Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0280-0005
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2002-10-02T04:00Z

1
UNITED
STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
WASHINGTON,
D.
C.
20460
Chemicals:
Mineral
Acids
(see
specific
chemicals
below)
PC
Codes:
999999
DP
Barcode:
D282321
May
7,
2002
SUBJECT:
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Review
of
Mineral
Acids
as
Inert
Ingredients
in
Pesticide
Products
TO:
Kathryn
Boyle
(7508C)
Registration
Division
Bentley
Gregg
(7508C)
Special
Review
and
Reregistration
Division
FROM:
Norman
Birchfield,
Ph.
D.,
Biologist
(7507C)

REVIEWER:
Sid
Abel,
Chief
(7507C)
Environmental
Risk
Branch
1
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
THROUGH:
Elizabeth
Behl,
Chief
(7507C)
Environmental
Risk
Branch
4
Environmental
Fate
and
Effects
Division
Summary
EFED
has
reviewed
the
available
data
on
the
expected
environmental
fate
and
effects
of
releasing
selected
mineral
acids
and
salts
(see
Table
2
for
specific
chemicals
addressed)
into
the
environment.
In
general,
the
constituents
of
the
mineral
acids
are
commonly
found
in
soil
and
water
in
the
environment
suggesting
that
releasing
low
levels
of
these
chemicals
would
not
normally
be
expected
to
adversely
effect
wildlife
or
water
resources.
Large
releases
may
adversely
affect
wildlife
and
water
resources
either
directly
or
indirectly.
Direct
effects
may
result
from
exceeding
toxicity
thresholds
of
specific
chemicals.
Indirect
effects
may
be
manifested
through
disrupting
ecosystems
through
altering
pH
or
increasing
availability
of
algal
nutrients.
The
mineral
acids
included
in
this
assessment
have
a
large
number
of
industrial,
food,
and
2
pharmacological
uses
in
addition
to
their
uses
in
pesticide
products.
Non­
pesticide
uses
of
mineral
acids
included
in
this
assessment
are
frequently
expected
to
be
the
dominant
source
of
release
into
the
environment.

Acids
and
Bases
The
following
chemicals
are
considered
to
be
strong
enough
acids
or
bases
to
alter
environmental
pHs:
ammonium
hydroxide,
calcium
hydroxide,
hydrochloric
acid,
phosphoric
acid,
potassium
carbonate,
potassium
hydroxide,
sodium
hydroxide,
sulfuric
acid,
sulfurous
acid,
tetrasodium
pyrophosphate,
tricalcium
phosphate,
and
trisodium
phosphate.

The
magnitude
of
the
pH
changes,
and
thus
the
magnitude
of
effects,
would
depend
on
a
number
of
factors
including
the
amount
of
material
released
and
the
buffering
capacity
of
the
exposed
soil
or
water.
Normal
aquatic
pH's
range
from
5
to
9.
The
Office
of
Water
recommended
water
quality
criteria
for
pH
are
6.
5
to
9
for
freshwater
and
6.
5
to
8.5
for
saltwater
(USEPA
1999).
At
higher
or
lower
pH
aquatic
life
is
expected
to
be
adversely
impacted.
In
addition,
rapid
changes
in
pH
can
also
be
detrimental
to
aquatic
life.

The
acids
and
bases
included
in
this
assessment
are
not
expected
to
be
persistent
in
the
environment.
Instead
they
are
expected
to
dissociate,
react
with
organic
or
inorganic
materials,
and
complex
with
ionic
substrates.

Salts
Containing
Metals
Salts
containing
metals
frequently
dissociate
in
water
resulting
in
a
cationic
(positively
charged)
metal
in
solution.
Based
on
their
solubility,
the
follow
metal
containing
chemicals
are
expected
to
dissociate
in
solution:
aluminum
sulfate,
ferric
chloride,
ferric
sulfate,
magnesium
carbonate,
magnesium
chloride,
magnesium
sulfate,
and
zinc
sulfate.
Metal
salts
with
low
solubilities
which
are
expected
to
remain
largely
intact
include:
aluminum
hydroxide
(alum),
barium
sulfate,
and
manganese
carbonate.
Dissociation
is
frequently
dependent
on
pH,
with
lower
pH's
(more
acidic
conditions)
resulting
in
higher
levels
of
dissociation
and
greater
solubility.
Aquatic
toxicity
of
metals
is
also
dependent
on
water
hardness.

