Document ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0302-0043
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2006-06-30T04:00Z

January
27,
1999
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT:
REVISION
OF
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
FOR
DICHLORVOS
(
DDVP)
APPLIED
TO
GREENHOUSES
AND
MUSHROOM
HOUSES
(
D251337,
PC
Code
084001)

FROM:
David
Jaquith
Chemistry
and
Exposure
Branch
2
Health
Effects
Division
(
7509C)

TO:
Jess
Rowland
Risk
Characterization
and
Analysis
Branch
Health
Effects
Division
(
7509C)

THRU:
Sue
Hummel,
Senior
Scientist
Chemistry
and
Exposure
Branch
2
Health
Effects
Division
(
7509C)

1.0
INTRODUCTION
In
April
1998
exposure
assessments
were
conducted
for
the
use
of
dichlorvos
(
DDVP)
in
greenhouses
and
mushroom
houses
(
1).
The
assessments
assumed
that
either
hand
held
foggers
or
total
release
smoke
generators
are
used
for
application
to
greenhouses.
Mushroom
house
application
was
considered
to
be
made
using
a
hand
held
fogger,
coarse
spray,
or
by
paintbrush.
HED
has
received
notification
from
Special
Review
Branch
that
the
registrant,
AMVAC
Chemical
Corporation,
is
voluntarily
deleting
applications
using
a
hand
held
fogger.
That
document
is
presented
in
Appendix
A.

In
addition,
subsequent
to
the
production
of
that
document,
the
Health
Effects
Division
Exposure
Scientific
Advisory
Council
(
EXPOSAC)
has
generated
a
series
of
generic
transfer
coefficients
to
be
used
in
lieu
of
data
for
a
number
of
reentry
scenarios.
These
coefficients
are
presented
in
Appendix
B.
These
transfer
coefficients
are
different
from
those
used
in
the
earlier
1998
assessment.
D251337
Page
2
of
24
The
exposure
assessment
has
been
revised
to
reflect
these
changes.
Other
parameters
used
in
the
assessment
have
not
changed.
The
calculations
and
the
rationale
behind
the
calculations
for
reentry
from
the
previous
document
are
repeated
in
this
document
for
clarity.

2.0
CONCLUSIONS
HED
has
provided
revised
earlier
estimates
of
workers
applying
DDVP
in
greenhouses
and
mushroom
houses
based
on
changes
in
application
and
reentry
parameters
that
have
become
evident
since
production
of
the
exposure
assessment
of
April
1998.
Explanations
of
the
quality
of
data
and
the
methods
by
which
estimates
were
derived
are
presented
below.
An
explanation
of
the
uncertainties
associated
with
each
scenario
is
also
included.
The
exposures
for
all
of
the
scenarios
are
summarized
in
Table
1.

Greenhouse
The
only
methods
of
application
of
DDVP
to
greenhouses
that
were
previously
allowed
were
by
hand
held
fogger
and
by
use
of
total
release
smoke
generators.
The
former
method
has
been
voluntarily
withdrawn
from
the
technical
label
(
see
Appendix
A).
Smoke
generators
of
the
type
used
for
DDVP
are
units
which
are
ignited
by
the
applicator
who
immediately
leaves
the
facility.
Exposure
under
these
conditions
is
considered
to
be
negligible.

Exposure
estimates
for
workers
were
reentering
a
greenhouse
were
derived
from
the
combination
of
a
literature
study
(
for
the
dermal
component)
and
models
using
ventilation
information
obtained
from
a
greenhouse
operation
textbook.
Air
flow
information,
described
in
detail
in
Section
4.2
was
used
to
derive
a
series
of
first
order
decay
equations
under
various
conditions,
considered
to
representative
of
normal
greenhouse
operations.
The
estimated
respiratory
exposures
from
these
scenarios
were
combined
with
an
estimate
of
the
dermal
transfer
coefficient
obtained
from
a
study
in
the
scientific
literature
to
yield
a
total
exposure.
The
exposure
estimates
are
presented
in
Table
1.

The
post
application
dermal
exposures
for
greenhouse
workers
were
derived
from
foliar
dislodgeable
values
obtained
from
a
study
in
which
a
DDVP/
Chlorpyrifos
mixture
was
sprayed
on
lawns,
not
fogger
application
to
a
greenhouse.
It
is
not
known
what
the
actual
deposition
of
DDVP
would
be
on
the
foliage
after
actuation
of
a
smoke
generating
product.
The
deposition
of
DDVP
from
a
smoke
generator
was
assumed
to
be
the
same
as
that
from
the
spray
study.
It
is
also
not
known
whether
the
dissipation
patterns
are
similar
for
these
two
formulation/
application
scenarios.
The
transfer
coefficients
for
greenhouse
and
mushroom
house
activities
were
obtained
from
the
generic
transfer
coefficient
table
published
by
the
Health
Effects
Division
Exposure
D251337
Page
3
of
24
Advisory
Council
(
EXPOSAC),
presented
in
Appendix
B.
The
estimated
transfer
coefficient
for
greenhouse
reentry
is
assumed
to
be
10000
cm5/
hr.
The
estimated
dermal
exposures
for
reentry
to
greenhouses
are
also
presented
in
Table
1.

Mushroom
Houses
Application
DDVP
can
be
applied
to
mushroom
houses
by
coarse
spray
or
using
paint
on
methods.
The
data
for
coarse
spray
application
DDVP
to
mushroom
houses
are
very
limited.
They
were
obtained
from
limited
data
from
the
Pesticide
Handlers
Exposure
Database
(
PHED)
V1.1
and
ranged
from
9
to
13
replicates,
depending
on
application
equipment.
These
are
considered
to
be
low
confidence
data
sets
(
2).

The
estimates
of
the
amounts
of
DDVP
to
be
handled
and
surface
areas
treated
were
obtained
using
information
found
in
a
mushroom
culture
textbook.
These
parameters
may
not
be
applicable
for
all
sites.
In
lieu
of
specific
data
it
was
necessary
to
use
very
conservative
assumptions,
particularly
with
regard
to
the
surface
areas
of
beds,
tables,
and
walls
of
mushroom
houses,
which
would
be
the
areas
treated
by
coarse
spray
applicators
or
those
using
paintbrushes
for
application.

The
estimate
of
postapplication
exposure
to
mushroom
workers
was
obtained
from
a
very
limited
study
measuring
surface
residues
and
air
concentrations
in
2­
4
mushroom
house
over
a
24
hour
period.
The
very
limited
data
used
to
obtain
the
estimates
and
the
resulting
uncertainties
must
be
considered
when
making
any
regulatory
judgements
regarding
these
uses.
As
was
the
case
for
greenhouses,
the
transfer
coefficients
were
obtained
from
the
EXPOSAC
document
presented
in
Appendix
B.
The
transfer
coefficient
for
mushroom
houses
is
assumed
to
be
2500
cm
2
/
hr.
D251337
Page
4
of
24
Table
1.
Summary
of
Exposures
of
Workers
to
DDVP
During
and
Following
Application
to
Greenhouses
or
Mushroom
Houses.

Site
Clothing
Total
Daily
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
NOEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
MOE
Greenhouse
Post
Application
No
protective
clothing
0.023
if
entering
after
2
hours
of
ventilation;
0.0023
if
entering
after
10
hours
of
ventilation
0.5
22
after
2
hours;

217
after
10
hours
Mushroom
House
Coarse
Spray
Application
Long
pants,
Long
sleeve
shirt,
gloves
0.0035
to
0.024
0.1
4.2
to
28
Mushroom
House
Coarse
Spray
Application
Long
pants,
Long
sleeve
shirt,
gloves,

respirator
(
90%

protection)
0.0016
to
0.022
0.1
4.6
to
62.1
Mushroom
House
Paint
Application
Long
pants,
Long
sleeve
shirt,
gloves
NO
DATA
but
not
expected
to
exceed
spray
application.
NO
DATA
but
not
expected
to
exceed
spray
application.
NO
DATA
but
not
expected
to
exceed
spray
application.

