Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2003-0006-0172
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2004-01-09T05:00Z

Appendix
O
Human
Health­
Based
Chemical
Selection
Process
December
19,
2003
Office
of
Water
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
­
2­
CONTENTS
Abbreviations
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
OCCURRENCE
INFORMATION
3.
HUMAN
HEALTH
BENCHMARKS
4.
CHEMICAL
SELECTION
PROCESS
4.1
Availability
of
Human
Health
Benchmarks
and
Occurrence
Information
4.2
Is
the
Chemical
Already
Regulated
in
Round
One?
4.3
Chemicals
Evaluated
and
Determined
not
to
be
Hazardous
in
Sewage
Sludge
4.4
Identifying
Chemicals
with
Concentration
Values
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
4.5
Identifying
Chemicals
Occurring
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
and
with
IRIS
or
OPP
Chronic
Human
Health
Benchmarkss
4.6
Is
an
IRIS
or
OPP
Assessment
Ongoing?
4.7
Candidate
Chemicals
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Analysis
5.
QUANTITATIVE
INFORMATION
ON
HUMAN
HEALTH
BENCHMARKS
5.1
Oral
Human
Health
Benchmarks
5.2
Inhalation
Human
Health
Benchmarks
6.
PRIORITIZATION
OF
CHEMICALS
WITH
ONGOING
ASSESSMENTS
FOR
POSSIBLE
INCLUSION
IN
A
TARGETED
SURVEY
6.1
Theoretical
Average
Daily
Intake
6.2
Comparison
of
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotients
to
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Results
7.
REFERENCES
List
of
Figures
Figure
1.
Human
Health­
Based
Chemical
Selection
Process
List
of
Tables
Table
1.
Candidate
chemicals
for
sewage
sludge
screening
Table
2.
Chemicals
reported
in
sewage
sludge
and
having
human
health
benchmarks
from
a
variety
of
data
sources
Table
3.
Chemicals
regulated
in
Round
One
Table
4.
Chemicals
evaluated
and
determined
not
to
be
hazardous
in
sewage
sludge
­
3­
Table
5.
Chemicals
reported
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
from
literature
search
or
national
sewage
sludge
survey
and
having
human
health
benchmarks
from
a
variety
of
data
sources
Table
6.
Identifying
availability
of
IRIS
or
OPP
human
health
benchmarks
for
chemicals
occurring
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
Table
7.
Chemicals
occurring
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
and
having
IRIS
or
OPP
human
health
benchmarks
Table
8.
Chemicals
occurring
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
with
ongoing
health
assessments
and
existing
IRIS
or
OPP
human
health
benchmarks
Table
9.
Candidate
chemicals
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
Table
10.
A.
Oral
human
health
benchmarks
for
candidate
chemicals
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
Table
10.
B.
Inhalation
human
health
benchmarks
for
candidate
chemicals
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
Table
11
Prioritization
of
chemicals
with
ongoing
health
assessments
and
IRIS
or
OPP
oral
human
health
benchmarks
Table
12
Theoretical
hazard
quotients
for
chemicals
which
qualified
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
­
4­
Abbreviations
ATSDR
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
AUR
Air
unit
risk
Cal
EPA
California
Environmental
Protection
Agency
CASRN
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number
CC
Critical
concentration
CWA
Clean
Water
Act
EPA
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
FQPA
Food
Quality
Protection
Act
FY
Fiscal
year
HEAST
Health
effects
assessment
summary
tables
HHB
Human
health
benchmark
HQ
Hazard
quotient
IRED
Interim
reregistration
eligibility
decision
IRIS
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
MRL
Minimal
risk
level
NRC
National
Research
Council
NSSS
National
sewage
sludge
survey
NTP
National
Toxicology
Program
OCD
Oral
critical
dose
OPP
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
OSF
Oral
slope
factor
OW
Office
of
Water
PAD
Population
adjusted
dose
PPRTV
Provisional
peer
reviewed
toxicity
values
RED
Reregistration
eligibility
decision
RfC
Reference
concentration
RfD
Reference
dose
TADI
Theoretical
average
daily
intake
THQ
Theoretical
hazard
quotient
UL
Tolerable
upper
intake
level
­
5­
1.
INTRODUCTION
Under
the
Clean
Water
Act,
the
U.
S.
EPA
must
periodically
review
sewage
sludge
regulations
for
the
purpose
of
identifying
additional
toxic
pollutants
for
potential
regulations.
Section
405(
d)(
2)(
C)
of
the
CWA
states:

"(
C)
Review.
)

From
time
to
time,
but
not
less
often
than
every
2
years,
the
Administrator
shall
review
the
regulations
promulgated
under
this
paragraph
for
the
purpose
of
identifying
additional
toxic
pollutants
and
promulgating
regulations
for
such
pollutants
consistent
with
the
requirements
of
this
paragraph."

As
part
of
fulfilling
this
statutory
requirement,
EPA
developed
a
screening
process
to
identify
chemicals
in
sewage
sludge
that
qualify
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening,
and
could
qualify
for
further
risk
characterization
and
potential
future
regulatory
action.
The
flowchart
for
the
entire
screening
process
is
depicted
in
Figure
1
and
a
description
of
this
screening
process
follows.

2.
OCCURRENCE
INFORMATION
EPA
conducted
an
extensive
literature
search
to
obtain
publicly
available
information
on
chemicals
that
may
occur
in
sewage
sludge,
both
at
the
national
and
international
level.
The
literature
search
covered
the
period
1990­
2002
and
identified
a
substantial
number
of
chemicals
that
were
analyzed
for
in
sewage
sludge
from
25
countries
(
Australia,
Austria,
Belgium,
Brazil,
Canada,
Cyprus,
Denmark,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Greece,
Hong
Kong,
Italy,
Japan,
Jordan,
the
Netherlands,
Poland,
Portugal,
South
Africa,
Spain,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
Taiwan,
the
United
Kingdom
and
the
USA).
In
addition,
more
than
400
chemicals
were
monitored
in
the
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey
(
NSSS)
(
EPA,
1996;
1990).
These
were
combined
with
the
chemicals
identified
in
the
literature
search,
resulting
in
a
total
of
803
candidate
chemicals
for
the
screening
analysis.
These
chemicals
are
listed
in
Table
1
and
include
the
"
classical"
pollutants,
as
well
as
a
number
of
emerging
chemical
categories
such
as
pharmaceuticals,
brominated
flame
retardants,
and
personal­
care
products,
which
have
recently
been
identified
in
sewage
sludge.
Polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins,
polychlorinated
dibenzofurans
and
coplanar
polychlorinated
biphenyls
("
dioxins")
are
not
listed
in
Table
1
since
these
are
the
subject
of
another
Agency
review
(
EPA,
2003a).

Frequency
of
detection
is
indicated
in
Table
1
for
the
NSSS
in
three
broad
categories:
not
detected,
detected
in
1%
of
the
samples
analyzed,
or
detected
in
greater
than
1%
of
the
samples
analyzed
(
EPA,
1996;
1990).
Only
qualitative
information
("
yes"
or
"
no")
is
presented
in
Table
1
for
those
chemicals
found
in
sewage
sludge
based
on
the
national
and
international
literature
search.
­
6­
No
further
evaluation
at
this
time
(
9)

Was
the
chemical
previously
evaluated
&
determined
not
to
be
a
hazard?

Is
a
HHB
available
from
a
final
IRIS
or
OPP
assessment?
Yes
Yes
No
No
Is
an
IRIS
or
OPP
assessment
ongoing
?
Is
the
chemical
already
regulated
in
Round
One?

No
(
223)

Yes
(
79)
No
(
208)

Yes
(
61)

Yes
Figure
1.
Human
Health­
Based
Chemical
Selection
Process
(
Number
of
chemicals)

No
further
evaluation
at
this
time
(
15)

No
further
evaluation
at
this
time
(
129)
Were
measured
concentrations
in
US
sludge
reported
in
the
NSSS
or
in
the
literature
search?

No
further
evaluation
at
this
time
(
18)

Prioritize
for
possible
inclusion
in
a
targeted
survey
(
21)

Candidate
chemicals
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
(
40)
No
(
40)
Chemicals
reported
in
sewage
sludge
&
having
HHB
from
a
variety
of
sources
(
232)
Candidate
chemicals
for
sewage
sludge
screening
(
803)
­
7­
3.
HUMAN
HEALTH
BENCHMARKS
Table
1
indicates
whether
or
not
human
health
benchmarks
(
HHBs)
are
available
for
the
803
chemicals.
HHBs
used
at
this
step
were
from
any
of
the
following
data
sources:

°
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
(
IRIS).
Health
assessments
by
IRIS
undergo
internal
(
EPA)
and
external
peer
reviews
and
are
available
on
IRIS
website
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
iris/
subst/
index.
htm.
IRIS
assessments
may
include
oral
reference
doses
(
RfD)
and
inhalation
reference
concentrations
(
RfC)
for
chronic
noncarcinogenic
health
effects,
and
oral
slope
factors
(
OSF)
and
inhalation
air
unit
risks
(
AUR)
for
carcinogenic
effects.

°
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs
(
OPP)
Reregistration
Eligibility
Decisions
(
REDs)
or
Interim
Reregistration
Eligibility
Decisions
(
IREDs)
available
on
OPP
website
at:
http://
cfpub.
epa.
gov/
oppref/
rereg/
status.
cfm?
show=
rereg.
OPP
establishes
RfDs
for
chronic
and
acute
oral
exposures,
acute
and
chronic
Population
Adjusted
Doses
(
PAD)
which
take
into
account
the
Food
Quality
Protection
Act
(
FQPA)
safety
factor
for
the
protection
of
infants
and
children,
and
oral
cancer
slope
factors.
During
the
review
of
the
toxicity
data
and
the
dose­
response
assessment,
the
pesticide
being
evaluated
undergoes
review
by
several
in­
house
peer
review
committees.
Public
comments
are
also
received
on
the
health
assessments.

°
Health
Effects
Assessment
Summary
Tables
(
HEAST).
The
HEAST
is
a
database
of
human
health
toxicity
values
developed
for
chemicals
of
interest
to
Superfund,
the
Resource
Conservation
and
Recovery
Act,
and
the
EPA
in
general.
Most
of
the
toxicity
values
in
the
HEAST
are
"
provisional."
HEAST
is
not
available
on
the
Internet.

°
EPA's
Office
of
Research
and
Development,
National
Center
for
Environmental
Assessment
Provisional
Peer
Reviewed
Toxicity
Values
(
PPRTV).
PPRTVs
are
developed
for
the
EPA
Superfund
Program
to
provide
time­
critical
information
for
chemicals
that
lack
toxicity
values
on
IRIS
or
HEAST.
PPRTVs
are
not
available
on
the
Internet.

°
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry
(
ATSDR)
Minimal
Risk
Levels
(
MRLs)
for
non­
neoplastic
endpoints.
ATSDR
derives
MRLs
for
acute,
intermediate,
and
chronic
exposure
durations,
and
for
the
oral
and
inhalation
routes
of
exposure.
Cancer
risk
estimates
from
oral
or
inhalation
exposures
are
not
quantified.
MRLs
are
available
in
ATSDR's
Toxicological
Profiles
at:
http://
www.
atsdr.
cdc.
gov/
toxpro2.
html#­
A­.

°
California
Environmental
Protection
Agency
toxicity
values
address
both
cancer
and
noncancer
effects.
Cal
EPA
toxicity
values
are
listed
at:
http:
www.
oehha.
ca.
gov/
risk/
chemicalDB//
index.
asp.
­
8­
4.
CHEMICAL
SELECTION
PROCESS
A
series
of
screening
criteria
was
applied
to
the
master
Table
1
of
803
chemicals.
Chemicals
failing
successive
screening
steps
were
eliminated
from
further
consideration.
Each
of
these
screening
steps
is
described
below
(
see
also
Figure
1).

4.1
Availability
of
Human
Health
Benchmarks
and
Occurrence
Information
Chemicals
with
no
human
health
benchmarks
from
any
of
the
data
sources
described
in
Section
3
(
IRIS,
OPP,
PPRTV,
HEAST,
ATSDR,
Cal
EPA)
were
removed
from
consideration
since
further
hazard
screening
is
not
possible
in
the
absence
of
HHBs.
In
addition,
if
a
chemical
was
monitored
but
not
detected
in
the
NSSS
("
A"
in
that
column
in
Table
1)
and
not
reported
in
the
national
and
international
literature
search
("
no"
in
that
column
in
Table
1),
the
chemical
was
deleted
from
further
consideration,
because
it
appears
not
to
be
present
in
sewage
sludge
and
therefore
does
not
constitute
a
health
hazard.

Applying
these
two
screening
criteria
to
chemicals
listed
in
Table
1
resulted
in
the
elimination
of
571
chemicals.
The
remaining
232
chemicals
are
listed
in
Table
2.

4.2
Is
the
Chemical
Already
Regulated
in
Round
One?

Nine
metals
listed
in
Table
3
were
regulated
in
Round
One
of
the
Part
503
sewage
sludge
standards.
EPA
intends
to
assess
the
need
and
appropriate
level
for
a
numerical
standard
for
molybdenum
in
sewage
sludge
using
the
results
and
conclusions
of
a
Workshop
held
in
2000
and
supplemented
with
additional
data
developed
since
2000.
EPA
expects
to
complete
this
assessment
in
2005.
New
IRIS
health
assessments
are
ongoing
for
arsenic,
cadmium,
copper,
nickel
and
zinc.
These
new
assessments
may
influence
the
HHBs
to
be
used
for
the
exposure
and
hazard
screening
analysis.
In
addition,
EPA
plans
to
include
Round
One
metals
in
a
targeted
survey,
using
improved
analytical
techniques,
to
be
initiated
in
FY
2005.
For
these
reasons,
these
nine
metals
are,
for
the
time
being,
eliminated
from
further
consideration.

4.3
Chemicals
Evaluated
and
Determined
not
to
be
Hazardous
in
Sewage
Sludge
Table
4
lists
15
chemicals
that
are
unlikely
to
pose
a
hazard
from
their
presence
in
sewage
sludge.
Calcium
and
magnesium
are
essential
nutrients.
The
magnitudes
of
the
tolerable
upper
intake
levels
(
ULs)
for
calcium
and
magnesium
of
2.5
g/
day
and
0.35
g/
day,
respectively
(
IOM,
1999),
indicate
unlikely
hazards
from
their
presence
in
sewage
sludge.
Phthalic
anhydride
was
removed
from
consideration
because
of
its
extremely
rapid
degradation
in
soil
for
the
required
sewage
sludge
30­
day
holding
period.
Chromium
can
be
present
in
the
environment
as
chromium
III
or
the
more
toxic
chromium
VI
species.
In
sewage
sludge,
it
is
present
in
the
less
toxic
chromium
III
form
and
is
therefore
unlikely
to
present
a
hazard.
The
remaining
11
chemicals
(
aldrin,
chlordane,
DDD,
DDE,
DDT,
dieldrin,
heptachlor,
heptachlor
epoxide,
hexachlorobenzene,
lindane
and
toxaphene)
are
banned
or
severely
restricted
pesticides.
These
organochlorine
pesticides
were
­
9­
evaluated
in
1992
and
were
not
considered
to
present
a
health
hazard
from
their
presence
in
sewage
sludge
(
EPA,
1992).
Indications
are
that
concentrations
of
these
pesticides
in
sewage
sludge
are
on
the
decline
in
the
U.
S.
In
addition,
NRC
concluded
that
it
seems
highly
unlikely
that
the
banned
or
severely
restricted
chlorinated
pesticides,
at
their
level
of
occurrence
in
sewage
sludge,
will
harm
crops
or
their
consumers
(
NRC,
1996).

Except
for
lindane,
there
were
no
changes
in
oral
human
health
benchmarks
for
these
banned
or
severely
restricted
pesticides
since
their
evaluation
in
1992.
OPP's
recent
health
assessment
of
lindane
has
resulted
in
a
chronic
population
adjusted
dose
(
PAD)
of
0.0016
mg/
kg/
day
compared
to
the
1988
IRIS
RfD
of
0.0003
mg/
kg/
day
(
EPA,
1988;
2002).
Under
the
1999
draft
revised
guidelines
for
carcinogen
risk
assessment,
OPP
concluded
that
lindane
shows
suggestive
evidence
of
carcinogenicity,
but
not
sufficient
to
assess
human
carcinogenic
potential
(
EPA,
1999;
2002).
Quantitative
cancer
assessment
of
lindane
was
also
not
available
in
the
1988
IRIS
file.
The
new
OPP
health
assessment
of
lindane
will
make
it
even
less
likely
to
be
a
health
hazard
in
sewage
sludge.

For
the
above
reasons,
it
is
considered
not
necessary
to
conduct
an
exposure
screening
analysis
for
these
15
chemicals.

4.4
Identifying
Chemicals
with
Concentration
Values
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
Table
5
lists
the
remaining
208
chemicals
not
eliminated
in
the
above
described
previous
steps.
These
chemicals
were
reported
in
sewage
sludge,
and
have
human
health
benchmarks
from
a
variety
of
data
sources.