Toxicity
of
metals
varies
with
the
species
of
metal
and
its
concentration.
EPA's
Office
of
Water
publishes
recommended
water
criteria
values
based
on
toxicity
of
selected
chemicals.
The
following
table
show
available
Office
of
Water's
recommended
criteria
for
the
metals
included
in
this
assessment.
3
Table
1.
Recommended
criteria
for
selected
metals
in
water.
From
USEPA
1999.

Chemical
Freshwater
concentrations
µ
g/
L
Saltwater
concentrations
µ
g/
L
Federal
Register
Cite/
Source
CMC
1
CCC
2
CMC
CCC
Aluminum
(pH
6.
5­
9.
0)
750
87
NA
NA
53FR33178
Iron
NA
1000
NA
NA
EPA
Gold
Book
Zinc
120
120
90
81
62FR42160
IRIS
10/
010/
92
1
Criteria
Maximum
Concentration
(CMC)
is
the
highest
concentration
of
a
pollutant
to
which
aquatic
life
can
be
exposed
for
a
short
period
of
time
(1
hour
average)
(acute);
2
Criteria
Continuous
Concentration
(CCC)
is
the
highest
concentration
of
a
pollutant
to
which
aquatic
life
can
be
exposed
for
an
extended
period
of
time
(4
days)
without
deleterious
effects
(chronic).

USEPA
Office
of
Water
recommend
a
freshwater
water
quality
criteria
value
of
1
ppm
(USEPA
1999)
implying
relatively
low
toxicity.
Zinc
and
aluminum
have
recommended
criteria
implying
these
metals
are
more
toxic.
Recommended
values
were
not
available
for
magnesium,
barium
or
manganese,
however,
the
chemicals
containing
barium
and
manganese
possess
low
solubility,
reducing
the
potential
for
aquatic
exposure.

Since
metals
are
elements
they
do
not
degrade
and
thus
are
permanent
in
the
environment.
Free
and
soluble
metals
are
liekly
to
dissipate
by
being
sequestered
in
soil,
sediment,
and
plants.

Nitrogen
and
Phosphorus
Containing
Chemicals
The
nitrogen
and
phosphorus
chemicals
included
in
this
assessment
are:
ammonium
bicarbonate,
ammonium
chloride,
ammonium
hydroxide,
ammonium
nitrate,
ammonium
polyphosphate,
ammonium
sulfate,
calcium
phosphate,
diammonium
phosphate,
disodium
phosphate,
monoammonium
phosphate,
phosphoric
acid,
potassium
phosphate,
sodium
acid
pyrophosphate,
sodium
dihydrogen
phosphate,
sodium
hexametaphosphate,
sodium
nitrate,
sodium
nitrite,
sodium
tripolyphosphate,
tetrapotassium
pyrophosphate,
tetrasodium
pyrophosphate,
tricalcium
phosphate,
and
trisodium
phosphate.

Nitrogen
and
phosphorus
containing
chemicals
are
commonly
used
as
fertilizers.
They
generally
posses
relatively
low
toxicity
to
terrestrial
and
aquatic
organisms.
As
nutrients,
they
can
cause
increased
plant
growth
which
can
be
detrimental
in
aquatic
ecosystems
causing
eutrophication.
Eutrophication
occurs
when
algae
blooms
die
and
are
degraded
by
bacteria
which
drain
oxygen
from
the
water
body.
With
the
exception
of
tricalcium
phosphate,
all
of
the
phosphorus
and
nitrogen
containing
chemicals
in
this
assessment
are
expected
to
be
highly
soluble.
Phosphates
4
despite
being
highly
soluble
tend
to
bind
to
soil
reducing
their
tendency
to
overload
aquatic
systems.

Ultimately,
the
nitrogen
and
phosphorus
chemicals
included
in
this
assessment
are
expected
to
be
taken
up
and
metabolized
by
plants
to
form
naturally
occurring
compounds.
5
Table
2.
Chemical
included
in
this
assessment
and
their
properties.
The
following
information
was
collected
from
the
National
Library
of
Medicine's
Hazardous
Substance
Database
(HSDB)
(http://
toxnet.
nlm.
nih.
gov/
cgi­
bin/
sis/
htmlgen?
HSDB).

Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
Aluminum
hydroxide
Low
solubility
at
pH
7
NA
NA
Adsorbent;
emulsifier;
ion­
exchanger,
in
chromatography;
mordant
in
dyeing;
filtering
medium;
manufacture
glass,
fireclay,
paper,
pottery,
printinginks,
lubricating
compositions,
detergents;
waterproofing
fabrics;
in
antiperspirants,
dentifrices;
used
in
pharmacy
as
the
gel
or
dried
gel.
Aluminum
sulfate
SOL
IN
1
PART
WATER
Aq
soln
(1
g/
1
ml
water)
not
less
than
2.9
Essentially
zero.
Tanning
leather,
sizing
paper,
mordant
in
dyeing;
purifying
water;
manuf
lakes,
aluminum
resinate;
fireproofing
&
waterproofing
cloth;
clarifying
oils
&
fats;
treating
sewage;
waterproofing
concrete;
deodorizing
&
decolorizing
petroleum;
antiperspirants;
agricultural
pesticides;
manuf
of
aluminum
salts.
Food
additive.
Ammonium
bicarbonate
17.4%
at
20
deg
C
7.8
(0.1
N)
7.
85
kPa
(58.9
mm
Hg)
In
baking
powder
formulations;
in
cooling
baths;
in
fire
extinguishers;
manuf
porous
plastics,
ceramics;
manuf
dyes,
pigments;
in
compost
heaps
to
accelerate
decompn;
as
fertilizer;
for
defatting
textiles;
in
cold
wave
solns;
in
chrome
leather
tanning;
to
remove
gypsum
from
heat
exchanges
and
other
processing
equipment.
Ammonium
chloride
28.3%
at
25
deg
C
5.5
(1%
sol'n)
1
mm
Hg
Plant
dessicant,
cotton
defoliant,
as
flux
for
coating
sheet
iron
with
zinc;
tinning;
in
dry
&
leclanche
batteries;
dyeing;
freezing
mixtures;
electroplating;
to
clean
soldering
irons;
safety
explosives;
lustering
cotton;
tanning;
in
washing
powders;
manufacturing
dyes;
in
cement
for
iron
pipes;
for
snow
treatment
(slows
melting
on
ski
slopes);
therapeutic:
systemic
acidifier;
vet:
expectorant;
diaphoretic;
acidifying
diuretic
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
6
Ammonium
hydroxide
NA
10.6
(0.01
N
solution)
2160
mm
Hg
@25degC
Textiles;
mfr
of
rayon,
rubber;
condensation
polymerization;
pharmaceuticals;
ceramics;
photography
(development
of
latent
images);
ammonia
soaps;
lubricants;
fireproofing
wood;
ink
mfr;
ammonium
cmpd;
saponifying
fats
&
oils;
org
synth;
detergent;
household
cleanser;
food
additive;
drinking
water
treatment.
Ammonium
nitrate
118.3
G/
100
CC
OF
H2O
@
0
DEGC
0.
1
M
soln
in
water:
5.43
NA
Direct
application
nitrogen
fertilizer;
chem
int
for
nitrous
oxide;
component
of
mixt
with
fuel
oil
for
indust
explosives
&
blasting
agents.
Herbicides
&
insecticides;
absorbent
for
nitrogen
oxides;
oxidizer
in
solid
rocket
propellants;
nutrient
for
antibiotics
&
yeast;
catalyst.
Used
as
a
dessicant
for
cotton.
Ammonium
polyphosphate
Solinwater
NA
NA
The
largestuse
ofpolyphosphoric
acid
is
as
an
intermediate
in
the
production
of
high
quality
liquid
fertilizers.
May
be
used
as
a
stabilizer
in
skimmed
sweetened
condensed
milk
and
dry
milk.
Catalytic
applications
of
phosphoric
acid,
particularly
in
the
form
of
condensed
thermal
polyphosphoric
acids,
make
use
of
its
acidic,
nonoxidizing,
and
dehydrating
properties.
Condensed
acids
of
82­
84%
P2O5
content
are
employed
as
catalysis
in
the
petroleum
and
chemical
industries
for
alkylation,
dehydrogeneration,
polymerization,
and
isomerization
reactions,
including
ethylbenzene,
gasoline,
and
plasticizer
alcohols.
Ammonium
sulfate
76.7g
/
100
g
water@
25
deg
C
5.5
(0.1
M
aq
soln)
NA
Food
additive.
Mfr
of
ammonia
alum;
in
the
mfr
of
hydrogen
sulfide
to
free
it
from
nitrogen
oxides;
analytical
uses;
freezing
mixtures;
flameproofing
fabrics
and
paper;
mfr
viscose
silk;
tanning,
galvanizing
iron;
in
fractionation
of
proteins.
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
