Document ID: EPA-HQ-RCRA-2003-0004-0147
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2004-01-29T05:00Z

Toxicological
Profile
of
Benzene
CAS
#:
71­
43­
2
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
80.1
deg
 
C
Form:
Clear,
colorless
liquid;
Rhombic
prisms
Solubility:
0.180
g/
100
g
of
water
at
25
deg
 
C;
miscible
with
alcohol,
chloroform,
ether,
carbon
disulfide,
acetone,
oils,
carbon
tetrachloride,
and
glacial
acetic
acid.
OSHA
PEL:
8­
hr
time­
weighted
average
(
TWA)
of
1
ppm
and
a
short­
term
exposure
limit
(
STEL)
of
5
ppm.

Chronic
Toxicity
Chronic
exposure
may
result
in
delayed
hematopoietic
changes,
including
aplastic
anemia,
acute
myeloblastic
leukemia,
and
erythroleukemia.
Other
hematological
disorders
possibly
associated
with
benzene
exposure
include
Hodgkin's
disease,
lymphocytic
lymphoma,
myelofibrosis
and
myeloid
metaplasia,
paroxysmal
nocturnal
hemoglobinuria,
and
multiple
myeloma.
Chronic
benzene
toxicity
is
expressed
as
bone
marrow
depression
resulting
in
leucopenia,
anemia,
or
thrombocytopenia
(
Leukemogenic
action).
With
continued
exposure
the
disease
may
progress
to
pancytopenia
resulting
from
bone
marrow
aplasia.
Evidence
has
accumulated
implicating
benzene
in
the
etiology
of
leukemias
in
workers
in
industries
where
benzene
is
heavily
used.
It
has
been
suggested
that
leukemia
is
as
frequent
a
cause
of
death
from
chronic
benzene
exposure
as
is
aplastic
anemia.
Chronic
exposure
to
benzene
usually
involves
the
inhalation
of
vapor.
Signs
and
symptoms
incl
effects
on
central
nervous
system
(
CNS)
&
the
gastrointestinal
(
GI)
tract
(
headache,
loss
of
appetite,
drowsiness,
nervousness,
&
pallor),
but
the
major
manifestation
of
toxicity
is
aplastic
anemia.
Bone
marrow
cells
in
early
stages
of
development
are
most
sensitive
&
arrest
of
maturation
leads
to
gradual
depletion
of
circulating
cells.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
the
Iris
database,
benzene
has
an
A
classification
(
Human
carcinogen).

Basis
for
classification:
Several
studies
of
increased
incidence
of
nonlymphocytic
leukemia
from
occupational
exposure,
increased
incidence
of
neoplasia
in
rats
and
mice
exposed
by
inhalation
and
gavage,
and
some
supporting
data
form
the
basis
for
this
classification.

NIOSH
recommends
that
the
benzene
be
treated
as
a
potential
human
carcinogen.
Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
2.9
E­
02
I
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
2.9E­
02
I
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
1.7
E­
03
E
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
High
Concern
(
Human
Carcinogen)
OSHA
rating:
A1:
Confirmed
Human
Carcinogen
(
ACGIH)
Page
3
Fate
Profile
for
Tetrachloroethylene
CAS
#:
127­
18­
4
Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
tetrachloroethylene
(
PCE)
will
evaporate
fairly
rapidly
into
the
atmosphere
due
to
its
high
vapor
pressure
and
low
adsorption
to
soil.
It
can
leach
rapidly
through
sandy
soil
and
therefore
may
reach
groundwater.
Biodegradation
may
be
an
important
process
in
anaerobic
soils
based
on
laboratory
tests
with
methanogenic
columns.
Slow
biodegradation
may
occur
in
groundwater
where
acclimated
populations
of
microorganisms
exist.
PCE
should
not
hydrolyze
under
normal
environmental
conditions.

Fate
in
Water
If
tetrachloroethylene
(
PCE)
is
released
in
water,
the
primary
loss
will
be
by
evaporation.
The
half­
life
for
evaporation
from
water
will
depend
on
wind
and
mixing
conditions
and
is
estimated
to
range
from
3
hours
to
14
days
in
rivers,
lakes
and
ponds.
Chemical
and
biological
degradation
are
expected
to
be
very
slow.
PCE
will
not
be
expected
to
significantly
bioconcentrate
in
aquatic
organisms
or
to
adsorb
to
sediment.

A
mesocosm
experiment
was
conducted
to
simulate
Narraganset
Bay
during
different
seasons.
Volatilization
was
the
major
removal
process
during
all
seasons
and
seasonal
differences
can
be
explained
by
hydrodynamics
and
the
measured
half­
lives
were
25
days
in
spring,
11
days
in
winter
and
14
days
in
summer.
PCE
will
be
subject
to
rapid
volatilization
with
estimated
half­
lives
ranging
from
<
1
day
to
several
weeks.
It
will
not
be
expected
to
significantly
biodegrade,
bioconcentrate
in
aquatic
organisms
or
significantly
adsorb
to
sediment.
PCE
will
not
be
expected
to
significantly
hydrolyze
in
soil
or
water
under
normal
environmental
conditions.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
tetrachloroethylene
(
PCE)
will
exist
mainly
in
the
gas­
phase,
based
upon
a
reported
vapor
pressure
of
18.47
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
°
C.
Vapor
phase
PCE
will
be
expected
to
degrade
by
reaction
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
or
chlorine
atoms
produced
by
photooxidation
of
PCE.
Estimated
photooxidation
time
scales
range
from
an
approximate
half­
life
of
2
months
to
complete
degradation
in
an
hour.
Some
of
the
PCE
in
the
atmosphere
may
be
subject
to
washout
in
rain
based
on
the
solubility
of
PCE
in
water;
PCE
has
been
detected
in
rain.
Page
4
Toxicological
Profile
of
Tetrachloroethylene
CAS
#:
127­
18­
4
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
121
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
liquid
Solubility:
0.015
g/
100
ml
water
at
25
deg
 
C;
Miscible
with
solvent
hexane,
alcohol,
ether,
chloroform,
benzene;
dissolves
in
most
of
the
fixed
and
volatile
oils.
OSHA
PEL:
>
200
ppm
(
but
never
>
300
ppm)
only
for
a
maximum
period
of
5
minutes
in
any
3
hours.
Not
to
exceed
a
time
weighted
average
of
100
ppm
during
an
8
hr
period.