It
is
considered
appropriate
in
this
screening
exercise
to
use
only
concentration
values
found
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge.
The
nature
and
concentration
of
chemicals
in
sewage
sludge
are
highly
dependent
on
national
laws
and
regulations
governing
the
use
of
chemicals,
and
operation
of
wastewater
treatment
plants.
Pretreatment
regulations
can
vary
significantly
from
country
to
country,
and
as
a
consequence,
the
final
repository
concentration
of
chemicals
in
sewage
sludge
will
also
vary
significantly
from
country
to
country.
Wastewater
pretreatment
regulations,
which
became
effective
in
the
U.
S.
in
1978,
have
dramatically
reduced
the
discharge
of
industrial
wastes
into
sewage
treatment
works
and
therefore
also
the
concentrations
of
industrial
chemicals
in
the
resultant
biosolids
(
NRC,
2002).
As
a
result,
chemicals
found
in
sewage
sludge
from
other
countries,
will
not
necessarily
be
found
in
sewage
sludge
in
the
U.
S.,
and
vice
versa.
In
addition,
concentration
values
for
chemicals
in
sewage
sludge,
for
example
in
Canada,
Poland,
Spain
or
the
UK,
are
highly
unlikely
to
be
representative
of
concentrations
found
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge.
For
these
reasons,
in
this
screening
step,
only
those
concentration
values
that
have
been
measured
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
are
considered
appropriate
for
estimating
exposure
of
the
U.
S.
population
to
chemicals
in
sewage
sludge.

On
the
basis
of
availability
of
concentration
data
for
U.
S.
sewage
sludge,
chemicals
not
detected
or
not
monitored
in
the
NSSS
and
with
no
literature
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
were
­
10­
deleted
from
further
consideration
giving
a
list
of
79
chemicals
qualifying
for
additional
screening
(
Table
6).

4.5
Identifying
Chemicals
Occurring
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
and
with
IRIS
or
OPP
Chronic
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Table
6
also
identifies
whether
or
not
IRIS
or
OPP
chronic
HHBs
are
available
for
these
79
chemicals.

Of
the
health
assessment
databases
described
in
Section
3,
EPA
considers
that
IRIS
and
OPP
databases
are
best
suited
for
the
Agency's
potential
regulatory
activities:
human
health
benchmarks
developed
by
IRIS
or
OPP
have
received
adequate
internal
and
external
peer
reviews,
these
databases
are
readily
available
to
the
public
on
the
Internet,
provide
detailed
explanation
of
the
scientific
basis
of
the
health
assessment,
and
are
not
likely
to
change
rapidly
making
any
sewage
sludge
regulation
obsolete
before
the
next
two­
year
review
cycle.
EPA
is
therefore
using
only
IRIS
and
OPP
human
health
benchmarks
in
this
screening
process.

If
a
pesticide
has
human
health
benchmarks
from
both
IRIS
and
OPP,
OPP
health
assessment
of
a
pesticide
registered
for
food
uses
takes
precedence
over
IRIS
assessment
of
the
same
pesticide.

Of
the
79
chemicals
listed
in
Table
6,
no
IRIS
or
OPP
toxicity
values
were
available
for
17
chemicals.
Strontium
has
an
IRIS
human
health
benchmark
and
was
not
monitored
for
in
the
NSSS
but
a
mean
concentration
of
230
mg/
kg
in
U.
S.
sludge
was
reported
in
the
literature
(
Raven
and
Loeppert,
1997).
However,
available
data
on
the
environmental
properties
of
strontium
are
inadequate
to
conduct
exposure
screening
for
this
chemical.
These
18
chemicals
are
therefore
deleted
from
further
consideration.
The
remaining
61
chemicals
with
final
IRIS
or
OPP
chronic
human
health
benchmarks
qualify
for
additional
screening
and
are
listed
in
Table
7.
Table
7
also
indicates
whether
or
not
new
assessments
are
ongoing
for
these
chemicals.

4.6
Is
an
IRIS
or
OPP
Assessment
Ongoing?

IRIS
and
OPP
are
currently
conducting,
as
of
October
1,
2003,
a
detailed
review
of
recent
scientific
information
for
20
chemicals
(
EPA,
2003b,
2003c).
In
addition,
at
the
request
of
OW,
the
National
Research
Council
is
reviewing
the
toxicological,
epidemiological,
clinical,
and
exposure
data
on
orally
ingested
fluoride,
and
potential
risks
to
children.
Because
the
results
of
the
new
health
assessments
for
these
21
chemicals
with
existing
IRIS
or
OPP
HHBs
are
not
yet
available,
OW
does
not
believe
it
appropriate
to
include
these
21
chemicals,
listed
in
Table
8,
in
the
exposure
screening
analysis
at
this
time:
the
completed
health
assessments
could
result
in
significant
changes
in
the
existing
toxicity
values,
making
these
chemicals
of
more
or
less
potential
health
concerns,
and
potentially
requiring
a
change
in
rule­
making
process.
However,
OW
recognizes
that
chemicals
of
potential
health
concerns
that
are
undergoing
reevaluation
may
need
to
be
included
in
a
targeted
survey
so
that
concentration
values
in
sewage
sludge
may
be
obtained
and
used
in
future
reviews
or
screening
activities.
As
a
substitute
for
the
probabilistic
exposure
­
11­
model
used
in
the
exposure
screening
analysis,
a
simple
estimate
of
oral
exposure
was
used
to
determine
which
chemicals
with
ongoing
health
assessments
may
be
of
priority
health
concern,
and
thus
could
be
included,
subject
to
the
availability
of
adequate
budgetary
resources,
in
a
targeted
survey
to
be
initiated
in
FY
2005.
This
prioritization
scheme
is
further
described
in
Section
6
below.

4.7
Candidate
Chemicals
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Analysis
Table
9
lists
40
chemicals
passing
all
the
screening
steps
and
qualifying
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
using
a
probabilistic
exposure
model.
Concentrations
of
chemicals
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
are
needed
before
the
exposure
screening
can
proceed
for
these
40
chemicals.
The
screening
concentrations
(
mg/
kg
dry
weight
of
sludge)
used
in
this
analysis
were
the
higher
of
the
following
values:

°
The
95th
percentile
concentration
of
the
chemical
in
sewage
sludge
in
the
1989
NSSS,
or
°
The
upper
concentration
values
of
the
chemical
measured
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
from
the
literature
search.
Upper
concentration
values
varied
from
a
single
value
to
a
mean,
maximum
or
90th
percentile
concentrations.

Surprisingly,
only
a
limited
number
of
publications
on
chemicals
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
could
be
located,
postdating
the
1989
NSSS.
In
addition,
when
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sludge
were
available
from
the
literature,
the
upper
reported
literature
concentrations
were
lower
than
those
reported
at
the
95th
percentile
level
in
the
NSSS
(
Kelley,
1997;
Raven
and
Loeppert,
1997;
Mata­
Gonzalez
et
al.
2002;
Barker,
2001;
Gutenmann
et
al.
1994).
For
this
reason,
only
the
NSSS
95th
percentile
values
are
used
in
the
exposure
screening
analysis.
Although
the
available
literature
data
are
too
limited
to
draw
any
firm
conclusions,
this
perhaps
indicates
that
concentrations
of
certain
xenobiotic
chemicals
are
on
the
decline
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge.

5.
QUANTITATIVE
INFORMATION
ON
HUMAN
HEALTH
BENCHMARKS
IRIS
and
OPP
human
health
benchmarks
for
chronic
oral
and
inhalation
exposures,
and
for
noncancer
and
cancer
endpoints
were
used
in
this
screening
exercise.

5.1
Oral
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Chronic
RfDs
or
chronic
PADs
were
used
as
the
HHBs
for
oral
exposure
to
threshold
chemicals.
The
RfD
is
an
estimate
(
with
uncertainty
spanning
perhaps
an
order
of
magnitude)
of
a
daily
exposure
to
the
human
population
(
including
sensitive
subgroups)
that
is
likely
to
be
without
an
appreciable
risk
of
deleterious
effects
during
a
lifetime
(
EPA,
2003e).
The
PAD
includes
an
additional
safety
factor
applied
to
the
RfD
of
up
to
ten­
fold,
if
necessary,
to
account
for
uncertainty
in
data
relative
to
children,
a
requirement
of
the
1996
FQPA
which
places
an
emphasis
on
protecting
the
health
of
infants,
children,
or
other
sensitive
individuals
exposed
to
pesticides
(
EPA,
2003f).
RfD
and
PAD
are
usually
expressed
in
mg
per
kilogram
of
body
weight
per
day
­
12­
(
mg/
kg/
day).

For
carcinogenic
chemicals,
the
oral
slope
factor
(
OSF)
is
an
upper
bound
estimate,
approximating
a
95%
confidence
limit,
on
the
increased
cancer
risk
from
a
lifetime
exposure
to
the
chemical.
This
estimate
is
usually
expressed
in
units
of
proportion
(
of
a
population)
affected
per
mg/
kg/
day
(
EPA,
2003e).
The
dose
for
a
cancer
risk
level
of
E­
5
(
1
in
100,000)
was
calculated
from
the
OSF.

The
oral
critical
dose
(
OCD)
is
the
lower
of
the
RfD,
PAD
and
dose
corresponding
to
E­
5
cancer
risk.
Table
10.
A.
lists
the
40
chemicals
together
with
their
95th
percentile
concentration
from
the
NSSS,
the
various
oral
HHBs
for
each
chemical,
and
the
OCD
used
in
subsequent
exposure
screening.

5.2
Inhalation
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Inhalation
RfCs
are
established
for
threshold
chemicals.
The
RfC
is
an
estimate
(
with
uncertainty
spanning
perhaps
an
order
of
magnitude)
of
a
continuous
inhalation
exposure
to
the
human
population
(
including
sensitive
subgroups)
that
is
likely
to
be
without
an
appreciable
risk
of
deleterious
effects
during
a
lifetime
(
EPA,
2003e).
RfCs
are
usually
expressed
in
units
of
mg/
m3.
OPP
does
not
establish
RfCs
for
pesticides
since
the
margin
of
exposure
(
MOE)
approach
is
used
for
characterization
of
risk
via
the
inhalation
exposure.
However,
for
this
exercise,
OPP
derived
"
equivalent"
inhalation
benchmarks
for
azinphos
methyl,
chlorpyrifos,
diazinon
and
naled,
based
on
information
contained
in
the
IREDs
for
these
pesticides
(
OPP,
2003).

For
carcinogenic
chemicals,
the
air
unit
risk
(
AUR)
is
the
95%
upper
bound
excess
lifetime
cancer
risk
estimated
to
result
from
continuous
exposure
to
the
chemical
at
a
concentration
of
1
mg/
m3
in
air
(
EPA,
2003e).
The
air
concentration
associated
with
a
risk
level
of
E­
5
(
1
in
100,000)
was
calculated
from
the
AUR.

The
inhalation
critical
concentration
(
CC)
is
the
lower
of
the
RfC
and
concentration
for
E­
5
cancer
risk.
Table
10.
B.
lists
the
40
chemicals
together
with
their
95th
percentile
concentration
from
the
NSSS,
the
oral
critical
dose
determined
in
Table
10.
A,
IRIS
RfCs
or
OPP­
derived
"
equivalent"
inhalation
benchmarks,
IRIS
concentration
corresponding
to
E­
5
cancer
risk,
and
the
CC
used
in
subsequent
exposure
screening.

6.
PRIORITIZATION
OF
CHEMICALS
WITH
ONGOING
ASSESSMENTS
FOR
POSSIBLE
INCLUSION
IN
A
TARGETED
SURVEY
As
a
substitute
for
the
EPA
probabilistic
exposure
model,
a
simple
estimate
of
exposure
is
used
to
determine
which
chemicals
listed
in
Table
8
with
ongoing
health
assessments
at
October
1,
2003,
may
be
of
priority
health
concern,
and
thus
could
be
included
in
the
targeted
survey,
to
be
initiated
in
FY
2005.
6.1
Theoretical
Average
Daily
Intake
­
13­
An
estimate
of
"
Theoretical
Average
Daily
Intake"
(
TADI)
is
made
using
the
exposure
scenario
of
a
1­
3
year
old
child,
one
of
the
most
highly
exposed
population
group
on
a
kg
body
weight
basis.
The
following
assumptions
are
made:

°
Child
body
weight
is
13
kg
(
EPA,
1997a);
°
Total
daily
diet
consumed
by
child
consists
of
0.8
kg
food
(
EPA,
1997b)
and
0.3
kg
drinking
water
(
EPA,
2000);
°
The
average
concentration
(
C
avg)
in
mg/
kg
of
sludge
(
dry
weight
basis)
of
the
chemical
is
assumed
to
be
entirely
translocated
to
the
daily
total
diet
of
1.1
kg.

TADI,
mg/
kg/
day
=
C
avg
x
1.1
13
TADIs
calculated
in
this
manner
are
based
on
conservative
assumptions
and
are,
in
effect,
equivalent
to
the
daily
consumption
of
1.1
kg
of
dried
sewage
sludge
containing
average
concentration
of
the
chemical
under
consideration.

A
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotient
(
THQ)
is
then
derived.
The
THQ
is
the
ratio
of
the
TADI
to
the
oral
critical
dose
(
OCD),
where
the
OCD,
in
mg/
kg/
day,
is
the
lower
of
the
reference
dose,
population
adjusted
dose,
or
dose
for
10­
5
cancer
risk,
i.
e.,

THQ
=
TADI
OCD
The
THQs
have
been
calculated
for
each
of
the
20
chemicals
with
ongoing
health
assessments
and
with
IRIS
or
OPP
existing
oral
human
health
benchmarks.
These
THQs
are
given
in
Table
11
and
are
sorted
in
decreasing
order.

6.2
Comparison
of
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotients
to
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Results
Forty
chemicals
qualified
for
exposure
and
hazard
screening
using
the
EPA
probabilistic
exposure
model.
Hazard
quotients
(
HQ)
have
been
calculated
for
these
chemicals
(
EPA,
2003d).
The
HQ
is
the
ratio
of
the
estimated
exposure
derived
using
the
probabilistic
model,
to
the
oral
critical
dose
(
OCD),
where
the
OCD,
in
mg/
kg/
day,
is
the
lower
of
the
reference
dose,
population
adjusted
dose,
or
dose
corresponding
to
10­
5
cancer
risk.
Chemicals
"
failing"
the
exposure
screen
for
oral
exposure
i.
e.,
with
HQ
greater
than
one
are
barium,
4­
chloroaniline,
manganese,
nitrate,
nitrite
and
silver
(
EPA,
2003d).
Theoretical
hazard
quotients
(
THQs)
were
also
calculated
for
these
40
chemicals
and
are
listed
in
Table
12.
It
can
be
seen
from
Table
12
that
the
six
chemicals
having
HQ
>
1
always
had
THQs
equal
to
or
greater
than
75
using
the
TADI
approach.

On
this
basis,
a
prioritization
scale
was
established
for
the
20
chemicals
with
ongoing
health
assessments
and
IRIS
or
OPP
oral
human
health
benchmarks:
­
14­
THQ

75:
High
priority
chemicals
for
inclusion
in
the
targeted
survey.

THQ
<
75:
Low
priority
chemicals
Using
this
priority
scale,
chemicals
with
THQs
equal
to
or
greater
than
75
are
high
priority
chemicals
of
potential
health
concern
and
could
be
included,
subject
to
the
availability
of
adequate
budgetary
resources,
in
the
targeted
survey
to
be
initiated
in
FY
2005.
These
are
benzo[
a]
pyrene,
polychlorinated
biphenyl
congeners
and
Aroclors
(
excluding
coplanar
PCB
congeners
already
included
in
the
2001
dioxins
survey),
di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate,
thallium,
antimony,
carbon
tetrachloride
and
fluoride.
Chemicals
with
THQs
less
than
75
are
considered
of
low
priority
and
are
not
planned
to
be
included
in
the
survey.

Inhalation
exposure
was
not
included
in
this
theoretical
estimation
of
exposure
since
in
all
cases
of
application
of
the
probabilistic
exposure
model,
the
inhalation
route
of
exposure
was
negligible
(
EPA,
2003d).

Priority
for
inclusion
or
exclusion
of
chemicals
with
ongoing
health
assessments
in
the
planned
survey
will
be
reconsidered
if
the
results
of
ongoing
IRIS,
OPP
or
NRC
assessments
become
available
and
indicate
a
different
priority
order.

7.
REFERENCES
Barker
AV.
2001.
Evaluation
of
Compost
for
Growth
of
Grass
Sod.
Commun.
Soil
Sci.
Plant
Anal.,
32
(
11
and
12),
1841­
1860.

EPA
(
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1988.
IRIS
Summary
for
Gamma­
Hexachlorocyclohexane
(
Gamma­
HCH).
Available
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
iris/
subst/
0065.
htm
EPA.
1990.
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
Availability
of
Information
and
Data,
and
Anticipated
Impacts
on
Proposed
Regulations;
Proposed
Rule.
Federal
Register
Vol.
55,
No.
218:
47210­
47283.
Friday,
November
9,
1990.

EPA.
1992.
Technical
Support
Document
for
Land
Application
of
Sewage
Sludge.
Appendix
B.
November
1992.
Office
of
Water.
Washington,
D.
C.