7
Barium
sulfate
0.
000222
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
18
DEG
C
5%
SUSPENSIO
N
IN
WATER
IS
NEUTRAL
TO
LITMUS
PAPER
NA
Manufacture
photographic
papers,
artificial
ivory,
cellophane;
filler
for
rubber,
linoleum,
oil
cloth,
polymeric
fibers
&
resins,
paper,
lithographic
inks;
as
a
water
coloring
pigment
for
colored
paper,
in
wallpaper;
as
a
size
for
modifying
colors
of
other
pigments,
in
heavy
concrete
for
radioactive
shield.
Pigment
extender
for
oil
&
water
based
paints;
pigment
(as
component
of
lithopone)
in
paint
&
fabrics,
plaster;
filler
in
cosmetics
(eg,
lipstick);
hardening
agent
for
cement.
Calcium
chloride
74.5
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
20
DEG
C
NA
NA
Used
for
antifreeze
&
refrigerating
soln,
in
fire
extinguishers;
to
preserve
wood,
stone;
mfr
ice,
glues,
cements;
fireproofing
fabrics;
automobile
antifreeze
mixtures;
to
melt
ice
&
snow;
as
coagulant
in
rubber
mfr,
as
size
in
admixture
with
starch
paste;
in
concrete
mixes
to
give
quicker
initial
set
&
greater
strength;
freezeproofing
of
coal
&
ores;
dust
control
on
unpaved
roads;
sizing
&
finishing
cotton
fabrics;
as
brine
for
filling
inflatable
tires
on
tractors
to
incr
traction.
Calcium
phosphate
(Calcium
Bis(
dihydrogen
phosphate))
1.8
g/
100
cc
@
30
deg
C
NA
NA
In
fertilizers;
acidulant
in
baking
powder
&
wheat
flours;
in
enameling;
mineral
supplement
for
foods
&
feeds
Calcium
hydroxide
1730
mg/
l
@20degC
12.4
(AQ
SOLN
SAT
@25DEG
C)
NA
In
lubricants,
drilling
fluid,
pesticides,
fireproofing
coatings,
water
paint;
as
egg
preservative;
mfr
of
paper
pulp;
in
SBR
rubber
vulcanization;
dehairing
hides;
in
water
treatment;
in
mortar,
plaster,
cement
and
other
binding
and
paving
materials
Calcium
sulfate
0.209
G/
100
CC
WATER
AT
30
DEG
C
NA
NA
Used
in
mfr
of
portland
cement;
in
soil
treatment;
for
mfr
of
plaster
of
paris;
artificial
marble;
as
white
pigment;
filler
or
glaze
in
paints,
enamels,
pharmaceuticals,
paper,
insecticide
dusts,
in
yeast
mfr,
water
treatment,
polishing
powders;
in
mfr
of
sulfuric
acid,
calcium
carbide,
ammonium
sulfate,
porous
polymers;
tofu
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
8
Diammonium
phosphate
1
g
dissolves
in
1.7
ml
water
About
8
NA
Fireproofing
textiles,
paper,
wood,
and
vegetable
fibers;
impregnating
lamp
wicks;
preventing
afterglow
in
matches;
flux
for
soldering
tin,
copper,
brass,
and
zinc;
purifying
sugar;
in
yeast
cultures;
in
dentifrices;
in
corrosion
inhibitors;
in
fertilizers.
Disodium
phosphate
Soluble
in
8
parts
water
9.1
for
1%
aq
soln
@
25
deg
C
NA
Emulsifier
(processed
cheese,
quick
cook
cereals,
pharmaceuticals);
metal
phosphatising/
electroplating
reagent);
pottery
glazes/
porcelain/
enamels;
scale
inhibitor
(boiling
water
treatment);
textile/
leather
auxiliary;
detergents.
Ferric
chloride
74.4
G/
100
CC
@
0
DEG
C
NA
1
MM
HG
@
194.0
DEG
C
Treatment
of
sewage
and
industrial
wastes;
etching
agent
for
engraving,
photography,
and
printed
circuitry;
condensation
catalyst
in
Friedel­
crafts
reactions;
mordant;
oxidizing,
chlorinating,
and
condensing
agent;
disinfectant;
pigment;
feed
additive;
water
purification.
Ferric
sulfate
Slowly
sol
in
water
NA
NA
In
preparation
of
iron
alums,
other
iron
salts
and
pigments;
as
coagulant
in
water
purification
and
sewage
treatment;
in
etching
aluminum;
in
pickling
stainless
steel
and
copper;
as
mordant
in
textile
dyeing
and
calico
printing;
in
soil
conditioners;
as
polymerization
catalyst.
Hydrochloric
acid
82.3
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