Chronic
Toxicity
Chronic
exposure
may
affect
the
liver
and
kidneys;
cause
arrhythmias;
reduced
color
perception;
contact
dermatitis
and
defatting
dermatitis;
impaired
memory;
numbness
of
the
extremities,
and
peripheral
neuropathy;
central
nervous
system
(
CNS)
effects;
vertigo
and
impaired
vision.
Chronic
inhalation
exposure
has
been
associated
with
the
development
of
peripheral
neuropathies.
Chronic
occupational
exposure
may
result
in
chromosome
abnormalities
in
lymphocytes,
hepatitis,
confusion,
disorientation,
muscle
cramps,
fatigue,
and
agitation.
Chronic
exposure
of
60
to
450
ppm
has
caused
CNS
effects
in
workers.
Tetrachloroethylene
excretion
in
breast
milk
has
been
associated
with
obstructive
jaundice
in
newborn
infants.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
IARC:
There
is
limited
evidence
in
humans
for
the
carcinogenicity
of
tetrachloroethylene.
There
is
sufficient
evidence
in
experimental
animals
for
the
carcinogenicity
of
tetrachloroethylene.

Overall
evaluation:
Tetrachloroethylene
is
probably
carcinogenic
to
humans
(
Group
2A).
In
making
the
overall
evaluation,
the
working
group
considered
the
following
evidence:

(
1)
Although
tetrachloroethylene
is
known
to
induce
peroxisome
proliferation
in
mouse
liver,
a
poor
quantitative
correlation
was
seen
between
peroxisome
proliferation
and
tumor
formation
in
the
liver
after
administration
of
tetrachloroethylene
by
inhalation.
The
spectrum
of
mutations
in
proto­
oncogenes
in
liver
tumors
from
mice
treated
with
tetrachloroethylene
is
different
from
that
in
liver
tumors
from
mice
treated
with
trichloroethylene.
Page
5
(
2)
The
compound
induced
leukemia
in
rats.

(
3)
Several
epidemiological
studies
showed
elevated
risks
for
esophageal
cancer,
non­
Hodgkin's
lymphoma,
urinary
tract
tumors,
lukemia
and
cervical
cancer.

NIOSH
has
recommended
that
tetrachloroethylene
be
treated
as
a
potential
human
carcinogen.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
5.2E­
02
E
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
2.03E­
03
E
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
1E­
02
I
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
High
Concern
(
probable
human
carcinogen)
OSHA
rating:
A3:
Animal
Carcinogen
(
ACGIH)
Page
6
Fate
Profile
for
Ammonia
CAS
#:
7664­
41­
7
Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
ammonia
is
strongly
adsorbed
on
soil,
and
on
sediment
particles
and
colloids
in
water.
This
adsorption
results
in
high
concentrations
of
sorbed
ammonia
in
oxidized
sediments.
Under
anoxic
conditions,
the
adsorptive
capacity
of
sediments
is
less,
resulting
in
the
release
of
ammonia
to
either
the
water
column
or
an
oxidized
sediment
layer
above.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
the
proportion
of
the
ammonia
(
NH
3)
and
ammonium
ion
found
in
water
and
used
for
production
is
considered
an
important
indicator
of
quality
in
agriculture.
In
highly
populated
fish
breeding
plants,
where
feed
left
overs,
excrement
and
metabolic
waste
cause
growth
disturbances
and
deficiencies,
even
though
there
is
an
adequate
supply
of
oxygen,
nitrogen
compound
are
the
decisive
factor.
A
significant
role
is
played
by
the
undissociated
NH
3
molecule.
Experiments
have
been
carried
out
both
with
and
without
ventilation
and
using
varying
amounts
of
fish
feed.
The
concentration
of
NH
3,
which
depends
on
pH
and
temperature,
was
investigated
to
determine
the
extent
of
the
oxidative
change
of
NH
3
through
NO
3­
during
the
mineralization
process
of
the
feed
leftovers.
Under
the
conditions
used
in
the
2
sets
of
experiments
there
was
hardly
any
tendency
for
the
pH
values
in
the
unventilated
experiments
to
alter
and
become
more
alkaline
from
an
ammonification
of
leftover
feed.
In
the
experiments
using
ventilation,
the
proteins
underwent
an
especially
intensive
process
of
decomposition,
ie,
they
became
completely
mineralized,
and
considerable
amounts
of
NH
4­
N
and
NH
3
N
were
released.
Due
to
the
lack
of
organic
acids,
these
could
not
be
neutralized
and,
as
a
result,
the
pH
value
increased.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
air,
it
is
assumed
that
ammonia
combines
with
sulfate
ion
in
the
atmosphere
or
in
washout
by
rainfall
resulting
in
a
rapid
return
of
ammonia
to
the
soil.
Page
7
Toxicological
Profile
of
Ammonia
CAS
#:
7664­
41­
7
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
­
33.35
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
gas
Solubility:
Soluble
in
chloroform
&
ether;
31%
in
water
@
25
deg
 