EPA.
1996.
Technical
Support
Document
for
the
Round
Two
Sewage
Sludge
Pollutants.
EPA­
822­
R­
96­
003.
August
1996.
Office
of
Water.
Washington,
D.
C.
­
15­
EPA.
1997a.
Exposure
Factor
Handbook.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors.
EPA/
600/
P­
95/
002Fa.
August
1997.
Office
of
Research
and
Development.
National
Center
for
Environmental
Assessment.
Washington,
D.
C.

EPA.
1997b.
Exposure
Factor
Handbook.
Volume
II
­
Food
Ingestion
Factors.
EPA/
600/
P­
95/
002Fb.
August
1997.
Office
of
Research
and
Development.
National
Center
for
Environmental
Assessment.
Washington,
D.
C.

EPA.
1999.
Guidelines
for
Carcinogen
Risk
Assessment.
Office
of
Research
and
Development.
NCEA­
F­
0644.
July
1999
Review
Draft.
Available
at:
www.
epa.
gov/
ncea/

EPA.
2000.
Estimated
Per
Capita
Water
Ingestion
in
the
United
States.
EPA­
822­
R­
00­
008.
Office
of
Water.
Washington,
D.
C.

EPA.
2002.
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
Pesticide
Reregistration
Status.
Lindane
RED
(
08/
2002)
available
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
oppsrrd1/
REDs/
lindane_
red.
pdf
EPA.
2003a.
Standards
for
the
Use
or
Disposal
of
Sewage
Sludge:
Decision
Not
To
Regulate
Dioxins
in
Land­
Applied
Sewage
Sludge;
Notice.
Federal
Register
Vol.
68,
No.
206:
61083­
61096.
Friday,
October
24,
2003.

EPA.
2003b.
Integrated
Risk
Information
System.
Announcement
of
2003
Program;
Request
for
Information
and
Announcement
of
Workshop.
Federal
Registry.
Vol.
68,
No.
24.
Wednesday,
February
5,
2003.
pp.
5870­
5873.

EPA.
2003c.
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
Candidates
for
Reregistration
Decisions.
Available
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
oppsrrd1/
reregistration/
candidates.
htm.

EPA.
2003d.
Technical
Background
Document
for
the
Sewage
Sludge
Exposure
and
Hazard
Assessment.
Office
of
Water.
RTI
Project
No.
08137.001.024.005.
Appendix
Q.

EPA.
2003e.
Integrated
Risk
Information
System.
National
Center
for
Environmental
Assessment,
Office
of
Research
and
Development,
Washington,
D.
C.
Available
online
at
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
iris/
gloss8.
htm#
u
EPA.
2003f.
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
Food
Quality
Protection
Act
(
FQPA)
of
1996.
Available
at:
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
oppfead1/
fqpa/

Gutenmann
WH,
Rutzke
M,
Kuntz
T,
Lisk
DJ.
1994.
Elements
and
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
in
Sewage
Sludge
of
Large
Cities
in
the
United
States.
Chemosphere,
28
(
4):
725­
728.

IOM
(
Institute
of
Medicine).
1999.
Dietary
Reference
Intakes
for
Calcium,
Phosphorus,
Magnesium,
Vitamin
D,
and
Fluoride.
The
National
Academies
Press.
Washington,
D.
C.
­
16­
Kelley
EF.
1997.
Vermont
Wastewater
Treatment
Facilities
Biosolids
Sampling
Project.
Final
Report.
June
10,
1997.
Waterbury,
Vermont.

Mata­
Gonzalez
R,
Sosebee
RE,
Wan
C.
2002.
Physiological
Impacts
of
Biosolids
Application
in
Desert
Grasses.
Environmental
and
Experimental
Biology.
48:
139­
148.

NRC
(
National
Research
Council).
1996.
Use
of
Reclaimed
Water
and
Sludge
in
Food
Crop
Production.
National
Academy
Press.
Washington,
D.
C.

NRC.
2002.
Biosolids
Applied
to
Land
­
Advancing
Standards
and
Practices.
National
Research
Council
of
the
National
Academies.
The
National
Academies
Press.
Washington,
D.
C.

OPP.
2003.
Office
of
Pesticide
Programs.
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency.
Derivation
of
"
Equivalent"
Reference
Concentrations
for
Azinphos
Methyl,
Chlorpyrifos,
Diazinon
and
Naled.
October
20,
2003.
Washington,
D.
C.

Raven
KP,
Loeppert
RH.
1997.
Heavy
Metals
in
the
Environment
­
Trace
Elements
Composition
of
Fertilizers
and
Soil
Amendments.
J.
Environ.
Qual.
26:
551­
557.
­
17­
Table
1:
Candidate
Chemical
for
Sewage
Sludge
Screening
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Acenaphthene
83329
yes
yes
A
Acenaphthylene
208968
yes
no
A
Acetaldehyde
75070
yes
yes
NA
E
Acetaminophen
103902
yes
no
NA
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
yes
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
yes
yes
C
Acetyl­
1,1,3,4,4,6­
hexamethyl
tetrahydronaphthalene,
7­
;
AHTN
21145777
yes
no
NA
Acetyl­
3­
isopropyl,
1,1,2,6­
tetramethylindane,
5­
68140487
yes
no
NA
Acetyl­
6­
tertbutyl­
1,1­
dimethylindane,
4­
13171001
yes
no
NA
Acrolein;
Propenal,
2­
107028
no
yes
A
Acrylonitrile
107131
no
yes
A
Albuteral
18559949
yes
no
NA
Aldrin
309002
yes
yes
C
Aliphatics
NA
yes
no
NA
Alkylbenzene
sulfonates,
linear
NA
yes
no
NA
Alkylbenzenes,
linear;
LABs
NA
yes
no
NA
Alkylphenol
diethoxylate
NA
yes
no
NA
Alkylphenol
mono­
ethoxylate
NA
yes
no
NA
Alkylphenol
polyethoxylates
NA
yes
no
NA
Allopurinol
315300
yes
no
NA
Allyl
chloride;
Chloropropene,
3­
107051
no
yes
A
Allyl
Mercaptan
870235
yes
no
NA
Alum
7784249
yes
no
NA
Aluminum
7429905
yes
yes
C
Aminobiphenyl,
4­
92671
no
yes
A
Aminosalicylic
acid,
5­
;
Mesalazine
89576
yes
no
NA
Ammonia
7664417
yes
yes
NA
Amoxycillin
26787780
yes
no
NA
Amyl
mercaptan
110667
yes
no
NA
Androsterone,
cis­
53418
yes
no
NA
Aniline
62533
yes
yes
A
Aniline,
2,4,5­
trimethyl
137177
no
no
A
Anisidine,
o­
90040
no
yes
A
Anthracene
120127
yes
yes
C
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
18­
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aramite
140578
no
yes
A
Aroclor
1016
12674112
yes
yes
A
Aroclor
1210
147601874
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1216
151820278
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1221
11104282
yes
no
A
Aroclor
1231
37234405
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1232
11141165
yes
no
A
Aroclor
1240
71328897
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1242
53469219
yes
no
A
Aroclor
1248
12672296
yes
no
C
Aroclor
1250
165245512
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1252
89577786
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
yes
C
Aroclor
1260
11096825
yes
no
C
Aroclor
1262
37324235
yes
no
NA
Aroclor
1268
11100144
yes
no
NA
Arsenic
and
compounds*
7440­
38­
2
yes
yes
C
E
Aspirin
50782
yes
no
NA
Atenolol
29122687
yes
no
NA
Atrazine
1912249
yes
yes
NA
E
Azinphos
ethyl
2642719
yes
no
A
Azinphos
methyl
86500
yes
yes
C
Barium
7440393
yes
yes
C
Benzamide
55210
yes
no
NA
Benzanthrone
82053
no
no
A
Benzene
71432
yes
yes
A
Benzenesulfonic
acid,
linear
alkyl
derivatives
42615292
yes
no
NA
Benzenethiol
108985
yes
yes
A
Benzidine
92875
no
yes
A
Benzo[
a]
anthracene
56553
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
a]
carbazole
243287
yes
no
NA
Benzo[
a]
fluorene;
Benzofluorene,
1,2­
238846
yes
no
NA
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
yes
C
E
Benzo[
b]
fluoranthene
205992
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
b]
fluorene;
Benzofluorene,
2,3­
243174
yes
no
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
19­
Benzo[
b]
naphtho(
2,3­
d)
furan
243425
yes
no
NA
Benzo[
c]
phenanthrene
195197
yes
no
NA
Benzo[
e]
pyrene
192­
97­
2
yes
no
NA
Benzo[
ghi]
perylene
191242
yes
no
A
Benzo[
j]
fluoranthene
205823
yes
yes
NA
Benzo[
k]
fluoranthene
207089
yes
yes
C
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
yes
yes
C
Benzoic
acid
phenylester
93992
yes
no
NA
Benzonitrile,
3,5­
dibromo­
4­
hydroxy;
Bromoxynil
1689845
no
yes
A
Benzyl
alcohol
100­
51­
6
yes
no
A
Benzyl
Mercaptan
100538
yes
no
NA
Beryllium
7440417
yes
yes
C
Betaxolol
63659187
yes
no
NA
Bezafibrate
41859670
yes
no
NA
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
yes
yes
B
Biphenyl,
4­
nitro
92933
no
no
A
Bis(
2­
chloroethoxy)
methane
111911
yes
no
A
Bis(
2­
chloroethyl)
ether
111444
yes
yes
A
Bis(
2­
chloroisopropyl)
ether
108601
yes
yes
A
Bis[(
4­
anilino­
6­
morpholino­
1,3,5­
triazin­
2­
yl)­
amino]
stilbene­
2,2'­
dis
ulfonate,
4,4'­
;
DAS
81118
yes
no
NA
Bismuth
7440699
yes
no
NA
Bisoprolol
66722449
yes
no
NA
Bisphenol
A
80057
yes
yes
NA
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Brominated
dibenzofurans
NA
yes
no
NA
Brominated
dibenzo­
p­
dioxins
NA
yes
no
NA
Bromo­
2­
chlorobenzene,
1­
694804
no
no
A
Bromo­
3­
chlorobenzene,
1­
108372
no
no
A
Bromobiphenyl,
3­
2113577
yes
no
NA
Bromobiphenyl,
4­
92660
yes
no
NA
Bromodichloromethane
75274
no
yes
A
E
Bromodiphenyl
ether,
4­
101553
yes
no
A
Bromomethane
74839
no
yes
A
Butanol,
n­
;
n­
Butyl
alcohol
71363
yes
yes
NA
Butyl
amine
109739
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
20­
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
yes
yes
C
Butylated
hydroxy
toluene
128370
yes
no
NA
Butylphen
98544
yes
no
NA
Cadmium
and
compounds*
7440439
yes
yes
C
E
Caffeine
58082
yes
no
NA
Calcium
7440­
70­
2
yes
yes
C
D
Captafol
2425061
yes
yes
A
Captan
133062
yes
yes
A
Carazolol
57775298
yes
no
NA
Carbamazepine
298464
yes
no
NA
Carbaryl
63252
yes
yes
NA
Carbazole
86748
yes
no
A
Carbodox
6804075
yes
no
NA
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
yes
yes
C
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
yes
C
E
Carbophenothion;
Trithion
786196
yes
no
A
Cerium
7440451
yes
no
NA
Cesium
7440462
yes
no
NA
Chlordane
57749
yes
yes
A
Chlordane,
cis­
5103719
yes
yes
NA
Chlorine
7782505
yes
yes
NA
Chloro­
2­
methyl­
phenol,
4­
1570645
yes
no
NA
Chloro­
2­
methyl­
phenoxy
acetic
acid,
4­
;
MCPA
94746
yes
yes
NA
E
Chloro­
2­
nitroaniline,
4­
89634
no
no
A
Chloro­
3­
methylphenol,
4­
;
p­
Chloro­
m­
cresol;
PCMC
59507
yes
yes
A
Chloro­
3­
nitrobenzene,
1­
121733
no
no
A
Chloro­
6­
methyl­
phenol,
2­
87649
yes
no
NA
Chloroacetonitrile
107142
no
no
A
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
yes
yes
C
Chloroanilines
27134265
yes
yes
NA
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
yes
yes
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
yes
yes
C
Chloroethane
75003
no
yes
A
E
Chloroethylvinyl
ether,
2­
110758
no
no
A
Chlorofenvinphos
470906
yes
no
A
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
21­
Chloronaphthalene,
1­
90131
yes
no
NA
Chloronaphthalene,
2­
25586430
yes
no
B
Chlorophenol
25167800
yes
yes
NA
Chlorophenol,
2­
95578
yes
yes
A
Chlorophenol,
4­
106489
yes
yes
NA
Chlorophenylphenyl
ether,
4­
7005723
yes
no
A
Chloroprene;
2­
Chloro­
1,3­
butadiene
126998
yes
yes
A
E
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
yes
yes
C
Chlortetracycline
57625
yes
no
NA
Cholesterol
57885
yes
no
NA
Chromium
and
compounds
7440­
47­
3
yes
yes
C
E
(
NTP)

