Document ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2002-0033-0128
Agency: epa
Document Type: Supporting & Related Material
Title: 
Posted Date: 2003-04-14T04:00Z

TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
No.

7.
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDIES
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7.1.
KEY
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDY
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7.2.
RELEVANT
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDIES
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4
7.3.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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10
7.4.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
7
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11
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
1
7.
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDIES
There
are
several
physiological
factors
needed
to
included
academic
investigators
and
representatives
from
calculate
potential
exposures.
These
include
skin
surface
CDC
Nutrition
Surveillance
Program
selected,
collated,
area
(
see
Volume
I,
Section
6),
inhalation
rate
(
see
Volume
integrated,
and
defined
appropriate
data
sets
to
generate
I,
Section
5)
life
expectancy
(
see
Volume
I,
Section
8),
and
growth
curves
for
the
age
interval:
birth
to
36
months
body
weight.
The
average
daily
dose
is
typically
normalized
developed
(
Hamill
et
al.,
1979).
The
percentile
curves
to
the
average
body
weight
of
the
exposed
population.
If
were
for
assessing
the
physical
growth
of
children
in
the
exposure
occurs
only
during
childhood
years,
the
average
U.
S.
They
are
based
on
accurate
measurements
made
on
child
body
weight
during
the
exposure
period
should
be
large
nationally
representative
samples
of
children
(
Hamill
used
to
estimate
risk
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1989).
Conversely,
if
et
al.,
1979).
Smoothed
percentile
curves
were
derived
for
adult
exposures
are
being
evaluated,
an
adult
body
weight
body
weight
by
age
(
Hamill
et
al.,
1979).
Curves
were
value
should
be
used.
developed
for
boys
and
for
girls.
The
data
used
to
construct
The
purpose
of
this
section
is
to
describe
published
the
curves
were
provided
by
the
Fels
Research
Institute,
studies
on
body
weight
for
the
general
U.
S.
population.
The
Yellow
Springs,
Ohio.
These
data
were
from
an
ongoing
studies
have
been
classified
as
either
key
or
relevant
studies,
longitudinal
study
where
anthromopetric
data
from
direct
based
on
the
criteria
described
in
Volume
I,
Section
1.3.1.
measurements
are
collected
regularly
from
participants
Recommended
values
are
based
on
the
results
of
key
(~
1,000)
in
various
areas
of
the
U.
S.
The
NCHS
used
studies,
but
relevant
studies
are
also
presented
to
provide
advanced
statistical
and
computer
technology
to
generate
the
reader
with
added
perspective
on
the
current
state
of
the
growth
curves.
Table
7­
1
presents
the
percentiles
of
knowledge
pertaining
to
body
weight.
weight
by
sex
and
age.
Figures
7­
1
and
7­
2
present
weight
7.1.
KEY
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDY
Hamill
et
al.
(
1979)
­
Physical
Growth:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
Percentiles
­
A
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
(
NCHS)
Task
Force
that
by
age
percentiles
for
boys
and
for
girls
aged
birth
to
36
months,
respectively.
Limitations
of
this
study
are
that
mean
body
weight
values
were
not
reported
and
the
data
are
more
Table
7­
1.
Smoothed
Percentiles
of
Weight
(
in
kg)
by
Sex
and
Age:
Statistics
from
NCHS
and
Data
from
Fels
Research
Institute,
Birth
to
36
Months
Smoothed
Percentile
a
5th
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
Sex
and
Age
Weight
in
Kilograms
Male
Birth
2.54
2.78
3.00
3.27
3.64
3.82
4.15
1
Month
3.16
3.43
3.82
4.29
4.75
5.14
5.38
3
Months
4.43
4.78
5.32
5.98
6.56
7.14
7.37
6
Months
6.20
6.61
7.20
7.85
8.49
9.10
9.46
9
Months
7.52
7.95
8.56
9.18
9.88
10.49
10.93
12
Months
8.43
8.84
9.49
10.15
10.91
11.54
11.99
18
Months
9.59
9.92
10.67
11.47
12.31
13.05
13.44
24
Months
10.54
10.85
11.65
12.59
13.44
14.29
14.70
30
Months
11.44
11.80
12.63
13.67
14.51
15.47
15.97
36
Months
12.26
12.69
13.58
14.69
15.59
16.66
17.28
Female
Birth
2.36
2.58
2.93
3.23
3.52
3.64
3.81
1
Month
2.97
3.22
3.59
3.98
4.36
4.65
4.92
3
Months
4.18
4.47
4.88
5.40
5.90
6.39
6.74
6
Months
5.79
6.12
6.60
7.21
7.83
8.38
8.73
9
Months
7.00
7.34
7.89
8.56
9.24
9.83
10.17
12
Months
7.84
8.19
8.81
9.53
10.23
10.87
11.24
18
Months
8.92
9.30
10.04
10.82
11.55
12.30
12.76
24
Months
9.87
10.26
11.10
11.90
12.74
13.57
14.08
30
Months
10.78
11.21
12.11
12.93
13.93
14.81
15.35
36
Months
11.60
12.07
12.99
13.93
15.03
15.97
16.54
Smoothed
by
cubic­
spline
approximation.
a
Source:
Hamill
et
al.,
1979.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
2
August
1997
Figure
7­
1.
Weight
by
Age
Percentiles
for
Boys
Aged
Birth­
36
Months
Source:
Hamill
et
al.,
1979.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
3
Figure
7­
2.
Weight
by
Age
Percentiles
for
Girls
Aged
Birth­
36
Months
Source:
Hamill
et
al.,
1979
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
4
August
1997
that
15
years
old.
However,
this
study
does
provide
body
weight
data
for
infants
less
than
6
months
old.
NCHS
(
1987)
­
Anthropometric
Reference
Data
and
Prevalence
of
Overweight,
United
States,
1976­
80
­
Statistics
on
anthropometric
measurements,
including
body
weight,
for
the
U.
S.
population
were
collected
by
NCHS
through
the
second
National
Health
and
Nutrition
Examination
Survey
(
NHANES
II).
NHANES
II
was
conducted
on
a
nationwide
probability
sample
of
approximately
28,000
persons,
aged
6
months
to
74
years,
from
the
civilian,
non­
institutionalized
population
of
the
United
States.
Of
the
28,000
persons,
20,322
were
interviewed
and
examined,
resulting
in
a
response
rate
of
73.1
percent.
The
survey
began
in
February
1976
and
was
completed
in
February
1980.
The
sample
was
selected
so
that
certain
subgroups
thought
to
be
at
high
risk
of
malnutrition
(
persons
with
low
incomes,
preschool
children,
and
the
elderly)
were
oversampled.
The
estimates
were
weighted
to
reflect
national
population
estimates.
The
weighting
was
accomplished
by
inflating
examination
results
for
each
subject
by
the
reciprocal
of
selection
probabilities
adjusted
to
account
for
those
who
were
not
examined,
and
post
stratifying
by
race,
age,
and
sex
(
NCHS,
1987).
The
NHANES
II
collected
standard
body
measurements
of
sample
subjects,
including
height
and
weight,
that
were
made
at
various
times
of
the
day
and
in
different
seasons
of
the
year.
This
technique
was
used
because
one's
weight
may
vary
between
winter
and
summer
and
may
fluctuate
with
recency
of
food
and
water
intake
and
13
years
49.9
12.3
50.9
11.8
50.4
other
daily
activities
(
NCHS,
1987).
Mean
body
weights
of
adults,
by
age,
and
their
standard
deviations
are
presented
in
Table
7­
2
for
men,
women,
and
both
sexes
combined.
Mean
body
weights
and
standard
deviations
for
children,
ages
6
months
to
19
years,
are
presented
in
Table
7­
3
for
boys,
girls,
and
boys
and
girls
combined.
Percentile
distributions
of
the
body
weights
of
adults
by
age
and
race
for
males
are
presented
in
Table
7­
4,
and
for
females
in
Table
7­
5.
Data
for
children
by
age
are
presented
in
Table
7­
6
for
males,
and
for
females
in
Table
7­
7.
Results
shown
in
Tables
7­
4
and
7­
5
indicate
that
the
mean
weight
for
adult
males
is
78.1
kg
and
for
adult
females,
65.4
kg.
It
also
shows
that
the
mean
weight
for
White
males
(
78.5
kg)
is
greater
than
for
Black
males
(
77.9
kg).
Additionally,
mean
weights
are
greater
for
Black
females
(
71.2
kg)
than
for
White
females
(
64.8
kg).
From
Table
7­
3,
the
mean
body
weights
for
girls
and
boys
are
approximately
the
same
from
ages
6
months
to
14
years.
Starting
at
years
15­
19,
the
difference
in
mean
body
weight
ranges
from
6
to
11
kg.
Table
7­
2.
Body
Weights
of
Adults
(
kilograms)
a
Age
(
years)
Men
Women
Women
Men
and
Mean
Std.
Mean
Std.
Mean
(
kg)
(
kg)
Dev.
(
kg)
Dev.

