with EPA's proposal in any particularity. 
EPA is finalizing these regulatory additions as proposed. EPA proposed 
these additional requirements to ensure that labels could be readily 
viewed, read, and understood as containers of regulated substances move 
across US borders and through commerce and those benefits are inherent 
in the form of the proposed requirements. All of the additional 
requirements relate to making the labels easier to view, which in turn 
will aid compliance and enforcement officers to identify potentially 
violative or fraudulent goods. These revisions are intended to help 
ensure that all containers of regulated substances would have labeling 
that is easily visible and legible and would contain information that 
is necessary for inspection and enforcement, as appropriate. As 
outlined in detail in the Allocation Framework Rule, the Agency has 
significant concerns about the potential for and impact of illegal 
trade in regulated substances. This concern is particularly heightened 
at the start of a new phasedown step. The requirements of the HFC 
phasedown are implemented at a variety of locations, including at 
border entries and industrial facilities. As a result, EPA relies on a 
diverse array of law enforcement officials to aid in compliance efforts 
related to the 40 CFR part 84 requirements. Without appropriate 
labeling, containers of regulated substances may not be readily 
distinguishable from containers of other products. These provisions are 
intended to facilitate inspections by providing durable labels that 
clearly identify contents.
    EPA proposed as a complementary measure to add prohibitions at 40 
CFR 84.5(i)(2) that no one other than the importer of record may 
repackage or relabel regulated substances that were initially unlabeled 
or mislabeled. EPA proposed to change the prior text, which applies to 
importers, to allow only the importer of record to undertake these 
actions. Additionally, the prior regulatory text did not preclude 
relabeling; it only precluded repackaging, but the regulatory text is 
intended to apply to regulated substances that were ``initially 
mislabeled or unlabeled.'' EPA received no adverse comments on these 
issues and is finalizing these regulatory amendments as proposed for 
the reasons outlined in the proposal.

[[Page 46883]]

C. Clarify Ability To Move Allowances Among Companies With Certain 
Affiliation Without a Transfer

    EPA made clear in the Allocation Framework Rule that in calculating 
the quantity of allowances to allocate, ``for purposes of determining 
the quantity of past imports, EPA is treating all companies majority 
owned and/or controlled by the same individual(s) as a single company, 
even if there is no corporate parent'' (86 FR 55145). EPA also 
considers all parent,\44\ subsidiary,\45\ sister,\46\ and commonly 
owned \47\ companies together in determining past imports. 
Complementarily, it is EPA's longstanding practice that allowances can 
be expended by parents, subsidiaries, sister, or commonly owned 
companies without a transfer. EPA proposed to revise the regulatory 
text at 40 CFR 84.19(a) to codify this practice for additional clarity 
for allowance holders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ In referring to a parent, EPA means a company that has a 
majority, i.e. at least fifty percent, stake in another company.
    \45\ In referring to a subsidiary, EPA means a company that is 
majority, i.e. at least fifty percent, owned by another company.
    \46\ In referring to a sister company, EPA means an entity 
related to another entity by a shared corporation with majority 
ownership.
    \47\ In referring to a commonly owned company, EPA means a 
company that is related to another company by a shared individual 
owner or owners, where there is at least (1) a single individual 
that owns 30 percent or more of each company or (2) individuals with 
direct family relationships (parent, child, sibling, or spouse) that 
own a majority of each company.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA invited comments on potential negative implications of this 
proposal and on whether the proposed revisions to the text adequately 
capture the appropriate entities. EPA did not receive comment on this 
proposal or these issues and is finalizing the revision to 40 CFR 
84.19(a) as proposed that allowances can be expended by parents, 
subsidiaries, sister, or commonly owned companies without a transfer. 
Given that EPA considers historic activity together for these companies 
in determining a single quantity of allowances to allocate, it is 
appropriate to allow companies in this situation to expend from the 
single pool of allowances through different arms of its corporate 
chain. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to require a transfer, 
including a petition to the Agency and a transfer offset, when EPA 
considers these commonly owned companies as a single entity for 
purposes of calculating and allocating allowances.

D. Revise Required Elements To Request Additional Consumption 
Allowances

    In the Allocation Framework Rule EPA created a process, known as a 
RACA, by which a person may obtain consumption allowances equivalent to 
the quantity of regulated substances exported by that person (40 CFR 
84.17). Through implementation of the existing regulations, EPA has 
learned that its review of RACAs could be more efficient if exporters 
provided additional information with their initial RACA requests, 
resulting in faster reviews by EPA and responses to exporters. We 
expect the additional information to also decrease the need for follow 
up requests to exporters to verify the reported information. EPA 
proposed to require that RACA applicants submit the following 
additional data points: (1) ITNs for all shipments regardless of 
monetary value, destination country, or other characteristics that 
could otherwise exempt or preclude an exporting entity from obtaining 
an ITN, (2) conveyance names, (3) IMOs of the vessel(s) carrying the 
export, as applicable and (4) container numbers (e.g., ISO tank 
numbers). EPA requested comment on whether there are any additional 
data points that would aid the Agency in quickly verifying the 
information provided in a RACA application, including but not limited 
to customs release documents from the country receiving the exports and 
proof of receipt at the final destination. EPA also requested comment 
on whether any entity that may apply for a RACA would have difficulty 
gathering and submitting the additional data points proposed. EPA also 
sought comment on whether the Agency should require the reporting of 
certain EEI, which are data that must be filed through the Automated 
Export System (AES), to aid in EPA's review of RACAs to verify export 
data more generally similar to those required under 40 CFR 84.31(c)(7).
    Several commenters were opposed to EPA's proposal to add additional 
required elements for RACA applications. Commenters claimed that 
requiring additional data points as part of RACA applications would be 
unnecessary and burdensome. In addition, one commenter noted that it 
may be difficult for an exporter to obtain additional data as they 
would have to rely on third parties who may not be motivated to provide 
such information. One commenter noted that the information on the ITN 
is comprehensive and should be sufficient to enable EPA review when 
paired with already required export documents. One commenter noted that 
EPA has been able to process RACAs with the information required under 
the Allocation Framework Rule, so it is unclear why additional data is 
needed.
    In this final rule, EPA is revising the regulation to require, as 
part of an application for RACAs, ITNs for all shipments regardless of 
monetary value, destination country, or other characteristics that 
could otherwise exempt or preclude an exporting entity from obtaining 
an ITN. EPA is also finalizing a requirement that exporters provide all 
international export declaration documentation, i.e., EEI, which is 
electronically filed within AES. EPA is not finalizing the proposal 
with respect to, and therefore will not be requiring, conveyance names, 
IMOs of the vessel(s) carrying the export, and container numbers. EPA 
is finalizing these additional information requirements to enable the 
Agency to more quickly locate exports and review RACA applications 
expeditiously. Through implementation of the existing 40 CFR 84.17 
regulations, we learned review of RACAs could be more efficient if 
exporters provided additional information with their RACA requests. An 
ITN is received as confirmation that the EEI has been accepted in the 
AES. If there are multiple containers, the EEI should list containers 
and the net weight associated with the ITN. Having these additional 
data elements will enable EPA to validate reported exports against the 
AES. Because the corresponding AES shipment record merely validates and 
records the data provided as-is and may not capture data associated 
with the final export, EPA may request additional verification if there 
are discrepancies in the requested RACA amounts when compared to the 
AES shipment record or final export data available to EPA and CBP. 
RACAs may be granted only for the amounts of verified exports of bulk 
regulated substances.
    One commenter recommended that EPA revise the existing requirement 
at 40 CFR 84.17(a)(8) that the exporter must submit the bill of lading 
as part of a request for consumption allowances for fire suppressant 
manufacturers or for individual bulk tanks containing less than 1,500 
pounds of regulated substances. The commenter stated that in lieu of 
requiring the bill of lading, the Agency should accept the AES filing 
document and the OEM's shipping letter of instruction. The commenter 
argued that for fire suppressant manufacturers, the bill of lading does 
not always designate the agent weight, but the AES filing contains the 
ITN, the export date, agent weight by HTS code and the destination 
country, which are easily cross referenced with the commercial

[[Page 46884]]

invoice and shipping letter of instruction and is binding by the fact 
it is a CBP submittal. EPA disagrees with the commenter's 
recommendation to exclude fire suppressant manufacturers or small 
shipments from the general requirements to submit the bill of lading as 
part of the RACA submittal. The Agency understands that in some cases 
the bill of lading may not include information such as the agent 
weight. In such cases entities may submit supplementary documentation 
that provides the necessary information, such as the AES filing 
document and the OEM's shipping letter of instruction. EPA reiterates 
that entities have an obligation to include in their RACA submittal all 
required information to the Agency.
    In the proposal, EPA also noted that it was considering amending 
the regulations to require that exporters provide documentation to 
verify an allowance was expended when the regulated substance being 
exported was produced or imported, though the RACA requirements 
finalized in the Allocation Framework Rule allow an entity to receive a 
refund on allowances for an export regardless of when the HFC was 
initially produced or imported. One commenter opposed this concept, but 
also requested that if this were to be finalized, EPA allow an entity 
to designate a year of production if regulated substances produced in 
different years are comingled into a large tank, vessel, or sphere, so 
long as the producer keeps clear and contemporaneous records. EPA is 
not finalizing a requirement that allowances be expended for the 
production or import of regulated substances in order for export of 
those substances to be eligible to receive RACAs.
    Some commenters request that EPA revise its regulations such that 
allowances granted through a RACA could be used in a subsequent 
calendar year. One commenter noted that because of long lead times for 
foreign suppliers and shipping, it is difficult to apply for and obtain 
RACAs, and then import with allowances provided by the RACA all in one 
year. As noted in the prior paragraph, EPA is not requiring allowances 
be expended for regulated substances in order for export of those 
substances to be eligible to receive RACAs. Therefore, RACAs do not 
have to be obtained in the same year a regulated substance is produced 
or imported. However, EPA did not propose changes to the provision that 
EPA will allocate allowances through a RACA for the same calendar year 
in which an export occurred. Therefore, this comment is outside the 
scope of this rulemaking. However, if EPA were to consider the comment, 
the Agency disagrees with the change recommended by the commenter. EPA 
is maintaining the requirement that both the export and the RACA occur 
in the same calendar year and that any refunded allowances must also be 
expended in that same calendar year. This is necessary to ensure that 
the statutorily defined production and consumption reduction targets 
are met each calendar year.
    One commenter requested that EPA modify the RACA application to 
allow for reporting exports of blends (e.g., R-407C, R-410A) rather 
than requiring listing of HFC blend components. The commenter's request 
relates to how EPA has structured its form and not directly to 
regulatory requirements. EPA intends to make the change requested by 
the commenter on the RACA application form, and this alteration has 
been reflected in the updated ICR associated with this rule. If EPA 
grants a RACA request for export of a regulated substance blend, the 
amount of allowances refunded continues to be based on the regulated 
substance components of the blend, and not the blend as a whole.
    One commenter requested that the exporter be authorized to request 
additional allowances for any person that had originally supplied the 
allowances expended to produce or import the exported material or, 
alternatively, an exporter could be authorized to designate any person 
as the recipient. The commenter argued that such flexibility would let 
the persons involved in production or importation followed by export to 
decide among themselves by contract how to handle allowances. EPA 
considers this comment to be outside the scope of this rulemaking since 
EPA did not propose any changes to the current regulation at 40 CFR 
84.17(b)(1)(ii), that provides additional consumption allowances can go 
to the producer, importer, or exporter. If any entity receiving 
allowances through a RACA wants the allowances to go to a different 
entity, the allowances can be transferred pursuant to 40 CFR 84.19.