Mushroom
House
Post
Application
No
protective
clothing
0.0088
if
entering
after
12
hours
of
ventilation;
0.0052
if
entering
24
hours
of
ventilation
0.5
57
after
12
hours;
96
after
24
hours
D251337
Page
5
of
24
3.0
USE
AND
LABEL
INFORMATION
HED
has
an
estimate
of
the
use
of
DDVP
in
greenhouses
from
a
1985
memorandum
received
from
BUD
(
3).
An
average
ornamental
crop
(
carnations,
chrysanthemums,
or
roses,
etc.)
takes
about
16
weeks
per
crop.
It
is
believed
that
DDVP
would
not
be
applied
more
than
once
a
week
and
no
more
than
3
times
per
crop.
This
would
yield
a
short
term
exposure
scenario
with
a
NOEL
of
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
(
4).
The
target
MOE
for
short
term
exposures
is
10.

Of
the
previously
existing
labels
listed
in
Appendix
C
for
greenhouse/
mushroom
house
use
only
2
are
currently
allowed
by
the
technical
label.
One
is
a
smoke
generating
product
and
this
label
is
still
valid.
The
other
specifies
that
the
chemical
is
to
be
applied
as
either
a
coarse
spray
or
painted
on
surfaces
in
mushroom
houses
only.

4.0
GREENHOUSE
EXPOSURES
4.1
Greenhouse
Applicator
Exposure
4.1.1
Fogger
Application
Since
the
deletion
of
hand
held
foggers
from
the
technical
label
application
of
DDVP
to
greenhouses
is
allowed
only
by
smoke
generator.
Smoke
generators
and
other
total
release
foggers
are
assumed
to
provide
negligible
exposure
to
the
applicator
since
the
applicator
is
required
to
exit
the
facility
immediately
upon
igniting
the
smoke
generators.
Likewise
automatic
foggers
would
be
considered
to
have
negligible
applicator
exposure,
although
there
may
be
potential
for
mixer/
loader
exposures.
No
such
products
are
registered
for
greenhouses
at
this
time.
Any
exposure
in
a
greenhouse
scenario
would
be
from
reentry.

The
use
report
for
DDVP
(
3)
indicates
that
an
average
greenhouse
has
the
dimensions
of
120
feet
in
length,
48
feet
wide,
10
feet
high
at
the
walls,
and
20
feet
at
the
roof
peak.
The
estimated
volume
was
85,000
ft;.
A
typical
operation
was
assumed
to
consist
of
7
greenhouses
which
could
be
treated
in
a
single
day.
Treatment
was
estimated
to
be
3.75
minutes
per
house
or
26
minutes
(
0.44
hrs)
per
day.
Treatment
would
not
be
expected
to
occur
in
a
given
greenhouse
more
than
once
a
week,
resulting
in
an
acute
exposure
scenario.
The
appropriate
NOEL
would
be
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
(
4).
D251337
Page
6
of
24
4.2
Greenhouse
Post
Application
Exposure
4.2.1
Greenhouse
Post
Application
Dermal
Exposure
HED
has
no
data
addressing
surface
residues
of
DDVP
in
the
greenhouse
environment.
The
only
dislodgeable
foliar
residue
data
available
were
from
a
study
found
in
the
public
literature
following
application
of
DDVP
to
a
home
lawn.
The
study
description
is
presented
below.

DISLODGEABLE
RESIDUES
OF
DDVP
ON
TURF
CITATION:
Goh,
K.
S,
S.
Edmiston,
K.
T.
Maddy,
D.
D.
Meinders
and
S
Margetich
(
1986)
Dissipation
of
Dislodgeable
Foliar
Residue
of
Chlorpyrifos
and
Dichlorvos
on
Turf.
Bull.
Environ.
Contam.
Toxicol.,
37:
27­
32.

Dislodgeable
residues
of
chlorpyrifos
and
dichlorvos
were
measured
in
turf
plots
located
in
Sacramento
County.
Six
0.61
m
x
2.44
m
plots
of
healthy
Kentucky
bluegrass
were
sprayed
at
700
AM
with
an
insecticidal
formulation
containing
2.6%
DDVP
and
3.0%
chlorpyrifos
(.
0.25
lb
ai
per
gallon
for
each
component.
The
material
was
applied
at
the
maximum
label
rate
of
3.79
L
of
product
in
605
L
of
water
for
508
m
2
(
5466
ft
2
)
of
lawn.
Immediately
after
spraying,
three
of
the
plots
were
watered
with
one
half
inch
of
water.
Leaf
samples
were
collected
before
application,
immediately
after
treatment,
and
at
intervals
of
2,
6,
10,
24,
48,
72,
and
96
hours.
Two
randomly
selected
samples
of
approximately
8
grams
each
were
obtained
from
each
plot
and
immediately
stored
on
ice
until
transfer
to
the
analytical
laboratory.

Since
it
is
much
easier
to
measure
leaf
weight
than
area,
a
linear
regression
correlation
equation
was
used
to
determine
the
correlation
of
leaf
weight
to
surface
area.
Leaf
samples
weighing
2
to
18
grams
and
weighed
to
the
nearest
centigram.
A
single
surface
leaf
area
was
determined
for
each
sample
using
a
leaf
area
meter
(
LI­
COR,
Nebraska).
The
linear
regression
equation,
forced
through
the
origin,
was
Y
=
79.28
X
with
an
r
2
of
0.99.

Dislodgeable
residues
were
determined
by
rotating
the
leaf
samples
three
times
(
30
minutes
each)
once
with
0.2
mL
of
2%
Sur­
Ten
Solution,
once
with
50
mL
water
with
Sur­
Ten,
and
finally
with
50
mL
of
water
alone.
The
150
mL
solution
was
extracted
three
times
with
50,
25,
and
25
mL
ethyl
acetate,
the
solvent
phase
was
dried
over
sodium
sulfate.
The
sample
solutions
were
analyzed
by
gas
chromatography
with
a
detection
limit
of
1Fg
per
sample.

The
DDVP
dislodgeable
foliar
residue
level
was
0.10
Fg/
cm
2
immediately
after
application
(<
2
hrs).
After
2
hours
the
level
in
the
non­
irrigated
plots
had
dropped
to
D251337
Page
7
of
24
approximately
0.04
Fg/
cm
2
(
Confidence
interval
.0.32
to
0.05
Fg/
cm
2
).
Levels
remained
at
approximately
these
levels
at
the
6
hour
interval.
By
10
hours
the
levels
had
dropped
to
.0.004
Fg/
cm
2
.
Dissipation
was
faster
in
the
plots
that
had
been
watered
but
were
also
at
levels
of
.0.004
Fg/
cm
2
after
10
hours.
No
material
was
detected
after
the
24
sampling
period.

The
dislodgeable
foliar
residue
level
of
DDVP
was
0.10
Fg/
cm
2
immediately
after
application
(<
2
hrs).
After
2
hours
the
level
in
the
non­
irrigated
plots
had
dropped
to
approximately
0.04
Fg/
cm
2
(
Confidence
interval
.0.32
to
0.05
Fg/
cm
2
).
Levels
remained
at
approximately
these
levels
at
the
6
hour
interval.
By
10
hours
the
levels
had
dropped
to
.0.004
Fg/
cm
2
.
Dissipation
was
faster
in
the
plots
that
had
been
watered
but
were
also
at
levels
of
.
0.004
Fg/
cm
2
after
10
hours.
No
material
was
detected
after
the
24
sampling
period.