Chrysene
218019
yes
yes
C
Cimetidine
51481619
yes
no
NA
Ciprofloxacin
85721331
yes
no
NA
Clenbuterol
37148279
yes
no
NA
Clolibric
Acid
882097
yes
no
NA
Cobalt
7440484
yes
yes
C
E
Codeine
76573
yes
no
NA
Copper
and
compounds*
7440508
yes
yes
C
E
Coprostanol
360689
yes
no
NA
Coronene
191071
yes
no
NA
Cotinine
486566
yes
no
NA
Coumaphos
56724
yes
yes
A
Cresol,
m­
;
3­
Methylphenol
108394
yes
yes
NA
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
yes
yes
C
Cresol,
p­
;
4­
Methylphenol
106445
yes
yes
C
Crotonaldehyde
4170303
no
yes
A
Crotoxyphos;
Ciodrin
7700176
yes
no
A
Cyanides
(
soluble
salts
&
complexes)
NA
yes
no
C
E:
HCN
Cyclophosphamide
50180
yes
no
NA
Cymene
p­
99­
87­
6
yes
no
C
DDD,
4,4'­
72548
yes
yes
A
DDE,
4,4'­
72559
yes
yes
B
DDT
;
p,
p'­
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
50293
yes
yes
C
Decabromobiphenyl
,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5,5',
6,6'
­
13654096
yes
no
NA
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
22­
Decane
n­
124­
18­
5
yes
no
C
Dehydronifedipine
67035227
yes
no
NA
Demeton
8065483
yes
yes
A
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
adipate;
DEHA
103231
yes
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Diallate
2303164
yes
yes
A
Diazinon
333415
yes
yes
C
Dibenz[
a,
h]
acridine
226368
yes
yes
NA
Dibenz[
a,
h]
anthracene
53703
yes
yes
A
Dibenz[
a,
j]
acridine
224420
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
e]
pyrene
192654
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
h]
pyrene
189640
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
i]
pyrene
189559
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
l]
pyrene
191300
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
c,
g]
carbazole,
7H­
194592
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzofuran
132­
64­
9
yes
no
C
Dibenzothiophene
132650
yes
no
A
Dibromo­
3­
chloropropane,
1,2­;
DBCP
96128
no
yes
A
Dibromobiphenyl
27479658
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,2'
13029099
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,3­
115245062
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,3'­
49602906
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,4'­
49602917
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,4­
53592102
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,5­
57422772
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
2,6­
59080329
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
3,3'­
16400514
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
3,4'
57186900
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
3,4­
60108727
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
3,5­
16372966
yes
no
NA
Dibromobiphenyl,
4,4'­
92864
yes
no
NA
Dibromochloromethane
124481
no
yes
A
E
Dibromodiphenyl
ether,
p,
p'­
2050477
yes
no
NA
Dibromoethane,
1,2­;
Ethylene
dibromide
106934
no
yes
A
E
Dibromomethane
74953
no
yes
A
Dibutyl
amine
111922
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
23­
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
yes
C
E
Dichloro­
2­
butene,
trans­
1,4­
110576
no
no
A
Dichloro­
2­
propanol,
1,3­
96231
no
no
A
Dichloro­
4­
nitroaniline,
2,6­
99309
no
no
A
Dichloro­
6­
methyl­
phenol,
2,4­
1570656
yes
no
NA
Dichloroaniline,
2,3­
608275
no
no
A
Dichloroaniline,
2,4­
554007
yes
no
NA
Dichlorobenzene,
1,2­
95501
yes
yes
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,3­
541731
yes
yes
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
yes
yes
C
E
Dichlorobenzenes,
total
(
mixed
isomers)
25321226
yes
yes
NA
Dichlorobenzidine,
3,3'
91941
yes
yes
A
Dichloroethane,
1,1­
75343
no
yes
A
Dichloroethane,
1,2­
;
Ethylene
dichloride
107062
yes
yes
A
E
Dichloroethene,
1,1­
75­
35­
4
yes
yes
A
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
yes
yes
B
Dichloroisopropanol,
1,3­
96­
23­
1
yes
no
A
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
yes
yes
C
Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,3­
3209221
no
no
A
Dichlorophenol,
2,4­
120832
yes
yes
A
Dichlorophenol,
2,5­
583788
yes
no
NA
Dichlorophenol,
2,6­
87650
yes
no
A
Dichlorophenol,
3,5­
591355
yes
no
NA
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
yes
C
E
Dichloropropane,
1,2­
78875
no
yes
A
Dichloropropane,
1,3­
142289
no
no
A
Dichloropropene,
trans­
1,3­
10061026
no
yes
A
Dichlorvos;
DDVP
62737
yes
yes
A
E
Dichoropropene,
cis­
1,3­
10061015
no
yes
A
Diclofenac
sodium
15307796
yes
no
NA
Dicrotophos;
Bidrin
141662
yes
yes
A
Dieldrin
60571
yes
yes
C
Diepoxybutane,
1,2,3,4­
1464­
53­
5
yes
no
C
Diethyl
ether
60297
no
yes
A
Diethyl
phthalate
84662
yes
yes
A
Diethylstilbestrol
56531
yes
yes
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
24­
Diethyltoluamide,
N,
N'­;
DEET
134623
yes
no
NA
Digoxigenin
1672464
yes
no
NA
Digoxin
20830755
yes
no
NA
Diisopropylamine
108189
yes
no
NA
Diltiazem
42399417
yes
no
NA
Diltiazem
Hydrochloride
33286225
yes
no
NA
Dimethoate
60515
yes
yes
B
E
Dimethoxybenzidine,
3,3'­
119904
no
yes
A
Dimethyl
phthalate
131113
yes
no
B
Dimethyl
sulfide
75183
yes
no
NA
Dimethyl
sulfone
67710
no
no
A
Dimethylamine
124403
yes
no
NA
Dimethylaminoazobenzene,
p­
60117
no
yes
A
Dimethylbenz(
a)
anthracene,
7,12­
57976
no
yes
A
Dimethyldisulfide
624920
yes
no
NA
Dimethylformamide,
N,
N'­
68122
no
yes
A
Dimethylnaphthalene,
2,6­
581420
yes
no
NA
Dimethylphenanthrene,
3,6­
1576676
no
no
A
Dimethylphenol,
2,4­;
Xylenol
105679
yes
yes
A
Dimethylxanthine,
1,7­
611596
yes
no
NA
Dinitro­
2,6­
dimethyl­
4­
tertbutylacetophenone,
3,5,­
81141
yes
no
NA
Dinitrobenzene,
1,4­
100254
no
yes
A
Dinitrophenol
(
mixed
isomers)
25550587
yes
yes
NA
Dinitrophenol,
2,4­
51285
yes
yes
A
Dinitropyrene,
1,6­
42397648
yes
yes
NA
Dinitropyrene,
1,8­
42397659
yes
yes
NA
Dinitrotoluene,
2,4­
121142
yes
yes
A
Dinitrotoluene,
2,6­
606202
yes
yes
A
Di­
N­
octyl
phthalate
117840
yes
yes
B
Dinonylphenol,
2,4­
137995
yes
no
NA
Dinoseb
88857
yes
yes
NA
Di­
N­
propylnitrosamine
621647
no
yes
A
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
yes
yes
C
Dioxathion
78342
yes
no
A
Diphenylamine
122394
no
yes
A
Diphenyldisulfide
882337
no
no
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
25­
Diphenylhydrazine,
1,2­
122667
no
yes
A
Disulfoton
298044
yes
yes
A
Ditallowdimethylammonium
chloride;
DTDMAC
68783788
yes
no
NA
Di­
tert­
butyl­
1,4­
benzoquinone,
2,6­
719222
yes
no
A
Di­
tert­
butylphenol,
2,6­
128392
yes
no
NA
Docosane
n­
629­
97­
0
yes
no
C
Dodecane
n­
112­
40­
3
yes
no
C
Dodecylphenols
27193868
yes
no
NA
Dodecyltrimethylammonium
salt
112005
yes
no
NA
Doxycycline
564250
yes
no
NA
Dysprosium
7429916
yes
no
NA
Eicosane
n­
112­
95­
8
yes
no
C
Enalaprilat
76420729
yes
no
NA
Endosulfan
115297
yes
yes
NA
Endosulfan
I;
alpha­
Endosulfan
959988
yes
yes
B
Endosulfan
II;
beta­
Endosulphan
33213659
yes
yes
C
Endosulfan
sulfate
1031078
yes
no
A
Endrin
72208
yes
yes
C
Endrin
aldehyde
7421934
yes
no
A
Endrin
ketone
53494705
yes
no
A
Enrofloxacin
93106606
yes
no
NA
Equilenin
517099
yes
no
NA
Equilin
474862
yes
no
NA
Erbium
7440520
yes
no
NA
Erythromycin
114078
yes
no
NA
Estradiol
50271
yes
no
NA
Estradiol,
17alpha­
57910
yes
no
NA
Estradiol,
17beta­
50282
yes
no
NA
Estrone
53167
yes
no
NA
Ethanol,
2­(
2­(
nonylphenoxy)
ethoxy)­
27176938
yes
no
NA
Ethanol,
2­
butoxy­
phosphate
78513
yes
no
NA
Ethion
563122
yes
yes
A
E
Ethyl
cyanide
107120
no
no
A
Ethyl
mercaptan
75081
yes
no
NA
Ethyl
methacrylate
97632
no
yes
A
Ethyl
methanesulfonate
62500
no
no
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
26­
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
yes
yes
C
Ethylamine
75047
yes
no
NA
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
yes
C
E
Ethylenethiourea
96457
no
yes
A
Ethynyl
estradiol,
17alpha­
57636
yes
no
NA
Europium
7440531
yes
no
NA
Famphur
52857
yes
no
A
Fensulfothion
115902
yes
no
A
Fenthion
55389
yes
yes
A
Ferric
chloride
7705080
yes
no
NA
Ferrous
sulfate
7720787
yes
no
NA
Flucoxacillim
sodium
5250395
yes
no
NA
Fluoranthene
206440
yes
yes
C
Fluorene
86737
yes
yes
A
Fluoride
16984488
yes
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Fluoxetine
54910893
yes
no
NA
Gadolinium
7440542
yes
no
NA
Gallium
7440553
yes
no
NA
Gemfibrozil
25812300
yes
no
NA
Germanium
7440564
yes
no
NA
Gliclazide
21187984
yes
no
NA
Gold
7440575
yes
no
NA
Hafnium
7440586
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl
35194786
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5­
69278600
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,5,5'­
82865927
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,5,6'­
88700043
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
5,5',
6­
119264549
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5,5'­
67733522
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5,6'­
119264550
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
6,6'­
119264561
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4',
5,5',
6­
84303491
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,5,6,6'­
119264572
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
88700065
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5,6­
79682250
yes
no
NA
Heptabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
3,4',
5,6,6'­
119264583
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
27­
Heptabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Heptabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,7,8,9­
NA
yes
no
NA
Heptabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Heptabromodiphenyl
ether
68928803
yes
no
NA
Heptachlor
76448
yes
yes
A
Heptachlor
epoxide
1024573
yes
yes
C
Heptaoxatricosan­
1­
ol,
23­(
nonylphenoxy)­
3,6,9,12,15,18,21­
27177055
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl
36355018
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4'­
82865892
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,5'­
82865905
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,6'­
119264505
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
5,5'­
55066767
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
5,6'­
119264516
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5'­
67888986
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5­
81381524
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,5,5'­
120991471
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4',
5',
6­
69278597
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4',
5,6'­
93261837
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,5',
6­
119264527
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,5,5',
6­
119264538
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4',
5,5'­
59080409
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4',
5,6'­
36402150
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4',
6,6'­
59261084
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5'­
84303479
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5­
77607091
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,5,5'­
120991482
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4',
5',
6­
82865916
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
67888997
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
5',
6­
84303480
yes
no
NA
Hexabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
60044260
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,6,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,7,8,9­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzofuran,
2,3,4,6,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,4,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,6,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
28­
Hexabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,7,8,9­
NA
yes
no
NA
Hexabromodiphenyl
ether
36483600
yes
no
NA
E
Hexachlorobenzene
118741
yes
yes
A
Hexachlorobutadiene
87683
yes
yes
A
E
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
yes
yes
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
yes
yes
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
delta­
319868
yes
no
C
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
77474
yes
yes
A
E
Hexachloroethane
67721
no
yes
A
Hexachloronaphthalene
1335871
yes
no
NA
Hexachloropropene
1888717
no
no
A
Hexacosane
n­
630­
01­
3
yes
no
C
Hexadecane
n­
544­
76­
3
yes
no
C
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium
salt
112027
yes
no
NA
Hexahydro­
4,6,6,7,8,8­
hexamethylcyclopenta­
g­
2­
benzopyrane,
1,3,4,
6,7,8­
1222055
yes
no
NA
Hexanoic
acid­
n
142­
62­
1
yes
no
C
Hexanone
2­
591­
78­
6
yes
no
C
Holmium
7440600
yes
no
NA
Hydrogen
1333740
yes
no
NA
Hydrogen
sulfide
7783­
06­
4
no
yes
NA
E
Ibuprofen
15687271
yes
no
NA
Ifosfamide
3778732
yes
no
NA
Indeno[
1,2,3­
cd]
pyrene
193395
yes
yes
A
Indium
7440746
yes
no
NA
Indole
120729
yes
no
NA
Iodine
7553562
yes
yes
NA
Iodomethane;
Methyl
iodide
74884
no
no
A
Iridium
7439885
yes
no
NA
Iron
7439896
yes
no
C
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
yes
yes
C
Isodrin
465736
yes
no
A
Isophorone
78591
no
yes
A
Isopropylnaphthalene,
2­
2027170
no
no
A
Isosafrole
120581
no
no
A
Ketoprofen
22071154
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
29­
Lanthanum
7439910
yes
no
NA
Lead
and
compounds*
7439921
yes
yes
C
Leptophos
21609905
yes
no
A
Levonorgestrel
797637
yes
no
NA
Lime
1305788
yes
no
NA
Lincomycin
154212
yes
no
NA
Lindane;
gamma­
Hexachlorocyclohexane
58899
yes
yes
A
Linuron
330552
yes
yes
NA
Lithium
7439932
yes
no
NA
Longifolene
475207
no
no
A
Lopamidol
60166930
yes
no
NA
Lopromide
73334073
yes
no
NA
Lutetium
7439943
yes
no
NA
Magnesium
7439­
95­
4
yes
yes
C
D
Malachite
green
569642
no
yes
A
Malathion
121755
yes
yes
A
E
Manganese
7439965
yes
yes
C
Mebeverine
hydrochloride
2753459
yes
no
NA
Mefenamic
acid
61687
yes
no
NA
Mercury
and
compounds*
Various
yes
yes
C
Includes
MeHg
Mestranol
72333
yes
no
A
Metformin
657249
yes
no
NA
Methapyrilene
91805
no
no
A
Methoxychlor
72435
yes
yes
A
E
Methyl
chloride;
Chloromethane
74873
yes
yes
A
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
yes
yes
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
yes
yes
C
Methyl
mercaptan
74931
yes
no
NA
Methyl
methacrylate
80626
no
yes
A
Methyl
methansulfonate
66273
no
no
A
Methyl
parathion
298000
yes
yes
A
Methyl
pentanone
63072­
44­
6
yes
no
NA
Methyl­
1H­
benzotriazole,
5­
136856
yes
no
NA
Methylamine
74895
yes
no
NA
Methylbenzothiazole,
2­
120752
no
no
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
30­
Methylcholanthrene,
3­
56495
no
yes
A
Methylchrysene,
5­
3697243
yes
yes
NA
Methylene
bis(
2­
chloroaniline),
4,4'­
101144
no
yes
A
Methylene
phenanthrene,
4,5­
203­
64­
5
no
no
A
Methylfluorene,
1­
1730376
no
no
A
Methylnaphthalene,
1­
90120
yes
yes
NA
Methylnaphthalene,
2­
91576
yes
no
B
E
Methylphenanthrene,
1­
832699
yes
no
A
Methylthio
benzothiazole,
2­
615­
22­
5
yes
no
NA
Metoprolol
37350586
yes
no
NA
Mevinphos;
Phosdrin
7786347
yes
yes
A
Mineral
oils
8012951
yes
no
NA
Mirex
2385855
yes
yes
A
E
Molybdenum
and
compounds*
7439987
yes
yes
C
Monobromobiphenyl
26264108
yes
no
NA
Monocrotophos
6923224
yes
no
A
Monuron
150685
yes
no
NA
Musk
xylene
81152
yes
no
NA
Musks
NA
yes
no
NA
Nadolol
42200339
yes
no
NA
Naled
300765
yes
yes
C
Naloxone
465656
yes
yes
NA
Naphthalene
91203
yes
yes
B
E
Naphthalenediamine,
1,5­
2243621
no
no
A
Naphthoquinone,
1,4­
130­
15­
4
no
no
A
Naphthoquinone,
2,3­
dichloro,
1,4­
117806
yes
no
A
Naphthylamine,
alpha­
134327
no
no
A
Naphthylamine,
beta­
91598
no
yes
A
Naproxen
22204531
yes
no
NA
n­
Butyl
Mercaptan
109795
yes
no
NA
Neodymium
7440008
yes
no
NA
Nickel
and
compounds*
7440020
yes
yes
C
E
Niobium
7440031
yes
no
NA
Nitrate
14797558
yes
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
yes
yes
C
Nitroaniline,
2­
88744
no
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
31­
Nitroaniline,
3­
99092
no
no
A
Nitroaniline,
4­
100016
no
no
A
Nitrobenzamide,
4­
619807
yes
no
NA
Nitrobenzene
98953
yes
yes
A
E
Nitrochrysene,
6­
2043937
no
no
NA
Nitrofen
(
TOK)
NA
yes
yes
C
Nitrofluorene,
2­
607578
yes
yes
NA
Nitrogen
7727379
yes
no
NA
Nitrogen,
organic
&
inorganic­
14798039
yes
no
NA
Nitro­
o­
toluidine,
5­
99558
no
yes
A
Nitrophenol,
2­
88755
yes
no
A
Nitrophenol,
4­
100027
yes
yes
A
Nitropyrene,
1­
5522430
yes
yes
NA
Nitropyrene,
4­
57835924
yes
yes
NA
Nitrosamines
35576911
yes
no
NA
N­
Nitrosodiethylamine
55185
yes
yes
A
N­
nitrosodimethylamine
(
NDMA)
62759
yes
yes
A
N­
Nitrosodi­
N­
butylamine
924163
no
yes
A
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
yes
yes
B
N­
Nitrosomethylethylamine
10595956
no
yes
A
N­
Nitrosomethylphenylamine
614­
00­
6
no
no
A
N­
nitrosomorpholine;
NMOR
59892
yes
yes
A
N­
Nitrosopiperidine
100754
no
yes
A
N­
nonylphenol
NA
yes
no
NA
Nonabromobiphenyl
27753522
yes
no
NA
Nonabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5,5',
6­
69278622
yes
no
NA
Nonabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5,6,6'­
119264629
yes
no
NA
Nonabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,5,5',
6,6'­
119264630
yes
no
NA
Nonabromodiphenyl
ether
63936561
yes
no
NA
Nonidet
P­
40
NA
yes
yes
NA
Nonoxynol
10
26027383
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol
(
branched),
4­
84852153
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol
diethoxylate,
4­
NA
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol
ethoxylates
NA
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol
monoethoxylate
27986363
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol,
2­
136834
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
32­
Nonylphenol,
3­
139844
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol,
4­
25154523
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenol,
4­
104405
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenoxy
acetic
acid,
4­
3115499
yes
no
NA
Nonylphenoxy­
3,6,9,12­
tetraoxatetradecan­
1­
ol,
14­
26264028
yes
no
NA
Norethisterone,
19­
68224
yes
no
NA
Norfloxacin
70458967
yes
no
NA
N­
Phenylacetamide
103844
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl
27858077
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
67889003
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
6,6'­
119264594
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,5',
6,6'­
69887112
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
5,5',
6,6'­
59080410
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3'
4,5',
6,6'­
119264607
yes
no
NA
Octabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5,6,6'­
119264618
yes
no
NA
Octabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9­
NA
yes
no
NA
Octabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9­
NA
yes
no
NA
Octabromodiphenyl
ether
32536520
yes
yes
NA
Octachloronaphthalene
2234131
yes
no
NA
Octacosane
n­
630­
02­
4
yes
no
C
Octadecane
n­
593­
45­
3
yes
no
C
Octadecyltrimethylammonium
chloride
112038
yes
no
NA
Octylphenol
67554501
yes
no
NA
Octylphenol
diethoxylate,
4­
NA
yes
no
NA
Octylphenol
monoethoxylate,
4­
NA
yes
no
NA
Octylphenol,
4­
1806264
yes
no
NA
Osmium
7440042
yes
no
NA
Oxytetracycline
79572
yes
yes
NA
Palladium
7440053
yes
no
NA
Parathion;
Ethyl
parathion
56382
no
yes
A
E
Paroxetine
metabolite
NA
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl
56307790
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,6­
77910044
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,5',
6­
88700054
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4',
5­
81397991
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4',
6­
97038976
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
33­
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,5,5'­
67888964
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,5',
6­
59080396
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,5,6'­
80274926
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,6,6'­
97063757
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2',
3,4,4',
5­
74114775
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,3,4,4',
5­
96551701
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
5­
67888975
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
6­
86029643
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,5,5'­
80407701
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
2,3,4,5,6­
38421624
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4',
5­
84303468
yes
no
NA
Pentabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,5,5'­
81902332
yes
no
NA
Pentabromodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Pentabromodibenzofuran,
2,3,4,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Pentabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Pentachlorobenzene
608935
yes
yes
A
Pentachloroethane
76017
no
no
A
Pentachloronaphthalene
1321648
yes
no
NA
Pentachloronitrobenzene;
PCNB
82688
yes
yes
C
E
Pentachlorophenol
87865
yes
yes
A
E
Pentamethyl­
4,6­
dinitrolindane,
1,1,3,3,5­
116665
yes
no
NA
Pentamethylbenzene
700129
no
no
A
Permethrin,
cis­
54774457
yes
yes
NA
Permethrin,
trans­
51877748
yes
yes
NA
Perylene
198550
yes
no
A
Phantolide
15323350
yes
no
NA
Phenacetin
62442
no
no
A
Phenanthrene
85018
yes
no
C
Phenazone
60800
yes
no
NA
Phenol
108952
yes
yes
C
Phenol,
2­
methyl­
4,6­
dinitro;
Dinitro­
o­
cresol;
DNOC
534521
no
yes
A
Phenothiazine
92842
no
no
A
Phenoxymethylpenicyllim
87081
yes
no
NA
Phenyl
ether;
Diphenyl
ether
101­
84­
8
yes
yes
A
Phenyl
sulfide
139662
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
34­
Phenylnaphthalene,
1­
605027
no
no
A
Phenylnaphthalene,
2­
612942
yes
no
A
Phorate
298022
yes
yes
A
Phosmet
732116
yes
yes
A
Phosphamidon
13171216
yes
no
A
E
Phosphoric
acid,
tri­
o­
tolyl
ester
78­
30­
8
yes
no
C
Phosphoric,
triamide,
hexamethyl
680319
yes
no
A
Phthalates
88993
yes
no
NA
Phthalic
anhydride
85449
yes
yes
NA
Phytane
638368
yes
no
NA
Picoline,
2­
109068
yes
no
B
Platinum
7440064
yes
no
NA
Polybrominated
biphenyls
67774327
yes
yes
NA
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Polyethylene
glycol
nonylphenyl
ether
9016459
yes
no
NA
Polyethylene
glycols
25322683
yes
no
NA
Potassium
7440097
yes
no
NA
Potassium
oxide
12136457
yes
no
NA
Praseodymium
7440100
yes
no
NA
Pristane
1921706
yes
no
NA
Progesterone
57830
yes
no
NA
Pronamide
23950585
no
yes
A
Propanil
709988
yes
yes
NA
E
Propen­
1­
ol,
2­
;
Allyl
alcohol
107186
no
yes
A
Propenenitrile,
2­
methyl,
2­
;
Methacrylonitrile
126987
no
yes
A
Propionic
acid,
2­(
4­
chloro­
2­
methylphenoxy)
;
MCPP
93652
yes
yes
NA
Propranolol
525666
yes
no
NA
Propyl
mercaptan
107039
yes
no
NA
Pyrene
129000
yes
yes
C
Pyridine
110861
yes
yes
A
Quinine
sulphate
7778930
yes
no
NA
Ranitidine
66357355
yes
no
NA
Ranitidine
hydrochloride
71130068
yes
no
NA
Resorcinol
108463
no
no
A
Rhenium
7440155
yes
no
NA
Rhodium
7440166
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
35­
Roxithromycin
80214831
yes
no
NA
Rubidium
7440177
yes
no
NA
Ruthenium
7440188
yes
no
NA
Safrole
94597
no
yes
A
Salicylic
acid
69727
yes
no
NA
Samarium
7440199
yes
no
NA
Sarafloxacin
98105998
yes
no
NA
Scandium
7440202
yes
no
NA
Selenium
and
compounds*
7782492
yes
yes
C
Silicon
7440213
yes
no
NA
Silver
7440224
yes
yes
C
Simazine
122349
yes
yes
NA
E
Skatole
83341
yes
no
NA
Sodium
7440­
23­
5
yes
no
C
Sodium
hydroxide
1310­
73­
2
yes
yes
NA
Sodium
n­
dodecylbenzene
sulfonate
25155300
yes
no
NA
Sodium
valproate
1069665
yes
no
NA
Squalene
7683649
no
no
A
Stigmastanol
19466478
yes
no
NA
Strontium
7440246
yes
yes
NA
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
yes
C
E
Sulfachloropyridazine
80320
yes
no
NA
Sulfadimethoxine
122112
yes
no
NA
Sulfamerazine
127797
yes
no
NA
Sulfamethazine
57681
yes
no
NA
Sulfamethizole
144821
yes
no
NA
Sulfamethoxazole
723466
yes
no
NA
Sulfathiazole
72140
yes
no
NA
Sulfur
7704349
yes
no
NA
Sulfur
dioxide
2025­
88­
4
no
yes
NA
Sulfuric
acid
7664939
yes
yes
NA
Sulphasalazine
599791
yes
no
NA
Tantalum
7440257
yes
no
NA
Tellurium
13494809
yes
no
NA
Terbataline
23031256
yes
no
NA
Terbium
7440279
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
36­
Terbufos
13071799
yes
yes
A
Terpineol,
alpha­
8006­
39­
1
yes
no
C
Tert­
butyl­
4­
hydroxy
anisole,
3­
25013165
yes
no
NA
Testosterone
58220
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl
40088457
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,4'­
66115579
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,5'­
60044248
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
4,6'­
97038954
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
5,5'­
59080374
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
5,6'­
60044259
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,2',
6,6'­
97038965
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4­
97038998
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4'­
84303457
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,3,4,5­
115245095
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,3',
4',
5­
59080385
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,3,4,6­
115245108
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
2,4,4',
6­
64258022
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4'­
77102820
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,5'­
97038987
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
3,3',
5,5'­
16400503
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobiphenyl,
3,4,4',
5­
59589923
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromobisphenol
A
79947
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromodibenzofuran,
2,3,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
2,3,7,8­
NA
yes
no
NA
Tetrabromodiphenyl
ether
40088479
yes
no
NA
E
Tetrachlorobenzene
12408105
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachlorobenzene,
1,2,4,5­
95943
yes
yes
A
Tetrachloroethane
25322207
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachloroethane,
1,1,1,2­
630206
no
yes
A
Tetrachloroethane,
1,1,2,2­
79345
yes
yes
A
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
yes
C
E
Tetrachloronaphthalene
1335882
yes
no
NA
Tetrachloronaphthalene,
1,2,3,4­
20020024
yes
no
NA
Tetrachlorophenol
25167833
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachlorophenol,
2,3,4,6­
58902
no
yes
A
Tetrachlorvinphos
961115
yes
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
37­
Tetracosane
n­
646­
31­
1
yes
no
C
Tetracycline
60548
yes
no
NA
Tetradecane
n­
629­
59­
4
yes
no
C
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium
salt
4574043
yes
no
NA
Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate;
TEDP;
Sulfotepp
3689245
yes
yes
A
Tetraethylpyrophosphate
107­
49­
3
yes
no
C
Tetramethylbutyl
phenol,
4­
1,1,3,3­
140669
no
no
NA
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Thianaphthene
95158
no
no
A
Thioacetamide
62555
no
yes
A
Thioxanthe­
9­
one
492228
no
no
A
Thorium
7440291
yes
no
NA
Thulium
7440304
yes
no
NA
Timolol
26839758
yes
no
NA
Tin
and
compounds
Various
yes
yes
C
Titanium
7440326
yes
no
C
Titanium
tetrachloride
7550450
yes
yes
NA
Tolfenamic
acid
13710195
yes
no
NA
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Toluene,
2,4­
diamino
95807
no
yes
A
Toluidine,
5­
chloro,
o­
95794
no
no
A
Toluidine,
o­
95534
no
yes
A
Toxaphene
8001352
yes
yes
A
Tri(
2­
chloroethyl)
phosphate
115968
yes
no
NA
Tri(
dichlorisopropyl)
phosphate
13674878
yes
no
NA
Triacontane
n­
638­
68­
6
yes
no
C
Tribromobiphenyl
51202790
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,2',
5­
59080341
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,3',
5­
59080352
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,4,4'­
6430906
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,4',
5­
59080363
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,4,5­
115245073
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,4',
6­
64258033
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
2,4,6­
59080330
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
3,4,4'­
6683358
yes
no
NA
Tribromobiphenyl,
3,4,5­
115245084
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
38­
Tribromobiphenyl,
3,4',
5­
72416876
yes
no
NA
Tribromodiphenyl
ether
49690940
yes
no
NA
Tribromomethane;
Bromoform
75252
yes
yes
A
E
Tribromophenol,
2,4,6­
118796
yes
yes
NA
Tributyl
tin
compounds
56573854
yes
yes
NA
E
Trichlorfon
52686
yes
yes
A
Trichlorobenzene
12002481
yes
yes
NA
Trichlorobenzene,
1,2,3­
87616
no
no
A
Trichlorobenzene,
1,2,4­
120821
yes
yes
A
Trichlorobenzene,
1,3,5­
108703
yes
no
NA
Trichloroethane
25323891
yes
yes
NA
Trichloroethane,
1,1,1­
71556
yes
yes
A
E
Trichloroethane,
1,1,2­
79005
yes
yes
A
Trichloroethene
79016
yes
yes
B
E
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
yes
yes
C
Trichloronaphthalene
1321659
yes
no
NA
Trichlorophenol
25167822
yes
yes
NA
Trichlorophenol,
2,3,6­
933­
75­
5
no
no
A
Trichlorophenol,
2,4,5­
95954
no
yes
A
Trichlorophenol,
2,4,6­
88062
yes
yes
A
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
yes
yes
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
yes
yes
C
Trichloropropane,
1,2,3­
96184
no
yes
A
Triclosan
3380345
yes
yes
NA
Triethylamine
121448
yes
yes
NA
Trifluralin
1582098
yes
yes
C
Trimethoprim
738705
yes
no
NA
Trimethoxybenzene,
1,2,3­
634366
no
no
A
Trimethyl
phosphate
512561
yes
yes
A
Trimethylamine
75503
yes
no
NA
Trimethylnaphthalene,
2,3,6­
829265
yes
no
NA
Triphenyl
phosphate
115866
yes
no
NA
Triphenylene
217594
no
no
A
Tripropyleneglycol
methyl
ether
25498491
no
no
A
Trithiane,
1,3,5­
291­
21­
4
no
no
A
Tungsten
7440337
yes
no
NA
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
39­
Tylosin
1401690
yes
no
NA
Uranium
7440­
61­
1
yes
yes
NA
E
Vanadium
7440622
yes
yes
C
Vinyl
acetate
108054
yes
yes
A
E
Vinyl
Chloride
75014
yes
yes
A
Virginiamycin
21411530
yes
no
NA
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
NA
yes
no
NA
Warfarin
81812
yes
yes
NA
Xylene,
m­
108­
38­
3
yes
yes
C
Xylene,
o­
95476
yes
yes
NA
Xylene,
p­
106423
yes
yes
NA
Xylene
(
o,
p,
m
mixture)
1330207
yes
yes
C
Ytterbium
7440644
yes
no
NA
Yttrium
7440655
yes
no
C
Zinc
and
compounds*
7440666
yes
yes
C
E
Zirconium
7440677
yes
no
NA
CASRN
=
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number.
*
=
Metals
regulated
in
Round
One.
Column
F:
National
&
international
literature
search
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002.
Column
G:
Human
health
benchmarks
from
a
number
of
databases.
The
HHBs
have
not
necessarily
been
fully
evaluated
with
regard
to
acceptability
for
use
in
this
screening
process.
Column
H:
NSSS
=
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
A
=
not
detected
in
sewage
sludge
samples;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected.
Column
I:
D
=
Essential
nutrient.
E
=
Ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003.
E(
NTP)
=
Ongoing
NTP
toxicological
studies
for
Cr+
6.
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data,
requested
by
EPA.
NA
=
Not
applicable
or
not
available.
Reference
for
NSSS
data:
EPA,
1990;
1996.
­
40­
Table
2:
Chemicals
Reported
in
Sewage
Sludge
and
Having
Human
Health
Benchmarks
from
a
Variety
of
Data
Sources
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Acenaphthene
83329
yes
yes
A
Acetaldehyde
75070
yes
yes
NA
E
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
yes
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
yes
yes
C
Aldrin
309002
yes
yes
C
Aluminum
7429905
yes
yes
C
Ammonia
7664417
yes
yes
NA
Aniline
62533
yes
yes
A
Anthracene
120127
yes
yes
C
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aroclor
1016
12674112
yes
yes
A
E:
PCBs
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
yes
C
E:
PCBs
Arsenic
and
compounds*
7440­
38­
2
yes
yes
C
E
Atrazine
1912249
yes
yes
NA
E
Azinphos
methyl
86500
yes
yes
C
Barium
7440393
yes
yes
C
Benzene
71432
yes
yes
A
Benzenethiol
108985
yes
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
41­
Benzo[
a]
anthracene
56553
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
yes
C
E
Benzo[
b]
fluoranthene
205992
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
j]
fluoranthene
205823
yes
yes
NA
Benzo[
k]
fluoranthene
207089
yes
yes
C
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
yes
yes
C
Beryllium
7440417
yes
yes
C
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
yes
yes
B
Bis(
2­
chloroethyl)
ether
111444
yes
yes
A
Bis(
2­
chloroisopropyl)
ether
108601
yes
yes
A
Bisphenol
A
80057
yes
yes
NA
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Butanol,
n­
;
n­
Butyl
alcohol
71363
yes
yes
NA
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
yes
yes
C
Cadmium
and
compounds*
7440439
yes
yes
C
E
Calcium
7440­
70­
2
yes
yes
C
D
Captafol
2425061
yes
yes
A
Captan
133062
yes
yes
A
Carbaryl
63252
yes
yes
NA
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
yes
yes
C
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
yes
C
E
Chlordane
57749
yes
yes
A
Chlordane,
cis­
5103719
yes
yes
NA
Chlorine
7782505
yes
yes
NA
Chloro­
2­
methyl­
phenoxy
acetic
acid,
4­
;
MCPA
94746
yes
yes
NA
E
Chloro­
3­
methylphenol,
4­
;
p­
Chloro­
m­
cresol;
PCMC
59507
yes
yes
A
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
yes
yes
C
Chloroanilines
27134265
yes
yes
NA
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
yes
yes
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
yes
yes
C
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Chlorophenol
25167800
yes
yes
NA
Chlorophenol,
2­
95578
yes
yes
A
Chlorophenol,
4­
106489
yes
yes
NA
Chloroprene;
2­
Chloro­
1,3­
butadiene
126998
yes
yes
A
E
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
yes
yes
C
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
42­
Chromium
and
compounds
7440­
47­
3
yes
yes
C
E
(
NTP)