18
<
25
73.8
12.7
60.6
11.9
67.2
25
<
35
78.7
13.7
64.2
15.0
71.5
35
<
45
80.9
13.4
67.1
15.2
74.0
45
<
55
80.9
13.6
68.0
15.3
74.5
55
<
65
78.8
12.8
67.9
14.7
73.4
65
<
75
74.8
12.8
66.6
13.8
70.7
18
<
75
78.1
13.5
65.4
14.6
71.8
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.
Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.
a
Source:
Adapted
from
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
(
NCHS),
1987.

Table
7­
3.
Body
Weights
of
Children
(
kilograms)
a
Age
Boys
Girls
Girls
Boys
and
Mean
Std.
Mean
Std.
Mean
(
kg)
Dev.
(
kg)
Dev.
(
kg)

6­
11
months
9.4
1.3
8.8
1.2
9.1
1
year
11.8
1.9
10.8
1.4
11.3
2
years
13.6
1.7
13.0
1.5
13.3
3
years
15.7
2.0
14.9
2.1
15.3
4
years
17.8
2.5
17.0
2.4
17.4
5
years
19.8
3.0
19.6
3.3
19.7
6
years
23.0
4.0
22.1
4.0
22.6
7
years
25.1
3.9
24.7
5.0
24.9
8
years
28.2
6.2
27.9
5.7
28.1
9
years
31.1
6.3
31.9
8.4
31.5
10
years
36.4
7.7
36.1
8.0
36.3
11
years
40.3
10.1
41.8
10.9
41.1
12
years
44.2
10.1
46.4
10.1
45.3
14
years
57.1
11.0
54.8
11.1
56.0
15
years
61.0
11.0
55.1
9.8
58.1
16
years
67.1
12.4
58.
l
10.1
62.6
17
years
66.7
11.5
59.6
11.4
63.2
18
years
71.1
12.7
59.0
11.1
65.1
19
years
71.7
11.6
60.2
11.0
66.0
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.
Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.
a
Source:
Adapted
from
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
(
NCHS),
1987.