0
DEGC
2.02
(0.01
N)
3.
54X10+
4
mm
Hg
@
25
deg
C
In
the
production
of
chlorides;
refining
ore
in
the
production
of
tin
and
tantalum;
for
the
neutralization
of
basic
systems;
as
laboratory
reagent;
hydrolyzing
of
starch
and
proteins
in
the
preparation
of
various
food
products;
pickling
and
cleaning
of
metal
products;
as
catalyst
and
solvent
in
organic
synthesis;
for
oil­
and
gaswell
treatment;
in
removing
scale
from
boilers
and
heat­
exchange
equipment;
pharmaceutic
aid
(acidifier).
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
9
Magnesium
carbonate
0.0106
G/
100
CC
COLD
WATER
NA
NA
Used
to
prepare
high
purity
magnesium
compounds
in
the
paint
and
printing
inks
industries
as
well
as
in
the
manufacture
of
fireproofing,
fire
extinguishing,
flooring,
and
polishing
compounds
and
as
fillers
and
smoke
suppressants
in
the
plastics
and
rubber
industries;
USP
grade
is
used
as
an
additive
to
table
salt
to
keep
it
free
flowing,
a
bulking
compound
in
powder
formulations,
and
an
antacid.
Magnesium
chloride
54.25
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
20
DEG
C
NA
NA
Source
of
magnesium
metal,
chem
int
for
magnesium
oxychloride
for
cement;
catalyst;
flocculating
agent;
agent
in
fire
extinguishers;
agent
in
textile
&
paper
mfr;
component
for
ceramics;
fireproofing
agent
for
wood;
component
of
refrigerating
brines
Magnesium
sulfate
26
G/
100
CC
OF
WATER
AT
0
DEG
C
NEUTRAL
TO
LITMUS
NA
As
a
cathartic
&
analgesic
in
medicine;
finishing
agent
for
textiles;
as
water
correcting
agent
in
brewing
indust;
component
of
fireproofing
compositions,
preservatives,
tanning
&
coagulating
agents;
int
for
magnesium
trisilicate;
component
of
nickel
baths
for
plating
other
metals;
catalyst
support
for
platinum
in
sulfuric
acid
production
Manganese
carbonate
Sol
in
dil
acid;
insol
in
water
NA
NA
As
pigment
("
Manganese
White");
drier
for
varnishes;
in
feeds
Monoammoniu
m
phosphate
1
g
dissolves
in
about
2.
5
ml
water
pH
of
0.2
Molar
aq
soln:
4.
2
NA
As
baking
powder
with
sodium
bicarbonate;
in
fermentations
(yeast
cultures,
etc.);
fireproofing
of
paper,
wood,
fiberboard,
etc.
Ammonium
dihydrogen
phosphate
used
to
protect
pesticides
in
spray
mixtures
prepared
with
alkaline
waters
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
10
Phosphoric
acid
548
G
SOL
IN
100
CC
COLD
WATER
1.5
(0.1
N
aq
soln)
0.0285
torr
@20DEGC
Over
90%
of
the
phosphoric
acid
produced
in
the
United
States
and
worldwide
is
used
for
agricultural
applications
as
both
fertilizers
and
animal
feed
supplements.
In
the
manufacture
of
superphosphates
for
fertilizers,
other
phosphate
salts,
polyphosphates,
detergents.
Acid
catalyst
in
making
ethylene,
purifying
hydrogen
peroxide.
As
acidulant
and
flavor,
synergistic
antioxidant
and
sequestrant
in
food.
Pharmaceutic
aid
(solvent).
In
dental
cements;
process
engraving;
rustproofing
of
metals
before
painting;
coagulating
rubber
latex;
as
analytical
reagent.
Potassium
carbonate
110.5g
in
100g
water
at
20
deg
C
pH=
11.6
(aq
soln)
NA
Manufacture
soap,
glass,
pottery,
smalts
and
many
potassium
salts;
in
analytical
chemistry.
Television
glass
accounts
for
a
substantial
portion
of
the
consumption
of
potassium
carbonate
because
the
potassium
salt
is
more
compatible
with
the
lead,
barium,
and
strontium
oxides
contained
in
these
glasses
than
is
sodium
carbonate.
Potassium
chloride
1
G
DISSOLVE
S
IN
2.
8
ML
WATER
OF
SATURATE
D
AQ
SOLN
@15DEG
C:
ABOUT
7
NA
Fertilizer
component
(primary
plant
nutrient),
chem
int
in
prodn
of
other
potassium
salts,
medication,
photography.