In
order
to
estimate
dermal
exposure
from
dislodgeable
residues,
a
transfer
factor
is
necessary.
The
previously
used
transfer
coefficient
was
obtained
from
a
literature
study
in
which
pesticide
exposures
were
monitored
during
the
harvesting
of
flowers
in
the
Netherlands
(
5).
The
estimated
transfer
coefficient
was
4500
cm5/
hr.
A
default
value
of
10000
cm
2
/
hr
has
been
selected
by
the
EXPOSAC
for
greenhouse
reentry
(
see
Appendix
B)
and
has
been
used
for
this
revised
exposure
assessment.

Additional
assumptions
were
used
to
estimate
the
total
dermal
exposure
of
these
workers:

1)
A
worker
was
assumed
to
weigh
70
kg.

2)
Workers
were
assumed
to
work
8
hours
in
the
greenhouse.

3)
At
least
7
days
were
assumed
to
lapse
before
DDVP
would
be
reapplied,
resulting
in
no
buildup
on
the
foliage.

4)
The
dermal
absorption
of
DDVP
is
11
percent
(
4).

5)
A
greenhouse
is
ventilated
for
at
least
2
hours
before
reentry.

6)
The
deposition
and
dissipation
pattern
of
DDVP
on
greenhouse
foliage
is
the
same
as
that
resulting
from
spraying
of
residential
turf.

The
total
daily
dermal
exposure
that
would
occur
is
estimated
to
be:

Dermal
Exposure
(
µ
g/
kg/
day)
=
DFR
(
µ
g/
cm5)
x
10000
(
cm5/
hr)
x
8
hrs/
day
x
0.11
x
1/
70
kg
The
dermal
exposure
estimates
for
these
workers
are
presented
in
Table
2.
D251337
Page
8
of
24
Table
2.
Estimates
of
Dermal
Exposures
of
Workers
Reentering
Greenhouses
Treated
with
DDVP.

Time
After
Start
of
Ventilation
Dislodgeable
Foliar
Residues
(
µ
g/
cm5)
Daily
Dermal
Exposure
(
µ
g/
kg/
day)
1
Daily
Dermal
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)

<
2
hours
0.10
13
0.013
2
­
6
hours
0.04
5
0.005
10
hours
0.004
0.5
0.0005
1
Dermal
Exposure
(
µ
g/
kg/
day)
=
DFR
(
µ
g/
cm5)
x
4500
(
cm5/
hr)
x
8
hrs/
day
x
0.11
x
1/
70
kg
4.2.2
Post
Application
Respiratory
Exposure
­
Greenhouses
HED
has
no
adequate
data
measuring
the
air
concentrations
resulting
from
application
of
DDVP
in
greenhouses.
It
was
therefore
necessary
to
use
models
to
estimates
these
concentrations.
It
was
assumed
that
the
air
concentration
under
ventilated
conditions
followed
first
order
kinetics
and
that
the
initial
concentration
(
Co)
was
the
maximum
label
rate
from
the
LUIS
report
of
2
g/
1000
ft
3
.
After
1
air
change
this
concentration
would
be
halved
at
time,
t1/
2
.
The
rate
constant
(
k)
for
first
order
decay
can
be
calculated
by
the
equation:

k
=
0.693/
t1/
2
D251337
Page
9
of
24
HED
has
obtained
reference
air
exchange
rates
from
a
textbook
(
6)
which
are
presented
for
various
conditions
of
vent
position
and
wind
speed
in
Table
3.
Ventilation
requirements
for
greenhouse
operation
vary
depending
on
environmental
conditions.
Although
these
conditions
cannot
be
standardized,
a
worker
performing
tasks
in
a
greenhouse
would
be
expected
to
be
exposed
to
a
decreasing
concentration
of
airborne
DDVP.
The
post
application
exposure
of
greenhouse
workers
to
DDVP
has
been
considered
to
be
a
short
term
scenario
with
a
NOEL
of
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
(
4).
To
yield
a
MOE
of
10
the
exposure
would
be
0.05
mg/
kg/
day.
The
dermal
component,
after
2
hours
of
ventilation
was
estimated
to
be
0.005
mg/
kg/
day
(
above),
leaving
0.045
mg/
kg/
day
for
respiratory
exposure.
If
70
kg
worker
works
8
hours
per
day
with
a
respiratory
volume
of
1.7
m;
per
hour
the
concentration
necessary
to
yield
an
MOE
of
10
would
be:

Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
Conc
(
mg/
m;)
x
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hrs/
day
)
70
kg
Conc
(
mg/
m;)
=
0.045
mg/
kg/
day
x
70
kg
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hrs/
day
=
0.23
mg/
m;

Estimates
of
the
appropriate
reentry
times
were
derived
by
inserting
the
k
values
from
Table
3
into
a
spreadsheet
and
calculating
the
concentrations
over
time
for
each
of
the
aeration
scenario.
It
was
assumed
that
the
initial
concentration
(
Co)
was
the
maximum
label
application
rate
of
2
g
per
1000
ft
3
(
71
mg/
m;).
The
estimates
are
presented
in
Table
4.
In
all
of
the
aeration
scenarios,
with
the
exception
of
both
sides
and
roof
shut,
the
concentrations
dropped
below
the
target
of
0.23
within
60
minutes
after
the
beginning
of
aeration.
The
highest
concentration
calculated
after
2
hours
of
aeration
was
0.19
mg/
m;
(
shaded
area
in
Table
4).
The
estimated
respiratory
component
of
exposure
would
be:

Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
0.19
mg/
m;
x
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hrs/
day
)
70
kg
=
0.037
mg/
kg/
day
4.2.3
Total
Exposures
and
Calculation
of
MOE
The
calculation
of
total
exposures
assumes
that
there
are
2
hours
of
ventilation
prior
to
reentry.
The
estimated
dislodgeable
residues
measured
after
6
hours
in
a
limited
study
were
similar
to
those
after
2
hours
(
Table
2).
D251337
Page
10
of
24
Table
3.
The
Effect
of
Wind
Speed
and
Ventilator
Position
on
Air
Exchange
in
the
Greenhouse
(
9).

Vent
Position
Wind
Speed
(
mph)
Air
Exchanges
per
hour
Minutes
per
Air
Change
(
t1/
2)
Decay
constant
(
k)

Roof
Sides
Shut
Shut
13.4
2.9
21
0.033
Lee
side
1/
4
open
Shut
13.3
9.1
6.6
0.105
Both
sides
full
open
Shut
2.7
14
4.3
0.161
Both
sides
full
open
Open
1.4
41
1.5
0.462
Both
sides
full
open
Open
1.9
45
1.3
0.533
South
side
opens
at
64
E
F
Shut
6.2
8.6
7.0
0.099
North
at
80
E
F
Shut
(
warmer
day)
5.3
8.7
6.9
0.100
Both
sides
full
open
Shut
6.0
20
3.0
0.231
Both
sides
full
open
Shut
6.5
34
1.8
0.385
Table
4.
Estimated
Concentrations
of
DDVP
in
Greenhouses
Under
Different
Conditions
of
Aeration.

The
target
concentration
to
yield
a
short
term
MOE
of
100
is
0.026
mg/
m;.