7.2.
RELEVANT
BODY
WEIGHT
STUDIES
Brainard
and
Burmaster
(
1992)
­
Bivariate
Distributions
for
Height
and
Weight
of
Men
and
Women
in
the
United
States
­
Brainard
and
Burmaster
(
1992)
examined
data
on
the
height
and
weight
of
adults
published
by
the
U.
S.
Public
Health
Service
and
fit
bivariate
distributions
to
the
tabulated
values
for
men
and
women,
separately.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
5
Table
7­
4.
Weight
in
Kilograms
for
Males
18­
74
Years
of
Age­­
Number
Examined,
Mean,
Standard
Deviation,
and
Selected
Percentiles,
by
Race
and
Age:
United
States,
1976­
1980a
Percentile
Number
of
Persons
Mean
Standard
Race
and
Age
Examined
(
kg)
Deviation
5th
10th
15th
25th
50th
75th
85th
90th
95th
All
racesb
18­
74
years
........
5,916
78.1
13.5
58.6
62.3
64.9
68.7
76.9
85.6
91.3
95.7
102.7
18­
24
years
.........
988
73.8
12.7
56.8
60.4
61.9
64.8
72.0
80.3
85.1
90.4
99.5
25­
34
years
........
1,067
78.7
13.7
59.5
62.9
65.4
69.3
77.5
85.6
91.1
95.1
102.7
35­
44
years
.........
745
80.9
13.4
59.7
65.1
67.7
72.1
79.9
88.1
94.8
98.8
104.3
45­
54
years
.........
690
80.9
13.6
50.8
65.2
67.2
71.7
79.0
89.4
94.5
99.5
105.3
55­
64
years
........
1,227
78.8
12.8
59.9
63.8
66.4
70.2
77.7
85.6
90.5
94.7
102.3
65­
74
years
........
1,199
74.8
12.8
54.4
58.5
61.2
66.1
74.2
82.7
87.9
91.2
96.6
White
18­
74
years
........
5,148
78.5
13.1
59.3
62.8
65.5
69.4
77.3
85.6
91.4
95.5
102.3
18­
24
years
.........
846
74.2
12.8
56.8
60.5
62.0
65.0
72.4
80.6
85.5
91.0
100.0
25­
34
years
.........
901
79.0
13.1
59.9
63.7
65.9
69.8
78.0
85.6
91.3
95.3
102.7
35­
44
years
.........
653
81.4
12.8
62.3
66.6
68.8
72.9
80.1
88.2
94.6
98.7
104.1
45­
54
years
.........
617
81.0
13.4
62.0
66.1
67.3
71.9
79.0
89.4
94.2
99.0
104.5
55­
64
years
........
1,086
78.9
12.4
60.5
64.5
66.6
70.6
78.2
85.6
90.4
94.5
101.7
65­
74
years
........
1,045
75.4
12.4
55.5
59.5
62.5
67.0
74.7
83.0
87.9
91.2
96.0
Black
18­
74
years
.........
649
77.9
15.2
58.0
61.1
63.6
67.2
75.3
85.4
92.9
98.3
105.4
18­
24
years
.........
121
72.2
12.0
58.3
60.9
62.3
64.9
70.8
77.1
81.8
83.7
93.6
25­
34
years
.........
139
78.2
16.3
58.7
63.4
64.9
68.4
75.3
84.4
90.6
92.2
106.3
35­
44
years
..........
70
82.5
15.4
*
61.7
65.2
69.7
83.1
94.8
100.4
104.2
*

c
45­
54
years
..........
62
82.4
14.5
*
64.7
67.0
73.2
81.8
93.0
100.0
102.5
*

55­
64
years
.........
129
78.6
14.7
56.8
61.4
64.3
68.0
77.0
86.5
93.8
98.6
104.7
65­
74
years
.........
128
73.3
15.3
52.5
56.7
58.0
61.0
71.2
81.1
90.8
97.3
105.1
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.

Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.

a
Includes
all
other
races
not
shown
as
separate
categories.

b
Data
not
available.