Potassium
dihydrogen
phosphate
SOL
33
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
25
DEG
C
4.
4
­
4.
7
NA
In
buffers
for
determination
of
pH;
pharmaceutical
aid
(buffering
agent)
Baking
powder;
nutrient
solutions;
yeast
foods;
buffer
&
sequestrant
in
foods
A
widespread
use
is
as
a
mineral
nutrient
for
fermentation
broths.
Special
liquid
fertilizers,
buffering
systems,
paper
processing.
Potassium
hydroxide
Sol
in
0.
9
part
water
13.5
(0.1
Molar
aq
soln)
1
MMHG@
714
DEG
C
Food
additive;
electroplating;
photoengraving
&
lithography;
printing
inks;
in
analytical
chemistry
&
in
org
synth;
mfr
liq
soap;
pharmaceutical
aid
(as
alkalizing
agent);
mordant
for
woods;
absorbing
carbon
dioxide;
mercerizing
cotton;
paint
&
varnish
removers.
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
11
Potassium
phosphate
(monopatassiu
m
phosphate)
SOL
33
G/
100
CC
WATER
@
25
DEG
C
pH=
4.
4­
4.
7
NA
A
widespread
use
is
as
a
mineral
nutrient
for
fermentation
broths.
Special
liquid
fertilizers,
buffering
systems,
paper
processing.
Its
piezoelectric
properties
has
led
to
its
use
in
sonar
systems
and
other
electronic
applications.
Potassium
sulfate
1
G
DISSOLVE
S
IN:
8.3
ML
WATER
AQ
SOLN
IS
NEUTRAL;
PH
ABOUT
7
NA
Fertilizer
for
chloride­
sensitive
crops
(eg,
tobacco);
accelerator
in
wallboard
(construction
industry);
agent
in
mfr
of
glass;
cathartic
in
human
medicine;
water­
corrective
agent
for
foods
(eg,
brewery
water);
setting­
expansion
control
agent
for
dental
materials
Sodium
acid
pyrophosphate
(disodium
pyrophosphate)
Sol
in
water
NA
NA
Chiefly
in
baking
powders.
FOOD
ACIDULANT.
Electroplating;
metal
cleaning
&
phosphatizing;
drilling
muds
buffer;
sesquestrent
peptizing
agent
in
cheese
&
meat
products;
frozen
desserts
Sodium
bicarbonate
Solubility
in
water
=
8.7g/
100g
solution
at
20
deg
C
0.
1
MOLAR
SOLUTION
@25DEG
C:
8.3
NA
Leavening
agent
in
baking
powder
&
food
ingredients;
component
of
soaps,
detergents
&
pharmaceuticals;
agent
in
leather
tanning,
textile
mfr,
paper
mfr,
fire
extinguishers
&
mfr
of
indust
&
household
chems
Sodium
bisulfate
Soluble
NA
NA
Monosodium
salt
of
sulfuric
acid
Sodium
chloride
35.7
g/
100
ml
of
water
at
0
deg
C
6.7­
7.3
1
mm
Hg
at
865
deg
C
In
the
production
of
chemicals
(sodium
hydroxide,
soda
ash,
hydrogen
chloride,
chlorine,
metallic
sodium),
ceramic
glazes,
metallurgy,
curing
hides,
food
preservative,
mineral
waters,
soap
manufacture
(salting
out),
home
water
softeners,
highway
deicing,
regeneration
of
ion­
exchange
resins,
photography,
food
seasoning,
herbicide,
fire
extinguishing,
nuclear
reactors,
mouthwash,
medicine
(heat
exhaustion),
salting
out
dyestuffs,
supercooled
solutions.
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
12
Sodium
dihydrogen
phosphate
4.87X10+
5
mg/
l
@
25
deg
C
pH
of
0.1
molar
aq
soln
at
25
deg
C:
4.5
NA
In
baking
powders;
in
boiler
water
treatment;
as
dry
acidulant
and
sequestrant
for
foods.
Buffering
agent
(electroplating
baths);
acidulant
(processed
meats,
egg
products,
powdered
drinks);