Roof
Position
Shut
Lee
Side
Both
Sides
Both
Sides
Both
Sides
S.
Side
Opens
N.
Side
Both
Sides
Both
Sides
1/
4
Open
Full
Open
Full
Open
Full
Open
at
64
E
F
at
80
E
F
Full
Open
Full
Open
Sides
Position
Shut
Shut
Shut
Open
Open
Shut
Shut
Shut
Shut
Wind
Speed
13.4
13.3
2.7
1.4
1.9
6.2
5.3
6.0
20
Air
Exchanges
per
hr
2.9
9.1
14
41
45
8.6
8.7
20
34
Decay
Constant,
k
0.033
0.105
0.161
0.462
0.533
0.099
0.1
0.231
0.385
Time
(
min)
Estimated
Concentrations
(
mg/
m;):

0
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
71.0000
10
51.0436
24.8456
14.1920
0.6995
0.3439
26.3819
26.1194
7.0475
1.5109
20
36.6964
8.6944
2.8368
0.0069
0.0017
9.8029
9.6088
0.6995
0.0322
30
26.3819
3.0425
0.5670
0.0001
0.0000
3.6425
3.5349
0.0694
0.0007
40
18.9666
1.0647
0.1133
0.0000
0.0000
1.3535
1.3004
0.0069
0.0000
50
13.6355
0.3726
0.0227
0.0000
0.0000
0.5029
0.4784
0.0007
0.0000
60
9.8029
0.1304
0.0045
0.0000
0.0000
0.1869
0.1760
0.0001
0.0000
70
7.0475
0.0456
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000
0.0694
0.0647
0.0000
0.0000
80
5.0667
0.0160
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0258
0.0238
0.0000
0.0000
90
3.6425
0.0056
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0096
0.0088
0.0000
0.0000
100
2.6187
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
0.0032
0.0000
0.0000
110
1.8826
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
120
1.3535
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
D251337
Page
12
of
24
5.0
MUSHROOM
HOUSE
5.1
Applicator
Exposure
HED
has
no
data
directly
measuring
the
exposures
of
applicators
using
DDVP
in
mushroom
houses.
Products
requiring
fogger
application
have
been
deleted
leaving
one
product
for
mushroom
house
application.
This
label
directs
the
user
to
apply
a
0.5
percent
solution
at
a
rate
of
1/
2
to
1
pint
per
100
ft5
either
as
a
coarse
spray
or
by
painting
the
product
on
surfaces
with
a
brush.
A
retreatment
is
not
specified
in
the
other
labels.
Earlier
labels
allowed
retreatment
every
four
days
or
twice
a
week.
These
intervals
were
used
for
establishment
of
the
appropriate
NOAEL.
Mushroom
house
application
is
considered
to
be
an
intermediate
exposure
scenario
with
a
NOAEL
of
0.1
mg/
kg/
day.

The
specifications
of
mushroom
houses
are
slightly
different
than
those
for
greenhouses.
A
typical
mushroom
operation
is
believed
to
consist
of
10
houses,
each
with
a
volume
of
30000
ft;
(
850
m;)
(
3).

HED
has
no
data
regarding
the
surface
areas
of
mushroom
houses
in
the
United
States.
A
mushroom
house
has
an
volume
of
30000
ft;
(
850
m;).
The
volume
of
a
typical
mushroom
house
in
the
Netherlands
is
342
m;
(
12073
ft;)(
7).
The
surface
areas
of
the
floors,
walls,
and
ceiling
of
these
houses
is
348
m5
(
3744
ft5)
with
a
growing
volume
of
5
beds.
Each
of
these
growing
beds
has
an
internal
dimensions
of
13.8
m
x
1.34
m
x
0.18
m,
giving
an
internal
surface
area
of:

Surface
Area
(
m5)
=
2[(
13.8
m
x
0.18
m)
+
(
1.34
m
x
0.18
m)]

=
5.5
m5
=
59
ft5
The
total
area
of
a
house
with
a
volume
of
to
be
sprayed
would
be:

Total
Area
(
ft5)
=
3744
ft5
+
5(
59
ft5)
=
4039
ft5
In
lieu
of
specific
data,
HED
has
assumed
that
the
ratio
of
the
volume
to
area
sprayed
would
be
the
same
for
mushroom
houses
in
the
United
States
and
those
in
the
Netherlands.
Since
mushroom
houses
in
the
United
States
are
about
2.5
times
larger
(
30000
ft;/
12073
ft;)
the
estimated
area
sprayed
or
painted
would
be:

Estimated
Area
(
ft
2
)
=
4039
ft
2
x
2.5
=
10098
ft
2
HED
notes
that
this
may
be
conservative
for
a
painting
scenario
because
not
all
areas
are
easily
painted
but
has
no
data
with
which
to
refine
this
estimate.

The
spray/
paint
product
(
Appendix
A)
is
used
as
a
0.5
percent
solution
(
w/
w)
containing
approximately
0.67
oz
ai
per
gallon
(
and
applied
at
a
rate
of
2
to
1
pint
per
100
ft5.
Therefore,
the
maximum
volume
to
be
applied
to
a
mushroom
house
would
be:
D251337
Page
13
of
24
Amount
per
house
(
gal/
house)
=
1
pt/
100
ft5
x
10098
ft5/
house
x
1
gal/
8
pts
=
12.6
gallons
per
house
If
the
concentration
of
ai
is
0.67
oz
(
0.042
lb
ai)
per
gallon,
the
amount
applied
per
house
would
be:

Lb
ai/
house
=
12.6
gallons/
house
x
0.042
lb
ai/
gallon
=
0.53
lb
ai/
house
The
daily
amount
handled
for
someone
treating
10
houses
is
therefore
5.3
lb
ai/
day.
This
is
probably
conservative
for
the
painting
because
painting
such
an
area
would
be
difficult
in
one
day.
It
would
be
possible
to
spray
such
an
area,
although
this
may
be
unlikely
to
occur.

It
is
not
certain
exactly
what
type
of
coarse
spray
equipment
would
be
used
in
any
particular
mushroom
house.
The
equipment
used
could
vary
from
a
hose
end
sprayer
to
backpack
to
a
pinpoint
compressed
air
apparatus
depending
on
the
growers
needs.
HED
has
reassessed
these
exposure
estimates
using
the
Pesticide
Handlers
Exposure
Database
(
PHED
V1.1).
Both
the
applicator
file
(
APPL.
FILE)
and
mixer/
loader/
applicator
file
were
examined.
Low
pressure
hand
wand
and
high
pressure
hand
wand
were
considered
to
be
low
confidence
data
(
2).

The
1993
assessment
included
a
number
of
application
methods
that
are
no
longer
on
the
DDVP
label
for
mushroom
houses
and
has
eliminated
the
studies
addressing
these
obsolete
scenarios
from
the
current
assessment.
Revised
estimates
using
PHED
have
replaced
these
studies.
Studies
were
selected
manually
from
the
PHED
system
in
order
to
obtain
those
that
most
closely
match
the
mushroom
house
application
scenario
A
table
of
the
application
method,
estimated
unit
exposures,
clothing
scenarios,
and
data
sources
is
presented
in
Table
5.
PHED
outputs
are
presented
in
Appendix
D.

The
daily
exposures
and
resulting
MOEs
estimated
for
these
workers
to
DDVP,
adjusted
for
use
information
and
dermal
absorption
are
presented
in
Table
6.
It
must
be
noted
that
the
respiratory
measurements
for
three
of
these
studies
are
based
entirely
on
non­
detect
samples
and
therefore
have
an
artifactual
component,
possibly
an
appreciable
one.
D251337
Page
14
of
24
Table
5.
Estimates
of
Unit
Exposures
of
Workers
Applying
Pesticides
Using
Various
Types
of
Equipment
That
Might
Be
Used
for
Coarse
Spray
in
a
Mushroom
House.
These
values
are
NOT
corrected
for
dermal
absorption.
Numbers
in
parentheses
are
in
mg/
kg,
adjusted
for
a
70
kg
worker.