E. Considered Petitions To Import Regulated Substances for Laboratory 
Testing With Eventual Destruction

    In reviewing import activity, EPA learned that some entities may 
import small amounts of regulated substances for laboratory testing to 
determine the type and amount of any impurities in the United States, 
after which point the substances are destroyed. The current regulations 
require allowances to be expended in these instances. In most 
situations, the regulated substances are virgin material, but may not 
meet the exact specifications required by the producer or for the 
intended applications. Even if these regulated substances could be 
considered used, there are no provisions in the current regulations to 
allow for an intermediary step (such as laboratory testing) prior to 
destruction without expending allowances.
    Based on information available at the time of proposal, EPA did not 
consider laboratory testing of regulated substances that are ultimately 
bound for destruction as meriting an exemption from expending 
allowances, but EPA solicited comment on whether a petition process 
like that in 40 CFR 84.25(b) would be appropriate and necessary, and on 
the number of entities that would potentially make use of a petition 
process as well as the frequency and quantity of such imports. EPA 
stated in the proposal that the Agency would consider finalizing a 
petition process if compelling comments were received demonstrating 
that these tests cannot be performed in the countries of use or that 
the scope of these activities warrant a regulatory petition process. 
EPA noted at proposal that the frequency, quantity, and number of 
potentially affected entities were not fully known, though the Agency 
did not believe that that they were of sufficient scale to necessitate 
a regulatory petition process for the entities to be exempt from 
expending allowances.
    EPA received two comments in support of such a petition process. 
Both commenters focused on marine applications of regulated substances, 
where commenters noted it can be difficult to test within a country of 
origin. One commenter requested that EPA allow the import of regulated 
substances for laboratory testing without the requirement of a petition 
to EPA and without a limit to keep the sample size below a certain 
numeric level. The other commenter requested that EPA provide an 
exemption or blanket permitting system that could be utilized by 
shipping lines to facilitate the import of a test sample of 0.5kgs or 
less per sample, but that after testing the regulated substance be 
reclaimed, not destroyed. Both commenters noted that a petition process 
could be beneficial, but provided little to no rationale as to why 
imports to conduct laboratory sampling needed to proceed without 
expenditure of allowances. One commenter's suggestion to not require 
samples to be destroyed, but rather reclaimed, following laboratory 
testing appears directly counter to the AIM Act. The calculation of 
consumption

[[Page 46885]]

subtracts out destruction, and therefore subsequent destruction of an 
imported regulated substance would result in net zero consumption if 
the import and destruction occur in the same calendar year. However, if 
a regulated substance was imported without expenditure of consumption 
allowances and not subsequently destroyed, those regulated substances 
would count toward consumption, but would not be accounted for in EPA's 
allowance system, and therefore would be in excess of the consumption 
cap established by Congress. Moving beyond this particular argument, 
neither commenter provided compelling reasons as to why EPA should 
create a unique exemption pathway for regulated substances brought in 
for laboratory sampling. The commenters have not provided a sufficient 
case to overcome the skepticism EPA noted at proposal. Therefore, EPA 
is not establishing such a petition process in this final rule.

IX. What are the costs and benefits of this action?

    In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA conducted a Regulatory Impact 
Analysis (RIA) which estimated the costs and benefits of the phasedown 
of HFCs directed by the AIM Act, as implemented through the Allocation 
Framework Rule. That RIA estimated benefits and costs for the HFC 
phasedown between 2022 and 2050, including assuming for analytical 
purposes that the allocation system would continue unchanged for years 
past the initial period (i.e., for 2024 and beyond). This final rule 
continues the use of an allocation methodology that is substantially 
similar to the Allocation Framework Rule and this action will not 
result in any significant changes to the phasedown program as a whole, 
and thus does not fundamentally change the assumptions made in the 
Allocation Framework Rule RIA.
    Therefore, for this action EPA is updating the Allocation Framework 
Rule RIA via an RIA addendum, and as described below. EPA is not 
conducting a new RIA because the Allocation Framework Rule already 
analyzed estimated benefits and costs over the time period covered by 
this rule. As described in this preamble, we are adjusting the 
consumption baseline, revising particular recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements, and carrying out other limited revisions to the existing 
regulations. These revisions would generally apply starting in 2024. In 
this section we discuss two discrete changes to the analysis of 
benefits and costs as presented in the RIA for the Allocation Framework 
Rule. First, we are providing an analysis of the incremental change in 
benefits and costs associated with the adjustment to the consumption 
baseline from 2024 through 2050 relative to the benefits and costs 
estimate for the same time period as estimated in the supporting 
analysis for the Allocation Framework Rule. Separately, we have 
adjusted estimated costs associated with the HFC phasedown from 2024 
through 2050 due to updating assumptions for an abatement option used 
in the analysis.
    This analysis is intended to provide the public with updated 
information on the relevant costs and benefits of this action and to 
comply with Executive Orders. The analysis does not form a basis or 
rationale for any of the actions EPA is implementing in this 
rulemaking. The Allocation Framework Rule, its RIA, and supporting 
documentation provide more detail on our analysis methodology of the 
costs and benefits of the HFC phasedown between 2022 and 2050, and are 
available in the docket for this action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-
0430). More information on the analysis for this action is available in 
an addendum to the Allocation Framework Rule's RIA in the docket for 
this action.
    As discussed in section IV of this preamble and a memorandum 
titled, ``Docket Memo on Revisions to HFC Baseline,'' available in the 
docket for this rulemaking, this rule reduces the consumption baseline 
by 1.35 MMTEVe (approximately 0.44 percent) relative to the baseline 
codified in the Allocation Framework Rule at 40 CFR 84.7(b)(2). With a 
lower consumption baseline, more abatement will be necessary in each 
year starting in 2024 to reduce HFC consumption from its business-as-
usual level to a level below the maximum allowed consumption. However, 
for the years 2029 through 2050, the abatement options modeled in the 
original Allocation Framework Rule RIA using the higher baseline had 
already sufficiently lowered consumption below the level required 
through the updates made in this rulemaking. As a result, no additional 
abatement options are needed in these years and no incremental costs 
are accrued. More detail is provided in the RIA addendum for this rule.
    Reducing the consumption of HFCs reduces the emissions of HFCs, 
although the time profile of emissions reduction can vary depending on 
the application the HFCs are used in. For example, reducing HFCs used 
in aerosols may result in the avoidance of a more near-term emissions 
release (assuming the product would be used in the same year) while 
other types of equipment and products (e.g., AC units) typically emit 
HFCs more gradually over time. Taking these dynamics into account, 
EPA's Vintaging Model is used to calculate consumption and emissions of 
HFCs under a ``business-as-usual'' forecast and an alternative scenario 
in which the AIM Act allowance allocation phasedowns are in effect and 
abatement options are undertaken. The delta between these two scenarios 
results in the estimated reduction in consumption and emissions of HFCs 
in each year resulting from this rule.
    Based on this approach, EPA estimates that the lowering of the HFC 
baseline would reduce total HFC consumption by additional 6.34 MMTEVe 
and would reduce HFC emissions by an additional 0.05 MMTEVe relative to 
the previous estimate from the Allocation Framework Rule, for the 
period of 2024-2050. By multiplying the change in emissions of each HFC 
in each year by the social cost of HFCs for that HFC for that year, the 
monetary value of the climate benefits of the emissions reduction can 
be estimated. From 2024 through 2050 at a discount rate of 3 percent in 
2020 dollars, this baseline adjustment results in incremental climate 
benefits of $2.9 million, costs of $175 million, and a net cost of 
$172.1 million. These reductions in HFC emissions and associated 
climate benefits are all attributable to the baseline adjustment.
    As detailed in section VI and portions of other sections of this 
preamble, EPA is also finalizing in this rulemaking a number of updates 
to the recordkeeping and reporting requirements originally established 
in the Allocation Framework Rule. While some of these updates represent 
clarifications of the existing requirements, others represent 
additional requirements that impact the total anticipated compliance 
costs of this rule. The Agency notes that general testing requirements 
were already established under the Allocation Framework Rule. EPA 
expects that flexibilities offered in this action to accommodate 
existing credential and testing practices will result in negligible 
additional costs. Specific amendments resulting in additional 
anticipated cost burden include the annual importer of record reporting 
requirements and the maintenance of sampling/testing records. As a 
result of these updates, EPA estimates that, starting in 2024, 
recordkeeping and reporting costs will increase by approximately 
$370,570 annually relative to the previous estimates from the 
Allocation Framework Rule.

[[Page 46886]]

    Taking into account both the baseline adjustment and the updated 
recordkeeping and reporting costs, EPA estimates the incremental cost 
of this rule to be $344 million from 2024 through 2050 (in 2020 
dollars, using a discount rate of 3 percent). Relative to the value of 
cumulative net benefits for the HFC Allocation Program between 2022 and 
2050 that was originally calculated in the RIA for the Allocation 
Framework Rule, this increase represents a 0.1 percent decrease in 
cumulative net benefits. Although EPA is using the social costs of HFCs 
for purposes of this analysis, this action does not rely on the 
estimates of these costs as a record basis for the Agency action, and 
EPA would take the same final action even in the absence of the social 
costs of HFCs.
    EPA also updated an abatement option used in the analysis to 
reflect the most recently available information. Specifically, the 
previous analysis assumed that some consumption of HFC-134a could be 
abated by transitioning the foam-blowing agent used to produce extruded 
polystyrene (XPS) boardstock foam. If XPS foam producers shifted from 
using a combination of HFC-134a and CO2 to a mixture of 
liquid carbon dioxide (LCD) and alcohol, all of the HFC consumption 
associated with producing XPS foam could be avoided. However, prior to 
this rulemaking EPA received comment from two foam manufacturers that 
the abatement option of using LCD/alcohol has not been proven to meet 
the safety and performance standards required in the United States and 
would not be a viable option. While the LCD/alcohol technology is 
successfully used in other countries, we understand that U.S. companies 
expect XPS foam production to transition from using HFC-134a/
CO2 to blends containing a hydrochlorofluoroolefin and/or an 
HFO. This revision of an abatement option did not result in any changes 
to the emissions or benefits, because these options are applied to 
reduce consumption to the respective phasedown step. The updated 
assumption resulted in a cost increase of $2.7 billion from 2024-2050 
at a 3 percent discount rate relative to the prior estimate provided 
with the Allocation Framework Rule RIA. The effect is slightly less 
than a 1 percent change in the estimated net benefit of the HFC 
phasedown in 2022-2050. This revision solely reflects a change in 
assumptions. It is not the result of a regulatory change and does not 
reflect a change in costs from actions finalized in this rule.
    EPA received two comments stating that the Agency did not support 
assumptions made in the analysis of costs and benefits associated with 
the proposed rulemaking, particularly noting burdens imposed due to 
proposed same day documentation requirements and recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements for small businesses. Another commenter 
questioned whether EPA had fully analyzed the burdens associated with 
the proposed same day documentation of allowance expenditures, stated 
that the Agency did not document the associated burden. The same 
commenter stated that EPA was incorrect in its assumption in the 
economic impact screening analysis that small businesses were not 
expected to experience any additional compliance or administrative 
costs due to proposed recordkeeping and reporting changes. The 
commenter did not cite any particular costs that may be incurred by 
small businesses, but noted generally that the Agency proposed new 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements.
    EPA is not finalizing the proposed same day documentation 
requirements and there will be no associated costs. Accordingly, in the 
RIA addendum included in the docket for this action the Agency does not 
assess potential costs of such a requirement. In response to comments, 
EPA acknowledges that there are minor additional costs associated with 
the revised recordkeeping and reporting changes which were not 
accounted for in this rulemaking's proposal, i.e., as discussed earlier 
in this section, the annual importer of record reporting requirements 
and the maintenance of sampling/testing records. In this action the 
Agency analyzed and incorporated those costs of $370,570 into the RIA 
addendum and economic screening analysis.
    Another commenter stated that the economic screening analysis did 
not support its assumption that additional HFC could be purchased at a 
10 percent premium if entities had not received sufficient allowances 
for their operational needs. The commenter further stated that in its 
screening analysis the Agency did not assess availability and pricing 
of domestic HFC supply (whether virgin or reclaimed), consumer 
acceptability, supply chain disruptions, and equipment compatibility 
together as related factors.
    EPA disagrees with the assertion that its modeling assumption of 
HFC pricing was unsupported and that its analysis did not consider 
related factors in its assessment of potential economic impacts. The 
Agency notes its discussion of these issues in the screening analysis. 
Based on past experience with the ODS phaseout, the Agency understands 
its assumptions to be reasonable. Anecdotal feedback indicates that HFC 
prices increased in 2021 and 2022 based on a number of factors, 
including supply chain disruptions, a global pandemic, antidumping 
duties and other tariffs, passage of the AIM Act, and the Allocation 
Framework Rule. However, in its analysis EPA used the independent price 
information available to the Agency. EPA also explained that 
transitioning to substitutes, increased recovery, reclamation, leak 
reduction, and prior inventory in combination support the assumption 
that sufficient domestic supply of HFCs will be available for entities 
to meet demand without significant price increases. This assumption is 
based on estimates of refrigerant available for recovery and 
reclamation from EPA's Vintaging Model,\48\ actual reclamation amounts 
reported to EPA,\49\ and a review of the available servicing tail from 
previous EPA rulemakings related to the HCFC Allocation System. 
Additionally, consistent with the ODS phaseout, we expect that 
inventory built prior to 2022 (and to a lesser extent in 2022 and 2023) 
will also be a source of HFCs for the market in 2024 and later years. 
The commenter did not explain the relevance of consumer acceptability 
as a related factor. EPA is unaware of a reason that HFCs or HFC 
substitutes would be unacceptable to consumers. The Agency also notes 
that, unlike the chemical-specific allocation system for HCFCs during 
the ODS phaseout, EPA is issuing allowances on an exchange value-
weighted basis through the HFC phasedown program. This, in combination 
with opportunities described above in this paragraph to transition to 
substitutes, increase recovery, reclaim, reduce leaks, and use prior 
inventory, provides flexibility for entities to manage potential issues 
with equipment computability. While the Agency's past experience 
phasing out ODS did not show a clear correlation between reduction in 
allocations and price in these markets, and EPA acknowledges that there 
may be differences in market responses between the ODS phaseout and HFC 
phasedown, EPA conservatively used a 10 percent