builder
(industrial
cleaning
formulations);
metal
phosphatising
reagent;
mineral
supplement;
softening/
conditioning
agent
(boiler
water
treatment;
textile
dyeing/
printing
auxiliary.
Sodium
hexa
metaphosphate
SOL
IN
WATER
NA
NA
AKA
Calgon.
Softening
water
without
precipitate
formation,
as
in
dyeing,
laundering,
textile
processing,
and
washing
operations;
corrosion
inhibitor
in
de­
icing
salt
preparations;
frozen
desserts;
pretanning
hides
in
the
manufacture
of
leather;
dispersing
clays
and
pigments;
threshold
treatment
for
scale;
and
corrosion
prevention.
Sodium
hydroxide
1
g
dissolves
in
0.9
ml
water
0.05%
WT/
WT
SOLN
ABOUT
12
1
mmHg
@
739
deg
C
NaOH
solutions
are
used
to
neutralize
acids
and
make
sodium
salts,
e.
g.,
in
petroleum
refining
to
remove
sulfuric
and
organic
acids;
to
treat
cellulose
in
making
viscose
rayon
and
cellophane;
in
reclaiming
rubber
to
dissolve
out
the
fabric;
in
making
plastics
to
dissolve
casein.
NaOH
solns
hydrolyze
fats
and
form
soaps;
they
precipitate
alkaloids
(bases)
and
most
metals
(as
hydroxides)
from
water
solns
of
their
salts.
Pharmaceutic
aid
(alkalizer).
Sodium
nitrate
92.1
G/
100
CC
WATER
AT
25
DEG
C
AQ
SOLN
IS
NEUTRAL
NA
More
than
half
of
the
sodium
nitrate
produced
worldwide
is
used
as
a
fertilizer
for
crops
such
as
cotton,
tobacco,
and
vegetables...
in
the
U.
S.
it
is
of
minor
importance
compared
to
other
fertilizers.
The
major
industrial
use
is
in
the
explosives
industry.
Oxidizer
&
fluxing
agent
in
the
mfr
of
glass
&
enamels;
component
of
charcoal
briquettes,
heat­
transfer
salt;
curing
agent
&
preservative
in
meats;
chem
for
recovery
of
tin
from
scrap;
oxidizing
agent
(eg,
in
metal
coloring
solns);
chem
int
(eg,
for
potassium
nitrate)
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
13
Sodium
nitrite
SOL
IN
1.
5
PARTS
COLD
WATER
pH
ABOUT
9
NA
Diazotization
(by
reaction
with
hydrochloric
acid
to
form
nitrous
acid),
rubber
accelerators,
color
fixative
and
preservative
in
cured
meats,
meat
products,
fish;
pharmaceuticals,
photographic
and
analytical
reagent,
dye
manufacture.
Sodium
sulfate
SOL
IN
ABOUT
3.
6
PARTS
WATER
NA
NA
Tanning;
pharmaceuticals;
freezing
mixtures;
laboratory
reagent;
food
additive
Sodium
sulfite
Sol
in
3.
2
parts
water
Chiefly
in
photographic
developers
and
instead
of
"hypo"
for
fixing
prints;
bleaching
wool,
straw,
silk;
generating
SO2;
as
reducer
in
mfr
dyes;
silvering
glass;
removing
traces
of
Cl
in
bleached
textiles
and
paper;
preserving
meat,
egg
yolks,
etc.
Dietary
supplement;
antioxidant.
Sodium
tripolyphosphat
e
(pentasodium
tripolyphosphat
e)
20g/
100
ml
at
25
deg
C
1%
soln
@
25
deg
C
=
9.7­
9.8
NA
One
of
the
most
widely
used
and
most
effective
builder
in
heavy­
duty
fabric
washing
compositions.
Because
of
its
high
sequestration
power,
it
also
finds
extensive
application
in
automatic
dish
washing
detergents.
It
forms
stable
hydrates
and
thus
aids
in
the
manufacture
of
crisp
spray­
dried
laundry
powders.
Texturizer
in
food.
Phosphorus
source
for
cattle.
Sulfuric
acid
SOL