Unit
Exposure
­
mg/
lb
ai
(
mg/
kg/
lb
ai)

Equipment
Used
Clothing
Scenario
Dermal
Respiratory
No.

Of
Reps
Reference
Hand
Held
Sprayer
Long
Pants,
Long
Sleeves,
Gloves
0.17
(
0.0024)
0.026
1
(
0.0004)
9
PHED
(
471LPHW.
MLAP)

Backpack
Sprayer
Long
Pants,
Long
Sleeves,
Gloves
2.6
(
0.37)
0.026
1
(
0.0004)
9
PHED
(
471PKPK.
MLAP)

Backpack
Sprayer
Long
Pants,
Long
Sleeves,
Gloves
0.27
(
0.0039)
0.062
(
0.0009)
4
PHED
(
416.
APPL.
APPL)

Portable
Sprayer
on
Wheels
Long
Pants,
Long
Sleeves,
Gloves
0.69
(
0.0099)
0.078
1
(
0.0011)
9
PHED(
471.
APPL)

1
All
values
were
non­
detect
samples
D251337
Page
15
of
24
Table
6.
Estimates
of
Daily
Exposures
and
Resulting
MOEs
of
Workers
Applying
DDVP
Using
Various
Types
of
Equipment
That
Might
Be
Used
for
Coarse
Spray
in
a
Mushroom
House.
These
values
are
corrected
for
a
dermal
absorption
of
11
percent.
Unit
Exposures
2
(
mg/
kg/
lb
ai)
Daily
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)

Equipment
Used
Clothing
Scenario
1
Amount
Handled
(
lb
ai
per
day)
Dermal
Resp.
Dermal
3
Respir.
Total
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)

.
NOEL
(
mg/
kg/
day)
MOE
Hand
Held
Sprayer
LP,
LS,
G
5.3
0.0024
0.0004
0.0014
0.0015
0.0029
0.1
34.3
Backpack
Sprayer
LP,
LS,
G
5.3
0.37
0.0004
0.022
0.0015
0.023
0.1
4.3
Backpack
Sprayer
LP,
LS,
G
5.3
0.0039
0.0009
0.0023
0.0036
0.0059
0.1
17
Portable
Sprayer
on
Wheels
LP,
LS,
G
5.3
0.0099
0.0011
0.0058
0.0045
0.010
0.1
9.7
1
LP
=
long
pants,
LS
=
long
sleeve
shirt,
G
=
gloves
2
Assumes
a
70
kg
worker
3
Daily
Dermal
Exposure
=
Amount
Handled
(
lb
ai/
day)
x
Unit
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
lb
ai)
x
0.11
(
Absorp)
D251337
Page
16
of
24
5.2
Post
Application
Exposures
in
Mushroom
Houses
There
are
few
data
addressing
the
post
application
of
workers
to
DDVP
in
mushroom
houses.
The
California
Department
of
Food
and
Agriculture
(
CDFA)
conducted
a
limited
air
and
surface
monitoring
study
of
mushroom
houses
in
California
(
15)
which
is
described
below.
As
explained
in
Section
4.2.2
the
total
exposure
required
to
reach
a
MOE
of
10
would
be
0.05
mg/
kg/
day.

CITATION:
Maddy,
K.
T.,
F.
Schneider,
J.
Lowe,
E.
Ochi,
S.
Fredrickson,
and
S.
Margotich
(
1981)
Vapona
(
DDVP)
Exposure
Potential
to
Workers
in
Mushroom
Houses
in
Ventura
County,
California
in
1981.
HS­
861.

Air
residue
samples
were
collected
from
four
mushroom
houses
treated
with
Vapona
(
DDVP)
at
a
rate
of
34
grams
per
16,000
ft;.
Surface
wipe
samples
of
horizontal
surfaces
were
collected
from
two
such
rooms.
The
material
was
by
placing
a
container
of
the
pesticide
on
a
hot
plate
located
in
the
center
of
the
room.
The
doors
were
closed
and
the
interior
forced
air
fans
run
for
20
minutes.
After
the
application
the
exhaust
fans
were
run
at
high
speed
for
30
minutes.
Following
30
minutes
of
aeration,
during
which
there
were
10
air
changes,
the
workers
were
allowed
to
reenter
the
building
without
protective
clothing.

Air
samples
were
collected
by
drawing
air
at
a
rate
of
1
liter
per
minute
through
XAD­
4
resin
tubed
using
personal
sampling
pumps.
Samples
were
obtained
prior
to
applications
and
at
intervals
of
30
minutes,
1
hour,
3
hours,
6
hours,
12,
hours
and
24
hours
after
the
treatment.
The
duration
of
the
30
minute
sample
was
30
minutes
and
the
a
1
hour
interval
was
used
for
the
others.

Wipe
samples
were
collected
from
the
upper
tiers
of
the
houses
which
workers
must
climb
to
irrigate
the
mushrooms.
Areas
were
measured
with
a
template
and
swabbed
with
laboratory
tissues
moistened
with
ethyl
acetate.

Both
air
and
wipe
samples
were
stored
on
ice
for
shipment
to
the
analytical
laboratory
where
they
quantified
by
gas
chromatography.

The
results
of
air
sampling
are
presented
in
Table
5
and
graphically
in
Figure
1.
The
results
of
surface
sampling
are
in
Table
6.

Table
5.
Air
Concentrations
of
DDVP
in
Mushroom
Houses
After
Application
at
a
Rate
of
34
grams
per
16,000
ft;.
Values
are
in
ppm.
Numbers
in
parentheses
have
been
converted
to
mg/
m;.

Room
4
Room
6
Room
52
Room
124
Mean
D251337
Page
17
of
24
Preapplication
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
During
Application
No
sample
No
sample
0.054
(
0.49)
o
0.061
(
0.56)
0.058
(
0.53)

30
minutes
0.0107
(
0.097)
0.0025
(
0.023)
0.0068
(
0.061)
0.0023
(
0.021)
0.0056
(
0.051)

1
hour
No
sample
No
sample
0.0028
(
0.025)
0.0035
(
0.032)
0.0032
(
0.029)

3
hours
0.0046
(
0.042)
0.0005
(
0.0045)
0.0017
(
0.015)
0.0044
(
0.040)
0.0028
(
0.026)

6
hours
0.0054
(
0.049)
0.0004
(
0.036)
0.0003
(
0.0027)
0.0037
(
0.033)
0.0025
(
0.022)

12
hours
0.0019
(
0.017)
0.0004
(
0.036)
0.0134
(
0.12)
0.0037
(
0.033)
0.0049
(
0.044)

24
hours
0.0028
(
0.025)
0.0008
(
0.0072)
No
sample
No
sample
0.0018
(
0.016)

omg/
m;
=
221
g/
mol
)
24.25
x
ppm
D251337
Page
18
of
24
Table
6.
Surface
Residues
of
DDVP
in
Mushro
om
Houses
After
Applica
tion
at
a
Rate
of
34
g
per
16000
ft;.
Values
are
in
µ
g/
cm5.