c
Source:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics,
1987.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
6
August
1997
Table
7­
5.
Weight
in
Kilograms
for
Females
18­
74
Years
of
Age­­
Number
Examined,
Mean,
Standard
Deviation,
and
Selected
Percentiles,
by
Race
and
Age:
United
States,
1976­
1980a
Percentile
Number
of
Persons
Mean
Standard
Race
and
Age
Examined
(
kg)
Deviation
5th
10th
15th
25th
50th
75th
85th
90th
95th
All
racesb
18­
74
years
.......
6,588
65.4
14.6
47.7
50.3
52.2
55.4
62.4
72.1
79.2
84.4
93.1
18­
24
years
.......
1,066
60.6
11.9
46.6
49.1
50.6
53.2
58.0
65.0
70.4
75.3
82.9
25­
34
years
.......
1,170
64.2
15.0
47.4
49.6
51.4
54.3
60.9
69.6
78.4
84.1
93.5
35­
44
years
.........
844
67.1
15.2
49.2
52.0
53.3
56.9
63.4
73.9
81.7
87.5
98.9
45­
54
years
.........
763
68.0
15.3
48.5
51.3
53.3
57.3
65.5
75.7
82.1
87.6
96.0
55­
64
years
.......
1,329
67.9
14.7
48.6
51.3
54.1
57.3
65.2
75.3
82.3
87.5
95.1
65­
74
years
.......
1,416
66.6
13.8
47.1
50.8
53.2
57.4
64.8
73.8
79.8
84.4
91.3
White
18­
74
years
.......
5,686
64.8
14.1
47.7
50.3
52.2
55.2
62.1
71.1
77.9
83.3
91.5
18­
24
years
.........
892
60.4
11.6
47.3
49.5
50.8
53.3
57.9
64.8
69.7
74.3
82.4
25­
34
years
.......
1,000
63.6
14.5
47.3
49.5
51.3
54.0
60.6
68.9
76.3
81.5
89.7
35­
44
years
.........
726
66.1
14.5
49.3
51.8
52.9
56.3
62.4
71.9
79.7
85.8
94.9
45­
54
years
.........
647
67.3
14.4
48.6
51.3
53.4
57.0
65.0
74.8
81.1
85.6
94.5
55­
64
years
.......
1,176
67.2
14.4
48.5
50.7
53.7
57.1
64.7
74.5
81.8
86.2
92.8
65­
74
years
.......
1,245
66.2
13.7
47.2
50.7
52.9
57.2
64.3
72.9
79.2
84.3
91.2
Black
18­
74
years
.........
782
71.2
17.3
48.8
51.6
55.1
59.1
67.8
80.6
87.4
94.9
105.1
18­
24
years
.........
147
63.1
13.9
46.2
49.0
50.6
53.8
60.4
70.0
75.8
79.1
89.3
25­
34
years
.........
145
69.3
16.7
48.3
50.8
53.1
57.8
65.3
80.2
87.1
91.5
102.7
35­
44
years
.........
103
75.3
18.4
50.7
55.2
57.2
63.0
70.2
85.2
95.3
103.5
113.1
45­
54
years
.........
100
77.7
18.8
55.1
60.3
60.8
64.5
74.3
83.6
94.5
98.2
117.5
55­
64
years
.........
135
75.8
16.4
54.2
55.2
57.6
65.4
74.6
83.4
91.9
95.5
108.5
65­
74
years
.........
152
72.4
13.6
52.9
56.4
60.3
64.0
70.0
82.2
84.4
86.5
98.1
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.

Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.

a
Includes
all
other
races
not
shown
as
separate
categories.

b
Source:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics,
1987.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
7
Table
7­
6.
Weight
in
Kilograms
for
Males
6
Months­
19
Years
of
Age­­
Number
Examined,
Mean,
Standard
Deviation,
and
Selected
Percentiles,
by
Sex
and
Age:
United
States,
1976­
1980a
Percentile
Number
of
Persons
Mean
Standard
Age
Examined
(
kg)
Deviation
5th
10th
15th
25th
50th
75th
85th
90th
95th
6­
11
months
........
179
9.4
1.3
7.5
7.6
8.2
8.6
9.4
10.1
10.7
10.9
11.4
1
years
............
370
11.8
1.9
9.6
10.0
10.3
10.8
11.7
12.6
13.1
13.6
14.4
2
years
............
375
13.6
1.7
11.1
11.6
11.8
12.6
13.5
14.5
15.2
15.8
16.5
3
years
............
418
15.7
2.0
12.9
13.5
13.9
14.4
15.4
16.8
17.4
17.9
19.1
4
years
............
404
17.8
2.5
14.1
15.0
15.3
16.0
17.6
19.0
19.9
20.9
22.2
5
years
............
397
19.8
3.0
16.0
16.8
17.1
17.7
19.4
21.3
22.9
23.7
25.4
6
years
............
133
23.0
4.0
18.6
19.2
19.8
20.3
22.0
24.1
26.4
28.3
30.1
7
years
............
148
25.1
3.9
19.7
20.8
21.2
22.2
24.8
26.9
28.2
29.6
33.9
8
years
............
147
28.2
6.2
20.4
22.7
23.6
24.6
27.5
29.9
33.0
35.5
39.1
9
years
............
145
31.1
6.3
24.0
25.6
26.0
27.1
30.2
33.0
35.4
38.6
43.1
10
years
...........
157
36.4
7.7
27.2
28.2
29.6
31.4
34.8
39.2
43.5
46.3
53.4
11
years
...........
155
40.3
10.1
26.8
28.8
31.8
33.5
37.3
46.4
52.0
57.0
61.0
12
years
...........
145
44.2
10.1
30.7
32.5
35.4
37.8
42.5
48.8
52.6
58.9
67.5
13
years
...........
173
49.9
12.3
35.4
37.0
38.3
40.1
48.4
56.3
59.8
64.2
69.9
14
years
...........
186
57.1
11.0
41.0
44.5
46.4
49.8
56.4
63.3
66.1
68.9
77.0
15
years
...........
184
61.0
11.0
46.2
49.1
50.6
54.2
60.1
64.9
68.7
72.8
81.3
16
years
...........
178
67.1
12.4
51.4
54.3
56.1
57.6
64.4
73.6
78.1
82.2
91.2
17
years
...........
173
66.7
11.5
50.7
53.4
54.8
58.8
65.8
72.0
76.8
82.3
88.9
18
years
...........
164
71.1
12.7
54.1
56.6
60.3
61.9
70.4
76.6
80.0
83.5
95.3
19
years
...........
148
71.7
11.6
55.9
57.9
60.5
63.8
69.5
77.9
84.3
86.8
92.1
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.

Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.

a
Source:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics,
1987.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
8
August
1997
Table
7­
7.
Weight
in
Kilograms
for
Females
6
Months­
19
Years
of
Age­­
Number
Examined,
Mean,
Standard
Deviation,
and
Selected
Percentiles,
by
Sex
and
Age:
United
States,
1976­
1980a
Percentile
Number
of
Persons
Mean
Standard
Age
Examined
(
kg)
Deviation
5th
10th
15th
25th
50th
75th
85th
90th
95th
6­
11
months
........
177
8.8
1.2
6.6
7.3
7.5
7.9
8.9
9.4
10.1
10.4
10.9
1
years
............
336
10.8
1.4
8.8
9.1
9.4
9.9
10.7
11.7
12.4
12.7
13.4
2
years
............
336
13.0
1.5
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0
12.7
13.8
14.5
14.9
15.9
3
years
............
366
14.9
2.1
11.7
12.3
12.9
13.4
14.7
16.1
17.0
17.4
18.4
4
years
............
396
17.0
2.4
13.7
14.3
14.5
15.2
16.7
18.4
19.3
20.2
21.1
5
years
............
364
19.6
3.3
15.3
16.1
16.7
17.2
19.0
21.2
22.8
24.7
26.6
6
years
............
135
22.1
4.0
17.0
17.8
18.6
19.3
21.3
23.8
26.6
28.9
29.6
7
years
............
157
24.7
5.0
19.2
19.5
19.8
21.4
23.8
27.1
28.7
30.3
34.0
8
years
............
123
27.9
5.7
21.4
22.3
23.3
24.4
27.5
30.2
31.3
33.2
36.5
9
years
............
149
31.9
8.4
22.9
25.0
25.8
27.0
29.7
33.6
39.3
43.3
48.4
10
years
...........
136
36.1
8.0
25.7
27.5
29.0
31.0
34.5
39.5
44.2
45.8
49.6
11
years
...........
140
41.8
10.9
29.8
30.3
31.3
33.9
40.3
45.8
51.0
56.6
60.0
12
years
...........
147
46.4
10.1
32.3
35.0
36.7
39.1
45.4
52.6
58.0
60.5
64.3
13
years
...........
162
50.9
11.8
35.4
39.0
40.3
44.1
49.0
55.2
60.9
66.4
76.3
14
years
...........
178
54.8
11.1
40.3
42.8
43.7
47.4
53.1
60.3
65.7
67.6
75.2
15
years
...........
145
55.1
9.8
44.0
45.1
46.5
48.2
53.3
59.6
62.2
65.5
76.6
16
years
...........
170
58.1
10.1
44.1
47.3
48.9
51.3
55.6
62.5
68.9
73.3
76.8
17
years
...........
134
59.6
11.4
44.5
48.9
50.5
52.2
58.4
63.4
68.4
71.6
81.8
18
years
...........
170
59.0
11.1
45.3
49.5
50.8
52.8
56.4
63.0
66.0
70.1
78.0
19
years
...........
158
60.2
11.0
48.5
49.7
51.7
53.9
57.1
64.4
70.7
74.8
78.1
Note:
1
kg
=
2.2046
pounds.

Includes
clothing
weight,
estimated
as
ranging
from
0.09
to
0.28
kilogram.