C;
11%
in
absolute
alcohol
at
30
deg
 
C;
10%
in
ethanol
at
25
deg
 
C.
OSHA
PEL:
50
ppm;
35
mg/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
Chronic
effects
via
inhalation
may
cause
a
chronic
cough,
asthma,
or
lung
fibrosis.
Also,
calcification
and
epithelial
proliferation
of
the
renal
tubules,
congestion
of
the
kidneys,
and
degenerative
changes
in
the
suprarenal
glands
has
been
reported
in
animals.
Animals
exposed
via
inhalation
exhibited
signs
of
congestion
of
spleens,
livers,
and
kidneys
with
early
degenerative
changes
in
suprarenal
glands.
Ammonia
toxicity
is
a
major
factor
in
the
pathogenesis
of
hepatic
encephalopathy
associated
with
chronic
liver
disease.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
2.86E­
02
I
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
8
Fate
Profile
for
Methanol
CAS
#:
67­
56­
1
Overview
Methanol
has
been
identified
as
a
natural
emission
product
from
various
plants
and
as
a
biological
decomposition
product
of
biological
wastes
and
sewage.
The
largest
anthropogenic
source
of
methanol
release
to
the
environment
is
evaporation
from
solvent
uses
(
1.1
billion
lb/
yr).

Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
methanol
is
expected
to
degrade
via
biodegradation
and
be
susceptible
to
significant
leaching.
Methanol
is
expected
to
be
biodegradable
in
soil
based
on
the
results
of
a
large
number
of
biological
screening
studies,
which
include
soil
microcosm
studies.
Its
miscibility
in
water
and
log
Kow
(­
0.77)
suggest
high
mobility
in
soil.
Based
on
a
vapor
pressure
of
92
mm
Hg
at
20
deg
°
C,
evaporation
from
dry
surfaces
can
be
expected
to
occur.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
decomposition
via
biodegradation
is
expected
to
occur.
Aquatic
hydrolysis,
oxidation,
photolysis,
adsorption
to
sediment,
and
bioconcentration
are
not
significant.

Methanol
has
an
measured
Henry's
Law
Constant
of
4.4X10­
6
atm­
cu
m/
mole
at
25
deg
 
C.
This
value
of
Henry's
Law
Constant
indicates
that
volatilization
from
environmental
waters
may
be
significant.
The
volatilization
half­
life
from
a
river
(
1
meter
deep
flowing
1
m/
sec
with
a
wind
speed
of
3
m/
sec)
has
been
be
4.8
days.
The
volatilization
half­
life
from
model
pond
has
been
estimated
to
be
51.7
days.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
methanol
degrades
via
reaction
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
with
an
approximate
half­
life
of
17.8
days.
Methanol
is
expected
to
exist
almost
entirely
in
the
vapor­
phase
in
the
ambient
atmosphere,
based
on
a
vapor
pressure
of
92
mm
Hg
at
20
deg
 
C.
Atmospheric
methanol
can
also
react
with
nitrogen
dioxide
in
polluted
air
to
yield
methyl
nitrite.
Because
of
methanol's
water
solubility,
rain
would
be
expected
to
physically
remove
some
from
the
air;
the
detection
of
methanol
in
a
thunderstorm
water
tends
to
confirm
this
supposition.
Page
9
Toxicological
Profile
of
Methanol
CAS
#:
67­
56­
1
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
64.7
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
liquid
Solubility:
Soluble
in
acetone,
chloroform;
miscible
with
water,
ethanol,
ether,
benzene,
most
organic
solvents
and
ketones.
OSHA
PEL:
8­
hr
Time­
Weighted
avg:
200
ppm;
260
mg/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
Chronic
poisoning
from
repeated
exposure
to
vapor
may
be
manifested
by
conjunctivitis,
headache,
giddiness,
insomnia,
gastric
disturbances,
&
failure
of
vision.
There
may
also
be
irreversible
brain
damage.
Effects
have
been
seen
from
either
of
the
2
most
common
routes
of
occupational
exposure:
inhalation
and
percutaneous
absorption.
Methanol
has
been
found
to
be
teratogenic
in
mice
and
rats.
Chronic
combined
exposure
to
methanol
and
carbon
monoxide
has
been
reported
as
a
causative
factor
of
cerebral
atherosclerosis.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effect
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
5E­
01
I
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
10
Fate
Profile
for
Methylene
Chloride
CAS
#:
75­
09­
2
Overview
Large
quanitities
of
dichloromethane
are
used
each
year,
primarily
in
aerosols,
paint
removers
and
chemial
processing.
This
chemical
is
not
expected
to
bioconcentrate
in
the
food
chain.

Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
dichloromethane
is
expected
to
evaporate
from
near
surface
soil
into
the
atmosphere
because
of
its
high
vapor
pressure.
Although
little
work
has
been
done
on
its
adsorptivity,
it
is
probable
that
it
will
leach
through
subsoil
into
groundwater.
Hydrolysis
in
soil
is
not
an
important
process
under
normal
environmental
conditions.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
air,
dichloromethane
has
a
high
Henry's
Law
coefficient
and
will
evaporate
moderately
rapidly
from
water.
Dichloromethane
will
be
primarily
lost
by
evaporation
to
the
atmosphere
which
should
take
3­
5.6
hours
depending
on
wind
and
mixing
conditions.
Hydrolysis
in
groundwater
is
not
an
important
process
under
normal
environmental
conditions.
Degradation
in
groundwater
is
unknown.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
air,
most
of
the
dichloromethane
will
degrade
by
reaction
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
with
a
half­
life
of
a
few
months.
It
will
be
subject
to
direct
photolysis.
Releases
to
water
will
primarily
be
removed
by
evaporation.
When
released
into
a
river,
dichloromethane
levels
were
non­
detectable
3­
15
miles
from
the
source.
Biodegradation
is
possible
in
natural
waters
but
will
probably
be
very
slow
compared
with
evaporation.
It
will
not
be
expected
to
significantly
adsorb
to
sediment
or
to
bioconcentration
in
aquatic
organisms.
Page
11
Toxicological
Profile
of
Methylene
Chloride
(
Dichloromethane)
CAS
#:
75­
09­
2
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
39.75
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
liquid
Solubility:
Miscible
with
dimethylformamide
OSHA
PEL:
1000
ppm
(
but
never
above
2000
ppm)
only
for
a
maximum
period
of
5
min
in
any
2
hr;
not
to
exceed
a
time
weighted
average
of
500
ppm
for
an
8
hr
period.

Chronic
Toxicity
Chronic
effects
of
methylene
chloride
may
cause
dermatitis
on
prolonged
exposure.
May
increase
the
development
of
toxic
encephalosis,
acoustical
and
optical
delusions,
halucinations,
memory
loss
with
intellectual
impairment,
and
bilateral
temporal
lobe
degeneration
due
to
carbon
monoxide
formation
from
dichloromethane.
Dichloromethane
has
been
seen
to
absorb
through
the
placenta
and
may
be
found
in
the
embryonic
tissues
following
exposure
of
the
mother;
it
can
also
excreted
via
milk.
In
rats,
gerbils
and
hamsters
exposed
chronically
through
inhalation,
the
following
clinical
effects
were
noted:
increased
number
of
sarcomas
located
in
or
around
the
salivary
glands,
increase
in
benign
mammary
tumors,
lung
and
liver
tumors,
decreased
amyloidosis
observed
in
the
liver
and
other
organs,
decreased
levels
of
glutamate,
gamma­
aminobutyric
acid,
hepatocellular
vacuolization,
and
phosphoethanolamine
in
the
frontal
verebral
cortex,
while
glutamine
and
gamma­
aminobutyric
acid
are
elevated
in
the
posterior
cerebellar
vermis.
Increases
in
the
concn
of
dichloromethane
(
DCM)
to
lower
the
oxygen
affinity
of
human
hemoglobin.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
the
Iris
database,
methylene
chloride
has
a
B2
classification
(
probable
human
carcinogen).

Basis
for
classification:
Based
on
inadequate
human
data
and
sufficient
evidence
of
carcinogenicity
in
animals;
increased
incidence
of
hepatocellular
neoplasms
and
alveolar/
bronchiolar
neoplasms
in
male
and
female
mice,
and
increased
incidence
of
benign
mammary
tumors
in
both
sexes
of
rats,
salivary
gland
sarcomas
in
male
rats
and
leukemia
in
female
rats.
This
classification
is
supported
by
some
positive
genotoxicity
data,
although
results
in
mammalian
systems
are
generally
negative.
Page
12
Human
carcinogenicity
data:
Inadequate.
Animal
carcinogenicity
data:
Sufficient.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
7.5E­
03
I
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
1.64E­
03
I
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
6E­
02
I
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
8.57E­
01
H
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Probable
Human
Carcinogen
(
IRIS);
Niosh
recommends
that
methylene
chloride
be
regulated
as
an
occupational
carcinogen.
OSHA
rating:
A3:
Animal
Carcinogen
(
ACGIH)
Page
13
Fate
Profile
for
Propylene
Oxide
CAS
#:
75­
56­
9
Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
propylene
oxide
is
expected
to
be
susceptible
to
leaching
and
chemical
hydrolysis
in
moist
soils.
It
is
expected
to
evaporate
relatively
rapidly
from
dry
soil
surfaces;
evaporation
from
wet
soils
may
also
occur,
but
at
a
rate
diminished
by
leaching.
The
estimated
Koc
values
of
3.6
and
30
indicate
that
propylene
oxide
is
expected
to
be
very
mobile
in
soil.
The
relatively
high
vapor
pressure
of
propylene
oxide,
439
mm
Hg
at
20
deg
°
C,
suggest
that
it
should
evaporate
rapidly
from
dry
soil
surfaces.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
propylene
oxide
will
hydrolyze
at
estimated
half­
life
rates
of
11.6
days
(
at
pH's
7­
9)
and
6.6
days
(
at
pH
5)
at
25
deg
°
C.
The
presence
of
chloride
(
Cl)
ions
accelerate
the
degradation
in
water
and
the
chemical
degradation
half­
lives
in
seawater
are
estimated
to
be
4.1
days
(
at
pH's
7­
9)
and
1.5
days
(
at
pH
5)
at
25
deg
°
C.
Reaction
of
propylene
oxide
with
Cl
ion
in
water
yields
approximately
90%
1­
chloro­
2­
propanol
and
10%
2­
chloro­
1­
propanol
as
products
under
neutral
pH
conditions.