Room
52
Room
124
Preapplication
ND
ND
30
minutes
postapplication
0.014
0.007
3
hours
postapplication
0.026
0.003
12
hours
postapplication
0.014
ND
Figure
1.
Airborne
Concentrations
of
DDVP
in
Mushroom
Houses
0
30
60
180
360
720
1440
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time
After
Application
(
Minutes)

mg/

m
³
Rm
4
Rm
6
Rm
52
Rm
124
Target
Conc.
D251337
Page
20
of
24
5.2.1
Postapplication
Dermal
Exposure
HED
has
no
data
measuring
a
transfer
coefficient
for
workers
performing
tasks
in
mushroom
houses.
HED
has
used
the
transfer
coefficient
for
low
crops
of
2500
cm5
per
hour,
obtained
from
the
table
presented
in
Appendix
B.
Surface
residues
were
obtained
from
a
limited
study
conducted
by
the
California
Department
of
Food
and
Agriculture
(
CDFA,
now
CALEPA).
Wipe
sampling
was
only
conducted
in
2
mushroom
houses,
preventing
any
analysis
of
the
distribution
of
surface
residues
in
these
facilities.
Therefore
the
highest
residues
monitored
were
used
for
the
estimation
of
dermal
exposure.
There
was
no
clear
trend
with
which
to
describe
the
dissipation
over
a
12
hour
period.
A
surface
residue
of
0.026
µ
g/
cm5,
the
highest
residue
measured,
was
therefore
used
to
estimate
dermal
exposure.
This
may
be
conservative
since
the
wipe
samples
were
collected
using
an
organic
solvent
(
ethyl
acetate)
instead
of
the
more
commonly
used
surfactant
rinse
used
in
dislodgeable
foliar
residue
studies.
However,
in
lieu
of
additional
data,
HED
must
take
a
conservative
approach.
The
resulting
dermal
exposures
of
a
70
kg
worker
working
8
hours
per
day
in
a
treated
mushroom
house
are
estimated
to
be:

Dermal
Exposure
(
µ
g/
kg/
day)
=
1000
cm5/
hr
x
8
hr/
day
x
0.026
µ
g/
cm5
x
1/
70
kg
x
0.11
(
Absorb)

=
0.33
µ
g/
kg/
day
=
0.00033
mg/
kg/
day
Postapplication
Respiratory
Exposure
Postapplication
respiratory
exposures
were
derived
from
the
study
summarized
in
Section
5.2.
The
total
exposure
required
to
generate
a
MOE
of
100
is
0.005
mg/
kg/
day
for
an
acute
exposure
scenario.
If
the
dermal
component
is
subtracted
from
this
total
the
maximum
Aallowable@
respiratory
exposure
would
be
0.0047
mg/
kg/
day.
For
a
70
kg
worker
working
8
hours
in
a
mushroom
house
with
a
respiratory
volume
of
1.7
m;
per
hour,
the
maximum
concentration
would
be:

Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
Conc
(
mg/
m;)
x
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hrs/
day
)
70
kg
Conc
(
mg/
m;)
=
0.0047
mg/
kg/
day
x
70
kg
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hrs/
day
=
0.024
mg/
m;
D251337
Page
21
of
24
Calculation
of
MOEs
12
Hour
Reentry
Respiratory
Exposure
The
total
exposure
of
a
70
kg
worker
in
a
mushroom
house
entering
the
facility
after
12
hours
is
estimated
to
be:

Daily
Respiratory
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
0.044
mg/
m;
x
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hr/
day
)
70
kg
=
0.0085
mg/
kg/
day
Added
to
the
dermal
component
gives:

Daily
Exposure
=
0.0085
mg/
kg/
day
+
0.00033
mg/
kg/
day
=
0.0088
mg/
kg/
day
The
corresponding
MOE
for
these
workers
using
a
short
term
NOEL
of
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
would
be:

MOE
=
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
0.0088
mg/
kg/
day
=
57
24
Hour
Reentry
(
Using
the
highest
of
the
2
values
reported
for
air
concentration)

Daily
Respiratory
Exposure
(
mg/
kg/
day)
=
0.0018
mg/
m;
x
1.7
m;/
hr
x
8
hr/
day
)
70
kg
=
0.0049
mg/
kg/
day
Total
Daily
Exposure
=
0.00495
mg/
kg/
day
+
0.00033
mg/
kg/
day
=
0.0052
mg/
kg/
day
The
corresponding
MOE
for
these
workers
using
a
short
term
NOEL
of
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
would
be:

MOE
=
0.5
mg/
kg/
day
0.0052
mg/
kg/
day
D251337
Page
22
of
24
=
96
It
is
evident
from
Table
6
and
Figure
1
that
the
air
concentrations
fluctuate
greatly
during
the
24
hours
following
treatment.
Two
of
the
four
rooms
monitored
showed
increases
in
the
airborne
DDVP
concentration
after
1­
3
hours.
This
may
be
due
to
offgassing
of
DDVP
from
the
compost
following
treatment
or
release
of
Apockets@
of
material
due
to
the
nature
of
mushroom
house
construction.
Examination
of
the
very
limited
data
from
the
study
indicates
that
in
the
two
study
rooms
reported,
the
concentrations
are
0.025
and
0.0072
mg/
m;.
Based
on
this
very
limited
data
the
target
concentration
of
0.024
m/
m.;
was
not
achieved
until
after
24
hours
and
only
2
samples
were
provided.
There
are
at
this
time
insufficient
data
to
revise
the
reentry
intervals
of
48
hours
described
in
the
PD
2/
3
(
7).
Additional
data
could
refine
this
estimate.
D251337
Page
23
of
24
REFERENCES
1)
Memorandum
from
D.
Jaquith
(
EAB)
to
C.
Scheltema
(
RCAB)
titled
AEXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
FOR
DICHLORVOS
(
DDVP)
APPLIED
TO
GREENHOUSES
AND
MUSHROOM
HOUSES
(
D246129,
PC
Code
084001),
dated
April
22,
1998.

2)
PHED
Surrogate
Exposure
Guide,
May
1997.

3)
Memorandum
from
M.
Dow
(
BUD)
to
D.
Pilitt
(
RD)
titled
ADDVP
(
Vapona)
QUA@,
dated
October
2,
1985.

4)
Federal
Register
Notice,
September
28,
1995,
Dichlorvos;
Notice
of
Preliminary
Determination
to
Cancel
Certain
Registrations
and
Draft
Notice
of
Intent
to
Cancel;
Page
50352.

5)
Van
Hemmen,
J.
J,
R.
Brouwer,
and
D.
H.
Brower
(
1992)
Worker
Exposure
to
Pesticides
in
Greenhouses
Health
Risks
During
the
Harvesting
of
Flowers.
Med.
Fac.
Landbouww.
Univ.
Garn.
57/
3b.

6)
Mastalerz,
J.
W
(
1977)
The
Greenhouse
Environment.
John
Wiley
&
Sons,
New
York,
Table
2.1,
page
14.

7)
Arkenbout,
J.
(
1988)
Air
Treatment
in
Mushroom
Growing
IN:
The
Cultivation
of
Mushrooms,
L.
J.
L.
D
van
Griensven,
Ed.
Darlington
Mushroom
Laboratories
Ltd,
Rustington
Sussex,
England.

cc:
DDVP
File/
084001
Correspondence
file
D.
Utterback
(
SRB/
7508W)
S.
Hummel
(
CEB2/
7509C)
APPENDIX
A
APPENDIX
A
Policy
Science
Advisory
Council
for
Exposure
Policy
#:
003
Regarding:
Agricultural
Default
Transfer
Coefficients
Date:
May
7,
1998
Index
terms:
Transfer
coefficients;
default;
re­
entry;
dermal
exposure
ISSUE:

There
is
a
need
to
assure
consistency
in
the
default
transfer
coefficients
used
when
no
other
information
is
available.

BACKGROUND:

This
is
a
reference
for
reviewers
when
no
agricultural
postapplication
exposure
data
are
available.
Its
purpose
is
to
add
consistency
to
the
choice
of
default
transfer
coefficients
under
such
circumstances.
It
is
designed
particularly
for
agricultural
workers.
The
generic
default
values
in
the
table
below
are
not
supported
quantitatively,
but
were
derived
by
pesticide
exposure
assessors,
based
on
their
best
judgement
from
their
experience
with
the
transfer
coefficients
used
for
these
crops
and
agricultural
activities
in
pesticide­
specific
assessments.