[[Page 46887]]

increase in domestically sourced HFCs relative to the current price to 
model potential impacts on small businesses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022b. 
Vintaging Model. Version VM IO file_v5.1_03.23.22.
    \49\ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Summary 
of Refrigerant Reclamation Trends. July 2020. Available online at: 
https://www.epa.gov/section608/summary-refrigerant-reclamation-trends.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For informational purposes, considering the incremental change to 
the consumption baseline associated with this rule, updates to 
recordkeeping and reporting costs, and the separate update to the 
analytical model described further in the addendum in the docket for 
this rulemaking, the present value of cumulative net benefits for the 
HFC Allocation Program between 2022 and 2050 is now estimated to be 
$269.9 billion.

X. How is EPA considering environmental justice?

    As part of the RIA addendum for the proposed rulemaking, EPA 
updated the environmental justice analysis that was previously 
conducted for the Allocation Framework Rule. The updated environmental 
justice analysis used the same analytical approach used previously, 
along with updated data on cancer and respiratory risks. The analysis 
also included the addition of another facility that reported HFC 
production and reviewed TRI data for 2020 and 2021.
    Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) and Executive 
Order 14008 (86 FR 7619, January 27, 2021) establish Federal executive 
policy on environmental justice. Executive Order 14096, signed April 
21, 2023, builds on the prior Executive Orders to further advance 
environmental justice (88 FR 25251).
    Executive Order 12898's main provision directs Federal agencies, to 
the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to make 
environmental justice part of their mission by identifying and 
addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human 
health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and 
activities on people of color and low-income populations in the United 
States. EPA defines environmental justice as the fair treatment and 
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin, or income with respect to the development, 
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and 
policies.\50\ Meaningful involvement means that: (1) Potentially 
affected populations have an appropriate opportunity to participate in 
decisions about a proposed activity that will affect their environment 
and/or health; (2) the public's contribution can influence the 
regulatory Agency's decision; (3) the concerns of all participants 
involved will be considered in the decision-making process; and (4) the 
rule-writers and decision-makers seek out and facilitate the 
involvement of those potentially affected.\51\ The term 
``disproportionate impacts'' refers to differences in impacts or risks 
that are extensive enough that they may merit Agency action. In 
general, the determination of whether there is a disproportionate 
impact that may merit Agency action is ultimately a policy judgment 
which, while informed by analysis, is the responsibility of the 
decision-maker. The terms ``difference'' or ``differential'' indicate 
an analytically discernible distinction in impacts or risks across 
population groups. It is the role of the analyst to assess and present 
differences in anticipated impacts across population groups of concern 
for both the baseline and proposed regulatory options, using the best 
available information (both quantitative and qualitative) to inform the 
decision-maker and the public.\52\
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    \50\ See, e.g., ``Environmental Justice.'', EPA, 4 March 2021, 
https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice.
    \51\ The criteria for meaningful involvement are contained in 
EPA's May 2015 guidance document ``Guidance on Considering 
Environmental Justice During the Development of an Action.'' EPA, 17 
February. 2017, www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/guidance-considering-environmental-justice-during-development-action.
    \52\ The definitions and criteria for ``disproportionate 
impacts,'' ``difference,'' and ``differential'' are contained in 
EPA's June 2016 guidance document ``Technical Guidance for Assessing 
Environmental Justice in Regulatory Analysis.'' EPA, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-06/documents/ejtg_5_6_16_v5.1.pdf.
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    A regulatory action may involve potential environmental justice 
concerns if it could: (1) create new disproportionate impacts on people 
of color, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples; (2) 
exacerbate existing disproportionate impacts on people of color, low-
income populations, and/or indigenous peoples; or (3) present 
opportunities to address existing disproportionate impacts on people of 
color, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples through the 
action under development.
    Executive Order 14008 calls on agencies to make achieving 
environmental justice part of their missions ``by developing programs, 
policies, and activities to address the disproportionately high and 
adverse human health, environmental, climate-related and other 
cumulative impacts on disadvantaged communities, as well as the 
accompanying economic challenges of such impacts.'' Executive Order 
14008 further declares a policy ``to secure environmental justice and 
spur economic opportunity for disadvantaged communities that have been 
historically marginalized and overburdened by pollution and under-
investment in housing, transportation, water and wastewater 
infrastructure, and health care.'' In addition, the Presidential 
Memorandum on Modernizing Regulatory Review calls for procedures to 
``take into account the distributional consequences of regulations, 
including as part of a quantitative or qualitative analysis of the 
costs and benefits of regulations, to ensure that regulatory 
initiatives appropriately benefit, and do not inappropriately burden 
disadvantaged, vulnerable, or marginalized communities'' (86 FR 7223, 
January 26, 2021). EPA also released its June 2016 ``Technical Guidance 
for Assessing Environmental Justice in Regulatory Analysis'' (2016 
Technical Guidance) to provide recommendations that encourage analysts 
to conduct the highest quality analysis feasible, recognizing that data 
limitations, time and resource constraints, and analytic challenges 
will vary by media and circumstance.
    In the Allocation Framework Rule, EPA established the baselines for 
the production and consumption of regulated substances, determined the 
quantity of allowances that would be available nationwide according to 
the AIM Act's phasedown schedule, and created an allowance allocation 
and trading program. EPA also summarized the public health and welfare 
effects of GHG emissions (including HFCs), including findings that 
certain parts of the population may be especially vulnerable to climate 
change risks based on their characteristics or circumstances, including 
the poor, the elderly, the very young, those already in poor health, 
the disabled, those living alone, and/or indigenous populations 
dependent on one or limited resources due to factors including but not 
limited to geography, access, and mobility (86 FR 55124-55125). 
Potential impacts of climate change raise environmental justice issues. 
Low-income communities can be especially vulnerable to climate change 
impacts because they tend to have more limited capacity to bear the 
costs of adaptation and are more dependent on climate-sensitive 
resources such as local water and food supplies. In corollary, some 
communities of color, specifically populations defined jointly by both 
ethnic/racial characteristics and geographic location, may be uniquely 
vulnerable to climate change health impacts in the United States.

[[Page 46888]]

    EPA has not assessed climate-based impacts to communities that 
surround HFC production facilities for this rule or as part of the 
Allocation Framework Rule. The location of HFC production facilities 
has no significant bearing on the climate impacts that these 
communities will experience.
    As detailed in the Allocation Framework Rule and its accompanying 
RIA, the phasedown of HFCs in the United States will achieve 
significant benefits associated with reducing climate change. However, 
as described in the RIA for the Allocation Framework Rule and in the 
RIA addendum for this rule, there continues to be significant 
uncertainty about how the phasedown of HFC production, the issuance of 
allowances, and market trends independent of this rulemaking could 
affect production of HFCs and HFC substitutes--and associated air 
pollution emissions--at individual facilities, particularly in 
communities that are disproportionately burdened by air pollution.