Volatilization
of
propylene
oxide
from
the
aquatic
environment
may
be
an
important
transport
mechanism
as
the
calculated
half­
life
from
a
model
river
1
m
deep
flowing
at
1
m/
sec
with
a
wind
velocity
of
3
m/
sec
is
10
hr
at
20
deg
°
C
and
the
calculated
half­
life
from
a
representative
oligotrophic
lake
is
18
days
at
20
deg
°
C.
Adsorption
to
sediment,
bioconcentration
in
aquatic
organisms
and
reaction
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
in
water
are
not
expected
to
be
environmentally
important
fate
processes
as
the
estimated
half­
life
at
room
temperature
is
9.15
years.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
propylene
oxide
will
react
in
the
vapor
phase
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
with
an
estimated
half­
life
of
approximately
30
days.
Atmospheric
removal
by
rainfall
may
occur.
Page
14
Toxicological
Profile
of
Propylene
Oxide
CAS
#:
75­
56­
9
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
34.23
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
liquid
Solubility:
Water
solubility
=
590,000
mg/
l
@
25
deg
 
C;
miscible
with
acetone,
benzene,
carbon
tetrachloride,
methanol,
&
ether.
OSHA
PEL:
100
ppm;
240
mg/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
Prolonged
and/
or
repeated
dermal
contact
may
cause
defatting
of
the
skin
and
dermatitis.
Chronic
effects
may
include
neuropathy
which
has
been
reported
in
experimental
animals.
Exposure
of
man
to
propylene
oxide
mainly
occurs
through
inhalation
at
the
workplace.
Because
of
the
alkylating
nature
of
propylene
oxide,
the
formation
of
DNA
adducts,
the
positive
response
in
vitro
mutagenesis
assays,
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
animals
at
the
sites
of
entry
into
the
body,
and
the
absence
of
adequate
data
on
cancer
in
human
beings
­
propylene
oxide
should
be
regarded
as
if
it
presented
a
carcinogenic
risk
for
man,
and
levels
in
the
environment
should
be
kept
as
low
as
feasible.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
the
Iris
database,
propylene
oxide
has
a
B2
classification
(
probable
human
carcinogen).

Basis
for
classification:
Based
on
inadequate
human
data
and
an
increased
incidence
of
benign
and
malignant
tumors
at
the
site
of
exposure
in
two
species
of
animals,
when
exposed
by
subcutaneous
injection,
by
inhalation,
and
by
gavage.
Sarcomas
occurred
at
injection
sites,
and
nasal
and
gastrointestinal
(
GI)
cancers
occurred
with
chronic
exposure
in
animals.
There
was
also
evidence
of
mutagenicity
in
a
variety
of
test
systems.
Propylene
oxide
is
structurally
similar
to
other
chemicals
that
demonstrate
carcinogenic
activity
in
animals.

Human
carcinogenicity
data:
Inadequate.
Animal
carcinogenicity
data:
Sufficient.
Page
15
Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
2.4E­
01
I
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
1.29E­
02
I
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
No
data
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
8.57E­
03
I
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Probable
Human
Carcinogen
OSHA
rating:
A3:
Animal
Carcinogen
(
ACGIH)
Page
16
Fate
Profile
for
Phenol
CAS
#:
108­
95­
2
Overview
Since
phenol
is
a
benchmark
chemical
for
biodegradability
studies,
there
is
a
large
body
of
information
on
its
degradation
which
concludes
that
phenol
rapidly
degrades
in
sewage,
soil,
fresh
water
and
seawater.
If
released
to
the
environment,
phenol's
primary
removal
mechanism
is
biodegradation
which
is
generally
rapid
(
days).
Acclimation
of
resident
populations
of
microorganisms
is
rapid.
Under
anaerobic
conditions
degradation
is
slower
and
microbial
adaptation
periods
longer.

Fate
in
Soil
If
phenol
is
released
to
soil,
it
will
readily
leach
and
biodegrade.
The
biodegradation
in
soil
is
generally
rapid
with
half­
lives
of
under
5
days
even
in
subsurface
soils.
Biodegradation
is
sufficiently
rapid
that
most
groundwater
is
generally
free
of
this
pollutant.
The
exception
would
be
in
the
cases
of
spills
where
high
concentrations
of
phenol
destroy
degrading
microbial
populations.
Phenol's
vapor
pressure,
0.350
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
°
C
and
low
adsorptivity
to
soil
indicate
that
volatilization
from
dry
soil
and
other
surfaces
may
occur.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
biodegradation
is
also
the
primary
removal
process
for
phenol
released
into
water
(
half­
lives
are
of
the
order
of
hours
to
days)
although
sensitized
photolysis
may
also
be
important.
In
one
study
using
estuarine
water,
the
combination
of
biodegradation
and
photolysis
resulted
in
a
half­
life
in
summer
and
winter
of
39
and
94
hr,
respectively.
Since
the
pKa
of
phenol
is
9.994,
it
will
be
partially
dissociated
at
higher
pHs
in
water
and
moist
soils
and
its
transport
and
reactivity
may
be
pH­
dependent.
Phenol
does
not
bioconcentrate
in
aquatic
organisms.

The
Henry's
Law
constant
of
phenol
is
3.33X10­
7
atm­
cu
m/
mole.
Based
on
this
Henry's
Law
constant,
the
volatilization
half­
life
from
a
model
river
(
1
m
deep,
flowing
1
m/
sec,
wind
velocity
of
3
m/
sec)
is
estimated
to
be
107
days.
The
liquid
phase
transfer
coefficient
for
phenol
relative
to
oxygen
was
measured
to
be
0.01
in
a
laboratory
reactor.
Using
the
oxygen
reaeration
rate
for
a
river,
0.04
1/
hr,
the
volatilization
half­
life
would
be
72
days.
Page
17
Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
phenol
occurs
as
a
vapor
and
reacts
with
photochemically­
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
resulting
in
a
half­
life
of
approximately
15
hours.
During
the
nighttime,
it
reacts
with
nitrate
radicals
with
a
resulting
half­
life
of
12
minutes.
Phenol
has
also
been
shown
to
be
readily
removed
from
the
atmosphere
by
rain.
Page
18
Toxicological
Profile
of
Phenol
CAS
#:
108­
95­
2
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
181.8
deg
 