POLICY:

Use
the
following
table
as
a
guide
for
choosing
default
transfer
coefficients
when
no
other
supporting
data
or
information
are
available:
APPENDIX
B
Table
1.
Default
Transfer
Coefficients
for
Agricultural
Activities
Crop
Group/
Site
Activities
Default
Transfer
Coefficient
(
cm
2
/
hr)

harvest
(
hand)
2,500
Low
Potential
for
Dermal
Transfer
(
see
Table
2
below)
scout
irrigate
1,000
Medium
Potential
for
Dermal
Transfer
(
see
Table
2
below)
harvest
(
hand)
stake/
tie
scout
irrigate
4,000
harvest
(
hand)
10,000
High
Potential
for
Dermal
Transfer
(
see
Table
2
below)
stake/
tie
scout
irrigate
4,000
mow,
maintain
1000
Turfgrass
cut/
roll/
harvest
(
sod
farm)
10,000
harvest,
hand
girdle,
cane,
tie
prune,
thin,
tip
15,000
Grapes
i
rrigate
4,000
Tree
crops
(
fruit
and
nut)
all
activities,
e.
g.,
harvest
(
hand)
prune,
summer
shake,
rake,
pole
and
pickup
(
nuts)
prop
10,000
cut/
harvest
(
e.
g.,
flowers)
prune
(
e.
g.,
roses)
10,000
Ornamentals,
indoor
i
rrigate
4,000
APPENDIX
B
Crop
Group/
Site
Activities
Default
Transfer
Coefficient
(
cm
2
/
hr)

sort/
pack
2,500
transplant
ball/
burlap
10,000
sort/
pack
2,500
Ornamentals,
outdoor
(
shrubs,
trees)

i
rrigate
4,000
Mushrooms
cut/
harvest/
sort/
pack
2,500
dig/
harvest
by
hand
10,000
Tubers,
onions
sort,
pack
2,500
scouting,
early
season
1000
cotton
scouting,
late
season
4000
hoe,
weed
1,000
till,
disc
plant
mechanically
build
furrows
harvest
mechanically
(
only
refers
to
machine
operators;
not
to
any
manual
activities
ancillary
to
the
machine
harvest)
NA,
negligible
Tc
likely
All
plant
by
hand;
aligning
plants(
e.
g.,
potato
pieces;
sugar
cane)
10,000
Use
the
following
table
as
a
guide
for
choosing
crops:
APPENDIX
B
Table
2.
Examples
of
Crops
for
use
in
Table
1.

LOW
Dermal
Transfer
MEDIUM
Dermal
Transfer
HIGH
Dermal
Transfer
Alfalfa
Artichokes
Asparagus
Bok
Choy
Broccoli
Brussels
Sprouts
Cabbage
Celery
Chick
Peas
Collards
Herbs,
low
growing
Kale
Lettuce
Mustard
Greens
Pineapple
Small
grains
(
negligible
to
low
due
to
mechanical
harvesting,
e.
g.,
barley,
wheat,
oats)
Spinach
Swiss
Chard
Watercress
Beans,
Bush
Caneberries
and
Bushberries
Cantaloupe
Cranberries
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Gourds
Herbs,
medium­
growing
Melon
Okra
Peanut
Pepper
Pumpkin
Rice
Squash
Strawberries
Zucchini
Bananas
(
unbagged)
Beans,
Pole
Corn
Tomato
APPENDIX
C
­
LABEL
INFORMATION
Product
Use
Site
Percent
DDVP
Application
Parameters
Max
Rate
Retreatment
Interval
PPE
Amvac
DDVP
5
for
Mushroom
Houses
EPA
No.
5481­
203
Mushroom
House
50
2%
solution
(
1
pt
to
2­
3/
4)
gal
trichloroethane;
ULV
Cold
aerosol
generator;

expose
1
hr;
ventilate
with
fans
before
resuming
work);

direct
fog
downward
while
walking
backwards
through
building;
Keep
fogger
nozzle
at
least
6
to
8
feet
from
the
beds
5
g/
1000
ft;
Twice
weekly
during
spawn
run;
thereafter
as
required;
do
not
apply
within
1
day
of
harvest
Coveralls
w/
long
sleeve
shirt
and
long
pants,
chemical
resistant
gloves,

chemical
resistant
footwear,
socks,

protective
eyewear,
chemical
resistant
headwear
for
overhead
exposure,

chemical
resistant
apron
while
cleaning
equipment
or
M/
L,
respirator
with
organic
vapor
cartridge
w/
prefilter
or
canister
approved
for
pesticides
GREENHOUSE:

Close
all
doors,
windows,

and
ventilators;
lock
all
entrances,;
turn
off
misting
systems
etc.;
foliage
should
be
dry;
use
in
Dyna­
Fog
only
(
Pulse
fogger);
walk
backward
down
center
of
aisle,
swaying
machine
from
side
to
side
32
oz/
96000
ft;
Full
face
mask
approved
for
dichlorvos
Air­
Mate
Formula
GH­
19
EPA
No.

5011­
49
Greenhouse/

Mushroom
House
9.3
MUSHROOM
HOUSE:

Walk
down
center
of
aisle,

directing
fog
upward;
ventilate
at
least
1
hour
before
re­
entering
2
oz/
3000
ft;
Full
face
mask
approved
for
dichlorvos
Summit
Mushroom
House
Fogging
Insecticide
EPA
No.

6219­
21
Mushroom
House
9.3
Close
all
windows
and
doors;

Apply
dry
fog;
recommended
flow
rate
is
8
oz
per
minute
REI
=
24
hours
2
oz/
3000
ft;
Every
4
days
Coveralls
over
long
sleeved
shirt
and
long
pants,
chemical
resistant
gloves,

chemical
resistant
footwear
plus
socks,

protective
eyewear,
chemical
resistant
headgear
for
overhead
exposure,

chemical
resistant
apron
when
cleaning
equipment
or
M/
L,
respirator
with
organic
vapor­
removing
cartridge
with
a
APPENDIX
C
­
LABEL
INFORMATION
Product
Use
Site
Percent
DDVP
Application
Parameters
Max
Rate
Retreatment
Interval
PPE
prefilter
approved
for
pesticides
Prentox
Vapon
4E
EPA
No.
655­
692
(
for
use
in
PA
only)

Fulex
DDVP
Fumigator
EPA
No.
1327­
36
Mushroom
House
Greenhouse
11.09
Apply
with
brush
or
as
a
coarse,
wet
spray
to
inside
walls,
around
doors,
ventilators
and
cracks
in
building
before
mushrooms
come
into
production;
2­
1
pint
per
100
ft5
Close
greenhouse
vents
prior
to
use;
do
not
place
on
wood
or
flammable
materials
placing
the
farthest
10
feet
from
end
of
greenhouse
and
others
equidistant
throughout
length
of
the
greenhouse;
light
generators,

staring
with
farthest
from
the
exit;

when
all
cans
are
ignited,
exit
immediately
0.5
percent
solution
0.61
oz
(
17
g)

per
10000
ft;
Not
Specified
One
or
two
repeat
applications
at
intervals
of
about
one
week
Not
Specified
Coveralls
over
long
sleeve
shirt
and
long
pants,
waterproof
gloves,
chemical
resistant
footwear
and
socks,
protective
eyewear,
chemical
resistant
headgear
for
overhead
exposure,
respirator
with
either
an
organic
vapor­
removing
cartridge
with
a
prefilter
for
pesticides
or
a
canister
approved
for
pesticides
Appendix
D.
Summary
Statistics
for
Studies
Selected
from
PHED
to
Address
the
Exposures
of
Workers
to
DDVP
in
Mushroom
Houses.