Characteristics of Communities Surrounding HFC Production Facilities

    For the environmental justice analysis performed to support the 
Allocation Framework Rule, EPA reviewed the available evidence from the 
published literature and from community input on what factors may make 
population groups of concern more vulnerable to adverse effects (e.g., 
cumulative exposure from multiple stressors), including but not limited 
to the 2009 and 2016 Endangerment Findings and the reports from IPCC, 
the US Global Change Research Program, and the National Research 
Council. It was also important to evaluate the data and methods 
available for conducting an environmental justice analysis.
    EPA's 2016 Technical Guidance does not prescribe or recommend a 
specific approach or methodology for conducting an environmental 
justice analysis, though a key consideration is consistency with the 
assumptions underlying other parts of the regulatory analysis when 
evaluating the baseline and regulatory options. Where applicable and 
practicable, the Agency's RIA examined certain metrics for an 
environmental justice analysis comprising more than just climate change 
effects, including: the proximity of entities receiving allowances to 
populations disaggregated by race and ethnicity, low-income 
populations, and/or indigenous peoples; the number of entities 
receiving allowances that may be adversely affecting population groups 
of concern; the nature, amounts, and location of regulated HFC 
production facilities that may adversely affect population groups of 
concern; and potential exposure pathways associated with the production 
of the regulated HFCs or with chemicals used as feedstocks, catalysts, 
or byproducts of HFC production unique to particular populations (e.g., 
workers). The environmental justice analysis is described in the RIA 
for the Allocation Framework Rule and is based on public data from the 
TRI, GHGRP, EJSCREEN (an environmental justice mapping and screening 
tool developed by EPA), Enforcement and Compliance History Online, and 
Census data. In addition, the analysis integrated suggestions received 
during the public comment period to the extent possible. The 
environmental justice analysis also contains information on non-
production releases (as defined by TRI), water releases, and offsite 
disposal for chemicals used in HFC production. The analysis of 
potential environmental justice concerns focused mainly on 
characterizing baseline emissions of air toxics that are also 
associated with chemical feedstock use for HFC production. As noted in 
the RIA for the Allocation Framework Rule, there is uncertainty around 
the role that HFC production plays in emissions of these air toxics. In 
addition, EPA conducted a proximity analysis to examine community 
characteristics within one and three miles of these facilities. The 
Agency also explored larger radii (5 and 10 miles) in response to 
public comments that releases from these facilities may travel longer 
distances.
    The relatively small number of facilities directly affected by the 
proposed rulemaking enabled EPA to assemble a uniquely granular 
assessment of the characteristics of these facilities and the 
communities where they are located. The environmental justice analysis, 
which examines racial and economic demographic and health risk 
information, found heterogeneity in community characteristics around 
individual facilities. The analysis showed that the total baseline 
cancer risk and total respiratory risk from air toxics (not all of 
which are due to emissions from HFC production) varies, but is 
generally higher, and in some cases much higher, within 1 to 10 miles 
of an HFC production facility. The analysis also found that higher 
percentages of both low-income and Black or African American 
individuals live near several HFC production facilities compared with 
the appropriate national and state level average. EPA noted in the 
final rule for the Allocation Framework Rule, and reiterates here, that 
it is not clear the extent to which these baseline risks are directly 
related to HFC production, but some feedstocks, catalysts, and 
byproducts are toxic (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, 
and trichloroethylene (TCE) and some are potentially carcinogenic. All 
HFC production facilities are near other industrial facilities that 
could contribute to the Air Toxics Screening Assessment (AirToxScreen) 
cumulative cancer and respiratory risk; the number of neighboring TRI 
facilities within one mile of an HFC production facility ranges from 1 
to 13, within 3 miles there are 2 to 20 neighboring TRI facilities, 
within 5 miles there are 2 to 33 neighboring TRI facilities, and within 
10 miles there are 6 to 67 neighboring TRI facilities.
    It is not clear how emissions related to HFC production compare to 
other chemical production at the same or nearby facilities. 
Additionally, some HFC substitutes, such as HFOs, use the same 
chemicals as feedstocks in their production or release the same 
chemicals as byproducts, potentially raising concerns about local 
exposure. Emissions from production facilities manufacturing non-
fluorinated substitutes (e.g., hydrocarbons and ammonia) could also be 
affected by the phasedown of HFCs. However, there is still limited 
information regarding how much of each substitute would be produced, 
which substitutes would be used, and what other factors might affect 
production and emissions at those locations, so it continues to be 
unclear to what extent this rule may affect baseline risks from HAP for 
communities. Further, the HFC phasedown schedule prescribed by 
Congress--with a 40 percent reduction by 2024, a 70 percent reduction 
by 2029, an 80 percent reduction by 2034 and an 85 percent reduction by 
2036--may also reduce the potential for a facility to increase 
emissions above current levels for a prolonged period, if at all. EPA 
reiterates its commitment to continue monitoring the impacts of this 
program on HFC and substitute production, and emissions in neighboring 
communities, as we move forward to implement this rule.
    As described in the proposed rulemaking, EPA updated the 
environmental justice analysis that was done as part of the Allocation 
Framework Rule. Not much time has elapsed since this rule was signed in 
September 2021, and the Agency still does not have enough data to 
determine how the implementation of the HFC phasedown may affect 
production and

[[Page 46889]]

emissions at facilities that produce HFCs and their substitutes. For 
this reason, EPA followed the analytical approach used in the 
Allocation Framework Rule RIA to provide updated data on the total 
number of TRI facilities near HFC production facilities and the cancer 
and respiratory risks to surrounding communities. This update included 
the use of the most recent data available for the AirToxScreen data set 
from 2019, replacing the 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) 
data used in the previous analysis. Additionally, EPA updated the list 
of HFC production facilities as part of this analysis to include an 
additional ninth facility that reported production of HFCs in 2022. 
Finally, EPA has updated the list of toxic chemicals potentially used 
as a feedstock or catalyst or released as a byproduct of HFC production 
based on information reported to EPA under the Allocation Framework 
Rule (see 40 CFR 84.31(b)(1)).
    In addition, EPA included a demonstration of a microsimulation 
approach to analyze the proximity of communities to potentially 
affected HFC production facilities. Microsimulation is a technique 
relying upon advanced statistics and data science to combine disparate 
survey and geospatial data. It has long been used in a variety of 
economic and social science research and has been used before by EPA 
(in the context of understanding the implications of underground 
storage tank impacts on groundwater). Recent advances in data science 
and computational power have increased the availability of 
microsimulation for applications such as environmental justice 
analysis. The demonstration analysis included in the RIA addendum 
contributes to understanding communities that may warrant further 
environmental justice analysis.
    The updated environmental justice analysis found that for eight of 
the nine facilities identified as HFC producers, the demographic data 
are identical to that included in the Allocation Framework Rule RIA. 
The racial, ethnic, and income figures for the 8 communities within 1, 
3, 5, and 10 miles of the respective facilities are drawn from the most 
recent American Communities Survey data from 2019. Using the updated 
2019 AirToxScreen data, the total cancer risk and total respiratory 
risk generally decreased compared with the previous analysis for the 
communities surrounding several production facilities. Additionally, 
looking across the nine HFC production facilities, the risks from air 
emissions (not all of which necessarily stem from HFC production), 
while varied, were still generally higher, and in some cases much 
higher, within one to three miles of an HFC production facility and 
compared with the overall national and state averages.
    For the additional ninth facility, Islechem, the total cancer risk 
and total respiratory risk within 1 to 10 miles of the facility were 
similar to or lower than the risks based on the national and state 
average. The proportion of low-income and Black or African American and 
other communities of color were lower than the national and state 
averages and increased with increasing distance from this facility.

Characteristics of Communities Surrounding HFC Substitutes Production 
Facilities

    As mentioned above in this section, emissions from facilities 
producing fluorinated and non-fluorinated substitutes may also be 
affected by the phasedown of HFCs. In the Technology Transitions 
rulemaking under the AIM Act (proposal at 87 FR 76838, December 15, 
2022), EPA is conducting an environmental justice analysis to assess 
the potential impacts of that proposed rulemaking by examining the 
characteristics of communities near facilities producing HFC 
substitutes (e.g., hydrocarbons, CO2, ammonia, HFOs) used in 
the sectors or subsectors addressed in the petitions.
    With the restriction on use of certain HFCs, EPA anticipates that 
the production of HFC substitutes will increase. Accordingly, for the 
environmental justice analysis for the proposed Technology Transitions 
Rule, EPA identified 14 facilities producing predominant HFC 
substitutes that may be impacted by that rule and where production 
changes may impact nearby communities. Overall, the Technology 
Transitions Rule will reduce GHG emissions, which will benefit 
populations that may be especially vulnerable to damages associated 
with climate change. However, the manner in which producers transition 
from high-GWP HFCs could drive changes in future risk for communities 
living near facilities that produce HFC substitutes, to the extent the 
use of toxic feedstocks, byproducts, or catalysts changes, and those 
chemicals are released into the environment with adverse local effects.
    The analysis for the proposed Technology Transitions Rule showed 
that a higher proportion of individuals identified as African American 
or Black and as Hispanic with respect to race live in proximity to the 
identified facilities compared with the national average or the rural 
areas national average. Importantly, the comparison to the rural area 
national average is more striking, because so many of the facilities 
are rural. While median income is not significantly different for the 
communities near the facilities (slightly lower than the national 
average but slightly above or equal to the rural median income), there 
is a higher proportion of very low-income households in these 
communities. Additionally, total cancer risk and total respiratory risk 
is higher than either the rural national average or the overall 
national average in communities near the facilities. The analysis shows 
that the risks are higher for those within the 1-mile average radius 
and decrease at the 3-mile, 5-mile, and 10-mile radii.
    EPA notes that the averages may obfuscate potentially large 
differences in the community characteristics surrounding individual 
production facilities. Analysis of the demographic characteristics and 
AirToxScreen data for the 14 identified facilities shows that there are 
significant differences in the communities near these facilities. The 
racial, ethnic, and income results are varied but, in almost all cases, 
total cancer risk and total respiratory risk are higher for the 
communities in proximity to the sites than to the appropriate (rural or 
overall) average when compared with the national or state results.
    Additionally, some facilities are in communities that are quite 
different from the aggregate results discussed in this section above. 
The aggregate results show that the communities near the facilities 
tend to have a slightly lower proportion of neighboring individuals 
identified as White and a higher proportion identified as African 
American or Black and as Hispanic with respect to race, in several 
cases. In several cases, however, the communities near specific 
facilities have higher percentages of White individuals than either the 
state or national averages.
    More information was provided in conjunction with that proposed 
rulemaking, and EPA intends to issue the final rule later this year.
    EPA sought input on the environmental justice analysis contained in 
the RIA addendum for the proposed rulemaking for this action, as well 
as broader input on other health and environmental risks the Agency 
should assess. In the proposed rulemaking, EPA sought data or analysis 
to identify whether it is reasonable to expect net increases in 
emissions, and if so, how we might analytically isolate the impacts of 
this program (e.g., effects resulting from the phasedown itself, the 
trading of production allowances, or some other factor) that would 
enable the

[[Page 46890]]

Agency to conduct a more nuanced analysis of changes in releases 
associated with chemical feedstocks and byproducts for HFC substitutes, 
given the inherent uncertainty regarding where, and in what quantities, 
substitutes will be produced. EPA sought comment and further discussion 
of the use of microsimulation approaches and techniques for the RIA 
addendum and other program activities. The Agency sought comment on 
whether updating the analysis provided with the Allocation Framework 
Rule would be useful and what additional insight it might provide for 
the environmental justice analysis.
    EPA received one comment related to the environmental justice 
analysis in the RIA. The commenter stated that there was no analysis in 
the RIA addendum's environmental justice analysis of how emissions of 
various HFC feedstocks, catalysts, and byproducts affect nearby 
communities, and asserted that it would be important to know for each 
facility which chemicals were included and their impact on cancer and 
respiratory risks. The commenter also stated that because the RIA 
addendum doesn't quantify TCE feedstock emissions from HFC/HFO 
production, it is not possible to understand the impact of TCE 
feedstock on their facility's fenceline concentrations without 
substantial supplementation of record. They explained that there were 
multiple chemical facilities near their facility, and their TCE 
feedstock emissions account for less than 0.1 percent of total cancer 
risk.
    EPA acknowledged in the RIA addendum for this rulemaking's proposal 
the many limitations of the environmental justice analysis, as 
described by the commenter, including the fact that each facility 
generally produces several chemical products and nearby communities are 
exposed to multiple sources of toxic emissions. Due to the lack of 
consistent data, the Agency was not able to analyze community exposures 
from and risks due specifically to feedstocks, catalysts, and 
byproducts used in HFC production. Due to these limitations, EPA has 
stated in the environmental justice analysis in the RIA addendum that 
the Agency cannot make conclusions about the impact of this rule on 
individuals or specific communities. Instead, the analysis serves to 
identify the characteristics of communities surrounding HFC production 
facilities to better ensure that future actions, as more information 
becomes available, can improve outcomes. However, EPA has updated the 
environmental justice analysis accompanying this final rule to include 
a list of chemicals that may potentially be associated with HFC 
production. It also provides 2019 through 2021 TRI data for each 
facility, including the reported air emissions for chemicals that may 
be associated with HFC production. See new section 6.4 of the final RIA 
addendum.
    The commenter also stated that the RIA addendum needs to be updated 
to reflect 2018 AirToxScreen data, which shows a lower total potential 
cancer risk than the 2014 NATA data and 2017 AirToxScreen. EPA agreed 
that the environmental justice analysis in the RIA addendum needed to 
reflect more recent data. As described above, EPA updated the 
environmental justice analysis to include the most recent 2019 
AirToxScreen dataset released.