a
Source:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics,
1987.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
9
Height
and
weight
of
5,916
men
and
6,588
women
females
and
4,379
males
6
months
to
20
years
of
age
in
the
in
the
age
range
of
18
to
74
years
were
taken
from
the
U.
S.
(
Burmaster
et
al.,
1994).
The
NHANES
II
data
had
NHANES
II
study
and
statistically
adjusted
to
represent
the
been
statistically
adjusted
for
non­
response
and
probability
U.
S.
population
aged
18
to
74
years
with
regard
to
age
of
selection,
and
stratified
by
age,
sex,
and
race
to
reflect
the
structure,
sex,
and
race.
Estimation
techniques
were
used
entire
U.
S.
population
prior
to
reporting
(
Burmaster
et
al.,
to
fit
normal
distributions
to
the
cumulative
marginal
data
1994).
Burmaster
et
al.
(
1994)
conducted
exploratory
and
and
goodness­
of­
fit
tests
were
used
to
test
the
hypothesis
quantitative
data
analyses,
and
fit
normal
and
lognormal
that
height
and
lognormal
weight
follow
a
normal
distributions
to
percentiles
of
body
weight
for
children.
distribution
for
each
sex.
It
was
found
that
the
marginal
Cumulative
distribution
functions
(
CDFs)
were
plotted
for
distributions
of
height
and
lognormal
weight
for
both
men
female
and
male
body
weights
on
both
linear
and
and
women
are
Gaussian
(
normal)
in
form.
This
conclusion
logarithmic
scales.
was
reached
by
visual
observation
and
the
high
R
values
Two
models
were
used
to
assess
the
probability
2
for
best­
fit
lines
obtained
using
linear
regression.
The
R
density
functions
(
PDFs)
of
children's
body
weight.
Linear
2
values
for
men's
height
and
lognormal
weight
are
reported
and
quadratic
regression
lines
were
fitted
to
the
data.
A
to
be
0.999.
The
R
values
for
women's
height
and
number
of
goodness­
of­
fit
measures
were
conducted
on
data
2
lognormal
weight
are
0.999
and
0.985,
respectively.
generated
by
the
two
models.
Burmaster
et
al.
(
1994)
found
Brainard
and
Burmaster
(
1992)
fit
bivariate
that
lognormal
distributions
give
strong
fits
to
the
body
distributions
to
estimated
numbers
of
men
and
women
aged
weights
of
children,
ages
6
months
to
20
years.
Statistics
18
to
74
years
in
cells
representing
1
inch
height
intervals
for
the
lognormal
probability
plots
are
presented
in
Tables
and
10
pound
weight
intervals.
Adjusted
height
and
7­
8
and
7­
9.
These
data
can
be
used
for
further
analyses
of
lognormal
weight
data
for
men
were
fit
to
a
single
bivariate
body
weight
distribution
(
i.
e.,
application
of
Monte
Carlo
normal
distribution
with
an
estimated
mean
height
of
1.75
analysis).
meters
(
69.2
inches)
and
an
estimated
mean
weight
of
78.6
kg
(
173.2
pounds).
For
women,
height
and
lognormal
weight
data
were
fit
to
a
pair
of
superimposed
bivariate
normal
distributions
(
Brainard
and
Burmaster,
1992).
The
average
height
and
weight
for
women
were
estimated
from
the
combined
bivariate
analyses.
Mean
height
for
women
was
estimated
to
be
1.62
meters
(
63.8
inches)
and
mean
weight
was
estimated
to
be
65.8
kg
(
145.0
pounds).
For
women,
a
calculation
using
a
single
bivarite
normal
distribution
gave
poor
results
(
Brainard
and
Burmaster,
1992).
According
to
Brainard
and
Burmaster,
the
distributions
are
suitable
for
use
in
Monte
Carlo
simulation.
8
to
9
years
3.31
0.156
Burmaster
et
al.
(
1994)
(
Submitted
2/
19/
94
to
Risk
Analysis
for
Publication)
­
Lognormal
Distributions
of
Body
Weight
as
a
Function
of
Age
for
Female
and
Male
Children
in
the
United
States
­
Burmaster
et
al.
(
1994),
performed
data
analysis
to
fit
normal
and
lognormal
distributions
to
the
body
weights
of
female
and
male
children
at
age
6
months
to
20
years
(
Burmaster
et
al.,
1994).
Data
used
in
this
analysis
were
from
the
second
survey
of
the
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics,
NHANES
II,
which
included
responses
from
4,079
Table
7­
8.
Statistics
for
Probability
Plot
Regression
Analyses
Female's
Body
Weights
6
Months
to
20
Years
of
Age
Age
Linear
Curve
Lognormal
Probability
Plots
F
F
2
a
2
a
6
months
to
1
year
2.16
0.145
1
to
2
years
2.38
0.128
2
to
3
years
2.56
0.112
3
to
4
years
2.69
0.137
4
to
5
years
2.83
0.133
5
to
6
years
2.98
0.163
6
to
7
years
3.10
0.174
7
to
8
years
3.19
0.174
9
to
10
years
3.46
0.214
10
to
11
years
3.57
0.199
11
to
12
years
3.71
0.226
12
to
13
years
3.82
0.213
13
to
14
years
3.92
0.216
14
to
15
years
3.99
0.187
15
to
16
years
4.00
0.156
16
to
17
years
4.06
0.167
17
to
18
years
4.08
0.165
18
to
19
years
4.07
0.147
19
to
20
years
4.10
0.149
F
,
F
­
correspond
to
the
mean
and
standard
deviation,
respectively,
of
the
a
2
2
lognormal
distribution
of
body
weight
(
kg).
Source:
Burmaster
et
al.,
1994.

Table
7­
9.
Statistics
for
Probability
Plot
Regression
Analyses
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
10
August
1997
Age
Lognormal
Probability
Plots
Linear
Curve
F
F
2
a
2
a
6
months
to
1
year
2.23
0.132
1
to
2
years
2.46
0.119
2
to
3
years
2.60
0.120
3
to
4
years
2.75
0.114
4
to
5
years
2.87
0.133
the
confidence
ratings
for
body
weight
recommendations.
5
to
6
years
2.99
0.138
6
to
7
years
3.13
0.145
7
to
8
years
3.21
0.151
8
to
9
years
3.33
0.181
9
to
10
years
3.43
0.165
10
to
11
years
3.59
0.195
11
to
12
years
3.69
0.252
12
to
13
years
3.78
0.224
13
to
14
years
3.88
0.215
14
to
15
years
4.02
0.181
15
to
16
years
4.09
0.159
16
to
17
years
4.20
0.168
17
to
18
years
4.19
0.167
18
to
19
years
4.25
0.159
19
to
20
years
4.26
0.154
F
,
F
­
correspond
to
the
mean
and
standard
deviation,
a
2
2
respectively,
of
the
lognormal
distribution
of
body
weight
(
kg).
Source:
Burmaster
et
al.,
1994.