Chrysene
218019
yes
yes
C
Cobalt
7440484
yes
yes
C
E
Copper
and
compounds*
7440508
yes
yes
C
E
Coumaphos
56724
yes
yes
A
Cresol,
m­
;
3­
Methylphenol
108394
yes
yes
NA
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
yes
yes
C
Cresol,
p­
;
4­
Methylphenol
106445
yes
yes
C
DDD,
4,4'­
72548
yes
yes
A
DDE,
4,4'­
72559
yes
yes
B
DDT
;
p,
p'­
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
50293
yes
yes
C
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Demeton
8065483
yes
yes
A
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
adipate;
DEHA
103231
yes
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Diallate
2303164
yes
yes
A
Diazinon
333415
yes
yes
C
Dibenz[
a,
h]
acridine
226368
yes
yes
NA
Dibenz[
a,
h]
anthracene
53703
yes
yes
A
Dibenz[
a,
j]
acridine
224420
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
e]
pyrene
192654
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
h]
pyrene
189640
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
i]
pyrene
189559
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
l]
pyrene
191300
yes
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
c,
g]
carbazole,
7H­
194592
yes
yes
NA
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
yes
C
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,2­
95501
yes
yes
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,3­
541731
yes
yes
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
yes
yes
C
E
Dichlorobenzenes,
total
(
mixed
isomers)
25321226
yes
yes
NA
Dichlorobenzidine,
3,3'
91941
yes
yes
A
Dichloroethane,
1,2­
;
Ethylene
dichloride
107062
yes
yes
A
E
Dichloroethene,
1,1­
75­
35­
4
yes
yes
A
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
yes
yes
B
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
yes
yes
C
Dichlorophenol,
2,4­
120832
yes
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
43­
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
yes
C
E
Dichlorvos;
DDVP
62737
yes
yes
A
E
Dicrotophos;
Bidrin
141662
yes
yes
A
Dieldrin
60571
yes
yes
C
Diethyl
phthalate
84662
yes
yes
A
Diethylstilbestrol
56531
yes
yes
NA
Dimethoate
60515
yes
yes
B
E
Dimethylphenol,
2,4­;
Xylenol
105679
yes
yes
A
Dinitrophenol
(
mixed
isomers)
25550587
yes
yes
NA
Dinitrophenol,
2,4­
51285
yes
yes
A
Dinitropyrene,
1,6­
42397648
yes
yes
NA
Dinitropyrene,
1,8­
42397659
yes
yes
NA
Dinitrotoluene,
2,4­
121142
yes
yes
A
Dinitrotoluene,
2,6­
606202
yes
yes
A
Di­
N­
octyl
phthalate
117840
yes
yes
B
Dinoseb
88857
yes
yes
NA
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
yes
yes
C
Disulfoton
298044
yes
yes
A
Endosulfan
115297
yes
yes
NA
Endosulfan
I;
alpha­
Endosulfan
959988
yes
yes
B
Endosulfan
II;
beta­
Endosulphan
33213659
yes
yes
C
Endrin
72208
yes
yes
C
Ethion
563122
yes
yes
A
E
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
yes
yes
C
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
yes
C
E
Fenthion
55389
yes
yes
A
Fluoranthene
206440
yes
yes
C
Fluorene
86737
yes
yes
A
Fluoride
16984488
yes
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Heptachlor
76448
yes
yes
A
Heptachlor
epoxide
1024573
yes
yes
C
Hexachlorobenzene
118741
yes
yes
A
Hexachlorobutadiene
87683
yes
yes
A
E
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
yes
yes
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
yes
yes
C
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
77474
yes
yes
A
E
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
44­
Indeno[
1,2,3­
cd]
pyrene
193395
yes
yes
A
Iodine
7553562
yes
yes
NA
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
yes
yes
C
Lead
and
compounds*
7439921
yes
yes
C
Lindane;
gamma­
Hexachlorocyclohexane
58899
yes
yes
A
Linuron
330552
yes
yes
NA
Magnesium
7439­
95­
4
yes
yes
C
D
Malathion
121755
yes
yes
A
E
Manganese
7439965
yes
yes
C
Mercury
and
compounds*
Various
yes
yes
C
Includes
MeHg
Methoxychlor
72435
yes
yes
A
E
Methyl
chloride;
Chloromethane
74873
yes
yes
A
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
yes
yes
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
yes
yes
C
Methyl
parathion
298000
yes
yes
A
Methylchrysene,
5­
3697243
yes
yes
NA
Methylnaphthalene,
1­
90120
yes
yes
NA
Mevinphos;
Phosdrin
7786347
yes
yes
A
Mirex
2385855
yes
yes
A
E
Molybdenum
and
compounds*
7439987
yes
yes
C
Naled
300765
yes
yes
C
Naloxone
465656
yes
yes
NA
Naphthalene
91203
yes
yes
B
E
Nickel
and
compounds*
7440020
yes
yes
C
E
Nitrate
14797558
yes
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
yes
yes
C
Nitrobenzene
98953
yes
yes
A
E
Nitrofen
(
TOK)
NA
yes
yes
C
Nitrofluorene,
2­
607578
yes
yes
NA
Nitrophenol,
4­
100027
yes
yes
A
Nitropyrene,
1­
5522430
yes
yes
NA
Nitropyrene,
4­
57835924
yes
yes
NA
N­
Nitrosodiethylamine
55185
yes
yes
A
N­
nitrosodimethylamine
(
NDMA)
62759
yes
yes
A
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
yes
yes
B
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
45­
N­
nitrosomorpholine;
NMOR
59892
yes
yes
A
Nonidet
P­
40
NA
yes
yes
NA
Octabromodiphenyl
ether
32536520
yes
yes
NA
Oxytetracycline
79572
yes
yes
NA
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Pentachlorobenzene
608935
yes
yes
A
Pentachloronitrobenzene;
PCNB
82688
yes
yes
C
E
Pentachlorophenol
87865
yes
yes
A
E
Permethrin,
cis­
54774457
yes
yes
NA
Permethrin,
trans­
51877748
yes
yes
NA
Phenol
108952
yes
yes
C
Phenyl
ether;
Diphenyl
ether
101­
84­
8
yes
yes
A
Phorate
298022
yes
yes
A
Phosmet
732116
yes
yes
A
Phthalic
anhydride
85449
yes
yes
NA
Polybrominated
biphenyls
67774327
yes
yes
NA
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Propanil
709988
yes
yes
NA
E
Propionic
acid,
2­(
4­
chloro­
2­
methylphenoxy)
;
MCPP
93652
yes
yes
NA
Pyrene
129000
yes
yes
C
Pyridine
110861
yes
yes
A
Selenium
and
compounds*
7782492
yes
yes
C
Silver
7440224
yes
yes
C
Simazine
122349
yes
yes
NA
E
Sodium
hydroxide
1310­
73­
2
yes
yes
NA
Strontium
7440246
yes
yes
NA
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
yes
C
E
Sulfuric
acid
7664939
yes
yes
NA
Terbufos
13071799
yes
yes
A
Tetrachlorobenzene
12408105
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachlorobenzene,
1,2,4,5­
95943
yes
yes
A
Tetrachloroethane
25322207
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachloroethane,
1,1,2,2­
79345
yes
yes
A
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
yes
C
E
Tetrachlorophenol
25167833
yes
yes
NA
Tetrachlorvinphos
961115
yes
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
46­
Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate;
TEDP;
Sulfotepp
3689245
yes
yes
A
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Tin
and
compounds
Various
yes
yes
C
Titanium
tetrachloride
7550450
yes
yes
NA
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Toxaphene
8001352
yes
yes
A
Tribromomethane;
Bromoform
75252
yes
yes
A
E
Tribromophenol,
2,4,6­
118796
yes
yes
NA
Tributyl
tin
compounds
56573854
yes
yes
NA
E
Trichlorfon
52686
yes
yes
A
Trichlorobenzene
12002481
yes
yes
NA
Trichlorobenzene,
1,2,4­
120821
yes
yes
A
Trichloroethane
25323891
yes
yes
NA
Trichloroethane,
1,1,1­
71556
yes
yes
A
E
Trichloroethane,
1,1,2­
79005
yes
yes
A
Trichloroethene
79016
yes
yes
B
E
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
yes
yes
C
Trichlorophenol
25167822
yes
yes
NA
Trichlorophenol,
2,4,6­
88062
yes
yes
A
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
yes
yes
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
yes
yes
C
Triclosan
3380345
yes
yes
NA
Triethylamine
121448
yes
yes
NA
Trifluralin
1582098
yes
yes
C
Trimethyl
phosphate
512561
yes
yes
A
Uranium
7440­
61­
1
yes
yes
NA
E
Vanadium
7440622
yes
yes
C
Vinyl
acetate
108054
yes
yes
A
E
Vinyl
Chloride
75014
yes
yes
A
Warfarin
81812
yes
yes
NA
Xylene,
m­
108­
38­
3
yes
yes
C
Xylene,
o­
95476
yes
yes
NA
Xylene,
p­
106423
yes
yes
NA
Xylenes
(
o,
p,
m
mixture)
1330207
yes
yes
C
Zinc
and
compounds*
7440666
yes
yes
C
E
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
47­
*
=
Metals
regulated
in
Round
One.
Column
F:
National
&
international
literature
search
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002.
Column
G:
Human
health
benchmarks
from
a
number
of
databases;
the
HHBs
have
not
necessarily
been
fully
evaluated
with
regard
to
acceptability
for
use
in
this
screening
process.
Column
H:
NSSS
=
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
A
=
not
detected;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected.
NA
=
Not
applicable
or
not
available;
Reference
for
NSSS
data:
EPA,
1990;
1996.
Column
I:
D
=
Essential
nutrient;
E
=
Ongoing
EPA
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003;
E(
NTP)
=
Ongoing
NTP
toxicological
studies
for
Cr+
6;
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicity,
requested
by
EPA.