XI. Judicial Review

    The AIM Act provides that certain sections of the CAA ``shall apply 
to'' the AIM Act and actions ``promulgated by the Administrator of 
[EPA] pursuant to [the AIM Act] as though [the AIM Act] were expressly 
included in title VI of [the CAA].'' 42 U.S.C. 7675(k)(1)(C). Among the 
applicable sections of the CAA is section 307, which includes 
provisions on judicial review. Section 307(b)(1) provides, in part, 
that petitions for review must only be filed in the United States Court 
of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit: (i) when the agency 
action consists of ``nationally applicable regulations promulgated, or 
final actions taken, by the Administrator,'' or (ii) when such action 
is locally or regionally applicable, but ``such action is based on a 
determination of nationwide scope or effect and if in taking such 
action the Administrator finds and publishes that such action is based 
on such a determination.'' For locally or regionally applicable final 
actions, the CAA reserves to the EPA complete discretion whether to 
invoke the exception in (ii).
    The final action herein noticed is ``nationally applicable'' within 
the meaning of CAA section 307(b)(1). The AIM Act imposes a national 
cap on the total number of allowances available for each year for all 
entities nationwide. 42 U.S.C. 7675(e)(2)(B)-(D). In this rulemaking, 
EPA is adjusting the baseline from which that total number of 
allowances is derived. The action noticed herein establishes a 
methodology to distribute that finite set of allowances in a nationally 
applicable rule. EPA is also establishing other nationally applicable 
regulations for reporting, recordkeeping, and other implementation 
measures. In the alternative, to the extent a court finds the final 
action to be locally or regionally applicable, the Administrator is 
exercising the complete discretion afforded to him under the CAA to 
make and publish a finding that the action is based on a determination 
of ``nationwide scope or effect'' within the meaning of CAA section 
307(b)(1).\53\ In deciding to invoke this exception, the Administrator 
has taken into account a number of policy considerations, including his 
judgment regarding the benefit of obtaining the D.C. Circuit's 
authoritative centralized review, rather than allowing development of 
the issue in other contexts, in order to ensure consistency in the 
Agency's approach to allocation of allowances in accordance with EPA's 
national regulations in 40 CFR part 84. The final action treats all 
affected entities consistently in how the 40 CFR part 84 regulations 
are applied. The Administrator finds that this is a matter on which 
national uniformity is desirable to take advantage of the D.C. 
Circuit's administrative law expertise and facilitate the orderly 
development of the basic law under the AIM Act and EPA's implementing 
regulations. The Administrator also finds that consolidated review of 
the action in the D.C. Circuit will avoid piecemeal litigation in the 
regional circuits, further judicial economy, and eliminate the risk of 
inconsistent results for different regulated entities. The 
Administrator also finds that a nationally consistent approach to the 
issues addressed in this rule constitutes the best use of agency 
resources. The Administrator is publishing his finding that the action 
is based on a determination of nationwide scope or effect in the 
Federal Register as part of this action. For these reasons, this final 
action is nationally applicable or, alternatively, the Administrator is 
exercising the complete discretion afforded to him by the CAA and finds 
that the final action is based on a determination of nationwide scope 
or effect for purposes of CAA section 307(b)(1) and is hereby 
publishing that finding in the Federal Register. Under section 
307(b)(1) of the CAA, petitions for judicial review of this action must 
be filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit by September 18, 2023.
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    \53\ In the report on the 1977 Amendments that revised section 
307(b)(1) of the CAA, Congress noted that the Administrator's 
determination that the ``nationwide scope or effect'' exception 
applies would be appropriate for any action that has a scope or 
effect beyond a single judicial circuit. See H.R. Rep. No. 95-294 at 
323, 324, reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1402-03.

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[[Page 46891]]

XII. Statutory and Executive Order Review

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 14094: Modernizing Regulatory Review

    This action is a ``significant regulatory action'' as defined under 
section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866, as amended by Executive Order 
14094. Accordingly, EPA submitted this action to the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) for Executive Order 12866 review. 
Documentation of any changes made in response to the Executive Order 
12866 review is available in the docket. EPA prepared an analysis of 
the potential costs and benefits associated with this action. This 
analysis ``Addendum to the Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Phasedown 
of Hydrofluorocarbons'' is available in the docket for this action 
(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430) and is briefly summarized in 
section IX of this preamble, titled, ``What are the costs and benefits 
of this action?''.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this rule have been 
submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA. The ICR document that EPA 
prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 2685.04 and revises OMB 
Control No. 2060-0734. You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for 
this rule (Docket ID. No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430), and it is briefly 
summarized here.
    Subsection (d)(1)(A) of the AIM Act specifies that on a periodic 
basis, but not less than annually, each person that, within the 
applicable reporting period, produces, imports, exports, destroys, 
transforms, uses as a process agent, or reclaims a regulated substance 
shall submit to EPA a report that describes, as applicable, the 
quantity of the regulated substance that the person: produced, 
imported, and exported; reclaimed; destroyed by a technology approved 
by the Administrator; used and entirely consumed (except for trace 
quantities) in the manufacture of another chemical; or, used as a 
process agent. EPA collects such data regularly to support 
implementation of the AIM Act's HFC phasedown provisions. EPA requires 
quarterly reporting to ensure that annual production and consumption 
limits are not exceeded. It is also needed for EPA to be able to review 
allowance transfer requests, of which remaining allowances is a major 
component of EPA's review. In addition, EPA collects information to 
calculate allowances, to track the movement of HFCs through commerce, 
and to require auditing. Collecting these data elements allows EPA to 
confirm that the entity has not exceeded its allowed level of 
production and consumption and that the aggregated annual quantity of 
production and consumption in the United States does not exceed the cap 
established in the AIM Act. As described above in this preamble, EPA is 
finalizing revisions to the recordkeeping and reporting requirements 
and new requirements.
    All information sent by the submitter electronically is transmitted 
securely to protect information that is CBI or claimed as CBI 
consistent with the confidentiality determinations made in the 
Allocation Framework Rule. The reporting tool guides the user through 
the process of submitting such data. Documents containing information 
claimed as CBI must be submitted in an electronic format, in accordance 
with the recordkeeping requirements.
    For reference, EPA continued to use data collected under the ICR 
for the GHGRP (OMB Control No. 2060-0629) as well as the associated 
reporting tool, the e-GGRT in developing this rulemaking. EPA also 
earlier requested an emergency ICR for a one-time collection request 
pertaining to data necessary to establish the U.S. consumption and 
production baselines as well as to determine potential producers, 
importers, and application-specific end users who were not subject to 
the GHGRP (OMB Control No. 2060-0732). EPA is not revising either ICR 
through this rule.
    Respondents/affected entities: Respondents and affected entities 
will be individuals or entities that produce, import, export, 
transform, distribute, destroy, or reclaim certain HFCs that are 
defined as a regulated substance under the AIM Act. Respondents and 
affected entities will also be individuals and entities who produce, 
import, or export products in six statutorily specified applications: a 
propellant in metered dose inhalers; defense sprays; structural 
composite preformed polyurethane foam for marine and trailer use; the 
etching of semiconductor material or wafers and the cleaning of 
chemical vapor deposition chambers within the semiconductor 
manufacturing sector; mission-critical military end uses, such as 
armored vehicle and shipboard fire suppression systems and systems used 
in deployable and expeditionary applications; and, on board aerospace 
fire suppression.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (AIM Act).
    Estimated number of respondents: 10,234.
    Frequency of response: Quarterly, biannual, annual, and as needed 
depending on the nature of the report.
    Total estimated burden: 58,057 hours (per year). Burden is defined 
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: $7,931,630 per year, includes $1,028,100 
annualized capital or operation & maintenance costs.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's 
regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities (SISNOSE) under the 
RFA. The small entities subject to the requirements of this action 
include those that may produce, import, export, destroy, use as a 
feedstock or process agent, reclaim, or recycle HFCs. EPA estimates 
that approximately 35 of the 276 potentially affected small businesses 
could incur costs in excess of 1 percent of annual sales and that 
approximately 28 small businesses could incur costs in excess of three 
percent of annual sales. Because there is not a significant number of 
small businesses that may experience a significant impact, it can be 
presumed that this action will have no SISNOSE. Details of this 
analysis are presented in ``Economic Impact Screening Analysis for 
Phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons: Allowance Allocation Methodology for 
2024 and Later Years.'' (Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430).

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain any unfunded mandate as described in 
UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538 and does not significantly or uniquely affect 
small governments. The action imposes no enforceable duty on any state, 
local, or tribal governments.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

[[Page 46892]]

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. EPA is not aware of tribal businesses engaged in 
activities that would be directly affected by this action. Based on the 
Agency's assessments, EPA also does not believe that potential effects, 
even if direct, would be substantial. Accordingly, this action will not 
have substantial direct effects on tribes, on the relationship between 
the Federal government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of 
power and responsibilities between the Federal government and Indian 
tribes, as specified in Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 
13175 does not apply to this action. EPA periodically updates tribal 
officials on air regulations through the monthly meetings of the 
National Tribal Air Association and has shared information on this 
rulemaking through this and other fora.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) directs Federal 
agencies to include an evaluation of the health and safety effects of 
the planned regulation on children in Federal health and safety 
standards and explain why the regulation is preferable to potentially 
effective and reasonably feasible alternatives. This action is subject 
to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) because it is a 
significant regulatory action under section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 
12866, and EPA believes that the environmental health or safety risk 
addressed by this action has a disproportionate effect on children. 
Accordingly, EPA has evaluated the environmental health and welfare 
effects of climate change on children.
    GHGs, including HFCs, contribute to climate change. The GHG 
emissions reductions resulting from implementation of this rule would 
further improve children's health. The assessment literature cited in 
EPA's 2009 and 2016 Endangerment Findings concluded that certain 
populations and life stages, including children, the elderly, and the 
poor, are most vulnerable to climate-related health effects. The 
assessment literature since 2016 strengthens these conclusions by 
providing more detailed findings regarding these groups' 
vulnerabilities and the projected impacts they may experience.
    These assessments describe how children's unique physiological and 
developmental factors contribute to making them particularly vulnerable 
to climate change. Impacts to children are expected from heat waves, 
air pollution, infectious and waterborne illnesses, and mental health 
effects resulting from extreme weather events. In addition, children 
are among those especially susceptible to most allergic diseases, as 
well as health effects associated with heat waves, storms, and floods. 
Additional health concerns may arise in low-income households, 
especially those with children, if climate change reduces food 
availability and increases prices, leading to food insecurity within 
households. More detailed information on the impacts of climate change 
to human health and welfare is provided in section III.B of the 
Allocation Framework Rule.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not a ``significant energy action'' because it is 
not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy. This action applies to certain 
regulated substances and certain applications containing regulated 
substances, none of which are used to supply or distribute energy.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act and Incorporation 
by Reference