AIHC
­
Exposure
Factors
Sourcebook
­
The
Exposure
Factors
Sourcebook
(
AIHC,
1994)
provides
similar
body
weight
data
as
presented
here.
Consistent
with
this
document,
an
average
adult
body
weight
of
72
kg
is
recommended
on
the
basis
of
the
NHANES
II
data
(
NCHS,
1987).
These
data
are
also
used
to
derive
probability
distributions
for
adults
and
children.
In
addition,
the
Sourcebook
presents
probability
distributions
derived
by
Brainard
and
Burmaster
(
1992),
Versar
(
1991)
and
Brorby
and
Finley
(
1993).
For
each
distribution,
the
@
Risk
formula
is
provided
for
direct
use
in
the
@
Risk
simulation
software
(
Palisade,
1992).
The
organization
of
this
document,
makes
it
very
convenient
to
use
in
support
of
Monte
Carlo
analysis.
The
reviews
of
the
supporting
studies
are
very
brief
with
little
analysis
of
their
strengths
and
weaknesses.
The
Sourcebook
has
been
classified
as
a
relevant
rather
than
key
study
because
it
is
not
the
primary
source
for
the
data
used
to
make
recommendations
in
this
document.
The
Sourcebook
is
very
similar
to
this
document
in
the
sense
that
it
summarizes
exposure
factor
data
and
recommends
values.
As
such,
it
is
clearly
relevant
as
an
alternative
information
source
on
body
weights
as
well
as
other
exposure
factors.
7.3.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The
key
studies
described
in
this
section
was
used
in
selecting
recommended
values
for
body
weight.
The
general
description
of
both
the
key
and
relevant
studies
are
summarized
in
Table
7­
10.
The
recommendations
for
body
weight
are
summarized
in
Table
7­
11.
Table
7­
12
presents
The
mean
body
weight
for
all
adults
(
male
and
female,
all
age
groups)
combined
is
71.8
kg
as
shown
in
Table
7­
2.
The
mean
values
for
each
age
group
in
Table
7­
2
were
derived
by
adding
the
body
weights
for
men
and
women
and
dividing
by
2.
If
age
and
sex
distribution
of
the
exposed
population
is
known,
the
mean
body
weight
values
in
Table
7­
2
can
be
used.
If
percentile
data
are
needed
or
if
race
is
a
factor,
Tables
7­
4
and
7­
5
can
be
used
to
select
the
appropriate
data
for
percentiles
or
mean
values.
For
infants
(
birth
to
6
months),
appropriate
values
for
body
weight
may
be
selected
from
Table
7­
1.
These
data
(
percentile
only)
are
presented
for
male
and
female
infants.
For
children,
appropriate
mean
values
for
weights
may
be
selected
from
Table
7­
3.
If
percentile
values
are
needed,
these
data
are
presented
in
Table
7­
6
for
male
children
and
in
Table
7­
7
for
female
children.
Body
weight
is
a
function
of
age,
gender,
and
race
and
populations
of
many
geographic
regions
may
vary
from
the
general
population
across
geographic
regions.
Therefore,
the
user
should
make
appropriate
adjustments
when
applying
the
percentiles
to
other
geographic
regions.
The
mean
recommended
value
for
adults
(
71.8
kg)
is
different
than
the
70
kg
commonly
assumed
in
EPA
risk
assessments.
Assessors
are
encouraged
to
use
values
which
most
accurately
reflect
the
exposed
population.
When
using
values
other
than
70
kg,
however,
the
assessors
should
consider
if
the
dose
estimate
will
be
used
to
estimate
risk
by
combining
with
a
dose­
response
relationship
which
was
derived
assuming
a
body
weight
of
70
kg.
If
such
an
inconsistency
exists,
the
assessor
should
adjust
the
doseresponse
relationship
as
described
in
the
appendix
to
Chapter
1.
The
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
(
IRIS)
does
not
use
a
70
kg
body
weight
assumption
in
the
derivation
of
RfCs
and
RfDs,
but
does
make
this
assumption
in
the
derivation
of
cancer
slope
factors
and
unit
risks.

Table
7­
10.
Summary
of
Body
Weight
Studies
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
7­
11
Study
Number
of
Subjects
Population
Comments
KEY
STUDIES
Hamill
et
al.
(
1979)
~
1,000
U.
S.
general
Authors
noted
that
data
are
accurate
measurements
from
a
population
large
nationally
representative
sample
of
children.

NCHS,
1987
20,322
U.
S.
general
Based
on
civilian
non­
institutionalized
population
aged
6
(
NHANES
II)
population
months
to
74
years.
Response
rate
was
73.1
percent.

RELEVANT
STUDIES
Brainard
and
Burmaster,
1992
12,501
(
5,916
men
and
6,588
U.
S.
general
Used
data
from
NHANES
II
to
fit
bivarite
distributions
to
women)
population
women
and
men
age
18
to
74
years.

Burmaster
et
al.,
1994
8,458
(
4,079
females
and
4,379
U.
S.
general
Used
data
from
NHANES
II
to
develop
fitted
distributions
males)
population
for
children
aged
6
to
20
years
old.
Adjusted
for
nonresponse
by
age,
gender,
and
race.