C
Form:
Colorless
to
light
pink,
interlaced,
or
separate,
needleshaped
crystals,
or
a
light
pink,
crystalline
mass.
Solubility:
Very
soluble
in
alcohol,
chloroform,
ether,
glycerol,
petrolatum,
carbon
disulfide,
volatile
and
fixed
oils,
aqueous
alkali
hydroxides;
very
soluble
in
carbon
tetrachloride,
methyl
alcohol,
acetic
acid,
liquid
sulfur
dioxide;
almost
insoluble
in
petroleum
ether;
93,000
mg
in
1
L
water
at
25
deg
 
C;
soluble
in
1
g/
12
ml
benzene.
OSHA
PEL:
5
ppm;
19
mg/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
Protracted
or
chronic
exposure
may
result
in
major
damage
to
the
liver,
kidneys
and
eyes;
parenchymatous
nephritis,
hyperemia,
nephritis,
edema
of
the
convoluted
tubules,
and
degenerative
changes
of
the
glomeruli.
Chronic
exposure
may
also
cause
death
from
liver
and
kidney
damage.
Chronic
systemic
absorption
of
phenol
may
cause
gray
discoloration
of
the
sclera
with
brown
spost
near
the
insertion
of
rectus
muscle
tendons,
associated
with
blue
or
brown
discoloration
of
the
tendons
over
the
knuckles
of
the
hands.
This
is
a
form
of
ochronosis,
known
as
carbolochronosis.
Phenol
is
not
a
very
volatile
compound,
consequently,
most
toxic
effects
occur
from
dermal
and
oral
exposure.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
the
Iris
database,
acetone
has
a
D
classification
(
not
classifiable
as
to
human
carcinogenicity).

Basis
for
classification:
Based
on
no
human
carcinogenicity
data
and
inadequate
animal
data.

Human
carcinogenicity
data:
None.
Animal
carcinogenicity
data:
Inadequate.
Page
19
Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
6E­
03
I
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
High
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Not
Classifiable
as
to
Human
Carcinogenicity
OSHA
rating:
A4:
Not
Classifiable
as
to
Human
Carcinogenicity
(
ACGIH)
Page
20
Chemicals
where
Toxicological
Concerns
were
"
Not
Established"
Page
21
Fate
Profile
for
Nonylphenol
CAS
#:
25154­
52­
3
Overview
Nonylphenol
is
a
mixture
of
isomeric
monoalkyl
phenols,
predominately
p­
substituted,
that
may
be
released
to
the
environment
as
a
fugitive
emission
during
its
production
or
as
a
biodegradation
product
on
nonylphenol
ethoxylate.

Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
nonylphenol
will
have
no
mobility,
based
upon
a
high
estimated
Koc.
Biodegradation
of
nonylphenol
in
aerobic
soils
may
occur.
Volatilization
of
nonylphenol
should
not
be
important
from
moist
soil
surfaces
given
an
experimental
Henry's
Law
constant
of
2.45X10­
9
atm­
cu
m/
mole,
and
from
dry
soil
surfaces
based
on
a
vapor
pressure
of
9.4X10­
5
mm
Hg.
Limited
data
from
sludge­
amended
soil
studies
indicates
that
nonylphenol
may
undergo
aerobic
biodegradation
in
soil
with
approximately
10%
degradadtion
observed
in
40
days.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
nonylphenol
should
strongly
adsorb
to
suspended
solids
and
sediment.
It
may
bioconcentrate
in
fish
and
aquatic
organisms.
In
the
upper
layers
of
surface
water,
nonylphenol
may
undergo
sensitized
photolysis.
It
may
also
biodegrade
in
aerobic
waters,
but
is
not
expected
to
volatilize
from
water
to
the
atmosphere.
Nonylphenol
may
volatilize
from
water
surfaces
based
on
a
Henry's
Law
constant
of
9.4X10­
5
atm­
cu
m/
mole.
Estimated
volatilization
half­
lives
for
a
model
river
and
model
lake
are
20,000
days
and
160,000
days,
respectively.
An
estimated
BCF
value
of
24,000,
from
an
estimated
log
Kow,
suggests
that
nonylphenol
will
bioconcentrate
in
aquatic
organisms
according
to
a
recommended
classification
scheme.
Nonylphenol
is
expected
to
undergo
sensitized
photolysis
in
surface
water.
It
was
found
to
biodegrade
in
a
river
die­
away
study
and
when
incubated
with
stream
and
pond
water
samples.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
nonylphenol
will
exist
predominately
in
the
particulate
phase.
It
may
be
removed
from
the
air
by
dry
deposition.
Page
22
Toxicological
Profile
of
Nonylphenol
CAS
#:
25154­
52­
3
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
293­
297
deg
C
Form:
Thick
light
yellow,
straw
color
liquid
Solubility:
Practically
insoluble
in
water
or
diluted
aqueous
sodium
hydroxide;
soluble
in
benzene,
chlorinated
solvents,
aniline,
heptane,
aliphatic
alcohols,
ethylene
glycol;
soluble
in
most
organic
solvents.
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
toxicity
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
23
Fate
Profile
for
Isopropanolamine
PRG
CAS
#:
78­
96­
6
Overview
1­
Amino­
2­
propanol
can
be
released
to
the
environment
in
waste
streams
generated
at
sites
of
its
commercial
production
and
use.

Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil
or
water,
1­
amino­
2­
propanol
is
expected
to
degrade
via
biodegradation.
Based
upon
an
estimated
Koc
of
7.1,
1­
amino­
2­
propanol
is
expected
to
leach
readily
in
soil.
The
importance
of
leaching
may
be
lessened
by
concurrent
biodegradation.
Based
upon
a
vapor
pressure
of
0.47
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
°
C,
1­
amino­
2­
propanol
should
evaporate
slowly
from
dry
surfaces.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
the
Henry's
Law
constant
for
1­
amino­
2­
propanol
can
be
estimated
to
be
2.34X10­
10
atm­
cu
m/
mole
using
a
structure
estimation
method;
this
value
of
Henry's
Law
constant
indicates
that
a
compound
is
essentially
non­
volatile
from
water.

Fate
in
Air
If
released
to
the
atmosphere,
it
will
degrade
relatively
rapidly
by
reaction
with
photochemically
produced
hydroxyl
radicals
(
estimated
half­
life
of
9.9
hr).
Based
upon
a
vapor
pressure
of
0.47
mm
Hg
at
25
deg
°
C,
1­
amino­
2­
propanol
is
expected
to
exist
almost
entirely
in
the
vapor­
phase
in
the
ambient
atmosphere.
Page
24
Toxicological
Profile
of
Isopropanolamine
PRG
(
1­
Amino­
2­
Propanol)
CAS
#:
78­
96­
6
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
159.46
deg
 
C
Form:
Liquid
Solubility:
Soluble
in
all
proportions
in
water,
alcohol,
ether,
acetone,
benzene,
and
carbon
tetrachloride.
OSHA
PEL:
Not
Established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
toxicity
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
Established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
Established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
Established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
Established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
Established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
Established
OSHA
rating:
Not
Established
Page
25
Fate
Data
of
Methyl
Ethyl
Ketoxime
CAS
#:
96­
29­
7
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
26
Toxicological
Profile
of
Methyl
Ethyl
Ketoxime
(
2­
Butanone,
oxime)
CAS
#:
96­
29­
7
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
152
deg
 
C
Form:
No
data
Solubility:
No
data
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
RTECS
has
found
that
this
chemical
is
an
equivocal
tumorigenic
agent.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Possible
carcinogen
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
27
Fate
Data
of
Wet
Nitrocellulose
CAS
#:
9004­
70­
0
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
28
Toxicological
Profile
of
Wet
Nitrocellulose
CAS
#:
9004­
70­
0
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Form:
Colorless,
or
slightly
yellow,
clear
or
slightly
opalescent,
syrup
liquid.
Solubility:
Soluble
in
methanol,
acetone,
glacial
acetic
acid,
and
amyl
acetate.
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
If
respirable
particles
are
inhaled,
they
will
persist
in
the
lungs.
There
is
no
absorbtion
by
any
other
route.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Low
to
Moderate
Concern
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
No
chronic
health
concerns
have
been
identified
concerning
this
chemical.
Page
29
Fate
Profile
of
Sodium
Chromate
CAS
#:
7775­
11­
3
Overview
Hexavalent
chromium
rarely
occurs
in
nature,
apart
from
anthropogenic
sources,
because
it
is
readily
reduced
by
oxidizable
organic
matter.
Chromium
(
VI)
is
mobile
in
ground
water
and
sometimes
used
as
a
tracer
to
follow
ground
water
flows.

Fate
in
Soil
If
released
to
soil,
most
soil
chromium
is
in
mineral,
absorbed,
or
precipitated
form.
Chromium
probably
occurs
as
the
insoluble
Cr(
III)
oxide
(
Cr2O3.
nH2O)
in
soil,
as
the
organic
matter
in
soil
is
expected
to
reduce
any
soluble
chromate
to
insoluble
chromic
oxide
(
Cr2O3).
Chromium
in
soil
can
be
transported
to
the
atmosphere
by
way
of
aerosol
formation.
Chromium
is
also
transported
from
soil
through
runoff
and
leaching
of
water.
Runoff
could
remove
both
chromium
ions
and
bulk
precipitates
of
chromium,
with
final
deposition
on
either
a
different
land
area
or
a
water
body.
In
addition,
flooding
of
soils
and
the
subsequent
anaerobic
decomposition
of
plant
matter
may
increase
dissolution
of
Cr(
III)
oxides
in
the
soil.

Fate
in
Water
If
released
to
water,
hexavalent
chromium
frequently
remains
unchanged
in
many
natural
water
sources
because
of
a
low
concentration
of
reducing
matter.
Chromium(
VI)
exists
in
solution
as
hydrochromate,
chromate,
and
dichromate
ionic
species.
The
proportion
of
each
ion
in
solution
is
dependent
on
pH.
In
strongly
basic
and
neutral
pHs,
the
chromate
form
predominates.
As
the
pH
is
lowered,
the
hydrochromate
concentration
increases.
At
very
low
pHs,
the
dichromate
species
predominates.
In
the
pH
ranges
encountered
in
natural
water,
the
predominant
forms
are
hydrochromate
ions
(
63.6%)
at
pH
6.0
to
6.2
and
chromate
ions
(
95.7%)
at
pH
7.8
to
8.5.
The
oxidizing
ability
of
Cr(
VI)
in
aqueous
solution
is
pH
dependent.

Although
most
of
the
soluble
chromium
in
surface
waters
may
be
present
as
Cr(
VI),
a
small
amount
may
be
present
as
Cr(
III)
organic
complexes.
Hexavalent
chromium
is
the
major
stable
form
of
chromium
in
seawater;
however,
Cr(
VI)
may
be
reduced
to
Cr(
III)
by
organic
matter
present
in
water,
and
may
eventually
deposit
in
sediments.