    This action involves technical standards. EPA is allowing the use 
of ASTM D6064-11, ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, ASTM D6541-21, and ASTM D6806-
02 as relevant for sampling and testing performed on regulated 
substances. ASTM D6064-11 addresses specification requirements for HFC-
227ea as a fire-fighting medium, references relevant sampling 
requirements, and prescribes test method procedures using gas-liquid 
chromatography. ASTM D6231/D6231M-21 addresses specification 
requirements for HFC-125 as a fire-fighting medium and references 
relevant sampling and testing requirements, including purity testing in 
accordance with ASTM D6806. ASTM D6541-21 addresses specification 
requirements for HFC-236fa as a fire-fighting medium and references 
relevant sampling and testing requirements, including purity testing in 
accordance with ASTM D6806. ASTM D6806-02 provides a general standard 
procedure for determining impurities, stabilizers, and assays of 
halogenated organic solvents and their admixtures by gas 
chromatography. ASTM D6806-02 does not provide a specific method of gas 
chromatography, but rather defines provide performance-based 
specifications of what is required for a user to demonstrate that a 
method to be used is valid. EPA is incorporating by reference ASTM 
D6064-11 (reapproved 2022), ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, ASTM D6541-21, and 
ASTM D6806-02 (reapproved 2022). These standards are available for 
purchase from ASTM International at 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, 
West Conshohocken, PA, 19428; tel.: 610.832.9500; [email protected]; 
website: https://www.astm.org/, or https://www.astm.org/d6064-11r22.html, https://www.astm.org/d6231_d6231m-21.html, https://www.astm.org/d6541-21.html, and https://www.astm.org/d6806-02r17.html. 
The cost of electronic copies are $57 for ASTM D6064-11 (reapproved 
2022), $50 for ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, $50 for ASTM D6541-21, and $50 for 
ASTM D6806-02 (reapproved 2022). The cost of obtaining these testing 
methods are not a significant financial burden for laboratories. The 
Agency is including ISO 17025 and the AHRI Refrigerant Testing 
Laboratories Certification Program among the accreditation and 
certification requirements for testing laboratories. Accordingly, the 
Agency is incorporating by reference ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E), General 
requirements for the competence of testing and calibration 
laboratories, Third Edition, published November 2017, the AHRI 
Refrigerant Testing Laboratory Certification Program Operations Manual 
Dec 2019 (AHRI RTL OM), and the AHRI General Operations Manual Jan 23 
(AHRI General OM). ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E) specifies general requirements 
for competence, impartiality, and consistent operation of laboratories. 
The standard is applicable to all organizations performing laboratory 
activities, regardless of the number of personnel. This standard is 
available for purchase from Techstreet at 3025 Boardwalk Drive, Suite 
220, Ann Arbor, MI 48108; tel.: 855.999.9870; email: 
[email protected]; website: http://www.techstreet.com/, or https://www.techstreet.com/standards/iso-iec-17025-2017?product_id=2000100. The 
cost of an electronic copy of ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E) is approximately 
$162. The cost of obtaining this accreditation standard is not a 
significant financial burden for laboratories. The AHRI Refrigerant 
Testing Laboratory Certification Program specifies requirements to 
validate that

[[Page 46893]]

laboratories can accurately perform the test methods prescribed in AHRI 
Standard 700 on any refrigerant. The AHRI RTL OM outlines the 
procedures and policies of the Performance Rating of the RTL 
Certification Program operated by AHRI. This AHRI RTL OM is used in 
conjunction with the AHRI General OM for AHRI Certification Programs, 
which outlines the general procedures and policies of the Performance 
Certification Program operated by AHRI. Where the AHRI General OM and 
the AHRI RTL OM differ, the product-specific AHRI RTL OM prevails. 
These standards are freely available from AHRI at 2311 Wilson 
Boulevard, Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201, tel.: 703.524.8800; website: 
https://www.ahrinet.org. Therefore, EPA concludes that the ASTM, ISO/
IEC 17025:2017(E), and AHRI standards being incorporated by reference 
are reasonably available.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) directs 
Federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by 
law, to make environmental justice part of their mission by identifying 
and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse 
human health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and 
activities on minority populations (people of color and/or Indigenous 
peoples) and low-income populations.
    EPA believes that the human health or environmental conditions that 
exist prior to this action result in or have the potential to result in 
disproportionate and adverse human health or environmental effects on 
people of color, low-income populations and/or Indigenous peoples. EPA 
carefully evaluated available information on HFC production facilities 
and the characteristics of nearby communities. Based on EPA's analysis, 
as discussed in section X of this preamble, EPA finds evidence of 
environmental justice concerns near HFC production facilities from 
cumulative exposure to existing environmental hazards in these 
communities. Further details of this analysis are presented in 
``Addendum to the Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Phasedown of 
Hydrofluorocarbons.'' (Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0430).
    EPA believes that it is not practicable to assess whether this 
action is likely to result in new disproportionate and adverse effects 
on people of color, low-income populations and/or Indigenous peoples. 
The Agency recognizes that phasing down the production of HFCs may 
cause significant changes in the location and quantity of production of 
both HFCs and their substitutes, and that these changes may in turn 
affect emissions of HAP at chemical production facilities. Given 
uncertainties about which and in what quantities HFC substitutes will 
be produced, EPA cannot determine how this rule would affect existing 
disproportionate adverse effects on communities of color and low-income 
people as specified in Executive Order 12898. This rule will continue 
to reduce emissions of potent GHGs relative to what those effects would 
have been without the HFC phasedown, which as noted earlier in section 
II of this preamble and the Allocation Framework Rule will reduce the 
effects of climate change, including the public health and welfare 
effects on overburdened and underserved communities such as low-income 
communities and communities of color, and/or indigenous peoples. In the 
Allocation Framework Rule and this action EPA additionally identified 
and addressed environmental justice concerns by assessing available 
information to analyze baseline human health or environmental 
conditions, conducting updated analyses based on more recently 
available data, and providing meaningful participation opportunities 
for people of color, low-income populations and/or Indigenous peoples 
or tribes. In the Allocation Framework Rule and this rulemaking, EPA 
also solicited comment on whether these changes pose risks to 
communities with environmental justice concerns and what steps, if any, 
should be taken either under the AIM Act or under EPA's other statutory 
authorities to address any concerns that might exist. The information 
supporting this Executive Order review is contained in section X of 
this preamble, and our environmental justice analysis in the RIA 
addendum, available in the docket for this rulemaking.

K. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

    This action is subject to the CRA, and EPA will submit a rule 
report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of 
the United States. This action qualifies under the CRA's definition set 
forth in 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 84

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Air pollution control, Chemicals, Climate Change, Emissions, Imports, 
Incorporation by reference, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Michael S. Regan,
Administrator.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, EPA is amending 40 CFR 
part 84 as follows:

PART 84--PHASEDOWN OF HYDROFLUOROCARBONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 84 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: Pub. L. 116-260, Division S, Sec. 103.

Subpart A--Production and Consumption Controls

0
2. Amend Sec.  84.3 by adding the definitions ``Batch'', ``Berth'', 
``Certificate of analysis'', ``Commonly owned'', ``Expend'', ``Fire 
suppressant recycler'', ``Majority owned'', ``Repackagers'', and 
``Representative sample'' in alphabetical order to read as follows:

Sec.  84.3  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Batch means a vessel, container, or cylinder from which a producer, 
importer, reclaimer, recycler, or repackager transfers regulated 
substances directly for sale or distribution, or for repackaging for 
sale or distribution; or a population of small vessels, containers, or 
cylinders with the same nominal composition that a producer, importer, 
reclaimer, recycler, or repackager directly offers for sale or 
distribution.
    Berth means to moor a ship in its allotted place at a wharf or 
dock.
* * * * *
    Certificate of analysis means a document that certifies the 
contents of an import meets the nominal composition following sampling 
and testing requirements prescribed in Sec.  84.5(i)(3) for the 
appropriate regulated substance or blend of regulated substances.
* * * * *
    Commonly owned: An entity that is related to another entity by a 
shared individual natural person(s), where either:
    (1) There is at least a single individual that owns 30 percent or 
more of each entity; or
    (2) Individuals that share a direct family relationship (parent, 
child, sibling, or spouse) own a majority of each entity.
* * * * *
    Expend means to subtract the number of allowances required for the

[[Page 46894]]

production or import of regulated substances under this part from a 
person's unexpended allowances.
* * * * *
    Fire suppressant recycler means, generally, an entity that collects 
used HFC fire suppressants and directly resells those collected and 
aggregated HFCs--with or without any additional reprocessing--to 
another entity for reuse as a fire suppressant (also referred to as a 
``recycler for fire suppression'' in this subpart). An entity that 
collects and aggregates used HFC fire suppressants for distribution to 
another entity for reprocessing before being sold for reuse as a fire 
suppressant would not be a fire suppressant recycler. An entity that 
resells HFC fire suppressants that have already been reprocessed for 
use as a fire suppressant by another entity would not be a fire 
suppressant recycler.
* * * * *
    Majority owned means when a corporate entity has at least a fifty 
percent stake in another entity.
* * * * *
    Repackagers means entities who transfer regulated substances, 
either alone or in a blend, from one container to another container 
prior to sale or distribution or offer for sale or distribution. An 
entity that services system cylinders for use in fire suppression 
equipment and returns the same regulated substances to the same system 
cylinder it was recovered from after the system cylinder is serviced is 
not a repackager.
    Representative sample means a sample collected from a container 
offered for sale or distribution using a sampling method that obtains 
all components of regulated substance(s) in an unbiased and precise 
manner; and a sample that can be used to infer that the composition of 
regulated substance(s) in a population of containers offered for sale 
or distribution that constitute, or are derived from, the batch, are 
within stated tolerances.
* * * * *

0
3. Effective October 1, 2024, amend Sec.  84.3 by adding the definition 
``laboratory testing'' in alphabetical order to read as follows:

Sec.  84.3  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Laboratory testing means the use of the sampling and testing 
methodology prescribed in Sec.  84.5(i)(3) by a laboratory that is 
accredited to ISO 17025 in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E) 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  84.37), or certified under the 
AHRI Refrigerant Testing Laboratory Certification Program in accordance 
with the AHRI RTL OM and AHRI General OM (both incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  84.37), or recognized under OSHA's Nationally 
Recognized Testing Laboratory program in accordance with requirements 
codified at 29 CFR 1910.7.