Table
7­
11.
Summary
of
Recommended
Values
for
Body
Weight
Population
Mean
Upper
Percentile
Multiple
Percentiles
Adults
71.8
kg
(
See
Table
7­
2)
See
Tables
7­
4
and
7­
5
See
Tables
7­
4
and
7­
5
Children
See
Table
7­
3
See
Tables
7­
6
and
7­
7
See
Tables
7­
6
and
7­
7
Infants
Not
Available
See
Table
7­
1
See
Table
7­
1
7.4.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
7
American
Industrial
Health
Council
(
AIHC).
(
1994)
Exposure
factors
sourcebook.
AIHC,
Washington,
DC.
Brainard,
J.;
Burmaster,
D.
(
1992)
Bivariate
distributions
for
height
and
weight
of
men
and
women
in
the
United
States.
Risk
Anal.
12(
2):
267­
275.
Brorby,
G.;
Finley,
G.
(
1993)
Standard
probability
density
functions
for
routine
use
in
environmental
health
risk
assessment.
Presented
at
the
Society
of
Risk
Analysis
Annual
Meeting,
December
1993,
Savannah,
GA.
Burmaster,
D.
E.;
Lloyd,
K.
J.;
Crouch,
E.
A.
C.
(
1994)
Lognormal
distributions
of
body
weight
as
a
function
of
age
for
female
and
male
children
in
the
United
States.
Submitted
2/
19/
94
to
Risk
Analysis
for
publication.
Hamill,
P.
V.
V.;
Drizd,
T.
A.;
Johnson,
C.
L.;
Reed,
R.
B.;
Roche,
A.
F.;
Moore,
W.
M.
(
1979)
Physical
growth:
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
Percentiles.
American
J.
Clin.
Nutr.
32:
607­
609.
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics
(
NCHS)
(
1987)
Anthropometric
reference
data
and
prevalence
of
overweight,
United
States,
1976­
80.
Data
from
the
National
Health
and
Nutrition
Examination
Survey,
Series
11,
No.
238.
Hyattsville,
MD:
U.
S.
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services,
Public
Health
Service,
National
Center
for
Health
Statistics.
DHHS
Publication
No.
(
PHS)
87­
1688.
Palisade.
(
1992)
@
Risk
Users
Guide.
Palisade
Corporation,
Newfield,
NY.
U.
S.
EPA
(
1989)
Risk
assessment
guidance
for
Superfund,
Volume
I:
Human
health
evaluation
manual.
Washington,
DC:
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
Office
of
Emergency
and
Remedial
Response.
EPA/
540/
1­
89/
002.
Versar,
Inc.
(
1991)
Analysis
of
the
impact
of
exposure
assumptions
on
risk
assessment
of
chemicals
in
the
environment,
phase
II:
uncertainty
analyses
of
existing
exposure
assessment
methods.
Draft
Report.
Prepared
for
Exposure
Assessment
Task
Group,
Chemical
Manufacturers
Association,
Washington,
DC.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
7
­
Body
Weight
Studies
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
7­
12
August
1997
Table
7­
12.
Confidence
in
Body
Weight
Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study
Elements
°
Level
of
peer
review
NHANES
II
was
the
major
source
of
data
for
NCHS
(
1987).
This
is
a
High
published
study
which
received
a
high
level
of
peer
review.
The
Hamill
et
al.
(
1979)
is
a
peer
reviewed
journal
publication.

°
Accessibility
Both
studies
are
available
to
the
public.
High
°
Reproducibility
Results
can
be
reproduced
by
analyzing
NHANES
II
data
and
the
Fels
High
Research
Institute
data.

°
Focus
on
factor
of
interest
The
studies
focused
on
body
weight,
the
exposure
factor
of
interest.
High
°
Data
pertinent
to
US
The
data
represent
the
U.
S.
population.
High
°
Primary
data
The
primary
data
were
generated
from
NHANES
II
data
and
Fels
studies,
Medium
thus
these
data
are
secondary.

°
Currency
The
data
were
collected
between
1976­
1980.
Low
°
Adequacy
of
data
collection
The
NHANES
II
study
included
data
collected
over
a
period
of
4
years.
High
period
Body
weight
measurements
were
taken
at
various
times
of
the
day
and
at
different
seasons
of
the
year.

°
Validity
of
approach
Direct
body
weights
were
measured
for
both
studies.
For
NHANES
II,
High
subgroups
at
risk
for
malnutrition
were
over­
sampled.
Weighting
was
accomplished
by
inflating
examination
results
for
those
not
examined
and
were
stratified
by
race,
age,
and
sex.
The
Fels
data
are
from
an
ongoing
longitudinal
study
where
the
data
are
collected
regularly.

°
Study
size
The
sample
size
consisted
of
28,000
persons
for
NHANES
II.
Author
noted
High
in
Hamill
et
al.
(
1979)
that
the
data
set
was
large.

°
Representativeness
of
the
Data
collected
focused
on
the
U.
S.
population
for
both
studies.
High
population
°
Characterization
of
Both
studies
characterized
variability
regarding
age
and
sex.
Additionally
High
variability
NHANES
II
characterized
race
(
for
Blacks,
Whites
and
total
populations)
and
sampled
persons
with
low
income.

°
Lack
of
bias
in
study
design
There
are
no
apparent
biases
in
the
study
designs
for
NHANES
II.
The
Medium­
(
high
rating
is
desirable)
study
design
for
collecting
the
Fels
data
was
not
provided.
High
°
Measurement
error
For
NHANES
II,
measurement
error
should
be
low
since
body
weights
were
High
performed
in
a
mobile
examination
center
using
standardized
procedures
and
equipment.
Also,
measurements
were
taken
at
various
times
of
the
day
to
account
for
weight
fluctuations
as
a
result
of
recent
food
or
water
intake.
The
authors
of
Hamill
et
al.
(
1979)
report
that
study
data
are
based
on
accurate
direct
measurements
from
an
ongoing
longitudinal
study.

Other
Elements
°
Number
of
studies
There
are
two
studies.
Low
°
Agreement
between
researchers
There
is
consistency
among
the
two
studies.
High
Overall
Rating
High