Table
3:
Chemicals
Regulated
in
Round
One
Chemical
Comments
Arsenic
E
Cadmium
E
Copper
E
Lead
Mercury
Includes
MeHg
Molybdenum
*
Chemical
Comments
­
48­
Nickel
E
Selenium
Zinc
E
Molybdenum*:
EPA
will
review
criteria
for
molybdenum
in
land­
applied
treated
sewage
sludge.
E
=
Ongoing
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
(
IRIS)
assessment
at
October
1,
2003.
EPA
plans
to
include
all
nine
metals
in
a
targeted
national
survey
to
be
initiated
in
FY
2005.
­
49­
Table
4:
Chemicals
Previously
Evaluated
and
Determined
Not
to
be
Hazardous
in
Sewage
Sludge
Chemical
CASRN
Reported
in
Literature
Human
Health
Benchmark
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Aldrin
309002
yes
IRIS
91
C
J
(
banned)

Calcium
7440­
70­
2
yes
IOM
99
C
D
Chlordane
57749
yes
IRIS
98
A
J
(
banned)

Chromium*
16065­
83­
1
yes
IRIS
98
C
Cr
III
predominates
DDD;
p,
p'­
DDD
72548
yes
IRIS
88
A
J
(
banned)

DDE;
p,
p'­
DDE
72559
yes
IRIS
88
B
J
(
banned)

DDT;
p,
p'­
DDT
50293
yes
IRIS
88
C
J
(
banned)

Dieldrin
60571
yes
IRIS
91
C
J
(
banned)

Heptachlor
76­
44­
8
yes
OPP
92
A
J
(
severely
restricted)

Heptachlor
epoxide
1024­
57­
3
yes
OPP
92
C
J
(
severely
restricted)

Hexachlorobenzene
118741
yes
IRIS
91
A
J
(
banned)

Lindane;
gamma­
Hexachlorocyclohexane
58899
yes
OPP
02
C
J
(
severely
restricted)

Magnesium
7439­
95­
4
yes
IOM
99
C
D
Phthalic
anhydride**
85449
yes
IRIS
88
NA
1/
2
life
considerations
Toxaphene
8001352
yes
IRIS
91
A
J
(
banned)