* * * * *

0
4. Amend Sec.  84.5 by:
0
a. In paragraph (b)(1) introductory text, after the text 
``substances,'' adding the text ``either as a single component or a 
multicomponent substance,'';
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(1)(i);
0
c. Removing the word ``or'' at the end of paragraph (b)(1)(iii);
0
d. Removing the period at the end of paragraph (b)(1)(iv) and adding 
``; or'' in its place;
0
e. Adding paragraph (b)(1)(v);
0
f. Redesignating paragraphs (b)(2) through (b)(6) as paragraphs (b)(3) 
through (b)(7) and adding a new paragraph (b)(2);
0
g. Revising the newly redesignated paragraph (b)(3); and
0
h. Revising paragraphs (d) and (i).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:

Sec.  84.5  Prohibitions relating to regulated substances.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) If the importer of record possesses at the time they are 
required to submit reports to EPA pursuant to Sec.  84.31(c)(7), and 
expends at the time of ship berthing for vessel arrivals, border 
crossing for land arrivals such as trucks, rails, and autos, and first 
point of terminus in U.S. jurisdiction for arrivals via air, 
consumption or application-specific allowances in a quantity equal to 
the exchange-value weighted equivalent of the regulated substances 
imported, whether present as a single component or a multicomponent 
blend. The required amount of allowances must be calculated to the 
tenth, but a minimum expenditure of 0.1 allowances is required for any 
import of regulated substances;
* * * * *
    (v) All imports pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(i) or (ii) of this 
section must be physically accompanied by a certificate of analysis, if 
the certificate of analysis has not been electronically submitted 
pursuant to Sec.  84.31(c)(7)(xvi).
    (2) No person may attempt to land bulk regulated substances on, 
bring regulated substances into, or introduce regulated substances 
into, any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States 
without meeting one of the categories set forth in Sec.  84.5(b)(1).
    (3) Each person meeting the definition of importer for a particular 
regulated substance import transaction is jointly and severally liable 
for a violation of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, unless they can 
demonstrate that the importer of record possessed and expended 
allowances in accordance with the requirement outlined in paragraph 
(b)(1)(i) or (v) of this section or another party who meets the 
definition of an importer met one of the exceptions set forth in 
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii) through (iv) of this section.
* * * * *
    (d) Calendar-year allowances. All production, consumption, and 
application-specific allowances may only be expended for production or 
import occurring in the calendar year for which the allowances are 
allocated (i.e., January 1 through December 31). No person may expend, 
transfer, or confer a production, consumption, or application-specific 
allowance after December 31 of the year for which it was issued. 
Entities may transfer or confer their production, consumption, or 
application-specific allowances before January 1 of the calendar year 
for which the allowances were allocated.
* * * * *
    (i) Labeling. (1) As of January 1, 2022, no person may sell or 
distribute, offer for sale or distribution, or import containers 
containing a regulated substance that lacks a label or other permanent 
markings stating the common name(s), chemical name(s), or ASHRAE 
designation of the regulated substance(s) or blend contained within, 
and the percentages of the regulated substances if a blend. The label 
or other permanent markings must be:
    (i) Durable and printed or otherwise labeled on, or affixed to, the 
external surface of the bulk regulated substance container;
    (ii) Readily visible and legible;
    (iii) Able to withstand open weather exposure without a substantial 
reduction in visibility or legibility;
    (iv) Displayed on a background of contrasting color; and
    (v) If a container of a regulated substance is contained within a 
box or other overpack, the exterior packaging must contain legible and 
visible information of what regulated substance is contained within.
    (2) No person other than the importer of record may repackage or 
relabel regulated substances that were initially unlabeled or 
mislabeled. In order to repackage the regulated substances, the 
importer of record must either:
    (i) Expend consumption allowances equal to the amount of allowances 
that

[[Page 46895]]

would be required if each cylinder were full of HFC-23; or
    (ii) Verify the contents with independent laboratory testing 
results and affix a correct label on the container that matches the 
lab-verified test results before the date of importation (consistent 
with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1) of the container.
    (3)(i) No person producing, importing, exporting, reclaiming, 
recycling for fire suppression, or repackaging regulated substances, 
whether as a single or multicomponent substance, may sell or 
distribute, or offer for sale or distribution, those regulated 
substances without first conducting laboratory testing of a 
representative sample of the regulated substances that they are 
producing, importing, exporting, reclaiming, recycling for fire 
suppression, or repackaging to verify that the composition of the 
regulated substance(s) matches the container labeling using the 
sampling and testing methodology prescribed in appendix A to 40 CFR 
part 82, subpart F for regulated substances offered for sale and 
distribution as refrigerants and using the following sampling and 
testing method for regulated substances offered for non-refrigerant 
uses:

   Table 1 to Paragraph (i)(3)(i) Non-Refrigerant Regulated Substance
                      Sampling and Testing Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Regulated substance              Sampling and testing method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HFC-23, HFC-134, HFC-125, HFC-143a, HFC- Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
 41, HFC-152a.                            subpart F, Sections 1, 2, 3,
                                          5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7, 8; Part 7 of
                                          2008 Appendix C for Analytical
                                          Procedures for AHRI Standard
                                          700-2014--Normative,
                                          (incorporated by reference in
                                          Sec.   84.37).\3\
HFC-134a, HFC-143, HFC-245fa, HFC-32,    Appendix A to 40 CFR part 82,
 HFC-152.                                 subpart F, Sections 1, 2, 3,
                                          5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7, 8; Part 9 of
                                          2008 Appendix C for Analytical
                                          Procedures for AHRI Standard
                                          700-2014--Normative,
                                          (incorporated by reference in
                                          Sec.   84.37).\3\
HFC-227ea, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-    Sections 8,\1\ 9, 10, 11,
 236fa, HFC-245ca, HFC-365mfc, HFC-43-    12,\2\ and 13 of EPA Method 18
 10mee.                                   as applicable--appendix A-6 to
                                          40 CFR part 60--Test Methods
                                          16 through 18. Or
                                         ASTM D6806-02 (2022), Standard
                                          Practice for Analysis of
                                          Halogenated Organic Solvents
                                          and Their Admixtures by Gas
                                          Chromatography (incorporated
                                          by reference in Sec.
                                          84.37).\4\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Only applicable portions of section 8 as specified here are
  required. Canisters may be used in place of bags for the purposes of
  these requirements. A sampling and analysis procedure under section
  8.2 which provides for a representative sample is required (while
  section 8.2.1.5 is likely most appropriate, other procedures may be
  acceptable). Sections 8.4.1, 8.4.2.1, and 8.4.2.2 are required.
\2\ ``Dry basis'' concentrations do not need to be recorded.
\3\ ASTM D6064-11 (reapproved 2022), Standard Specification for HFC-
  227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (CF3CHFCF3) (incorporated by
  reference in Sec.   84.37) may be used as an alternative for non-
  refrigerant regulated substances offered for fire suppression use.
\4\ ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, Standard Specification for HFC-125
  (Pentafluoroethane, C2HF5) (incorporated by reference in Sec.   84.37)
  and ASTM D6541-21 Standard Specification for HFC-236fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-
  Hexafluoropropane, (CF3CH2CF3), (incorporated by reference in Sec.
  84.37) reference ASTM D6806 and may be used as an alternative for non-
  refrigerant regulated substances offered for fire suppression use.

    (ii) No person may sell or distribute, or offer for sale or 
distribution, regulated substances, whether as a single or 
multicomponent substance, as a refrigerant (except if recovered from 
and recycled for use in motor vehicle air conditioning or motor vehicle 
air conditioning-like appliances in accordance with 40 CFR part 82, 
subpart B) that do not meet the specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR 
part 82, subpart F--Specifications for Refrigerants, or, if not listed 
therein, appendix A1 to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F. For persons who are 
producing, importing, reclaiming, recycling for fire suppression, or 
repackaging regulated substances, the applicable specifications must be 
verified using laboratory testing and the sampling and testing 
methodology prescribed in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F.
* * * * *

0
5. Amend Sec.  84.7 by
0
a. In paragraph (b)(2), removing the text ``303,887,017'' and adding in 
its place the text ``302,538,316''; and
0
b. Revising the table in paragraph (b)(3).
    The revisions read as follows:

Sec.  84.7  Phasedown schedule.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *

                       Table 2 to Paragraph (b)(3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Total production  Total consumption
               Year                      (MTEVe)            (MTEVe)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) 2022-2023.....................        344,299,157        273,498,315
(ii) 2024-2028....................        229,521,263        181,522,990
(iii) 2029-2033...................        114,760,632         90,761,495
(iv) 2034-2035....................         76,507,088         60,507,663
(v) 2036 and thereafter...........         57,380,316         45,380,747
------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
6. Amend Sec.  84.9 by:
0
a. In paragraph (a) introductory text, add ``2022 and 2023'' after the 
words ``calendar year''; and
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (b) as paragraph (c) and adding a new 
paragraph (b).
    The revision reads as follows:

Sec.  84.9  Allocation of calendar-year production allowances.

* * * * *
    (b) Starting with the allocation of 2024 calendar years allowances, 
the relevant Agency official will issue, through a separate 
notification, calendar year production allowances to entities that 
produced a regulated substance in 2021 or 2022, or both 2021 and 2022. 
The allocation of calendar years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028 
production

[[Page 46896]]

allowances is calculated as follows for each entity:
    (1) Take the average of the three highest annual exchange value-
weighted production amounts that each eligible entity reported to the 
Agency for calendar years 2011 through 2019. If an entity, or commonly 
owned or controlled group of entities, does not have consumption 
amounts for three years between calendar years 2011 through 2019, the 
relevant Agency official will take the average of available year(s) of 
consumption for calendar years 2011 through 2019;
    (2) Sum every entity's average values determined in paragraph 
(b)(1) of this section and determine each entity's percentage of that 
total;
    (3) Determine the amount of general pool production allowances by 
subtracting the quantity of application-specific allowances for that 
year as determined in accordance with Sec.  84.13 from the production 
cap in Sec.  84.7(b)(3); and
    (4) Determine individual entities' production allowance quantities 
by multiplying each entity's percentage determined in paragraph (b)(2) 
of this section by the amount of general pool allowances determined in 
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
* * * * *

0
7. Amend Sec.  84.11 by:
0
a. In paragraph (a) introductory text, removing the text ``calendar 
year'' and adding in its place the text ``calendar years 2022 and 
2023'' and removing the word ``importers'' and adding in its place the 
text ``entities that imported''; and
0
b. Removing paragraph (c), redesignating paragraph (b) as paragraph (c) 
and adding a new paragraph (b).
    The addition reads as follows:

Sec.  84.11  Allocation of calendar-year consumption allowances.

* * * * *
    (b) Starting with the allocation of 2024 calendar years allowances 
the relevant Agency official will issue, through a separate 
notification, calendar year consumption allowances. The allocation of 
calendar year 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028 consumption allowances 
is calculated as follows for each entity:
    (1) For new market entrants that were allocated allowances pursuant 
to Sec.  84.15(e)(3), take the allowances allocated for calendar year 
2023 and divide that value by the proportion of calendar year 2023 
consumption allowances received by general pool allowance holders 
pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section relative to their high three 
average calculated pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section;
    (2) For entities that produced or imported a regulated substance in 
2021 or 2022, or both 2021 and 2022, and have not been allocated 
allowances pursuant to Sec.  84.15(e)(3), the relevant Agency official 
will calculate and issue allowances. This calculation and issuance will 
be to a single entity if multiple entities with historic consumption 
data are related through shared corporate or common ownership. The 
relevant Agency official will take the average of the three highest 
annual exchange value-weighted consumption amounts, which for entities 
related through shared corporate or common ownership or control would 
be aggregated and averaged at the corporate or common ownership level, 
that each eligible entity reported to the Agency for calendar years 
2011 through 2019. If an entity, or commonly owned or controlled group 
of entities, does not have consumption amounts for three years between 
calendar years 2011 through 2019, the relevant Agency official will 
take the average of available year(s) of consumption for calendar years 
2011 through 2019;
    (3) If an entity has a value calculated under paragraphs (b)(1) and 
(b)(2) of this section, take the single higher value;
    (4) If an entity allocated allowances pursuant to Sec.  84.15(e)(3) 
was acquired by an entity that has a market share calculable under 
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, and EPA has approved this 
acquisition, sum the value calculated under paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section for the entity allocated allowances pursuant to Sec.  
84.15(e)(3) with the value calculated under paragraph (b)(2) of this 
section disregarding any historic consumption activity by the entity 
allocated allowances pursuant to Sec.  84.15(e)(3), except this 
paragraph (b)(4) shall not apply to an entity allocated allowances 
pursuant to Sec.  84.15(e)(3) that has a higher value calculated under 
paragraph (b)(2) of this section than under paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section;
    (5) Sum every entity's values as determined in paragraphs (b)(1), 
(2), (3), and (4) of this section and determine each entity's 
percentage of that total;
    (6) Determine the amount of general pool consumption allowances by 
subtracting the quantity of application-specific allowances for that 
year as determined in accordance with Sec.  84.13 from the consumption 
cap in Sec.  84.7(b)(3); and
    (7) Determine individual entities' consumption allowance quantities 
by multiplying each entity's percentage determined in paragraph (b)(5) 
of this section by the amount of general pool allowances determined in 
paragraph (b)(6) of this section.