Because
there
are
no
known
chromium
compounds
that
can
volatilize
from
water,
transport
of
chromium
from
water
to
the
atmosphere
is
not
likely
other
than
by
transport
by
windblown
sea
sprays.
It
has
been
estimated
that
the
residence
time
of
chromium
inlake
water
is
in
the
range
of
Page
30
4.6
to
18
years.

Fate
Air
If
released
to
air,
Cr(
VI)
in
air
may
react
with
particulate
matter
or
gaseous
pollutants
to
form
Cr(
III).
However,
these
atmospheric
reactions
have
not
been
extensively
studied.
Chromium
is
removed
from
air
through
wet
and
dry
depositions.
Page
31
Toxicological
Profile
of
Sodium
Chromate
CAS
#:
7775­
11­
3
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Melting
Point:
Approximately
20
deg
°
C
Form:
Yellow
rhombic
bipyramidal
crystals.
Solubility:
873
g/
L
water
at
30
deg
 
C;
3.44
g/
L
methanol
at
25
deg
 
C.
OSHA
PEL:
Ceiling
limit:
0.1
mg(
CrO3)/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
the
Iris
database,
sodium
chromate
has
a
A
classification
(
human
carcinogen).

Basis
for
classification:
Results
of
occupational
epidemiologic
studies
of
chromium­
exposed
workers
are
consistent
across
investigators
and
study
populations.
Dose­
response
relationships
have
been
established
for
chromium
exposure
and
lung
cancer.
Chromium­
exposed
workers
are
exposed
to
both
cromium
III
and
chromium
VI
compounds.
Because
only
chromium
VI
has
been
found
to
be
carcinogenic
in
animal
studies,
however,
it
was
concluded
that
only
chromium
VI
be
classified
as
a
human
carcinogen.

Human
carcinogenicity
data:
Sufficient.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Page
32
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
High
Concern
(
human
carcinogen)
OSHA
rating:
A1:
Human
carcinogen
(
ACGIH)
Page
33
Fate
Data
of
Paraffin
Wax
CAS
#:
8002­
74­
2
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
34
Toxicological
Profile
of
Paraffin
Wax
CAS
#:
8002­
74­
2
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Form:
Colorless
or
white,
translucent,
odorless
mass.
Solubility:
Insoluble
in
water,
alcohol;
soluble
in
benzene,
chloroform,
ether,
carbon
disulfide,
oils.
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
Paraffin
wax
has
been
shown
to
be
tumorigenic
in
animals:
kidney,
ureter,
bladder,
lungs
and
thorax
tumors
has
been
reported.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Animal
Carcinogen
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
35
Fate
Data
of
Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose
CAS
#:
9004­
64­
2
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
36
Toxicological
Profile
of
Hydroxypropyl
Cellulose
CAS
#:
9004­
64­
2
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Melting
Point:
>
100
deg
°
C
Form:
White
powder
Solubility:
Soluble
in
water
and
organic
solvents
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
37
Fate
Data
of
Hydrocarbon
Propellant
CAS
#:
68476­
86­
8
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
38
Toxicological
Profile
of
Hydrocarbon
Propellant
CAS
#:
68476­
86­
8
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Form:
No
data
Solubility:
No
data
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
39
Fate
Data
of
Propylene
Glycol
Monomethyl
Ether
Acetate
CAS
#:
108­
65­
5
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
40
Toxicological
Profile
of
Propylene
Glycol
Monomethyl
Ether
Acetate
CAS
#:
108­
65­
5
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
145.8
deg
 
C
Form:
No
data
Solubility:
No
data
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
41
Fate
Data
of
4­
Isopropenyl­
Methyl­
Cyclohexane
CAS
#:
536­
59­
4
No
data
regarding
the
fate,
mobility,
biodegradation,
or
bioconcentration
of
this
chemical
in
the
soil,
water
or
air
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.
Page
42
Toxicological
Profile
of
4­
Isopropenyl­
1­
Methyl­
Cyclohexane
CAS
#:
536­
59­
4
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
Unknown
Form:
No
data
Solubility:
No
data
OSHA
PEL:
Not
established
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
the
chronic
effects
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
No
data
regarding
the
carcinogenic
effects
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
Not
established
OSHA
rating:
Not
established
Page
43
Toxicological
Profile
of
Nitrobenzene
CAS
#:
98­
95­
3
Physical/
Chemical
Properties
Boiling
Point:
210
­
211
deg
°
C
Form:
Colorless
to
pale
yellow,
oil
liquid
Solubility:
Soluble
in
about
500
parts
water;
freely
soluble
in
alcohol,
benzene,
ether,
oils.
OSHA
PEL:
1
ppm;
5
mg/
cu
m
Chronic
Toxicity
No
data
regarding
chronic
toxicity
in
humans
was
found
at
the
time
of
this
review.

Carcinogenicity
Based
on
IARC,
nitrobenzene
has
a
B2
classification
(
possibly
carcinogenic
to
humans).

Human
carcinogenicity
data:
Inadequate.
Animal
carcinogenicity
data:
Sufficient.

Risk­
Based
Concentrations
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Oral
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Carcinogenic
Potency
Slope
Inhalation
(
risk
per
mg/
kg/
day):
Not
established
Reference
Dose
Oral
(
mg/
kg/
day):
5.00E­
04
Reference
Dose
Inhalation
(
mg/
kg/
day):
5.71E­
04
Toxicity
Concern
Chronic
Toxicity:
Not
established
Carcinogenicity:
High
Concern
OSHA
rating:
A3:
Animal
carcinogen