IN
WATER
0.01
N
sol=
2.1
5.93X10­
5
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
C
Used
in
fertilizers,
chemicals,
dyes
and
pigments,
etchant,
alkylation
catalyst,
electroplating
baths,
iron
and
steel,
rayon
and
film,
industrial
explosives,
lab
reagent,
nonferrous
metallurgy.
Used
as
herbicide.
SulfurousacidNANA
NA
NA
Forms
from
sulfur
dioxide
Tetrapotassium
pyrophosphate
NA
NA
NA
NA
See
tetrasodium
pyrophosphate.
Tetrasodium
pyrophosphate
6.7
G/
100
ML
@
25
DEG
C
10.2
(1%
SOLN)
NA
Indust
&
institutional
detergent
builder;
in
water
treatment;
in
household
laundry
detergents;
in
processed
cheeses;
in
other
food
applications;
in
textile
&
clay
processing,
elastomers,
&
paper
processing
Chemicals
Solubility
pH
Vapor
pressure
Uses
14
Tricalcium
phosphate
2.5
mg/
100
g
water
at
25
deg
C
NA
NA
Manuf
of
fertilizers,
H3PO4
and
P
compds;
manuf
milk­
glass,
polishing
and
dental
powders,
porcelains,
pottery;
enameling;
clarifying
sugar
syrups;
in
animal
feeds;
as
noncaking
agent;
in
the
textile
industry.
Stabilizer
for
plastics;
in
meat
tenderizers;
in
food
as
buffer
Trisodium
phosphate
8.8
G
SOL
IN
100
CC
WATER
pH
of
0.1%
soln:
11.5
NA
Removing
insecticide
residues
from
fruit
&
inhibiting
mold.
In
photographic
developers;
clarifying
sugar;
removing
boiler
scale,
softening
water;
manufacture
of
paper;
laundering;
tanning
leather;
in
detergent
mixture.
In
dairy
substitutes
(milk­
based
pudding,
sour
cream,
cheese).
Zinc
sulfate
101
g/
100
g
water
@
70
deg
C
NA
NA
Zinc
sulfate
&
hydrated
lime,
8
lb
of
each
to
100
gal
of
water,
are
used
to
prepare
spray
called
zinc­
lime
which
is
the
zinc
equivalent
of
bordeaux
mixt.
Zinc­
lime
is
used
extensively
for
control
of
bacterial
spot
disease
of
peaches.
Depressant
in
froth
flotation,
eg,
for
lead­
zinc
ores;
component
of
spinning
bath
in
mfr
of
rayon;
chem
int
for
mfr
of
the
pigment
lithopone,
of
carbamate
fungicides,
eg,
zineb,
for
mfr
of
zinc
metal,
for
mfr
of
other
zinc
compounds,
eg,
zinc
stearate;
component
of
zinc
plating
baths;
chemical
for
water
treatment;
component
of
cosmetics,
eg,
skin
fresheners;
reagent
for
paper
bleaching,
in
mfr
of
glue;
accelerating
agent
in
dental
impression
material;
agent
in
textile
dyeing
&
printing;
preservative
for
wood
&
hides;
fireproofing
agent
15
References
National
Library
of
Medicine.
Hazardous
Substance
Database
(HSDB)
(http://
toxnet.
nlm.
nih.
gov/
cgi­
bin/
sis/
htmlgen?
HSDB).

Federal
Register.
The
Federal
Register
is
available
on
the
internet
at:
http://
www.
access.
gpo.
gov/
su_
docs/
aces/
aces140.html
USEPA
Gold
Book.
Quality
Criteria
for
Water,
1986
(EPA
440/
5­
86­
001)

USEPA.
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
(IRIS).
Available
on
the
internet
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
iris/

USEPA.
National
Recommended
Water
Quality
Criteria
­
Corrrection,
Office
of
Water,
April
1999,
publication
number
EPA
822­
99­
001.
Available
on
the
internet
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
ost/
pc/
revcom.
pdf