0
8. Amend Sec.  84.17 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(8) and (9); and
0
b. Adding paragraphs (a)(10) and(11).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  84.17  Availability of additional consumption allowances.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (8) A copy of the bill of lading and the invoice indicating the net 
quantity (in kilograms) of regulated substances shipped and documenting 
the sale of the regulated substances to the purchaser;
    (9) The Harmonized Tariff Schedule codes of the regulated 
substances exported;
    (10) Internal Transaction Numbers for all shipments; and
    (11) All international export declaration documentation (i.e., 
electronic export information), which is electronically filed within 
AES.
* * * * *

0
9. Amend Sec.  84.19 by adding paragraph (a)(5) to read as follows:

Sec.  84.19  Transfers of allowances.

    (a) * * *
    (5) An entity does not need to follow the procedures in this 
paragraph (a) to expend allowances possessed by another entity that is 
majority owned by it, it majority owns, related to it through majority 
ownership, or commonly owned with it.
* * * * *

0
10. Amend Sec.  84.25 by revising paragraph (a)(1)(v) to read as 
follows:

Sec.  84.25  Required processes to import regulated substances as 
feedstocks or for destruction.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (v) The U.S. port of entry for the import, the expected date of 
import, and the vessel transporting the material. If at the time of 
submitting the petition the entity does not know this information, and 
the entity receives a non-objection notice for the individual shipment 
in the petition, the entity is required to notify the relevant Agency 
official of this information prior to the date of importation 
(consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1) of the individual 
shipment into the United States;
* * * * *

0
11. Amend Sec.  84.31 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iii);

[[Page 46897]]

0
b. In paragraph (b)(3)(xi), after the text ``distribution'' adding the 
text ``, including instrument calibration, sample testing data files, 
audit trail files, and results summaries of both sample test results 
and quality control test results that are in a form suitable and 
readily available for review'';
0
c. In paragraph (c)(1) introductory text, after the text ``importer 
of'' adding the text ``record of'';
0
d. In paragraph (c)(2)(xviii), after the text ``distribution'' adding 
the text ``, including instrument calibration, sample testing data 
files, audit trail files, and results summaries of both sample test 
results and quality control test results that are in a form suitable 
and readily available for review'';
0
e. In paragraph (c)(3)(i)(D), after the text ``date of importation'' 
adding the text ``(consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1)'';
0
f. Revising paragraph (c)(7);
0
g. Adding paragraph (c)(9);
0
h. Redesignating paragraph (d)(2) as (d)(3) and adding a new paragraph 
(d)(2);
0
i. Revising paragraph (i)(4)(i);
0
j. Revising paragraph (j)(3); and
0
k. Redesignating paragraph (k) as paragraph (l) and adding a new 
paragraph (k).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:

Sec.  84.31  Recordkeeping and reporting.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) The quantity (in kilograms) of production of each regulated 
substance used in processes resulting in their transformation by the 
producer; for any regulated substance that is used in processes 
resulting in their transformation at a facility that differs from the 
facility of production, but both facilities are owned by the producer, 
the name, quantity (in kilograms), and recipient facility of each 
regulated substance; and the quantity (in kilograms) intended for 
transformation by a second party;
    (ii) The quantity (in kilograms) of production of each regulated 
substance used in processes resulting in their destruction by the 
producer; for any regulated substance that is used in processes 
resulting in their destruction at a facility that differs from the 
facility of production, but both facilities are owned by the producer, 
the name, quantity (in kilograms), and recipient facility of each 
regulated substance; and the quantity (in kilograms) intended for 
destruction by a second party;
    (iii) The quantity (in kilograms) of production of each regulated 
substance used as a process agent by the producer; for any regulated 
substance that is used as a process agent at a facility that differs 
from the facility of production, but both facilities are owned by the 
producer, the name, quantity (in kilograms), and recipient facility of 
each regulated substance; and the quantity (in kilograms) intended for 
use as a process agent by a second party;
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (7) Additional reporting for importers of record. The importer of 
record must include the following no later than 10 days if arriving by 
marine vessel or 5 days for non-marine vessel prior to the date of 
importation (consistent with the definition at 19 CFR 101.1), via a 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection-authorized electronic data 
interchange system, such as the Automated Broker Interface (authorized 
agents may permissibly file on behalf of an importer of record):
    (i) Cargo Description;
    (ii) Net weight;
    (iii) Container number(s) associated with the shipment, as 
applicable;
    (iv) Gross Weight;
    (v) Weight Unit of Measure;
    (vi) Port of Entry;
    (vii) Scheduled Entry Date;
    (viii) Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) code;
    (ix) Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) Description;
    (x) Origin Country;
    (xi) Importer of Record Name and Associated Number;
    (xii) Consignee Entity Name;
    (xiii) CAS Number(s) of the regulated substance(s) imported and, 
for regulated substances that are in a mixture, either the ASHRAE 
numerical designation of the refrigerant or the percentage of the 
mixture containing each regulated substance;
    (xiv) If importing regulated substances for transformation or 
destruction, a copy of the non-objection notice issued consistent with 
Sec.  84.25;
    (xv) If importing regulated substances as a transhipment, a copy of 
the confirmation documenting the entity reported the transhipment 
consistent with paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section; and
    (xvi) A certificate of analysis, if the certificate of analysis is 
not physically accompanying the shipment pursuant to Sec.  
84.5(b)(1)(v)).
* * * * *
    (9) Importer of record information. (i) Any entity that falls under 
any of the following criteria must submit the information outlined in 
paragraph (c)(9)(ii) of this section:
    (A) That is issued allowances by EPA and anticipates being the 
importer of record for a shipment of regulated substances; or
    (B) That is not issued allowances by EPA, but receives transferred 
or conferred allowances.
    (ii) The following information must be submitted to EPA by the date 
specified under paragraph (c)(9)(iii) of this section:
    (A) Names of all subsidiaries;
    (B) Entities commonly owned or majority owned by the same person or 
persons;
    (C) Alternative names under which the entity does business;
    (D) Importer of record numbers; and
    (E) If providing information under paragraph (c)(9)(ii) (A), (B), 
or (C) of this section:
    (1) The relationship between the allowance holder and each 
subsidiary and each entity commonly owned or majority owned by the same 
person or persons, including alternative names under which each listed 
entity does business; and
    (2) If applicable, the identity of owners and their respective 
percentage of ownership.
    (iii) The information outlined in paragraph (c)(9)(ii) of this 
section must be submitted each year by:
    (A) November 15 after being issued allowances for an entity that 
falls under paragraph (c)(9)(i)(A) of this section; or
    (B) within 15 calendar days of receiving a non-objection notice for 
conferral of application-specific allowances pursuant to Sec.  84.13(h) 
or for inter-company transfer of consumption allowances pursuant to 
Sec.  84.19(a) for an entity that falls under paragraph (c)(9)(i)(B) of 
this section.
    (iv) If changes occur to the information previously provided to the 
Agency, such changes must be transmitted to the Agency at least 21 days 
prior to expenditure of allowances pursuant to Sec.  84.5(b)(1)(i).
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (2) Recordkeeping. (i) Exporters must maintain dated records of 
batch tests of regulated substances packaged for sale or distribution, 
including instrument calibration, sample testing data files, audit 
trail files, and results summaries of both sample test results and 
quality control test results that are in a form suitable and readily 
available for review.
    (ii) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (i) * * *
    (4) * * *
    (i) Reclaimers must maintain records, by batch, of the results of 
the analysis

[[Page 46898]]

conducted to verify that reclaimed regulated substance meets the 
necessary specifications in appendix A to 40 CFR part 82, subpart F 
(based on AHRI Standard 700-2016), including instrument calibration, 
sample testing data files, audit trail files, and results summaries of 
both sample test results and quality control test results that are in a 
form suitable and readily available for review. Such records must be 
maintained for five years.
* * * * *
    (j) * * *
    (3) Recordkeeping. (i) Recyclers must maintain records of the names 
and addresses of persons sending them material for recycling and the 
quantity of the material (the combined mass of regulated substance and 
contaminants) by regulated substance sent to them for recycling. Such 
records must be maintained on a transactional basis for five years.
    (ii) Recyclers must maintain dated records of batch tests of 
regulated substances packaged for sale or distribution, including 
instrument calibration, sample testing data files, audit trail files, 
and results summaries of both sample test results and quality control 
test results that are in a form suitable and readily available for 
review.
    (k) Repackagers. Persons who transfer regulated substances, either 
alone or in a blend from one container to another container prior to 
sale or distribution or offer for sale or distribution must comply with 
the following recordkeeping requirements:
    (1) Recordkeeping. Repackagers must maintain dated records of batch 
tests of regulated substances packaged for sale or distribution, 
including instrument calibration, sample testing data files, audit 
trail files, and results summaries of both sample test results and 
quality control test results that are in a form suitable and readily 
available for review.
    (2) [Reserved]

0
12. Add Sec.  84.37 to read as follows:

Sec.  84.37  Incorporation by reference.

    Certain material is incorporated by reference into this part with 
the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) 
material is available for inspection at EPA and at the National 
Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact EPA at: U.S. EPA's 
Air and Radiation Docket; EPA West Building, Room 3334, 1301 
Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 202-566-1742. For information on 
the availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html or email 
[email protected]. The material also may be obtained from the 
following sources.
    (a) Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), 
2311 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201; phone: 
703.524.8800; website: www.ahrinet.org.
    (1) 2008 Appendix C to AHRI Standard 700-2014, 2008 Appendix C for 
Analytical Procedures for AHRI Standard 700-2014--Normative, copyright 
2008; into Sec.  84.5(i).
    (2) [Reserved]
    (b) ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West 
Conshohocken, PA 19428; phone: 610.832.9500; email: [email protected]; 
website: www.astm.org/.
    (1) ASTM D6064-11 (reapproved 2022), Standard Specification for 
HFC-227ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 
(CF3CHFCF3), approved November 1, 2022; IBR 
approved for Sec.  84.5(i).
    (2) ASTM D6231/D6231M-21, Standard Specification for HFC-125 
(Pentafluoroethane, C2HF5), approved June 1, 2021; IBR approved for 
Sec.  84.5(i).
    (3) ASTM D6541-21, Standard Specification for HFC-236fa, 
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane, (CF3CH2CF3), approved June 1, 2021; IBR 
approved for Sec.  84.5(i).
    (4) ASTM D6806-02 (reapproved 2022), Standard Practice for Analysis 
of Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures by Gas 
Chromatography, approved May 1, 2022; IBR approved for Sec.  84.5(i).

0
13. Effective October 1, 2024, amend Sec.  84.37 by adding paragraphs 
(a)(2) and (3) and (c) to read as follows:

Sec.  84.37  Incorporation by Reference.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (2) AHRI RTL OM December 2019, Refrigerant Testing Laboratory 
Certification Program Operations Manual, copyright 2019; IBR approved 
for Sec.  84.3.
    (3) AHRI General OM--January 2023, General Operations Manual, 
copyright 2022; IBR approved for Sec.  84.3.
* * * * *
    (c) International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Chemin de 
Blandonnet 8, CP 401--1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland; tel.: + 41 22 
749 01 11; fax: + 41 22 733 34 30; email: [email protected]; website: 
www.iso.org.
    (1) ISO/IEC 17025:2017(E), ``General requirements for the 
competence of testing and calibration laboratories'', Third Edition, 
published November 2017; IBR approved for Sec.  84.3.
    (2) [Reserved]

[FR Doc. 2023-14312 Filed 7-19-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P