Column
F:
National
&
International
literature
search
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002.
Column
G:
IRIS
or
OPP
human
health
benchmark
&
year
of
assessment.
Column
H:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
A
=
not
detected
in
sewage
sludge
samples;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected;
NA
=
not
applicable.
Column
I:
D
=
Essential
nutrient.
Tolerable
upper
intake
levels
(
UL)
established
by
the
Institute
of
Medicine
(
IOM,
1999)
for
calcium
and
magnesium
are
2.5
g/
day
&
0.35
g/
day,
respectively,
indicating
unlikely
hazard
from
their
presence
in
sewage
sludge;
J
=
Banned
or
severely
restricted
pesticide.
Chromium*:
The
less
toxic
Cr
III,
rather
than
Cr
VI,
predominates
in
sewage
sludge.
Phthalic
anhydride**
was
removed
from
consideration
because
of
its
extremely
rapid
degradation
in
soil
for
the
required
sewage
sludge
30­
day
holding
period.
­
50­
Table
5:
Chemicals
Reported
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
from
the
Literature
or
the
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey
and
Having
Human
Health
Benchmarks
from
a
Variety
of
Data
Sources
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Acenaphthene
83329
yes
n.
d.
A
Acetaldehyde
75070
yes
NA
E
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
yes
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
yes
C
Aluminum
7429905
yes
yes
C
Ammonia
7664417
yes
NA
Aniline
62533
yes
n.
d.
A
Anthracene
120127
yes
n.
d.
C
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aroclor
1016
12674112
yes
A
E:
PCBs
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
C
E:
PCBs
Atrazine
1912249
yes
NA
E
Azinphos
methyl
86500
yes
C
Barium
7440393
yes
yes
C
Benzene
71432
yes
n.
d.
A
Benzenethiol
108985
yes
A
Benzo[
a]
anthracene
56553
yes
n.
d.
C
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Benzo[
b]
fluoranthene
205992
yes
C
Benzo[
j]
fluoranthene
205823
yes
NA
Benzo[
k]
fluoranthene
207089
yes
C
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
yes
n.
d.
C
Beryllium
7440417
yes
yes
C
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
yes
B
Bis(
2­
chloroethyl)
ether
111444
yes
n.
d.
A
Bis(
2­
chloroisopropyl)
ether
108601
yes
n.
d.
A
Bisphenol
A
80057
yes
NA
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Butanol,
n­
;
n­
Butyl
alcohol
71363
yes
NA
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
yes
n.
d.
C
Captafol
2425061
yes
A
Captan
133062
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
51­
Carbaryl
63252
yes
NA
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
yes
n.
d.
C
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Chlordane,
cis­
5103719
yes
NA
Chlorine
7782505
yes
NA
Chloro­
2­
methyl­
phenoxy
acetic
acid,
4­
;
MCPA
94746
yes
NA
E
Chloro­
3­
methylphenol,
4­
;
p­
Chloro­
m­
cresol;
PCMC
59507
yes
n.
d.
A
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
yes
n.
d.
C
Chloroanilines
27134265
yes
NA
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
yes
n.
d.
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
yes
C
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Chlorophenol
25167800
yes
NA
Chlorophenol,
2­
95578
yes
n.
d.
A
Chlorophenol,
4­
106489
yes
NA
Chloroprene;
2­
Chloro­
1,3­
butadiene
126998
yes
A
E
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
yes
yes
C
Chrysene
218019
yes
n.
d.
C
Cobalt
7440484
yes
yes
C
E
Coumaphos
56724
yes
A
Cresol,
m­
;
3­
Methylphenol
108394
yes
NA
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
yes
n.
d.
C
Cresol,
p­
;
4­
Methylphenol
106445
yes
yes
C
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Demeton
8065483
yes
A
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
adipate;
DEHA
103231
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Diallate
2303164
yes
A
Diazinon
333415
yes
C
Dibenz[
a,
h]
acridine
226368
yes
NA
Dibenz[
a,
h]
anthracene
53703
yes
n.
d.
A
Dibenz[
a,
j]
acridine
224420
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
e]
pyrene
192654
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
h]
pyrene
189640
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
i]
pyrene
189559
yes
NA
Dibenzo[
a,
l]
pyrene
191300
yes
NA
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
52­
Dibenzo[
c,
g]
carbazole,
7H­
194592
yes
NA
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,2­
95501
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,3­
541731
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Dichlorobenzenes,
total
(
mixed
isomers)
25321226
yes
NA
Dichlorobenzidine,
3,3'
91941
yes
n.
d.
A
Dichloroethane,
1,2­
;
Ethylene
dichloride
107062
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Dichloroethene,
1,1­
75­
35­
4
yes
n.
d.
A
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
yes
B
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
yes
n.
d.
C
Dichlorophenol,
2,4­
120832
yes
n.
d.
A
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
C
E
Dichlorvos;
DDVP
62737
yes
A
E
Dicrotophos;
Bidrin
141662
yes
A
Diethyl
phthalate
84662
yes
A
Diethylstilbestrol
56531
yes
NA
Dimethoate
60515
yes
B
E
Dimethylphenol,
2,4­;
Xylenol
105679
yes
n.
d.
A
Dinitrophenol
(
mixed
isomers)
25550587
yes
NA
Dinitrophenol,
2,4­
51285
yes
n.
d.
A
Dinitropyrene,
1,6­
42397648
yes
NA
Dinitropyrene,
1,8­
42397659
yes
NA
Dinitrotoluene,
2,4­
121142
yes
n.
d.
A
Dinitrotoluene,
2,6­
606202
yes
n.
d.
A
Di­
N­
octyl
phthalate
117840
yes
n.
d.
B
Dinoseb
88857
yes
NA
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
yes
C
Disulfoton
298044
yes
A
Endosulfan
115297
yes
n.
d.
NA
Endosulfan
I;
alpha­
Endosulfan
959988
yes
n.
d.
B
Endosulfan
II;
beta­
Endosulphan
33213659
yes
n.
d.
C
Endrin
72208
yes
n.
d.
C
Ethion
563122
yes
A
E
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
yes
C
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
53­
Fenthion
55389
yes
A
Fluoranthene
206440
yes
yes
C
Fluorene
86737
yes
n.
d.
A
Fluoride
16984488
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Hexachlorobutadiene
87683
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
yes
n.
d.
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
yes
n.
d.
C
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
77474
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Indeno[
1,2,3­
cd]
pyrene
193395
yes
n.
d.
A
Iodine
7553562
yes
NA
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
yes
C
Linuron
330552
yes
NA
Malathion
121755
yes
A
E
Manganese
7439965
yes
yes
C
Methoxychlor
72435
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Methyl
chloride;
Chloromethane
74873
yes
n.
d.
A
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
yes
n.
d.
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
yes
n.
d.
C
Methyl
parathion
298000
yes
A
Methylchrysene,
5­
3697243
yes
NA
Methylnaphthalene,
1­
90120
yes
n.
d.
NA
Mevinphos;
Phosdrin
7786347
yes
A
Mirex
2385855
yes
A
E
Naled
300765
yes
C
Naloxone
465656
yes
NA
Naphthalene
91203
yes
n.
d.
B
E
Nitrate
14797558
yes
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
yes
C
Nitrobenzene
98953
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Nitrofen
(
TOK)
NA
yes
C
Nitrofluorene,
2­
607578
yes
NA
Nitrophenol,
4­
100027
yes
n.
d.
A
Nitropyrene,
1­
5522430
yes
NA
Nitropyrene,
4­
57835924
yes
NA
N­
Nitrosodiethylamine
55185
yes
A
N­
nitrosodimethylamine
(
NDMA)
62759
yes
n.
d.
A
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
54­
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
yes
n.
d.
B
N­
nitrosomorpholine;
NMOR
59892
yes
A
Nonidet
P­
40
NA
yes
NA
Octabromodiphenyl
ether
32536520
yes
NA
Oxytetracycline
79572
yes
NA
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Pentachlorobenzene
608935
yes
A
Pentachloronitrobenzene;
PCNB
82688
yes
C
E
Pentachlorophenol
87865
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Permethrin,
cis­
54774457
yes
NA
Permethrin,
trans­
51877748
yes
NA
Phenol
108952
yes
yes
C
Phenyl
ether;
Diphenyl
ether
101­
84­
8
yes
A
Phorate
298022
yes
A
Phosmet
732116
yes
A
Polybrominated
biphenyls
67774327
yes
NA
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Propanil
709988
yes
NA
E
Propionic
acid,
2­(
4­
chloro­
2­
methylphenoxy)
;
MCPP
93652
yes
NA
Pyrene
129000
yes
yes
C
Pyridine
110861
yes
A
Silver
7440224
yes
yes
C
Simazine
122349
yes
NA
E
Sodium
hydroxide
1310­
73­
2
yes
NA
Strontium
7440246
yes
yes
NA
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Sulfuric
acid
7664939
yes
NA
Terbufos
13071799
yes
A
Tetrachlorobenzene
12408105
yes
NA
Tetrachlorobenzene,
1,2,4,5­
95943
yes
A
Tetrachloroethane
25322207
yes
NA
Tetrachloroethane,
1,1,2,2­
79345
yes
n.
d.
A
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Tetrachlorophenol
25167833
yes
NA
Tetrachlorvinphos
961115
yes
A
Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate;
TEDP;
Sulfotepp
3689245
yes
A
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
55­
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Tin
and
compounds
Various
yes
C
Titanium
tetrachloride
7550450
yes
NA
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Tribromomethane;
Bromoform
75252
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Tribromophenol,
2,4,6­
118796
yes
NA
Tributyl
tin
compounds
56573854
yes
NA
E
Trichlorfon
52686
yes
A
Trichlorobenzene
12002481
yes
NA
Trichlorobenzene,
1,2,4­
120821
yes
A
Trichloroethane
25323891
yes
n.
d.
NA
Trichloroethane,
1,1,1­
71556
yes
A
E
Trichloroethane,
1,1,2­
79005
yes
n.
d.
A
Trichloroethene
79016
yes
n.
d.
B
E
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
yes
n.
d.
C
Trichlorophenol
25167822
yes
NA
Trichlorophenol,
2,4,6­
88062
yes
n.
d.
A
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
yes
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
yes
C
Triclosan
3380345
yes
NA
Triethylamine
121448
yes
NA
Trifluralin
1582098
yes
C
Trimethyl
phosphate
512561
yes
A
Uranium
7440­
61­
1
yes
yes
NA
E
Vanadium
7440622
yes
yes
C
Vinyl
acetate
108054
yes
n.
d.
A
E
Vinyl
Chloride
75014
yes
n.
d.
A
Warfarin
81812
yes
NA
Xylene,
m­
108­
38­
3
yes
C
Xylene,
o­
95476
yes
NA
Xylene,
p­
106423
yes
NA
Xylenes
(
o,
p,
m
mixtures)
1330207
yes
n.
d.
C
Chemical
CASRN
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
56­
Column
D:
HHB
=
Human
health
benchmarks
from
a
variety
of
databases.
The
HHBs
have
not
necessarily
been
fully
evaluated
with
regard
to
acceptability
for
use
in
this
screening
process.
Column
F:
Literature
search
for
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002;
yes
=
value
reported;
n.
d.
=
not
detected;
blank
=
not
mentioned
in
the
literature.
Column
G:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
A
=
not
detected
in
sewage
sludge
samples;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected.
NA
=
not
applicable
i.
e.,
not
monitored
in
NSSS.
Column
H:
E
=
Ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003.
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data,
requested
by
EPA.
­
57­
Table
6:
Identifying
Availability
of
IRIS
or
OPP
Human
Health
Benchmarks
for
Chemicals
Occurring
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
yes
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
yes
C
Aluminum
7429905
no
yes
C
Anthracene
120127
yes
n.
d.
C
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
C
E:
PCBs
Azinphos
methyl
86500
yes
C
Barium
7440393
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
a]
anthracene
56553
no
n.
d.
C
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Benzo[
b]
fluoranthene
205992
no
C
Benzo[
k]
fluoranthene
207089
no
C
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
yes
n.
d.
C
Beryllium
7440417
yes
yes
C
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
yes
B
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
yes
n.
d.
C
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
yes
n.
d.
C
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
yes
n.
d.
C
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
yes
n.
d.
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
yes
C
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
yes
yes
C
Chrysene
218019
no
n.
d.
C
Cobalt
7440484
no
yes
C
E
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
yes
n.
d.
C
Cresol,
p­
;
4­
Methylphenol
106445
no
yes
C
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Diazinon
333415
yes
C
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
58­
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
yes
B
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
yes
n.
d.
C
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
C
E
Dimethoate
60515
yes
B
E
Di­
N­
octyl
phthalate
117840
no
n.
d.
B
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
yes
C
Endosulfan
I;
alpha­
Endosulfan
959988
no
n.
d.
B
Endosulfan
II;
beta­
Endosulphan
33213659
no
n.
d.
C
Endrin
72208
yes
n.
d.
C
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
yes
C
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Fluoranthene
206440
yes
yes
C
Fluoride
16984488
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
yes
n.
d.
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
yes
n.
d.
C
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
yes
C
Manganese
7439965
yes
yes
C
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
yes
n.
d.
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
yes
n.
d.
C
Naled
300765
yes
C
Naphthalene
91203
yes
n.
d.
B
E
Nitrate
14797558
yes
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
yes
C
Nitrofen
(
TOK)
NA
no
C
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
yes
n.
d.
B
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Pentachloronitrobenzene;
PCNB
82688
no
C
E
Phenol
108952
yes
yes
C
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Pyrene
129000
yes
yes
C
Silver
7440224
yes
yes
C
Strontium*
7440246
yes
yes
NA
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
n.
d.
C
E
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Tin
and
compounds
Various
no
C
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
59­
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Trichloroethene
79016
no
n.
d.
B
E
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
yes
n.
d.
C
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
yes
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
yes
C
Trifluralin
1582098
yes
C
Uranium
7440­
61­
1
no
yes
NA
E
Vanadium
7440622
no
yes
C
Xylene,
m­
108­
38­
3
no
C
Xylenes
(
o,
p,
m
mixtures)
1330207
yes
n.
d.
C
Chemicals
listed
in
this
table
have
reported
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
from
the
literature
search
and/
or
NSSS.
Column
D
=
Human
health
benchmarks
available
(
yes)
or
not
available
(
no)
from
IRIS
or
OPP.
Column
F:
Literature
search
for
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002;
yes
=
concentration
values
reported;
n.
d.
=
not
detected;
blank
=
not
mentioned
in
the
literature.
Column
G:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected;
NA
=
not
applicable
i.
e.,
not
monitored
in
NSSS.
Column
H:
E
=
Ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003.
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data,
requested
by
EPA.
*
Strontium:
Environmental
properties
data
not
available
to
conduct
exposure
analysis.
­
60­
Table
7:
Chemicals
Occurring
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
and
Having
IRIS
or
OPP
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
yes
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
yes
C
Anthracene
120127
yes
n.
d
C
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
C
E:
PCBs
Azinphos
methyl
86500
yes
C
Barium
7440393
yes
yes
C
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
n.
d
C
E
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
yes
n.
d
C
Beryllium
7440417
yes
yes
C
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
yes
B
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
yes
n.
d
C
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
yes
n.
d
C
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
n.
d
C
E
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
yes
n.
d
C
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
yes
n.
d
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
yes
C
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
yes
yes
C
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
yes
n.
d
C
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Diazinon
333415
yes
C
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
n.
d
C
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
yes
n.
d
C
E
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
yes
B
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
yes
n.
d
C
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
C
E
Dimethoate
60515
yes
B
E
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
yes
C
Endrin
72208
yes
n.
d
C
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
yes
C
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
­
61­
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
n.
d
C
E
Fluoranthene
206440
yes
yes
C
Fluoride
16984488
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
yes
n.
d
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
yes
n.
d
C
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
yes
C
Manganese
7439965
yes
yes
C
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
yes
n.
d
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
yes
n.
d
C
Naled
300765
yes
C
Naphthalene
91203
yes
n.
d
B
E
Nitrate
14797558
yes
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
yes
C
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
yes
n.
d
B
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Phenol
108952
yes
yes
C
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Pyrene
129000
yes
yes
C
Silver
7440224
yes
yes
C
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
n.
d
C
E
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
n.
d
C
E
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
yes
n.
d
C
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
yes
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
yes
C
Trifluralin
1582098
yes
C
Xylenes
(
o,
p,
m
mixture)
1330207
yes
n.
d
C
Column
D:
Human
health
benchmarks
(
HHB)
available
from
IRIS
or
OPP.
Column
F:
Literature
search
for
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002;
yes
=
values
reported;
n.
d.
=
not
detected;
blank
=
not
mentioned
in
the
literature.
Column
G:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected;
NA
=
not
applicable
i.
e.,
not
monitored
in
NSSS.
Column
H:
E
=
Ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003;
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data,
requested
by
EPA.
­
62­
Table
8:
Chemicals
Occurring
in
U.
S.
Sewage
Sludge
with
Ongoing
Health
Assessments
and
Existing
IRIS
or
OPP
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
Oral
HHB
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Comments
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
yes
yes
C
E
Aroclor
1254
11097691
yes
C
E:
PCBs
Benzo[
a]
pyrene
50328
yes
n.
d
C
E
Boron
7440428
yes
yes
C
E
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
yes
n.
d
C
E
Chloroform
67663
yes
yes
B
E
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
yes
yes
NA
E
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
yes
yes
C
E
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
yes
n.
d
C
E
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106467
no
n.
d
C
E
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
;
2,4­
D
94757
yes
C
E
Dimethoate
60515
yes
B
E
Ethylbenzene
100414
yes
n.
d
C
E
Fluoride
16984488
yes
C
E
(
NRC)