471
­
Low
Pressure
Hand
Wand
SUMMARY
STATISTICS
FOR
CALCULATED
DERMAL
EXPOSURES
SCENARIO:
Long
pants,
long
sleeves,
gloves
PATCH
DISTRIB.
MICROGRAMS
PER
LB
AI
SPRAYED
LOCATION
TYPE
Median
Mean
Coef
of
Var
Geo.
Mean
Obs.

HEAD
(
ALL)
Lognormal
13.52
95.9689
161.5896
37.513
9
NECK.
FRONT
Lognormal
4.065
7.3967
116.9075
4.327
9
NECK.
BACK
Normal
1.144
2.7243
101.6775
1.9155
9
UPPER
ARMS
Normal
15.132
29.9407
99.9395
22.7111
9
CHEST
Other
18.46
146.26
242.8398
34.8928
9
BACK
Other
18.46
66.9372
201.2858
29.0838
9
FOREARMS
Other
6.292
6.292
0
6.292
9
THIGHS
Other
19.864
37.9878
115.1859
27.6737
9
LOWER
LEGS
Lognormal
12.376
66.9309
164.3135
30.0241
9
FEET
0
HANDS
Other
2.0833
2.0833
0
2.0834
9
TOTAL
DERM:
169.6884
111.3963
462.5218
196.5164
INHALATION:
Other
26.0417
26.0417
0
26.0429
9
COMBINED:
195.7301
137.438
488.5635
222.5593
95%
C.
I.
on
Mean:
Dermal:
[­
8383.8174,
9308.861]

95%
C.
I.
on
Geo.
Mean:
Inhalation:
[
26.0429,
26.0429]

Inhalation
Rate
:
25
Liters/
Minute
Number
of
Records:
9
Data
File:
MIXER/
LOADER/
APPLICATOR
Subset
Name:
471LPHW.
MLAP
471
­
High
Pressure
­
Greenhouse
and
Ornamentals
SUMMARY
STATISTICS
FOR
CALCULATED
DERMAL
EXPOSURES
SCENARIO:
Long
pants,
long
sleeves,
gloves
PATCH
DISTRIB.
MICROGRAMS
PER
LB
AI
SPRAYED
LOCATION
TYPE
Median
Mean
Coef
of
Var
Geo.
Mean
Obs.

HEAD
(
ALL)
Lognormal
105.69
140.8333
77.4664
105.262
9
NECK.
FRONT
Lognormal
12.195
22.0817
96.0397
13.4678
9
NECK.
BACK
Lognormal
8.943
31.548
152.5041
12.9288
9
UPPER
ARMS
Other
45.396
47.918
15.7895
47.4874
9
CHEST
Other
55.38
55.38
0
55.3791
9
BACK
Other
55.38
55.38
0
55.3791
9
FOREARMS
Lognormal
18.876
255.0142
248.3883
47.5413
9
THIGHS
Lognormal
59.592
4954.0307
291.5219
186.603
9
LOWER
LEGS
Lognormal
37.128
3474.1124
283.7355
159.2327
9
FEET
0
HANDS
Other
6.25
110.8403
266.2583
13.8807
9
TOTAL
DERM:
687.4416
404.83
9147.1386
697.1619
INHALATION:
Other
78.125
78.125
0
78.1277
9
COMBINED:
765.5666
482.955
9225.2636
775.2896
95%
C.
I.
on
Mean:
Dermal:
[­
352402.5151,
370696.7923]

95%
C.
I.
on
Geo.
Mean:
Inhalation:
[
78.1277,
78.1277]

Inhalation
Rate
:
25
Liters/
Minute
Number
of
Records:
9
Data
File:
APPLICATOR
Subset
Name:
471.
APPL
SUMMARY
STATISTICS
FOR
CALCULATED
DERMAL
EXPOSURES
SCENARIO:
Long
pants,
long
sleeves,
gloves
PATCH
DISTRIB.
MICROGRAMS
PER
LB
AI
SPRAYED
LOCATION
TYPE
Median
Mean
Coef
of
Var
Geo.
Mean
Obs.

HEAD
(
ALL)
Lognormal
70.46
383.0956
194.8378
79.1674
9
NECK.
FRONT
Lognormal
15.93
119.965
155.5213
26.7717
9
NECK.
BACK
Lognormal
663.894
1349.5607
97.8202
849.1595
9
UPPER
ARMS
Lognormal
27.354
12277.5487
216.2146
234.3196
9
CHEST
Other
18.46
230.4739
223.1428
42.3181
9
BACK
Lognormal
3272.745
10793.8144
149.0355
1242.0996
9
FOREARMS
Other
6.292
151.5323
208.7399
20.6347
9
THIGHS
Lognormal
19.864
597.2782
282.8189
49.147
9
LOWER
LEGS
Lognormal
32.13
425.8878
230.6324
64.6874
9
FEET
0
HANDS
Lognormal
2.0833
4.9821
130.0415
3.3199
9
TOTAL
DERM:
2573.4241
4129.2123
26334.1387
2611.6249
INHALATION:
Other
26.0417
26.0417
0
26.0429
9
COMBINED:
2599.4658
4155.254
26360.1804
2637.6678
95%
C.
I.
on
Mean:
Dermal:
[­
617117.5802,
669785.8576]

95%
C.
I.
on
Geo.
Mean:
Inhalation:
[
26.0429,
26.0429]

Inhalation
Rate
:
25
Liters/
Minute
Number
of
Records:
9
Data
File:
MIXER/
LOADER/
APPLICATOR
Subset
Name:
471BKPK.
MLAP
416
Greenhouse
backpack
SUMMARY
STATISTICS
FOR
CALCULATED
DERMAL
EXPOSURES
SCENARIO:
Long
pants,
long
sleeves,
gloves
PATCH
DISTRIB.
MICROGRAMS
PER
LB
AI
SPRAYED
LOCATION
TYPE
Median
Mean
Coef
of
Var
Geo.
Mean
Obs.

HEAD
(
ALL)
Lognormal
16.25
27.0725
95.3133
20.1332
4
NECK.
FRONT
Lognormal
4.995
5.31
48.4614
4.8351
4
NECK.
BACK
Lognormal
4.5815
14.4348
154.0181
5.4415
4
UPPER
ARMS
Lognormal
42.9225
42.9225
50.4938
38.6002
4
CHEST
Other
29.465
29.465
0
29.465
4
BACK
Lognormal
44.375
44.375
38.798
41.7961
4
FOREARMS
Lognormal
52.151
107.5992
134.3206
41.6344
4
THIGHS
Lognormal
53.289
58.828
55.412
51.985
4
LOWER
LEGS
Lognormal
19.754
22.253
22.4599
21.8835
4
FEET
0
HANDS
Lognormal
10.5833
25.5625
123.344
15.957
4
TOTAL
DERM:
271.731
278.3663
377.8225
271.731
INHALATION:
Lognormal
31.25
31.8742
62.4728
26.7416
4
COMBINED:
298.4726
309.6163
409.6967
298.4726
95%
C.
I.
on
Mean:
Dermal:
[­
4512.6214,
5268.2664]

95%
C.
I.
on
Geo.
Mean:
Inhalation:
[
6.6448,
107.6198]

Inhalation
Rate
:
25
Liters/
Minute
Number
of
Records:
4
Data
File:
APPLICATOR
Subset
Name:
416.
APPL.
APPL