Naphthalene
91203
yes
n.
d
B
E
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
yes
yes
NA
E
Polychlorinated
biphenyls;
PCBs
1336­
36­
3
yes
yes
C
E
Styrene
100­
42­
5
yes
n.
d
C
E
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
yes
n.
d
C
E
Thallium
7440280
yes
yes
C
E
Toluene
108883
yes
yes
C
E
Chemicals
listed
in
this
table
have
ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessments,
reported
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
from
the
literature
search
and/
or
NSSS.
Column
D:
Oral
human
health
benchmarks
available
(
yes)
or
not
available
(
no)
from
IRIS
or
OPP.
Column
F:
Literature
search
for
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002;
yes
=
values
reported;
n.
d
=
not
detected;
blank
=
not
mentioned
in
the
literature.
Column
G:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected;
NA
=
not
applicable
i.
e.,
not
monitored
in
NSSS.
Column
H:
E
=
Ongoing
IRIS
or
OPP
health
assessment
at
October
1,
2003;
E(
NRC)
=
Ongoing
NRC
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data,
requested
by
EPA.
­
63­
Table
9:
Candidate
Chemicals
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
IRIS
03
yes
C
Acetophenone
98862
IRIS
91
C
Anthracene
120127
IRIS
91
n.
d.
C
Azinphos
methyl
86500
OPP
01
C
Barium
7440393
IRIS
99
yes
C
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
IRIS
91
n.
d.
C
Beryllium
7440417
IRIS
98
yes
C
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
IRIS
91
B
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
IRIS
89
n.
d.
C
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
IRIS
95
n.
d.
C
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
IRIS
88
n.
d.
C
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
IRIS
90
n.
d.
C
Chlorobenzilate
510156
IRIS
89
C
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
OPP
01
yes
C
Cresol,
o­
;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
IRIS
92
n.
d.
C
Diazinon
333415
OPP
02
C
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
IRIS
88
B
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75092
IRIS
91
n.
d.
C
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
IRIS
88
C
Endrin
72208
IRIS
89
n.
d.
C
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
IRIS
87
C
Fluoranthene
206440
IRIS
90
yes
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
IRIS
91
n.
d.
C
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
IRIS
91
n.
d.
C
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
IRIS
87
C
Manganese
7439965
IRIS
95
yes
C
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
IRIS
03
n.
d.
C
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone;
MIBK;
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
IRIS
03
n.
d.
C
Naled
300765
OPP
02
C
Nitrate
14797558
IRIS
91
yes
C
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
IRIS
87
C
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
IRIS
87
n.
d.
B
Phenol
108952
IRIS
02
yes
C
Pyrene
129000
IRIS
91
yes
C
Chemical
CASRN
IRIS
or
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
Literature
Reports
Concn
Values
in
U.
S.
Sludge
Monitored
in
1989
NSSS
­
64­
Silver
7440224
IRIS
91
yes
C
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
IRIS
87
n.
d.
C
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­
;
Silvex
93721
IRIS
88
C
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
IRIS
88
C
Trifluralin
1582098
OPP
95
C
Xylenes
(
o,
p,
m
mixture)
1330207
IRIS
03
n.
d.
C
Chemicals
listed
in
this
table
have
reported
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
from
the
literature
search
and/
or
NSSS.
Column
D:
IRIS
or
OPP
chronic
human
health
benchmarks
and
assessment
year.
Column
F:
Literature
search
for
concentration
values
in
U.
S.
sewage
sludge
conducted
for
the
period
1990­
2002;
yes
=
values
reported;
n.
d.
=
not
detected;
blank
=
not
mentioned
in
the
literature.
Column
G:
NSSS
=
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
B
=
detected
in
1%
of
samples
collected;
C
=
detected
in
>
1%
of
samples
collected.
­
65­
Table
10A:
Oral
Human
Health
Benchmarks
for
Candidate
Chemicals
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
95th
perc.
Concn
mg/
kg
IRIS/
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
RfD
PAD
OSF
Dose
for
E­
5
OCD
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
58
116.00
IRIS
03
9.00e­
01
9.00e­
01
Acetophenone
98862
2
32.90
IRIS
91
1.00e­
01
1.00e­
01
Anthracene
120127
2
32.90
IRIS
91
3.00e­
01
3.00e­
01
Azinphos
methyl
86500
2
0.31
OPP
01
1.49e­
03
1.49e­
03
1.49e­
03
Barium
7440393
100
1730.00
IRIS
99
7.00e­
02
7.00e­
02
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
4
167.00
IRIS
91
4.00e+
00
4.00e+
00
Beryllium
7440­
41­
7
22
8.00
IRIS
98
2.00e­
03
2.00e­
03
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
1
33.30
IRIS
91
5.00e­
02
5.00e­
02
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
9
32.90
IRIS
89
2.00e­
01
2.00e­
01
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
10
3.13
IRIS
95
1.00e­
01
1.00e­
01
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
5
33.30
IRIS
88
4.00e­
03
4.00e­
03
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
2
3.13
IRIS
90
2.00e­
02
2.00e­
02
Chlorobenzilate
510156
7
0.10
IRIS
89
2.00e­
02
2.00e­
02
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
3
0.16
OPP
01
3.00e­
04
3.00e­
05
3.00e­
05
Cresol,
o­;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
6
42.80
IRIS
92
5.00e­
02
5.00e­
02
Diazinon
333415
2
0.15
OPP
02
2.00e­
04
2.00e­
04
2.00e­
04
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
1
2.94
IRIS
88
2.00e­
02
2.00e­
02
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75­
09­
2
42
31.30
IRIS
91
6.00e­
02
7.50e­
03
1.33e­
03
1.33e­
03
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
2
3.13
IRIS
88
1.10e­
02
9.09e­
04
9.09e­
04
Endrin
72208
6
0.04
IRIS
89
3.00e­
04
3.00e­
04
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
2
0.12
IRIS
87
1.00e­
05
1.00e­
05
Fluoranthene
206440
5
32.90
IRIS
90
4.00e­
02
4.00e­
02
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
2
0.02
IRIS
91
6.30e+
00
1.59e­
06
1.59e­
06
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
6
0.04
IRIS
91
1.80e+
00
5.56e­
06
5.56e­
06
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
3
3.13
IRIS
87
3.00e­
01
3.00e­
01
Manganese
(
from
drinking
water)
*
7439965
100
1620.00
IRIS
95
4.67e­
02
4.67e­
02
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
34
69.30
IRIS
03
6.00e­
01
6.00e­
01
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone
(
MIBK);
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
2
15.60
IRIS
03
NA
Naled
300765
2
0.84
OPP
02
2.00e­
03
2.00e­
03
2.00e­
03
Nitrate
(
as
Nitrate­
nitrogen)
14797558
95
5020.00
IRIS
91
1.60e+
00
1.60e+
00
Nitrite
(
as
Nitrate­
nitrogen)
14797­
65­
0
83
462.00
IRIS
87
1.00e­
01
1.00e­
01
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
1
65.80
IRIS
87
4.90e­
03
2.04e­
03
2.04e­
03
Phenol
108952
34
57.50
IRIS
02
3.00e­
01
3.00e­
01
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
95th
perc.
Concn
mg/
kg
IRIS/
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
RfD
PAD
OSF
Dose
for
E­
5
OCD
­
66­
Pyrene
129000
5
33.00
IRIS
91
3.00e­
02
3.00e­
02
Silver
7440224
84
128.00
IRIS
91
5.00e­
03
5.00e­
03
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
5
3.47
IRIS
87
3.00e­
01
3.00e­
01
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­;
Silvex
93­
72­
1
15
0.04
IRIS
88
8.00e­
03
8.00e­
03
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
29
0.05
IRIS
88
1.00e­
02
1.00e­
02
Trifluralin
1582098
3
0.16
OPP
95
2.40e­
02
7.70e­
03
1.30e­
03
1.30e­
03
Xylenes
(
mixture)
1330207
4
6.18
IRIS
03
2.00e­
01
2.00e­
01
NSSS
=
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
Reference
for
NSSS
data:
EPA,
1996.
HHB
=
Human
health
benchmark.
RfD
=
Reference
dose,
mg/
kg/
day.
PAD
=
Population
adjusted
dose,
mg/
kg/
day.
OSF
=
Oral
slope
factor,
cancer
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day.
Dose
for
E­
5
=
Dose
for
a
cancer
risk
of
E­
5,
mg/
kg/
day.
OCD
=
Oral
critical
dose,
mg/
kg/
day
=
the
smaller
of
the
RfD,
PAD
or
dose
for
E­
5.
NA
=
Not
available.
*
RfD
and
OCD
for
Mn
from
food
=
1.40E­
1
mg/
kg/
day.
­
67­
Table
10B:
Inhalation
Human
Health
Benchmarks
for
Candidate
Chemicals
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
95th
perc.
Concn
mg/
kg
IRIS/
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
OCD
RfC
AUR
Concn
for
E­
5
CC
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
58
116.00
IRIS
03
9.00e­
01
Acetophenone
98862
2
32.90
IRIS
91
1.00e­
01
Anthracene
120127
2
32.90
IRIS
91
3.00e­
01
Azinphos
methyl**
86500
2
0.31
OPP
01
1.49e­
03
2.20e­
03
2.20e­
03
Barium
7440393
100
1730.00
IRIS
99
7.00e­
02
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
4
167.00
IRIS
91
4.00e+
00
Beryllium
7440­
41­
7
22
8.00
IRIS
98
2.00e­
03
2.00e­
05
2.40e­
06
4.00e­
06
4.00e­
06
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
1
33.30
IRIS
91
5.00e­
02
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
9
32.90
IRIS
89
2.00e­
01
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
10
3.13
IRIS
95
1.00e­
01
7.00e­
01
7.00e­
01
Chloroaniline,
4­;
p­
Chloroaniline
106478
5
33.30
IRIS
88
4.00e­
03
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
2
3.13
IRIS
90
2.00e­
02
Chlorobenzilate
510156
7
0.10
IRIS
89
2.00e­
02
Chlorpyrifos**
2921882
3
0.16
OPP
01
3.00e­
05
5.00e­
05
5.00e­
05
Cresol,
o­;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
6
42.80
IRIS
92
5.00e­
02
Diazinon**
333415
2
0.15
OPP
02
2.00e­
04
6.00e­
05
6.00e­
05
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
1
2.94
IRIS
88
2.00e­
02
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75­
09­
2
42
31.30
IRIS
91
1.33e­
03
4.70e­
04
2.00e­
02
2.00e­
02
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
2
3.13
IRIS
88
9.09e­
04
Endrin
72208
6
0.04
IRIS
89
3.00e­
04
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
2
0.12
IRIS
87
1.00e­
05
Fluoranthene
206440
5
32.90
IRIS
90
4.00e­
02
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
2
0.02
IRIS
91
1.59e­
06
1.80e+
00
6.00e­
06
6.00e­
06
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
6
0.04
IRIS
91
5.56e­
06
5.30e­
01
2.00e­
05
2.00e­
05
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
3
3.13
IRIS
87
3.00e­
01
Manganese
(
from
drinking
water)
*
7439965
100
1620.00
IRIS
95
4.67e­
02
5.00e­
05
5.00e­
05
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
34
69.30
IRIS
03
6.00e­
01
5.00e+
00
5.00e+
00
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone
(
MIBK);
Methyl­
2­
pentanone,
4­
108101
2
15.60
IRIS
03
NA
3.00e+
00
3.00e+
00
Naled**
300765
2
0.84
OPP
02
2.00e­
03
4.00e­
04
4.00e­
04
Nitrate
(
as
nitrate­
nitrogen)
14797558
95
5020.00
IRIS
91
1.60e+
00
Nitrite
(
as
nitrate­
nitrogen)
14797­
65­
0
83
462.00
IRIS
87
1.00e­
01
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
1
65.80
IRIS
87
2.04e­
03
Phenol
108952
34
57.50
IRIS
02
3.00e­
01
Pyrene
129000
5
33.00
IRIS
91
3.00e­
02
Silver
7440224
84
128.00
IRIS
91
5.00e­
03
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
95th
perc.
Concn
mg/
kg
IRIS/
OPP
Chronic
HHB
&
Year
OCD
RfC
AUR
Concn
for
E­
5
CC
­
68­
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
5
3.47
IRIS
87
3.00e­
01
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­;
Silvex
93­
72­
1
15
0.04
IRIS
88
8.00e­
03
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
29
0.05
IRIS
88
1.00e­
02
Trifluralin
1582098
3
0.16
OPP
95
1.30e­
03
Xylenes
(
mixture)
1330207
4
6.18
IRIS
03
2.00e­
01
1.00e­
01
1.00e­
01
NSSS
=
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey;
Reference
for
NSSS
data:
EPA,
1996.
OCD
=
Oral
critical
dose,
mg/
kg/
day
=
the
smaller
of
the
reference
dose
(
RfD),
population
adjusted
dose
(
PAD)
or
dose
for
a
cancer
risk
of
E­
5
(
derived
in
Table
10.
A.).
RfC
=
Reference
concentration,
mg/
m3.
AUR
=
Air
unit
risk
=
cancer
risk
per
mg/
m3.
Concn
for
E­
5
=
Air
concentration
for
a
risk
of
E­
5,
mg/
m3.
CC
=
Critical
concentration,
mg/
m3
=
the
smaller
of
the
RfC
and
concentration
for
E­
5.
*
Manganese
is
more
bioavailable
from
drinking
water;
RfD
and
OCD
for
Mn
from
food
=
1.40E­
1
mg/
kg/
day.
**
OPP­
derived
inhalation
human
health
benchmarks
(
OPP,
2003).
NA
=
not
available.
­
69­
Table
11:
Prioritization
of
Chemicals
with
Ongoing
Health
Assessments
and
IRIS
or
OPP
Oral
Human
Health
Benchmarks
Chemical
CASRN
Lit.
or
NSSS
Avg
Concn
mg/
kg
Ongoing
RfD
PAD
OSF
Dose
for
E­
5
OCD
TADI
THQ
=
TADI/
OCD
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106­
46­
7
9.72
IRIS
NA
NA
NA
Benzo(
a)
pyrene
50328
9.74
IRIS
7.3e+
00
1.4e­
06
1.4e­
06
8.2e­
01
605995.5
PCBs;
Aroclor
(
mixture)
1336­
36­
3
2.12
IRIS
2.0e+
00
5.0e­
06
5.0e­
06
1.8e­
01
35876.9
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate;
DEHP
117817
55.60
IRIS
2.0e­
02
1.4e­
02
7.1e­
04
7.1e­
04
4.7e+
00
6589.1
Thallium
7440280
5.20
IRIS
8.0e­
05
8.0e­
05
4.4e­
01
5500.0
Aroclor
1254
11097691
0.50
IRIS
2.0e­
05
2.0e­
05
4.2e­
02
2119.6
Antimony
and
compounds
7440360
6.47
IRIS
4.0e­
04
4.0e­
04
5.5e­
01
1368.7
Carbon
tetrachloride;
Tetrachloromethane
56­
23­
5
0.97
IRIS
7.0e­
04
1.3e­
01
7.6e­
05
7.6e­
05
8.2e­
02
1078.8
Fluoride
16984488
126.00
NRC
1.2e­
01
1.2e­
01
1.1e+
01
88.8
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163195
4.89
IRIS
1.0e­
02
1.0e­
02
4.1e­
01
41.4
Naphthalene
91203
9.69
IRIS
2.0e­
02
2.0e­
02
8.2e­
01
41.0
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534819
0.72
IRIS
2.0e­
03
2.0e­
03
6.1e­
02
30.7
Toluene
108883
41.30
IRIS
2.0e­
01
2.0e­
01
3.5e+
00
17.5
Dimethoate
60515
0.06
OPP
5.0e­
04
5.0e­
04
5.0e­
04
5.3e­
03
10.6
Dibutyl
phthalate
84742
11.20
IRIS
1.0e­
01
1.0e­
01
9.5e­
01
9.5
Tetrachloroethylene;
Perchloroethylene
127184
0.99
IRIS
1.0e­
02
1.0e­
02
8.4e­
02
8.4
Chloroform
67663
0.99
IRIS
1.0e­
02
1.0e­
02
8.3e­
02
8.3
Styrene
100­
42­
5
12.10
IRIS
2.0e­
01
2.0e­
01
1.0e+
00
5.1
Ethylbenzene
100414
1.00
IRIS
1.0e­
01
1.0e­
01
8.4e­
02
0.8
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­;
2,4­
D
94757
0.01
OPP
5.0e­
03
5.0e­
03
5.0e­
03
8.5e­
04
0.2
Boron
7440428
0.03
IRIS
9.0e­
02
9.0e­
02
2.9e­
03
0.0
Lit.
or
NSSS
Avg
Concn,
mg/
kg
=
Average
concentration
from
the
1990­
2002
literature
search
or
the
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey
(
EPA,
1996).
Ongoing
=
Ongoing
health
assessment
by
IRIS,
OPP
or
NRC
(
review
of
fluoride
toxicological
data
requested
by
EPA/
OW).
RfD
=
Reference
dose,
mg/
kg/
day.
PAD
=
Population
adjusted
dose,
mg/
kg/
day.
OSF
=
Oral
slope
factor,
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day.
Dose
for
E­
5
=
Dose
for
cancer
risk
of
E­
5.
OCD
=
Oral
critical
dose
=
The
smaller
of
the
RfD,
PAD
and
dose
for
E­
5.
TADI
=
Theoretical
average
daily
intake,
mg/
kg/
day,
assumes
consumption
of
1.1
kg/
day
of
total
diet
(
0.8
kg
of
food
and
0.3
kg
of
drinking
water)
containing
the
average
concentration
of
the
chemical,
by
a
1­
3
year
old
child
weighing
13
kg,
i.
e.
TADI
=
Cavg
x
(
1.1/
13).
THQ
=
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotient
=
TADI/
OCD;
THQ
greater
than
75
are
High
Priority,
THQ
less
than
75
are
Low
Priority.
NA
=
Not
available
(
oral
human
health
benchmark
not
available
for
1,4­
dichlorobenzene).
­
70­
­
71­
Table
12:
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotients
for
Chemicals
Which
Qualified
for
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
Avg
Concn,
mg/
kg
TADI
OCD
THQ
=
TADI/
OCD
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone
(
MIBK)
108101
2
10.20
8.63e­
01
NA
NA
Manganese
(
from
water
and
soil)
*
7439965
100
538.00
4.55e+
01
4.67e­
02
975.6
Silver
7440224
84
48.20
4.08e+
00
5.00e­
03
815.7
Barium
7440393
100
673.00
5.69e+
01
7.00e­
02
813.5
N­
Nitrosodiphenylamine
86306
1
19.40
1.64e+
00
2.04e­
03
804.7
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319846
2
0.01
1.10e­
03
1.59e­
06
693.1
Dichloromethane;
Methylene
chloride
75­
09­
2
42
8.56
7.24e­
01
1.33e­
03
544.6
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioate;
EPN;
Santox
2104645
2
0.06
5.33e­
03
1.00e­
05
533.1
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319857
6
0.01
1.18e­
03
5.56e­
06
213.3
Chloroaniline,
4­
106478
5
9.84
8.33e­
01
4.00e­
03
208.2
Chlorpyrifos
2921882
3
0.06
5.50e­
03
3.00e­
05
183.3
Nitrite
14797­
65­
0
83
201.00
1.70e+
01
1.00e­
01
170.1
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92524
1
68.70
5.81e+
00
5.00e­
02
116.3
Dioxane,
1,4­
123­
91­
1
2
0.99
8.35e­
02
9.09e­
04
91.9
Beryllium
7440­
41­
7
22
1.84
1.56e­
01
2.00e­
03
77.8
Nitrate
14797558
95
1420.00
1.20e+
02
1.60e+
00
75.1
Pyrene
129000
5
9.95
8.42e­
01
3.00e­
02
28.1
Cresol,
o­;
2­
Methylphenol
95­
48­
7
6
16.50
1.40e+
00
5.00e­
02
27.9
Diazinon
333415
2
0.06
5.42e­
03
2.00e­
04
27.1
Fluoranthene
206440
5
9.95
8.42e­
01
4.00e­
02
21.0
Naled+
A23
300765
2
0.42
3.59e­
02
2.00e­
03
17.9
Azinphos
methyl
86500
2
0.16
1.34e­
02
1.49e­
03
9.0
Acetophenone
98862
2
9.72
8.22e­
01
1.00e­
01
8.2
Acetone;
2­
Propanone
67­
64­
1
58
64.30
5.44e+
00
9.00e­
01
6.0
Phenol
108952
34
19.70
1.67e+
00
3.00e­
01
5.6
Trifluralin
1582098
3
0.07
5.58e­
03
1.30e­
03
4.3
Endrin
72208
6
0.02
1.27e­
03
3.00e­
04
4.2
Chlorobenzene;
Phenyl
chloride
108907
2
1.00
8.42e­
02
2.00e­
02
4.2
Butyl
benzyl
phthalate
85687
9
9.86
8.34e­
01
2.00e­
01
4.2
Dichloroethene,
1,2­
trans­
156­
60­
5
1
0.98
8.25e­
02
2.00e­
02
4.1
Methyl
ethyl
ketone;
2­
Butanone
78­
93­
3
34
25.50
2.16e+
00
6.00e­
01
3.6
Anthracene
120127
2
9.74
8.24e­
01
3.00e­
01
2.7
Chemical
CASRN
%
detect
1989
NSSS
NSSS
Avg
Concn,
mg/
kg
TADI
OCD
THQ
=
TADI/
OCD
­
72­
Benzoic
acid
65­
85­
0
4
53.10
4.49e+
00
4.00e+
00
1.1
Carbon
disulfide
75­
15­
0
10
1.08
9.14e­
02
1.00e­
01
0.9
Xylenes
(
mixture)
1330207
3
0.97
8.21e­
02
2.00e­
01
0.4
Trichlorofluoromethane
75­
69­
4
5
1.00
8.46e­
02
3.00e­
01
0.3
Isobutyl
alcohol
78­
83­
1
3
0.97
8.18e­
02
3.00e­
01
0.3
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­;
2,4,5­
T
93765
29
0.02
1.78e­
03
1.00e­
02
0.2
Chlorobenzilate
510156
7
0.03
2.54e­
03
2.00e­
02
0.1
Trichlorophenoxy
propionic
acid,
2­
2,4,5­;
Silvex
93­
72­
1
15
0.01
9.31e­
04
8.00e­
03
0.1
Avg
Concn
NSSS
=
Average
concentration
from
the
1989
National
Sewage
Sludge
Survey
(
EPA,
1996).
TADI
=
Theoretical
average
daily
intake,
mg/
kg/
day,
assumes
consumption
of
1.1
kg/
day
of
total
diet
(
0.8
kg
of
food
and
0.3
kg
of
drinking
water)
containing
the
average
concentration
of
the
chemical,
by
a
1­
3
year
old
child
weighing
13
kg,
i.
e.
TADI
=
Cavg
x
(
1.1/
13).
OCD
=
Oral
critical
dose,
mg/
kg/
day
=
the
smaller
of
the
reference
dose,
population
adjusted
dose,
or
dose
for
a
cancer
risk
of
E­
5.
THQ
=
Theoretical
Hazard
Quotient
=
TADI/
OCD.
NA
=
Not
applicable.
*
Manganese:
OCD
for
Mn
from
food
=
1.40E­
01.
Chemicals
failing
the
refined
probabilistic
oral
exposure
model
are
barium,
beryllium,
4­
chloroaniline,
manganese,
nitrate,
nitrite
and
silver.
As
shown
in
this
table,
these
chemicals
have
THQs
equal
to
or
greater
than
75
using
the
TADI
approach.